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 Calicioids of Temperate Regions
0.01 (development)
Eric B. Peterson
 

Calicium

Taxa covered (42):

Key to Species

{WARNING: incomplete)

Validation script believes all taxa are included in the key(s).


  1. 1a. Described in Aptroot et al. (1997) (Sorry - I still lack a copy) and mentioned in Aptroot & Tibell (2003) as occurring only in Papua New Guinea.Calicium bullatum
  2. 1b. Otherwise.
    1. 2a. Growing on rock.
      1. 3a. Thallus yellow to green; ascomata stalked, though generally < 0.7mm; sometimes with a faint yellowish pruina.Calicium corynellum
      2. 3b. Thallus grey; ascomata sessile (previously a member of Cyphelium).Calicium lecideinum
    2. 2b. Growing on bark or wood.
      1. 4a. Ascomata entirely sessile or even immersed in the thallus.
        1. 5a. Thallus bright yellow to yellow-green.
          1. 6a. Ascomata fully immersed in the thallus up to the excipular rim.
            1. 7a. Spores multiseptate (muriform).Calicium notarisii
            2. 7b. Spores with a single septum.
              1. 8a. Mature spores 15-21 μm in length (smaller immature spores are often present, usually with less pigmentation); spore wall thick yet surface typically remaining smooth or nearly so (see discussion under C. brachysporum); broadly distributed in boreal regions, continuing southward in North America through the intermountain west.Calicium tigillare
              2. 8b. Spores 10-17 μm in length (smaller immature spores are often present, usually with less pigmentation); spore wall ornamented with a minute punctuate pattern (finely cracked into areoles) and some larger, more obvious cracks; apparently endemic to southern California.Calicium brachysporum
          2. 6b. Excipular rim distinctly and reliably rising above the thallus.
            1. 9a. Spores 13-17 μm long. Ascomata epruinose.Calicium pinicola
            2. 9b. Spores 17-22 μm long. Ascomata sometimes with a yellow pruina.Calicium lucidum
        2. 5b. Thallus grey or brownish (sometimes yellowish brown but never bright yellow).
            1. 11a. Spores 10 - 12.5 μm; with a bumpy ornametation plus frequent irregular cracks; ascomata typically with a very short stalk.Calicium victorianum ssp. victorianum
            2. 11b. Spores larger, 13.4 - 16.3 μm, with infrequent irregular cracks.Calicium victorianum ssp. desidiosum
          2. 10b. Thallus superficial.
            1. 12a. Ascomata small (< 1 mm diameter). Thallus of poorly developed, brownish areolae, to sometimes immersed. Known from south-western North America and from Europe.Calicium trachylioides
            2. 12b. Ascomata sunken into thallus, sometimes fully immersed. Known only from south-eastern North America.Calicium carolinianum
      2. 4b. Ascomata stalked (although perhaps short-stalked).
        1. 13a. Thallus intensely yellow-green (rhizocarpic acid); ascomata well stalked. Growing on bark or wood. Ascomata typically > 0.7mm (often up to 2mm) and lacking pruina (though the reddish-brown excipulum can have disintegrating hyphae on the surface in older specimens that may resemble a reddish pruina). Thallus typically granular to verrucose, but sometimes just smooth and patchy. This is the most commonly collected Calicium.Calicium viride
        2. 13b. Thallus either immersed or superficial; perhaps with a pale yellowish color, but not intensely yellow-green.
          1. 14a. Ascomata with a yellow or yellowish-green pruina (in some cases this may be faint and mixed with the spores resulting in a greenish color to the mazaedium).
            1. 15a. Stalks short, typically < 0.3mm (or even sessile? Need to find descrip and clarify).Calicium diploellum
            2. 15b. Stalks taller.
              1. 16a. Spores 8-11.5 longitudinal ridges maturing to irregular cracks. Asci cylindrical. Thallus immersed to thin verrucose, greyish green.Calicium trabinellum
              2. 16b. Spores with a distinctly spiral ornamentation; variable in size.
                1. 17a. Ascospores 15-18 μm in length.Calicium nobile
                2. 17b. Ascospores primarily < 15 μm in length.
                  1. 18a. Thallus thick, apothecia short-stout, spores 12-14.5μm long.Calicium adspersum ssp. adspersum
