Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes-Suhm, 1873

Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes-Suhm, 1873

( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 )

Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes-Suhm, 1873: 400 –401.—W-Suhm 1875: 32–33 (in part).—G.O. Sars 1885: 44–46.—Holt & Tattersall 1905: 141.—Hansen 1908: 93–95.—Fage 1941: 34–39.—Nouvel 1943: 15–19.—Tattersall & Tattersall 1951: 82–88.—W. Tattersall 1951: 29–31.―O.S. Tattersall 1955: 38–39.—Hargreaves 1985: 255.—Casanova 1996a: 129.— Brattegard & Meland 1997: 74.— Price et al. 2009: 923–928.

Gnathophausia willemoesii G.O. Sars, 1885: 38 –41.

Gnathophausia sarsi Wood-Mason and Alcock, 1891a: 187 .

Gnathophausia cristata Illig, 1906: 319 –321.

Gnathophausia zoea var sarsi— Ortman 1906: 42–47.

Material examined. In formaldehyde (transferred to ethanol). Stn 2-326-1001, 1 specimen (Ƥ 6.5cm) (ZMBN 81311), 3 specimens (immature 6.0cm,Ƥ 8.0cm, Ƥ 8.0cm) (ZMBN 81312); Stn 2-326-1002, 28 specimens (ZMBN 81313, ZMBN 81314); Stn 2-327-1007, 3 specimens (ZMBN 81315); Stn 2-327-1008, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81316); Stn 4-328-1009, 45 specimens (ZMBN 81317); Stn 4-328-1010, 133 specimens (ZMBN 81318, ZMBN 81319); Stn 4-328-1011, 3 specimens (ZMBN 81320); Stn 4-329-1012, 4 specimens (ZMBN 81321); Stn 4-329- 1013, 27 specimens (ZMBN 81323, ZMBN 81322); Stn 4-329-1014, 55 specimens (ZMBN 86626, ZMBN 81324, ZMBN 81325); Stn 4-329-1015, 22 specimens (ZMBN 81326); Stn 4-329-1016, 46 specimens (ZMBN 81327); Stn 6-331-1020, 5 specimens (immature 4.0cm, immature 4.5cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, 3 7.0cm) (ZMBN 81328); Stn 6-331-1021, 8 specimens (ZMBN 81329); Stn 6-331-1022, 22 specimens (ZMBN 81330); Stn 6-331-1023, 20 specimens (ZMBN 81332); Stn 6-331-1024, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81333); Stn 7-332-1025, 25 specimens (ZMBN 81334); Stn 8-333-1026, 9 specimens (ZMBN 81335); Stn 8-333-1027, 54 specimens (ZMBN 81336, ZMBN 81337); Stn 8-333-1028, 2 specimens (ZMBN 81338); Stn 8-333-1029, 11 specimens (ZMBN 81339); Stn 8-333- 1030, 26 specimens (ZMBN 81340); Stn 8-334-1031, 19 specimens (ZMBN 81341); Stn 8-334-1032, 22 specimens (ZMBN 81342); Stn 8-334-1033, 6 specimens (ZMBN 81343); Stn 10-335-1037, 10 specimens (ZMBN 81344); Stn 10-335-1038, 2 specimens (ZMBN 81345); Stn 11-337-1040, 39 specimens (ZMBN 81202, ZMBN 81346, ZMBN 81347 KUN BM); Stn 12-338-1041, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81348); Stn 12-338-1042, 2 specimens (ZMBN 81349); Stn 12-338-1043, 6 specimens (ZMBN 81350); Stn 12-338-1044, 21 specimens (ZMBN 81351); Stn 12-339-1046, 18 specimens (ZMBN 81352); Stn 12-339-1047, 15 specimens (ZMBN 81353); Stn 12-339- 1048, 4 specimens (ZMBN 81354); Stn 14-340-1050, 4 specimens (immature 4.0cm, immature 5.5cm, Ƥ 5.5cm, Ƥ 5.5cm) (ZMBN 81355); Stn 14-340-1051, 8 specimens (ZMBN 81356); Stn 14-340-1053, 6 specimens (ZMBN 81357); Stn 14-341-1054, 16 specimens (immature 5.5cm, immature 5.5cm, immature 7.0cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.5cm, Ƥ 7.5cm, Ƥ 8.0cm, 8 damaged) (ZMBN 81358); Stn 14-341-1055, 51 specimens (ZMBN 81359, ZMBN 81360); Stn 14-341-1056, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81361); Stn 16-343-1058, 5 specimens (immature 3.0cm, immature 3.5cm, immature 4.5cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, 1 damaged) (ZMBN 81362); Stn 16-343-1059, 5 specimens (immature 3.5cm, immature 4.5cm, immature 6.0cm, immature 6.5cm, Ƥ 8.0cm) (ZMBN 81363); Stn 16-343-1060, 9 specimens (immature 3.5cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.5cm, Ƥ 6.5cm, Ƥ 8.0cm) (ZMBN 81364); Stn 16-343-1061, 9 specimens (immature 3.0cm, immature 4.5cm, immature 5.0cm, immature 6.5cm, Ƥ 5.5cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 7.0cm, 3 6.5cm) (ZMBN 81365); Stn 16-343-1062, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81366); Stn 18-345-1066, 4 specimens (ZMBN 81367, ZMBN 81368); Stn 18-345-1067, 9 specimens (immature 2.0cm, immature 3.0cm, immature 3.0cm, immature 3.0cm, immature 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 8.0cm, Ƥ 8.0cm, Ƥ 9.0cm) (ZMBN 81369); Stn 18-345-1068, 17 specimens (immature 2.0cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 5.5cm, immature 6.0cm, immature 6.0cm, immature 6.5cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.5cm, Ƥ 7.0cm) (ZMBN 81370); Stn 18-345-1069, 