THE BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA

Transcription

1 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 873 THE BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA BY RODOLPHE MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE (Continued jrom page 871 ) Order PASSERIFORMES ( Continued) Family ALAUDIDAE - THE LARKS ':' Eremophila alpestris peregrina (Sclater) BOGOTÁ HORNEO LARK Otocorys peregrina, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 110, (Bogotá, Colombia). Range ot the species.-temperate Zone of Europe, Asia, and America. Breeds in America from Ganada to México. Not found in Central America, but reappears in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes in Colombia. COLOMBIA.- Restdent on the S a bana de Bogotá a nd adjacent plateaus of Cundinamarca and Boyacá, Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, La Holanda, La Ma r, El Carmen). Additiona l records.-tunja, Techo. Horned Larks are easily identified by the tufts of black feathers springing from the sides of the crown, above and behind each eye. These tufts, when erected, look like little horns. The plumage of the upper parts is streaked and "sparrow"-like; lores and cheeks black, throat yellowish, breast-band black. The nail of the hind toe is nearly straight. Family HIRUNDINIDAE - THE SW ALLOWS Key A. Upper parts al! or mainly blue, blue-black, or blue-green, often glossy in adults, duller or even drab grey in young birds a B. Upper parts brown, sandy brown, or sooty black. b (ajter No. 11 )

2 874 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 a. Under parts all or mainly dark blue Under parts without any blue (excepting sornetimes the under tail coverts) or with only a blue-black band across chest Plumage entirely blue above and below With a white band across chest; tibia white. 2. Chin, throat and sometimes chest r ufous or chestnut No rufous or chestnut on chin, throat or chest 3. Tail (much elongated and deeply forked) with large, white subterminal spots on outer rectrices Tail uniform black or brownish Rump rusty buff; forecrown sandy or white. Rump dar k blue like the back and crown Chin, throat and rest of lower parts all or mainly white Chin, th roat and rest of lower pa rts not pure white Rump white; tertials broadly margined white Entire upper plumage steel-blue, or dark glossy greenish, with no white With a blue-black breast band Without a breast band Wing mm.; under wing coverts sandy brown Wing under 110 mm Under wing coverts dusky blackish brown; wing mm. (ave mm.) Under wing coverts pale sandy brown ; wing mm. (ave mm.) Wing about mm.; plumage below uniform mouse-grey Wing over 120 mm.; throat and breast greyish or greyish brown, belly whitish Wing mm.. 00 Wing mm h. Belly tinged yellowish ; chin and throat rufous or buff; rump dull whitish.... Belly not tinged yellow ; no rufous or buff on upper throat Under surface sooty greyish brown or mousecolor; thighs white; wing mm Belly white Progne subis ; Atticora jasciata 3 5 Hirundo rustica 4 H irundo pyrrhonota Atticora flavipes 6 10 Tachycineta albiventer 7 Atticora melanoleuca 8 Tachycineta bicolor 9 Atticora c. cyanoleuca Atticora cyanoleuca patagonica Orochelidon murina 11 Progne chalybea Progne subis e > Stelgidopteryx rujicollis 12 Neochelidon tibialis 13

3 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Wing over 120 mm Wing under 115 mm Lower breast and belly plain white Progne t. t apera Lower breast and belly white, the latter with somewhat drop-shaped brown markings..... Progne tapera fusca 15. Throat, belly and crissum white; a broad greyish brown band across the chest as dark as the back Riparia riparia Entire under surface white, occasionally a pale brown or sandy pectoral band, but never as dark as the back Tachycineta bicolor (imm.) Throat and belly white, crissum dusky; lower throat and upper breast sandy brown or suffused with pinkish buff ( ) Atticora cyanoleuca (imm.) Progne subis subis (Linnaeus) PURPLE MARTIN Hirundo subís, Syst. Na t., ed. 10, 1, p. 192, 1758 (Hudson's Bay). Range oj the species.-canada southward through the United States to Lower California, México and the West Indies, the typical form wintering as far south as southern Brazil and northern BoUvia. COLOMBIA.-Transient, possibly winter resident. Recorded from the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes (Lago de Tata 3070 m. [August 27, 31], Facatativá [September 5], Sabana de Bogotá [October 1-15 and early December], Techo [September 30, October 15]). [Breeds jrom Ganada and Alaska to the Mexican border, the Gulf States and Florida. Winters in South America to northern and eastern Brazil.] Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin) WHITE-BELLIED MARTIN Hirundo chalybea, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 1026, 1789 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.- Southern Texas south through México and Central America to Uruguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. The island of Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone, probably throughout the country (Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Fundación, Fonseca, Arroyo de Arenas sight; El Paraíso sight, Cartagena, Lorica; Jesús del Río, "Catamu- ( ) The immature of Atticora cyanoleuca patagonica can be distinguished from those of typical cyanoleuca by having the wash on the breast sandy-colored, rather than buffy. The other characters which serve to distinguish adults Csee No. 9 in key) hold good also in the immature of both forms. In patagonica the under wing-coverts are light, the shorter under tail-coverts are white, the longer ones mouse color (in adults the longer ones are blackish) and the outer tail feathers are very narrowly margined with white on the outer web. In immature specimens of cyanoleuca the under wing-coverts are dark, the under tail-coverts are al! mouse color, and the outer tail feathers virtually never margined with white.

4 876 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 cho" [ = Tacamocho], Algodonal, Magangué, Remedios, Malena, Espinal [Tolima]; Cali; Nóvita, La Guayacana; Cúcuta, San Cayetano sight; Florencia, Morelia, Belén, Tres Esquinas; Mitú). [Southern T exas to western Ecuador, eastern Perú, Matto Grosso and Maranháo.] ':' Progne tapera tapera (L' nnaeus) (1) BROWN-CHESTED MARTIN Hirundo tapem, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 345, 1766 (Cayenne). Range ot the species.-colombia and Venezuela southward to Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. COLOMBIA.- The Caribbean coast from the Sinú Valley, the Mag.dalena Valley, and the region east of the Eastern Andes. Tropical, rarely lower Subtropical Zones. (Montería, Lorica, río Sinú, Tierra Alta; Los Pendales sight, El Paraíso, Calamar, Magangué; Aracataca; Puerto Berrio, Honda, Chicoral, Gualanday, Espinal, Purificación, San Agustín 1600 m.; La Mesa 1320 m., Sasaima, Guaduas, "Bogotá", San Cayetano, Sardinata, Cúcuta; Villavicencio, Yurimena, La Argentina Vieja; Morelia, Umbría). [Venezuela, French Guiana, Amazonia westward to Perú and Ecuador, southward to northern Bolivia.] Additional records.-casabe (opposite Barranca Bermeja). Progne tapera fusca (Vieillot) SOUTHERN BROWN-CHESTED MARTIN Hirundo fusca, Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Nat.. nouv. éd., 14, p. 510, 1817 (Paraguay). COLOMBIA.-Summer restdent. Recorded from the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes and the Tropical Zone of the north coast (Río Tunjuelo 2600 m. [July 10], Techo, Sabana de Bogotá [September 8], Lago de Tata 3015 m. [August 27-31]; Turbaco). [Breeds in Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, and southern and central Brazil.] Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot) (2) TREE SW ALLOW York). Hirundo bicolor, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér., p. 61, pl. 31, 1808 (New Range ot the species.-breeds from A laska and Canada southward to southern California and Virginia. Winters southward to Honduras and Cuba, casually as far as Nicaragua, British Guiana (April), off Trinidad (April), and southern Colombia (February). COLOMBIA.- Casual. The only record is of a male in green plumage above, collected by J. I. Barrero for the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of Bogotá at Lake La Cocha, 2800 m., on the eastern slope of the Andes of Nariño, February 18, 1950 [Dugand, in lit.]. ( 1) = Ph aeoprogne auct. ( 2 ) = IridopTOcn e auct.

5 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 877 Tachycineta albiventer (Boddaert) ( 1) WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW Hirundo albiventer, Tabl. PI. Enlum., p. 32, 1783 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.-colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. Southward to Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast, the Magdalena Valley, and the region east of the Eastern Andes from Norte de Santander southward to the Río Negro and the Amazon (La Playa, Puerto Colombia sight, Tocahagua, La Peña, El Paraíso; Ciénaga Grande, Sevillano, Fundación, Riohacha sight; Lake Paturia, Purificación, Villavieja; río Pamplonita sight, río Táchira sight, ríos Zulia and Tarra sight; Villavicencio, río Dudita; Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Macacuni, between Leticia and Loretoyacu sight). Additional records.-rio Güejar at base of Macarena Mts. (Col. C. C. Doncaster). Neochelidon tibial~s minimus Chapman PACIFIC WHITE-THIGHED SWALLOW Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 138, p. 9, 1924 (Juntas de Tamaná, Chocó, western Colombia). Range oj the species.-panamá to western Ecuador. Upper Amazonia from eastern Colombia to eastern Perú and western Brazil, So u theastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast and the middle Magdalena Valley (Juntas de Tamaná, San José, río Baudó; Remedios, El Centro [Santander]). [Panamá; western Ecuador.]. Neochelidon tibialis griseiventris Chapman Perú). AMAZONIAN WHITE-THIGHED SWALLOW Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 138, p. 9, 1924 (Candamo, southeastern COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of southeastern Colombia (Morelia "Bogotá"). [Eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú and western B r azil to the Río Juruá.] Atticora cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (Vieillot) (2) BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW Hirundo cyanoleuca, Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p. 509, 1817 (Paraguay). Range oj th.e species.--costa Rica to Colombia, Venezuela and Trini,dad, southward to Tierra del Fuego. ( 1 ) = Iridoprocne auct. (2) = Pygochelidon auct.

6 878 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical to lower Temperate Zones, throughout the country (Páramo de Mamarongo, San Miguel, La Concepción 900 m., Riohacha; Ocaña region up to 2400 m., El Carmen 2980 m., "Bogotá"; Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Salento, Laguneta 2700 m., río Toche, El Edén, La Palma, La Candela; Frontino, La Selva, Dagua, San Antonio, La Gallera, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo, Popayán; Ricaurte, Perlasiví; Umbría). [Costa Rica, Panamá; western Ecuador; Venezuela southward to southern Brazil, northern Argentina and Bolivia.] Additional records.-medellín (Mus. Univ. Antioq.). According to Todd and Carriker (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 436, 1922) the Riohacha bird had probably strayed down from a higher a ltitude in the Santa Marta Mts. It was shot from a large flock of Barn Swallows found there at the time. At ticora cyanoleuca patagonica (Lafresnaye and d'orbigny) PATAGONIAN SWALLOW Hirundo patagonica, Syn. Av., 1, Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, p. 69, 1837 (Rio Negro, Patagonia). COLOMBIA.-Summer resident. Recorded from Quenane [May 11], Salento 1500 m. [July 10], Tres Esquinas [August 16], El Tambo [Oct.ober 6], and "Bogotá". [Breeds in Patagonia, Chile and Tierra del Fuego.] Additional records.- Techo [September 5]. Atticora flavipes (Chapman) PALE-FOOTED SWALLOW Pygochelidon flavipes, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 30, p. 8, 1922 (Maraynioc, :1250 m., Junín, Peru). Range of the species.-central Colomma. Southern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and 'l'emperate Zones of the Central Andes (Laguneta 3000 m., Toche 2200 m.). With the exception of two Colombian ;;pecimens, the species is known only from the type. Atticora melanoleuca (Wied) BLACK-COLLARED SWALLOW Hirundo melanoleuca, Reise Bras., 1, p. 345, 1820 (Rio Belmonte, Bahía, Brazil). Range of the species.- SO'lt.heastern Colombia, southp.rn Venezuela. British Guiana southward in eastern Brazll to Bahía ana westward to the Rio Tocantins and Matto Grosso. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Vaupés region (Mi tú). Atticora fasciata (Gmelin) WHITE-BANDEO SW ALLOW Hitundo jasciata, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 1022, 1789 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-the Guianas, southern Venezuela and

7 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 879 eastern Colombia southward to Bolivia and Matto Grosso. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes (Puerto López [Meta], 88 km. east of Villavicencio, río Dudita; Tres Esquinas, Umbría; Mítú). Orochelidon murina murina (Cassin) BROWN-BELLIED SWALLOW Petrochelidon murina, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, p. 370, 1853 (Ecuador). Range ot the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zone of the Santa Marta Mountains and the three Andean ranges, southward to Nariño (Cerro de San Lorenzo; "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, El Peñón, La Herrera, Puente Andalucía, Suba; Laguneta m.; Paramillo Mts m.; Puerres, Chiles 3300 m., Cumbal). [Ecuador and Perú.] Additional records.-nesting birds observed in the building of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, and the National Capital, Bogotá; San Miguel 2800 m. SteJgidopteryx ruficollis ae.qua!is Bangs CARIBBEAN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 2, p. 58, (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.-southern Canada and the United States southward through México and Central America to Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-The Caribbean coast, the Magdalena Valley, and the Cauca Valley westward to the headwaters of the río Sucio. The eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander and Meta, Tropical Zone (Loma Larga and Fonseca sight, Don Diego, Bonda, Santa Marta, Riofrío, Tucurinca, Fundación; El Paraíso sight, Calamar, La Peña, Cartagena, "Varrud", El Banco, Remedios, Puerto Berrío, Malena, Chicoral, Villavieja, Andalucía [west slope] 900 m.; Puerto Valdivia, Riofrío [Cauca Valley] ; Dabeiba; Quimarí; Ocaña Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá" ; Villavicencio). [Trinidad and northern Venezuela.] Additional records.- Fusagasugá 1750 m. According to Chapman birds from Dabeiba, Puerto Valdivia, and Chicoral are intermediate between this race and uropygialis. SteJgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis (Lawrenc Z) PANAMÁ ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW Cotyle uropygialis, Ibis, 1863, p. 181 (Panamá). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Pacific coast, the Western Andes, the upper Cauca Valley, and both slopes of the Central Andes in the Subtropical Zone (Río Truandó, Juradó, río Jurubidá, Nuquí, río Baudó, La Selva 2100 m., Santa Cecilia, Juntas

8 880 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 de Tamaná, Nóvita, Sipí, San José, Dagua, Lomitas, rio Patía, Barbacoas, Buenavista, La Guayacana; La Frijolera 1500 m., Santa Elena, Barro Blanco 2160 m. Salento, río Toche 2040 m.). [Costa Rica, Panamá; west ern Ecuador.] Additional records.-popayán.,. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot) RUFOUS-THROATED ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW Hirundo rujicollis, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p. 523, 1817 (Vícinity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of southeastern Colombia (Morelia). [Eastern Ecuador, eastetn Perú southwatd to southetn Brazil, notthern Argentina, and Bolivia.] Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus ) BANK SW ALLOW Hirundo riparia, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 192, 1758 (Sweden). Range ot the species.-breeds in North America, Europe, northern Africa, Japan, southern China, Siberia. In winter south to South America, southern Africa, India, southern Asia. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. A single specimen recorded from Cali, February 6. [Breeds in North America trom Alaska to Virginia, also Europe, north Atrica, Palestine, Persia and western Siberia. In winter south to southern Brazil, ATgentina, and Bolivia; southetn Africa and India.] Additional records.~ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá [September 10], San Miguel 2800 m. [September 11]. The San Miguel birds were shot from an immense flock of migrating swallows which comprised a few Bank Swallows and large numbers of Northern Cliff Swallows and Barn Swallows [Dugand, in lit.]. Hirundo pyrrhonota pyrrhonota Viellot (1) NORTHERN CLIFF SWALLOW Nouv. Dict. Hist. Na t., nouv. éd., 14, p. 519, 1817 (Paraguay). Range ot the species- Breeds in Canada, the United States and México. Winters in southern Brazil. Argentina and Paraguay. COLOMBIA.-Transient. Specimen secured at San Gil, October 15. Sight record from the road between Barichara and San Gil, October 10. [Breeds in Alaska, Ganada, most ot the United States, except Florida and the Rio Grande Valley. Western México. Winters in southern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina.] Additional records.-san Miguel 2800 m. [September 11], Valle de Sopó 2640 m. [October 3]. Large numbers were seen flying with Barn Swallows and Bank Swallows at San Miguel on September (1) = Petmchelidon auct.

9 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 881 Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert BARN SW ALLOW Tabl. Pl. Enlum., p. 45, 1783 (Cayenne). Range ot the species.-breeds in North America from Alaska to México, Europe, northern Africa, Siberia southward to Persia anp southern Africa, India, the East Indies and Australia. Afghanistan, eastward to Japan. In winter south to South America, COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Tropical Zone of the Caribbean and Pacific coast regions; Malpelo Island; Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes; the Vaupés and Amazon regions. Recorded from Quibdó (August 20), Buritaca (September 6-29), Mitú (October 1), Santa Cecilia (November), Juntas de Tamaná (December 19), Malpelo Island (February 8), Loretoyacu (March 23), Riohacha sight (first week of May), La Holanda (May 13), Tocahagua (May 13-14). [Breeds trom Alaska to México; winters trom México southward to T ierra del Fueqo.l Additional records.- San Miguel 2800 m. (September 11), Popayán (September 28, December 4), Caucaya, Putumayo (November 15), La Uvita (November). Large flocks were seen flying together with Hirundo p. pyrrhonota a nd a few Riparia r. riparia by J. I. Borrero at San Miguel, 2800 m., not far from Bogotá, on September 11, 1948 [Dugand, in lit.]. Professor Dugand noted a flock of fifty or sixty birds flying low over the water on the Magdalena River at El Paraíso, Atlántico, about a h alf-hour before sunset each evening on April 27, 28 and 29, Family CORVIDAE - THE CROWS, JAYS AND MAGPIES Key A. Chin. throat and chest black a B. Chin?.nd throat blue ; chest with or without a black band b a. Lower breast a nd belly yellow, white, ye!lowish whitz or cream-color Ereast and belly violet-blue l. Eack green ; outer tail feathers yellow Xanthoum yncas Back violaceous brown ; tail feathers blu ~. broadly tipped white Cyanocorax af/inis 2. Fore crown black, hind crown and na pe bluish white; tail tipped white Cyanocomx hei lprini Whole crown black; tail dark blue, without white tip Cyanocorax violaceus b. With no pectoral band; mantle b'ackish..... Cyanolyca pulchra With a black pectoral band; back blue Forehead black, fore crown silver y turquoise, hind crown turquoise-blue Cyanolyca turcosa Forehead black, who~e crown violet-blue Cyanolyca viridi-cyana

10 ."882 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 ':' Cyanocorax affinis affinis Pelzcln COLOMBIAN J A Y Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-naturwiss., Cl., 20, (1). p. 164, 1856 ("Bogotá" ). Range oj the species.-costa Rica to western Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of northern and northeastern Colombia including the Santa Marta region; on the west coast south to the río San Juan (Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Honda, Minca, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Las Nubes, Onaca, Cacagualito, Agua Dulce, La Concepción, San Miguel, Riofrío and above Riofrío up to 1500 m., Atánques, Valledupar; El Paraíso sight, Baranoa, Molinero, La Peña, Los Pendales, Turbaco, Cartagena; Remedios, west of Honda, Chicoral; Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera; Murucucú, Tierra Alta, Quimarí; Peque, Dabeiba, Alto Bonito, río Truandó, río Nercua, río Juradó, río Salaquí, Iguamiandó, Alto del Buey, Nuquí, Santa Cecilia, La Selva 2100 m., Bagadó, El Tigre, río Tamaná, Pueblorrico, Noanamá; " Bogotá"; Guayabal 10 miles north of Cúcuta). [Western Venezuela.] Additional records.-caracolic'ito; Tocaima; Turbo (Mus. Univ. Antioq.). Birds from Juradó show a slight approach to zeledoni of Panamá in being less pure white, more yellowish below than in the typical form. They are also somewhat sma.uer than two "Bogotá" birds, thus again approaching zeledoni. On the other hand birds from the Santa Marta region, Bolívar and the upper río San Juan are as white below as the "Bogotá" birds, but have slightly shorter wings. The two «Bogotá" birds measure mm., while 21 specimens from the other regions mentioned have wings of (once 174) mm. Cyanocorax hei!prini Gentry HEILPRIN'S JAY Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 90, 1885 (Rio Negro, Brazil). Range oj the species.-northwestern Brazil in the Rio Negro and Uaupés regions, and a dja;cent sections of southeastern Colombia and southern Venezuela northward to the upper Orinoco. COLOMBIA-Río Guainía opposite the mouth of the Casiquiare, Tanging ctoubtlessly northward to the Orinoco and southwestward to the Río Vaupés. ':' Cyanccorax violaceus violaceus Du Bus VIOLACEOUS JAY Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Let. et Beaux-Arts Belg., 14, (2), p. 103, 1847 (Perú). Range oj the species.-perú northward to eastern Colombia, thence eastward through southern Venezuela and northern Brazil to British Guiana. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", susumuco, above VHlavicencio 1050 m., Villavicencio, Barrigón, río Dudita; Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [Range oj the species except the Caribbean coast oj Anzoátegui, Venezuela.]. Additional records.-quenane, Peralonso, Yurimena, Menegua, Macarena Mts.

11 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 883 Xanthoura yncas galeata Ridgway GALEATED JAY Auk, 17, p. 27, 1900 ("Western Colombia" Andes, Tolima side, suggested by Chapman). El Edén, Central Range oj the species.-southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to Venezuela and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.--Subtropical Zone from the west slope of the Eastern Andes westward. Not recorded from the Santa Marta Mts. Replaced in the upper Cauca and the Patía Valleys by the typical form. (Ocaña, Cachirí, Bucaramanga region 1200 m., below Chingasa, "Bogotá", Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Subía, Anolaima, Andalucía [west slope 900 m.], Buena vista [Huila]; La Frijolera, Amalfi, Santa Elena, Retiro, Angelópolis, Salento, Laguneta 2850 m., El Edén, Toche, El Isno, San Agustín, La Palma, La Candela, Miraflores; Concordia, La Selva, Los Tambos). Additional records.-above Zipaquirá along road to Pacho 3000 m., San Miguel 2800 m., Silvania. The frontal crest feathers are longest in birds from the west slope of the western Andes; thus, the longest crests are found in birds from La Selva, the shortest in those from the Magdalena Valley, while birds from the lower Cauca have the crest intermediate in length between the two. Xanthoura yncas yncas (Boddaert) YNCA JAY Corvus yncas, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 38, 1783 (Perú). COLOMBIA.-The upper Cauca and Patía Valleys (Cerro Munchique, El Tambo, Popayán, Sabaneta near El Tambo, Mojarras, rio Patía). [Eastern Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia.] Additional records.-timbío, Cajibío, Pisojé, Crucero. Fifteen birds from southwestern Colombia have crests conspicuously reduced in size when compared to 45 specimens of X. y. galeata. 1 can find no character, either of size or color, by which they can be separated from 22 of X. y. yncas. They have, on the average, slightly bluer-green backs, but this is very variable. The strange distribution of yncas, resulting by calling these birds by that name, must be put down to parallelism. ':' Xanthoura yncas cyanodorsalis (Dubois) BLUE-BACKED JAY Cyanocorax yncas cyanodorsalis, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, (2), p. 492, 1874 (Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes from the region just east of Bogotá northward to Norte de Santander.? West slope of the same range at La Palmita, in southern Magdalena. ("Bogotá", Quetame 1380 m., "Organos de Chingaza", Pamplona, Gramalote;? La Palmita). [Western Venezuela.] Additional records.-choachí 1900 m.

12 884 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 : Cyanolyca viridi-cyana armillata (Gray) ARMILLATED JAY Cyanocorax armillatus, in Gray and Mitchell, G enera Bds., 2, pl. 74, 1845 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.- Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes (Gramalote, Páramo de Tamá 2400 m., Pamplona, Andes of Santander " just under the Páramos" [ = Vetas], La Pica, Choachí, "Bogotá", Anolaima). Cyanolyca viridi-cyana quindiuna (Sclater and Salvin) QUINDÍO BLUE JAY Cyanocitta armillata quindiuna, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 272 (Quindío region, Central Colombian Andes). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones on both flanks of the Quindío Mts., Centra! Andes (Toche, Laguneta m., Santa Isabel, Salento). Cyanolyca viridi.-cyana angelae Salvadori and Festa ANGELA'S BLUE JAY Boll. Mus. zool. Torino, 14, no. 357, p. 30, 1899 (Pun, northeastern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Subtropícal and Temperate Zones of both slopes of the Central Andes at their southern end, southward to the eastern slope of the Andes of Pasto (La Plata 2130 m., Coconuco 3000 m., Valle de las Papas 3150 m.). [Northeastern Ecuador.] Additional records.-paletará 3000 m.; Sibundoy 2200 m. [Putumayo]. : Cyanolyca turcosa (Bonaparte) TURQUOISE JAY Cyanocitta turcosa, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris. 37, p. 830, 1853 ("Colombia"- I suggest near Puerres, Nariño). Range oj the species.-colombia, and the Temperate Zone of Ecuador and northern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Known definitely from the Temperate Zone of the Andes in Nariño (near Puerres 2800 m.). Recorded also in "Bogotá" cohectíons. : Cyanolyca pulchra pu'chra (Lawrence) BEAUTIFUL JAY Cyanocitta pulchra, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 11, p. 163, 1876 ("Quito", Ecuador). Range oj the species.-méxico through Central America to western Ecuador.. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the west

13 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA slope of the Western Andes from the headwaters of the San Juan River southward to Nariño (Tatamá Mt m., río Munchique 900 m., La Costa m., Ricaurte 1170 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Rare in collections. Known from about eight specimens. Family CINCLIDAE - THE DIPPERS Key A. Lower breast and belly grey Ci n clus leucocephalus rivularis B. Lower breast and belly white Cinclus leucocephalus leuconotus Cinc!us leucocephalus rivularis Bangs SANTA MARTA DIPPER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13, p. 105, 1899 (Chirúa, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range oj the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Mountain streams in the Temperate, Subtropical, and occasionally upper Tropical Zones of the Santa Marta region (Páramo de Chirúa 3300 m., Macotama, Taquina, Chirúa, San Miguel, "Pueblo Viejo 600 m." sight). The Dippers may be identified by their grey and white plumage, exceptionally large feet (middle toe with claw about 25 mm.), and long tarsi (about 29 mm.) in proportion to their size (wing mm., tail mm.). The favorite haunts of these birds are mountain streams, especially rushing torrents and cascades strewn with boulders. They are notable for their skill in diving into swift water. Cinclus leucocephalus leuconotus Sclate~ WHITE-BACKED DIPPER Proc. Zool.Soc. London, "1857", 1858, p. 274 ("Bogotá" ). COLOMBIA.- Mountain streams in the upper Tropical, Subtropical and Temperate Zones, occasionally lower Páramo Zone of the Andes (Vetas, "Matisuga" [ = Mutis cua], "Bogotá", Quetame sight, Fusa- gasugá; Retiro, Zancudo, Salento, Laguneta 3000 m., río Toche, San Agustín; Frontino, Pueblorrico, Juntas de Tamaná 120 ql., La Costa 900 m., Pasto). [Western Venezuela; Ecuador.] Additional records.-upper río Cusiana near P áramo de Toquilla, just east of Lake Tota, Boyacá, 3600 m. Family TROGLODYTIDAE - THE WRENS Key A. Throat only, or belly only, or more of the under parts streaked, barred or spotted a B. No streaks or bars or spots on under parts b (a/ter No. 14 )

14 886 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 a. Throat (or extreme upper chest only) streaked, barred, or spotted Breast and belly, or belly only, barred or spotted l. Breast clear grey, flanks and belly rufous.... Breast not grey With a broad black line above the white postocular streak Black line above the white post-ocular streak obsolete Throat and breast white, spotted black; tail unbarred Tail barred Crown uniform with back; throat streaked black and white; breast and belly dull brown Crown rufescent in contrast to back; throat barred or dotted black and white Upper breast clear rufous; flanks olive brown. Upper breast and flanks clear orange-rufous.. Upper breast rufous mottled or barred black.. 6. Lower surface spotted Breast and belly, or belly only, barred Upper surface dull brown, the feathers with dar k centers; tail un barred Upper surface regularly barred or spotted Under parts white, spotted dusky brown..... Belly and under tail coverts buffy white, buff or ochraceous, spotted brown Tail o ver 30 mm Tail 25 mm. or less Tail a bout mm.; sides of breast and flanks barred with black Tail over 45 mm Crown black in contrast to rufous back.... Crown brown, not different from back Throat white; breast and belly barred black and white Throat, breast and belly barred black and white En tire under surface and sides of head barred black and white Henicorhina leuco-phrys tamae Henicorhina leucophrys anachoreta Thryothorus euophrys 4 Thryothorus leucopogon 5 Thryothorus rutilus hypospodius Thryothorus rutjlus interior Thryothorus rutilus laetus 7 9 Campylorhynchus turdinus 8 Campylorhynchus nuchalis Campylorhynchus zonatus Troglodytes monticola Thryothorus nigricapillus connectens Thryothorus nigricapillus schottii Thryothorus rutilus columbianus

15 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 887 Throat and upper breast plain white, lower breast and belly black or dusky grey, narrowly barred white Thryothorus tasciato- 14. Upper parts plain brown; throat and breast white Similar, but throat greyish; lower surface greyish white, narrowly barred with dusky on breast and belly b. En tire under surface pure white Entire under surface not pure white Tail regularly barred grey and black; wing mm Tail not regularly barred; wing over 70 mm Entire hea.d and neck white; tail uniform dark brown Similar, but top of head streaked and tinged with paje greyish brown Entire head not white; tail (except two central rectrices) with a broad subterminal white bar Back nearly uniform bla.ckish brown ( ) ventris Microcerculus m. marginatus and M. m. occidentalis Microcerculus marginatus antioquiensis, corrasus and squamulatus Odontorchilus branickii 16 Campylorhynchus albobrunneus?; 17 Campylor.hynchus albobrunneus '( Campylorhynchus griseus bicolor Lower back and upper tail coverts rufescent. Campylorhynchus griseus Mantle and back rufescent; outer tail feathers albicilius notched white Campylorhynchus griseus minar 18. Breast and/ or belly rufous, ch estnut, or brown 19 Ereast and; or belly buff, white, or grey; flanks and crissum sometimes rufous or!ight brown Entirely uniform below ( ) Color of breast or throat in contrast to that of belly Tail and wings narrowly and strongly barred black; general coloration wood brown Cinnycerthia peruana (*) Rump of Campylorhynchus griseus bicolor uniform with back or sometimes tinged with dull rufescent. (* *) Occasionally Leucolepis phaeocephala propinqua and L. p. law rencei, which normally have the under parts rufous brown, appear with a white throat and. breas t.

16 888 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Tail and wings unbarred or with only a suggestion of bars General color bright tawny rufous General color dull rufous brown Throat whitish; rest of plumage dark brown; tail v ery short Throat whitish; back and belly rufous Throat black; ear coverts streaked white ; Cinnycerthia u. uniruja Cinnycerthia uniruja unibnmnea Microcerculus marginatus philomela Thryothonts leucotis zuliensis crown dark grey Thryothorus spadix Throat and breast chestnut or rufous; feathers of forehead stiff Forecrown rufous in contrast to hind crown... Forecrown not rufous in contrast to hind crown Tail brownish black, un barred Ta il dark brown, finely barred with black Lower breast dar k brown tinged with grey, or definitely greyish brown Lower breast dar k brown with no grey tinge Throat and upper breast rufous Throat and upper breast bay Leucolepis arada trans_ fluvialis Leucolepis thomcica 25 Leucolepis phaeocephala 26 lawrencii L eucolepis p. phaeocephala Leucolepis phaeocephala choco a na 27. Breast grey Breast white, buff, or buffy white...., 28. Tail 35 mm. or less Tail 50 mm. or more Crown olive brown to blackish; back rufous brown Crown brown, the same color as the back; breast and center of belly ver y pale grey. Crown and back deep bright rufous; breast grey Crown and back rufous-bay ; breast silvery Henicorh ina l. leucophrys Henicorhina leucophrys bangsi Henicor h ina leu coph ys brunneiceps H enicorhina leucophrys subsp. 30. Crown and na pe brown, the same color as the back Crown a nd nape grey, or greyish brown in contrast to back; a black mustachial streak Flanks and belly grey or merely tinged olive Thryothorus c01 aya griseipectus brown Thryothorus genibarbis saltuensis

17 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 889 Flanks and belly olive brown Thryothorus genibarbis macrurus 32. Crown black Henicorhina leucosticta Crown not black Mantle streaked Mantle not streaked Breast and belly soiled white, sides of body paje buffy brown Breast and belly buff, flanks rufous buff hauxwelli and darienensis 35. Wing mm Wing mm Sides of body paje buff; wing mm. ; well-marked buff superciliaries Sides of body rusty brown; wing mm.; short buff superciliaries Sides of body rusty brown ; wing mm.; well-marked buff superciliaries Cistothorus apolinari Cistothorus piatens!s alticola Cistothorus platensis aequatorialis Cistothorus platensis tolimae Cistothorus platensis tamae 37. Tail about mm Tail over 35 mm With no, or an ill-defined, black line above white superciliaries With a broad black line above white super- ciliaries Back dull cinnamon brown; no or lit ti e grey at sides of breast; a black submalar streak. Back deep auburn ; no black submalar streak. 40. Crown in contrast to back; a broad black mustachial streak Crown not in contrast to back ; no broad black mustachial streak Under tail coverts unbarred, rufescent Under tail coverts barred or spotted with dusky Wing mm. ; back plain rufous; a distinct white eyebrow Wing 58 mm. or less Above deep rufous; long conspicuous eyebrow buffy Henicorhina leucosticta inornata Henicorhina leucosticta albilateralis Henicorhina leucosticta eucharis Thryothorus genibarbis amaurogaster Thryothorus leucotis 42 Thryothorus rufalbus 43 Troglodytes solstitialis

18 890 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Above brown or greyish brown, more or less finely barred with dusky; eyebrow absent or inconspicuous Troglodytes m u sculus * Cinnycerthia unirufa unirufa (Lafresnaye) BAY WREN Limnornis unirutus, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 105, 1840 ("Bogotá" ). Range of the species.-western Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes from Cundinamarca northward to the Sierra de Perijá ("Bogot á ", El Peñón 2880 m., Fómeque, Páramo de San Pedro, Cachirí, Pá r a mo,de Tamá). [Western Venezuela.] Additional records.-above Choachí; Laguna de Juncos 2250 m. Cinnycerthia unirufa uni'brunnea (La fresnaye ) BROWN WREN Limnornis or Thryothorus unibr unneus, R ev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 59, 1853 (Pichincha, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Andes in Nariño northward to the Central and? Western Andes (near Puerr es; La Plata 2340 m., Laguneta, Santa Isabel; Monte Socorro 3800 m.? Western Andes). [Ecuador.] Additional records.-páramo del T ábano 3300 m.; Moscopán 3400 m. "' Cinnycerthia peruana bogotensis (M a tschie) BOGOTÁ BROWN WREN, Presbys bogotensis, Journ. Orn., 33, p. 466, 1885 ("Bogotá" ). Perú. Range ot the species.-colombia southward through the Andes to COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Subtropical Zones on the west slope of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", El Roble 2430 m., Andalucía 2100 m.). ~ Cinnycerthia peruana olivascens Sharpe SALMON'S BROWN WREN Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 184, pl. 11, 1881 (Santa Elena, Antiaquía Central Colombian Andes). COLOMBIA.---Subtropical and Temperate Zones, rarely upper Tropical Zone of the Central and Western Andes from Antioquia southward to Nariño (Santa Elena, Retiro, Zancudo, Laguneta, above salento 2700 m., Toche; Andes west of Popayán 3100 m., Cocal 1200 and 1800 m., Cerro Munchique, río Munchique 900 m.; La Guayacana). [Ecuador.] Additional records.-el Tambo, Munchique reast slope] 1720 m.

