Opisthokonta

Reconstruction of Fractofusus misrai, copyright Oleg Kuznetsov.


Belongs within: Amorphea.
Contains: Teretosporea, Choanoflagellata, Metazoa, Rotosphaerida, Opisthosporidia, Neocallimastigaceae, Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiales, Zoopagomycota, Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Ustilagomycotina, Agaricomycotina.

The Opisthokonta are the major clade of eukaryotes uniting the total groups of Metazoa, animals, and Fungi, and their immediate unicellular allies. They are ancestrally characterised by cells bearing a single posterior cilium without mastigonemes in at least one stage of the life cycle stage or secondarily lost. Cells bear a pair of kinetosomes or centrioles, sometimes modified, and flat (rarely tubular) mitochondrial cristae in the unicellular stage (Adl et al. 2019). The basal clades Holozoa, comprising all taxa closer to animals than fungi, and the inverse clade Nucletmycea are established by molecular data.

The Fungi are often filamentous heterotrophic organisms with vegetative and/or spore cell walls of chitin and β-glucan and lacking phagocytosis (Cavalier-Smith 1998). Basal members of the fungi retain ciliate zoospores, but many lineages (including all macroscopic fungi) have lost cilia in all stages of the life cycle. Earlier authors divided fungi other than the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota between Chytridiomycota (ciliate at some stage in the life cycle) and Zygomycota (lacking cilia at all times), but these are not phylogenetically coherent groups in these senses, with the loss of cilia having occurred multiple times (James et al. 2006).