7 specimens (immature 1.5cm, immature 3.5cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.5cm, Ƥ 5.5cm, Ƥ 6.0cm) (ZMBN 81371); Stn 18-345- 1070, 4 specimens (ZMBN 81372); Stn 18-346-1072, 20 specimens (ZMBN 81373); Stn 18-346-1073, 42 specimens (ZMBN 81374, ZMBN 86536); Stn 20-347-1074, 3 specimens (immature 3.5cm, immature 3.5cm, immature 4.0cm) (ZMBN 81375); Stn 20-347-1075, 5 specimens (immature 5.5cm, Ƥ 8.0cm, 3 7.0cm, 3 9.5cm, 1 damaged) (ZMBN 81376); Stn 20-347-1076, 7 specimens (immature 3.5cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 5.5cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 8.0cm) (ZMBN 81377); Stn 20-347-1077, 12 specimens (ZMBN 81378); Stn 20-347- 1078, 4 specimens (ZMBN 81379); Stn 20-348-1079, 1 specimen (Ƥ 5.0cm) (ZMBN 81380); Stn 20-348-1080, 19 specimens (ZMBN 81381, ZMBN 81382); Stn 20-348-1081, 53 specimens (ZMBN 81383, ZMBN 81384); Stn 22- 349-1082, 14 specimens (ZMBN 81385, ZMBN 81386); Stn 22-349-1083, 5 specimens (immature 2.0cm, immature 2.0cm, immature 2.5cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 5.5cm) (ZMBN 81387, ZMBN 81388); Stn 22-349- 1084, 6 specimens (ZMBN 81389); Stn 22-350-1088, 8 specimens (immature 5.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, 3 7.0cm, 3 9.0cm) (ZMBN 81390); Stn 22-350-1089, 29 specimens (ZMBN 81391); Stn 24- 351-1090, 4 specimens (immature 4.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, 3 7.0cm) (ZMBN 81392); Stn 24-351-1091, 1 specimen (Ƥ 6.0cm) (ZMBN 81393); Stn 24-351-1092, 12 specimens (ZMBN 81394); Stn 24-351-1093, 7 specimens (ZMBN 81395); Stn 24-351-1094, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81396); Stn 24-352-1095, 1 specimen (immature 4.0cm) (ZMBN 81397); Stn 24-352-1096, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81398); Stn 24-352-1097, 3 specimens (ZMBN 81399, ZMBN 81400); Stn 26-354-1103, 4 specimens (immature 4.5cm, immature 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 6.5cm) (ZMBN 81401, ZMBN 81402); Stn 26-355-1106, 5 specimens (ZMBN 81403); Stn 26-355-1107, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81404); Stn 28-356-1110, 4 specimens (immature 2.0cm, immature 3.0cm, immature 2.5cm, immature 3.5cm) (ZMBN 81405, ZMBN 81406); Stn 28-356-1111, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81407); Stn 28-357-1115, 2 specimens (ZMBN 81408, ZMBN 81409); Stn 28-357-1116, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81410); Stn 30-358-1119, 1 specimen (immature 6.0cm) (ZMBN 81411); Stn 30-359-1122, 4 specimens (ZMBN 81412); Stn 30-359-1123, 2 specimens (ZMBN 81413); Stn 32-361-1126, 7 specimens (immature 3.0cm, immature 3.0cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 4.0cm, Ƥ 9.0cm, Ƥ 10.0cm) (ZMBN 81414, ZMBN 81415, ZMBN 81416); Stn 32- 362-1128, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81417); Stn 32-362-1131, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81418); Stn 34-364-1139, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81419); Stn 36-365-1141, 1 specimen (Ƥ 6.0cm) (ZMBN 81420); Stn 36-365-1145, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81421); Stn 36-366-1147, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81422); Stn 42-368-1150, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81423); Stn 48-371-1153, 12 specimens (ZMBN 81425); Stn 46-372-1154, 1 specimen (ZMBN 81424); Stn 50-373-1155, 7 specimens (immature 4.5cm, immature 4.5cm, immature 4.5cm, Ƥ 6.5cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 7.0cm, Ƥ 10.0cm) (ZMBN 81426); Stn 53-375-1157, 38 specimens (ZMBN 81427); Stn 54-377-1159, 10 specimens (immature 4.0cm, immature 5.0cm, immature 6.0cm, immature 6.0cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.5cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, 3 8.0cm) (ZMBN 81428); Stn 56-378-1160, 12 specimens (ZMBN 81429); Stn 60-379-1161, 12 specimens (ZMBN 81430); Stn 62-380-1162, 10 specimens (ZMBN 81431); Stn 64-381-1163, 9 specimens (ZMBN 81432); Stn 66-383-1165, 11 specimens (ZMBN 81433); Stn 68-384-1166, 13 specimens (ZMBN 81434); Stn 70-385-1167, 12 specimens (ZMBN 81435); Stn 72-386-1168, 5 specimens (ZMBN 81436, ZMBN 81437); Stn 74-387-1169, 10 specimens (immature 3.0cm, immature 3.5cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 4.0cm, immature 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 5.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm) (ZMBN 81438, ZMBN 81439).