19 R. M. DE SCHAüENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 891,;, Cistothorus platensis alticola Salvin and Godman RORAIMA GRASS WREN Ibis, 1883, p. 204 (Mount Rora ima, eastern Venezuela). Range ot the species.-eastern North America, México and Central America, southward in the mountains of South America to Tierra del Fuego. The Falkland Islands. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropi,cal to lower Tempera te Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. (Macotama Valley m., Mt. Rancho, San Miguel, Cerro.de Caracas m., Taquina ). [Venezuela.] ::: Cistothorus platensis tamae Cory TAMÁ GRASS WREN Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 344, 1916 (Páramo d ~ Tam á, western Venezuela ). COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Páramo Zones of the East ern Andes (Páramo de Tamá, P áramo de Guerrero, Páramo de Choachí, Páramo above Chipaque). [Western Venezuela.] Cistothorus platensis tolimae de Schauensee TOLIMA GRASS WREN Not. Naturae, no. 161, p. 2, 1946 (Nevado del Tolima, 3600 m., Central Colombian Andes). COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Páramo Zones in the northern h alf of the Central Andes (Nevado del Tolima 3600 m., Santa Isabel). ::: Cistothorus platensis aequatorialis Lawrence Ecuador). EQUATORIAL GRASS WREN Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 10, p. 3, 1871 (Pichincha, COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones at the southern end of the Central Andes, the Western Andes?, and the mountains of Nariño (Coconuco, Valle de las Papas; Munchique 1740 m.; Chiles 3510 m., Mayasquer, Cumbal). [Temperate Zones ot Ecuador.] Additional records.-páramo del Tábano 3300 m. A single bird from the Western Andes (Munchique) is immature. ::: Cistothorus apounari Chapman APOLINAR'S MARSH WREN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 635, 1914 (Suba Marshes, Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia. COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes in the marshes of the Bogotá platea u (Suba). t

20 892 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 ':' Campylorhynchus griseus albicilius (Bonaparte) WHITE-BROWED CACTUS WREN Buglodytes albicilius, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. París, 38, p. 57, 1854 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range oj the species.-colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana and the Río Branco region of northern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from La Guajira westward to the upper Sinú Valley, southward up the Magdalena Valley to about 70 North Lat. (Riohacha, Dibulla, Cacagualito, Banda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Riofrío, Tucurinca, Fundación, Calamar, El Paraíso, Remolino, Barranquilla, La Playa, Puerto Colombia, Raranoa, Aguada de Pablo, Los Pendales, Turbaco; Tierra Alta, Quimari; "Carpintería" [= Carpintero]). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Additional records.-barranca Bermeja. Replaced in the upper Magdalena Valley by the next forro. Campylorhynchus griseus bicolor (Pelzeln) Heleodytes bicolor, Ibis, 1875, p. 330 ("Bogotá" ). BICOLORED CACTUS WREN COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones (up to 2045 m.) on the western slope of the Eastern Andes in Santander and Boyacá, and the lower Tropical Zone in the arid upper Magdalena Valley. Specimens have been recorded from "Bogotá", Soatá 2045 m., and Villavieja 435 m.; sight records from San Gil, Socorro, Las Palmas, Galán, Barichara, Jordán, Pescadero, La Uvita. A record from Honda probably pertains to this form, while at Barranca Bermeja albicilius is found according to Prof. Dugand. Campylorhynchus griseus minor (Cabanis) LESSER CACTUS WREN Heleodytes minar, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 80, 1851 (Ciudad Bolívar, Río Orinoco, Venezuela, ex Phelps and Phelps). COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Meta (Villavicencio). [Western and central Venezuela to the Zower Orinoco.] Campylorhynchus albo-brunneus harterti (Berlepsch) HARTERT'S WHITE-HEADED WREN Heleodytes harterti, Ornis, 1907, p. 347 (San José, río Dagua, western Colombia). Range ot the species.-panamá and western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Atrato Valley and the Pacific coast, south to the río Anchicayá (Río Salaqui, río Juradó, río Atrato, Dabeiba, río Baudó, Alto del Buey 1530 m., Bagadó, La Vieja, El Tigre, río Tamaná, "Bahía del Chocó" [= Buenaventura], San José). [Eastern Panamá.] Additional records.-bahía Solano, río Anchicayá 300 m.

21 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 893 Campylorhynchus albo-brunneus aenigmaticus de Schauensee NARIÑO WREN Not. Naturae, no. 209, p. 1, 1948 (La Guayacana, 220 m., near El Diviso, southwestern Nariño, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the type locality in southwestern Nariño. Campylorhynchus turdinus hypostictus Gould AMAZONIAN SPOTTED CACTUS WREN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 68 (Ucayali River, Perú) _ Range oj the species.-eastern Colombia southward to Bolivia. and southeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Villavicencio, río Ocoa, Apiay; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [Eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú, western Amazonia to the Río Tocantins, northern Bolivia.] Additional records.-restrepo, Peralonso; Rumiyaco, Putumayo. Campylorhynchus zonatus curvirostris Ridgway CURVE-BILLED BANDED WREN Proc. Boston Soc. Na t. Hist., 23, p. 385, 1888 ("New Granada"). Range oj the species.- México southward through Central Amedca to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Restricted to the Tropical Zone at the southwestern and southern base of the Santa Marta Mts. and the valley of the río Cesare (Riofrío, Aracataca, Tucurinca, Fundación, Valencia, río Cesare Valley). Campylorhynchus zonatus brevirostris Lafresnaye Rev. Zool., 8, p. 339, 1845 ("Bogotá" ). SHORT-BILLED BANDED WREN COLOMBIA.- Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the Magdalena Valley up to 1600 m.; the Caribbean coast (except the Santa Marta region) from Atlántico westward to the upper Sinú Valley ("Bogotá", Sasaima 1225 m., El Consuelo, Malena, Puerto Berrío, Opón, Naranjo below Bucaramanga, El Tambor; Los Pendales; Tierra. Alta, Quimarí; sight records from between La Mesa and San Antonio de Tena 1300 m., El Colegio 1200 m. and Estación Santana above Sasaima 1600 m.). [Northwestern Ecuador.] Replaced in the Santa Marta region by C. z. curvirostris. Campylorhynchus nuchalis pardos Sclater Colombia). CARIBBEAN BANDED WREN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1857", 1858, p. 271 (Santa Marta,

22 894 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Range oj the species.-northern and central Venezuela; northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from the Sinú Valley eastward to the Guajira region; the lower Magdalena as far south as 80 N. Latitude (lower río Sinú; Turbaco, La Peña, Manatí, Baranoa, El Paraíso sight, Puerto Giraldo, Cerro de San Antonio, Calamar, Ciénaga, Tierra Nueva, Fonseca, río Ranchería; "Catamucho" [ = Tacamocho], Boca de Chimí, El Banco, Gamarra, "Carpin teria" [ = Carpintero]). Odontorchilus branickii branickii (Taczanowski and Berlepsch) BRANICKI'S TOOTH-BILLED WREN Odontorhynchus branickii, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, p. 72, pl. 6 (Machay, eastern Ecuador). Range oj the species.-colombia southward through eastern Ecuador and Perú. Northwestern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the head of the Magdalena Valley (La Palma 1650 m.). [Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones ot eastern Ecuador and Perú.] ':' Thryothorus leucotis leucotis Lafresnaye WHITE- EA RED WREN Rev. zool., 8, p. 338, 1845 (Honda, upper Río Magdalena, Colombia, ex Hellmayr). Range of the species.- The Pearl Islands and Panamá to Colombia and the Guianas, southward to southeastern Brazil and Perú. OOLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the west side of the Santa Marta Mountains, the (? en tire) Magdalena Valley and westward along the Caribbean coast region to the Sinú Valley (Bonda, Riofrío, Tucurinca. Fundación; Barranquilla, Luruaco, Turbaco, Cartagena; Puerto Zapote, Jaraquiel; Algodonal, "Catamucho" [ = Tacamocho], Gamarra, Puerto Berrío, Malena, Honda, Chicoral, "Bogotá"). Additional records.-puerto Sagoc, La Gloria. ':' Thryothorus Ieucotis zuliensis Hellmayr ZULlA WREN Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool., 13, pt. 7, p. 164, 1934 (Oropé, Zulia [Táchira], Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Norte de Santander near the Venezuelan border (Guayabal, Agua Blanca, Petrólea). [Western Venezuela in Zulia and Táchira.] ':' Thryothorus leucotis venezuelanus Cabanis VENEZUELAN WREN Mus. Hein., 1, p. 78, 1851 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, ex Phelps and Phelps). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the northern and eastern sides of the Santa Marta Mountains, and the southern plains of the Guajira Península (Buritaca, Don Diego, Dibulla, Arroyo de Arenas, Fonseca). [Northern Venezuela.]

23 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 895 Additional records.-conejo, Maicao. Replaced in the northern tip of the Guajira Península (Macuira Mts.) by the next form. Thryothorus leucotis collinus (Wetmore) MACUIRA WREK Thryophilus leucotis collinus, Smiths. Mise. Coll., 106, no. 16, p. 9, 1946 (Near Nazaret, m., Serranía de Macuira, Guajira Colombia). COLOMBIA.- Restricted to the isolate.d Macuira Mts., northern tip of the Guajira Península (Near Nazaret). Thryothorus leucotis bogotensis (Hellmayr) VILLA VICENCIO WREN Thryophilus albipectus bogotensis, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 51, pp. 770, 774, 1901 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-The Eastern Llanos eastward to the Orinoc ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Maipures). [Central Venezuela.] Additional records.-río Ocoa, Peralonso. Thryothorus leucotis peruanus (Hellmayr) PERUVIAN WREN Thryophilus leucotis peruanus, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, no. 5, p. 41, 1921 (Nauta, Río Marañón, Perú). COLOMBIA.-Known only from "Bogotá" collections, but may occur in the Caquetá region, and undoubtedly on the Colombian Amazon. [Eastern Perú, and the Amazon Valley eastward to the río Purús.] ':' Thryothorus leucotis galbraithii LawrenC c GALBRAITH'S WREN Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 7, p. 320, 1861 (Lion Hill, Panamá Canal Zone). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of extreme northwestern Colombia (río Salaquí, Sautatá, Turbo). [Eastern Panamá.] ':' Thryothorus rufalbus cumanensis (Cabanis) CUMANÁ WREN Colombia). Troglodytes cumanensis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 408, 1860 (Cartagena, Range ot the species.-guatemala southward to Colombia and Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-The Caribbean coast region westward as far as the vicinity of Cartagena (Don Diego, Cacagualito, Masinga Vieja, Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, La Tigrera, M,inca, Tierra Nueva, Riofrío, Tucurinca, Fundación, Valencia sight; Juanmina sight, Los Pendales, Cartagena). [Northern Venezuela.]

24 896 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N * Thryothorus rufalbus minlosi (Berlepsch) MINLOS' WREN Thryophilus minlosi, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 280, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1884 ("Bucaramanga", Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the northern section of the Eastern Andes ("Bucaramanga"?, Gramalote, Puerto Santander, Llanos de Casanare, Villavicencio, "Bogotá"). [Adjacent western Venezuela.] Professor Dugand points out tome that it is doubtful whether the type carne really from the vicinity of Bucaramanga, as this locality Jies on the west slope of the Eastern Andes. All subsequent records of minlosi are from the east side of that range. According to Dugand the "Bucaramanga" records of Berlepsch are to be interpreted in the same way as "Bogotá", "MedeHín", and "Pasto" records, these names having a rather broadly regional value, not a definite local one. * Thryothorus nicefori de Schauens-:=e BROTHER NICÉFORO'S WREN Not. Naturae, no. 182, p. 1, 1946 (San Gil, south of Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia. COLOMBIA.-Known from seven specimens from San Gil, 1095 m., upper Tropical Zone in the valleys of the Sogamoso and the Fonce, western slope of the Eastern Andes.,. Thryothorus leucopogon leucopogon (Salvadori and Festa) FESTA'S WREN Thryophilus leucopogon, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, no. 357, p. 6, 1899 (Río Peripa, western Ecuador). Range ot the species.-panamá to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Southwestern Bolívar, the lower Atrato and the entire Pacific coast in the Tropical Zone (Murucucú; Murindó, río Salaquí, Juradó, Nuquí, río Baudó, Alto del Buey 900 m., Nóvita, San!osé, Buenavista [Nariño], La Guayacana). [Pacijic slope ot eastern Panamá.] Birds from the río Salaqui and Murucucú are unstable in color, being either like leucopogon or T. l. grisescens Griscom from the Caribbean slope of Darién (Permé, Ranchón, Obaldía). It is probable that birds from the east foot of Mt. Tacarcuna belong to grisescens, if that race is valid. * Thryothorus nigricapillus schottii (Baird) SCHOTT'S WREN Thryophilus schottii, Rev. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1864 (Río Truandó, northwestern Colombia). Range ot the species.-costa Rica southward to southwestern Ecuador.

25 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 897 COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of western Colombia from the río Dagua northward along the Pacific coast, the río San Juan Valley, and the Atrato Valley (Buenaventura, San José, Cisneros, Sipí, Juntas de Tamaná, La Selva 1800 m., Santa Cecilia, Pueblorrico 1620 m., Condoto, Bagadó, El Tambo [Chocó], Quibdó, río Baudó, Nuquí, río Jurubidá, Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Punta Ardita, río Juradó, río Truandó). [Eastern Panamá.] Birds from the Bau.dó Mts. and the upper río San Juan show the characters of this race, barred throat and upper breast, more strongly than birds from the type locality. I feel that the locality Remedios for this bird is doubful (P. Z. S. London, 1879). '~ Thryothorus nigricapillus connectens (Chapman) INTERMEDIATE BLACK-CAPPED WREN Thryophilus nigricapillus connectens, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 157; 1912 (Cocal, Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of southwestern Colombia, from the region about Cerro Munchique southward (Cocal 1500 m., La Costa, río Munchi que; Barbacoas, Ricaurte, La Guayacana). '' Thryothorus spadix (Bangs) BLACK-HEADED WREN Pheugopedius spadix, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23, p. 74, 1910 (Naranjito, 1170 m., río Dagua, Colombia). Range of the species.-eastern Panamá and western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the Pacific slope southward to the region about Munchique (La Selva 1800 m., Naranjito, río Dagua, La Gallera, La Costa 750 m., río Munchi que). [Eastern Panamá.] Thryothorus fasciato-ventris fasciato-ventris (Lafresnaye) Thriothorus tasciato-ventris, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 337, 1845 ("Bogotá"). BAND-BELLIED WREN Range ot the species.-costa Rica to Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the middle Magdalena Valley, northward to Algodonal and the western base of the Santa Marta Mts., and westward to the lower Cauca and Sinú Valleys. Not recorded from Atlántico. (Riofrío, Tucurinca, Fundación; El Tambor, "Bogotá"; Honda, Malena, Remedios, río Nechí, Algodonal; Puerto Valdivía; Puerto Zapote, lower Sinú, Murucucú, Tierra Alta, Quimarí). A record from Anolaima, in the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes, is doubtful.

26 898 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 ':' Thryothorus fasciato-ventris albigularis (Sclater) PANAMÁ BLACK-BELLIED WREN Cyphorinus a lbigulatis, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 76. pl. 88 (Isthmus of Panamá). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of western Colombia in Chocó, southward to the upper río Sa n Jua n (río Juradó, río Salaquí, Murindó, Andagoya). [Eastern Panamá.] Thryothorus coraya griseipectus Sharpe GREY-13REASTED WREN Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 236, pl. 15, fig. 2, 1881 (Nauta, Perú). Range oj the species.-the Guianas, Venezuela, and the Amazon Va lley westward from the Río Tocantins to eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and northeastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from Putumayo and Amazonas (Umbría; Loretoyacu). [Northeastern Perú, eastern Ecuador; western Brazil north oj the Amazon.] Thryothorus coraya caurensis Berlepsch and Hartert CAURA WREN Novit. Zool., 9, p. 7, 1902 (Río Nichare, Río Caura, Bolívar, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Extreme eastern tip of the country along the Río Negr? (San Felipe, Macacuní). [Southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazzl.] Thryothorus genibarbis amaurogaster (Chapman) TAWNY-BREASTED WREN Pheugopedius mystacalis amaumgaster, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 179, 1914 (Buenavista, above Villavicencio, Eastern Andes of Colombia). Range oj the species.-venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, southward to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes; west slope of the same range at Las Ventanas ("Bogotá", Buenavista above Villavicencio, Las Ventanas, Pamplonita, Ocaña, Pueblo Nuevo). A single specimen from Pamplonita, Norte de Santander, agrees with other East Andean examples. Farther east, on the Venezuelan border, T. g. tachirensis Phelps and Gilliard may be found. This was described from the Venezuela.n side of Páramo de Tamá.

27 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA &99 :: Thryothorus genibarbis macruros Allen ( 1) LONG-TAILED WREN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 137, 1889 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the west slope of the Eastern Andes and the east slope of the Central Andes (Peñablanca 2800 m., San Gil, Mogotes, "Bogotá", Salto de Tequendama, below Andalucía [west slope] 900 m.; "Medellín", Santa Elena, Toche, El Edén, Salento, Miraflores, La Candela, San Agustín). :: Thryothorus genibarbis saltuensis (Bangs) WEST COLOMBIAN MOUSTACHED WREN Pheugopedius mystacalis saltuensis, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23, p. 74, 1910 (San Luis, Bitaco Valley, Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Western Andes and the Popayán r egion (San Luis, Bitaco Valley, Lomitas. San Antonio 1980 m., El Tambo 1530 m., Munchique; Popayá n). Thryothorus genibarbis yananchae de Schauensee NARIÑO MOUSTACHED WREN Not. Naturae, no. 232, p. 5, February 1951 (Yananchá, 1500 m., Nariño, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the Guáitara Valley in the interior of Nariño (Yananchá). ::: Thryothorus euophrys euophrys Sclater FRASER'S WREN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 74 (Lloa, a few miles southwest of Quito, on the side of Mt. Pichincha, Ecuador). Range ot the species.-southwestern Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical Zone of the Andes of Nariño, on the west slope (Mayasquer m.). [Western Ecuador, humid Temperate Zone.] '~ 'l'hryothorus ruthus laetus Bangs SANTA MARTA WREN Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 160, 1898 (Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). (1) I have examined the type of this bird and find that it is merely an individual variant of this species. Except for the pattern of the tail it shows al! the characters of birds from the western slope of the Eastern Andes. These differ from saltuensis by the color of the tail, which is dull rufous to fuscous ; the outer tail feathers are sometimes barred, sometimes longitudinally striped, the bars in sorne specimens showing a tendency to break down into stripes. A bird from Mogotes is exactly like the type showing the extreme of variation. Birds from the Magdalena Valley are intermediate between this form and saltuensis, having the flanks dark as in macrurus, but the tail bright rufous as in saltuensis.

28 900 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Range ot the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia and Perú and eastward through Venezuela to Tobago and Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone in the foothills of the Santa Marta Mountains (Aguadulce, Minca, La Tigrera, Banda, Onaca 900 m., Cacagua!ito. Palomino, Pueblo Viejo, La Concepción). [Perijá Mts. oj northwestern Venezuela.] Thryothorus rutilus rutilus Vieillot RUFOUS-BREASTED WREN Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Na t., nouv. éd., 34, p. 55, 1819 (Trinidad). COLOMBIA.-Known only from Norte.de Santander (below Pamplona). [Trinidad and northern Venezuela.] Known in Colombia from a single, not fully adult specimen, which on geographical grounds should belong to the typical race, as it occurs just across the border in the State of Táchira, western Venezuela. ':' Thryothorus rutilus interior (Todd) LEBRIJA RIVER WREN Pheugopedius rutilus interior, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 45, p (El Cauca, "Santander" [error: Dept. Magdalena], Colombia). COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone on the west slope of the Eastern Andes in southern Dept. Magdalena (El Cauca, La Palmita). Thryothorus rutilus hypospodius Salvin and Godman Biol. Centr. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 92, 1880 ("Bogotá"). GREY-BELLIED WREN COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes from Meta northward ("Bogotá", Susumuco, Buenavista 1230 m., Vil!avicencio, La Colorada, río Negro [Boyacá]). [Extreme western Venezuela.]. Additional records.-río Guatiquía. Thryothorus rutilus culumbianus (Chapman) COLOMBIAN BAND-BELLIED WREN Pheugopedius sclateri columbianus, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 138, p. 14, 1924 (Miraflores, west slope of the Central Andes east of Palmira, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Central and? Eastern Andes (Miraflores 2340 m.; "Bogotá", "Enconosa"). The range of the bird is imperfectly known in Colombia, the specimen from "Enconosa" (? Icononzo) having been purchased. Chapman. however, evinces no doubt regarding the latter locality as being co1 rect. If the bird do es occur on the west slope of the Eastern An-

29 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 9!)1 des, then the ranges of colurnbianus and interior are very near each other, but perhaps separated by altitude. This is Pheugopedius sclateri of Chapman's list. ') Troglodytes musculus atopus Oberholser SANTA MARTA HOUSE-WREN Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 207, 1904 (Cacagualito, near Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.~méxico, the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, Central America southward to Tierra del Fuego. The Falklan.d Islands. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast region from Atlántico eastward to La Guajira, occasionally up to 1800 m. in the Santa Marta Mts.; up the lower Magdalena Valley to about 7 North Lat.: east of the Andes in the Zulia lowlands (Tocahagua, Barranauilla, El Paraíso sight; Fundación, Tucurinca, Aracataca, Riofrío, Ciénaga, Gaira, Santa Marta, Bonda, Minca, Cincinnati, Cacagualito, Donama, Don Diego, Marocaso, Riohacha, valleys of the río Cesare and Ranchería; Guayabal, Cúcuta). Additional records.-barranca Bermeja; Aguablanca near Cúcuta. Trog!odytes musculus columbae Stone BOGOTÁ HOUSE-WREN Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 51, p. 308, 1899 (Vicinity of Bogotá, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones on both slopes of the Eastern Andes (Ocaña, Cachirí, Pamplona road 2700 m., Bucaramanga, La Pica, Tunja, Fómeque, Páramo de Beltrán, Quetame 1440 m., Chipaque, Choachí, Tocaimito 3100 m., "Bogotá", La Holanda, El Peñén). Ad.ditional records.-subachoque, Ciudad Universitaria [Bogotá] ; common about the city of Bogotá. The specimen from Quetame approaches clarus. Birds from-the west slope of the Eastern Andes west of and below Ocaña probably represent the form atopus, which is found as far south as Barranca Bermeja in the Magdalena Valley. Troglodytes musculus clarus Berlepsch and Hartert PALE-BELLIED HOUSE-WREN Nov. Zool., 9, p. 8, 1902 (Bartica Grave, British Guiana). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes and the Llanos del Meta (Buena vista, Villavicencio). [Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas southward to Maranháo, Matto Grosso, eastern Perú and Bolivia. Not recorded trorn eastern Ecuador.] Additional records.-quenane.

30 902 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NI? 25 :: Troglodytes musculus striatulus (Lafresnaye) ~ CAUCA HOUSE-WREN Thriothorus striatulus, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 338, 1845 ("Bogotá"; Honda, Colombia, ex Chapman). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones in the upper Magdalena Valley, the middle and upper Cauca Valley, the upper Sinú region, the Atrato Valley, and the Pacific coast southward to the río Dagua ("Bogotá", Anolaima, Sasaima, below Andalucía [west slope] 900 m.; Honda, Chicoral, Villa vieja, La Candela, Miraflores, río Toche 2100 m., Salento, Medellín, Santa Elena 2700 m., La FrJjolera, Puerto Valdivia; Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Concordia, Bagadó, Santa Cecilia, Dagua, Lomitas, San Antonio, Cali, Riofrío, La Manuelita; El Tambo, río Patía, La Sierra). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Additional records.-san Agustín; Popayán. One specimen from Anolaima approaches columbae; two!ro m the río Patía are intermediate With albicans. Two adults from the west slope of the Western Andes (Santa Cecilia) have larger bilis than 17 specimens of this form from other parts of Colombia. Replaced in the lower Patia Valley and Nariño by the next form. Troglodytes musculus albicans Berlepsch and Taczanowski WHITE-BELLIED HOUSE-WREN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 540 (Guayaquil, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast in Nariño, up to 1500 m. in the Guáitara Valley, probably ranging higher on the western slope of the Andes of Pasto (Tumaco, Barbacoas, Yananchá 1500 m.). [Westem Ecuador, where occasionally up to 2400 m.] Troglodytes monticola Bangs PÁRAMO WREN Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13, p. 106, 1899 (Páramo de Chirúgua, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range ot the species.-northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Páramo Zone of the Santa Marta Mts. between 3200 and 4500 m. (Páramo de Chirúgua, Páramo de Macotama). Additional records.-mamancanaca 3200 m. Troglodytes solstitialis solitarios Todd PALE-BREASTED WREN Venezuela). Ann. Carnegie Mu15., 8, p. 206, 1912 (Páramo de Rosas, Lara, Range ot the species.-costa Rica southward through the mountains to southern Bolivia and western Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern and Central Andes (excepting the extreme southern section); the eastern slope of the Western Andes ("Bogotá", El Peñón, El Roble; Santa Elena, La Leonera 3600 m., Zancudo, Santa Isabel, Laguneta

31 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA m., Salento, río Toche, El Edén; Cerro Munchique [east slope] 1800 m., Andes west of Popayán). [Western Venezuela.] ':' Troglodytes solstitiahs solstitialis Sclater EQUATORIAL WREN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 550 (Matos and Pinipi near Riobamba, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones at the head o! the Magdalena Valley (where intermediate with solitarius), the southern end of the Central Andes, and Tropical to lower Páramo Zones of the Andes of Nariño (San Agustín, La Palma, La Candela, Coconuco 3000 m., Almaguer, Valle de las Papas; Yananchá 1500 m., Mayasquer, Chiles m., Ricaurte 1170 m., río Perlasivi m., La Guayacana). [Ecuador and northwestern Perú.] Birds from the upper Subtropical and Páramo Zones are a trifle larger than those from the Tropical Zone. Henicorhina leucosticta albilateralis Chapman WHITE-SIDED WOOD WREN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 524, 1917 (El Consuelo, 1000 m., western slope of the Eastern Andes, Colombia). Range oj the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Venezuela, the Guianas. and the Río Negro district, thence westward to Ecuador and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the middle Magdalena Valley in western Cundinamarca, westward to the lower and mid.dle Cauca Valley (Salto de Tequendama, El Consuelo 1000 m.; Peque, Riofrío, near Cartago). Chapman (p. 524) is wrong in saying that Peque is on the western slope of the Western Andes. This error is followed by Hellmayr (Cat. Bds. Amer., 7, pp. 258, 259, 1934) in saying that the locality is at the sources of the Río Sucio. In reality, Peque líes on the eastern slope, above the middle Cauca Valley. >:: Henicorhina leucosticta darienensis Hellmayr DARIÉN WOOD WREN Panamá). Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, no. 4, p. 25, 1921 (Tacarcuna, eastern COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northwestern Colombia from the upper Sinú region and the lower río Sucio westward across the Atrato Valley to the Panamá border, and southward on the Pacific coast to the Baudó Mts. (Quimarí; Dabeiba, Murindó, Alto Bonito 450 m., río Salaquí, río Juradó, río Jurubidá, Alto del Buey 1020 m.). [Eastern Panamá.] Birds from Quimarí are intermediate between this race and albilateralis.

32 904 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Henicorhina leucosticta eucharis Bangs WEST ANDEAN WOOD WREN Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23, p. 74, 1910 (Pavas, Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical [above 1200 m.] and Subtropical Zones of the western slope of the Western Andes at the headwaters of the río Dagua (Pavas 1320 m., Lomitas 1360 m., Primavera 1530 m., "near Jiménez 720 m." [?] ). This form does not seem to descend much below 1300 m. Palmer Jabeled a specímen as being from "near. Jiménez, alt ft.", but this statement is highly questionable. See under H. l. inornata. Henicorhina leucosticta inornata Hellmayr LITA WOOD WREN Journ. Orn., 51, p. 528, 1903 (Lita, northwestern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, including the heavily forested foothills of the Western Andes below the range 9f eucharis [below 900 m.] from the upper río San Juan southward (Nóvita, Sipí, Córdoba, San José, La Costa 750 m., Barbacoas, Buenavista, La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador.] Henicorhina leucosticta hauxwelli Chubb HAUXWELL'S WOOD WREN Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 40, p. 156, 1920 (El vira, Río Marañón, Perú). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward ("Bogotá"; río Dudita; Florencia, Morelia). [Eastern Ecuador, central-eastern Perú.] Henicorhina Ieucophrys bangsi R :dgwa y BANGS' WOOD WREN Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, p. 168, 1903 (San Francisco, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). ' Range of the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. between 600 and 2100 m., doubtfully up to 2400 m., most abundant between 1200 and 1800 m. (Minca, Valparaíso, Cincinnatl, El Líbano, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, "Sierra Nevada up to 8000 ft.", Palomino, San Francisco, San Miguel, Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa, Heights of Chirúa, La Concepción). The altitude of Pueblo Viejo, given as "8000 ft." by Bangs (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 160, 1898), is in reality 2000 feet only. See Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 122, The species is represented at higher elevations in the Santa Marta Mountains by the next form.

33 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 905 Henicorhina leucophrys anachoreta Bangs SANTA MARTA WOOD WREN Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 1, p. 84, 1899 (Páramo de "Chiruqua" [Chirúgua] m., Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts., descending sometimes as low as 1800 m. in the Sierra Nevada proper, but usually not below 2400 m. on the San Lorenzo range. It is found as high as 3600 m. (San Lorenzo, "Sierra Nevada 6000 and 8000 ft.", San Miguel, Macotama, Páramo de Macotama, Páramo de Chirúgua, Páramo de Mamarongo). In the "Sierra Nevada" the ranges of anachoreta and bangsi would appear to overlap, for the former is recorded there as occurring as high as 2400 m., and the latter as low as 1800 m. Whether the ranges actually overlap would form an interesting study. It is possible, or probable, that the two forms have separate ecological habitats, or that they do not actually occur together, one form ascending and the other descending the mountain slopes at different season of the year. ':' Henicorhina leucophrys tamae Zimmer and Phelps Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1270, p. 13, 1944 (Páramo de Tamá, Venezuela). TAMÁ WOOD WREN COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes and the Macarena Mts. (? Pueblo Nuevo, Páramo de Tamá, río Negro [Boyacá], "Bogotá", Buenavista [Meta], Macarena Mts m.). [Extreme western Venezuela.] Ad.ditional records.-choachí [probably below]. Apparently replaced by the nominate form in the lower Temperate Zone of the same slope at Chipaque, near and above Choachí. Henicorhina Ieucophrys leucophrys (Tschudi) 1844 (Perú). WHITE-BROWED WOOD WREN Troglodytes leucophrys, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), Heft 3, p. 282, COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones on the west slope of the Eastern Andes [east slope at Chipaque], both slopes of the Central Andes, and east slope of the Western Andes, and the Subtropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño. Possibly the west slope of the Western Andes in the upper Dagua Valley. (La Palmita, Las Ventanas, Ramírez, Cachirí, La Pica, "Bogotá", Chipaque 2550 m., Subía, El Roble, Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Andalucía, Buenavista [Huila]; La Frijolera 1500 m., Santa Elena, Saiento, Laguneta 2700 m., río Toche, El Edén, Miraflores, La Palma, La Cand ela; Lomitas [? this race], San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Mayasquer 2340.). [Ecuador and Perú.]

34 906 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Additional records.-el Tambo [Cauca]. Replaced below Mayasquer, Nariño, and in the upper Tropical Zone of the west slope of the Western Andes by H. l. brunneiceps. ::o Henicorhina leucophrys subsp. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the Baudó Mts. (Baudó Mts. above the Río A trato 900 m.). A single bird from the above locality differs from any specimen examined. A bird collected by Salman at Frontino, 1440 m., could possibly belong to the same forro. More specimens from the Atrato Valley are desirable. Henicorhina leucophrys brunneiceps Chapman BROWN-HEADED WOOD WREN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 181, 1914 (La Gallera, 1740 m., west slope of the western Andes, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of Nariño, and the upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the western slope of the Western Andes north to the headwaters of the río San Juan (La Selva m., Nóvita Trail 1200 m.,? Nóvita Trail 2160 m., La Gallera m., Coca! m., río Munchique 900 m., río Mechengue 720 m., Ricaurte m., Mayasquer m., río Perlasivi m.). Microcerculus marginatus corrasus Bangs SANTA MARTA SCALY-BREASTED WREN Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 87, 1902 (Chirúa, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia). Range ot the species.-guatemala southward to Bolivia.. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta r egion between 600 and 1200 m., and perhaps as high as 2100 m. (Chirúa, Don Diego, Onaca, San Lorenzo and Loma Larga sight). For a review of the races and plumages of Microcerculus marginatus see Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, pp , 1932). e Microcerculus marginatus squamulatus Sclater and Salvin SQUAMULATED WREN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875, p. 37, pl. 6 (San Cristóbal, Táchira, western Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-The eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Gramalote). [Northwestern Venezuela.]

35 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 907 Microcerculus marginatus philomela (Salvin) NIGHTINGALE WREN Cyphorhinus philomela, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, p. 202 (Vera Paz, Guatemala). COLOMBIA.-Extreme northwestern Colombia on the Panamá border (río Juradó). [Guatemala to Panamá.] A single specimen from Juradó has a longer bill than Central American specimens. It is like the bill of the South American species of this confusing group. Microcerculus marginatus antioquiens ~s Chapman ANTIOQUIA SCALY-BREASTED WREN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 647, 1915 (Dabeiba, río Sucio, Antioquia, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone from the upper río Sucio valley eastward to southwestern Bolívar (Dabeiba, Alto Bonito; Quimarí). ':' Microcerculus marginatus occidentalis Hellmayr WESTERN SCALY-BREASTED WREN Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 354, 355, 1906 (Lita, northwestern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the Baudó mountains southward (río Baudó, Alto del Buey 900 m., Nóvita, San José,. Barbacoas, La Guayacana). [Northwestern Ecuador.] Microcerculus marginatus marginatus (Sclater) ("Bogotá"). SCALY-BREASTED WREN Heterocnemis marginata, Pro.c. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 145 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Morelia, Florencia). [Eastern Ecuador, Perú, southern Venezue la, and the Amazon Valley.] Leucolepis thoracica dichroa (Sclater and Salvín) CHESTNUT-BREASTED WREN Cyphorh.inus dichrous, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, p. 492, pl. 41 (Remedios [probably above], Antioquia, Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Central and Western Andes. Not r ecorded from Nariño. (Remedios [above?] ; La Frijolera, El Edén 2550 m.; San Antonio, Cocal, Munchique west slope 1350 m., río Munchique 710 m., La Costa 900 m.). [Eastern Ecuador.]

36 908 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 ~ The type, said to be from Remedios (720 m.), was probably taken above Salmon's headquarters at that place. Leucolepis arada transfluvialis Todd RIO SOLIMOES MUSICAL WREN Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 45, p. 13, 1932 (Manacapurú, Rio Solim6es, Brazil). Range ot the species.-colombia to the Guianas and southward to the middle and upper Amazon, Perú and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Caquetá region (Florencia, Morelia). [North ot the Amazon jrom the Rio Negro westward to the Caquetá region of Colombia.] Replaced in the Putumayo region by the next form. Leucolepis arada salvini (Sharpe) SALVIN'S MUSICAL WREN Cyphcrhinus salvini. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 292, pl. 18, fig. 1, 1881 (Rio Napo, eastern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone in the upper Putumayo region (Umbría, Cuembí). [Eastern Ecuador.] : Leucolepis phaeocephala propinqua Todd J ARAQUIEL SONG WREN Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32, p. 114, 1919 (Jaraquiél, Sinú Valley, Bolívar, Colombia). Range ot the species.-honduras southward to Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northern Colombia from the Sinú Valley to the lower Cauca, middle Magdalena and Lebrija Valleys (Jaraquiel, Quimarí, Murucucú; Puerto Valdivia; Remedios, El Tambor, río Lebrija). :. Leucolepis phaeocephala lawrencii (Lawrence) LAWRENCE'S SONG WREN Cyphorhinus lawrencii, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 8, p. 5, 1863 (Panamá R. R.). COLOMBIA.-Tropícal Zone. The region about the mouth of the Atrato (Sautatá). [Eastern Panamá.] Replaced farther south in the Atrato Valley by the next form. Leucolepis phaeocephala chocoana de Schauensee CHOCÓ SONG WREN Not. Naturae, no. 161, p. 6, 1946 (Alto del Buey, Baudó Mts., Chocó, Colombia).

