Mikania scandens

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Mikania scandens stem UGcropName: Mikania scandens (L.) Willdenow

Family: Asteraceae, the Daisy Family

Common Names:  Climbing Hempweed, Climbing Hempvine, Climbing Boneset, Guaco (4)

Etymology: Mikania is named for Joseph Gottfried Mikan (1743-1814), a professor at the University of Prague.  The species name, scandens, comes from the Latin scandere, meaning “to climb” (10, 11, 12).

Botanical synonyms (1):
Eupatorium scandens Linnaeus
Mikania angulosa Raf.
Mikania batatifolia auct. non DC. [misapplied]
Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. var. pubescens (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray,
Willoughbya heterophylla Small

Quick Notable Features:
¬ twining, climbing stem with opposite leaves
¬ deeply cordate leaves with an acute apex
¬ one of very few climbing members of Asteraceae in Michigan

 Plant Height: 2.5-3.0m (9)

 Subspecies/varieties recognized (1):  Mikania scandens var. pubescens (Muhl) T & G

 Most Likely Confused with: Mikania micrantha or Mikania cordata are most likely impostor candidates. Leaf shape is similar to Ipomoea spp. and climbers of the Convolvulaceae (8, 13).

 Habitat Preference: Prefers moist sites, particularly swamps, near water’s edge with at least partial sun and soil pH between 5.7 and 7.5.  Forms dense mats over thickets of brush and small trees (1, 9, 10, 13). It can be found in oligohaline sites in the southeastern United States (18).

Geographic Distribution in Michigan: Collected in Muskegon in 1894, this plant has been rarely noted in the state of Michigan.  Its existence has been registered in the Muskegon State Game Area (2,20).
Mikania scandens habit
Known Elevational Distribution:  Most common at low elevations on the shores of lakes and marshes, however it is sometimes found further inland (13).

Complete Geographic Distribution: Found in most states east of the Mississippi River, as well as Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Northern Mexico and the Bahamas. It is most common in the southern United States along the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.  This plant is a noxious weed in Hawaii and other Pacific Islands (1, 4, 8, 13).
Mikania_scandens4
Vegetative Plant Description: Leaves simple, acuminate, coarsely dentate or shallowly, unevenly lobed (sinuate), 1.5-8 cm wide and 2.5-14 cm long with a deeply cordate base.  Leaves bear 3-7 strong basal veins, giving them a palmate venation and are arranged oppositely at swollen nodes along the slightly four-angled, glabrous stem.  Petioles are slender and shorter than the leaf blades, 1 to 10 cm long (8).

Climbing Mechanism:  The plant is an apical twiner that climbs dextrally (from left to right). Dextral climbing is unusual in this genus (14, pers. obs.).

Flower Description: “…flowers in small heads 5-7 mm long, crowded in round-topped, lateral and terminal, modified panicles (corymbs); involucral bracts four, linear-lanceolate, 4 – 5 mm long, attenuate, often purplish tinged, with an additional smaller bract; corolla pink, pale purplish, or rarely white” (13).

Flowering Time:  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s survey of the Great National Swamp indicates that M. scandens flowers from late August until October in New Jersey, while Florida accounts claim it blooms all year (15, 16). 
Mikania_scandens7
Pollinator: Small, aggregated tubular flowers and floral nectaries suggest pollination by insects.  “Composite inflorescences are generally outcrossing and attract a wide array of generalist pollinators (butterflies, bees, flies and beetles)…” (12).

 Fruit Type and Description: The indehiscent fruit is “an achene, oblong, 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, brownish black, five-angled” (8).
misc_005_lhp
Seed Description:  Because the fruit is a plumed achene (a single-seeded fruit that does not open), the seed is dispersed with the achene.  No reports give features of seeds of this species.

Dispersal Syndrome: Seeds are primarily wind-dispersed but can be moved unintentionally by people or animals.  Whether wind-dispersed or by animals, the pappus bristles are the main mechanism (see image).  They can act as a parachute or sail or can catch onto an animal via the same feature or can be modified into a barb or awn.  Vegetative reproduction is more important than sexual reproduction in this species as broken stems can re-root and form new plants.  The nodes root when in contact with the soil (8, 12, 13, 18).

Distinguished by: “[T]he inflorescence is habitually looser and more paniculate in M. micrantha than in M. scandens; the inflorescence in M. scandens is mostly crowded with round-topped corymbs. The phyllaries (bracts) of the heads are acute in M. micrantha rather than attenuate as in M. scandens.  M. micrantha seems never to show the purplish coloration which is nearly always present in M. scandens.  Although the leaves vary greatly in contour both in M. scandens and in M. micrantha, they tend on the whole to be more sharply angled and triangular-sagittate or -hastate in M. scandens and more oval, cordate, and merely crenate in M. micrantha” (8).

The deeply cordate leaves and acutely pointed tips of the leaves of Ipomoea pandurata and Ipomoea purpurea, and other members of Convolvulaceae could be confused for M. scandens as well, but this confusion is easily resolved.  While M. scandens has its leaves arranged oppositely, Convolvulaceae have alternate leaves; their leaves and stems also contain white latex, while M. scandens does not.  In flower, M. scandens has densely aggregated inflorescences, characteristic of Asteraceae, while members of Convolvulaceae have a determinate inflorescence, sometimes a solitary flower, with a strongly connate, funnel-like, plicate corolla (12).