In ethanol: Stn 7-332-1025, 3 specimens (ZMBN 86523); Stn 8-334-1031, 6 specimens (ZMBN 86525); Stn 8-334-1032, 7 specimens (ZMBN 86526); Stn 10-335-1035, 19 specimens (ZMBN 86591, ZMBN 86603, ZMBN 86606, ZMBN 866241); Stn 10-335-1037, 3 specimens (ZMBN 86592, ZMBN 86600, ZMBN 86601); Stn 11-337- 1040, 1 specimen (ZMBN 86528); Stn 12-338-1043, 4 specimens (ZMBN 86594, ZMBN 86602); Stn 12-338- 1044, 1 specimen (ZMBN 86599); Stn 12-339-1046, 9 specimens (ZMBN 86531); Stn 12-339-1047, 1 specimen (ZMBN 86532); Stn 16-343-1050, 2 specimens (ZMBN 86610); Stn 14-340-1051, 4 specimens (ZMBN 86595, ZMBN 86604, ZMBN 86607); Stn 15-342-1057, 1 specimen (ZMBN 86605); Stn 18-346-1072, 6 specimens (ZMBN 86534); Stn 26-354-1103, 3 specimens (Ƥ 7.0cm, Ƥ 6.0cm, 3 7.0cm) (ZMBN 86539); Stn 30-359-1123, 1 specimen (ZMBN 86541).

Frozen (transferred to ethanol): Stn 14-340-1052, 3 specimens (ZMBN 86593, ZMBN 86609); Stn 15-342- 1057, 13 specimens (ZMBN 86596, ZMBN 86597, ZMBN 86598).

Diagnosis. Carapace rigid; rostrum long, exceeding carapace in length, denticulate; dorsal keel continuous, extends anteriorly onto rostrum and posteriorly onto posterodorsal spine; upper lateral keels continuous, extending onto posterodorsal spine; lower lateral keels continuous, curve upwards parallel to posterior margin and merge with upper lateral keels at base of posterodorsal spine; antennal and branchiostegal spines well developed. Antennal scale about twice as long as broad, terminal lobe does not extend past outer spine. Abdominal somites equipped with small dorsal spines, ventrolateral margins produced into posterior directed spines. Telson linguiform, extending beyond uropods, apex crescent-shaped. Maximum body length in this study was 100 mm, but has been reported up to 136 mm (G.O. Sars 1885).