37 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 909 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. From Juradó and th.e río Sucio Valley southward along the Pacific coast and in the Atrato Valley to the Baudó Mountains (Juradó, río Jampavadó, Murindó, Alto Bonito, Baudó, Alto del Buey 1020 m., río Jurubidá, Nuquí). Birds from the northern part of the range are paler than Baudó specimens, thus approaching lawrencii. ':' Leucolepis phaeocephala phaeocephala (Sclater) DUSKY-HEADED SONG WREN Cyphorinus phaeocephalus, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 291 (Esmeraldas, northwestern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the upper San Juan River in Chocó southward into Nariño (Juntas de Tamaná, Barbacoas, La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador.] Family MIMIDAE- THE MOCKINGBIRDS, THRASHERS AND CATBIRDS Key A General plumage slate grey; cap and tail black; under tail coverts chestnut Dumetella carolinensis B. General plumage not slate grey l. Crown and nape black; back liver brown; plumage below!ight ochraceous, faintly barred black on sides; tail much graduated, black with broad white tips... Donacobius atricapillus Entirely grey above; soiled white below; tail rounded, broadly tipped white Mimus gilvus Similar, but brownish above; below tinged buffy Mimus gilvus (imm.) DumeteHa carolinensis (Linnaeus) CATBIRD Muscicapa carolinensis, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 328, 1766 (Virginia, U. S. A.). Range ot the species.~breeds from southern Canada and Nova Scotia southward to Texas, northern Florida and Bermuda. Winters in the southern United States, the Bahamas and Cuba southward to Panamá. COLOMBIA.-Accidental. The only South American record is a bird taken at Ciénaga, Magdalena, March 23. A western North American form has been proposed. Mimus gilvus melanopterus Lawrence BLACK-WINGED MOCKINGBIRD Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, no. 1, p. 35, pi. 2, 1849 (Cumaná, Venezuela, ex Phelps and Phelps).

38 910 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Range of the species.-the Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Trinidad and the Dutch West Indies. México southward through Central America to Honduras. The Panamá Canal Zone. Colombia eastward across northern South America to the Guianas and extreme northern Brazil. Pará southward to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. COLOMBIA.-The Eastern Llanos and the east side of the Eastern Andes from Meta northward to Norte de Santander. The Caribbean coast from La Guajira westward to Atlántico; the Santa Marta region up to 2400 m. Up the Magdalena Valley to Aguachica. Also recorded from the west slope of the Eastern Andes in Boyacá. (Maipures; río Negro [Boyacá]; Cúcuta region, Ocaña; Riohacha, Valencia sight, San Sebastián 2000 m., El Mamón 2400 m., Santa Marta, Bonda, Ciénaga; Riofrío; Bocas de Ceniza, Barranquilla, La Playa, near Sabanilla sight, Aguada de Pablo; Aguachica; Leiva [Boyacá]). [Venezuela, the Guianas and extreme north.ern Brazil.] Ad.ditional records.-maicao; Villavicencio, Quenane, Pachaquiaro, Savanas at Plaza Bonita, base of Macarena Mts. This small forro intergrades with tolimensis in the middle Magdalena Valley. Mimus gilvus tolimensis Ridgway TOLIMA MOCKINGBIRD Smiths. Mise. Coll., 47, p. 113, 1904 (Plains of Tolima, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of central and western Colombia. Occasional on the Bogotá plateau. Not recorded from Nariño. (Lake Paturia, Soacha and río Muña, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá 2600 m., La Holanda, La Herrera, Andalucía 900 m. [west slope]; Villa vieja, Chicoral, Plains of Tolima, Honda; Medellín, Barro Blanco, Salento, Toche, near San Agustín, La Candela; Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Atrato River, Quibdó, Pueblorrico, La Selva, Dagua, Munchíque, El Tambo). Additional records.-santandercito, Silvania, Fusagasugá, Arbeláez; Mariquita, Picaleña; Cartago, Vijes, Timbío, Popayán, Crucero. Birds from the west slope of the Western Andes are intermediate in size between melanopterus and tolimensis, but nearer the latter. Dr. Oliveira-Pinto informs me that his record for Mimus triurus from Morelia, Caquetá, (Cat. Av. Bras., pt. 2, p. 357) is an error due to the transposition of a line. The record actually refers to Donacobius a. atricapillus. "' Donacobius atricapillus brachypterus Madarász SHORT-WINGED MOCKING THRUSH Orn. Monatsb., 21, p. 22, 1913 (Aracataca, south of Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia). Range ot the species.-eastern Panamá, southward through South America to Argentina and Bolivia.

39 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 911 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley and northern Colombia westward to the lower Atrato (Ciénaga, Trojas de Cataca, Riofrío, Aracataca, Tucurinca, Fundación; El Paraíso sight, Aguada de Pablo, Guájaro, La Peña; Algodonal, Lake Paturia, Puerto Berrío. Malena. Honda; Murucucú; the lower Atrato, Murindó). [Eastern Panamá; northwestern Venezuela.] ID ~ naccbius atricapi!jus atricapillus (Linnaeus) Brazil). BLACK-CAPPED MOCKING THRUSH Turdus atricapilla, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 295, 1766 (Eastern COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes (Villavicencio; Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Loretoyacu. Isla de Ronda, Leticia). [Venezuela and the Guianas southward to Perú and Argentina.] Additional records.-acacías 517 m.; Pachaquiaro. Traylor has recently described D. a. nigrodorsalis from Yarinacocha, Río Ucayali, Peru (Fieldiana, Zool., 31, p. 196, 1948) as a race said to have a darker back than the nominate form. My series from Morelia as well as specimens from eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru appear darker on the back than specimens from the Guianas and eastern Venezuela, but the latter are all old skins and probably somewhat faded. Perhaps east Colombian birds should be called nigrodorsali s, but befare calling them that, I should like to see fresh Guiana material. Family TURDIDAE- THE THRUSHES Key A. Breast spotted (adults) a B. Breast unspotted b a. Crown and sides of head black; back dark olivegrey : Catharus dryas Crown and back olive or rufescent l. With a distinct and wide buffy orbital ring; throat and chest buff shading to white on belly Hylocichla ustulata With no, or only indistinct whitish orbital ring 2 2. Back rufescent or rufescent olive; spots on breast brown; lower mandible paje Hylocichla j uscescens Back olive; spots on breast black or blackish; distal half of lower mandible black Hylocichla minirna b. Plumage en tire! y or virtual! y al! black Plumage not al! or virtually al! black Region below eye and distal half outer tail ' feathers white Entomodestes coracinus With no white in plumage

40 912 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? Tail about 80 mm.; feathers of back edged shiny blue-black Tail about loo mm. ~ back uniform silky black; bill pale-colored in skin Crown black or blackish ; back grey or olive brown Crown not black in contrast to back Back and belly brownish olive ; whole head and upper breast black Back grey Lower breast and belly bright orange-rufous, breast grey No rufous in the plumage Whole back blue-grey; wing over 100 mm.... Whole back blackish grey; wing about 8~ - 90 mm Throat and under tail coverts greyish white.. Throat and under tail coverts iron-grey Wing over 140 mm Wing under 140 mm Below olive-grey Below paje mouse-grey Below deep iron-grey Throat plain or with only a trace of streaks.. Throat streaked Wing mm. ; bill yellow or orange, or only lower mandible yellow Wing over 100 mm.; bill b!ack or dark brown. 14. En tire under surface Jeaden grey; tail tipped white Center of belly white; no white tips to tail feathers Forecrown grey, hind crown tinged brown, conspicuously paler than back..... Forehead only grey Grey of breast darker than that of belly.... Grey of breast and belly uniform Crown, breast and flanks grey Crown uniform with back.... o o. Platycíchla leucops és Turdus se1-ranus és 6 10 Turdus olivater 7 Turdus fulviventrís 8 Platycichla flavipes 9 Catharus /. tuscater Catharus tuscater sanctaemartae T urdus tuscater cacozelus Turdus juscater gigas és Turdus t u scater quindio és Myadestes ralloides plumbeiceps 16 Myadestes ralloides candelae Myadestes ralloides venezuelensis Catharus aurantiirostris phaeopleurus 18

41 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Whole back and crown olive brown Catharus aumntiirostrts inontatus Back and crown rufescent brown Breast and flanks paje brownish grey Breast and flanks dark pearl-grey Belly olive mixed with grey With no grey on belly Catharus a. aurantiirostri s Catharus aurantiirostris insignis 21. Back and breast dusky olive brown; tail about 100 mm Turdus serranus ( g ad.) Back and breast olive brown; tail about 80 mm Platycichla leucops ~ 22. Plumage uniform brown to dusky olive-brown Back olive-brown; under surface much paler, uniform ; under wing-coverts buffy rufous... Back rufous-brown; under surface paler, cen_ ter of belly white; under wing-coverts orange rufous With a conspicuous white patch below the streaked throat; above rather dark brown with a slight rufescent tinge Without a conspicuous white patch on upper breast Breast and flanks dar k umber brown with no trace of grey on under surface Below greyish with a more or less strong brown wash With a wide bar e area around the eye : inner margins of primaries not edged with cinnamon Without a bare area all around the eye Turdus serranus ( g subad. or imm.) Turdus olivater g T ur us jumigatus aquilonalis (*) Turdus assim i lis daguae Turdus albicollis Turdus n u digenis Under wing coverts and inner web of bases of remiges cinnamon; plumage below paje greyish-ashy Turdus l eucomelas Inner margins of primaries not, or only narrowly edged with cinnamon Under wing coverts buff Under wing coverts cinnamon or ochraceous Bill black; belly and under tail coverts dingy white Bill distally greenish yellow ; under parts including under tail-coverts pale clay color Bill under 20 mm.; en tire upper surface and tail dar k olive brown Bill 20 mm. or over; upper parts and tail brown or rufous brown with no olive tinge... Turdus ignobi lis Turdus grayi Turdus lawrencii Turdus jumigatus (') The only Colombian example of Turdus jumigatus aquilonalis I have seen has a virtually unstreaked throat. In Trinidad birds the streaking is variable.

42 .914 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 Turdus assimilis daguae Berlepsch DAGUA THRUSH Orn. Monatsb., 5, p. 176, 1897 (San José, Río Dagua, Colombia). Range of the species.-méxico southward through Central Amel'ica to western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone up to about 900 m., west of the Western Andes from the lower Atrato to Nariño (Murindó, río Juradó, Alto del Buey, Nuquí, Pizarro, Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita, Sipí, San Joaquín, Buenaventura, San José, río Dagua; Mojarras; La Guayacana). [Northwestern Ecuador; eastern Panamá.] Ad.ditional records.-río Anchicayá 300 m. Turdus albicollis minusculus (Bangs) LESSER GREY-RUMPED THRUSH Merula phaeopyga minuscula, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, P. 181, 1898 (Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.-colombia eastward to the Guianas, Trinidad and Tobago, and southward to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone up to 1500 m., in the Santa Marta region straggling occasionally down to near sea-leve!; the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Boyacá (La Concepción, Chirúa, Pueblo Viejo, Palomino, Don Diego, Bonda, La Tigrera, Minca, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, Agua Dulce; La Colorada [Boyacá] not typical). [Northern Venezuela.] Turdus albicollis phaeopygus Cabanis GREY-RUMPED THRUSH In Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 666, " 1848", 1849 (British Guiana). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone in extreme eastern Colombia along the Orinoco and Río Negro (Maipures; Macacuni). [British Guiana, eastern and southern Venezuela, northern Brazil.] Turdus albicollis berlepschi Todd Brazil). UPPER AMAZONIAN WHITE-NECKED THRUSH Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 44, p. 51, 1931 (Arimá, Río Purús, COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward ("Bogotá", Víllavicencio, Quenane, río Dudita; Florencia, Morelia, Belén, Cuembí). [Eastern Ecuador, upper Amazonia southward to Bolivia.] ~ Turdus grayi incomptus (Bangs) BANGS' THRUSH Merula incompta, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 144, 1893 (Santa Marta, Colombia).

43 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 915 Range oj the species.- México southward through Central America to northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.- Lower Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region westward to Atlántico (Cacagualito, Banda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Aracataca, Tucurinca, Fundación, Valencia, Fonseca; El Pa raíso, Santa Cruz near Los Pendales; sight records from Barranquilla, Baranoa, La Peña, Luruaco). : Turdus nudigen ~~ nudigenis Lafresnaye BARE-EYED THRUSH Rev. Zool., 11, p. 4, 1848 (Caracas, Venezuela). Range oj the species.-the southern Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Eastern Colombia to the Guianas, southward to the Ama zon Va lley and Perú. Western Ecua dor. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta and eastern Cundinamarca to the banks of the Orinoco ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Maípures). [Venezuela, Trini dad, Tobago, L esser Antilles, British Guiana.] A.dditional records.-susumuco 900 m. This is Planesticus gymnophthalmus of Chapman's list. Turdus fumigatus hauxwelli Lawrence HAUXWELL'S THRUSH Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 9, p. 265, 1869 (Pebas, Perú). Range oj the species.-the southern Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Costa Rica southward to western Ecuador and most of South America east of the Andes to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.- Recorded from the Orinoco regían (Maipures), ranging doubtlessly southward to the Amazon. [The upper Orinoco and the Amazon Valley jrom the Rio Madeira westward to Perú and southward to Bolivia.] Turdus fumiga tus aquilonalis ( Cherrie) TRINIDAD THRUSH Planesticus jumigatus aquilonalis, Sci. Bull. Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 1, p. 387, 1909 (Heights of Aripo, Trinidad). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Catatumbo lowlands in northeastern Norte de Santander (Petrólea). [Trinidad and along the coast ot Venezuela to Zulia.] The only Colombian specimen which I have seen is darker and more rufescent than Trinidad birds. Turdus fumigatus colombianus Hartert and Hellmayr ROSENBERG'S THRUSH Novit. Zool., 8, p. 492, 1901 (Cali, Cauca Valley, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the eastern slope of the Western Andes (Cali, San Antonio).

44 916 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 Turdus fumigatus parambanus Hartert PARAMBA THRUSH Novit. Zool., 27, p. 475, 1920 (Paramba, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast region (Jiménez, "Chocó"). [Western Ecuador.] Turdus t. obsoletus Lawrence has been recorded from Tacarcuna, eastern Panamá, and probably ranges into extreme northwestern Colombia. Turdus lawrencii Coues, a very distinct species with no near relative, occurs very likely in the Vaupés and Amazonas territories of southeastern Colombia, for it has been recorded from the Venezuelan side of the Rio Negro, and from a Peruvian locality on t_he north bank of the Amazon, not far from the extreme southern tlp of Colombia.,;, Turdus ignobilis ignobilis Sclater BLACK-BILLED THRUSH Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 25, p. 273, 1857 ("Bogotá", = Fusagasugá, Colombia, ex Chapman). Range ot the species.- México southward through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela and southward through upper Amazonia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the slopes of the Eastern and Central Andes above the Magdalena Valley and the west slope of the Central Andes at their northernmost end (Bucaramanga, San Gil, El Consuelo 1000 m., "Bogotá" Aguadita Fusagasugá, Villa vieja, Andalucía 900 m. [west slope]; L~ Frijolera: Santa Elena 2700 m., Barro Blanco, Medellín, Retiro, Honda, río Totare, Plains of Tolima,!bagué, río Toche, El Isno, near San Agustín, La Palma, La Candela). Additional records.-san Miguel 2800 m., Silvania, Tibacuy Arbeláez; Moscopá n 2800 m. ' Turdus ignobilis goodfellowi Hartert and Hellmayr GOODFELLOW'S BLACK-BILLED THRUSH Novit. Zool., 8, p. 492, 1901 (La Castilla, above Cali, Cauca Valley, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-The mid.dle and upper Cauca Valley and the west slope of the Western Andes in the Río San Juan and Río Dagua regions, upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones (Salento Miraflores La Manuelita, Guengué. Popayán; La Selva m.,' Pueblorrico:

45 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 917 Riofrío, Cali 980 m., La Castilla above Cali, La cumbre, san Antonio, Dagua, Munchique, El Tambo). Additional records.-la Paila 935 m. Turdus ignobilis debilis Hellmayr Brazil). AMAZONIAN BLACK-BILLED THRUSH Journ. Orn., 50, p. 56, 1902 (Salto Theotonio, Río Madeira, COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Quetame, Buenavista, Villavicencio, río Dudita; Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [Western Venezuela, southward to Bolivia; upper Amazonia trom the Río Negro and Río Madeira westward.] Additional records.-peralonso; Rumiyaco, Putumayo. Turdus leucomelas albiventer Spix GREY-HEADED THRUSH Av. Bras., 1, p. 70, pl. 69, fig. 2, 1824 (Pará, Brazil). Range ot the species.-----"colombia eastward to the Guianas and southward to southeastern Brazil, Matto Grosso and Perú. COLOMBIA.-The upper Magdalena Valley, the Santa Marta region, the Perijá Mts.. the west slope of the Eastern Andes in Santander, and the east slope of the same range in Norte de Santander and Boyacá, extending eastward through the Eastern Llanos to the Orinoco (Chicoral, Honda; Villavieja, Silvania, "Bogotá", Bucaramanga, La Cruz, Ocaña; Valparaíso, Mamatoco, Banda, Palomino, San Francisco, San Miguel, Chirúa, La Concepción, Pueblo Viejo, Loma Larga; Palmar, Yurimena, Maipures, mouth of the río Vichada). [Venezuela and the Guianas. to the middle Amazon and Bahía.] Additional records.-santandercito 1550 m.; Tierra Nueva m. Turdus ephippialis Sclater, described from "Bogotá", is regarded as a synonym. Turdus leucomelas cantor Wetmore MACUIRA THRUSH Smiths. Mise. Coll., 106, no. 16, p. 10, 1946 (Above Nazaret, 300 m., Macuira Mts., Guajira, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Higher forests of the Serranía de Macuira, Guajira Península (above Nazaret). Turdus fulvi:ventris Scla t.er CHESTNUT-BELLIED THRUSH Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 273 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.- Western Venezuela and Colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Eastern Andes, southward to the head of the Magdalena Valley (La Palmita, Pueblo Nuevo, Alto near Ocaña, Pamplona, "Bogotá"; La Candela 1700 m.).

46 918 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 ::: Turdus olivater sanctae-martae ('!'odd) SANTA MARTA THRUSH Planesticus olivater sanctae-martae, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26, p. 170, 1913 (Cincinnati, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range ot the species.-venezuela and Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones ( m.) of the Santa Marta Mts. (Las Vegas, San Miguel, La Concepción, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, Las Nubes, Sierra Nevada 1800 m., Chirúa, Heights of Chirúa). Tnrdus oliva ter oliva ter (Lafresnaye) OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH Merula olivatra, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 2, 1848 (Caracas, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Táchira Valley in Norte de Santander (Palogordo, 25 km. south of Cúcuta). [Northern Venezuela.] Turdus olivater caucae (Chapman) CAUCA THRUSH Planesticus caucae, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hii.st., 33, p. 182, 1914 (La Sierra, Cauca, Central Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the west slope of the Central Andes in the headwaters of the Patía River (La Sierra 2040 m.). ' ' Turdus serranus fuscobrunneus (Chapman) CHAPMAN'S BLACK THRUSH Planesticus tuscobrunneus, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 158, 1912 (Cerro Munchique, Cauca, Western Andes of Colombia). Range ot the species.- Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.- Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the three Andean ranges except in Norte de Santander. Not the Santa Marta Mts. ("Bogotá", Chingasa, Subía, Andalucía; Santa Elena, río Chilí, La Candela, San Marcos, Moscopán; Frontino, Jericó, San Antonio, Los Tambos, Riolima, La Capilla [Cajibío], La Florida, Munchique, El Tambo, La Paloma, río Patía; Mayasquer 2340 m.). [Ecuador.] Additional records.--san Miguel 2800 m.; Popayán, Crucero. Turdus serranus atro-sericeus (Lafresnaye) Merula atro-sericea, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 3, 1848 (Caracas, Venezuela). VENEZUELAN BLACK THRUSH COLOMBIA. - Recorded from "Colombia nororiental" without precise locality by Phelps and Phelps (Lista Av. Venez., p. 246, 1950); probabl:v found in the Páramo de Tamá region. as it has been taken on the Venezuelan side of that mountain. [Andes ot northern and western Venezuela.]

47 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 919 ~ Turdus fuscater cacozelus (Bangs) SANTA MARTA GREAT THRUSH Merula gigas cacozela, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 181, 1898 (Macotama, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. between m. (Cerro de Caracas, San Miguel, Macotama, Páramo de Macotama, Páramo de Chirúgua, San Lorenzo, EL Mamón, San Sebastián). Turdus fuscater gigas Fraser COLOMBIAN GREAT THRUSH Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1840", 1841, p. 59 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes (near Ocaña, Páramo de Tamá, below the Páramo de Pam P:.ona 3000 m. ( = Páramo de Santurbán], abov Bucaramanga, La Pica. Páramo de Guasca, La Calera, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, rio Fucha near Bogotá, Chipaque, Quetame 1380 m., El Roble). [Western Venezuela.] Additional records.-lago de Tota 3015 m., Páramo de Zipaquirá m., Subachoque, Choachí, río Muña, San Miguel, Silvania. According to Chapman (p. 537) a specimen from Andalucía, 2100 m., in the Eastern Andes near the head of the Magdalena Valley, more nearly approaches the western form quindio. : Turdus fuscater quindio Chapman QUINDIO GREAT THRUSH Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 160, p. 1, 1925 (Laguneta, Central Andes, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Central and Western Andes, southward to Nariño (Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Medellín, Retiro, La Camelia, Salento, Laguneta, río Toche, El Edén, Valle de las Papas, Almaguer; Paramillo, La Selva, Andes west or Popayán, Cocal, Cerro Munchi.que, El Tambo 1530 m.; San Pablo [probably above], Mayasquer, Chiles 3600 m., Cumbal 3600 m., Pasto, Puerres, Chorreado, Páramo de Guamués). [Northern Ecuador.] Additional recor.ds.-cajibío, Popayán, Crucero, Totoró, Peñablanca, La Candela, Moscopán. ( Platycichla flavipes venezuelensis (Sharpe) VENEZUELAN GREY THRUSH Merula venezuelensis, in Seebohm., Monogr. Turd., 2, p. 83, 1900 (Vicinity of Caracas, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-colombia eastward through Venezuela to Trinidad and Tobago, and southward to southern Brazil, Paraguay. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the northern

48 920 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? slopes of the Santa Marta Mts., and the east slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa, La Concepción, San Miguel 1650 m., Las Vegas; Gramalote, Bochalema). [Northern and western Venezuela.] Platycichla leucops (Taczanowski) WHITE-EYED THRUSH Turdus Zeucops, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 331 (Ropaybamba, Perú). Range ot the species.-british Guiana, Venezuela and Colombia southward through Ecuador to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Andes ("Bogotá"; La Candela 1600 m.; San Antonio 1980 m., Riolima). Myadestes ralloides venezuelensis Sclater VENEZUELAN SOLITAIRE Venezuela). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 17, p. 468, 1856 (Vicinity of Caracas, Range ot the species.~costa Rica southward to Perú and Bolivia. COLOMB!A.-Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes and the Macarena Mts. (Las Ventanas, "Bogotá", Fusagasugá). [Northwestern Venezuela t e eastern Ecuador, northern Perú.] Additional records.-pico Renjifo 1650 m., Macarena Mts. (col. C. C. Doncaster). Myadestes ralloides candelae de Schauensee LA CANDELA SOLITAIRE Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 99, p. 117, 1947 (La Candela, Huila, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone at the head of the Magdalena VaUey (La Candela 1600 m., Buena vista [Huila] 2300 m.). '~ Myadestes ralloides plumbeiceps Hellmayr GREY-CROWNED SOLITAIRE Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., no. 4, p. 27, 1921 (Siató, near Pueblorrico, western slope of the western Andes, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropica l and Subtropical Zones of the Centra l and Western Andes (Santa Elena 2700 m., Medellín, Retiro, El Edén, Miraflores; Concordia, La Selva, Siató, Pueblorrico, San Antonio, Munchique, La Costa, río Mechengue 810 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Additional re-cords.-palacé, Timbío. ' 1

49 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 921 ~ Entomodestes coracinus (Berlepsch) BLACK SOLITAIRE Muiadestes coracinus. Orn. Monatsb., 5, p. 175, 1897 (San Pablo, below Túquerres, Nariño, Colombia). Range ot the species.- Western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Western Andes southward into Nariño ("Antioquia", Santa Cecilia 720 m., Munchique 1900 m.; Ricaurte, San Pablo), A rare species known from few specimens. : Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi) OLIVE...:BACKED THRUSH Turdus swainsoni, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 28, 1845 (Carlton House, lat. 53o. Saskatchewan River, Canada). Range ot the species.-alaska, Canada and the United States, south in winter to Bolivia and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from rnost parts of the country between October 10 and April 26 (Chirúa, Onaca, Banda, Minca, Valparaiso; Herradura, Páramo de Tamá, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, Choachi, Buenavista above Villavicencio, Villavieja; Chicoral, near Honda; Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Laguneta, Salento, El Edén, río Toche, Miraflores, La Sierra; Quima rí; Juradó, Nóvita Trail 1200 m., Nóvita, La Selva. Santa Cecilia, Riofrío [Cauca Valley], Lomitas, San Antonio, río Munchique, El Tambo; La Guayacana; Morelia). [B1'eeds in Alaska, Ganada, and the United States. South in winter to southern México, Central America, and South America to Argentina.] Additional records.-gualilo above Buca ramanga; Ridge W. of Entrada Camp (Macarena Mts.) 1350 m. r. Hylocichla mínima mínima (Lafresnaye) GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH Turdus minimus, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 5, 1848 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-northeastern Siberia, Canada and the ttnited States, south in winter to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from most parts of the country, except Atlántico and Nariño, between October 7 and May 3 (Banda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, La Tigrera, Las Nubes, Onaca, Valparaíso; "Bogotá"; Puerto Valdivia; Quimarí; Santa Cecilia, Munchique; Morelia; Maipures). [Breeds in northeastern Siberia, Alaska to Newtoundland. Winters trom Colombia to Perú and eastward to Brítish Guiana.] -Hylocichla mínima bicknelli Ridgway BICKNELL'S THRUSH New York). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 377, 1882 (Slide Mountain, Ulster Co., COLOMBIA.-Recorded by Phelps and Phelps from Colombia with-

50 922 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 out precise locality (Lista Av. Venez., pp , 1950). [Breeds in Nova Scotia and the mountains of the northeastern United States. Winters in Haiti and Venezuela (western Zulia, Táchira, etc.).] Distinguishable from H. m. minima by smaller size; - wing ~ ~ 88-98, 'i? 'i? mm. as against ~ ~ , 'i? 'i? mm. for minima. * Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens) VEERY Turdus tuscescens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 10, (1), p. 182, 1817 (Pennsylvania, U. S.A. ). Range of the species.-southern Canada and the United States southward in winter to Brazil. COLOMBIA.- Probably winter resident. Recorded from A,tlántico, the Santa Marta district, and the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes (Los Pendales [September 4-5]; Bonda [October 5]; Pamplona [October 23]). [Winters trom Colombia and the Guianas to Brazil.] ~' Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway WILLOW THRUSH U.S.A. ). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 374, 1882 (Fort Garland, Colorado. COLOMBIA.-Probably winter resident. The eastern slope of the Eastern Andes (Pamplona [October 23]). [Breeds in western North America. Winters in northern South America, occasionally as. far south as Matto Grosso, Brazil.] Both this and the typical form have been collected at Pamplona on the ~ame date. Catharus dryas maculatus (Sclater) SCLATER'S NIGHTINGALE THRUSH. Malacocichla maculata, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 64 (Río Napa, eastern Ecuador). Range ot the species.- Guatemala southward to Ecuador Perú and Bolivia. ' COLOMBIA.-Lower Subtropical Zone at the head of the Magdalena Valley, the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes and the Macarena Mts. ("Bogotá", above Choachí, Buenavista [Meta] 1350 m.. Macarena Mts m.; Andalucía 1500 m.; La Candela 1950 m.). [Eastern Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia.] Catharus fuscater sanctae-martae Ridgway SANTA MARTA NIGHTINGALE THRUSH Smiths. Mise. Coll., 47, p. 112, 1904 (El Líbano, Santa Marta. Mts. Colombia). Range ot the species.-gosta Rica southward to Bolivia.

51 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE; THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. (El Líbano, Las Taguas, Sierra Nevada 1800 m. [sornetimes as low as 600 m.], San Lorenzo 2100 m., Pueblo Viejo, San Miguel, Chirúa). Catharus fuscater fuscater (Lafresnaye) COLOMBIAN NIGHTINGALE THRUSH Myioturdus tuscater, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 341, 1845 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.--Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes (La Palmita, Pueblo Nuevo, Cachirí, Las Ventanas, Peña Blanca 2800 m., "Bogotá"). [Eastern Panamá, western Venezuela, eastern and western Ecuador.] Catharus aurantiirostris sierrae Hellmayr HELLMAYR'S NIGHTINGALE THRUSH Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 126, 1919 (La Concepción, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta Mountains between 600 and 1500 m., and northwestern Norte de Santander in the region about Ocaña (Pueblo Viejo, Palomino, San Francisco, Chirúa, La Concepción, Cincinnati, Cerro de la Aguja; Pueblo Nuevo, above Ocaña). Catharus aurantiirostris aurantiirostris (H:lrtlaub) ORANGE-BILLED NIGHTINGALE THRUSH Turdus aurantiirostris, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1, (2), p. 158, 1850 (Caracas, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Known only from southern Norte de Santander in the region about Pamplona (El Diamante near Pamplona, Pamplonita). [Northern and Western Venezuela trom the caracas region through the States ot Lara, Trujillo, and Mérida, to Táchira and Zulia.] Birds found in "Bogotá" trade collections are said to be very rufescent above and perhaps represent another race. : Catharus aurantiirostris inornatus Zimme1 SAN GIL NIGHTINGALE THRUSH Auk, 61, p. 404, 1944 (San Gil, Santander, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the western slope of the Eastern Andes in the Sogamoso Valley, Santander (San Gil).

52 924 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Catharus aurantiirostris insignis Zimmer SAN AGUSTÍN NIGHTINGALE THRUSH Auk, 61, p. 406, 1944 (San Agustín, Huila, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone in the upper Magdalena Valley ("Bogotá", Andalucía [west slope] m.; near San Agustín 1600 m.). This is Catharus birchalli of Chapman's list. Catharus auranti[rostris phaeopleurus Sclater and Salvin Colombia). ANTIOQUIAN NIGHTINGALE THRUSH Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875, p. 541 ("Mede1lín", Antioquia, OOLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Cauca and upper Patía Valleys, southward to the upper Guáitara Valley in the Andes of Nariño (Peque 1500 m.; " Medellín", Salento, Marilópez, Miraflores, Popayán, La Sierra; El Tambo, Mojarras; near Puerres). Family SYLVIIDAE-THE EUROPEAN WARBLERS, KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS AND THEIR ALLIES Key A. Bill 17 mm. or more B. Bill 13 mm. or less a. Tail about 40 mm.; no band or spots on upper breast; lower surface buffy, or greyish washed with tawny Tail about 30 mm. or less l. Sides of head white with two black bands ; a broad black band across breast Sides of head rufous End of tail narrowly margined buffy white, or plain Tail broadly tipped buffy white a b Ramphocaenus melanurus 1 Microbates collaris 2 Microbates c. cinereiventris Microbates cinereiventri s magdalenae b. Entire dorsal surface, throat and breast slaty grey; outer tail feathers black Poliopti la schistaceigula Upper surface blackish-plumbeous; breast paler; outer tail feathers white Polioptila guianensis Dorsal surface grey ; throat and breast white Cap black Crown grey like the back, or slightly darker... Polioptila plumbea ~ Polioptila vlumbea ~

53 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 925 Ramphocaenus melanurus sanctae-marthae Sclater SANTA MARTA LONG-BILLED ANT- WREN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, p. 380 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range oj the species.-méxico southward through Central America to southeastern Brazil, Matto Grosso, and: eastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from the río Sinú eastward. Not recorded from Atlántico. (Puerto Zapote; Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Bonda, La Tigrera, Concha, Don Diego, Dibulla sight, Fundación, Valencia). [Extreme northwestern Venezuela west ot Maracaibo.] Ramphocaenus melanurus pallidus Todd PALE LONG-BILLED ANT-WREN Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26, p. 172, 1913 (El Ha cha, Yaracuy, northwestern Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Lowlands east of the Eastern Andes in the Zulia Valley (La Javilla, 48 km. north of Cúcuta). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Ramphocaenus melanurus griseodorsalis Chapman COLOMBIAN LONG-BILLED ANT-WREN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 145, 1912 (Miraflores, west slope of the Central Andes, Colombia). COLOMBIA.- Lower Temperate, Subtropical, and rarely upper Tropical Zone from the west slope of the Eastern westward in central Colombia to the- upper río Sucio in western Antioquia (Sasaima 1225 m.; Miraflores, Salento, Medellín, Santa Elena 2700 m.; Dabeiba 600 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Replaced in southwestern Bolívar by the next form. Ramphocaenus melanurus rufiventris (Bonaparte) NORTHERN LONG-BILLED ANT-WREN Scolopacinus rufiventris, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1837", 1838, P. 119 (Guatemala). COLOMBIA.-Known only from southwestern Bolívar (Quimarí). [Guatemala to eastern Panamá.] Ramphocaenus melanurus trinitatis Lesson TRINIDAD ANT-WREN Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 42 (Trinidad). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes in Meta (Buena vista, Villavicencio, río Dudita). [Trinidad and parts ot Venezuela north ot the Orinoco.]

54 926 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 ':' Microbates collaris collaris (Pelzeln) COLLARED ANT-VVREN Rhamphocaenus collaris, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 84, 157, 1868 (Manáos Río Negro, Brazil). Range oj the species.-the Guianas, northern and western Brazil, southern Venezuela and southeastern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-The Caquetá region and the upper Putumayo Valley (Florencia, Morelia, Cuembi). [French Guiana, southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil in the Rio Negro r egion.] It is probable that birds from the lower Putumayo Valley and the Leticia territory represent Microbates collaris perlatus Todd, described from Tonantins, on the left bank of the Amazon River near the mouth of the Putumayo. Microbates cinereiventris magdalenae Chapman MAGDALENA ANT-VVREN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 642, 1915 (Malena, near Puerto Berrio, middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia). Range of the species.-costa Rica southward to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the lower Cauca and middle Magdalena Valleys to the eastern base of the Eastern Andes (Antioquia; Malena, near Puerto Berrío; El Tambor; Mámbita). Micro bates cinereiventris cinereiventris ( Sclater) GREY-BREASTED ANT-VVREN Rhamphocaenus cinereiventris, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 76, pl. 87 (Buenaventura, Colombia, ex Cory and Hellmayr). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Atrato Valley and the entire Pacific coast (Alto Bonito, Juradó, río Baudó, Alto del Buey 900 m., El Tambo [Chocó], Santa Cecilia, Juntas.de Tamaná, Nóvita, Andagaya, Sipí, Guineo, Malaguita, río Calima, Buenaventura, El Pailón, San José, La Costa, río Munchique, río Mechengue; Barbacoas, Buenavista, La Guayacana, "Pasto"). [Western Ecuador.] Polioptila schistaceigula Hartert SLATE-THROATED GNAT-CATCHER Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 30, 1898 (Cacha vi, western Ecuador). Range oj the species.-eastern Panamá, westc?n and central Colombia, western Ecuaclor. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, eastward through the lower Cauca to the middle Magdalena Valley (San José, río Dagua; Puerto Valdivia; El Centro [6 57' N., ' w., Santander]).