                  2. 18b. Thallus thin to immersed, apothecia tall, spores 9.5-11.5μm long.Calicium adspersum ssp. australe
          2. 14b. Ascomata epruinose, or if pruinose, then pruina not yellow or yellowish green.
            1. 19a. Matured spores with multiple septae. Typically found growing over moss on large tree trunks.
              1. 20a. Spores forming multiple septa as they mature outside of the asci, becoming muriform. Growing over moss on large tree trunks. Known only from Japan (as of Tibell & Thor 2003).Calicium muriformis
              2. 20b. Spores with more than one septum (all longitudinal). Stalks pale. Known from only from Africa and Madagascar where it grows over moss on large trees.Calicium pluriseptatum
            2. 19b. Spores single-septate.
              1. 21a. Spore ornamentation of distinctly spirally arranged cracks. The spiral pattern can break up in well-aged spores, so a variety of spore development should be observed.
                1. 22a. Ascomata typically < 0.5mm tall, stalk dark gray to pale (especially toward base) but rarely a true black. Growing in exposed sites on hardwood twigs or young bark of conifers (where it may approach Tholurna dissimilis in appearance, but ascomata remain mostly < 2mm tall).Allocalicium adaequatum
                2. 22b. Ascomata often up to 1mm tall (or more) with a distinctly black stalk. Typically growing on bark or wood where protected from direct rainfall.
                  1. 23a. Excipulum brownish to reddish, with color differentiated from a black stalk.
                    1. 24a. Thallus immersed, often causing a grayish green color to wood. Gennerally K+ yellow to red (though may be weak), UV-.Calicium salicinum
                    2. 24b. Thallus superficial.
                      1. 25a. Thallus white to pale yellowish, C- and UV-. This step accounts for a weakly pigmented version of C. viride that is very infrequent, but sometimes develops in shaded sites.Calicium viride
                      2. 25b. Thallus C+ or C-, but UV+.
                        1. 26a. Thallus pale brownish-yellow to beige, C-, UV+ yellow. Mazaedium often with a yellow pruina. Spores 10.5-12.5μm long.Calicium chlorosporum
                        2. 26b. Thallus C+ orange to red.
                          1. 27a. Thallus pale straw-yellow, UV orange, C orange. Spores 11-14μm long. Reported from tropics of the western hemisphere.Calicium leucochlorum
                          2. 27b. Thallus greenish grey, verrucose. Spores 10-12μm long. Reported from the eastern hemisphere.Calicium laevigatum
                  2. 23b. Excipulum distinctly black (though possibly with white or yellow pruina concentrated on the rim), or if slightly brownish, then similarly colored to the stalk.
                    1. 28a. Stalk I+ blue. Thallus verrucose, yellowish to greenish, K yellow.Calicium sequoiae
                    2. 28b. Stalk I-.
                      1. 29a. Stalk with brownish pigments. Pruina on excipulum typically quite white. Known from multiple continents [but quite rare in the Pacific Northwest].Calicium quercinum
                      2. 29b. Stalk with aeruginose hyphae. Capitulum typically with a brown to grayish pruina on the lower side of the excipulum. Known only from India.Calicium tenuisporum
                      3. 29c. SThallus verrucose to squamulose, pale grayish to reddish brown. Often thin grayish pruina. Spores 11-12.5, with spiral orn esp when young (Tibell 2006 notes peculiar forking of the spiral ridges). Known only from the Himalaya.Calicium indicum
              2. 21b. Spore ornamentation not of spirally formed cracks.
                1. 30a. Ascomatal stature reliably short, < 0.6 mm in total height including capitulum.
                  1. 31a. Mature spores 5.5 - 8 μm long with an ornamentation of minute dots. Excipular rim strongly constricted. Excipulum epruinose, but slightly grayish on rim.Calicium constrictum
                  2. 31b. Mature spores > 8μm long and with an ornamentation of irregular cracks. Excipular rim not strongly constricted. Pruina variable.
                    1. 32a. Thallus immersed within substrate.
                      1. 33a. [NEED DISTINCTION] Mature spores 9-14μm. Excipulum epruinose. Thallus immersed to thin and grayish-green.Calicium pinastri