Opisthokonta [Choanozoa, Cristidiscoidea, Enteromycetes]
    |--Holozoa AB19
    |    |--Filasterea AS12
    |    |    |--Pigoraptor AB19
    |    |    |--Capsaspora Hertel et al. 2002 HO09, AS12
    |    |    |    `--C. owczarzaki HO09
    |    |    `--Ministeria Patterson et al. 1993 [Ministeriida] AS12
    |    |         |--M. marisola C-SC03
    |    |         `--M. vibrans C-SC03
    |    `--+--Teretosporea AB19
    |       `--Choanozoa [Apoikozoa] AB19
    |            |--Choanoflagellata AB19
    |            `--+--Metazoa BJ17
    |               `--Fractofusus BJ17
    |                    |--F. andersoni Gehling & Narbonne 2007 G14
    |                    `--F. misrai Gehling & Narbonne 2007 G14
    `--Nucletmycea [Holomycota] AS12
         |  i. s.: Amoeboradix [Sanchytriaceae] AB19
         |--Rotosphaerida AB19
         `--Fungi (see below for synonymy) C-SCL15
              |  i. s.: Dothidiella derridis DP72
              |         Ramilina americana AB-E04
              |         Ostracoblabe Bornet & Flahault 1891 KC01
              |           `--O. implexa ZB10
              |         Telohannia solenopsae ES12
              |         Myrmicinosporidium durum Hölldobler 1933 ES12
              |         Paleomastigomycetes KC01
              |           |--Milleromyces Taylor, Hass & Remy 1993 [Paleochytridales] KC01
              |           |    `--M. rhyniensis T93
              |           |--Krispiromyces Taylor, Hass & Remy 1993 KC01
              |           |    `--K. discoides T93
              |           `--Lyonomyces Taylor, Hass & Remy 1993 KC01
              |                `--L. pyriformis T93
              |         Nephridiophaga AB19 [incl. Coelosporidium Mesnil & Marchoux 1897 AB19, KC01]
              |         Nematasketum diversiforme Burgess & Edwards 1988 EA12
              |         Prototaxites EA12
              |           |--P. hefteri (Schaarschmidt) Schweitzer 1983 [=Mosellophyton hefteri Schaarschmidt 1974] S00
              |           |--P. logani EA12
              |           `--P. psygmophylloides Kräusel & Weyland 1930 S00
              |         Abeliella Mägdefrau 1937 KC01
              |           `--*A. riccioides Mägdefrau 1937 H75
              |         Achlyites Mesch. 1902 KC01
              |         Acremonites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Actonia Dodge 1935 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Actycus Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Acumispora Matsush. 1980 KC01
              |         Aecidites Debey & Ettingsh. 1859 KC01
              |         Agaricites Mesch. 1891 KC01
              |         Aldridgea Massee 1892 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Aldrigiella Rick 1934 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Alveolinus Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Alysphaeria Turpin 1827 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Alytosporium Link 1824 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Ambrosiaemyces Trotter 1934 KC01
              |         Amepiospora Locq. & Sal.-Cheb. 1980 KC01
              |         Amerostege Theiss. 1916 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Anatolinites Elsik, Ediger & Bati 1990 KC01
              |         Annella Srivast. 1976 KC01
              |         Anomothallus Stevens 1925 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Anthracomyces Renault 1898 KC01
              |         Anulomyces Bydgosz 1932 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Hydrothria venosa KC01
              |         Arbusculites Paradkar 1976 non Murray 1831 (ICZN) KC01
              |         Archagaricon Hancock & Atthey 1869 KC01
              |         Archecribraria Locq. 1983 KC01
              |         Archeomycelites Bystrov 1959 KC01
              |         Archephoma KC01
              |         Archeplax Locq. 1985 KC01
              |         Arctosporidium Thor 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Arthriniites Babajan & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Arthroon Renault 1894 KC01
              |         Artocreas Berk. & Broome 1875 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Ascochytites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         Ascodesmites Trivedi, Chaturv. & Verma 1973 KC01
              |         Ascospermum Schulzer 1863 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Aselmotrichum Corda 1831 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Aspergillites Trivedi & Verma 1969 KC01
              |         Asterinites Krassilov 1967 KC01
              |         ‘Asterinites’ Doub. & Pons 1973 KC01
              |         Asteroides Puntoni & Léon 1940 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Asteronema Trevis. 1845 (n. d.) [=Asterothrix Kütz. 1843 non Cass. 1827] KC01
              |         Asterothyrites Cookson 1947 KC01
              |         Asyregraamspora Locq. & Sal.-Cheb. 1980 KC01
              |         Atractodorus Klotzsch 1832 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Bactrodesmiites Babajan & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Basidiosporites Elsik 1968 KC01
              |         Batistamnus Bezerra & Cavalc. 1967 KC01
              |         Bicricium Sorokīn 1889 KC01
              |         Biporisporites Ke & Shi 1978 KC01
              |         Bireticulasporis Potonié & Sah 1960 KC01
              |         Boletellites Briot, Lar.-Coll. & Locq. 1983 KC01
              |         Botrytites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Brachysporisporites Lange & Sm. 1971 KC01
              |         Brefeldiellites Dilcher 1965 KC01
              |         Bretonia Bertrand & Hovel. 1892 KC01
              |         Cadyexinis Stach 1957 KC01
              |         Caenomyces Berry 1916 KC01
              |         Callorites Fiore 1932 KC01
              |         Calothyriopeltis Stevens & Ryan 1925 (n. d.) [=Calothyris Clem. & Shear 1931] KC01
              |         Campylostylus Genev. 1873 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Canceromyces KC01
              |         Cannanorosporonites Ramanujam & Rao 1979 KC01
              |         Capnocybe Hughes 1966 KC01
              |         Capsulasclerotes Malan 1959 KC01
              |         Carlia Rabenh. 1857 (n. d.) non Gray 1845 (ICZN) KC01
              |         Carpolithes Brongn. 1822 KC01
              |         Cellulasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Celyphus Batten 1973 KC01
              |         Cenangites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Centonites Peppers 1964 KC01
              |         Ceratonema Pers. 1822 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cercosporites Salmon 1903 KC01
              |         ‘Cercosporites’ Stopes 1913 non Salmon 1903 KC01
              |         Chaetocypha Corda 1829 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Chaetomites Pampal. 1902 KC01
              |         Chaetophorites Pratje 1922 KC01
              |           |--*C. gomontoides Pratje 1922 H75
              |           `--C. cruciatus Mägdefrau 1937 H75
              |         Chaetosphaerites Félix 1894 KC01
              |         Chaetosporium Corda 1833 (n. d.) [=Chaetotrichum Rabenh. 1844] KC01
              |         Chamaenema Kütz. 1833 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Charrinia Viala & Ravaz 1894 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Chordecystia Foster 1979 KC01
              |         Weinmannodora Fr. 1849 (n. d.) [=Circinastrum Clem. 1909] KC01