Distribution. With a total number of 1470 captured specimens, G. z o e a was the most frequented Gnathophausia species on the Mar-Eco expedition. It was most abundant in northern stations with a steep decrease in numbers towards the southernmost stations. Specimens were captured at all depth ranges down to 3000 m, but most abundant from about 1500 m up to surface depths, showing a shallower distribution than other species of the genus.

Distributed throughout the world’s oceans, G. z o e a was first captured during the Challenger expeditions (1873– 76), where five specimens were found at four locations: 1) in the north Atlantic, west of the Azores at a depth of 1829 m; 2) in the tropical Atlantic at a depth of 3384 m; 3) off Rio San Francisco, Brazil at a depth of 1408 m; 4) in the Pacific, north of the Kermadec Islands at a depth of 1097 m. In addition, two specimens, described as G. willemoesii , were found at a depth of 2606 m south of Amboina in the Banda Sea (G.O. Sars 1885). Other early reports include three from the Discovery collection (O.S. Tattersall 1955), two of them collected in the south Atlantic, between 2000 and 1800 m ( Tristan da Cunha) and between 1600 and 1050 m ( Ascension Island). The third specimen was captured at a station in the Indian Ocean, east of Zanzibar, between 1900 and 1850 m. Later reports from the North Atlantic (Hargreaves 1985) revealed G. z o e a moderate concentrations below 900 m in the Rockall Trough, and at near-bottom stations in the Porcupine Seabight down to 1160 m.

Remarks. In G. z o e a the rostrum and posterodorsal spine of the carapace become progressively shorter with age. As growth continues the spiniform termination of the outer margin of the antennal scale also becomes shorter. Morphological variation reflecting growth stages has led to several invalid species interpretations. Consequently, Ortmann (1906) showed that G. willemoesii (G.O. Sars 1885) and G. sarsi (Wood-Mason and Alcock 1891) were based on morphological characters defining fully grown and sub-adult stages of G. z o e a, respectively. A third species G. cristata , described by Illig (1906) was later shown to be a juvenile G. z o e a (Tattersall and Tattersall 1951). Also see remarks section of G. bergstadi for discussion on morphological similarities between G. z o e a, G. affinis , and G. bergstadi .

Gnathophausia scapularis Ortmann, 1906 ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 )

Gnathophausia scapularis, Ortmann 1906: 50 –51.

Gnathophausia zoea var scapularis —W.M. Tattersall 1939: 226–227.—W.M. Tattersall 1951: 31.

Diagnosis. Body compact, rather stout. Carapace, almost covering first abdominal somite, constricted anteriorly forming very marked shoulder on each side; rostrum much shorter than carapace, denticulate; posterodorsal spine short; dorsal keel continuous; upper lateral keels curved, create lanceolate almost plane dorsal face of carapace, widest near middle of carapace, strongly curved downward anteriorly; lower lateral keels project considerably beyond keel of lower margin of carapace, converge just above branchiostegal lobes, curve upwards at posterior end towards posterodorsal spine; supra-orbital spines strong; branchiostegal expansions rounded and greatly expanded, antennal spines small. Terminal lobe of antennal scale extends past outer non-serrated apical spine. Abdominal somites with small posterodorsal spines; ventral pleural spines present. Telson linguiform, distal two-thirds of lateral margins armed with spiniform setae; apex with two pairs of large spiniform setae, posterior margin fringed with a serrated edge. Obtains length up to 75 mm (Ortman 1906).

Distribution. G. scapularis seems to be widely distributed. It is reported from the Clarion Islands south of Baja California at a depth of 840 meters (Ortman, 1906) and the Indian Ocean down to 1500–2000 m depths.

Remarks. G. scapularis seems to be closely related to G. z o e a, but is distinguished from this species by the unique shape of the carapace that has prominent bulges immediately behind the branchiostegal lobes. In effect the carapace takes on a peculiar form with a conspicuous anterior constriction. The close resemblance with G. z o e a led W.M Tattersall (1939) to suggest a variant status of G. scapularis . Based on a general reluctance towards erecting species variants on valid species we choose to treat G. scapularis as a true species sensu Ortman (1906).