                      2. 33b. Thallus immersed; stalks sessile or nearly so.Calicium victorianum (note subspecies below)
                        1. 34a. Spores 10 - 12.5 μm; with a bumpy ornametation plus frequent irregular cracks; ascomata typically with a very short stalk.Calicium victorianum ssp. victorianum
                        2. 34b. Spores larger, 13.4 - 16.3 μm, with infrequent irregular.Calicium victorianum ssp. desidiosum
                    2. 32b. Thallus superficial.
                      1. 35a. # Excipulum epruinose but mazaeidium sometimes has a faint white pruina; spores 12.5 - 15.5; thallus verrucose to nearly immersed, straw yellow to greenish yellow, C orange; stalk 0.3 - 0.6 mm tall, stout.Calicium robustellum
                      2. 35b. Spores 13-16 μm in length.Calicium verrucosum
                      3. 35c. Spores 9-14 μm in length.
                        1. 36a. Mature spores 9-14μm. Excipulum epruinose. Thallus thin and grayish-green, or immersed.Calicium pinastri
                        2. 36b. Mature spores 9-12μm long. Excipulum white-pruinose. Thallus typically thick granular to verrucose, greenish-gray.Calicium montanum
                2. 30b. Ascomata taller, generally > 0.6 mm.
                  1. 37a. Ascomata, capitula, and mazaedium completely lacking pruina (entirely black or dark brown and often glossy).
                    1. 38a. Ascomata never pruinose; black and often glossy. Asci cylindrical. Spores 11-14 μm long, minutely areolate.Calicium denigratum
                    2. 38b. # [sometimes described as having occasionally olive-brown stalks (Tibell 1998 under C. tricolor)]. Asci cylindrical. Spores 13 - 15 μm long, minutely areolate.Calicium abietinum
                    3. 38c. # epru to white, spores 11.5-14.7μm long.Calicium isabellinum
                  2. 37b. Stalks, capitula, and mazaedia with some degree of pruina, crystalization, or similar phenomena producing a white, gray, or yellowish substance somewhere; glossy or not.
                    1. 39a. Stalks I+ purplish.
                      1. 40a. Thallus verrucose, generally pale gray-green, K-. Outer sheath of stalk I purplish. Spiral ornamentation visible mainly in young spores, becoming obscured by bumpy ornamentation with maturity [Tibell does not always mention the spiral - citation would be nice], 11-12 μm long.Calicium lenticulare
                    2. 39b. Stalks I-.
                      1. 41a. Asci clavate to pyriform.
                        1. 42a. Thallus whitish to greenish gray; Tibell (1999) describes as verrucose and sometimes confluent, although the thallus can be effectively immersed in western North American material. Asci clavate (and sufficiently persistent to be reliably found in squash mounts). Spores 8-10 μm long, with an irregular ornamentation.Calicium parvum
                        2. 42b. Thallus white to gray, verrucose with a granular surface, K+ yellow, C-, PD-. Asci pyriform. Spores 9 - 10.5 μm, with a minute areolate ornamentation.Calicium pyriforme
                      2. 41b. Asci cylindrical.
                        1. 43a. Thallus verrucose, yellowish/greenish, K+ yellowish, C+ orange, KC+ orange, PD-, UV+ dark orange. Capitulum epruinose to having a slight gray rim and sometimes a yellowish zone of minute crystals at the edge of the hymenium. Asci cylindrical. Spores 10.5 - 14 μm long, minutely cracked. Tropical to subtropical.Calicium hyperelloides
                        2. 43b. Thallus immersed to thinly verrucose, white to grayish green. Asci cylindrical. Spores 9-11 μm long, Tibell (1999) describes longitudinal ridging in young spores becoming disrupted by irregular cracks.Calicium glaucellum
                        3. 43c. # Thallus verrucose to immersed, yellowish brownish, K+ dull yellow, C+orange, KC+ orange, P-, UV+ dark orange (arthothelin and thiophanic acids). White pruina that is P+ orange (undetermined substance), on most (but not all) capitula.Spores 10-13.5 long, minutely areolate ornamentation.Calicium tricolor
Step number 29 has 3 options!
Step number 35 has 3 options!
Step number 38 has 3 options!
Step number 40 has 1 options!
Step number 43 has 3 options!