              |         Cirrholus Mart. 1820 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cladophytum Leidy 1849 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cladosporites Félix 1894 KC01
              |         Clasterosporites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Clavascina Beneš 1961 KC01
              |         Clypeolaria Tratt. 1825 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Clypeomyces Kirschst. 1935 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Coccidophthora Syd. & Syd. 1913 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Coccophysium Link 1833 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Coleocarpon Stubblef., Taylor et al. 1983 KC01
              |         Coleospora Cribb 1959 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Colligerites Jain & Kar 1979 KC01
              |         Coniothyriites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Conisphaeria Cooke 1879 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Coralloides Wulfen 1776 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Corenohydnum Lloyd 1936 KC01
              |         Coronasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Corynelites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Crandallia Ellis & Sacc. 1897 KC01
              |         Crenasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Cryptodesma Leidy 1850 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cyanotheca Pascher 1914 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cyathela Raf. 1819 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cyathella Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cylindrotaenium Thomé 1867 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cynicus Raf 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Cytosporites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Dactylosporites Paradkar 1976 KC01
              |         Daedaleites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Darwiniella Speg. 1887 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Dendromyceliates Jain & Kar 1979 KC01
              |         Densospora McGee 1996 KC01
              |         Depazites Geinitz 1855 KC01
              |         Diamphora Mart. 1821 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Dicellaeporisporites Kalgutkar 1997 KC01
              |         Dicellaesporites Elsik 1968 KC01
              |         Dicteridium Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Dictyochora Theiss. & Syd. 1914 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Dictyochorella Theiss. & Syd. 1915 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Dictyochorina Chardón 1932 (n. d.) KC01
              |         ‘Dictyonema’ Reinsch 1875 nec Agardh ex Kunth 1822 nec Hall 1851 (ICZN) KC01
              |         Dictyosporites Félix 1894 KC01
              |         Didymocrater Mart. 1821 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Didymoporisporonites Sheffy & Dilcher 1971 KC01
              |         Didymosamarospora Johnson & Gold 1957 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Didymosphaerites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         ‘Didymosphaerites’ Fiore 1932 non Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Didymosporonites Sheffy & Dilcher 1971 KC01
              |         Didymostilbe Bres. & Sacc. 1902 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Dihyphis Locq. 1985 KC01
              |         Diplodites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Diplosporites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Diporicellaesporites Elsik 1968 KC01
              |         Diporisporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Diporopollis Dutta & Sah 1970 KC01
              |         ‘Discina’ Bonord. 1851 nec Lamarck 1819 (ICZN) nec (Fr.) Fr. 1849 KC01
              |         Discoascina Beneš 1961 KC01
              |         Ditmaria Lühnem. 1809 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Dothideites Pat. 1893 KC01
              |         Dothidites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Melanogramma (n. d.) [incl. Dothiora Fr. 1837 (nom. rej.) non Fr. 1849 (nom. cons.)] KC01
              |         Dremuspora Sal.-Cheb. & Locq. 1980 KC01
              |         Dyadosporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Dyadosporonites Elsik 1968 KC01
              |         Elsikisporonites Kumar 1990 KC01
              |         Elytrosporangium Morais, Bat. & Massa 1966 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Endaematus Raf. 1814 (n. d.) [=Endematus Raf. 1815] KC01
              |         Endonius Raf. 1819 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Enterobotryum Preuss 1853 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Enteroramus Lichtw., White et al. 1999 KC01
              |         Entopeltacites Selkirk 1972 KC01
              |         Eomycetopsis Schopf 1968 KC01
              |           |--*E. robusta Schopf 1968 KS92
              |           |--E. filiformis Schopf 1968 KS92
              |           |--E. schopfii T84
              |           `--E. siberiensis Lo 1980 KS92
              |         Eopolyporoides Rigby 1982 KC01
              |         Ephebella Itzigs. 1857 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Ephedracetes Huang 1981 KC01
              |         Epichloea Giard 1889 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Epixyla Raf. 1806 (n. d.) KC01
              |         ‘Erysiphites’ Pampal. 1902 non Mesch. 1902 KC01
              |         Euactinomyces Langeron 1922 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Eurotites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Stegilla Rchb. 1828 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) KC01
              |         Excipulites Göpp. 1836 KC01
              |         Exesisporites Elsik 1969 KC01
              |         Falciascina Beneš 1961 KC01
              |         Favaria Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Faveoletisporonites Ramanujam & Rao 1979 KC01
              |         Favomicrosporon Benedek 1967 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Felixites Elsik ex Janson. & Hills 1990 KC01
              |         Foliopollenites Sierotin 1961 KC01
              |         Fomesporites Huang 1981 KC01
              |         Fomites Locq. & Koeniguer 1982 KC01
              |         Foveodiporites Varma & Rawat 1963 KC01
              |         Foveoletisporonites Ramanujam & Rao 1979 KC01
              |         Fractisporonites Clarke 1965 KC01
              |         ‘Fuckelia’ Niessl. 1875 nec Bonord. 1864 nec (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Cooke 1869 KC01
              |         Fungites Hallier 1865 KC01
              |         ‘Fungites’ Casp. 1907 non Hallier 1865 KC01
              |         Fusariellites Babajan & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Fusellites Babajan & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Fusicladiites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         Fusidites Mesch. 1902 KC01
              |         Fusiformisporites Rouse 1962 KC01
              |         Fusitheca Bonord. 1864 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Gelasinosporites Briot, Lar.-Coll. & Locq. 1983 KC01
              |         Gelatinaria Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Geleenites Dijkstra 1949 KC01
              |         Geotrichites Stubblef., Mill. et al. 1985 KC01
              |           `--G. glaesarius P92