Identification key to species in Gnathophausia Willemoes-Suhm, 1873

1. External margin of antennal scale serrated, with 3–9 spines ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 C). Pleural plates of the sixth and seventh abdominal somites fused ventrally to form a heart shaped plate with a deep cleft at the posterior end ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 D)........................... 2

- External margin of antennal scale entire, terminating in a large apical spine, margin can be armed with 1–4 small spines ( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 C). Pleural plates of sixth and seventh abdominal somites not fused to form a ventral plate.......................... 3

2. The anteroventral lobes of the pleural plates of abdominal segments 2–5 are small and rounded, while the posteroventral lobes are pointed ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 A). The antennal scale is lanceolate or sublanceolate, extending into a sharply pointed apex ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 C)............... Gnathophausia gigas Willemoes-Suhm, 1873 . Distribution: Atlantic, North Pacific, Indian, and Antarctic Oceans.

- Both the anterior and posteroventral lobes of the pleural plates of abdominal segments 2–5 are pointed ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 A). The antennal scale is ovate or subovate, tapering into a short pointed apex ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 C)................................................ Gnathophausia ingens (Dohrn, 1870) . Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Gulf of Mexico and East Indian Ocean.

3. Keel along ventrolateral margin of carapace does not curve dorsally near the posterior end of the carapace ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 A).The middorsal keel of the carapace is interrupted, forming a “notch” at the cervical groove, near the base of the rostrum ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 A).. 4

- Keel along ventrolateral margin of carapace curves dorsally as it approaches the posterior end of the carapace ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 A). The mid-dorsal keel of the carapace is not interrupted at the cervical groove ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 A).................................. 6

4. Abdominal somites have no dorsal ridges, nor dorsal spines. Posteroventral margin of pleura of abdominal segments 1–5 rounded. Posteroventral margin of carapace is not drawn out to form a spine....................................... 5

- Abdominal somites armed with conspicuous dorsal spines ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 A). Posteroventral margin of pleura of abdominal segments 1–5 pointed. Keel along ventrolateral margin of carapace ends in a spine at the posteroventral margin of the carapace. The middorsal keel of the carapace is sharply serrated ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 A)............................................................ Gnathophausia gracilis Willemoes-Suhm, 1875 . Distribution: Tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

5. Dorsolateral keels present ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 A). Ventral margin of sixth abdominal somite drawn out as a posterior directed spine............................ Gnathophausia affinis G.O. Sars, 1883 . Distribution: Deeper waters of the southern Atlantic Ocean.

- Dorsolateral keels absent ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 A). Ventral margins of abdominal somites are rounded...................................................................... Gnathophausia childressi Casanova, 1996 . Distribution: East Pacific Ocean.

6. Spine on antennal scale barely projects, if at all, beyond apex ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 C). Carapace antennal spine present. Only one spine on each side of the anterior pleura of the sixth abdominal segment ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 A). Branchiostegal lobe of the carapace is usually rounded with an anteriorly directed spine................................................................... 7

- Spine on antennal scale projects well beyond apex, heavily serrated along entire margin (6B). Carapace antennal spine missing or very small. Large, triangular branchiostegal spine. Two spines on each side of the anterior pleura of the sixth abdominal segment (6A)......................................................................................................... Gnathophausia longispina G.O. Sars, 1883 . Distribution: Tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean.

7. Carapace does not have dorsolateral keels ( Figs 7 View FIGURE 7 A, B)....................................................... 8

- Carapace with keels along the dorsolateral margin ( Figs 11 View FIGURE 11 A, B)............................................... 9

8. Ventrolateral keels on carapace extend post-dorsally and merge into the marginal keels ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 A). Sixth abdominal pleura armed with a posterior ventral spine ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 A)... Gnathophausia elegans G.O. Sars, 1883 . Distribution: West Pacific Ocean.

- Ventrolater keels on carapace do not merge into the posterior marginal keels ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 A). Sixth abdominal pleura armed with a medial ventral spine ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 B).... Gnathophausia fagei Casanova, 1996 . Distribution: Makassar Strait and South China Sea.

9. Apex of telson crescent shaped ( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 D). Ventrolateral keels on carapace curve upwards along posterior margin and merge with dorsolateral keels................................................................................ 10

- Apex of telson heart shaped ( Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 E). Ventrolateral keels on carapace curve upwards along posterior margin, gradually weaken and do not merge with dorsolateral keels........ Gnathophausia bergstadi n.sp. Distribution: North Atlantic Ocean.

10. Carapace constricts anteriorly, and anterolateral shoulder of carapace is distinctly angular. The branchiostegal lobes of the carapace are swollen ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 B).... Gnathophausia scapularis Ortmann, 1906 . Distribution: Indian and Eastern Pacific Oceans.

- Carapace does not constrict anteriorly. Branchiostegal lobes not swollen ( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 B)............................................................................ Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes-Suhm, 1873 . Distribution: Cosmopolitan.