55 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 927 Polior:tila guianensis jacilis Zimmer (Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1168, 1942) probably occurs in the río Guainia region, as it has been recorded by Phelps and Phelps from the Yavita-Pimichin Portage, quite near the Colombian border. Polioptila plumbea plumbiceps Lawrence LAWRENCE'S GNAT-CATCHER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17, p. 37, 1865 (Tucacas, Fal-cón, Venezuela, ex Zimmer). Range ot the species.-southern México southward through Central America to Bahía and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the east side of the Santa Marta Mts., the Guajira Península and the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Valencia, Riohacha; Guayabal, Cúcuta, río Zulia). [Western Venezuela.] Additional records. -Maicao. Replaced on the west side of the Santa Marta Mts. by the next form. Polioptila plumbea bilineata (Bona parte) WHITE-BROWED GNAT-CATCHER Culicivora bilineata, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 316, 1850 (Cartagena, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northern and western Colombia, from the western base of the Santa Marta Mts. westward along the Caribbea n a nd Pa cific coasts to Nariño. Not recorded from Atlá ntico. (Santa Marta, Bonda. Riofrío;,Fundación; Cartagena; Quimarí; La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador, western Perú.] Polioptila plumbea anteocularis Hellmayr UPPER MAGDALENA GNAT-CATCHER Nov. Zool., 7, pp. 537, 538, 1900 ("Bogotá" ). COLOMBIA.-Arid Tropical Zone of the upper Magdalena Valley ("Bogotá", Honda, río Coello, Chicoral, Villavieja). Additional records. -Estación Saldaña. Polioptila p!umbea daguae Chapman DAGUA GNAT-CATCHER Bull. Amer. Must. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 648, 1915 (Cisneros, R'o Dagua, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone in the río Dagua region and the upper r ío Patia (Primavera, Cisneros "Yuntas" [ = Cisneros], r ío Pat í.a).

56 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Polioptila plumbea innotata Hellmayr RIO BRANCO GNAT-CATCHER Nov. Zool., 8, p. 359, 1901 (Forte de Sáo Joachím, Río Branco, Brazil). COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of extreme eastern Colombia along the Orinoco (Maipures). [British Guiana, northern Brazil, southern Venezuela.] Family MOT.I!CILLIDAE - THE PIPITS AND W AGT AILS N.B.- It is interesting to note that no bird of this family is known to inhabit the Santa Marta region. Key A. Under parts dull yellowish white; wing about mm : Anthus lutescens B. Under parts buffy or fulvous ; wing about mm Anthus bogotensis Anthus lutescens Iutescens Pucheran YELLOWISH PIPIT Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. París, 7, p. 343, 1855 (Vicinity of Río de.taneiro, Brazil). Range oj the species.-western Panamá. Coast of northern Chile and southern Perú. South America east of the Andes from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas to Bolivia and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Probably the Eastern Llanos, but so far recorded only from "Bogotá" collections. [Range oj the sptecies east oj the Andes.] (: Anthus bogotens s bogotensis Sclater BOGOTÁ PIPIT Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 109, pl. 101 ("Bogotá" ). Range 9! the specie.s.-::-western :Venezuela throug.h... the mountains to Bolivia and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Páramo Zones of the Eastern Andes,? the Central Andes and the mountains of Nariño (Páramo of Pamplona [ = Páramo de Santurbán] 3150 m., Páramo de Guerrero, Pá Jl'mo de Choachi 3500 m., "Bogotá", Subía; "Medellín"; Pasto, Cumbal m.). [Western Venezuela io Ecuador.]

57 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 929 Family VIREONIDAE - THE VIREOS AND PEPPER-SHRIKES Key A. With a golden yellow, chestnut or rufous frontal band or eyebrow a B. With a white or greyish or no eyebrow b a. Eyebrow golden yellow (but see also No. 9) Eyebrow or frontal band rufous or chestnut Crown blue; back grass green; under tail coverts green Smaragdolanius pulchellus Similar, but crown green with a blue tinge ; under tail coverts yellow Crown grey; back olive green Fronta l band deep chestnut; crown olive green Frontal band and eyebrow rufous; crown grey b. Throat and under parts dingy white _ ; ~ if greenish yellow is present it is confined to sides of body ; wing 60 mm. or more Under parts not dingy white, of if so then wing under 60 mm With no eyebrow; sides of body dull olive yel!ow; wing mm.; primaries 2, 3, and 4 about even With a distinct paje eyebrow With a narrow blackish sub-malar streak..... With no sub-malar streak Superciliary streak and sides of head pale buff; culmen mm Superciliary streak and sides of head greyish buff; culmen mm Primaries 2, 3, and 4 about equal Primaries 2 and 3 about equal, 4 shorter Above dull olive; under tail coverts white or pale yellowish; sides of body with virtually no olive-yellow tinge ; wing mm.... Above olive yellow or yellowish green; under tail coverts yellow; sides of body whitish; eximius Smaragdolanius pulchellus mutabilis Smar agdolanius leucotis Cyclarhis nigrirostris Cyclarhis gujanensis 3 9 Vireo olivaceus forreri Vireo altiloquus barbatulus Vireo a. altiloquus 7 8 Vireo olivaceus caucae and V. o. chivi wing mm Vireo olivaceus vividior 8. Sides of body greenish yellow; under tail coverts yellow ; wing mm Vireo olivaceus jlavoviridis Sides of body with little or no olive-yellow; under tail coverts yellowish white; wing mm V i reo o. olivaceus

58 :930 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N Two distinct whitish wing-bars; a yellow eyering extending to forehead ; throat and upper breast bright yellow Without white wing-bars Crown and nape deep ferruginous ; breast washed ferruginous En tire crown and nape not deep ferruginous Forehead and forecrown ferruginous Forehead and forecrown not ferruginous.....". 12. Eelly yellow to paje yellow Belly dull olive Breast greenish yellow in contrast to greyish throat and belly Breast not greenish yellow in contrast to rest of under parts Feet paje-cojo red; belly buffy yellow or paje yellow Feet dusky or brown Back and sides of body bright y cllowish green: throat, center of breast and belly dirty white Back yellowish green; throat and breast grey, sides of breast greenish Above not bright yellowish green With no eyebrow With a distinct white eyebrow Crown and mantje brownish olive; breast and belly dull yellow Crown and nape paje sepia; mantje olive ; throat and fore-breast washed paje brown; belly dull white Crown greyish ; back greyish olive; throat and breast dull yellowish, belly whitish Crown brown; back olive; throat white; belly yellow; first primary very short Vi reo jlavijrons 10 Hylophilus semi-brunneus Hylophilus aurantiijrons Hylophilus ochraceiceps Hylophilus thoracicus 14 Hylophilus flavipes 15 Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus semicinereus Hylophilus -hypoxanthus Hylophilus brunneiceps Vireo philadelphicus Vireo gilvus Vireo flavifrons Vieillot YELLOW-THROATED VIREO Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér., 1, p. 85, pl. 54, "1807", 1808 (Eastern United States). Range of the species.-eastern Canada and the eastern United States, south in winter to Central America and Colombia and the West Indies. COLOMBIA.- Winter residlent recorded from December (3) to March (14). The Santa Marta region, and the Eastern and Central Andes. Tropical anct Subtropical Zones. (Minca, Onaca; Perico; Santa Elena, Salento).

59 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 931 ':' Vireo olivaceus olivaceus (Linnaeus) RED-EYED VIREO Muscícapa olivacea, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 327, 1766 (Carolina). Range of the species.-canada and the United States southward through México and Central America, the Tres Marias Islands, the Pearl Islands, Trinidad and Tobago to Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident, recorded from September (18) to May (13). Tropical to Temperate Zones. Not recorded from Nariño. (Don Diego, Buritaca, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Fundación; Bucaramanga, Pamplona, "Bogotá"; Villavicencio, río Dudita, Morelia; Remedios, Santa Elena, Santa Isabel 3600 m., Laguneta 2100 m., Chicoral; Quimarí; río Juradó). [Breeds trom Ganada to Tea:as, in winter south to Brazil and Perú.] Additional records.- Bonda (April 25) ; Bogotá and vicinity (October 6, 11, 19, 25, 30, 31, November 1, 7, 11, 21). Vireo o!ivaceus vividior Hellmayr and Seil 2rn CARIBBEAN VIREO Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 315, 1913 (Capara, Trinidad). COLOMBIA.- Tropical. Zone of the Caribbean coast in the Santa Marta region, and east of the Eastern Andes in the Zulia Valley and the base of the Macarena. Mts. (Minca, La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Bonda, Quebrada Concha, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Loma Larga, Dibulla, río Guatapurí, Valencia; Cúcuta; río Dudita). [Trinidad, Margarita Island, Venezuela, British Guiana, upper Rio Negro region ot northern Brazil.] v;reo olivaceus chivi (Vieillot) CHIVI VIREO Sylvia chivi, Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 11, p. 174, 1817 (Western Paraguay). COLOMBIA.-Migrant from the south. Four birds from the Llanos del Meta reported' (in lit.) by Professor Dugand (Quenane [May 15], Puerto López [May 19], Peralonso [May 22]). [Breeds i n Argentina, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Perú. Migrates northward to southern Venezuela and eastern Colombia.] The measurements of these birds are given by Dugand as, wing 66, 67, 67.5, 69 ; tail 44, 44, 46, 47 mm. The same form has been recorded from the Brazilian side of the río Vaupés at Tauapunto and Iauareté. ':' Vireo olivaceus caucae (Chapman) CAUCA VIREO Vireosylva chivi caucae, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 159, 1912 (Cali, Cauca Valley, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone in the upper Patía and Cauca Valleys, and the west slope of the western Andes in the Dagua Valley. The

60 932 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 Pacific coast at Juradó. (Río Patía; Medialuna, Palmíra, Miraflores, Calí, Yumbo, Lomítas, Dagua, Cisneros, "Yuntas" [ = Cisneros]; río Juradó; "Bogotá"). :: Vireo olivaceus forreri Madarász FORRER'S VIREO Termesz. Füzet., 9, p. 85, pl. 6, 1885 (Tres Marias Islands, western México). COLOMBIA.-Winter resídent? Recorded from western Colombia and the Caquetá regían. (Santa Cecílía [Nov. 15] ; Morelia [Nov. 7]). [Breeds in the Tres Marias Islands. One definite winte1 record trom Ecuador.] ljireo olivaceus flavoviridis (Cassin) YELLOW-GREEN VIREO Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphía, 5, p. 152, 1851 (Panamá Cíty and San Juan die Nicaragua). COLOMBIA.-Transíent? Tropical Zone except Nariño. (Burítaca, Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaíra, Punta Caimán, Tucurinca, Fundación; Santa Cruz [Atlántico]; "Bogotá"; Chícoral; río Juradó, río Salaqui, Santa Cecilia; Umbría). [Breeds trom México to Panamá and the Pearl Islands. In winter south to Bolivia.] All o! our specímens were taken duríng September, October, November, and December, except for one bird at Juradó taken April 4. In the Santa Marta regían it has been taken between August 12 and October 22 and in Atlántico on November 11. The Chícoral specímens were taken during october. Vireo altiloquus altiloquus (Víeillot) JAMAICAN VIREO Muscícapa altiloqua, Hist. Nat. Oís. Amér., 1, p. 67, pl. 38, "1807", 1808 (St. Thomas). Range ot the species.-breeds ín southern Florida, the West Indíes, Old Providence and St. Andrews. In winter mígrates to Panamá, northern South Ameríca and Brazíl. COLOMBIA.-Transíent. Recorded from the Santa Marta regíon and the Eastern Andes (Bonda [August 19], Masínga Vieja [September 7, March 13]; Ocaña, Bucaramanga). [Breeds in the Greater A n tilles excepting Cuba; winters in northern Amazonia.] Vi reo altiloquus barbatulus ( Cabanís) BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO Phyllomanes barbatulus, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 467, 1855 (Cuba). COLOMBIA.-Transíent. Recorded from the Santa Marta region and the Eastern Andes (Bonda [August 17], Burítaca, [September 18], Mama toco, Tucurinca [September 16, 17, April 15]; Cúcuta). [Breeds in southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, the Isle ot Pines, Cayman Islands except Gmnd Cayman; winters in northern Amazonia.]

61 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 933 Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin) PHILADELPHIA VIREO Vireosylvia philadelphica, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, p. 153, 1851 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.). Range of the species.-breeds from Canada southward to the Dakotas and northern New England. In winter south to Panamá and uorthwestern South America. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Reco11d'ed from extreme northwestern Colombia and the vicinity of Bogotá. (Río Juradó [October 25, November 18]; Ciudad Universitaria in Bogotá [November 5]). ':' Vireo gilvus leucophrys (Lafresnaye) WHITE-BROWED VIREO Hylophilus leucophrys, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 81, 1844 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-southern Canada southward t hrough the United States, México ancl Central America to Perú and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes and the head of the Magdalena Valley (Páramo de T amá, Las Ventanas, La Pica 2800 m., San Cayetano, "Bogotá", Albán, Anolaima, El Roble 2430 m., Fusagasugá 1750 m., Buena vista [Huila] ; La Palma, near San Agustín, La Candela). [Western Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú.] Additional records.- Below San Miguel 2500 m. Vireo gi!vus mirandae Hartert MIRANDA VIREO Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 37, p. 32, 1917 (Galipán, Cerro del Avila, Distrito Federal, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.- Subtropical Zone of the Santa Marta Mts. (San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Heights of Chirúa, "Páramo de Macotama", Las Nubes, El Líbano, Valparaiso, Cincinnati). [Caribbean coast range of Venezuela.] A very poor race distinguishable by having the lower parts averaging paler than East Andean birds. Vireo gilvus disjunctus Zimmer SANTA ELENA VIREO Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1127, p. 18, 1941 (Santa Elena, Antioquia, Central Colombian Andes). COLOMBIA.-subtropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Central Andes at their northern endi (Santa Elena 2700 m., Medellín;? Concordia; "Bogotá"). Birds from Concordia, on the eastern slope of the Western Andes in their northern section, may belong here. Farther south in the Western and Central Andes the form dissors is found.

62 !134 CALDASIA, VOL. V,. N ~----~ ::: Vireo gilvus dissors Zimmer MUNCHIQUE VIREO Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1127, p. 18, 1941 (Cerro Munchique, 2100 m., Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Western Andes in their central and southern portions (south to the mountains of western Nariño), the Cauca Valley, the west slope of the Central Andes from the Quindío region southward, and the eastern slope of the same range in the valley of the río Toche, above!bagué (Primavera, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo, La Sierra, Ricaurte 1170 m.; Laguneta 2700 m., Salento, El Edén, río Toche, Miraflores). Additional record s.-pichindé above Cali; Cajibío, Popayán. This form is replaced in eastern Nariño by josephae, at the head of the Magdalena Valley by leucophrys, and farther north on the eastern slope of the Central Andes by disjunctus. '-' Vireo gilvus josephae Sclater FRASER' S VIREO Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 137, pl. 154 (Pallatanga, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the Andes of eastern Nariño (Cordillera de Guamués 3400 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Hylophilus thcracicus aemulus (Hellmayr) WESTERN GREY-BELLIED HYLOPHILUS Pachysylvia thoracica aemula, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, no. 3, p. 15, 1920 (Yahuarmayo, southeastern Perú). Range of the species.-southeastern Brazil. The Guianas, southern Venezuela, upper Amazonia, and along the eastern base of the Andes from Colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Presumably the Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá"). [Eastern Ecuador to northern Bolivia.] A related form, H. t. griseiventris Berlepsch andi Hartert, has been recorded from th; Brazilian side of the Río Vaupés at Tauapunto. Hylophilus semzcznereus viridiceps (Todd) probably occurs in the Orinoco-Guaviare region of extreme eastern Colombia, as it has been recorded by Phelps and Phelps from San Fernando de Atabapo, just on the other side of the Colombia-Venezuela border at the junction of the Orinoco, Guaviare and Atabapo Rivers.

63 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 93!> HylophEus brunneiceps brunneiceps Sclater BROWN-HEADED HYLOPHILUS Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 332, 1866 (Río Uaupés, northwestern Brazil, ex Hellmayr). Range of the species.--southern Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, northern Brazil and? south of the Amazon between the Rio Tapajoz and the Río. Tocantins. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Guainía and Vaupés regions (río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquíare; río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto). [Southern Venezuela and upper Río Negro-Rio Uaupés region of northwestern Brazil.] Hylophilus semi-brunneus Lafresnaye RUFOUS-NAPED HYLOPHILUS Rev. Zool., 8, p ("Bogotá"). Range of the SJJecies.-Extreme western Venezuela, Colombia and eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones excluding the Santa Marta region and Nariño (San Gil, "Bogotá". Fusagasugá : San Agustín, El Isno, La Manuelita 1050 m., Miraflores 2040 m.; Concordia, La Selva 1800 m., San Antonio, Lomitas, La Cumbre, Primavera). Hylophilus aurantiifrons aurantiifrons Lawrence OCHRE-FRONTED HYLOPHIL US Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 7, p. 324, 1861 (Panamá R. R. Line). Range of the species.-eastern Panamá eastward through northern Colombia and Venezuela to Trinidad1. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast region (Quimarí Los Pendales Tocahagua; Fundación, Tucurinca, Riofrío, La Tigrera, Minca, Mamatoco, Banda, Don Diego, Dibulla, Valencia). [Eastern Panamá.] Hylophilus aurantiifrons saturatus (Hellmayr) EASTERN OCHRE-FRONTED HYLOPHILUS Pachysylvia aurantiijrons saturata, _ Nov. Zool., 13, p. 12, 1906 (Capara, Trinidad). COLOMBIA.-Tropícal Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in their northern section (Palmar, Casanare). [Coast region oj Venezuela, Trinidad.] Hyl.oph ifus hypoxanthus hypoxanthus Pelzeln DUSKY-CAPPED HYLOPHILUS Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 71, 136, 1868 (Rio Ic;anna and Rio Uaupés, upper Rio Negro; Brazil).

64 936 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N Range ot the species.-the Amazon Valley from the Rio Xingú to eastern Perú and northward to southeastern Colombia and southern Venezuela. ' COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Guainia and Vaupés regions (rio Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare; rio Vaupés opposite Tauapunto). [Southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil, eastern Perú.] ':' Hylophilus hypoxanthus fuscicapillus Sclater and Salvin ECUADOR DUSKY-CAPPED HYLOPHILUS Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 155 Ecuador). (Sarayacu, eastern COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Putumayo region (Umbría). [Northeastern Perú, eastern Ecuador.] Hylophilus flavipes flavipes Lafresnaye PALE-LEGGED HYLOPHILUS Rev. Zool., 8, p. 342, 1845 ("Bogotá" ). Range oj the species.----'costa Rica to Panamá, andi across northern South America to Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-The Caribbean coast region (except Riohacha and the Guajira Península), the Magdalena Valley southward to Huila, and the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in the Villavicencio region (Turbo, east side of the Gulf of Urabá; río Sinú; Cartagena, La Pla ya, Barranquilla, Calamar; Fundación; Riofrío, La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Bonda, Quebrada Concha, Gairaca, Dibulla? thls forro, Valencia; "Bogotá", La Mesa 1320 m., Villavieja; Chicoral, Honda; Villavicencio). Additional records.- El Paraíso; Ayacucho 25 km. east of La Gloria. Hylophilus flavipes melleus Wetmore l'dacuira HYLOPHILUS Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54, p. 208, 1941 (Serranía de Macuira, near Nazaret, 300 m., La Guajira Península, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Restricted to the foothills of the Macuira Mountains, La Guajira Península (Nazaret). Hylophilus flavipes acuticaudus Lawrence BUFF-BELLIED HYLOPHILUS Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadielphia, 17, p. 37, 1865 (Puerto La Cruz, Carabobo, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-The Guajira Península (except the Macuira Mts.), southward to the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in the Zulia Valley, Tropical Zone (Riohacha, Maicao, Carraipía; La Arenosa, río Pamplonita north of Cúcuta, río Zulia, Cúcuta). [Margarita Island

65 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 937 and the Paria Peninsula southward to the Orinoco in northern and western Venezuela.] ':' Hylophilus ochraceiceps bulunensis Hartert BULÚN HYLOPHILUS Nov. Zool., 9, p. 617, 1902 (Bulún, western Ecuador). Range oj the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Bolivia and northeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone west of the Western Andes (La Guayacana; Malaguita, Potedó, rio Jurubidá). [Extreme eastern Pa. namá; northwestern Ecuador.] ':' Hylophilus ochraceiceps ferrugineifrons Sclater- Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, p. 110 ("Bogotá"). RUFOUS-FRONTED HYLOPHILUS COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", río Dudita; Morelia, Umbría; rio Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare). [Southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú.] ::: Hylophilus decurtatus darienensis (Griscom) DARIÉN HYLOPHILUS Pachysylvia minor darienensis, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 282, p. 7, 1927 (Cape Garachiné, Darién, eastern Panamá). Range oj the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone from the lower Dagua Valley northward in the Pacific coast region; eastward through the Atrato and upper Sinú regions to the middle Magdalena Valley (Cisneros, Córdoba, Malaguita, Andagoya; Qnimari; El Tambor, río Lebrija). [Eastern Panamá.] This is Pachysylvia minar of Chapman's list. Smaragdolanius pulchellus eximius (Baird) BAIRD'S GREENLET Vireolanius eximius, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1, p. 398, 1866 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. COLOMBIA.- A Tropical Zone species known o,nly from "Bogotá" collections, and a pair from La Sabana, extrem.e ~. horthwestern Venezuela on the eastern face of the Sierra de Péi-ija;'' m. Smaragdolanius pulchellus mutabilis (Nelson) CANA GREENLET Vireolanius eximius mutabilis, Smiths. Mise. Col!., 60, no. 3, p. 20, 1912 (Cana, eastern Panamá).

66 938 CALDASIA, VOL, V, N9 25 COLOMBIA.- Known from a single female from Quimarí, 700 m. [Eastern Panamá.] As far as I can ascertain this is the second known specimen of mutabilis. Compared with the type of eximius the Químarí bird differs by having the greater wing coverts olive ínstead of grass green, a difference not mentioned by Nelson. Otherwise it agrees with Nelson's description. His type was a. female, and was compared' with the type of eximius. * Smaragdolanius leucotis mikettae (Hartert) MIKETTA'S GREENLET Vireolanius mikettae, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 38, 1900 (Paramba, northwestern Ecuador). Range of the species.- Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas. southward to Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.- Subtropical Zone on the west slope of the Western Andes in the headwaters of the río San Juan, and undoubtedly Nariño (La Selva 2100 m.). [West ern Ecuador, upper Tropical Zone.] Selva. Hitherto known from two specimens. A male was secured at La. "' Cyclarhis gujanensis canticus Ba ngs SANTA MARTA PEPPER-SHRIKE Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 142, 1898 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Bolivia, Argentina and southeastern Brazil. The Island of Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast region and the Magdalena Valley (Cartagena, Los Pendales, La Peña, Aguada. de Pablo, El Paraíso sight; Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Bonda, Riohacha, La Guajira, Valencia, valle y of the río Cesare; San Gil, "Bogotá", Anolaima; Honda, Chicoral, Villa vieja). Additional records.-maicao; Arbeláez; Estación Saldaña. * Cyclarhis gujanensis parvus Chapman Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 741, 1917 (Villavicencio, Colombia). LESSER YELLOVV-BREASTED PEP?ER-SHRlKE COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes from the Zulia Valley southward to Meta and the Macarena Mts., thence eastward across the Llanos to the Orinoco (Cúcuta, río Zulia; Buena vista, Villavicencio; Maipures). [Orinoco region oj Venezuela.] Additional records.-río Guatiquía, Quenane, Ridge W. of Entrada Camp [Macarena Mts.] 1350 m.

67 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 939 Cyclarhis gujanensis gujanensis (Gmelin) GUIANAN PEPPER-SHRIKE Tanagra gujanensis, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 893, 1789 (French Guiana). COLOMBIA.-Extreme eastern Colombia in the Guainía-Rio Negro region (río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare, San Felipe). [The Guianas to eastern Perú, Matto Grosso and Maranháo.] : Cyclarhis gujanensis subsp. A single juve.nile example was secured at La Guayacana, Nariño. It probably represents a new form. No form of gujanensis is known to occur in northwestern Ecuador. Cyclarhis nigrirostris nigrirostris La fresnaye BLACK-BILLED PEPPER-SHRIKE Rev. Zool., 5, p. 133, 1842 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone excepting the Santa Marta Mts. and Nariño ("Bogotá", Aguadita; Santa Elena 2700 m., Salento, río Toche, La Candela 1650 m., La Palma; La Selva, Silencio, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo, La Gallera, Cocal). [Eastern Ecuador.] Birds from Munchique and El Tambo are intermediate between this race and the next. San Antonio specimens and one from La Selva are typical of nigrirostris. Cyclarhis nigrirostris atrirostris Sclat 2r WESTERN BLACK-BILLED PEPPER-SHRIKE Ibis, 1887, p. 324, pl. 10 (Camino de Manaví, western Ecuador). OOLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (Ricaurte 1170 m., Mayasquer 1530 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Family COEREBIDAE - THE HONEY -CREEPERS Key A. Entire under surface black, slaty, blue-black, purplish black, or greenish black a B. Under surface not of the above colors b (ajter No. 6) a. Crown, sides of head, and back bright blue ; thighs scarlet Dacnis venusta ~ Thighs not scarlet Upper surface all black or slaty black Upper tail coverts blue

68 940 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? A white patch on flanks No white on flanks With a grey or bluish grey shoulder-patch.... With no shoulder-patch Rump black like the back Rump tinged grey Rump black like the back Rump tinged grey Diglossa albilatera ~ Diglossa l. lajresnayii Diglossa carbonaria humeralis D iglossa carbonaria aterrima D iglossa carbonaria nocticolor ' 6. Crown white, or white mixed with blue Crown blue b. Under surface (sometimes excepting throat) uniform, sorne shade of blue, violet-blue or green Under surface not as described above Crown and sides of head black Crown not black Plumage verditer green with no blue tinge... Plumage with more or less of a blue tinge Plumage blue with a green tinge; cutting edge of upper mandible almost all yellow Similar, but yellow on upper mandible restricted to extreme base Similar to caerulescens, but plumage on the average less blue Plumage green with a blue tinge; yellow of upper mandible like subtropicalis Inner margins of wing quills yellow; crown silvery blue-green; throat like rest of underparts Inner margins of wing quills not yellow Conirostrum a. albijrons and centralandium ~ e! Conirostrum albi/rons atrocyaneum Chlorophanes spiza exsul e! Chlorophanes spiza subtropicali s e! Chlorophanes spiza caerulescens ~ Chlorophanes s. spiza e! Chlorophanes spiza arguta e! Crown-patch divided from black of back by 11. Silvery )Jlue crown-patch extending over nape Cyanerpes cyaneus eximius e! 12. Upper surface uniform Mantle black in contrast to rest of upper parts Upper surface grass green Upper surface not grass green purplish blue Cyanerpes cyaneus pacijicus, gemmeus, and carneipes e! e!

69 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Crown and sides of head blue; throat bluegrey Crown uniform with rest of back Wings solid black; bill curved downward ; throat black Wings not solid black; lower mandible upcurved, or tip of bill slightly hooked Bill mm Bill over 14 mm General color blue with little violet tinge.... General plumage violet-blue General plumage shining ultramarine blue, including forehead General plumage including sides of head dull bluish grey; forehead black General plumage blue or dull blue; forehead and sides of head black En tire under surface including throat verditer green or verditer blue Throat-patch black General plumage violet-blue Plumage blue with little or no violet tinge Throat with a slight greenish gloss Throat with no greenish gloss Breast scarlet; back, throat and upper chest blue; back streaked paler Breast-band scarlet; back, throat and upper chest sandy brown With no scarlet in the plumage Under parts chestnut, rufous, or buffy, or partly so Under parts with no chestnut, rufous or buffy color Wing about 90 mm.; cheeks silvery; eyebrow and under parts chestnut Wing 70 mm. or less; cheeks not silvery Throat and foreneck black Throat and foreneck not black Malar stripe, breast and belly chestnut.... No malar stripe Dacnis cayana < > Chlorophanes spiza < > excepting subtropicalis: Cyanerpes nttidus (! 17 Cyanerpes lucidus isthmicus ~ Cyanerpes caeruleus ~ D i glossa indigotica Diglossa caerulescens Diglossa cyanea Dacnis vi~uieri (! 20 Dacnis cayana coerebicolor and baudoana ~ (! 21 Dacnis cayana glaucogularis ~ Dacnis cayana cayana, napaea, and ultramarina ~ (! Dacnis berlepschi ~ Dacnis berlepschi < > Oreomanes jraseri Diglossa carbonaria brunneiventris 27

70 942 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ Mantle blue Mantle black Entire under parts, sides of head, forehead, and eyebrow, bright, deep ferruginous.... Under parts dar k to very pale buff Eyebrow buff; wing coverts margined white; wing speculum white With no eyebrow; no wing speculum Crown blue; back olive-green; under tail (;O\" erts deep buff Crown and mantle dusky bluish gr.; rump bright bluish green Crown not blue or bluish green Upper surface plumbeous or bluish grey; front and sides of head blackish Above uniform grey; sides of head buffy like chest and throat; bill sharply pointed Upper surface not grey; bill hooked at tip Above brown; a concealed white patch on flanks; wing coverts plain JI bove olive brown; no white flank-patch ; wing coverts margined paler Under parts and rump yellow; throat grey; long eyebrow white Different from above Entire mantle greyish to olive brown Entire mantle brown or chocolate-brown Rump golden yellow Rump olive yellow Above green; breast streaked green to bluegreen Breast unstreaked Wing mm.; inner web of primaries pale yellow Wing 58 mm., or less; inner webs of primaries dark Crown green; lores and sides of head buff... Lores green, sides of head green or bluish green 39. Crown strongly bluish; bill about 15 mm.... Crown green ; bill about 12 mm With black above With no black above Conirostrum sitticolor Diglossa lajresnayii gloriosissima Conirostrum rujum 29 Conirostrum cinereum 30 Conirostrum speciosum < > Dacnis venusta < > 31 Diglossa baritula ~ Conirostrum leucogenys 32 (~ imm.) Diglossa albilatera < > Diglossa baritula < > Coereba jlaveola (except 35 those below) Coereba flaveola luteola Coereba jlaveola gorgonae Cyanerpes cyaneus < > 38 Cyanerpes caeruleus < > 39 Cyanerpes lucidus < > Cyanerpes nitidus < > 41 42

71 R. ~/!. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Crown dull green; mantle black; rump and under parts yellow Whole head and throat black; a yellow collar on hind neck Under surface blue, a white stripe down center of abdomen Under surface blue-green, a sulphur-yellow stripe down center of abdomen Upper surface, throat and breast. purplish blue; center of belly white, washed black... With no purplish blue color in the plumage Upper surface pale to dark grey or blue-grey. Upper surface bright green to dull olive Crown black; under eye and ear-coverts white; under tail coverts chestnut Crown grey like the back Under surface yellowish grey; wing 51 mm. or less Wing about 60 mm Wing speculum white; under tail coverts chestnut; feet dark No wing speculum; under tail coverts like rest of under parts; feet pale Upper surface grass green; throat yellow, breast and abdomen flammulated with yellow Upper surface not bright grass green With blue or bluish green about the head..... With no blue about the head !}. Sides of head and rumo bright bluish green ; underr tail coverts rusty buff Under tail coverts not rusty buff Crown blue; throat and breast grey, abdomen olive Crown bluish green; entire under surface including under tail coverts soiled white Under surface yellowish green to olive green, yellower in center of abdomen Under surface not definitely yellow in center of abdomen Throat brighter yellow-green than rest of under parts Throat duller yellow-green than center of abdomen Above uniform olive green; center of abdomen brighter yellow than rest of under parts..... Similar, but rump brighter olive-green than back Above more or less bright green; below olivegreen, center of belly pale yellow Dacnis jlav iventer J Iridophanes pulcherrima Dacnis lineata lineata J Dacnis lineata egregia J Dacnis albiventris J 43 ' Coni rostrum leucogenys J 45 Conirost rum l eucogenys Conirostrwn speciosum ~ Conirostrum bicolor J Chlorophanes spiza subtropicalis <? Dacnis venusta <? 50 Conirostrum albi jrons <? Coni r ostru m speciosum <? Coni rostrum bicolor (imm.) 53 Dacn is lineata egregia <? Dacnis albiventris <( Dacnis viguieri 9.

72 944 CALDASIA; VOL. V, NQ Throat and breast greyish bluish green; center of abdomen whitish, flanks green Dacnis lineata lineata!;> Throat not greyish Above olive grey; below whitish, yellow on throat Conirostrum bicolor!;> Above brownish olive; below soiled whitish olive Dacnis flaviventer!;> Diglossa baritula hyperythra Cabanis CABANrs' DIGLOSSA Mus. Hein.. 1, p. 97, 1851 (Caracas, Venezuela) Range oj the species.--méxico southward through Central America to western Venezuela, Bolivia, and Argentina. COLOMBIA.--Subtropical Zone of the Santa Marta region, straggling as low as 600 m. (San Sebastián, El Mamón, 2400 m., San Miguel,.Santa Cruz, Pueblo Viejo). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Diglossa baritula d'orbignyi (Boissonneau) D'ORBIGNY'S DIGLOSSA Uncirostrum d'orbignyi, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 5,.. 18,40 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Eastern, Central, and east slope of the Western Andes, southward to Nariño, where also found in the Tempera te Zone (Muzo, La Holanda 2555 m., "Bogotá", Quetame 1530 m.; Retiro, Salento 1500 m., río Toche, San Agustín, La Candela, Miraflores; Concordia, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique 2500 m. El Tambo; Sandoná, Ancuya, Yananchá, Cordillera de Guamués 3400 m.). [Andes oj western Venezuela.].Additional records.--choachí, Sabana de Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria in Bogotá; Totoró 2570 m., Popayán. This is Diglossa sittoides similis of Chapman's list. Diglossa lafresnayii lafresnayii (Boissonneau) LAFRESNA YE'S DIGLOSSA Uncirostrum lajresnayii, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 4, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the. S,Pt?Gi.es.--Westerp. Venezuela and Colombia southward through tb;~ : J:!lountains to BbUvi.. COLOMBIA._.:_Upper Subtropical to J'emperate Zones of the Eastern and Central Andes, and the mountains of Nariño (Pamplona, Las Ventanas, Ramírez, "Bogotá", Choachí 2000 m., Chipaque: La Leonera 3660 m., Santa Isabel, Laguneta,.Almaguer 2250 m.; Pasto, Cumbal 3420 m., Chiles, Mayasquer). [Western Venezuela; Ecuador, northwestern Perú.]