              |         Gigasporites Phipps & Taylor 1996 KC01
              |         Giraffachitina Locq. 1985 KC01
              |         Gliotrichum Eschw. 1822 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Globoasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Globosasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Globosopyreno Lloyd 1923 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Glomites Taylor, Remy et al. 1995 KC01
              |         Glossifungites Lomnicki 1886 KC01 [=Glossofungites (l. c.) H75]
              |         Glukomyces KC01
              |         Glutinisporidium Thor 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Lanosa Fr. 1825 (n. d.) [incl. Gnaphalomyces] KC01
              |         Gonatobotrytites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Graamspora Locq. & Sal.-Cheb. 1980 KC01
              |         Granatisporites Elsik & Janson. 1974 KC01
              |         Grandinia Fr. 1838 (n. d.) [incl. Tuberculinia Velen. 1922 (n. n.)] KC01
              |         Graphiolites Fritel 1910 KC01
              |         Guizhounema Mu 1977 KC01
              |         Gyromyces Göpp. 1844 KC01
              |         Halisaria Giard 1889 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Halonia Fr. 1849 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Haplographites Félix 1894 KC01
              |         Haplosporium Mont. 1843 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Helminthosporites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         ‘Helminthosporites’ Chitaley & Sheikh 1971 non Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Hemicyphe Corda 1831 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Hermanniasporidium Thor 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Oliveonia Donk 1958 (see below for synonymy) KC01
              |         Heteroporimyces Elias 1966 KC01
              |         Heteroradulum Lloyd 1917 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Himantites Debey & Ettingsh. 1859 KC01
              |         Hormosporites Grüss 1928 KC01
              |         Hyalasterina Speg. 1919 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Hydnites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Typhoderma Gray 1821 (n. d.) [incl. Hygrocrocis Agardh 1824] KC01
              |         Hyperus Stevens 1927 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Hypochnites Mesch. 1898 KC01
              |         Hypospila Fr. 1825 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Hypostomum Vuill. 1896 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Hypoxylites Kirschst. 1925 KC01
              |         Hypoxylonites Elsik 1990 KC01
              |         Hypoxylonsporites Kumar 1990 KC01
              |         Hypsilophora Berk. 1879 KC01
              |         Hysteriopsis Geyl. 1887 KC01
              |         Hysterites Göpp. 1836 KC01
              |         ‘Hysterites’ Unger 1841 non Göpp. 1836 KC01
              |         Hysteromyxa Sacc. & Ellis 1882 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Inapertisporites Hammen ex Rouse 1959 KC01
              |         Incertisporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Inciliaria Fr. 1825 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Incolaria Herzer 1893 KC01
              |         Involutisporonites Clarke 1965 KC01
              |         Isomunkia Theiss. & Syd. 1915 KC01
              |         Jansoniisporites Kalgutkar 1997 KC01
              |         Japewiella Printzen 1999 KC01
              |         Kakabekia Barghoorn 1965 KC01
              |           `--*K. umbellata Barghoorn 1965 G79
              |         Kellermaniites Babajan & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Kutchiathyrites Kar 1979 KC01
              |         Lacrimasporonites Clarke 1965 KC01
              |         Ladrococcus Locq. 1985 KC01
              |         Laestadites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Langloisula Ellis & Everh. 1889 KC01
              |         Lecaniascus Moniez 1887 KC01
              |         Lentescospora Linder 1944 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Lenzitites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Leolophia (n. d.) KC01
              |         Lepiotasporites Huang 1981 KC01
              |         Leprosis Neck. ex Kremp. 1869 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Leptodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1914 (n. d.) [=Wrightiella Speg. 1923 non Schmitz 1893] KC01
              |         Leptonema Sm. 1896 KC01
              |         Leptosphaerites Richon 1885 KC01
              |         Leptospora Raf. 1808 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Leptuberia Raf. 1808 KC01
              |         Liaoningnema Zheng & Zhang 1986 KC01
              |         Limacinia Neger 1895 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Limnomyces Lohammar 1953 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Scopularia Preuss 1851 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) KC01
              |         Lirasporis Potonié & Sah 1960 KC01
              |         Lymphocystidium Weiser 1943 KC01
              |         Macrosporites Renault 1899 KC01
              |         Magnosporites Rouse 1962 KC01
              |         Maireomyces Feldmann 1941 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Malacodermum Marchand 1896 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Malacodon Bataille 1923 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Manikinipollis Krutzsch 1970 KC01
              |         Marssoninites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Martinella (Cooke) Sacc. 1892 (n. d.) non Jousseaume 1887 (ICZN) KC01
              |         Maurya Pat. 1898 (n. d.) [=Pluesia Nieuwl. 1916] KC01
              |         Medastina (n. d.) KC01
              |         Medusomyces Lindau 1913 KC01
              |         Melanconites Göpp. 1852 KC01
              |         Melanomyces Syd. & Syd. 1917 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Melanosphaerites Grüss 1928 KC01
              |         Melanosporites Pampal. 1902 KC01
              |         Meliolopsis (Sacc.) Sacc. 1891 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Meniscoideisporites KC01
              |         Merosporium Corda 1831 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Metasphaerella Speg. 1924 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Microdiplodiites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         ‘Microdiscus’ Steinecke 1916 (n. d.) non Sacc. 1916 KC01
              |         Microsporonites Jain 1968 KC01
              |         Microthyrites Pampal. 1902 KC01
              |         Mirandia Toro 1934 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Molgosporidium Thor 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Moniliites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         Monilites Pampal. 1902 KC01
              |         Monochaetites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         Monoporisporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Chrysomilia sitophila KC01
              |         Mucedites Bertrand & Renault 1896 KC01
              |         Muchmoria Sacc. 1906 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Mucoralites Patel 1979 KC01
              |         Mucorites Mesch. 1898 KC01
              |         Multicellaesporites Elsik 1968 KC01
              |         Murciasporidium Thor 1930 KC01
              |         Mycetosporidium Léger & Hesse 1905 KC01
