Kadua affinis
Genus
Kadua
Species
affinis
Hawaiian Names with Diacritics
- Manono
Hawaiian Names
- Manono
Common Names
- Variable starviolet
Synonyms
- (This is a concise list of synonyms)
- Gouldia affinis
- Gouldia angustifolia
- Gouldia antiqua
- Gouldia arborescens
- Gouldia aspera
- Gouldia bobeoides
- Gouldia cirrhopetiolata
- Gouldia congesta
- Gouldia cordata
- Gouldia coriacea
- Gouldia crassicaulis
- Gouldia degeneri
- Gouldia elongata
- Gouldia forbesii
- Gouldia fosbergii
- Gouldia glabra
- Gouldia hathewayi
- Gouldia hirtella
- Gouldia hosakae
- Gouldia kaala
- Gouldia kapuaensis
- Gouldia konaensis
- Gouldia lanaiensis
- Gouldia lanceolata
- Gouldia macrocarpa
- Gouldia macrothyrsa
- Gouldia munroi
- Gouldia myrsinoidea
- Gouldia osteocarpa
- Gouldia ovata
- Gouldia parvifolia
- Gouldia pedunculata
- Gouldia psuedodichotoma
- Gouldia pubescens
- Gouldia purpurea
- Gouldia quadrangularis
- Gouldia romanzoffiensis
- Gouldia rotundifolia
- Gouldia sambucina
- Gouldia sandwicensis
- Gouldia sclerotica
- Gouldia skottsbergii
- Gouldia stipulacea
- Gouldia subcordata
- Gouldia tenuicaulis
- Gouldia terminalis
- Gouldia wawrae
- Hedyotis chamissoniana
- Hedyotis chamissonis
- Hedyotis terminalis
- Kadua affinis
- Petesia? coriacea
- Petesia? terminalis
Distribution Status
Endemic
Endangered Species Status
No Status
Plant Form / Growth Habit
- Sprawling Shrub
- Shrub
- Tree
Mature Size, Height (in feet)
- Shrub, Medium, 6 to 10
- Shrub, Tall, Greater than 10
- Tree, Small, 15 to 30
Mature Size, Width
Manono is a variable plant but can have a spread of more than 10 feet in larger forms.
Life Span
Long lived (Greater than 5 years)
Landscape Uses
- Accent
- Container
- Hedges
- Specimen Plant
Additional Landscape Use Information
Because manono (Kadua affinis) is such a variable plant ranging from low shrubs and lianas to small trees (16+ ft.), it is good to inquire as which form you would be getting to suit your landscape needs.
Plant Produces Flowers
Yes
Flower Type
Not Showy
Flower Colors
- Green
- Purple
- Yellow
Additional Flower Color Information
Manono has yellowish green or sometimes purple-tinged flowers.
Plant texture
- Fine
- Medium
- Coarse
Additional Plant Texture Information
The leaves range from under an inch to over 9 inches long.
Leaf Colors
- Medium Green
Additional Pest & Disease Information
Manono is prone to ants, scale, mealy bugs, and aphids.
Fertilizer
Fertilize by amending 8-8-8 into the soil. Foliar feed monthly, if the leaves turn yellow treat with a fertilizer for acid loving plants.
Water Requirements
- Moist
Additional Water Information
Manono have a variety of water needs depending on the origin of the plants.
Soil must be well drained
Yes
Light Conditions
- Partial sun
Natural Range
- Kauaʻi
- Oʻahu
- Molokaʻi
- Lānaʻi
- Maui
- Hawaiʻi
Natural Zones (Elevation in feet, Rainfall in inches)
- 150 to 1000, 50 to 100 (Mesic)
- 150 to 1000, Greater than 100 (Wet)
- 1000 to 1999, 50 to 100 (Mesic)
- 1000 to 1999, Greater than 100 (Wet)
- 2000 to 2999, 50 to 100 (Mesic)
- 2000 to 2999, Greater than 100 (Wet)
- 3000 to 3999, 50 to 100 (Mesic)
- 3000 to 3999, Greater than 100 (Wet)
- 4000 to 4999, 50 to 100 (Mesic)
- 4000 to 4999, Greater than 100 (Wet)
Additional Habitat Information
Manono is often a common component of mesic to wet forests, sometimes bogs or mesic shrubland from about 850 to over 6690 feet.
Special Features and Information
General Information
Manono is a member of the very large Coffee family or Rubiaceae of more than 13,000 species throughout the world. The family is well represented in the islands with about 60 species.
The genus Kadua is comprised of 30 species total in the Pacific region and most are represented in the Hawaiian Archipelago with 25 endemic species. Recently a revision of the genus Hedyotis was made and the genus Kadua is accepted for all Hedyotis in the Hawaiian Islands. [1]
Etymology
Kadua is the oldest generic name for these species and is named in memory of M. Kadua, a native of Ulea, who sailed with Otto von Kotzebue (1787-1846), Baltic German navigator in Russian service, with the purpose of collecting plants. [1,2]
The Latin specific epithet affinis, means neighboring or allied to.
Background Information
Regarding manono (Kadua affinis), one can hardly say that there is a typical representative plant. Perhaps with the exception of ʻōhiʻa, manono is probably the most variable native Hawaiian plant. Testifying to its incredible diversity, over 200 synonymous names have been used for this species! Understandably, then, this knowledgebase will not attempt to list them all but can be referenced in the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaiʻi, by Warren Wagner et. al., Volume 2, pages 1152-1153.
Early Hawaiian Use
The early Hawaiian use of manono was limited since the wood warps and cracks. It was used on occasion though for canoes (waʻa) trimming and rigging.
Additional References
[1] "Resurrection of Genus Kadua for Hedyotidinae (Rubiaceae)" by Edward E. Terrell, page 819.
[2] "A General System of Gardening and Botany, Vol. 3," by George Don, page 533.
PHOTOS FOR THIS SPECIES CAN BE SEEN AT THE LINK (Copy & Paste to your browser):
https://www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50823119%40N08&sort=date-taken-desc&view_all=1&text=Kadua%20affinis
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