Species Details

Calicium abietinum Pers.
ID=3
Type(s): Tent. disp. meth. fung. (Lipsiae): 59 (1797)
Synonyms:
Calicium abietinum EBP#2785
Calicium abietinum
Calicium abietinum ascospores. 1000x
Calicium abietinum ascospores. 1000x.

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Calicium adspersum ssp. adspersum Pers.
ID=5
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Calicium adspersum ssp. australe
ID=6
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External Information: References: Tibell 1998.
Calicium brachysporum (Nádv.) K. Knudsen, Kocourk., & Lendemer
ID=213
Type(s):
Synonyms:
Caliciium brachypodum cf. thallus with (mostly) immersed ascomata. Monterey County, California.
Calicium brachysporum cf. thallus with (mostly) immersed ascomata. Monterey County, California, USA
Calicium brachysporum cf. ascospores On fencepost, Hastings Reserve, Monterey County, California.

Habit and Morphology:

Ascomata immersed in thallus areoles.
Anatomy:

Ascospores septate, ellipsoid to nearly spherical with only minor narrowing at the septum, strongly pigmented brown.  The wal of the spores is quite thick and typically exhibits fine cracking into areolate/punctate patterns at maturity.  Larger deeper cracks may also be present.
Chemistry:
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Endemic to south-central California.
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Proposed for IUCN Global Red List.
Notes:

This taxon is clearly a very close relative of C. tigillare.  Although litterature describes the spores of C. tigillare as larger than those of C. brachysporum, my limited experience suggests they have siubstantial overlap in their size ranges.  In my preliminary opinion (and I really need to view more specimens to make this statement with certainty), these would be better distinguished on the spore wall ornamentation.  C. tigillare has smooth spores or just a little random cracking whereas C. brachysporium has much of the spores covered with fine cracks that give it an areolate or punctate appearance. 

The other distinguishing factor may be their range.  C. tigillare is a boreal species that comes southward in arid regions such as the intermountain west of North America (cool deserts).  C. brachysporium is exclusively known from southern California where it is found in oak savannas of a mediterranian climate.  While this habitat can be dry, it is certainly warmer, and through much of the lichen growing season (winter) is much more humid, than the intermountain west.  Indeed it often grows adjacent to luxurient growths of Ramalina menziesii, indicating a significant presence of fog.  Montane areas between the southern California oaks and the intermountain west (e.g. the Sierra, Cascade, and Klamath Mountains) have little, if any C. tigillare; rather the most appropriate habitats are taken by C. pinicola instead.  Indeed, it seems unlikely that C. tigillare and C. brachysporum would be synonymized in that it would form a taxon that occurs in two rather different climates while skipping over intermediate areas.

C. tigillare is regularly reported from southern California as well; I suggest that these should be closely reexamined with attention to the spore ornamentation distinction I postulate here.

Perhaps of further interest, C. tigillare in the intermountain west  can have either nearly spherical spores, or more distinctly elipsoidal spores as are typical for Calicium.
External Information: References: Knudsen et al. 2019.
Calicium bullatum Aptroot & Tibell
ID=229
Type(s): Aptroot, Diederich, Sérusiaux & Sipman, Biblthca Lichenol. 64: 41 (1997)
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Calicium carolinianum
ID=242
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Calicium chlorosporum F. Wilson
ID=7
Type(s):
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Unspecified collections:
Calicium chlorosporum (cf). This image is a placeholder until I have greater certainty.

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Calicium constrictum Tibell
ID=8
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External Information: References: Tibell 1996a.
Calicium corynellum (Ach.) Ach.
ID=9
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Calicium denigratum
ID=10
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External Information: References: Tibell 1999.
Calicium diploellum
ID=11
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Calicium glaucellum Ach.
ID=12
Type(s):
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Unspecified collections:
Calicium glaucellum on wood. E. Burnett collection L3366.
Calicium glaucellum ascospores. EBP#3029, 400x.
Calicium glaucellum ascospores. EBP#3029, 1000x

Habit and Morphology:

Usually immersed; if superficial then thin, pale gray to dark greenish gray, becoming verrucose.
Anatomy:

Asci cylindrical (spores uniseriate).