              |         Mycobystrovia Goujet & Locq. 1979 KC01
              |         Mycocoelium Kütz. 1843 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Mycogemma Zalessky 1915 KC01
              |         Mycokidstonia Pons & Locq. 1981 KC01
              |         Mycorhizonium Weiss 1904 KC01
              |         Mycothamnion Kütz. 1843 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Myxomonas Brzez. 1906 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Myxonyphe Rchb. 1841 (n. d.) [=Myxonema Corda 1837 non Fr. 1825, Pyonema Nieuwl. 1916] KC01
              |         Naegelia Rabenh. 1844 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Nailisporites Huang 1981 KC01
              |         Nemaclada Sm. 1896 KC01
              |         Nemaplana Sm. 1896 KC01
              |         Nematococcus Kütz. 1833 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Piptostoma Berk. & Broome 1875 (n. d.) [=Neopiptostoma Kuntze 1898] KC01
              |         Nesophloea Fr. 1849 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Neuroecium Kunze 1823 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Nothodiscus Sacc. 1917 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Nowellia Stevens 1924 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Nyctomyces Hartig 1833 KC01
              |         Octosporonites Locq. & Sal.-Cheb. 1980 KC01
              |         Oesophagomyces Manier & Ormières 1980 KC01
              |         Oichitonium (n. d.) KC01
              |         Oidites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Oidospora Will. 1878 KC01
              |         ‘Ombrophila’ Quél. 1892 non Fr. 1849 KC01
              |         Omoriza Paulet 1812 KC01
              |         Omphalocystis Balbiani 1889 KC01
              |         Onakawananus Radforth 1958 KC01
              |         Oncobyrsa Agardh 1827 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Oovorus Entz 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Opethyrium Speg. 1919 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Ophryomyces Léger & Hesse 1909 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Ordovicimyces Elias 1966 KC01
              |         Ornasporonites Ramanujam & Rao 1979 KC01
              |         Ospriosporium Corda 1831 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Ostracodermis Locq. 1982 KC01
              |         Ovularites Whitford 1916 KC01
              |         Palaeodikaryomyces Dörfelt 1998 KC01
              |         Palaeodiplodites KC01
              |         Palaeofibula Osborn, Taylor & White 1989 KC01
              |         Palaeomycelites Bystrov 1956 KC01
              |         Palaeopericonia Ibáñez & Zamuner 1996 KC01
              |         Palambages Whetzel 1961 KC01
              |           `--*P. morulosa Wetzel 1961 H75
              |         Paleoarcyria Jacq.-Fél., Mill. & Locq. 1983 KC01
              |         Paleoblastocladia Remy, Taylor & Hass 1994 KC01
              |         Paleocatenaria Locq. 1983 KC01
              |         Paleoguttulina Locq. & Mišík 1983 KC01
              |         Paleoserenomyces Currah, Stockey & LePage 1998 KC01
              |         Palmellathyrites Locq., Pons & Sal.-Cheb. 1981 KC01
              |         Palynomorphites Moore 1963 KC01
              |         Papulasporites Shete & Kulk. 1978 KC01
              |         Papulosporonites Schmied. & Schwab 1964 KC01
              |         Parapolyporites Tanai 1987 KC01
              |         Xenosoma Syd. & Syd. 1921 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) KC01
              |         Pelodiscus Clem. 1901 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Penicillites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Peniophorina Höhn. 1917 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Perisporites Pampal. 1902 KC01
              |         Perisporium Fr. 1821 (n. d.) [Perisporiales] KC01
              |         Peronosporites Sm. 1877 KC01
              |           `--P. pythius P92
              |         Peronosporoides Sm. 1896 KC01
              |         Pestalozzites Berry 1917 KC01
              |         Petrosphaeria Stopes & Fujii 1910 KC01
              |         Pezizasporites Huang 1981 KC01
              |         Phacidiopsis Geyl. 1887 KC01
              |         Phacidites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Phaeonema Kütz. 1843 KC01
              |         Phaeoscutella Henn. 1904 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phaeosiphonia Kütz. 1849 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phellomycetes Renault 1896 [=Phellomycites Mesch. 1896] KC01
              |         Phelonites Fresen. 1861 KC01
              |         Phiala Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phialea (Fr.) Gillet 1879 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phomites Fritel 1910 KC01
              |         Phragmidiites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Phragmonaevia Rehm 1896 (n. d.) KC01
              |         ‘Phragmothyriella’ Speg. 1919 (n. d.) non Höhn. 1912 KC01
              |         Phycomater Fr. 1825 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phycomycites Ellis 1915 KC01
              |         Phyllerites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Phyllerium Fr. 1832 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phyllonochaeta Gonz. Frag. & Cif. 1927 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phyllops Raf. 1817 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Phyllostictites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Physalosporella Speg. 1910 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Pillulasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         ‘Pilula’ Harker, Sarjeant & Caldwell 1990 non Massee 1910 KC01
              |         Piriurella Cookson & Eisenack 1979 KC01
              |         Placodium Hill 1773 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Plectosclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Pleosporites Suzuki 1910 KC01
              |         Pleosporonites Lange & Sm. 1971 KC01
              |         Plochmopeltinites Cookson 1947 KC01
              |         Pluricellaesporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Pluricellulites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Polyadosporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Polycellaesporonites Chandra, Saxena & Setty 1984 KC01
              |         Polycellaria Pflug 1965 KC01
              |           `--*P. bonnerensis Pflug 1965 G79
              |         Polyporasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Polyporisporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Polyporites Lindl. & Hutton 1833 KC01
              |         ‘Polyporites’ Daugherty 1941 non Lindl. & Hutton 1833 KC01
              |         Polystema Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Poronea Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Portalites Hemer & Nygreen 1967 KC01
              |         Predaldinia Briot, Lar.-Coll. & Locq. 1983 KC01
              |         Premyxomyces Locq. 1979 KC01
              |         Protomycites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Pseudohansenula Mogi 1939 (n. d.) KC01
              |         ‘Pseudohansenula’ Novák & Zsolt 1961 non Mogi 1939 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Pseudopezizites Fiore 1932 KC01
              |         Pseudophyllachora Speg. 1919 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Psiammopomopiospora Locq. & Sal.-Cheb. 1980 KC01