73 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE.BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 945 Diglossa lafresnayii gloriosissima Chapman WEST ANDEAN DIGLOSSA Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 165, 1912 (Andes west of Popayán, 3100 m., Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the Western Andes from Mt. Paramillo to the mountains west of Popayán (Paramillo 3750 m., And-es west of Popayán 3100 m.). : Diglossa carbonaria nocticolor Bangs SANTA MARTA DIGLOSSA Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 180, 1898 (Macotama, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.-western Venezuela and Colombia southward through the mountains to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts., m. (El Líbano, Macotama, Pára mo de Macotama, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada 1800 m., San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Páramo de Mamarongo, Páramo de Chirúa, Heights of Chirúa). IDi.g!ossa carbonaría h'!m,eralis (Fraser) GREY-SHOULDERED DIGLOSSA ("Bogotá"). Agrilorhinus humeralis, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1840, p. 22 COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones on both slopes of the Eastern Andes (near Ocaña, Pamplona, Ramírez, Las Ventanas, near Bucaramanga 2700 m., La Pica, Lagunillas 3300 m., Palo!Hueco 2210 m., La Pradera, La Mar, Subia, "Bogotá", Chipaque). [Extreme western Venezuela.] Additional records.-zipaquirá, Subachoque, Choachí. : Diglossa carbonaría aterrima Lafresnaye BLACK DIGLOSSA Rev. Zool., 9, p. 319, 1846 (Pasto, Nariño, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Central Andes from the Quindío region southward, the Western Andes in the region of Cerro Munchique, and: the mountains of Nariño (Santa Isabel, Salento 2100 m., Laguneta 3000 m., Nevado del Tolima 3000 m., Almaguer Munchique 1800 m.; Pasto, Chorreado, Guanderal, Puerres, Chiles 3600 m., Cumbal 3150 m.). [Ecuador, northwestern Perú.] Diglossa.carbonaria brunneiventris Lafresnaye. BLACK-THROATED DIGLOSSA Rev. Zool., 9, p. 318, 1846 (Perú). COLOMBIA.-Known in Colombia from isolated colonies in the upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones at the northern end of both

74 946 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 the Western and Central Andes (Paramillo 3750 m.; Santa Elena, high mountains near Medellín, Angelópolis). [Northwestern Bolivia, Perú, except northwest.] Diglossa albilatera albilatera Lafresnaye Rev. Zool., 6, p. 99, 1843 ("Bogotá" ). WHITE-SIDED DIGLOSSA Range ot the species.-northern Venezuela a nd Colombia southward through the mountains to northern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. and the three Andean ranges southward to Nariño (Las Nubes, El Líbano, Cerro Quemado, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada m., Cerro de Caracas, Páramo de Macotama, Taquina, San Miguel, Heights of Chirúa, Chirúa, La Concepción, El Mamón, San Sebastián; Herradmra, Canuto, Cachirí, Las Ventanas, Bucaramanga, Pamplona, "Bogotá", Choachí, Buenavista [Meta], El Peñón, El Roble, Aguadita, Buena vista [Huila]; Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Retiro, Salento, Laguneta, Río Toche, El Edén, Míraflores, La Plata, San Agustín, La Candela, Coconuco 3000 m., Almaguer; Paramillo Trail 2700 m., San Antonio, La Gallera, Andes west of Popayán 3100 m., Cerro Munchique; Chorreado, Mayasquer, Ricaurte 1180 m., Cerro Pax). [Ecuador, except southwest.] A dditional records.-el Tambo, Crucero. Diglossa indigotica Sclater INDIGO DIGLOSSA Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 17, p. 467, 1856 (Western Ecuador). Range ot the species.- Western Colombia, western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the west ern slope of the Western Andes north to the headwaters of the río San Juan. Not yet recorded from NaTiño. (La,. Selva m., Nóvita Trail 2160 m., La Gallera 2100 m., río Mechengue 720 m.). This is Diglossa cryptorhis of Chapman's list. Diglossa caerulescens saturata (Todd) COLOMBIAN BLUISH DIGLOSSA Diglossopis caerulescens saturata, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30, p. 128, 1917 (La Palmita, "Santander" [error: Dept Magdalena], Colombia). Range ot the species.-venezuela and Colombia. Southern Ecuador to northern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the three Andean ranges southward to Nariño (La Palmita, Cachirí, Portrerras [ = Potreros], Las Ventanas, Páramo de Tamá, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", El Peñón, Buena vista [Huila]; Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Laguneta, El Edén, Toche, Almaguer; Tatamá Mt., Nóvita Trail m., Andes west of Popayán 3100 m., Munchique 1700 m.; Mayasquer 2520 m.). [Western Venezuela.] Additional records.-choachí; Tijeras, Moscopán 2800 m.

75 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 947 Diglossa cyanea cyanea (Lafresnaye) MASKED DIGLOSSA Uncirostrum cyaneum, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 102, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-western Venezuela and Colombia southward to northern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the Andes excluding the Santa Marta Mts. (Páramo de Tamá, Bucaramangá La Pica, Choachí, "Bogotá", El Peñón, El Roble, Aguadita, Buenavista [Huila] ; Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Medellín, Retiro, Zancudo, Santa Isabel, Laguneta, río Toche, El Edén, Coconuco, Almaguer; La Selva, San Antonio, Andes west of Popayán, Munchique 1800 m.;!les, Chiles 3600 m., Cumbal, Mayasquer, Cerro Pax). [Western Venezuela; Ecuador,? northwestern Perú.] Addiitional records.-lago de La Cocha 2800 m. This is Diglossa personata of Chapman's list. Chlorophanes spiza arguta Bangs and Barbour Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,65, p. 225, 1922 (Dívala, western Panamá). COSTA RICAN GREEN HONEY-CREEPER Range of the species.-guatemala southward over South America to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northwestern Colombia and the Pacific coast from the Panamá border to the Baudó Mts. and the Atrato Valley (Jura:dó, Punta Ardita, río Jurubidá, Baudó Mts. above the río Atrato 900 m.). [Southern Costa Rica and Panamá.] Chlorophanes spiza subtropicalis Todd COLOMBIAN BLUE-GREEN HONEY-CREEPER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 37, p. 122, 1924 (La Cumbre, Western Andes, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Western Andes south of the range of arguta, from the headwaters of the río San Juan southward to the Dagua Valley and Buenaventura, eastward in the cauca Valley, the Central Andes and the middle and upper Magdalena Valley to the west slope of the Eastern Andes (Santa Cecilia 720 m., La Selva 2100 m., Nóvita, Noanamá, Buenaventura, San José, Lomitas, Bitaco Valley, La Cumbre, San Antonio,.Cauca Seca, Ríolima; Concordia, Jericó; La Frijolera, Medellín, Salento, Miraflores, La Palma, San Agustín, El Isno; west of Honda, Remedios; El Tambor, San Nicolás, Canta, Bucaramanga, El Consuelo, "Bogotá", Aguadita). Muzo. Additional records.-palestina 1800 m.; below San.Migue) 2300 m., Birds from El Tambor, río Lebrija, and probably those from Canta, San Nicolás, and Bucaramanga are not at all typical of this race but are intermediate in color between subtropicalis and arguta. Males are

76 948 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 much less blue than a large series from Santa Cecilia and La Selva. In two females examined one resembles the female of subtropicalis, the other that of arguta. Birds recorded by Phelps and Phelps from the east slope of the Sierra de Perijá, Zulia, La Fría, Táchira, and El Vigía, Mérida, as subtropicalis probably are rather similar to the El Tambor birds. Chlorophanes spiza exsul Berlepsch and Taczanowski PACIFIC GREEN HONEY-CREEPER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 543 (Chimbo, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the west slope of the Western Andes from the vicinity of Cerro Munchique southward (Cocal 1200 m., La Costa). [Western Ecuador.] Additional records.-río Patía 900 m. A single female from La Costa agrees with Ecuador birds rather than with subtropicalis. Although Chlorophanes has not been recorjed as yet from Nariño, exsul is undoubtedly found there. : Chlo:t:ophanes spiz, t caerqlescens Cassin AMAZONIAN BLUE-GREEN HONEY-CREEPER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, p. 268, 1864 (Yuracares, Bolivia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward to western Caquetá andi Putumayo ("Bogotá", El Baldío near Quetame, Villavicencio; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas; río Putumayo near Cuembí). [Eastern Ecuador to Bolivia.] Replaced farther east in the Guainía, Río Negro and Vaupés regions by the typical form. Chlorophanes spiza spiza (Linnaeus) GREEN HONEY-CREEPER Motacilla spiza, Syst. Na t., ed. 10, 1, p. 188, 1758 (Surinam). COLOMBIA.- The Rio Negro-Río Guainía region (San Felipe, Macacuní). [The Guianas, Trinidad, northeastern and southern Venezuela, southward to the Rio Uaupés, Rio Tapajoz, and Maranháo.] Iridophanes putcherrima pulcherrima (Sclater) YELLOW-COLLARED IRIDOPHANES Dacnis pulcherrima, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 480, 1853 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species.-colombia, eastern and western Ecuador southward to southeastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Probably the east slope of the Eastern Andes, but known only from "Bogotá" trade skíns. [Subtropical Zone ot eastern Ecuador and eastern Perú.]

77 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 949 Cyanerpes cyaneus gemmeus W etmore MACUIRA HONEY-CREEPER Proc. Biol. rsoc. Washington, 54, p. 209, 1941 (Above Nazaret, 180 m., Serranía de Macuira, La Guajira, Colombia). Range oj the species.-méxico southward through Central America to western Ecuador and northern Venezuela, southward to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. Cuba. Jamaica. Tobago. Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the humid forest belt of the Serranía de Macuíra, La Guajira Península (above Nazaret). ':' Cyanerpes cyaneus eximios (Cabanis) CARIBBEAN HONEY-CREEPER Arbelorhina eximia, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1851 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region, and the west slope of the Eastern Andes south to the vicinity of Bucaramanga (Don Diego, Cacagualito, Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, Las Vegas, Riofrío, Tucurinca; "Cartagena" [?] ; Manaure, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá"). [Caribbean coast oj Venezuela.] Additional records.-tierra Nueva [Sierra de Perijá] 600 m. According to Dugand (in lit.) the bird is not known to range west of the Santa Marta region and therefore the Cartagena record is drüubtful. It is probably based on a cage bird. Cyanerpes cyaneus carneipes (.Sclater) FLESH-LEGGED HONEY-CREEPER Coereba carneipes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 376 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, México). COLOMBIA.-Known only from southwestern Bolívar in the upper Sinú Valley (Quimarí). [México to Panamá.] Cyanerpes cyaneus dispar Zimmer VENEZUELAN HONEY-CREEPER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1203, p. 10, 1942 (Buenavista, río Casiquiare, southwestern Venezuela) COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from the Catatumbo basin southward to Meta, and eastward to the Río Negro Río Guainía region (Petrólea, La Javilla; "Bogotá", Villavicencio; río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare, Macacuní). ::: Cyanerpes cyaneus pacificus Chapman PACIFIC HONEY-CREEPER Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 655, 1915 (Barbacoas, Nariño, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the Baudó

78 950 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ Mts. southwar-ct (Nuquí, Pizarra, Buenaventura, San Jos":, 0isneros. Barbacoas, Tumaco). [Northwestern Ecuador.] Additional recor-ds.-bahía de Málaga. A record of Coereba cyanea from "N. W. coast ot S. America" probably belongs here (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mu ~., 11, p. 33, 1386). Cyanerpes cyaneus gigas Thay~ :.. and Bangs GORGONA ISLAND HONEY-CREEPER Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 96, 1905 (Gorgona Island, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Gorgona Island, off the coast of Nariño. Cyanerpes caeruleus caeruleus (Linnaeus) PURPLE HONEY-CREEPER Certhia caer ulea, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 118, 1758 (Surinam). Range o the species.--colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, south to Maranhao, Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region (Banda, Minca, Onaca, Las Nubes, Donama, Cacagualito, Agua Dulce, Las Vegas 1200 m., Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo). [Venezuela and the Guianas to Maranháo and the Río Tapajoz.] Cyanerpes caeru\eus microrhynchus (Berlepsch) SMALL-BILLED HONEY-CREEPER Coereba caer ulea microrhyncha, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 287, 1884 (Bucaramanga, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northern Colombia from the upper Sinú to the middle Magdalena Valley. East of the Eastern Andes from Meta and Caquetá eastward to the Vaupés and Rio Guainía Rio Negro regions (Quimarí; Remedios, west of Honda, Bucaramanga; "Bogotá"; Buenavista, Villavicencio; Morelia, Belén; río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare, San Felipe; río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto). [Western Ve nezuela, eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú, Bolivia.] Additional records.-ridge W. of Entra-da Camp [Macarena Mts.] 1350 m. ~ Cyanerpes caeruleus chocoanus Hellmayr CHOCÓ HONEY -CREEPER Arch. Naturg., 85, A, heft 10, p. 14 (footnote), 1920 ("San Joachim del Chocó" = San Joaquín, near Buenaventura, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Atrato Valley and the entire Pacific coast (río Juradó, Baudó Mts. above the Atrato River 1350 m., Quibdó, El Tambo [Chocd], Ta-dó, Santa Cecilia, Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita, Noanamá, rio Cajón, San Joaquín near Buenaventura; Barbacoas).

79 R. M, DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 951 Cyanerpes lucidus isthmicus Bangs ISTHMIAN HONEY-CREEPER Auk, 24, p. 306, 1917 (Paso Real, Costa Rica). Range ot the species.- Guatemala to northwestern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Extreme northwestern Colombia in the Tropical Zone (río Juradó). [Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panamá.] Cyanerpes nitidus caquetae de Schauensee CAQUETÁ HONEY-CREEPER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 99, p. 119, 1947 (Belén, m., Caquetá, Colombia). Range ot the species.- Eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Río Negro region of northwestern Brazil to eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú and Matto Grosso. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Caquetá ("Bogotá"; Belén). Replaced farther east in the eastern Vaupés, Guainía and Río Negro regíons by the typical form. Cyanerpes nitidus nitidus (Hartlaub) SHORT-BILLED HONEY-CREEPER Coereba nitida, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 84, 1847 (Northern Perú). COLOMBIA.-Known only from extreme eastern Colombia along the Guainía and Río Negro (río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare, Macacuní). [Range of the species except the Caquetá region.] : Dacnis cayana napaea Bangs SANTA MARTA DACNIS Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 143, 1898 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.-nicaragua southward to Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region westv:ard along the Caribbean coast to southwestern Bolívar (Dibulla, Don Diego, Donama, Cacagualito, Banda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Trojas de Cataca, Riofrío, Tucurinca, Fundación; Los Pendales sight; Químari). : Dacnis cayana coerebicolor Sclater PURPLE-BLUE DACNIS. Colombia). Contrib. Orn., 1851, pp ("Bogotá" = Magdalena Valley, COLOMBIA.-The lower Cauca and the middle and upper Magdalena Valleys (Puerto Valdivia; Remedios, near Honda; El Tamborr Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", Andalucía 900 m. [west slope]).

80 952 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 ':' Dacnis cayana ultramarina Lawrence ULTRAMARINE DACNIS Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila delphia, 16, p. 106, 1864 (Lion Hill, Panam á Canal Zone). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of extreme northwestern Colombia (río Juradó). [Panamá to Nicaragua.] IDacnis cayana baudoana de Schauensee BAUDÓ DACNIS Not. Naturae, n o. 167, p. 3, 1946 (Río Baudó, Chocó, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the Baudó Mts. southward (Nuquí, río Baudó, Santa Cecilia, Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita, Noanamá, Tadó, Sipí, San José, Jiménez, río Oscuro; Barbacoas, Buenavista, La Guayacana). [? Western Ecuador.] ':' Dacnis cayana cayana (Linna eus) CA YENNE DACNIS M otacilla cayana, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 336, 1766 (Ca yenne). COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta eastward to the Orinoco, Río Negro, and Vaupés regions ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Maipures; San Felipe; río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto). [Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, the Amazon Valley to the Río Madeira; Matto Grosso.] Additional records.-acacías. A single male from Villavicencio is closest to this form but bluer than any Venezuela or Guiana specimen examined\. Replaced fa rther south by the next form. Dacnis cayana glaucogularis Berlepsch and Stolzmann DULL-THROATED DACNIS Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 336 (La Merced, Junín, Perú). COLOMBIA.-The Caquetá and Putumayo regions south of the range of cayana ("Bogotá"; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Umbría). [Eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú, northern Bolivia.] Specimens from Florencia and Morelia are rather closer to the present form, although not perfectly typical. Dacnis: lineata egregia Sclater YELLOW-VENTED DACNIS Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1854", 1855, p. 251 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-the Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia southward to western Ecuador, Bolivia, and the Amazon Valley to Par á. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of the upper and middle. Magdalena

81 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 953 and the lower Cauca Valleys (Purificación Chicoral Honda Rem e- dios, río Nechí; El Tambor, Bucaramanga, ' "Bogotá"). ' Additional recor<ils.- Muzo. Dacnis lineata lineata (Gmelin) W HITE-VENTED DACNIS Motacilla lineata, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 990, 1789 (Cayenne). COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Morelia, Belén, Rumiyaco, Umbría, Puerto Asís, Cuembí; San Felipe, Macacuní). [Range ot the species,east ot the Andes.] Additional records.-lower río Igará-pa raná [skins on Indian ornament.] This ís Dacnis angelica of Chapman's list. Dacnis viguieri Salvin and Godma n VIGUIER' S DACNIS Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 246, pl. 15 A, fig. 3, 1883 (Isthmus of Darién, eastern Panamá). Range ot the species.-eastern Panamá and northwestern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northwestern Colombia (rio Juradó 90 m., río Salaquí 270 m.; Quimarí). A single male from Quimarí agrees with a male from El Brazo, Darién, eastern Panamá (U. S. Nat. Mus. Collection) in having the nape and sides of the head strongly bluish. Mr. Bond has examined the type of D. viguieri in París and finds that the bird is very verditer green with little blue tinge. The specimen, however, was preserved in formalin; therefore, little reliance can be placed: on its coloration. Specimens from Juradó have the si<des of the head and nape very green, the same color as the crown. Dacnis flaviventer Lafresnaye and d'orbigny YELLOW-BELLIED DACNIS Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, p. 21, 1837 (Yuracares, Bolivia). Range ot the species.-venezuela and southeastern Colombia southward in western South America to Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes in Caquetá. a nd Putumayo ("Bogotá"; Morelia, Belén, Umbría, río Sucumbíos). ':' Dacnis venusta fu1iginata Ba n gs COLOMBIAN SCARLET-THIGHED DACNIS Proc. Biol. soc. Washington, 21, p. 160, 1908 (Jiménez, Dagua Valley, Western Andes, Colombia). Range of the species.-costa Rica to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the entire Pacific coast, eastward

82 954 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 to the lower Cauca and middle Magdalena Valleys (La Guayacana, Barbacoas, río Dagua, Jiménez, Noanamá, Nóvita, Bagadó, Tadó, Santa Cecilia 720 m., Nuquí, Juradó; Puerto Valdivia; Remedios). [Eastern Panamá; western Ecuador.] Dacnis berlepschi Hartert BERLEPSCH'S DACNIS Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 37, 1900 (Lita, northwestern EcuaJdor). Range oj the species.-extreme southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone in southwestern Nariño (La Guayacana, 225 m.). A very rare bird of apparently limited distribution. In addition to the Colombian record ( ~, e;> ), it is known only from Lita, Carondelet, and San Javier in northwestern Ecuador. ~' Dacnis albiventris (Sclater) WHITE-VENTED DACNIS Pipraeidea albiventris, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 8, 1852 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-eastern Colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the base of the Eastern Andes from Meta to Putumayo ("Bogotá", Llanos of Rio Meta, Umbría). ~' Coereba flaveola luteoia (Cabanis) CARIBBEAN BANANAQUIT Venezuela). Certhiola luteola, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1851 (Puerto Cabello, Range oj the species.- The Bahama Islands and almost all the islands in the Caribbean Sea. México southward through Central America to Argentin,a and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from the Golf of Urabá to the lower Magtd'a!ena Valley and the Santa Marta region, where found up to about 1400 m. The northern end of the Eastern Andes southward to the Zulia Valley in Norte de Santander. (Turbo, Quimarí, río Sinú; Cartagena, Los Pendales, La Peña, Aguada de Pablo, La Playa, El Paraíso sight; Fundación, Tucurinca, Riofrío, Ciénaga, Punta Caimán, Las Vegas, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Bonda, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Chirúa, La Concepción, Riohacha, Valledopar; Guayabal, Cúcuta). [Northern Venezuela; Tobago; Trinidad.] * Coereba flaveola cotumbiana (Cabanis) COLOMBIAN BANANAQUIT Certhiola columbiana, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 412, 1865 ("Bogotá" ). COLOMBIA.-Northwestern Antioquia ( excepting the Urabá region) and the lower Cauca Valley, eastward to the middle and upper Magdalena Valley and southwal'ld: from Santander to Huila. The eastern base of the Eastern Anides in Meta. Tropical and lower Sub-

83 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 955 tropical Zones up to about 1700 m. (Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Peque; Medellín, Remedios, 'Honda, Chicoral, El Isno 1700 m., San Agustín, La Candela; ~1 ~a~bor, Bucaramanga, Alto de la Paz, "Bogotá", Fusagasl!~á, VrllavreJa\ Andalucía; Buenavista [Meta], Villavicencio). López. Addrtwnal recora s.-apulo, Santandercito; Quenane, Puerto Birds from El Tambor and Bucarama nga, Santander are intermediate between this race and luteola and might just' as well be called by the latter name. Coereba flaveola mínima (Bonaparte) CAYENNE BANANAQUIT Certhiola minima, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. París, 38, p. 259, 1854 (Cayenne). COLOMBIA.-Extreme eastern Colombia on the Río Negro (Macacuní). [From French and Dutch Guiana to the Río Negro; the Casiguiare regían ot Venezuela.] Re.placed in the upper Guainia region by C. t. i n t ermedia. Coereba flaveola intermedia (Salvadori and Festa) INTERMEDIATE BANANAQUIT Certhiola intermedia, Bol!. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, no. 357, p. 13, 1899 (Gualaquiza, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones Ol'l both slopes of the Andes of Nariño, eastward through south-eastern Colombia to the Guainia-Casiquiare junction, but not the Río Negro south of the Casiquiare (Tumaco, Perlasivi 1530 m., La Guayacana, Buenavista, Ricaurte; Río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare). [Western and eastern Ecuador and northern Perú eastward to northwestern Brazil on the Rio Uaupés. Southern Venezuela in the Yavita-Pimichín Guainía regían.] Replaced on the Río Negro, south of the Casiquiare, by C. t. mínima. Coereba flaveola caucae Chapman CAUCA BANANAQUIT Colombia). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 186, 1914 (Cali, Cauca Valley, COLOMBIA.-Tropical a:nd lower Subtropical Zones. The upper Atrato Valley, the Ba:udó region and the río San Juan Valley on the Pacific coast, the Western Andes south to the region about Cerro Munchique. The upper Cauca Valley. (Nuqui, río Baudó, La Selva 1800 m., Pueblorrico, Suarraga, Juntas de Tamaná, Lomitas, San Antonio 1980 m., río Mechengue, río Munchique; Riofrio, Cali, Palmira, east of Palmira). Adlditional records.-popayán.

84 956 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 : Coereba flaveola gorgonae Thayer and Bangs Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 97, 1905 (Gorgona Island, Colombia). GORGONA BANANAQUIT COLOMBIA.-Gorgona Island, off the coast of Nariño. Conirostrum speciosum amazonum (Hellmayr) (1) AMAZONIAN CONE-BILL Ateleodacnis speciosa amazonum, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, (1), p. 106, 1917 (Tarapoto, northeastern Perú). Range ot the species.-the Guianas, Brazil, eastern Colombia southward through eastern Perú to Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Probably Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes, but known only from "Bogotá" trade skins. [Western Venezuela; Ecuador, northeastern Perú, the upper Amazon Valley and northern Bolivia.] : Conirostrum leucogenys leucogenys ( Lafresnaye) (1) WHITE-EARED CONE-BILL, Dacnis leucogenys, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 470, 1852 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-eastern Panamá, northern Colombia, western and northern Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from the Sinú Valley eastward to the Santa Marta region, and southward up the Magdalena Valley to Huila. Not yet recorded from Atlántico. (Quimarí; Fundación, Tucurinca, Aracataca, Riofrío, Valencia; Algodonal, near El Banco, Gamarra, Aguachica, Honda, Villavieja, "Bogotá"). [Eastern Panamá, northern Venezuela.] Conirostrum l. panamensis Griscom 1d'oes not appear separable. Conirostrum bicolor bicolor (Vieillot) ( 1) BICOLORED CONE-BILL (Cayenne). Sylvia bicolor, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér., 2, p. 32, pl. 90 bis, 1807 Range ot the species.-northern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas southward to southeastern Brazil, the Río Madeira and eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.- Mangroves of the Caribbean littoral in the delta of the Magdalena River and arounct the Ciénaga Grande (Las Flores sight, Punta Caimán, Puebloviejo [near Ciénaga], Ciénaga, Sevillano). [Venezuela to the Guianas and southward through eastern Brazil to Rio de Janeiro.] (1 ) Ateleodacnis auct.

85 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 957 Conirostrum sitticolor sitticolor Lafresnaye PURPLE CONE-BILL Rev. Zool., 3, p. 102, 1840 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species.-western Venezuela and' Colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Andes, excepting the Santa Marta Mts. (Peñablanca, "Bogotá", Choachí, Chipaque, El Peñón; La Leonera 3660 m., Santa Isabel, Laguneta m., Almaguer, Valle de las Papas 3150 m.; Andes west of Popayán; Yananchá 1500 m.). [Ecuador and northwestetn Perú.] Additional records.-paletará; Páramo del Tábano. Conirostrum rufum Lafresnaye RUFOUS-BROWED CONE-BILL Mag. Zool. (2), 5, el. 2, text to pi. 35, p. 3, 1843 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species.-colombia. COLOMBIA.-The mountains of Santa Marta and the upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes south "to the Bogotá region (Páramo de Chirúa, Páramo de Macbtama, Páramo de Mamarongo, Páramo de Chirúgua 3300 m.; Páramo de Guerrero, above Vetas 3050 m., Lagunillas, " Bogotá", Choachí, Chipaque, Palo Hueco, La Porquera, Subia). Ad:ditional records.-subachoque, Suba. Conirostrum cinereum fraseri Sclater FRASER' s CONE-BILL Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 452 (Cuenca, Ecuador). Range ot the species.-southwestern Colombia southward to Bolivia al11d' northern Chile. COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the mountains of Na riño northward to the junction of the Central and Eastern Andes (Cumbal m., Chiles 3330 m., Guanderal; Valle de las Papas 3150 m.). [Ecuador.] Addítional records.-páramo del Tábano 3200 m. Conirostrum albifrons albifrons Lafresnaye WHITE-CAPPED CONE-BILL Rev. Zool., 5, p. 301, 1842 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-northern and western Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes (Ramírez, Cachirí, La Pica, "Bogotá", P alo Hueco, El Roble 2430 m., Subía). [Táchira, Venezuela.] Conirostrum a!bifrons centraiandium d ~ Schauensee QUINDÍO CONE-BILL Not. Naturae, no. 167, p. 5, 1946 (Laguneta, 2100 m., Dept. Caldas, Quindío region, Central Andes of Colombia).

86 958 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 COLOMBIA.--Subtropical and Temperate Zones on both slopes of the Central Andes (Santa Elena, vicinity of Medellín, Santa Isabel 3600 m., Laguneta 2700 m., above Salento, Toche, La Candela 1600 m., Almaguer). ':' Conirostrum a!bifrons atrocyaneum Lafresnaye BLUE-CAPPED Rev. Zool. 11, p. 9, 1848 (Eastern Ecuador). CONE-BILL COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the mountains of Nariño northward in the western Andes to the slopes above Cali (Mayasquer 2340 m.; Cerro Munchique m., San Antonio). [Eastern and western Ecuador, northern Perú.] Oreomanes fraseri fraseri Sclat zr FRASER'S GIANT CONE-BILL Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 75, pl. 159 (Panza, Chimborazo, Ecuador). Range of the species.--southwestern Colombia, southward through the Andes to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tempera te Zone of the Andes of Nariño ("Pasto"). [Ecuador and northern Perú.] Family P ARULIDAE- THE WOOD-W ARBLERS Key A. Breast, sides of breast or flanks streaked a B. Under surface unstreaked b (alter No. 16 ) a. Upper parts streaked Upp cr parts unstreal :ed l. With yellow, orange, or olive yellow in the plumage With no yellow or olive yellow in the plumage 7 2. Throat and upper breast bright orange Dendroica fusca ~ ( *) Throat not bright orange Throat a nd upper breast black ; forehead, line over eye a nd cheeks yellow ; plumage above bright olive green Dendroica virens ~ Throat not black With a yellow patch at sides of breast Without a yellow patch at sides of breast ( ) Males in breeding plumage.

87 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Back bluish grey streaked with black Back brown streaked with dusky blackish Throat yellow or buffy yellow; inner vane of outer rectrix white with black at tip Throat olive yellow ; outer rectrices dark with white at tip Upper surface greyish blue; a band of small greyish black streaks across chest.... No band across chest Crown with white central streak; back black and white Crown so lid black; back olive grey streaked black Wing 70 mm. or more ; appearance thrush-like Wing 70 mm. or less; appearance warbler-like 10. Back olive or brownish olive green; coronal streak rufous or orange-tawny, bordered with black on each side.... Back olive brown or brown; no coronal streak 11. Under surface white or tinged with buff; throat unspotted Under surface strongly tinged yellow; throat ~~~ Under surface mainly whitish.... Under surface mainly yellow Sides of head yellow; back bright olive.... Sides of head gr.eyish; back dull bluish green. 14. Back grey or greyish olive-green; a band of spots across breast (thick and black in ad. ~, less distinct in g and young ~ ).... Back olive yellow or yellowish olive-green Forecrown yellow; streaks on breast rufous... Crown rufous Throat yellow ; streaks on breast rufous Crown, throat and upper breast rufous b. With no yellow on under parts; either red, ~hite, grey, buffy or olive whitish Throat, breast or belly or all three yellow Dendroiccr coronata ~ ( ) Dendroica coronata g D endroica fusca g D endroica striata g Dendroica cerulea ~ 8 Mniotilta varia Dendroica striata ~ Seiurus auricapillus 11 Seiurus motacilla Seiurus noveboracensis Dendroica virens 2 D endroica cerulea 2 Wilsonia canadensis (* ) 15 D endroica petechia 16 aestiva ~ Dendroica petechia pentviana Dendroica petechia erithachor ides 0 (and chrysendeta) (**) Males of the genus Dendroica in winter plumage are very similar to the females. ( ) Adult males of Wilsonia canadensis are further distinguish ed by having the fe:lthers of the forecrown with blacj: centers.

88 960 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ Upper tail-coverts and basal portion of tail buff Upper tail-coverts and basal portion of tail not buff Basal portion of al! but central tail feathers salmon-orange ( ~ ) or yellow ( <jl) With no orange or yellow in tail feathers Throat white, black, greyish black, chestnut, or ochraceous buff in contrast to under parts Throat not different from rest of under parts 20. Throat, flanks and cap chestnut; forehead and sides of head blackish Throat white; breast, center of belly, and under tail coverts rosy red ; cap black Throat and sides of head ochraceous; breast and abdomen pale fawn; back blue-grey.... Throat black or greyish black Crown and en tire back slaty blue Crown and wing coverts yellow; back grey, sometimes tinged olive- green or olive-yellow 22. Wing coverts and forecrown yellow Wing coverts and forecrown not yellow With broad double wing bars With no, or a single inconspicuous wing bar Back olive-green, streaked black Back blue-green or brown Back bright olive green; flanks t inged chestnut , Back dull olive green; no chestnut tinge on flanks Back brown; a dull yellow patch at sides of breast Back blue-green; under surface yellowish white 27. Crown streak and eyebrow dull buff No coronal streak Above greyish olive; base of primaries white. Bases of primaries not white Crown grey; mantle yellowish olive; under parts greyish white Crown and mantle olive; under parts pale yellowish green Basileuterus rivularis 18 Setophaga ruticilla Dendroica castanea ~ Granatellus pelzelni ~ Granatellus pelzelni <jl 21 Dendroica caerulescens ~ Vennivora chrysop_ tera ~, <jl Verrnivora chrysoptera <jl 1*) Dendroica castanea <jl D endroica striata <jl Dendroica coronata ( <jl irnrn. ) Dendroica cerulea ( <jl irnm.) Basileuteru~ tristriatus " daedalus" 28 Dendroica caerulescens <jl 29 V errnivora peregrina ~ Vermivora peregrina <jl ( ) In the female of Vermivor a chrysoptera the throat varíes from dar k grey to uniform in color with the rest of the under parts.

89 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Throat pale or dar k grey Throat not grey With a yellow, orange-rufous or chestnut crown-pa,tch With no crown-patch Throat blackish grey; back dark grey.... Throat pale grey; back olive or olive-green Crown-patch yellow; dusky streak on sides of crown usually not distinct Crown-patch orange-rufous; blackish streak on sides of crown distinct to sides of neck. 34. Throat and upper breast grey, breast and sometimes throat mixed with black Throat and breast pure pearly grey No white on eyelid; tail mm Upper and under edge of eyelid white; tail mm Forecrown grey; eye-ring white; tail mm Crown olive; no white eye-ring; tail mm Crown olive ; lores and a ring round the eye isabelline; tail mm With a crown-patch, or crown-stripe, or entire crown of a single color, different from the back With no crown-patch, or only the forecrown different from the back Crown and sides of head chestnut, eyebrow white Sides of head not chestnut Crown black, bordered by a yellow eyebrow; a small black spot before the eye Crown grey; frontal band, lores and sides of head black Crown yellow; lores, e hin and si des of head white Entire head, neck and under surface golden yellow Crown-patch yellow, chestnut, orange, or buff, bordered at sides by black Crown-patch chestnut; o u ter rectrices largely white Crown-patch yellow, dull orange, or buff Eye-ring yellow; forehead and sides of hea d black Forehead and sides of head yellow MyiobonLs miniatus 33 Basileuterus cinereicollis Basileute1'Us coronatus Oporornis philadelphia i!) Oporornis tolmiei i!l Oporontis agilis i!) Oporornis philadelphia '? Oporornis tolmiei '? Basileuterus delattrii 39 Basileuterus nigro-cristatus Geothlypis aequinoctialis i!) Myioborus o. ornatus Protonotaria citr ea i!) Myioborus rnelanocephalus rujicoronatus ( * ) Myioborus rnelanocephalus rujicoronatus (variant) ( ) Myioborus miniatus bairdi auct.

90 ~62 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N Eack grey, shaded olive; crown-patch dull orange or yellow; eyebrow whitish Back olive or olive yellow Crown-patch yellow, completely encircled with black Crown yellow or dull orange, bordered at sides by black; no white eyebrow Crown-stripe yellow; broad eyebrow white; throat white speckled with black Crown-stripe and eyebrow buff Forecrown or forehead yellow or black Forecrown or fore head neither yellow nor black Forecrown yellow Forecrown black Forecrown orange-yellow, hindcrown black; back dar k grey Forecrown yellow, hindcrown and back olive; two prominent wing-bars ( 7. 1\. large black patch from forehead around the eye to sides of neck; center of crown grey; throat and breast yellow, belly greyish buff. En tire under parts bright yellow Eyebrow yellow; stripe below the eye, and earcoverts black No yellow eyebrow; entire sides of head black. 49. Head, sides of back, lower back, rump and tail slaty blue ; center of mantle olive yellow... Wings, rump and central tail feathers grey; crown and back olive yellow; no wing-bars. Wings and central tail feathers grey; crown, back and rump olive; two white wing-bars. Tail olive to olive yellow Ereast in contrast to rest of under parts; upper parts olive-brown to olive yellow Breast not in contrast to rest of under parts. 51. Throat and breast yellowish, belly buffy white; wing mm Breast grey or brownish, belly bright to dull yellow; wing 54 mm. or more Throat and breast brownish buff to greyish buff; wing mm Wing mm Breast grey to whitish tinged brown; no white on eyelid; tail mm Breast like above; a white bar on upper and lower edge of eyelid; tail mm Basileuterus culicivorus 43 Myioborus flavivertex Basileuterus chrysogaster Basileuterus basilicus Basileuterus tristriatus auricularis Myioborus ornatus chrysops Vermivora pinus ; Geothlypis trichas ; 48 Oporornis jormosus ; Geothlypis semijlava ; Parula pitiayumi Protonotaria citrea < > V ennivora pinus < > Geothlypis trichas < > 52 Oporornis agilis < > 53 Oporornis philadelphia 9. Oporornis tolmiei < >

91 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Entire bill black or brownish; plumage above olive, below yellow clouded with olive on breast and sides of breast Upper mandible black or brownish, lower one pale; plumage above olive, below clear yellow Chin whitish ; crown olive; plumage below olive yellow; wing mm.; tail about 65 mm Chin yellow like rest of under parts; crown dusky olive; wing mm. ; tail about 60 mm Chin and under parts bright yellow; crown and back bright olive green ; wing about mm.; tail mm Crown with a strong or weak chestnut tinge. Crown with no chestnut tinge Throat streaked chestnut; rest of under parts yellow Throat and under parts solid yellow Inner webs of tail feathers yellow, outer webs dusky olive Tail feathers entirely olive Eyebrow yellow; a dusky line below eye.... No eyebrow and no dusky line below eye Outermost primary much shorter than third. Outermost primary about the same length as fu~ Crown with a greyish or brownish tinge; sides of body yellow No brownish tinge on crown; sides of body olive Tail 52 mm. or less Tail 57 mm. or more Wing mm.; plumage above brownish olive Wing mm Tail mm Tail mm Basileuterus luteoviri dis richardsoni and quindianus Basileuterus n igro-cristatus (imm.) Basileuterus flaveolus Dendroica petechia erithachorides and chrysendeta <;> Dendroica petechia peruviana <;> 59 Dendroica petechia aestiva <;> Oporo nis jormosus <;> Geothlypis aequinoctialis <;> 62 Geothlypis semi/lava <;> Basileuterus l. luteoviridis Oporornis agilis (imm.) 64 Oporornis tolmiei (imm.) Oporornis phi ladelphia (imm.)