Other members of the family in Michigan (source 2):

Ambrosia-3      Polymnia-2     Arctium-2      Centaurea-11     Silybum-1

Onopordon-1      Carduus-2      Cirsium-10      Antennaria-5     Filago-1

Anaphalis-1      Gnaphalium-6      Pluchea-1      Vernonia-2     Arnica-1

Arnoseris-1      Cichorium-1     Lapsana-1     Aster-28     Bellis-1

Echinacea-2      Parthenium-3      Eclipta-1     Galinsoga-2      Silphium-4

Bidens-9     Conyza-1     Petasites-3      Erechtites-1      Cacalia-2

Guizotia-1      Coreopsis-5      Echinops-1      Matricaria-3      Anthemis-3

Chrysanthemum-5      Achillea-3      Tanacetum-2      Artemisia-11      Adenocaulon-1

Xanthium-2     Heliopsis-1      Helianthus-15      Grindelia-1      Helenium-3

Verbesina-2      Calendula-1      Ratibida-2      Gaillardia-2      Rudbeckia-5

Mikania-1      Dyssodia-1     Iva-2     Krigia-2      Hypochaeris-1

Leontodon-2      Picris-1      Tragopogon-3      Agoseris-1     Taraxacum-2

Hieracium-14      Crepis-3     Kuhnia-1      Eupatorium-9      Senecio-9

Tussilago-1      Euthamia-2      Solidago-22      Chrysopsis-2      Haplopappus-1

Inula-1      Callistephus-1      Boltonia-1      Erigeron-7     Liatris-7

Madia-1     Sonchus-3      Chondrilla-1      Prenanthes-3      Lactuca-8

Megalodonta-1      Thelesperma-1      Cosmos-2

Ethnobotanical Uses: Used by the Seminoles to treat itchy skin.  Also used for circumcision, wounds, and tumors. Planted as an ornamental, cover crop, and for cattle feed (4, 5, 6, 7, 8).

ASTEMikaniascandensMAPPhylogenetic Information: The genus Mikania is a member of the family Asteraceae (Compositae).  Within that family, Mikania is a member of the tribe Eupatorieae of the subfamily Asteroideae.  Also in this tribe are the genera Ageratum, Carphephorous, Eupatorium, Garberia, Iva, and Liatris.  The flowers of the tribe are usually disks with short lobes (occasionally long), the pappus is formed into bristles, and their glandular style branches have very long stigmatic lines (12). 

Interesting Quotation or Other Interesting Factoid not inserted above:

  • Forms dense mats that shade out many other species
  • One of many vines studied in detail by Charles Darwin (14)
  • The species was the focus of a study in which it was transplanted to flooded areas; there it was found be flood resistant due to an increase in aerenchyma tissue and stem stomata in flood conditions (17).

Literature and websites used:

  1. USDA Plants Profile, http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MISC [2006, September 22.
  2. Voss, E.G. 1996. Michigan Flora Part III Dicots. Regents of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
  3. University of Southern Florida Institute for Systematic Botany, http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=3395 [2006, September 22]
  4. USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network, http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104438 [2006, September 22
  5. Sturtevant, W.  1954. The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices.  Yale University, PhD. Thesis (p. 166 and 239).
  6. Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/ethnobot.pl?Mikania%20scandens.  [2006, September 22]
  7. Native American Ethnobotany, University of Michigan-Dearborn.  http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb.  [2006, September 22]
  8. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: Mikania scandens. Accessed 2006, September 22
  9. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/mikania_scandens.htm.
  10. Tennessee Valley Authority. Accessed 2006, September 22 http://www.tva.gov/river/landandshore/stabilization/plants/climbing_hempvine.htm.
  11. Fernald, M.L. 1970.  Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th edition.  D. Van Nostrand Company, New York.
  12. Gleason, H.A. 1968. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, vol. 3.  Hafner Publishing Co., Inc, New York.
  13. Judd, W.S., et. al.  1999. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.  Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
  14. Holm, L.G., D.L. Plucknett, J.V. Pancho, & J.P. Herberger. 1977, World Weeds: Distribution and Biology. Honolulu: East-West Center.
  15. Darwin, Charles. 1876. The movements and habits of climbing plants. New York: D. Appleton and company.
  16. Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge: Conserving the Nature of America.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Website. http://www.fws.gov/northeast/greatswamp/index.html [October 18, 2006].
  17. Reed, D. Climbing Hempvine (Mikania scandens). Wildflowers of the Southeastern United States, www.2bnTheWild.com 1999-2002. [October 18, 2006].
  18. Moon, M., M.R. Rattray & F.E. Putz 1993. Acclimatization to flooding of the herbaceous vine, Mikania scandens.  Functional Ecology 7(5): 610-615.
  19. Gough, L. & J.B. Grace 1997. The influence of vines on an oligohaline marsh community: results of a removal and fertilization study. Oecologia 112 (3): 403-411.
  20. McLouth, C.D. 1896. Mikania scandens Willd. Asa Gray Bulletin 4:68.

Image Credits  (all used with permission):
1) Habit image from www.invasive.org Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society, Bugwood.org
2) Plant in mass growth is copyright wetlandbiology.net by Glenn Galau
3) The image of the leaf is by Shirley Denton and was derived from the Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants at http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Photo.aspx?id=1346
4) The image of the flower closeup is by Matthew Merritt and was derived from the Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants at http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Photo.aspx?id=8550
5) The achene image is courtesy of Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MISC&photoID=misc_005_ahp.tif
6) Species distribution map, derived from the Michigan Flora Online.

 Primary Author: Marko Melymuka and John Bradtke, with assistance from Chris Junge & Robyn J. Burnham

© Robyn J. Burnham, University of Michigan

For additional information on Michigan Plant Diversity web pages please contact Robyn J.

Burnham via email: rburnham“at”umich.edu