              |         Psiamspora Locq. & Sal.-Cheb. 1980 KC01
              |         Psidimobipiospora Locq. & Sal.-Cheb. 1980 KC01
              |         Psilodiporites Varma & Rawat 1963 KC01
              |         Psorothecium Massal. 1860 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Puccinites Ettingsh. 1853 KC01
              |         Puttemansiella Henn. 1908 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Pycnodothis Stevens 1924 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Pyrenophoropsis Ramesh 1988 KC01
              |         Pyrisperma Raf. 1808 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Pythites Pampal. 1902 KC01
              |         Rabenhorstiites Teterevn. & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Ramulariites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         Ramularites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Reduviasporonites Wilson 1962 KC01
              |         Reticellites Glass, Br. & Elsik 1987 KC01
              |         Reticulatisporonites Elsik 1968 KC01
              |         Reticulosporidium Thor 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Retidiporites Varma & Rawat 1963 KC01
              |         Reymanella Marcink. 1979 KC01
              |         Rhagidiasporidium Thor 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Rhizoblepharis Dang. 1900 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Rhizogaster Reinsch. 1875 (n. d.) KC01
              |         ‘Rhizomorpha’ Ach. 1809 (n. d.) non Roth 1791 KC01
              |         Rhizomorphites Göpp. 1848 KC01
              |         Rhizophagites Rosend. 1943 KC01
              |         Rhynchotheca Kleb. 1933 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Rhytismites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Rhytismopsis Geyl. 1887 KC01
              |         Roannaisia Taylor, Galtier & Axsmith 1994 KC01
              |         Rosasporina Beneš 1956 KC01
              |         Rosellinites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         ‘Rosellinites’ Potonié 1893 non Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Saccharomycetes Grüss 1928 KC01
              |         Samarosporella Linder 1944 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sarcanthia Raf. 1817 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sarcomelas Raf. 1817 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sarconemus Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Scabradiporites Mathur 1966 KC01
              |         Schizacrospermum Henn. 1899 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Schizographa Nyl. 1857 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Scirrhiopsis Henn. 1905 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sclerosporis Stach & Chandra 1956 KC01
              |         Sclerotites Jeffrey & Chrysler 1906 KC01
              |         Scolecosporites Lange & Sm. 1971 KC01
              |         Scutellum Speg. 1881 (n. d.) non Pusch 1833 (ICZN) KC01
              |         Scytopezis Clem. 1903 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Selenophomites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         Senegalosporites Jardiné & Magloire 1965 KC01
              |         Serpentisclerotes Beneš 1959 KC01
              |         Sirocrocis Kütz. 1843 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sirodesmites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Sorosporonites Mu 1977 KC01
              |         Spadonia Fr. 1829 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Spegazzinites Félix 1894 KC01
              |         Sphaerialites Venkatach. & Kar 1969 KC01
              |         Sphaerites Unger 1850 non Duftschmid 1805 (ICZN) KC01
              |         Sphaeropleum Link 1833 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sphaeroporalites Hemer & Nygreen 1967 KC01
              |         Sphaerosporiites Babajan & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Spherites Dijkstra 1949 KC01
              |         Spilonemella Henssen & Tonsberg 2000 KC01
              |         Spilosphaerites Massal. 1857 KC01
              |         Spiroidium Saito 1949 KC01
              |         Spirotremesporites Dueñas 1979 KC01
              |         Spongiasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Sporadospora Reinsch 1875 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sporonites Potonié 1931 KC01
              |         Sporophaga Harkn. 1899 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Sporoschismatites Babajan & Tasl. 1977 KC01
              |         Sporotrichites Göpp. & Berendt 1945 KC01
              |         Stagonosporites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Staphlosporonites Sheffy & Dilcher 1971 KC01
              |         Stegites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Stellasclerotes Beneš 1959 KC01
              |         Stemphyliites Babajan & Tasl. 1973 KC01
              |         Stericium Raf. 1819 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Stigmateacites Zheng & Zhang 1986 KC01
              |         Stilbites Pia 1927 KC01
              |         Straggaria Reinsch 1888 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Streptotrichites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Striadiporites Varma & Rawat 1963 KC01
              |         Striadyadosporites Dueñas 1979 KC01
              |         Striatasclerotes Stach & Pickh. 1957 KC01
              |         Stridiporosporites Ke & Shi 1978 KC01
              |         Sulcatisclerotes Beneš 1959 KC01
              |         Synaphia Nees & Nees ex Rchb. 1841 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Synchaetophagus Apstein 1911 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Tetena Raf. 1806 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Theissenula Syd. & Syd. 1914 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Thuchomyces Hallbauer & Jahns 1977 KC01
              |         Thyriascus Schulzer 1877 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Tormentella Pflug 1966 KC01
              |           `--*T. tubiformis Pflug 1966 G79
              |         Torulites Grüss 1927 KC01
              |         ‘Torulites’ Pia 1927 non Grüss 1927 KC01
              |         Trametites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Transeptaesporites Ediger 1981 KC01
              |         Trematophora Eisenack 1965 KC01
              |         Trematosphaerites Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         ‘Trematosphaerites’ Grüss 1924 non Mesch. 1892 KC01
              |         Tricellaesporonites Sheffy & Dilcher 1971 KC01
              |         Trichobacidia Vain. 1921 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Trichochora Theiss. & Syd. 1915 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Trichosporites Félix 1894 KC01
              |         ‘Trichosporum’ Fr. 1825 non Don 1822 KC01
              |         Trichothyrites Rosend. 1943 KC01
              |         Trihyphaecites Peppers 1970 KC01
              |         Triporicellaesporites Ke & Shi 1978 KC01
              |         Triporisporites Hammen 1954 KC01
              |         Triporisporonites Sheffy & Dilcher 1971 KC01
              |         Triposporonites Sheffy & Dilcher 1971 KC01
              |         Tubercularites Arcang. 1903 KC01
              |         Tympanicysta Malme 1980 KC01
              |         Uncinulites Pampal. 1902 KC01