92 964 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 : Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus) BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER Motacilla varia, Syst. Na t., ed. 12, 1, p. 333, 1766 (Santo Domingo, West Indies). Range ot the species.-breeds in southern Canada and Newfoundland south to Texas and Georgia. In winter southward to northern South America. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded: from all parts of the country, except the Amazonian region, during all months from August (21) to March (12). (Riofrío [Magdalena], Bonda, Minca, Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Onaca, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa, La Concepción, Dibulla; Herrrudura, Bucaramanga, El Consuelo, "Bogotá", Usaquén, Sabana de Bogotá, Quetame; Santa Elena, Envigado, Salento, Laguneta, El Edén 2550 m.; Concordia, Pueblorrico, La Selva, Santa Cecilia, Loma Hermosa, Riofrío [Cauca Valley], Lomitas, Dagua, San Antonio, río Munchique, El Tambo; río Perlasiví; Macarena Mts m.). Additional records.-chapinero [October 17]; Popayán [January 4, 28, February 8]. Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert) PROTHONOTARY WARBLER Motacilla cittea, Tabl. Pl. Enlum., p. 44, 1783 (Louisiana)., Range o the species.-breeds from the central and eastern United States south to Texas and Florida. Winters southward to northwestern South America. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident in the northern part of the country, Tropical Zone, from the extreme northern end of the Pacific coast eastward in the Caribbean coast region and the Magdalena Valley to the Cúcuta region during all months from August (26) to April {5). (Punta AI1dita; Tierra Alta; Los Pendales, La Peña; Fundación, Ríofrío, Sevillano, Ciénaga, Punta Caimán, Donjaca, Gaira, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Bonda, Buritaca, Don Diego, Valledupar; Algodonal, Villavieja; near Cúcuta). Additíonal records.-noted by Professor Dugand at El Paraíso and Barranquilla (September to April 5). : Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus) GOLDEN-WINGED W ARBLER Motacilla ch.tysoptera, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 333, 1766 (near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Range oj the species.-breeds from southeastern Canada to Iowa and Georgia. In winter south to Colombia and Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Record ed from the Santa Marta region, the Western and Central Andes, and the eastern base of the Eastern Andes during September (6), October, November, December, and March (20). (Bonda, Minca, Las Nubes, Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa; Santa Cecilia; Santa Elena, Medellín, Salento, El Edén; "Bogotá"; Villa vicencio).

93 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 965 Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus) BLUE-WINGED WARBLER Certhia pinus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 187, 1766 (Philadelphia. Pennsylvania). Range oj the species.-breeds from Minnesota and Massachusetts southward to Missouri, Kentucky, and Delaware. South in winter regularly to Nicaragua. COLOMBIA.-Gasual. The only South American record is of a bird taken at Chirúa, Santa Marta Mts., March 21. : Vermivora peregrina (Wilson) TENNESSEE W ARBLER Sylvia peregrina, Amer. Orn., 3, p. 83, pl. 25, fig. 2, 1811 (Gumberland' River, Tennessee). Range oj the species.-breeds in Alaska anct Canada southward to Minnesota and New York. South in winter to Colombia and Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Santa Marta regían, the three A:ndean ranges, the Pacific coast, and the mountains of Nariño (Dibulla, La Concepción, Chirúa, Pueblo Viejo, Onaca, Banda, Minca, Las Nubes, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, Fundación; Herradura, Bucaramanga, Buenavista [Meta], Villavicencio; Santa Elena, Miraflores; Concordia; río Juradó; Mayasquer 2340 m. : Parula pitiayumi elegans (Todd) ELEGANT OLIVE-'BACKED W ARBLER Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans, Ann. Carn. Mus., 8, p. 204, 1912 (Amzoátegui, Lara, Venezuela). Range oj the species.- Southern Texas south through México. and Central America to Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta regían and the three Andean ranges. Not southwestern Bolívar or Nariño. (La Concepción, San Miguel, Palomino, Don Diego, Onaca, Bond'a, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Riofrio; "Cocuta Valley" [ = Suratá Valley], Bucaramanga, San Gil, "Bogotá", Tenasucá, Quetame, El Baldío near Quetame, Buena vista [Huila]; Salento, El Edén 2550 m., Miraflores, El Isno, La Can1ct:ela, La Sierra; Riofrio [Cauca Valley], Lomita~, Dagua, San Anto'nio, Riolima, La Gallera, Munchique). [Tobago, Tnnidad; Venezuela and the Río Branco regían oj northern Brazil.] Addi tional records.-popayán. Parula pitiayumi nana (Griscom) LESSER OLIVE-BACKED WARBLER Compsothlypis pitiayumi nana, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 282, p_ 8, 1927 (Cape Garachiné, Darién, southeastern Panamá). COLOMBIA.-Known only from southwestern Bolívar (Quimari). [Eastern Panamá.]

94 966 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 This form may also occur in northern Chocó. It is distinguishable f'rom elegans by its smaller size. Wings of females measur e 46.5, 47.5, and a probable male 52 mm., as against elegans, <t <? 50-55, <!l <!l mm. Parula pitiayumi pacifica Berlepsch a nd Taczanowski PACIFIC OLIVE- BACKED WARBLER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 286 Ecuador). (Surupata, western COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (La Guayacana, Ricaurte 1350 m.). [Western Ecuador, northwestern Perú.] IDendroica petechia aestiva (Gmelin) EASTERN YELLOW WARBLER Motacilla aestiva, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 996, 1789 (Canada)., Range ot the species.---lalaska and Canada southward to the West Indies, northern South America, Perú and the Galápagos Islands. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded' throughout the country during all months from August (26) to May (1). (Riohacha, Dibulla, Bonda, Mamatoco, Minca, Gaira, Punta Caimán, Ciénaga; Boca de Chimí, El Paraíso sight, Calamar, Aguada de Pablo, La Peña, Los Pendales; Quimarí, Turbo; Panamá border, río Juradó, Santa Cecilia, Condoto, Sipí, San José, Riofrío [Cauca Valley], Barbacoas; Medellín, Honda, Chicoral, Villavieja, San Agustín; Ocaña, 10 miles north of Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Sabana de Bogotá and city of Bogotá, "Bogotá"). [Breeds trom Ganada southward to New Mexico and Georgia. In winter southward to Colombia, Venezuela, Perú, and Brazil.] Addítional records.-popayán; Pasto; Villavicencio. Dendroica petechia brewsteri Grínnell CALIFORNIA YELLOW WARBLER Condor, 5, no. 3, p. 72, 1903 (Palo Alto, California). COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Record ed from "Bogotá" and San Agustín, April 12, [Breeds on t[le Pacific coast ot North America trom Washington south to 30 N. in Lower California. In winter south to Colombia, Ecuador, the Guianas.] Dendroica petechia morcomi Coale MORCOM'S YELLOW WARBLER Bull. Ridgway Orn. Cl., no. 2, p. 82, 1887 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming). COLOMBI!A.-Winter resident. Known only from the Santa Marta regíon (Bonda, [August 30, September, October, December, Jariuary 31]). [Breeds in the Rocky Mts. an.d the east slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mts. In winter south to Venezuela, northern Colombia, Ecuador.]

95 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 967 Dendroica petechia sonorana Brewster SONORA YELLOW WARBLER Auk, 5, p. 137, 1888 (Oposura, Sonora, México). COLOMBIA.- Winter resident. Known only from "Bogotá" trade skins. [Breeds jrom southeastern California to central Tex as, southward to Sonora and Chihuahua, México. South to Colombia and Ecuador in winter.] Dendroica petechia amnicola Batchelder Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 82, 1918 (Curslet, Newfoundland). N EWFOUNDLAND YELLOW WARBLER COLOMBIA.- Winter resident. Known from the Santa Marta regi on, the lower Magdalena Valley, and the Pacific coast in Nariño (Bonda [October 7, 24]; Calamar [January 22]; Barbacoas [October 3]). [Breeds in Newjoundland and th ~ Magdalen Islands. Recorded in winter south to Cayenne and northern Perú.] Zimmer has recorded D. p. brewsteri, D. p. morcomi, D. p. sanorana, and D. p. amnicola from Colombia. Wintering birds are virtually impossible to identify subspecifically. Zimmer says " I am not at all confident that my determination of such material is correct" (Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1428, p. 5, 1949). Dendroica petechia chrysendeta Wetmore GUAJIRA GOLDEN WARBLER Proc. Biol. Soc. WashingtO'n, 59, p. 52, 1946 (Laguna de Tucacas, Puerto López, La Guajira, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Mangroves of the Guajira Península (Bahía Portete, Laguna de Tucacas, Castilletes). [Adjacent part oj the Guajira Península in Venezuela.] Dendroica petechia erithachorides Baírd COLOMBIAN GOLDEN WARBLER Expl. Surv. R. R. Mississippi River to Pacific, 9, p. 283, 1858 (Cartagena, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Mangroves of the Caribbean littoral, excepting the Guajira P enínsula (Cartagena, La Playa sight, Las Flores sight, Punta C:umán, Ciénaga Grande). [Cc~ribhean coast c j Panamá.] Uendroica petechia peruviana Sundevall PERUVIAN GOLDEN WARBLER Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 26, p. 609, "1869", 1870 ("Callao", Perú). COLOMBIA.-Mangroves of the Pacific coast in Nariño (Tumaco). [Western Ecuador and western P erú.] This is D endroica P. aequatorialis of Chapman's list.

96 968 CALDASIA, VOL. V. N<? 25 Both " Dendroica vieilloti" and " Dendroica aureola" hav e been recorded from Gorgona Island (Cat. Bds. Brit. MlÁs., 10, p. 283, 1885). According to Hellmayr (Cat. Bds. Amer., 8, p. 383, footnote, 1935) the locality remains to be corroborated', since no representatives of the group have been obtained on Gorgona Island in recent years, and the indications given to birds collected by Kellett and Wood are "notoriously unreliable". Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin) BLACK-THROATED BLUE VVARBLER Motacilla caerulescens, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 960, 1789 (Santo Domingo, West Indies). Range of the species.-breed!s in Minnesota and southern Ganada southward to Connecticut and Georgia. In winter south to Florida, México, and the West Indies. COLOMBIA. ~Casual. Recorded once from the the Santa Marta region (Las Nubes 1500 m., December 16). [Breeds southward to Connecticut.] Dendroica coronata coronata (Linnaeus) MYRTLE VV ARBLER Motacilla coronata, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 333, 1766 (Pennsylvania). Range ot the species.-breeds in Alaska and Canada southward to Minnesota and New York. In winter south to California and the southern United States, México, the West Indies and Panamá. COLOMBIA.-Casual. Recorded once from Ciénaga, Magdalena, March 23. [Breeding range of the species except Alaska and northwestern Ganada.] fdendroica virens virens (Gmelin) BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER Motacilla virens, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 985, 1789 (Pennsylvania). Range ot the species.-breeds in eastern North America from Alberta and Quebec southward to Georgia and Alabama. In winter south to México, and Panamá and the West Inld'ies. COLOMBIA.~Casual. Recorded once from Cincinnati, above Santa Marta, AprH 12. [Breeding range ot the species except the coast ot Virginia and North and South Carolina.] ':' Dendroica cerulea (Wilson) CERULEAN WARBLER Sylvia cerulea, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 141, pl. 17, fig. 5, 1810 (Pennsylvania).

97 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 969 Range oj the species.-breeds in central and eastern North America from Nebraska and Ontario to Georgia a nd Texas. Southward in winter to Perú and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Transient, possibly winter resident. Recorded from "Bogotá", "Antioquia", "Medellín", Santa Cecilia (Nov. 21 Dec. 1) Buena vista above Villavicencio (March 4, 5), and Quimari (:M:arch 21) : Additional recoi"ids.-ridge W. of Entrada Camp [Macarena Mts.] 1350 m., January 24 (col. C. C. Doncaster). Dendroica fusca (Müller) BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER Motacilla fusca, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 175, 1776 (French Guiana). Range oj the species.-breeds from eastern Ganada to Minnesota and Georgia. South in winter to Venezuela and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Winter- resident. Recorded from all mountainous parts of the country, mostly in the Subtropical and Temperate Zones, during all months between September (9) and April (29). (Las Nubes, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa; Alto, Pamplona, La Porquera, Puente Andalucía, El Roble, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá and city of Bogotá, Quetame, Buena vista [Meta]; Remedios, Santa Elena, Medellín, Santa Isabel 3600 m., Salento, Laguneta, Toche, El Edén, Chicoral, Miraflores, Almaguer, La Sierra, San Agustín; Antioquia, Concordia, Santa Cecilia, Pueblorrico, La Selva, San Antonio, Munchique, río Munchique, El Tambo; Pasto, _,_ay a..; e -.. ~ -, lticaurte, La Guayacana, río Perlasivi; rio Churuyaco, río San Miguel [Sucumbíos]). Adtd'itional records.-choachí, San Miguel 2800 m., Aguadita, Fusagasugá; San Marcos, Tijeras, Moscopán, Popayán; La Cocha 2800 m. t. Dendroica castanea (Wilson) BAY-BREASTED WARBLER Sylvia castanea, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 97, pl. 14, fig. 4, 1810 (Pennsylvania). Range oj the species.-breeds in eastern Canada southwards to New York. In winter south to Panamá and Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from the Santa Marta region, the northern section of the Eastern Andes, the middle Magdalena and the Cauca Valleys, the upper Sinú Valley, and west of Western Andes from the Atrato Valley south to the río San Juan during all months between November (9) and April (29). (Bonda, Don Diego; near Cúcuta, Naranjo, Bucaramanga; Remedios, Mede ~Jín, Malena, Honda; Puerto Valdivia, Riofrío; Quimarí, Turbo; Punta Ardita río Juradó río Truandó Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Santa Cecilia, Suarn{ga, Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita, Andagoya). ':' Dendroica striata (Forster) BLACK-POLL WARBLER Muscícapa striata, Philosoph. Trans., 62, art. 29, PP. 406, 428, 1772 (Fort Severn, Hudson Bay). Range oj the species.-breeds in Alaska and Canada southward

98 970 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 to Michigan and New York. Winters southward in the northern half of South America usually east of the Andes. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Rec-orded from the Caribbean coast in the Santa Marta region and (once) Atlántico, the eastern base of the Eastern Andes, the Macarena Mts., and (once) the Cauca Valley, during September (4), October, November, February, March,..and April (29). (Dibulla, Cautilito, Bonrda, Mamatoco, Cincinnati, Punta Caimán, Sevillano, Riofrío, Fundación; Los Pendales; Palmar, "Bogotá", Buenavista, Villavicencio, río Dudita, Macarena Mts.; Morelia; Riofrío [Cauca Valley]). [Breeds in Alaska, Ganada, and New England.] Additional records.-quenane [April]. Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) OVEN BIRD Motacilla aurocapilla, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 334, 1766 (Coast of Hispaniola). Range ot the species.-breeds from Canada and Newfoundland southward to Colorado, Alabama and Georgia. In winter south to Floritd\a, southern Louisiana, southern México and the West Indies. COLOMBIA.-Casual. One record from Bonda, near Santa Marta, October 4. [Eastern North America except Newtoundland:.] Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot) LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH, Turdus motacilla, Hist. Na t. Ois. Amér., 2,.p. 9, pl. 65, "1807",? 1808 (Kentucky). Range ot the species.-breeds from Minnesota and Ontario southward to Texas and Georgia. Winters in México, Central America, the West Indies, and northwestern South America. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from the Santa Marta region during November (8), December and January (31). (Riofrío, Bonda, Don Diego, San Miguel; "Bogotá"). ~ Seiurus noveboracensis subsp. WATER THRUSH Range ot the species.-breeds from Alaska and Canada southwaiid to Montana and West Virginia. Winters southward to Colombia, Ecuador, northern Perú, Venezuela and British Guiana. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from all parts of the country during all months between September (8) and April (30). (Dibulla, La Concepción, Chirúa, Buritaca, Don Diego, Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, Gaira, Punta Caimán, Ciénaga, Riofrío, Fundación; La Playa, Usia curí [specimen not preserved]; Ocafia, Oúcuta, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", Villavieja; Chicoral, Honda, Puerto Berrío, Medellín, Puerto Valdivia, Salento, río Toche, San Agustín; Quimarí; Alto Bonito, Concordia, río Juradó, La Selva, Santa Cecilia, Juntas tde Tamaná, Sipí, Riofrío [Cauca Valley], Dagua, San José, Munchique, El Tambo; Ricaurte; Villavicencio; Morelia). Additional records.-popayán [January 28], Pisojé [February 8].

99 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 971 Three additional forms of this species have been described! notabilis Ridgway from Wyoming, limnaeus McCabe and Mille from British Columbia (Candor, 35, p. 196, 1933), and uliginosus Burleigh and Peters (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, 1948, p. 120) from Newfoundland. There is so much overlap in measurements between the subspecies, so many intermeldiates between tbe four and virtually no tangible characters by which they can be told apart, except in. the freshest of plumage, when there are said to be slight color differences, that birds taken in winter, off their bree j ing grounds, are impossible to classify subspecifically. Both noveboracensis and notabilis have been recorded! from Colombia, and limnaeus from as far south as Puerto Armuelles, Panamá. Oporornis formosus (Wilson) KENTUCKY WARBLER Sylvia formosa, Amer. Orn., 3, p. 85, pl. 25, fig. 3, 1811 (Kentucky). Range of the species.-breeds from Nebraska and New York southwar d to Texas and Georgia. Winters in México, Central America to Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from the Santa Marta region in October (7) and January (28). (Banda, Don Diego, Riofrio). Oporornis agilis (Wilson) CONNECTICUT WARBLER Sylvia agilis, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 64, pl. 39, fig. 4, 1812 (Connecticut). Range of the species.-breeds from Canada to Minnesota and Michigan. In winter south to southern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Transient. Recorded from the Santa Marta regioll (October 22) antd the Orinoco regían (April 28). (Banda, Riofric [specimen not preserved!]; Maipures). ':' Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson) MOURNING W ARBLER Sylvia philadelphia, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 101, pl. 14, fig. 6, 1810 (near PhilaJdelphia, Pennsylvania). Range of the species.-breeds from southern Canada to Minnesota and west Virginia. Winters in Central America, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Wínter resident. Recorded from the Santa Marta region, the Eastern and Central Andes, the middle and upper Magdalena Valley, the upper Sinú and the Canea Valleys; west of the Western Andes in the Atrato basin and the Pacific coast south to the río San Juan east of the Eastern Anides in Meta and! Caquetá, trom October (13) to April (30). (Dibulla, La Concepción, Chirúa, Cincinnati, Riofrío; Ocaña, "Bogotá", 'Chipaque, Buenavista, Villavicencio Belén Villavieja; Honda, Puerto Berrío, Santa Elena, Medellin Quimarí: río Juradó río Salaquí, Dabeiba, Silencio, La Selva, Pueblorrico, rüofrío [Cauc~ Valley], El Tambo [Canea]).

100 972 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 21] o.additional records.-santandercito 1550 m. [October 13, January Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend), a species breeding in western North America, is often cited as reaching Colombia in the winter. The records are based on two birds, one an immature male from "Bogotá", the other a juvenile female from Santa Elena, Antioquia, in the collection of the British Museum (referred to Geothlypis macgillivrayi by Sharpe). In view of the similarity between tolmiei, philadelphia, and agilis, and further because tolmiei is known to reach only as far south as Colón in Panamá, I feel the record is a doubtful one. Geothl,ypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus) MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT Turdus trichas, Syst. Nat., eld. 12, 1, p. 293, 1766 (Carolina). Range oj the species.- Breeds from Alaska and Ganada southward to Florida, Texas and México. In winter south to the West Indies and Honduras, rarely to western Panamá, and casually to northern Colombia and northern Venezuela. COLOMBIA.- Casual. Recorded once from the Santa Marta Mts. (Páramo de Chirúgua, Shores of Lake Macotama, 4500 m., April 21) and once from Chocó (Baudó M.ts., below Alto del Buey, 900 m., June 16). [Breeds jrom southern Pennsylvania to Texas. Winters jrom North Carolina to Florida, the Bahamas, Haiti and Puerto Rico. One record jrom Venezuela.], Geothlypis aequinoctialis aequinoctialis ( Gmelin) EQUINOCTIAL MASKED YELLOW-THROAT Motacilla aequinoctialis, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 972, 1789 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-western Panamá. Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas to northeastern Perú, Bolivia and Argentina. Southwestern Ecuador and western Perú. COLOMBIA.-The upper a nd middle Magdalena Valley west of the Eastern Andes; east of the same range in the Zulia Valley and the Eastern Llanos (Villavieja, Puerto Berrío; "Bogotá"; Villavicencio). [Trinidad, the Guianas, Venezuela and northern Brazil jrom the Rio Branco to Pará.] Additional recovds.-la Javilla north of Cúcuta. Geothlypis semiflava bairdi Nutting BAIRD'S YELLOW-THROAT Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 398, 1884 (Los Sábalos, Nicaragua). Range oj the species.-honduras to western Ecuad:or. COLOMBIA.-The Tropical - Pacific coast a nd the upper Cauca Valley (Nuquí, Pizarra, Dagua, Cisneros; Cali; Ricaurte, Buenavista, La Guayacana, Perlasiví 1350 m.). [Honduras to Panamá.]

101 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 973 Colombian birds are intermediate between serniflava a nd bairdi but closer to the latter. Granatellus pelzelni pelzelni Sclater probably occurs on the Colombian side of the Orinoco, as it has been recorded from Munduapo, on the Venezuelan side of the same river. ':' Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus) CANADA WARBLER Muscícapa canadensis, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 327, 1766 (Canada). Range ot the species.-breeds from Canada southward to Minnesota and Georgia. In winter south to Ecuador and Perú. COLOMB:EA.-Winter resident. Recorded from al parts of the country except the Caribbean coast from September (29) to April (28). ("Bogotá", Fusagasugá, Buena vista [Meta], río Dudita, Macarena Mts m.; Morelia, Caquetá; Laguneta, El Edén, Toche, Chicoral, San Agustín; río Juradó, Alto Bonito, La Selva, Pueblorrico, Sa nta Cecilia, Riofrío [Cauca Valley), San Antonio, río Munchique; Ricaurte, Perlasiví; río Churuyaco). Additional records.-santandercito 1550 m. [January 1], Silvania [November 2], Sabana de Bogotá 2600 m. [October 10, 19]. Setophaga ruticilla ruticilla (Linnaeus) REDSTART Motacilla ruticilla, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 186, 1758 (Virginia). Range of the species.-breeds from Alaska and Canada southwadcl to Colorado, Louisiana, and Georgia. Winters southwanf to the Guianas, northern Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Winter res~dent. Recorded from all parts of the country, on the east from Meta to the Caquetá region, during all months between August (24) and May (1). (Dibulla, Atánquez, La Concepción, Chirúa, Pueblo Viejo, Don Diego, Banda, La Tigrera, Minca, Valparaíso, Cincinnati; Los Pendales sight; Herradura, Ocaña to Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", Honda, Villavieja; Puerto Valdivia, Medellín, Salento; Dabeiba, Antioquia, Concordia, Pueblorrico, Santa Cecilia, Siató, Suarraga, Nóvita, San Antonio, Munchique, Barbacoas, Ricaurte, La Guayacana; Buenavista [Meta], Villavicencio, rio Dudita, Macarena Mts.; Morelia). [Breeds in southern Ontario, rnost of the United States south ot the range ot the next torrn. Winters so~thward to northern Venezuela, Colornbia and Ecuador.].Aid'ditional records.- San Miguel 2800 m. ; Popayán. Males of this form and the next are not distinguishable; therefore, undoubtedly sorne of the above records pertain to the northern form tricolora. 1 ~

102 974 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 ~ Setophaga ruticilla tricolora (Müller) NORTHERN REDSTART Motacilla tricolora, Vollst. Natursyst. Suppl. Reg. Band, p. 175, 1776 (Cayenne). COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded definitely from the Guajira Península, the Santa Marta region, and the Departments of Santander, Valle, and Cauca (Maicao; Bonda, Las Nubes, Onaca, Valparaíso; Virolín; Cali, El Tambo, rio Patia). [Breeds in Alaska, Ganada and the northern tier oj the United States. Winters southward to northern South America.] This is a very poor race in which males cannot be distinguishe~d from those of the typical form. F-emales are slightly darker and less greenish above than those of ruticilla. The above records are based only on females. (See Wetmore, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 39, p. 137, 1949). Myioborus miniatus sanctaemartae Zimmer SANTA MARTA MYIOBORUS Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1428, p. 11, 1949 (Las Nubes, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range ot the species.~méxico southward through Central America to Venezuela and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts m. (San Sebastián, "San Salvador", "Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta", El Mamón, Pueblo Viejo, Las Nubes, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, El Líbano, San Miguel, Macotama, La ConcepCión, Chirúa, Heights of Chirúa, Las Taguas, Las Vegas). Additional records.-río Guatapurí m. This is Myioborus verticalis in Todd and Carriker's "Birds of ' Santa Marta Region". MyiGborus miniatus ballux Wetmore and Phelps TÁCHIRA MYIOBORUS Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 57, p. 11, 1944 (Queniquea, Táchira, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and: Subtropical Zones throughout the Andean region, except the Santa Marta Mts. (Tierra Nueva, Monte Elías, La Africa, Laguna ld'e Juncos, Hiroca, Convención, La Palmita, Santa Rosa, Alto, Canuto, Gramalote, Páramo de Tamá, Las Ventanas, Bucaramanga, Panamá [above Pacho], Anolaima, "Bogotá", Tenasucá, Subía, El Roble, Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Andalucía; Santa Elena 2700 m., Barro Blanco, La Camelia, near Angelópolis, Laguneta, Salento, El Edén, río Toche, Miraflores, near Popayán. La Sierra, La Palma, La Candela, San Agustín; Paramillo Trail 2700 m., Concordia, La Selva, Primavera, Espinal [Dagua Valley], Lomitas, San Antonio, La Castilla, La Gallera, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo; n ear Puerres, Chorreado, Ricaurte 1170 m., Perlasiví, Cerro Pax; Ma-

103 R. M. DE SCHAUEN:SEE:.:IHE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA' 975 carena Mts.). [British Guiana Venezuela, eastern Panamá, and northern Ecuador.] ' Additional records.-pichindé, Crucero; San Marcos 2800 m., El Isno. According to Dugand (in lit.) a record from Los Pendales Atlántico, is based on a wrongly labeled specimen purchased by hlm from a local conector. The species does not occur in Atlántico This is Myioborus v. verticalis of Chapman's list. = Myioborus ornatus ornatus (Boissonneau) YELLOW-CROWNED MYIOBORUS Setophaga ornata, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 70, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-western Venezuela and Colombia. COLOMBIA.--Subtropical Zone on both slopes of the Eastern 'Andes south to the region around Bogotá (Páramo de Tamá, Ramírez, Las Ventanas, Cachirí, "Portrerras" [= Potreros], Palo Hueco, Anolaima, U.saquén, "Bogotá", Choachi, Chipaque, El Peñón, El Roble, Subía, "El Dosena" [?]). Adld1tional records.-above Pacho 2000 m., above Zipaquirá 2750 m., La Cita [Sabana de Bogotá]. : Myioborus ornatus chrysops (Salvin) GOLDEN-FACED MYIOBORUS Setophaga chrysops, Ibis, 1878, p. 314, pl. 7, fig. 2 (Santa Elena, Central Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Central and Western kndes ("Bogotá"; Santa Elena, "Medellin", La Leonera, Zancudo, Santa Isabel, Salento, Laguneta, rio Toche, El Edén, "Páramo of Popayán", Coconuco 3000 m., Almaguer, Valle de las Papas 3150 m.; Frontino, San Antonio 1890 m., crest of Andes west of Popayán 3150 m., Cocal 1800 m., Munchique). Add'itional records.-san Marcos, Moscopán 3000 m. Myioborus melanocephalus ruficoronatus (Kaup) CHESTNUT-CROWNED MYIOBORUS Setophaga rujicoronata, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1851", 1852, p. 49 ("Above Cali", Colombia, ex Salvin). Range oj the species.-western Colombia southward: to Bolivia. COLOMB]A.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Andes of Nariño, both sl-opes, and? the Western Andes above Cali ("Above Cali"; Pasto, Chorreado, near Puerres, Mayasquer 2340 m., Chiles 3330 m., Cerro Pax). [Ecuador.] Additional recovds.-lake La Cocha 2800 m. Myioborus m. bairdi (Salvin) is considered a synonym. All degrees of intermediacy are found between the black-fronted bairdi and the yellow-fronted rujicoronatus, birds of the latter type being regará'ed as the extreme variant of a single form.

104 976 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Salvin (Ibis, 1878, p. 316) states that the type of rujicoronatus in the Derby Museum is labeled as having been obtained by Delattre at Cali. It may, possibly, h a v e come from the Farallones de Cali, a high ridge of the Western Andes above Cali, bu it has not been obtaineid in that region by subsequent collectors. ~ Myioborus flavivertex (Salvin) YELLOW-CROWNED MYIOBORUS Setophaga jlavivertex, Ibis, 1887, p. 129, pl. 4 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Range oj the species.-northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical a:nd Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts m. (Macotama, El Líbano, San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada 1800 m., San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Páramo de Mamarongo, Heights of Chirúa). * Basileuterus nigro-cristatus (Lafresnaye) BLACK-CRESTED. WARBLER Trichas nigro-cristatus, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 230, 1840 ("Bogotá")., Range ot the species.-western Venezuela to Perú and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical to Temperate Zones of the Eastern and Central Andes and the mountains of Nariño (La Pica, Peñablanca, "Bogotá", Choachí, Chipaque, El Peñón, El Roble; Santa Elena, Medellín, Zancudo, Santa Isabel, Laguneta, Toche, El Ed~n, Coconuco, Valle de las Papas; Mayasquer, Chiles 3330 m., Perlasiví 1350 m., Cerro Pax). [Western Venezuela to northern Perú.] Additional records.-popayán. Basileuterus luteoviridis luteoviridis (Bonaparte) BONAPARTE'S WARBLER Trichas luteoviridis, Atti Sesta Riun. Sci. Ital. Milano, p. 405, "1844", 1845 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species.-western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Known from both slopes of the Eastern Andes, and the southern end of the Central Andes between 1740 m. and 3100 m. (Páramo de Tamá, "Bogotá", Anolaima, Subía, Choachí, Fómeque; Almaguer ). [Northeastern Ecuador.] Birds' from Almaguer are intermediate between this race and the next. ~ Basileuter1,1s luteoviridis quindianus de Schauensee QUINDÍO W ARBLER Not. Naturae, no. 167, p. 8, 1946 (Laguneta, 3000 m., Dept. of Caldas, Quind ío regíon, western slope of the Central Colombian Andes).

105 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 977 COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Subtropica l and Temperate Zones on both slopes of the Central Andes, except at their southern end (Laguneta 3000 m., Toche 2100 m., Zancudo). Basileuterus luteoviridis richardsoni Chapman RICHARDSON' S WARBLER ' ~ull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 160, 1912 (Andes west of Popayan, 3100 m., Cauca, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the crest of the Western Andes, west of Popayán, Temperate Zone. Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird) BAIRD'S WARBLER Myiothlypis flaveolus, Rev. Amer. Bd's., 1, p. 252 (footnote), 1865 ("Paraguay", probably Río Paraguay). Range ot the species.-southern Brazil, Paragua and Bolivia. Northeastern Colombia and coast region of Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-The Zulia Valley in Norte de Santander (río Zulia, west of Cúcuta). Basileuterus chrysogaster chl.orophrys Berlepsch GREEN-BROWED WARBLER Ornis, 14, p. 347, 1907 (Lita, western Ecuador) Range ot the species.-western Colombia, Ecuador and eastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific slope from the Munchique region southward into Nariño (La Costa, río Munchique 900 m.; Buena vista). [Western Ecuador.] Basileuterus basilicus (Todd) SAN LORENZO WARBLER Hemispingus basilicus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26, p. 170, 1913 (Mt. San Lorenzo, 2600 m., Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.-northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Lower Temperate Zone of the Santa Marta Mts., between m. (San Lorenzo, Páramo de Mamarongo, Macotama). Basileuterus tristriatus auricularis Sharpe EASTERN TH-REE-STRIPED WARBLER Ca t. Bds. Brit. Mus., 10, p. 386, 1885 ("Bogotá" ). Range of the species.- Costa Rica southwarci to Venezuela and Bolivia.

106 978 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Andes, with, the exception of the Darién Mts. and the Santa Marta Mts. Not recorded from southeastern Colombia. (Cachirí, Las Ventanas, Bucaramanga, Boca del Monte, río Negro, "Bogotá", El Roble, Aguadita, Fusagasugá; La Frijolera, Quindío region, Salento, Miraflores, El Isno, Sa n Agustín, La Candela; La Selva, Pueblorrico, La Cumbre, Lomitas, San Antonio, La Gallera, Cerro Munchique, Coca!, río Munchique. río Mechengue, La Costa; Ricaurte, río Perlasiví). [Western Ecuador.] A single specimen from La Frijolera, at the northern end of the Central 1Andes, is probably aberrant. In its bright yellow under parts it is indistinguishable from B. t. tristriatus (Tschudi) of Perú. Supposed differences between this form and daedalus Bangs disappear when series (20 specimens) from the Eastern Andes and the east slope of the Central Andes are compared with a series (30 specimens) from other parts of Colombia. Occasional individuals from the Eastern Andes are yellower below than any " daedalus" examined. This yellowness is by no means a constant character. Basileuterus tristriatus tacarcunae Chapman TACARCUNA WARBLER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 143, p. 6, 1924 (East slope of Mt. Tacarcuna, Darién Mts., Colombia). (1) COLOMBIA.-The Caribbean side of the Darién Mountains (east slope of Mt. Tacarcuna). [Probably the mountains ot eastern Panamá.] Basileuterus culicivorus indignos Todd SANTA MARTA WARBLER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29, p. 95, 1916 (La Tigrera, near Sa:nta Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Argentina and Bolivia., COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region between m. ("Bonda", La Tigrera, Las Nubes, Onaca, Las Vegas, Minca, Donama, Sierra Nevada, Loma Larga). Basileuterus culicivorus cabanisi Berlepsch CABANIS' WARBLER Orn. Oentralbl., 4, p. 63, 1879 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela ). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropica l Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Cúcuta). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Basileuterus culicivorus austeros Zimmer BUENAVISTA WARBLER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1428, p. 41, 1949 (Buenavista, above Villavicencio, 1350 m., eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, Colombia). (1 ) The east slope of Mt. Tacarcuna is in Colombian territory. See footnote, page 535.

107 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 979 COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes from the Boyacá-Casanare region to southern Meta (río Negro, Palmar, La Colarada, upper Casanare "Bogotá" Buenavista, above Villavicencio, Macarena Mts.). ' ' I have not seen Boyacá birds. This is B. auricapillus olivascens of Chapman's list. Basileuterus culicivorus occultus Zimmer ANTIOQUIA W ARBLER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1428, p. 42, 1949 (Peque, 1500 m., Antioquia, east slope of the Western Andes, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Western Colombia in the upper Patia and upper Dagua Valleys, the Cauca Valley northward to Antioquia, and thence eastward to the western slope of the Eastern Andes in Santantler and southern Dept. Magdalena (upper río Patia; Primavera; Yumbo, Miraflores 2050 m., Peque; Bucaramanga, San Gil, El Cauca, La Palmita). Birds from the western slope of the Eastern Andes agree with an example from the río Patía. Basileuterus delattrii mesochrysus Sclater SCLATER'S WARBLER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860 p. 251 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-guatemala to Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region and the Magdalena Valley southward to Tolima and Huila. Not record ed from Atlántico. (La Concepción, Chirúa, Pueblo Viejo, San Antonio, San Francisco, Palomino, Cacagualito, Aguadulce, Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, Cincinnati; Manaure, Alto, Herradura, "Cocuta Valley" [= Suratá Valley], El Tambor, "Bogotá", Fómeque?, Cunday, Andalucía 900 m. [west slope] ; near Honda, Mariquita, Chicoral, Villavieja). [Southern Costa Rica, Panamá.] A record from Fómeque is doubtful, as this locality lies on the eastern slope of the Eastern An 1 des. Additional records.--san Gil. Basil.euterus cinereicollis conspicillatus Salvin and Godman Colombia). SANTA MARTA GREY-THROATED WARBLER Ibis, 1880, p. 117 (San José, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Range ot the species.-colombia and extreme we ~te rn Venezu-ela. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts., between 750 and 1800 m. (San José. Pueblo Viejo, San Francisco, Palomino, Las Nubes, Onaca, Valparaíso, Cincinnat i, El Líbano Chirúa La Concepción, San Miguel, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas, Sier~a Nevada 1800 m., Las Vegas, Minca). Additional records.- Río Guatapuri 1500 m.