Ascospores 9 - 13 µm, ornamented with minute longitudinal ridges combined with irregular cracking (see Tibell 1999).
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External Information: References: Tibell 1999.
Calicium hyperelloides Nyl.
ID=13
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External Information: References: Tibell 1987.
Calicium indicum Tibell
ID=14
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Calicium isabellinum Tibell
ID=15
Type(s): Tibell 1998
Synonyms:
Habit and Morphology: Lichenized. Thallus superficial to immersed, yellowish. Mostly 0.5-1mm, but often with some shorter stalks.
Anatomy: Cylindrical. 11.5-14.7 x 5.8-8.5, ornamentation of "minute polygonal areas and in ageing spores with coarse irregular cracks" (Tibell 1998).
Chemistry: Thallus K-, C- KC+ pale orange, P-, UV-: Isousnic acid.
Habitat:
Biogeography: Known only from type locality in Chile as of Tibell 1998.
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External Information: References: Tibell 1998.
Calicium laevigatum Tibell
ID=16
Type(s): Tibell 2006:
Synonyms:
Habit and Morphology: Lichenized. Episubstratic, verrucose, greenish grey. Ascomata tall, > 1mm. Excipulum brownish, K+ red.
Anatomy: Asci cylindrical. Mature spores 10-12μm long with a spiral ornamentation when young, becoming more irregular at maturity.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow turning red, P+ yellow to orange. Alectorialic, barbatolic, hypoalectorialic, and norstictic acids.
Habitat: Old forests of Quercus and Quercus-coniferous mixes. Known from bark of Quercus, Abies, and Tsuga
Biogeography: Known only from the Himalayas thus far.
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External Information: References: Tibell 2006.
Calicium lecideinum (Nyl.) M. Prieto and Wedin
ID=218
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Notes: listed in Tibell's checklist (1999), "NH-EUR"
External Information: References: .
Calicium lenticulare Ach.
ID=17
Type(s):
Synonyms:

Calicium subquercinum Asahina (see Index Fungorum)
Unspecified collections:
Calicium lenticulare
Calicium lenticulare
Calicium lenticulare
Calicium lenticulare
Calicium lenticulare (cf). This is a rather odd specimen: unusually stout stalks and a thick, not-really-verrucose thallus. Scot loring, SCL 16348, on Quercus garyanna, Rosburg BLM.

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External Information: References: Tibell 1987; Tibell 1999.
Calicium leucochlorum Tuck.
ID=18
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Calicium lucidum (Th.Fr.) M. Prieto and Wedin
ID=219
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Calicium montanum Tibell
ID=19
Type(s): Tibell 1999 Mycotaxon 70: 431-443
Synonyms:
Unspecified collections:
Calicium montanum. I believe, though I'm not very familiar with this species yet.  California, Quail Ridge Preserve.
Calicium montanum. I believe, though I'm not very familiar with this species yet. A mix of young (greenish) and mature (brown) spores in Caliciium can be quite beautiful! California, Quail Ridge Preserve.
Calicium montanum. I believe, though I'm not very familiar with this species yet.  California, Quail Ridge Preserve.
Calicium montanum. I believe, though I'm not very familiar with this species yet.  California, Quail Ridge Preserve.

Habit and Morphology: Lichenized. Grannular to verrucose, grayish to greenish. Ascomata short-stalked, <0.5mm tall, excipular rim white pruinose.
Anatomy: Cylindrical. Mature spores 9-12μm long with an irregularly cracked ornamentation.
Chemistry: K- C- KC- P- I-, divaricatic and 2-O-methyldivaricatic acids
Habitat: Drier, open forests and woodlands, on wood of Quercus, Juniperus, Pinus and other phorophytes.
Biogeography: Africa, Europe, and North America.
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Notes: [[[add citation of Sonoran Flora]]]
External Information: References: Kolb & Spribille 2001; Tibell 1999.
Calicium muriformis Tibell
ID=20
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Calicium nobile Tibell
ID=21
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Calicium notarisii (Tul.) M. Prieto and Wedin
ID=221
Type(s):
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Unspecified collections:
Calicium notarsii thallus and ascomata. Rosentreter #9300. Colorado, Jefferson County.
Calicium notarsii ascospores. Muriform! Rosentreter #9300. Colorado, Jefferson County.

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Calicium parvum Tibell
ID=22
Type(s):
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Unspecified collections:
Clavate asci of Calicium parvum EBP#2829; 1000x.
Calicium parvum EBP#2829
Spores of Calicium parvum EBP#2829; 1000x
Calicium parvum Note clavate asci.