              |         Uredites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Urocystites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Urophlyctites Magnus 1903 KC01
              |         Ustilagites Babajan & Tasl. 1970 KC01
              |         Ustulinites Kirschst. 1925 KC01
              |         Uvasporina Beneš 1956 KC01
              |         Variolaria Pers. 1794 (n. d.) KC01
              |         ‘Variolaria’ Gray 1821 (n. d.) non Pers. 1794 KC01
              |         Vermiculariella Oudem. 1898 KC01
              |         Warkallisporonites Ramanujam & Rao 1979 KC01
              |         Winfrenatia Taylor, Hass & Kerp 1997 KC01
              |         Winterina Sacc. 1891 KC01
              |         ‘Xyloma’ Raf. 1837 (n. d.) non Pers. 1794 KC01
              |         Xylomites Unger 1841 [=Xylomides Schimp. 1869] KC01
              |         Zercosporidium Thor 1930 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Zonilia Raf. 1815 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Zygodesmella Gonz. Frag. 1917 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Zygodesmus Corda 1837 (n. d.) KC01
              |         Zygosporites Will. 1880 KC01
              |         Zygothrix Reinsch ex Rabenh. 1866 (n. d.) KC01
              |--Opisthosporidia JK06
              `--+--+--Neocallimastigaceae JK06
                 |  `--Chytridiomycota JK06
                 `--+--Blastocladiales JK06
                    `--+--Zoopagomycota AB19
                       `--+--Mucoromycota JK06
                          `--Symbiomycota LK04
                               |--Glomeromycota JK06
                               `--Dikarya (see below for synonymy) JK06
                                    |  i. s.: Sclerotium Tode 1790 (see below for synonymy) KC01
                                    |           |--S. cepivorum KC01
                                    |           |--S. delphinii KC01
                                    |           |--S. microsclerotium KC01
                                    |           |--S. oryzae KC01
                                    |           |--S. rolfsii RMS95
                                    |           `--S. tuliparum KC01
                                    |--Ascomycota JK06
                                    `--Basidiomycota (see below for synonymy) JK06
                                         |  i. s.: Mycaureola Maire & Chemin 1922 RS99
                                         |           `--*M. dilseae Maire & Chemin 1922 RS99
                                         |         Wallemiomycotina AB19
                                         |           |--Geminibasidium (see below for synonymy) AB19
                                         |           `--Wallemia Johan-Olsen 1887 AS12 (see below for synonymy)
                                         |                `--W. sebi RC11
                                         |         Akenomyces Arnaud ex Hornby 1984 KC01
                                         |         Anixia Fr. 1819 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Archeterobasidium Koeniguer & Locq. 1980 KC01
                                         |         Arthrodochium Castañeda & Kendr. 1990 KC01
                                         |         Arualis Katz 1980 KC01
                                         |         Cenangiomyces Dyko & Sutton 1979 KC01
                                         |         Cerinosterus Moore 1987 KC01
                                         |         Cilicia Fr. 1825 KC01
                                         |         Corticomyces Romero & López 1989 KC01
                                         |         Cruciger Kirschner & Oberw. 1999 KC01
                                         |         Dactyloporus Herzer 1893 KC01
                                         |         Dendrosporomyces Nawawi, Webster & Davey 1977 KC01
                                         |         Druparia Raf. 1808 (n. d.) [=Drupasia Raf. 1809] KC01
                                         |         Ellula Nag Raj 1980 KC01
                                         |         Endoconia Raf. 1819 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Fibulochlamys Romero & Cabral 1989 KC01
                                         |         Fibulocoela Nag Raj 1978 KC01
                                         |         Fibulotaeniella Marvanová & Bärl. 1988 KC01
                                         |         Gastromyces Ludw. 1861 KC01
                                         |         Geotrichopsis Tzean & Estey 1991 KC01
                                         |         Gloeoradulum Rick 1959 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Gloeosynnema Seifert & Okada 1988 KC01
                                         |         Glomerulomyces Romero & López 1989 KC01
                                         |         Glutinoagger Sivan. & Watling 1980 KC01
                                         |         Grandiniochaete Rick 1940 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Granulina Velen. 1947 (n. d.) non Jousseaume 1888 (ICZN) KC01
                                         |         Heterobasidium Massee 1889 KC01
                                         |         Hyphobasidiofera Matsush. & Matsush. 1996 KC01
                                         |         Itersonilia Derx 1948 KC01
                                         |         Mycodendron Massee 1891 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Mycospongia Velen. 1939 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Myrioconium Fr. 1823 [incl. Rhacodiella Peyronel 1919] KC01
                                         |         Naiadella Marvanová & Bandoni 1987 KC01
                                         |         Nostoclavus Paulet 1791 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Nyctalina Arnaud 1952 KC01
                                         |         Odontiochaete Rick 1940 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Pagidospora Drechsler 1960 KC01
                                         |         Phellinites Singer & Archang. 1958 KC01
                                         |         Phlegmatium Fr. 1819 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Pilacre Fr. 1825 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Pneumatospora Sutton, Kuthub. & Muid 1984 (see below for synonymy) KC01
                                         |         Polygaster Fr. 1823 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Pseudasterodon Rick 1959 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Pycnovellomyces Castañeda 1987 KC01
                                         |         Radulochaete Rick 1940 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Riessia Fresen. 1852 KC01
                                         |         Riessiella Jülich 1985 KC01
                                         |         Rimella Raf. 1819 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Spiniger Stalpers 1974 KC01
                                         |         Stemastrum Raf. 1808 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Titaeella Arnaud ex Ando & Tubaki 1985 KC01
                                         |         Volvycium Raf. 1808 (n. d.) KC01
                                         |         Xenopus Penz. & Sacc. 1901 (n. d.) non Wagler 1827 (ICZN) KC01
                                         |--Pucciniomycotina BB03
                                         `--Orthomycotina C-S98
                                              |--Ustilaginomycotina C-S98
                                              `--Agaricomycotina C-S98