108 980 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N BasHeuterus cinereicollis pallidulus Wetmore PERIJ Á W ARBLER Pr oc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54, p. 209, 1941 (Sierra Negra, Perijá Mts. east of Fonseca, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the northern portian of the Sierra de Perijá, m., on the western slope only (Tierra Nueva, Monte Elías, La Africa, south of Villanueva). Additional records.-hiroca 1350 m. Basileuterus cinereicollis cinereicollis Sdater G'REY-THROATED WARBLER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 166 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBJiA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones on both slopes of the Eastern Andes from the region about Ocaña southward to Meta (El Cauca, La Palmita, Ocaña, Pueblo Nuevo above Ocaña, río Negro, Buenavista [Meta], "Bogotá" ). [Eastern slop'e ot the Sierra de Perijá, and western Táchira, Venezuela.] Basileuterus coronatus regulus Todd NORTHERN ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 74, art. 7, p. 36, 1929 (Páramo de Las Rosas, Lara, Venezuela). Range ot the species.--western Venezuela southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the Andes, excluding the Santa Marta Mts. and Nariño ("Bogotá", Subía, El Roble, Aguadita, Fusagasugá; Santa El ena, Medellín, Laguneta, above Salento, Toche, El Edén, Miraflores, Almaguer 3100 m., La Candela, La Plata; "Heights of Caldas" [ = above Dagua], Lomitas, La Cumbre, La Maria 1410 m., río Cauquita, Riolima, río Zapata, San Antonio, Andes west of Popayán, Cerro Munchique). [Western Venezuela.] Ad'ditional records.-buenavista [Huila] 2300 m.; El Tambo [Cauca]. : Basileuterus coronatus elatus Todd ECUADORIAN ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 74, art. 7, p. 35, 1929 (Pagma Forest, near Chunchi, western Ecuador) COLOMBIA.~Subtropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (Mayasquer 2340 m.). [Western Ecuador.] : Basileuterus ri.vularis semicervinus Sclater FAWN-BELLIED WARBLER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 84 (Nanegal, western Ecuador). Range ot the species.-honduras southward to eastern Brazil and Perú.

109 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 981 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone from the west slope of the Eastern An1ct:es westward, excluding the Santa Marta region. Not recorded from the Caribbean coastal plain. (Bucaramanga, Sasaima, "Bogotá", Boquerón de Melgar; Chicoral, Remedios, río Nechí; Puerto Valdivia, Peque; Murucucú, Quimarí; Alto Bonito, Nuqui, río Baudó, río Jurubid'á, Quibdó, Bagadó, Santa Cecilia, Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita, Sipí, río Garrapatas, San José, Jiménez, Cisneros, "Yuntas" [ = Cisneros], río Dagua, "río Barratón", La Costa; Barbacoas, Ricaurte). [Easte1 n Panamá; western Ecuador.] "El Destino", a locality mentioned for this species as being in Colombia, actually is in western EcuaJd'or, near Manaví. Basileuterus rivularis fulvicauda (Spix) FULVOUS-RUMPED WARBLER Muscicapa julvicauda, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 20, pl. 28, fig. 2, 1825 (Sao Paolo de Olivenc;a, Río Solimoes, Brazil). COLOMBIA.-Recorded from "Bogotá" and the Macarena Mts. (not typical). This form may occur in the Caquetá and' Putumayo regions, and certainly on the Colombian Amazon. [Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú, eastward to the Rio Madeira, Brazil.] Family ICTERIDAE - THE TROUPIALS, CACIQUES, AMERICAN ORIOLES, GRACKLES AND THEIR ALLIES Key A. With yellow or orange in the plumage (*) a B. With no trace of yellow or orange anywhere b (ajter No. 23 ) a. Body plumage yellow or orange and black Body plumage other than only yellow and black Under surface all or mainly black Under surface all or mainly yellow or orange Head all or partially yellow Head all black; rump and patch on wing cov_ erts yellow En tire head (except lores), neck all around, and upper breast yellow; rest of plumage black Crown, shoulders, upper tail coverts, and thighs yellow; rest of plumage black Agelaius icterocephalus t; I cterus chrysocephalus (*) Yellow much duller or even olive-greenish in immature birds.

110 982 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ Crissum and base of tail yellow Crissum and base of tail black With white in the wings With no white in the wings Back and rump yellow or orange Back black; rump yellow or orange Forehead and sides of head black; a narrow, interrupted black band across back Forehead, sides of head and whole crown yellow Head, nape and upper back black; rump rich orange; all but central rectrices largely orange Head black; a broad yellow or orange nuchal collar followed by a broad dorsal band of black; rump yellow or orange; tail black, basally white Entire head and under parts yellow; space around eye bar e and blackish; wing o ver 110 mm Similar, but with a large blackish patch on the crown Throat black; wing under 110 mm., En tire back and rump yellow or orange-yellow Back black; rump yellow or orange-yellow.... Cacicus cela Archiplanus leucoramphus I cterus croconotus 1cterus nigrogularis 1 cterus galbula ~ 1 cterus icterus Gymnomystax mexicanus Gymnomystax mexicanus (imm.) 10 Icterus chrysater Tail all black; crown, ear-coverts and hind-, neck bright orange Icterus auricapillus Outer tail feathers yellow; crown, ear-coverts and hindneck yellow I cterus meso melas 12. Size large; wing over 135 mm Size smaller; wing under 120 mm With olive or olive-green shades in the plumage; no black on body plumage Without olive shades in the plumage; much black on body plumage With yellow on the forehead With no yellow on the forehead Back of the head and thighs dusky olive; back and flanks strongly tinged chestnut Back of the head and thighs olive; back and flanks less tinged with chestnut Psarocolius angustijrons salmoni

111 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBlA Yellow of forehead extending backwards over e y es; throat yellowish Yellow narrowly confined to fo rehead throat olivaceous ' A large, naked space from below eye to base of lower mandible; head, neck and breast yellowish olive, rest of plumage chestnut.... No such naked space b. Plumage more or less uniform brownish olive more olive-greenish on th e head bill u ni ~ form blackish '.... Similar, but plumage more olive-green below ; bill paje Flanks, lower back and tail coverts chestnut rest of body olive-green; bill paje ' 18. A broad, naked space from below eye to base of lower mandible No such bare space Upper mantle and entire under parts black; lower back and crissum dark chestnut.... Psarocolius angustijrons sincipitalis Psa1 ocolius angustijrons neg l ec tus ( ) Gymnostinops yumcares 17-b Psarocolius a. angusti/rons Psarocoli us angustijrons neglectus (variant) Psarocoli!Ls viridis Gymnostinops guatimozinus Mantle and flanks dark chestnut; center of belly black Gymnostinops cassini 20. Rump and crissum dark chestnut, rest of plumage black Whole head, neck, upper chest, lower back, and belly dark chestnut, rest of plumage black Outer tail feathers white; a black band across yellow chest Similar, but black pectoral band inconspicuous or lacking Outer tail feathers not white; no band across chest With no white on the wings; throat and breast yellow; belly olive; back streaked With white wing bands Wing about 83 mm. or less; plumage below dull yellow, including throat Wing 89 mm. or more ; breast dull orange..... Psarocolius decumanus Zarhynchus w agleri Sturnella magna Sturnella magna (imm.) 22 Agelaius icterocephalus < > 23 1 cterus spurius < > ( *) 1 cterus galbula < > (*) Yellow of forehead confined to a narrow, sometimes inconspicuous frontal band or even to few feathers just behind the nostrils in Psarocolius angustijrons neglectus. (**) The young maje of Jcterus spurius in second-year plumage is similar to the adult female but is distinguishable by having the throat black. Not until the third summer does the maje wear the chestnut plumage of the adult.

112 984 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 1 b. With crimson or scarlet in the plumage With no red color in the plumage Rump only red; under surface black; bill greenish white in life, paje in skins With red on the lower surface only Plumage blue-black; tail square Plumage black; tail graduated, rounded b. Size smaller; wing mm. ; tail about mm.; culmen under 30 mm Size larger; wing mm. ; tail about mm.; culmen over 30 mm Throat and breast crimson; plumage above brownish black Breast pale brown tinged crimson; plumage above paje brown streaked blackish Throat and breast black, belly and crissum crimson; thighs black General plumage silky brown, with golden reflections Visible plumage (except sometimes shoulders and under wing coverts) entirely black or black with purple or blue reflections; no brown reflections Plumage not all black, or with no black at all 28. Under wing coverts and shoulders chestnut... Under wing coverts and shoulders black like rest of plumage Bill paje Bill black Wing mm Wing mm Wing under 145 mm Wing over 145 mm Culmen mm., conspicuously decurved at tip; tail rounded Culmen under 23 mm., straight or nearly so at tip Under surface glossed with purple; wings glossed with steel-greenish; tail nearly square.. Under surface black; wings black; tail rounded 34. Outer tail feather about mm. shorter than central ones; culmen about mm. long, and less than 6 mm. wide between nostrils Outer tail feather less than 25 mm. shorter than central ones; culmen about mm. long, and 8-11 mm. wide between nostrils Cacicus haemorrhous 25-b Cacicus uropygialis pacl f icus Cacicus u. uropygialis Leistes militaris ó Leistes militaris g Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Tangavius armenti (lj Macroagelaius subalaris Archiplanus solitarius Amblycercus holosericeus Quiscalus lugubris ó 33 Molothrus bonariensis ó Lampropsar tanagrinus Quiscalus mexicanus ii Psomocolax oryzivorus

113 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA With streaks on breast and/ or flanks Under surface unstreaked Crown uniform; feathers of back wit h dar k centers Crown with a central pale streak ; back streaked Fourth primary much shorter than first First four primaries nearly equal Breast, belly, and rump chestnut; head and back black Under parts black ; nape and broad collar on hindneck white or buffy; tail feathers pointed Under surface neither chestnut nor black Below dull isabelline, buffy or dirty white, or sometimes rather fulvous ; wing mm.; culmen mm Wing under 125 mm Culmen mm., curved at tip ; tail much Molot hrus bonar i ensis 37 (imm.j D olychonyx o1 yzivorus 9 L eist es militaris (imm.) I cterus spuriu s ij Dolychonyx oryzi vorus ~ 39 Quiscalus m exi canus 9 rounded; plumage below smoky brown Quiscalus lugubris 9 Culmen under 23 mm., nearly straight; tail nearly square; plumage below dull greyish brown to smoky brown Molothrus bonarien sis 2 40 Zarhynchus wagleri ridgwayi van Rossem PALE-NAPED OROPENDOLA Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 405, 1934 (Limón, Costa Rica). Range of the species.-southeastern México southward through Central America to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the entire Pacific coast, eastward through the Atrato basin to the middle Magdalena Valley (río Juradó, río Jampavadó, río Truandó, río Nercua, Murindó, Alto del Buey 1000 m., Nuquí, Santa Cecilia, Nóvita; Barbacoas, Buenavista, La Guayacana; Puerto Valdlivía, La Frijolera; río Pocuné, Remedios; "Bogotá" ). [Nicaragua to western Ecuador.] Additional records.-observed by Professor Dugand along the Magdalena River between Puerto Berrío and Barranca Bermeja. Clypict ems oseryi (Deville) possibly occurs in extreme southern Colombia along the Amazon and lower Putumayo Rivers, for it has been recorded from northeastern Perú, not far from the Colombian border. : Gymnostinops cassini Richmond CASSIN'S OROPENDOLA Auk, 15, p. 327, 1898 (Camp Albert, Río Truandó, Chocó, Colombia ).

114 986 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Range ot the species.--northwestern Colombia COLOMBIA.--Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the Río Truandó to the Baudó regíon. Known only from three specímens (río Truandó, rio Baudó m.). * Gymnostinops guatimozinus (Bonaparte) BLACK OROPENDOLA. Ostinops guatimozinus, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 833, 1853 ("Guaripata" = Garrapata, middle Magdalena River near Malena, Antioquia, Colombia). Range ot the species.--eastern Panamá and northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.--Tropical Zone of the lower Atrato Valley eastward. to the mid.<j.le Magdalena Valley (río Salaquí, Turbo, Alto Bonito; Remedios, Malena, Garrapata [near Malena]). Additional records.--observed by Professor Dugand along the Magdalena River from about 50 30' to 8 North Latitude. Gymnostinops yuracares yuracares (Lafresnaye and d'orbigny) OLIVE OROPENDOLA. ' Cassicus yuracares, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, el. 2, p. 2, (Yuracares, Bolivia). Range ot the species.--southeastern Colombia and southern Venezuela southward to the whole Amazon Valley, western Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.--Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá" ; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas), and undoubtedly southward to Amazonas. [Range ot the species except the lower Amazon.] Additional records.--"casanare"; río Guapaya, base of Macarena Mts. (col. C. C. Doncaster); Puerto Limón southeast of Mocoa, Putumayo (skins on Ingano Indian ornament). * Psarocolius decumanus melanterus (Todd) ( 1) COLOMBIAN CRESTED OROPENDOLA. Ostinops decumanus melanterus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30, p. 3, 1917 (Las Vegas, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.--tobago, Trinidad, Panamá, and most of Tropical South America southward to southern Brazil, northwestern Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-- Tropical, occasionally Subtropical Zone up to 2550 m., west of the Eastern Andes (on the east slope at their northern ene!!) including the Santa Marta region and Atlántico, but not record- (1 ) For the use of the name Psarocolius ~e e Alden H. Miller, Auk, 64, p. 373, 1947.

115 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 987 ed from Nariño or the Pacific coast except the extreme northwest (La Concepción, Chirúa, Palomino 1500 m., Onaca, Las Vegas, Aguadulce, Masinga, M~singa Vieja, Bonda, La Tigrera, Minca, Cincinnati, San José, Atánques, Loma Larga sight, Fonseca sight, Valencia, Fundación; Tocahagua, Los Pendales; Cúcuta, San Nicolás, below Bucaramanga; AlgQidonal, Remedios, río Guali, near Honda, río Combeima, Villavieja, La Plata 2550 m., San Agustín, La Palma; Peque, "Antiaquía", Riofrío [Cauca Valley], La Manuelita, Palmira, below Miraflores 1350 m.; Jamundi, El Tambo, Mojarras; río Atrato, río Salaquí; Turbo, Quimarí, Tierra Alta, Murucucú, El Zapote). [Panamá; the Perijá region ot northwestern Venezuela.] Additional records.-yolombó 1480 m. (Mus. Univ. Antioq.); Barranca Bermeja; Moscopán 2100 m., Pisojé, Palo de Leche (upper Patía Valley). Psarocolius decumanus decumanus (Pallas) CRESTED OROPENDOLA (Surinam). Xanthornus decumanus, Spic. Zool., fase. 6, p. 1, pl. 1, 1769 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from eastern Cundinamarca and Meta eastward to the Orinoco and southward to Putumayo ("Bogotá", below Fómeque?, Villavicencio, Barrigón, río Dudita; Maipures; Florencia, Morelia, Belén, Tres Esquinas, Umbría). [South America, south. to the north bank ot the Amazon and the Marañón.Not Trinidad, Tobago, nor northeastern Venezuela.] Additional records.-buenavista [Meta], Restrepo, Apiay, Quenane, Yurimena. Psarocolius viridis (P. L. S. Müller) GREEN OROPENDOLA Oriolus viridis, Natursyst., suppl., p. 87, 1776 (Cayenne). Range ot the species.-the Guianas, southern Venezuela an1d southeastern Colombia southward to the Amazon Valley from Pará to northeastern Perú and eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Recorded only from extreme eastern Colombia on the Río Negro (San Felipe), but undoubtedly occurs also -on the Colombian Amazon. Psarocolius angustifrons sincipitalis (Cabanis) Range ot the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward to Bolivia. YELLOW-FRONTED OROPENDOLA Ostinops sincipitalis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 309, 1873 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the western slope of the Eastern Andes, and the headi of the Magdalena Va~ley (Bucaramanga, Anolaima, "Bogotá", Aguadita, above Fusagasuga; La Candela).

116 988 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Psarocolius angustifrons neglectus ( Chapman) OLIVE-BELLIED OROPENDOLA Ostinops sincipitalis neglectus, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 190, 1914 (Monterredondo, near Quetame, 1740 m., above Buenavista, eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", above Monterredondo 1750 m., Buenavista 1230 m., below Manzanares 1300 m., Andalucía [east slope] 1600 m.). [Western Venezuela.] : Psarocolius angustifrons salmoni (Sclater) SALMON's OROPENDOLA Ostinops salmoni, Ibis, 1883, p. 153, pl. 6 (Envigado [?], Antioquia, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on both slopes of the Western and Central Andes southward to Nariño. (Frontino, Concordia, ~santa Cecilia, Pueblorrico, La Selva 2100 m., Lomitas, San Antonio, La Gallera, río Mechengue 850 m., La Costa; Ricaurte; La Frijolera, Envigado, Salento, Laguneta 2400 m., río Combeima, Miraflores, Moscopán, Puracé, La Sierra). A single immature male from Moscopán differs from all other specimens by having very wid!e and long yellow eyebrows. They measure from the foreheact backwards no less than 48 mm. In general color it is like salmoni. This may be the region where salmoni and sincipitalis intergrade. The specimen from Río Combeima is quite typical of salmoni, while a bird from La Candela is closest to sincipitalis. Psarocolius angustifrons angustifrons ( Spix) ' BLACK-BILLED OROPENDOLA Cassicus angustijrons, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 66, pl. 62, 1824 (Sáo Paulo de Olivenc;a, north bank of the Río Solimoes, Brazill. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", above Villavicencio 900 m.; above Florencia 750 m., Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Loretoyacu, Isla Ronda, Leticia). [Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú and western Brazil.] Additional records.- Río Guayuriba, south of Villavicencio. According to Chapman a specimen from above Florencia (750 m.) approaches neglectus which inhabits the Subtropical Zone on the same slope. Cacicus cela cela (Linnaeus) YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE Parus cela, Syst. Na t., ed. 10, 1, p. 191, 1758 (Surinam). Range oj the species.-eastern Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and Trinidad southward to Goyaz, Matto Grosso and Bolivia.

117 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 989 COLOMBIA.-The coastal region of the Santa Marta district from Cacagualito eastward, and east of the Eastern Andes, Tropical Zone (Cacagualito, Don Diego, Dibulla; "Bogotá", Villavicencio, Barrigón, río Dudita; Morelia, Florencia, Tres Esquinas; Leticia). [Range of the species east ot the Andes.] Aldditional records.-apiay, rio Ocoa, Quenane. A record from "Páramo de Choachí" is extremely doubtful as this is a bird of the lower Tropical Zone, not known to range above 600 m. altitude. Cacicus cela vitellinus (Lawrence) LAWRENCE'S CACIQUE Cassicus vitellinus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, p. 107, 1864 (Isthmus of Panamá). COLOMBIA.-Northern Colombia from the Panamá border to the western and southern base of the Santa Marta Mts., and' the lower and middle Magdalena Valley (rio Juradó, río Salaqu, delta of the Atrato; Turbo, Quimarí, Lorica; Los Pendales; Fundación, Valencia; Algodonal, Lake Paturia). [Eastern Panamá.] Additional records.-barranca Bermeja. Observed by Professor Dugand along the Magdalena River between Barranca Bermeja and Puerto Berrío. Cacicus haemorrhous haemorrhous (Linn aeus) RED-RUMPED CACIQUE Oriolus haernorrhous, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 161, 1766 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-tropical South America east of the Andes from Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas southward: to southern Brazil (westward to the Río Madeira), Argentina, Paraguay. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes in the Caquetá region (Florencia, Morelia). [The Guianas to Pará, southern Venezuela and eastern Ecuador.] Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis (Lafresnaye) CURVE-BILLED CACIQUE Cassicus uropygialis, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 290, 1843 ("Bogotá" ). Range of the species.-nicaragua to northern Perú. COLOMBI!A.- Upper Tropical, and mostly Subtropical Zone on the west slope of the Eastern Andes from Huila northward (the east slope of the same range in the Pamplona region) ; the middle Magld'alena Valley, the Cauca Valley, and the Subtropical Zone on the west slope of the western Andes (Andalucía 1500 m. [west slope], Fusagasugá, "Bogotá", Pamplona; Remedios, Salento; Jericó, Puebl? rrico 1500 m. Riolima Los Tambos). [Eastern Ecuador, northern Peru.] Addition ~l records.-"antioquia" without precise locality (Mus. Univ. Antioq.); wing 159; tail 125; culmen 35 mm.

118 990 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? Cacicus uropygialis pacificus Chapman PACIFIC CURVE-BILLED CACIQUE Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 657, 1917 (Alto Bonito, Río Sucio, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Mostly lower, less frequently upper Tropical, and: rarely lower Subtropical Zones of the Pacific slope northward from Nariño to the Panamá border; eastward to the Atrato, lower Cauca and upper Sinú Valleys (La Guayacana, Buenavista, Barbacoas; mouth of río Calima, Sipí, Tadó, Noanamá, La Vieja, Santa Cecilia 720 m., Alto del Buey 1530 m., río Jurubidá, Nuquí, río Baudó, Falls of río Truandó, río Salaquí; Alto Bonito, río Sucio; Murucucú; Puerto Valdivia). [Western Ecuador.] Adld:itional records.-río Anchicayá 600 m., Bahía Solano. The status of Cacicus uropygialis and pacijicus is difficult to determine with the material at hand. Uropygialis inhabits the Cauca and the upper and mid!dle Magdalena Valleys, while pacificus is found on the Pacific coast, the lower Atrato, upper Sinú and lower Cauca Valleys. Two birds from Pueblorrico, on the Pacific slope of the Western Andes, which should be pacijicus are indistinguishable from true ur-opygialis except for the bill which is more curved, less straight as in pacijicus. In size, dark red of the rump, more graduated tail they are quite typical of uropygialis. The wings of the two males from Pueblorrico measure 149, 157 mm. as against (once 138, twice 140) for 15 males of pacijicus. They may well be distinct species, but until they are taken actually together, they had best be regarded as subspecies., - Archiplanus leucoramphus leucoram.phus (Bonaparte) BONAPARTE'S WHITE-BILLED CACI:; UE Xanthornus leucoramphus, Atti Sesta Riun. Sci.!tal., Milano, p. 405, " 1844", 1845 ("Bogotá" ). Range of the species.-colombia southward to Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, southeastern Brazil and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical to Temperate Zones, rarely Tropical Zone of the three And'ean ranges. Not found in the Santa Marta Mts. (Páramo de Tamá, Boavita, La Pica, "Bogotá", Choachí, Subia; Santa Elena, Envigado 1700 m., Laguneta, Toche 2100 m., El Edén, Coconuco, Almaguer; Concordia 1800 m., San Antonio, Andes west of Popayán 3200 m., Munchique 2000 m.; río Churuyaco, río San Miguel [Sucumbías]). [Eastern Ecuador.] Ald:ditional records.-páramo de Guasca 3200 m., Cordillera de Subia m.; Moscopán 2000 m., Paletará 3000 m. ':' Archiplanus solitarius (Vieillot) AZARA' s BLACK CACIQUE Cassicus solitarius, Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 5, p. 364, 1816 (Paraguay).

119 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF coi~mbia 991 Range of the species.-brazil south of the Amazon Paraguay Argentina and Bolivia northward to eastern Colombia. ' ' COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes (Villavicencio, río Dudita; Morelia, Tres Esquinas). Doubtful records from Usa quén (2600 m.) and "Páramo de Beltrán" (3000 m.) in Bol. Soc. Cienc. Inst. La Salle Bogotá, No. 46, p. 7, Additional records.-restrepo [Meta]. According to Dugand (in lit.) the records from Usaquén and Páramo de Beltrán mentioned above are probably ref.erable to Amblycercus holosericeus australis, which is occasionally found in the lower Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes near Bogotá. Unfortunately, the specimens are no longer extant since the La Salle Museum in Bogotá was destroyed by fire in : Amblycercus holosericeus holosericeus (Lichtenste'n) PRÉVOST'S CACIQUE Sturnus holosericeus, Preis.-Verz. Sáug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. L 1830 (Alvarado, Vera Cruz. México). Range of the species.--southern México southward through Central America to Colombia, western Venezuela, and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northwestern and northern Colombia from the Panamá border eastward to the Cartagena region. Not recorded from Atlántico. (Río Jurald'ó, río Jampavadó; Tierra Alta, Murucucú, Puerto Zapote; Turbaco, Cartagena). [México and Central America.] Replaced farther south on the Pacific coast, and in the Atrato Valley south of the Río Sucio by A. h. flavirostris. : Amblycercus holosericeus ~ustralis Chapman CHAPMAN's CAC!_QUE Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 41, p. 333, 1919 (Incachaca, Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia). COLOMBIA.- Subtropical, occasionally lower Temperate Zones on both slopes of the Eastern Andes. the Central and ea st slo Ge of the Western Andes, and! the Santa Marta Mts. (Heights of Chirúa m.; Páramo de Tamá, Ramírez, "Bogotá", El Peñón "3300 m."; río Toche, Zancudo). [Western Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, Perú, and northern Bolivia.] Additional records.-above Choachí m. See note under Archiplanus solitarius above. Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris Chapman Colombia). YELLOW-BILLED CACIQUE Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 659, 1915 (Barbacoas, Nariño, COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of the Atrato Valley from the Río Sucio southward and the Pacific slope from southern Chocó to Nariño (Alto Bonito; río Calima, Guine'o, Los Tambos 1800 m.; Barbacoas, Ricaurte, La Guayacana). [West ern Ecuador. ]

120 .992 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 ~ Psomocolax oryzivorus oryzivorus (Gmelin) RICE GRACKLE Oriolus oryzivorus, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 386, 1788 (Cayenne). Range ot the species.-,southern México, Central America and Tri niidad southward over South America to Santa Catarina, Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones throughout the country, but not recordedi from Atlántico (La Concepción, Chirúa, Palomino, Pueblo Viejo, Minca, Valparaíso, Riofrío, Tucurinca sight, Fundación; Manaure, "Bogotá"; Malena, Remedios; Toche, Miraflo res, La Manuelita, Palmira, Guengué, La Palma; Quimarí; Sautatá, Concordia, Antioquia, La Selva 2200 m., Pueblorrico, Nóvita, Noanamá, El Tambo [Cauca]; Ricaurte; Buenavista [Meta], Villavicencio, Barrigón; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Loretoyacu). [Eastern Panamá; Trinidad, South America.] Additional records.-bonda; Popayán, Crucero, Corrales [upper Patia]. Tangavius armenti (Cabanis) ARMENT'S COWBIRD Molothrus armenti, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 192 (note), 1851 ("Cartagena, Colombia" ). Range ot the species.-? Northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-? The Caribbean coast ( "Cartagena", "Sabanilla"). This is one of the rarest birds in the world being known from only four specimens, only one of which is fully adult. Professor Dugand reports that he has failed so far to meet with it in Dept. Atlántico, near the localities mentioned above (Ca1dasia, 4, no. 20, p. 637, 1947)., - Molothrus bonariensis cabanisii Cassin CABANIS' SHINY COWBIRD Proc. AcaJd. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, p. 22, 1866 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.-the Lesser Antilles, Tobago and Trinicfu.d and eastern Panamá, a:nd South America southward to Argentina, Uruguay, and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes except Nariño; east slope of the same range in the Ocaña region (Santa Marta, Cacagualito, Sevillano, Orihueca, Aracataca, Fw;idación; Barranquilla, El Paraíso sight, Puerto Giralda, Aguada de Pablo, Megua, La Peña, Tocahagua, Cartagena, Puerto Zapote, Lorica, Montería, Jaraquiel, Tierra Alta, Quimarí; Gamarra, Aguachíca, Ocaña, Sasaima, "Bogotá", La Mesa, Fusagasugá, Villavieja, San Agustín; Santa Elena, Medellin, Salento, Miraflores; Sautatá, Quibdó, Concordia, La Selva, Pueblorrico, Suarraga, Dagua, Yumbo, Cali, Las Cruces, San Antonio, Munchique, El Tambo). [Eastern Panamá.] Additional records.---santandercito 1550 m.; Palestina 1600 m., Cajibio, Popayán.

121 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 993 Molothrus bonariensis aequatorialis Chapman Colombia). EQUATORIAL SHINY COWBIRD B_ull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 661, 1915 (Barbacoas, Nariño, COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (Barbacoas, Tumaco, Ricaurte). [Western Ecuador.] Molothrus bonariensis venezuelensis Stone VENEZUELAN SHINY COWBIRD Auk, 1891, p. 347 (San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from the Zulia Valley in the Cúcuta region southward to the Eastern Llanos; ranging -doubtlessly eastward to the Orinoco and Atabapo r egions (río Zulia, Cúcuta, Villavicencio, Apiay, Quenane). [Ven ezu ela. j Additional records.- Acacias. Replaced farther south in the Amazon drainage of Colombia by an apparently different form. :: Molothrus bonariensis subsp. COLOMBIA.-The Amazonian region from Caquetá southward (Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Loretoyacu). Birds from Amazonian Colombia have more swollen bills than venezuelensis, and slightly more so than typical bonariensis. No females have been examined. According to Friedmann (The Cowbirds, p. 64, 1929) the Morelia bird is probably an intergrade between cabanisii and typical bonariensis. Macruagelaius subalaris (Boissonneau) COLOMBIAN MOUNTAIN GRACKLE Quiscalus subalaris, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 70, 1840 ("Bogotá" ). Range of the species.-colombia. COLOMBIA.---Subtropical a111d Temperate Zones on the west slope of the Eastern Andes from Santand;er to Cundinamarca (Cachiri, "Páramo de Pamplona" [ = Páramo de Santurbán] 3100 m., La Pica, "Bogotá", Subía). Additional records.-aguadita 1950 m. While admitting the close relationship between this bird a nd M. imthurmi (Sclater) of British Guiana a nd the Mt. Duida region of Venezuela I believe that they are best regarded as 'd'istinct species, for they differ in three important characters. Subalaris has the shoulder chestnut while imthurmi has it black; again, the former has the bases to the feathers grey, not white as in imthur mi. Further the bill of imthunni is much more slender than in subalaris. The 'bil1d' is recorded only from the western slope of the Eastern An-

122 994 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 "25 des for Wyatt's specimen was secured on the Bucaramanga side of the "Páramo de Pamplona" [ = Páramo de Santurbán] be-rore crossing it on the way to Mutiscua.,;, Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster (d 3 Tarragon) RED-BELLIED GRACKLE Cassicus pyrohypogaster, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 252, 1847 (Colombia). Range of the species.~colombia. COLOMBlA.-Locally distributed throughout the Subtropical Zone except the Santa Marta region. Not recorded from Nariño. ("Bogotá", Caquetá Trail below Andalucía 2100 m. [east slope]; La Frijolera, Santa Elena 2700 m., Amalfí, Envigado, La Camelia, Angelópolís, Salento, Filandia west of Salento, slopes of Neva:C.b del Tolíma, río Toche sight; Peque, Pueblorrico, Siató, La Selva). Quiscalus lugubris lugubris Swainson SWAINSON'S GRACKLE Anim. Menag., 1837, p. 299 (British Guiana). Range of the species.-the Lesser Antilles, the islands off the coast of Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, northern Venezuela westward to eastern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Professor Dugand reports (in lit.) a male collected by J. I. Borr ero at Rondón, on the río Casana.re, Arauca, adding this bird to the avifauna of Colombia. [Northern Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas.] Quiscalus mexicanos peruvianus Swainson ( 1) PERUVIAN GRACKLE Anim. Menag., p. 354, 1837 (Perú). Range of the species.-from the South Atlantic and Gulf States (U. S. A.) and México, southward through Central America to Colombia and northwestern Perú. COLOMBJA.-Caribbean and Pacific coasts, not ranging far from the seashore (Riohacha, Dibulla, Don Diego, Buritaca, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Gaira, Ciénaga, Trojas de Cataca; Barranquilla, La Playa, Puerto Colombia, El Paraíso sight, Guájaro, La Peña, Luruaco, Cartagena, Puerto Zapote, Sinú Delta; Turbo; Punta Ardita, Nuqui, Buenaventura). [Costa Rica to extreme northwestern Venezuela and northwestern Perú.] Additional records.-ensenada de Coredó [Chocó coast]. This is Megaquiscalus majar assimilis of Chapman's list, the type of which is a "Bogotá" skin. Lampropsar tanagrinus tanagrinus (Spix) AMAZONIAN VELVETY-FRONTED GRACKLE Icterus tanagrinus, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 67, pl. 64, fig. 1, 1824 (Itacoatiara, Amazon River, Brazil). O) Quiscalus = Cassidix auct.

123 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 995 Range ot the snecies.-:-the Guianas, Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, the Amazon Valley, eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú and northern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-The Caquetá region (Tres Esquinas) and undoubtedly Amazonas. [The Amazon Valley jrom the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira westward to eastern Perú and eastern Ecuador.] Lampropsar t. guianensis Cabanis is recorded by Hellmayr as ranging in the Orinoco Valley "from the delta up to above the falls of Maipures". It will doubtlessly be found on the Colombian side of the Orinoco. : Icterus galbula (Linnaeus) BALTIMORE ORIOLE Coracias galbula, Syst. Nat., eo:. 10, 1, p. 108, 1758 (Virginia). Range ot the species.-breeds from southern Canada and Nova Scotia, east of the Rocky Mts. southward to Texas, Louisiana and Alabama. Winters from México to Colombia and western Venezuela (Perijá region). COLOMBIA.-Winter resident in northern Colombia. One record from the Eastern Llanos. Recorlded from October 14 to May 3. (Don Diego, Minca, Donjaca, Riofrío, Aracataca; Puerto Giraldo, El Paraíso sight, La Peña, Los Pendales, Cartagena, Turbaco; Tierra Alta; río Juradó; Cúcuta; Chafurray). Additional records.~caracolicito, Arroyo de Piedras. : Icterus spurius (Linnaeus) ORCHARD ORIOLE Oriolus spurius, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 162, 1766 (South Carolina). Range of the species.-breed:s in the northern United States and Ontario southward to México. Winters from México to Colombia and western Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from August 5 to March 2. (Dibulla, Ciénaga, Ara cataca, Fundación; El Paraíso sight, Calamar, Algodonal. Lorica; río Juradó; Cúcuta; Villavicencio). Noted by Dugand at El Paraíso as early as August 5 (Caldasia, 4, no. 20, p. 638, 1947). Additional records.-santa Catalina [northeast of Cartagena], Bolívar, one male in second-year plumage (Mus. Univ. Antioquia). : Icterus chrysocephalus (Linnaeus) MORICHE ORIOLE Oriolus chrysocephalus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 164, 1766 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-the Guianas, Venezuela, the Rio Negro and Río Branco regi-ons of Brazil to eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Villavicencio, río Ocoa, Chafurray; Belén, Tres Esquinas, Rumiyaco; Maipures; San Felipe).