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Calicium pinastri Tibell
ID=23
Type(s):
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Calicium pinastri. I believe - though I'm not very familiar with this species yet. Collection by Scot Loring, SCL16943.

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Calicium pinicola (Tibell) M. Prieto and Wedin
ID=222
Type(s):
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Unspecified collections:
Calicium pinicola thallus and ascomata. Thallus form varies in this species from thickly bullate in this specimen to thin patches in others. Nevada, Douglas County. EBP#3613.
Calicium pinicola ascospores.
Calicium pinicola. California, Trinity County. EBP#4530.
Calicium pinicola ascospores. California, Trinity County. EBP#4530.
Calicium pinicola. EBP# 4581. California, Siskiyou County.
Calicium pinicola ascospore. Sometimes it is fairly apparent that spores first have a bumpy/warty ornamentation that later becomes obscured by cracks in the wall.

Habit and Morphology: Thallus intensely yellow to yellow-green; verrucose to almost immersed. Ascomata sessile to partially immersed, < 1 mm diameter..
Anatomy: Ascospores 14-16 um long, developing irregular cracks at maturity.
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External Information: References: Tibell 1999.
Calicium pluriseptatum
ID=24
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Calicium pyriforme Tibell
ID=25
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Calicium quercinum Pers.
ID=26
Type(s):
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Unspecified collections:
Calicium quercinum
Calicium quercinum The metal bar is a sewing pin for scale.

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Calicium robustellum Nyl.
ID=27
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Habit and Morphology: Thallus verrucose to almost immersed, dull yellow to greenish yellow. Ascomata short but very stout, < 0.6 um tall, epruinose.
Anatomy: Stalk with a pale outer layer. Ascospores 12.5 - 15.5 um long, ornamented by minute bumps.
Chemistry: I-.
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External Information: References: Tibell 1987.
Calicium salicinum Pers.
ID=28
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Calicium salicinum

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Calicium sequoiae C. Williams & Tibell
ID=29
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Calicium tenuisporum Tibell
ID=30
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External Information: References: Tibell 2006.
Calicium tigillare (Ach.) Pers.
ID=224
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Calicium tigillare ascospores from a mal-formed ascomata that lacks the loose spores of a mazaedium. Routt County, Colorado, USA.  Note that these spores are less spherical than is often seen in C. tigillare and more like typical spores for the genus Calicium (see discussion of species).
Calicium tigillare thallus with immersed ascomata. Washoe County, Nevada, USA.  Note black spots toward rear left - these are poorly formed ascomata with no loose spores. Crushed wet mounts of such ascomata do often reveal some spores present. Such ascomata are common in the intermountain west and some specimens fully lack mazaedia.
Calicium tigillare ascospores. Washoe County, Nevada, USA.
Calicium tigillare ascospores. Washoe County, Nevada, USA.

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Thallus areolate, bright yellow.

Ascomata immersed such that the rim of the excipulum is typically not visible in a dissecting scope.
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Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach.
ID=31
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External Information: References: Tibell 1998.
Calicium trachylioides (Nyl. ex Branth and Rostr.) M. Prieto and Wedin
ID=225
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Calicium tricolor F. Wilson
ID=32
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External Information: References: Tibell 1998.
Calicium verrucosum Tibell
ID=33
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Calicium victorianum ssp. desidiosum
ID=35
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Habit and Morphology: Thallus immersed.
Anatomy: Epruinose. Ascospores septate, 13.4 - 16.3 um long, ornamentation of a few irregular cracks with maturity.
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External Information: References: Tibell 1987.
Calicium victorianum ssp. victorianum
ID=34
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Habit and Morphology: Thallus immersed. Ascomata very short stalked to roughly sessile.
Anatomy: Ascospores septate, 10 - 12.5 um long, ornamentation of irregular bumps sometimes forming ridges, plus irregular cracks with maturity.
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External Information: References: Tibell 1987.
Calicium viride Pers.
ID=36
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Calicium viride
Calicium viride
Calicium viride ascospores 400x
Calicium viride ascospores 400x
Calcium viride Note clavate asci. 400x.
Calicium viride. Very typical appearance.
Calicium viride
Calicium viride
Calicium viride ascomata. Colony becoming overgrown by other lichens.

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Count of taxa = 42
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