Basidiomycota [Basidioblastomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Basidiomycotina, Basimycetes, Heterobasidiomycetae, Sporobolomycetales, Teliomycetes] JK06

Dikarya [Blastomycetes, Blastomycota, Cryptococcales, Dangeardiomycetes, Dikaryomycota, Endomycetes, Endomycota, Neomycota] JK06

Fungi [Amastigomycota, Archemycota, Carpomycetes, Dictyomycotina, Entomycetidae, Eomycota, Eozygomycetia, Eumycetes, Eumycophyta, Eumycota, Fungales, Glomomycetes, Hysterophyta, Inophyta, Melanomycotina, Mycetalia, Mycetales, Mycetes, Mycophyta, Mycota, Neozygomycetia, Opisthomastigomycota, Pedomycetidae, Spizomycetidae, Uniflagellatae, Zoomycetes, Zygomycetes, Zygomycota, Zygomycotina] C-SCL15

Geminibasidium [Geminibasidiaceae, Geminibasidiales, Geminibasidiomycetes] AB19

Oliveonia Donk 1958 [=Heteromyces Olive 1957 non Müll. Arg. 1889; incl. Oliveorhiza Roberts 1998, Sebacinella Hauerslev 1977; Oliveoniaceae] KC01

Pneumatospora Sutton, Kuthub. & Muid 1984 [incl. Tricellulortus Matsush. 1995] KC01

Sclerotium Tode 1790 [incl. Apiosporium Kunze 1817, Astoma Gray 1821 non Oken 1815 (ICZN), Bromicolla Eichw. 1843, Coccopleum Ehrenb. 1818, Sclerotiomyces Woron. 1926, Xylochoeras Fr. 1849; Agonomycetales] KC01

Scopularia Preuss 1851 (n. d.) [=Lindavia Nieuwl. 1916 non (Schütt) De Toni & Forti 1900, Outhovia Nieuwl. 1916] KC01

Stegilla Rchb. 1828 (n. d.) [=Eustegia Fr. 1823 non Br. 1810, Sphaerothyrium Wallr. 1833, Stegia Fr. 1818 non DC. 1805] KC01

Wallemia Johan-Olsen 1887 AS12 [incl. Bargellinia Borzí 1888 KC01, Hemispora Vuill. 1906 KC01; Wallemiaceae, Wallemiales, Wallemiomycetes]

Xenosoma Syd. & Syd. 1921 (n. d.) [=Paulia Lloyd 1916 nec Fée 1836 nec Gray 1840 (ICZN) nec Bourguignat 1882 (ICZN)] KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[AB-E04] Agapow, P.-M., O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, K. A. Crandall, J. L. Gittleman, G. M. Mace, J. C. Marshall & A. Purvis. 2004. The impact of species concept on biodiversity studies. Quarterly Review of Biology 79 (2): 161–179.

[BB03] Bauer, R., D. Begerow, F. Oberwinkler & L. Marvanová. 2003. Classicula: the teleomorph of Naiadella fluitans. Mycologia 95 (4): 756–764.

[BJ17] Budd, G. E., & S. Jensen. 2017. The origin of the animals and a 'savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution. Biological Reviews 92 (1): 446–473.

[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 540–563.

[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[EA12] Edwards, D., & L. Axe. 2012. Evidence for a fungal affinity for Nematasketum, a close ally of Prototaxites. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 1–18.

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[G14] Grazhdankin, D. 2014. Patterns of evolution of the Ediacaran soft-bodied biota. Journal of Paleontology 88 (2): 269–283.

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[HO09] Hejnol, A., M. Obst, A. Stamatakis, M. Ott, G. W. Rouse, G. D. Edgecombe, P. Martinez, J. Baguña, X. Bailly, U. Jondelius, M. Wiens, W. E. G. Müller, E. Seaver, W. C. Wheeler, M. Q. Martindale, G. Giribet & C. W. Dunn. 2009. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 276 (1677): 4261–4270.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KS92] Kumar, S., & P. Srivastava. 1992. Middle to late Proterozoic microbiota from the Deoban Limestone, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Precambrian Research 56: 291–318.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RMS95] Ravishankar, J. P., V. Muruganandam & T. S. Suryanarayanan. 1995. Isolation and characterization of melanin from a marine fungus. Botanica Marina 38: 413–416.

[RC11] Rosling, A., F. Cox, K. Cruz-Martinez, K. Ihrmark, G.-A. Grelet, B. D. Lindahl, A. Menkis & T. Y. James. 2011. Archaeorhizomycetes: unearthing an ancient class of ubiquitous soil fungi. Science 333: 876–879.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[S00] Schweitzer, H. J. 2000. Neue Pflanzenfunde im Unterdevon der Eifel (Deutschland). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 80 (2): 371–395.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

[T84] Tewari, V. C. 1984. Stromatolites and Precambrian-Lower Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya. Proc. Vth India Geophytol. Conf., Lucknow (1983), Spec. Publ. 1984: 71–97.

[ZB10] Zvereva, L. V., & O. G. Borzykh. 2010. Filamentous fungi in the epigrowth of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia) in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 215–219. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

No comments:

Post a Comment

Markup Key:
- <b>bold</b> = bold
- <i>italic</i> = italic
- <a href="http://www.fieldofscience.com/">FoS</a> = FoS