124 996 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 ':' Icterus mesomelas carrikeri Todd CARRIKER'S ORIOLE Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30, p. 4, 1917 (Fundlación, Ma~j'alena, Colombia). Range oj the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia, northwestern Venezuela and western Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the río San Juan northward; the Caribbean coast from the Atrato eastward to the Magdalena Valley and the Santa Marta region (but not r ecordled as yet from Atlántico); up the Magdalena Valley to Cundinamarca. East of the Andes in the Zulia Valley. (Guineo, Condoto, Quibdó, río Jampavadó, río Juradó; río Atrato; Quimarí, Tierra Alta, Jaraquiel; Remolino, Fundación, Aracataca, Riofrío, Cacagualito; Nechí, Puerto Berrío; Guaduas, Sasaima, "Bogotá"; Puerto Santander, La Donjuana). [Northwestern Venezuela.].A!d'j~tional recorcfs.-caracolicito; Santandercito 1550 m. Icterus m. taczanowski Ridgway, described from western Ecuador, will probably be found on the Pacific coast in Nariño. ':' Icterus auricapillus Cassin ORANGE-CROWNED ORIOLE Proc. Acad. Nat. 'Sci. Philadelphia, 3, p. 332, "1847", 1848 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range oj the species.-'colombia and Venezuela south to the Orinoco. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. The Caribbean coast region from the río Sinú eastward and the Magdalena Valley. East of the Andes in the Catatumbo lowlands. (Quimari, Murucucú, Puerto Zapote; Los Pendales, Tocahagua, Manatí; Fundación, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Banda, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Dibulla; Honda, west of Honda, between Girardot and!bagué sight, Villa vieja, "Bogotá"; Petrólea)..A!dditional records.-barranca Bermeja. Icterus chrysater giraudii Cassin GIRAUD'S ORIOLE Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3, p. 333, " 1847", 1848 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical, Subtropical, and lower Temperate Zcnes of the Andes, excluding the Santa Marta regían. Tropical Zone in the arid floor of the upper Magdalena Valley. (El Cauca, La Palmita, Cachirí, Bucaramanga region not above 2100 m., Andes of Santander 2300 m., El Carmen, Alto de la Paz, Panamá [above Pacho], La Calera 2720 m., Sabana de Bogotá, Gachancipá, Subachoque, Madrid, Suba, Cordillera d 1 e Subía 2500 m. sight, San Antonio d!e Tena, Fusagasugá, Villa vieja, Andalucía 900 m., Buena vista [Huila];? Quetame,? Buenavista [Meta], '? Villavicencio; La Frijolera, Barro Blanco, Mede1lín, Envigado, La Camelia, near Angelópolis, Salento, Toche,!bagué, Miraflores, La Sierra, San Agustín, La Candela; Qui-

125 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 997 ma~í m.; Concordia, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo, MoJarras, Yananchá, Ricaurte 1170 m.). [Western Venezuela.] Additional records.--soatá, Santandercito 1550 m., Silvania, Aguadita. Choachí; Puracé 2500 m., Pisojé, Popayán. : Icterus chrysater hondae Chapman HONDA ORIOLE Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 191, 1914 (Honda, upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally lower Subtropical Zones of the Pacific slope southwar.ct to the río 1San Juan eastward to the region about Honcl!a anjd Chicoral in the upper Magdalena Valley. The eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Meta and eastern Cundinamarca. (Punta Ardita, río Juradó, río Nercua, río Truandó, La Selva 2000 m., above Santa Cecilia 2400 m.; Chicoral, Honda; Mámbita). [Panamá jrom the Canal Zone southward through Darién.] Additional records.-restrepo [Meta]. Birds from the lowlands of the Pacific coast anct Panamá are not so orange as the typical specimens from Hon'd'a. In size, however, they are llke them. The wing of hondae measures mm., and birds from the Pacific coast mm. Birds from the lowlands of Panamá have wings of mm. The type of giraudii has wing of mm. anct other specimens from the Sub tropical Zone ( except those from the headwaters of the río San Juan) have wings of mm. A series of typical chrysater from Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras have wings that measure mm. According to Professor Dugand (in lit.) fourteen birds in the collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of Bogotá (recorded in this paper under the "Additional records" for Icterus c. giraudii) have wing-measurements of 96 (one), 99 (four), 100 (three), 104 (two), 105 (two), 108 (one), and ltl9 mm. (one). The localities recorde cl: are all in the Subtropical Zone above 1500 m. altitude. One single example from Restrepo, Meta, in the Tropical Zone at the edge of the Eastern Llanos near Villavicencio, has the wing only 90 mm., thus corresponding to hondae. A bird from Mámbita, also at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes, northeast of Villavicencio, is recorded by Alden H. Miller (Auk, 64, p. 375, 1947) as having the wing 90 mm. Until it is demonstrated that birds from the Honda regían are always as orange as the three specimens which served Chapman to differentiate his race, it seems best to include all small-winged birds from the above regions under hondae. : Icterus nigrogularis nigrogularis (Hahn) YELLOW ORIOLE Xanthornus nigrogularis, Vogel aus Asien, Africa, etc., livr. 5, pl. 1, 1819 ("Brazil"). Range oj the species.-trinidad, Monos, Margarita, Curac;ao, Bonaire and Aruba Islands. British Guiana and adjacent Brazil, Venezuela south to the Orinoco and eastern and northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-The Eastérn Llanos eastward to the Orinoco. The

126 998 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NI? 25 Caribbean coast westward from La Guajira to the Sinú Valley. The lower and middle Magdalena Valley. (Barrigón; Maipures; Riohacha, Banda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, La Tigrera, Punta Caimán, Riofrío, Fundación; Barranquilla, Baranoa, La Playa, El Paraíso, Puerto Giralda, Calamar, Manatí, Aguada de Pablo, La Peña, Guájaro, Santa Cruz, Turbaco, Lorica; Boca de Chimí, Puerto Berrío). [Continental range oj the species.] Additoinal records.-maicao; Los Pend.ales; río Nechí (Mus. Univ. Antioq.). Icterus icterus icterus (Linnaeus) TROUPIAL Oriolus icterus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 161, 1766 (Cumaná, Suere, Venezuela, ex Phelps and Phelps). Range of the species.-venezuela north of the Orinoco; the islands of Margarita, Aruba and Curagao; northeastern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Profe.ssor Dugand writes me that cage birds from the Eastern Llanos, presumably captured on the Arauca plains, belong to the typical race which has been recorded by Hellmayr from the mouth of the Río Meta, and by Phelps and Phelps (Lista Av. Venez., p. 305, 1950) from El Amparo, just across the Colombia-Venezuela border on the Río Arauca. [Northern and central Venezuela.], : Icterus icterus ridgwayi (Hartert) RIDGWAY'S TROUPIAL Island). Xanthornus icterus ridgwayi, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 299, 1902 (Aruba COLOMBIA.-Arid coastal region of northern Colombia from the Guajira Península westward to the middle Cesare Valley (Maicao, Riohacha, Fonseca, Valledupar, Valencia; "Cartagena"). [Aruba, Curar;ao, and northwestern Venezuela.] According to Dugand, the record from Cartagena is probably based on a cage bird as the species is not known to range west of the río Cesare Valley (Caldasia, 5, no. 21, p. 196, 1948). : Icterus croconotus cr~conotus (Wagler) ORANGE-BACKED ORIOLE Psarocolius croconotus, Isis, 22, heft 7, col. 757, 1829 (Rio Tapajoz, Brazil). Range oj the species.-british Guiana, the Amazon Valley, southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Perú, northern Bolivia, and Paraguay. COLOMBIA.-The Amazonian region (Macagua). [Range oj the species except Bolivia and Paraguay.] There is a specimen in the Academy from "Bogotá". Gymnomystax mexicanus (Linnaeus) BLACK-AND-YELLOW ORIOLE Oriolus mexicanus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 162, 1766 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-the Guianas, Venezuela, eastern Colombia,

127 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 999 Brazil.south to the Amazon and its southern affluents eastern Ecuador and Perú to the Ucayali and' Huallaga Rivers. ' COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes. Not recorde.d from Caquetá. (Apiay, Quenane Peralonso Pachaquiaro Menegua; Leticia). ' ' ' Additional records.-río Ariarí. Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus (Linnaeus) Oriolus icterocephalus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 163, 1766 (Cayenne). YELLOW-HEADED MARSH BIRD R:ange ot the species.- Trinidad, the Guianas, Brazíl south to the Amazon and the río Juruá; northeastern Perú; Venezuela and Colombia. COLOMBIA.-The Caribbean coast from the Sinú Valley eastward and the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys. East of the Andes in the Zulia Valley, southward and eastward to the Eastern Lla os, the Orínoco and Amazon regions. (Tierra Alta, Lorica; La Peña, Guájaro, Manatí, Barranquilla, El Paraíso sight; Fundación, Aracataca, Ciénaga, Dibulla; Lake Paturia, "Bogotá"; La Manuelita, Cali; Puerto Villamizar; río.qcoa; Maipures; between Leticia and Loretoyacu sight). [Range oj the species except the Bogotá plateau.] Ad ditional records.- Barranca Bermeja, Estación Saldaña; Quilichao. AgeJaius icterocephalus bogotensis Chapman BOGOTÁ YELLOW-HEADED MARSH BIRD Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 191, 1914 (Suba marshes, Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Restricted to the marsh es of the Bogotá plateau 2600 m. ("Bogotá", Suba marshes). Additional records.- Laguna de La Hererra, Ciudad Universitaria in Bogotá. Leistes militaris mil.itaris (Linnaeus) CAYENNE RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD Emberiza militaris, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 178, 1758 (Surinam). Range ot the species.-tobago, Trinidad, Panam á, and South America southward to Argentina, Uruguay and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from the Sinú Valley eastward into the lower and middle Magdalena Valley. East of the Andes on the Eastern Llanos from Meta to the Orinoc,o. (Quimarí, río Sinú, Lorica; Aguada de Pablo, Puerto Giralda, El Paraíso sight, Barranquilla; Ciénaga, Fundación; "Bogotá"; Villavicencio; Maípures). [Range oj the species southward to southern Perú, northern Matto Grosso and Maranháo.]

128 1000 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Additional records.-barranca Bermeja; Apiay, Quenane, Peralonso, Rondón, Arauca. Sturnella magna paralios Bangs SANTA MARTA MEADOWLARK Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 56, 1901 (San Sebastián, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range oj the species.---southern Canada anci the United States east of the Rocky Mts., Cuba, México, Central America southward to Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana and northeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the southern side of the Santa Marta Mts., southward across the Rio Cesare Valley to the western base of the Eastern Andes at Aguachica (San Sebastián m., El Mamón 2700 m., Camperucho, Valencia; Aguachica). [Adjacent northern Venezuela.] Replaced in the mountains of Ocaña, above Aguachica, by the next forro. Sturnella magna meridionalis Sclater SOUTHERN MEADOWLARK, Ibis, 1861, p. 179 ("Bogotá" ). COLOMBIA.---Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes from Norte 'de Santander southward locally to the head of the Magdalena Valley (Ocaña, near La Cruz, "Cocuta Valley" [ = Suratá Valley] 1500 m., Pamplona, Peñablanca, Sesquilé north of Bogotá, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, La Holanda, La Herrera, Subachoque, below Facatativa 1800 m., Choachí, Chipaque,? Quetame; San Agustín, La Candela). [Mérida and Trujillo, Venezuela.] Additional records.-lago de Tota 3015 m., Páramo de Toquilla 3500 m., Sopó, La Calera, Torca, Silvania, Fusagasugá, Tibacuy. ':' Sturnella magna praticola Chubb GUIANAN MEADOWLARK Guiana). Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 445, 1921 (Abary River, British COLOMBIA.-The Eastern Llanos to the Orinoco River (Villavicencio; Maipures). [Southern Venezuela and British Guiana.] Additional records.-peralonso, Rondón, Savanas at base of Macarena Mts. 450 m. Six birds from the Santa Marta region which I have examined average smaller than 34 specimens of meridionalis from the Eastern Andes. They also differ by having more white on the fourth rectrix. In size they are similar to praticola of British Guiana, but praticola differs from paralios in having the tail pattern of meridionalis. Two birds from Villavicencio are similar to four from British Guiana in this respect. other. These races of meadowlark are not very clearly defined from each

129 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1001 Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus) BOBOLINK Carolina). Fr ingilla oryzivora, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 179, 1758 (South. Range oj the species.- Breeds in Canada and the United States so~thwar.d to n.orthern California, Utah, IÚinois and New Jersey. Wmters m Brazll, Paraguay and Argentina. COLOMBIA.- Transient. Recorded in September (11) October and November (26), March, April, and May (9), from the 's a nta Marta region, the west slope of the Eastern Andes including the Bogotá plateau, and the eastern base of the Andes of Na riño (Buritaca Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaira, Punta Caimán. Ciénaga Trojas de Cataca: sight, Fundación, Pivijay sight; San Gil, "Bogotá'< Usaquén 2600 m.; río Ch uruyaco). Family TERSINIDAE - THE SWALLOW-TANAGERS Tersina viridis grisescens Griscom SANTA MARTA SWAT..LOW-TANAGER Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 186, 1929 (La Concepción, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range oj the species.-extreme eastern Panamá, and virtually all Tropical South America south to Bolivia and northeastern Argentina. Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. up to about 1600 m. (La Concepción, Chirúa, San Miguel, San Francisco, Pueblo Viejo, Palomino, Aguadulce, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, San Lorenzo). Swallow-Tanagers may be recognized by their bright-colored plumage, much like that of the true Tanagers, from which they are ldistinguished by their bill, which is very much broadened at the base and swallow-like, and by their peculiar palate. The male of Tersina viridis has the mask antd' throat black, center of belly and crissum white, the rest of the plumage blue when held toward the light green when held away from it, sides of abdomen narrowly barred 'with black; the female has a greyish frontal band, center of belly and crissum pale ycllow, sides of belly barred greenish and yellowish, the rest of the plumage grass-green. : Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sclater) WESTERN SWALLOW-TANAGER ("Bogotá"). Procnias occidentalis, Proc. Zoo l. Soc. London, " 1854", 1855, p. 249 COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones throughout the eountry except the Santa Marta Mts. Not recorded from the

130 1002 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 lower Magdalena Valley. (Manaure, El Tambor, Bucaramanga, Yacopí, "Bogotá"; Villavicencio; Morelia; west of Honda, Remed'ios; Miraflores 2040 m., Popayán; río Juradó, río Tamaná, Juntas de Tamaná, río San Juan, Nóvita, Noanamá, Buenaventura, Dagua, San Antonio [probably west slope]; Ricaurte, Mayasquer). [Western South America south to Bolivia and Matto Grosso.] Additional records.-río Ariari. Family THRAUPIDAE - THE TANAGERS Key A. Interscapular region or whole mantle uniform black, grey or white a B. Interscapular region or whole mantle sorne other color (including blue-black, purplish black, bluish grey, or blackish crimson) b (ajter No. 43) a. Color of rump or upper ta il-coverts in contrast to that of mantle Color of rump or upper tail-coverts uniform with mantle or very nearly so l. Breast and belly uniform grey or black Breast and belly not uniform grey or black.... 8, 2. Breast and belly grey; pectoral tufts white; rump yellow Heterospingus xanthopygius s> Breast and belly black With a median stripe on crown; rump buffy to ochraceous or fulvous With no median stripe on crown Median crown-stripe orange or red; a buff or fulvous spot on throat Median crown-stripe ochraceous; throat uniform black ; lower part of flanks bright rufous Superciliary narrowly white, broadening into a scarlet patch behind the eye; lesser wingcoverts and rump lemon-yellow No superciliary stripe Tachyphonus cristatus (! Tachyphonus surinamus t Heterospi ngus xanthopygius (! 6 6. Whole head Jight blue, throat tinged violet.... Tangara cyanicollis hannahiae En tire plumage black, except rump

131 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Rump scarlet Rump rich lemon-yellow ( ) Under parts entirely or partially blue or bluegreen With no blue anywh ere on the under parts Rump blue, green-blue, or opalescent green.... Rump not of the above colors Middle of belly and crissum chestnut; rest of under surface blue, irregular throat-collar black Middle of belly and crissum yellow; throat and flanks blue varied with black No chestnut or yellow on belly or crissum Crown and under surface turquoise-blue ; guiar patch black Forecrown, broad eyebrow, and lower back Ramphocelus jlammigerus 6 Ramphocelus icteronotus Tanagrella vel ia Tangara mexicana 11 Ph oen icothmupis hartlaubi opalescent; lower belly and crissum black... Tanagrella callophrys Crown-feathers basally black, broadly edged with opalescent greenish blue; breast and belly mixed blue-green and black Tangara n igroviridis Whole head differently colored from adjoining plumage Belly dark blue; head pale blue, throat tinged violet Middle of belly white, breast black, sides and/ or flanks en tire! y or partially blue Head, neck and throat paje lavender blue; cheeks greenish Forecrown and cheeks violet-blue; nape, sides of neck and throat coppery yellow or golden buff Tangara cyanicollis granadensis and caeruleocephala Tangara n. nigro-cincta Tangara nigro-cincta janny 14. Rump all scarlet Upper half of rump scarlet, lower half yellow, or yellow predominating Crown orange or yellow Crown neither orange nor yellow Forehead and cheeks scarlet Forehead and cheeks orange T angara c. ch i lensis T angara ch i l ensis coelicolor Tangara p. parzudakii Tangara parzudakii lunigera (*) Birds with orange rumps, the hue varyin g in intensity, are hybrids between Ramphocelus icteronotus and R. jlammigerus. They have been n amed Ramphocelus chrysonotus Lafresnaye.

132 1004 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N Breast and belly dull white, or white varied with ash y Breast and belly not white A yellow spot on wing-coverts; throat, rump and crissum yellow No yellow spot on wing-coverts Throat yellow, breast plain whitish Throat yellow, breast spotted or barred with blackish Throat white, sides of throat yellow, breast plain whitish Wing-cover ts and rump blue Wing-coverts black ; rump red or m ange Center of breast and belly yellow, sides and flanks black Upper breast black ; auricular patch, lower breast and belly scarlet ( ; ), or brownish orange-red ( 2) Under tail-coverts black, or with mere traces of scarlet apical fringes Under tail-coverts scarlet ( ; ) or brownish,m ange red ( 2 ) Neck, breast and fla nks bright scarlet to bloodred, middle of belly black Similar, but red much duller; middle of belly ' brown or blackish brown Lower parts yellow; a band of deep orange across breast Lesser wing-coverts, lower back, rump, and belly white, rest of plumage black; tail long ( mm.) and much graduated; wing over 100 mm Plumage not as described above Body plumage entirely black; crest, crown, shoulders or under wing-coverts sometimes contrastingly colored En tire body plumage not black Whole crown and lores white, plushy; wing about 140 mm Crest m ange or orange-ochraceous; shoulders black; wing about mm Crown black; under wing-coverts usually. white H emithraupis flavicollis peruana ; 19 Hemithraupis flavicollis ornata ; H mnithraupis flavicollis aurigularis ; Hemithraupis jlavicollis albigularis ; Bangsia melanochlatnys 22 Anisognathus ign iventris erythrotus A nisognath us igniventris lunulatus Ramphocelus nigrogularis ; Ramphocelus nigrogularis 2 Ramphocelus jlammigerus 2 Cissopis leveriana Sericossypha albo-cristata (imm.) Tachyphonus delatrii ; 26 - b

133 R_._M ;_. DE SCHA UENSEE: THE E IROS OF COLOMBIA 2 -b. Fore part of shoulders scarlet, hind part white Shoulders or shoulder-spot white Wing about 90 mm. ; tail over 65 mm Wing about 65 mm.; tail under 60 mm With dark crimson, scarlet, or rosy red in t he plumage Without red in the plumage Crown and sides of head dar k slate-grey; lores, throat and most of under part ros y red.... Crown and lores white, plushy ; throat dark crimson, bel!y black Crest scarlet or rosy red; throat scarlet or vermilion; breast and bel!y dark grey With ochraceous, rufous, chestnut, or cinnamon areas in the plumage Without conspicuous areas of such colors in the plumage (except sometimes on crissum only) Head ochraceous, rufous or chestnut; throat ochraceous, rufous, or yel!ow Head not colored as described above Whole head and neck chestnut-rufous, rather paler on throat; f!anks cinereous Top of head orange-rufous; sides of head and throat yel!ow; breast and flanks yel!owish or pale greyish brown Whole head, neck, sides of body and crissum ochraceous or dark rufous ( ~ ) or pale fuivous ( < > ), middle of bel!y white Half-concealed crown-stripe and entire under parts cinnamon-rufous; rest of head blackish or slaty grey No median crown-stripe Throat, breast and middle of bel!y cinnamon, flanks grey; eyebrow white Flanks cinnamon or ochraceous like the breast and the bel!y Lores and sides of head black; abo ve dar k plumbeous, lower back tinged with olive..... Crown and si des of head grey like the back Under surface or part of it yellow, orange yel low, olive yellow or yel!owish green Under surface blue, grey or white A large patch of yel!owish o Ji ve on crown and nape; under parts greenish olive yel!ow or yel!owish olive-brown, crissum russet or tinged with cinnamon Tachyphonus phoeni.cius es 27 Tachyphonus rufus ~ Tachyphonus luctuosus e> Rhodinocichla rosea ~ Sericossypha albo-cristata H abia g. gutturalis 31 (see also No. 37) Thlypopsis fttlv iceps Thlypopsis sordida T h lypopsis ornata Crew gops verticalis ~ 34 Rhodinocichla rosea < > 35 H emispingus m. melanotis Creurgops verticalis Mitrospingtts cassinii

134 1006 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<.> Patch on crown and nape yellow; shoulders blue; under parts bright yellow Upper surface, sides of head, and throat dark plumbeous olive or glossy blue-grey; lower breast, belly and crissum orange yellow; wing mm... : Compsocoma jlavinucha cyanoptera Tanagra plumbea t, 38. Eyebrow, throat, breast and f!anks shiny bluegreen; back black like the crown; crissum fulvous No blue-green in the plumage Shoulders blue Shoulders grey or black Shoulders shining blue; back ashy or slaty grey; feet dar k plumbeous.... Shoulders dull sky-blue; feet pale (yellow in life) Crown and stripe on sides of neck black; back blue-grey; under surface white Crown blue-grey like the back; breast pale buffy, belly white Above dull black; throat white.... Above grey; throat black (*) Forecrown black, hind crown grey ; wing over 75 mm Sides of crown black, center pale rufous or ashy brown; wing under 75 mm Tangara cyanotis 39 b. Upper or under surface (or both) rosy, scarlet, r.rimsm~, maroon red or brick-red (see also No. 103 ) Upper or under surface (except sometimes head and; or breast) without a shade of red (see also No. 103) 44. Head crested, or with a median crown-stripe or crown-patch Head plain Long prominent crest scarlet; si des of head, throat and upper chest bright red With a scarlet or vermilion crown-stripe or crown-patch, sometimes slightly crest-like Tangara inornata 41 N emosia pileata t N emosia pileata ~ Urothraupis stolzmanni 43 Schistochlamys melano_ pis t Pseudospingus verticalis ( ) Habia cristciú Point of chin and sides of throat grey, throat itself vermilion Point of chin and throat rosy red or scarlet. 47. Wings and tail black or blackish brown Wings and tail brown or red Habia gutturalis erythrolaema Habia rubica t (*) The young of Pseudospingus verticalis has the throat white.

135 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS" OF COLOMBIA Wing-coverts with large white spots..... Wing-coverts without white spots Mask and throat black Without a mask Body plumage bright scarlet, including head, throat, and interscapulum Body plumage blood-red or dark crimson; lower mandible silvery blue Head, throat, upper chest and interscapulum dar k crimson; belly and rump blood-red.... Entire plumage dark velvety crimson, more blackish above, brighter on breast Back, breast and median stripe on belly scarlet, rest of belly white No white on belly General plumage dull rufous red, brownish red, or brick-red General plumage scarlet-red or rosy red Throat and upper chest blackish; rump dul! red Throat, breast and rump not in contrast to rest of plumage Upper mandible with a conspicuous "tooth" on cutting edge ; 5th. primary equal to or longer than first Upper. mandibfe..-without a strongly developed "tooth" on cutting edge; 5th. primary much shorter t han first Back streaked or scalloped Back not streaked or scalloped Feathers of breast black in center, giving a spotted or scaly appearance Breast unspotted Throat rufous; crown, nape and sides of head black Throat not rufous; crown-feathers green, or black edged with green Middle of belly yellow ; throat green, spotted black; wing mm.; tail under 45 mm.... Middle of bel!y white; throat white, spotted; wing mm.; tail under 45 mm Middle of belly white; wing mm. ; tail mm Bre:>.st. and belly. or center of both yellow..... No yellow on under parts, or yellow confined to lower belly and crissum Pi ranga leucoptera (j 49 Calochaetes coccineus (j 50 Piranga olivacea (j 51 Ramphocelus dimidiatus ~ Ramphocelus carbo (j Erythrothlypis salmoni (j Ramphocelus dimidiatus 9 Ramphocelus carbo 9 Piranga jlava (j Piranga rubra Tangara rujigula 59 Tangara xanthogastra Tangara punctata Tangara chrysophrys 61 62

136 1008 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ Throat, flan ks and sides of belly green ; center of breast and of belly yellow Throat pale silvery greenish grey; breast and belly brigh t yel!ow Throat and rest of under parts golden, or orange yellow, or somewhat burnt yellow Throa t, breast imd middle of belly deep chestnut or reddish brown Throat, breast and belly not chestnut or reddish brown Outer primaries solid black; under surface of body green ; hind crown and nape yellow.... Outer primaries edged wit h blue or green Middle of belly white; crown black, glossed with purplish ; nape wit h a buff cross band. Middle of belly buffy, fulvous, chestnut-brown, or greyish Center of crown black; forehead, eyebrow and sides of head including ear-coverts opalescent golden green Crown yellow or shining yellowish green Crown and cheeks yel!ow ; lores, e hin and upper throat black Crown shining yellowish green; lores, chin and throat black, the latter bordered below with blue; a t urquoise-blue patch on cheeks..... T angara schran kii T angara icterocephala Tangara arthus (except sclat eri ) Tangar a arthus sclateri 63 Tan gara f lor ida auriceps 64 Tangara rujicervix 65 T angara chrysotis 66 Tan gara xanthocephala T angar a johannae 67. Mantle and back (except sometimes rump) glossy steel-blue or dark purple-blue; breast and belly solid yellow, orange, or ochraceous, yellow; wing 70 mm. or less Not cofored as described abo ve Entire under surface, forehead and greater part of crown bright yellow Chin and throat black, steel-blue or dark purplish blue Without a yel!ow, orange"'óf ' tawny forehead or crown Crown or forehead ;S>ellow, orange or tawnyrufous Crown dark blue or purplish black like the back and the rump Crown and na pe light blue; rump yellow Under tail-coverts the same color as rest of under parts Under tail-coverts in contrast to the under parts Tan agra laniirostris Tanagra rujiventris T anagra m u si ca 72 74

137 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE ; THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA White area on inner web of outer primary broad, fully reaching to shaft; front h alf of crown only yellow White area on inner web of outer primary not reaching to shaft, or restricted to margin, or scarcely if at all marked Front half of crown only yellow; a n arrow blackish frontal band Cap yellow; a narrow blackish blue frontal band Cap orange-yellow; no blackish frontal band; breast slightly tinged orange-ochraceous.... Whole crown orange-yellow; breast and belly orange-yellow strongly tinged ochraceous Under tail-coverts and center of belly fulvous or rufous-orange Under tail-coverts and lower belly white; forehead yellow, crown colored like rest of upper parts Crissum white; whole crown orange-rufous or tawny Back solid bright grass-green or parrot-green, or green washed with gold rnot olive-green or moss-green) Back not as described above Crown deep blue, a narrow green line above bill divided from blue cap by a black line ; sides of body yellow, center of lower breast, belly and crissum chestnut Crown dark blue, a narrow green line above bill divided from blue cap by a maroon line ; belly greenish yellow Crown not blue Spot on the crown and the rump yellow or orange; sides of neck dar k orange or chestnut; throat black or brownish No yellow spot on crown Whole head, throat and under parts green; spot behind eye grey tipped red No red auricular spot Whole head, or face only maroon, russet-chestnut or rufous Head green, or green and yellow, or green and blackish Cheeks. forehead, chin, and under tail-coverts chestnut, rest of plumage green; bill red.... Under tail-coverts not chestnut Tanagm chlorotica 73 T anagra concinna & ( ) T anagra trin'itatis 0 Tanagra xanthogaster & Tanagra saturata 0 (* ) Tanagra julvicrissa & Tanagra minuta 0 Tanagra an n eae Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys ci Chlorophoni a pyrrhophrys <;? 77 Chlo1 ochrysa calliparaea 78 Chlorochrysa phoenicotis Chlo1 ornis riejjerii 81 (*) Tanagra concinna and T. saturata usually have the tail entirely blackish, but occasional specimens of both forms have a white patch on the inner web of the outer one or two rectrices, such as are present in chlorotica, trinitatis, and xanthogaster.

138 1010 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N Entire plumage except head green; thighs rufous Under surface al! or partly blue With a broad yellow collar on hindneck.... With a narrow, or no yellow collar on hindneck Wing 3 3, mm Wing 6, mm En tire lower surface light blue ; wings green. Entire lower surface blue with a greenish tinge ; wings green Throat and center of belly blue, rest of under parts green; wings orange-ochre Wing 68 mm. or more...., Wing less than 68 mm., , 86. Throat speckled with greyish; center of belly pale yellow or buffy white, flanks greenish. Throat with pale green, Janceolate feathers ; belly greyish, flanks green Forehead yellow; nuchal collar and rump blue Forehead green or dull yel!owish green; nuchal collar blue; rump bluish green Forecrown and throat yellow; a dusky spot on ear~coverts; rump green Plumage entirely grass-green, except for yellowish center of belly Tangar a gymla toddi Tangara gyrola catharinae Tangara gyrola parva Tangara gyrola deleticia Tangara gyrola nupera Tangara lavinia (imm.) Tangara cyanoptera g Tangara heinei g Chlorophonia cyanea psittacina Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis < g or imm.) Chlor:ochrysa nitidissima 9 Tangara varia g, 88. Back and/ or rump blue, blue-black, or greyish blue , Back and rump not of the above colors Throat and; or upper breast differently colored from rest of under parts Throat uniform with under parts Throat grey, green, greenish blue, or yellow.. 91 Throat black Throat and crown green Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis 3 Throat greenish blue (feathers black at their bases) ; crown black ,... Throat yellow; crown blue; crissum chestnut. Throat paje grey; crown greyish; under wingcoverts and crissum white ,. Tangara heinei 3 Iridosornis analis Thraupis sayaca glaucocolpa 92. Crown m ange, forehead black; crissum chesl nut.' Crown black ,. Iridosornis rujivertex 93 '

139 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Wing mm.; whole head and throat black, rest of under parts yellow.... Wing 95 mm. or less b. Head and throat black, superciliaries paje blue; breast-band and crissum buffy, belly yellow Similar, but buff of breast extending over foreneck and middle of throat Head and throat black, or blue-bjack band on chest orange-yellow, belly and ' flanks black, crissum lemon-yellow Wings and tail blue; plumage below paje blue or pale bluish grey Plumage below not pale bluish grey Shoulders white or bluish white Shoulders blue or violet-blue Shoulders and wing-band white Shoulders bluish white, wing-band greyish; wing ( ~ ) mm Shoulders bluish white, wing-band white ; wing ( ~ ) about 87 mm Shoulders violet-blue Shoulders deep ultramarine blue..... Shoulders turquoise-blue Belly yellow to burnt orange Belly not yellow or orange Buthraupis montana 93-b Dubusia t. taeniata Dubusia taeniata carrikeri Bangsia rothschildi Thraupis virens coelestis Thraupis virens leucoptera Thraupis virens mediana Thraupis virens nesophilus Thraupis virens quaesita Thraupis virens cana Lower eyelid and small patch behind ear-coverts yellow No yellow spot behind ear-coverts Throat, breast, belly, and under tail coverts uniform bright yellow Center of throat, breast and under tail coverts Anisognathus lacrymosus palpebrosus and olivaceiceps Anisognathus lacrymosus melanogenys buff, belly yellow Dubusia taeniata carrik~ri 101. Entire body plumage blue; lores, wings and tail black Body plumage not solid blue Under surface white; back blue-grey; crown and stripe on sides of neck black Breast paje buffy, belly white; crown and back blue-grey Entire under surface and under wing-coverts buffy; crown and hindneck blue like the rump, upper back blackish blue Breast and flanks opalescent blue-green, center of belly buffy, crissum fulvous ; back of head and na pe black Tangara vassorii 102 Nemosia pileata ~ Nemosia pileata 'i' Pipraeidea melanonota Tangara tabradorides

140 1012 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N With crimson, scarlet, or orange-red on head or breast Without scarlet or crimson on the head or breast Under parts yellow; rump and band across breast orange or scarlet Rump not orange or scarlet Top and sides of head and wings crimson; center of throat and belly turquoise-blue.... Whole head and upper breast scarlet, lower breast and belly yellow Color of rump in contrast to that of back... Color of rump not in sharp contrast to that of back Rump and crown grey, blue, or green.... Rump yellow or rufous-chestnut; crown differently colored Ramphocelus flammigerus e > Tangara lavinia ~ Piranga rubriceps b 107-c 107-b. Rump and crown grey ; a shiny straw-colored band across breast Rump and crown blue; back green; throat and breast black Rump and crown green; back darker green; a broad blue nuchal collar Rump, crown and hindneck green; back, wings Tangara palmeri Buthraupis e. eximia Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis (*) and tail blue-green Tangara varia ~, 107-c. Rump lemon-yellow; crown and back dusky olive Rump rufous-chestnut; crown and back bright olive-green; mask and throat blackish; eyebrow ochraceous Similar, but eyebrow yellow With an isolated yellow or orange-yellow pec- toral patch; belly and back olive-green or yellowish olive No isolated pectoral patch Ramphocelus icteronotus e > Hemithraupis g. gutnna ~ Hemithraupis guira huambina ~ 109. Sides of head paje blue; cap, lores and throat black Bangsia <edwardsi Auriculars black like cap, but encircled by a broad y.ellow band joining a. similarly colored malar stripe Bangsia -aureocincta 110. Chin, or throat, or breast, or all three in contrast to color of belly and flanks; or with a yellow or olive-yellow band across breast Throat the same color as belly or flanks (*) MaJe in first annual plumage ("Chlorop'l.onia torrejoni" Taczanowski).

141 R. M. DE SCHAuENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Throat, or throat and breast in contrast to belly and f!anks A yellow or olive-yellow band across breast Throat or sides of throat yellow or orange yel!ow Throat not yellow or orange yellow Interscapularies and forecrown yellow; throat orange-yellow; spot on ear-coverts black.... Above dusky olive brown; more greyish below, passin g into yellow or orange on throat... Whole back olive-green or citrine olive Lores and eyelids yellow ; breast and belly yellowish olive-green Lores greyish; sides of throat yellow ; bill mm Lores olive; sides of throat orange yellow; bill 9-11 mm Throat and upper breast yellow, belly whitish 115. Chin and; or throat, and sometimes breast, black Neither chin, throat nor breast black Crown blue, rest of upper surface green Crown black or par tially black Chlomc/'1.1 ysa n iti.dissima Habia guttumlis el ythtolaema < > Chlomthraupis olivacea Chlo1 ospingus jlavigularis Chlorospingus parvirostris H emithrau 7is flavicollis ornata and albigularis < > 117 Buthraupis exim ia chloronota and zimmeri 117. Plumage black and white; tail long, mm., and much graduated Plumage not black and wh ite; tail under 100 mm b Cissopis leveriana 117-b. Upper surface dar k chestnut; center of crown grey or brown, superciliaries grey; throat black Upper surface g!ossy olive yellow: nuchal spot yellow ; head and e hin black Mantle yellow ; rump ochre to orange-brown; whole head black Back and under surface silvery or golden green; whole head and neck black Head, throat and breast grey, rest of under parts yellow tinged olive; bill red in life, pale in skins Bill not red Wing about 50 mm.; crown olive-green like the back; throat paje grey Wing about 50 mm.; crown and nape grey, back olive, rump brighter; throat pale ashy Wing about 60 mm.; upper surface yellowish olive-green, greyer on crown; under surface dull yellow; throat whitish to dnll buffy.... Wing mm.; crown coppery rufous; under Oreothmupis artemonops Compsocoma notabilis Lanio julvus és Tangara cyanoptera 5 Cnemoscopus rubrirostris 119 Tanagra minuta < > Tanagra plumbea < > Tachyphonus luctuosus 'i'

142 1014 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? parts opalescent light ochraceous, throat and foreneck more or less tinged bluish Wing about 90 mm.; upper surface citrine, crown grey; throat pale grey, breast and belly orange yellow Throat speckled with black or grey Throat plain grey or white Crown ashy grey; throat buffy, sparsely speckled; eyelids white Crown ashy grey; throat deeper buff, heavily speckled; eyelids white Crown brownish black; throat sparsely speckled; eyelids white Crown blackish brown; throat white, heavily speckled; no white on eyelids Wing about 50 mm.; head olive-green like back; throat pale grey, chin tinged yellowish Wing about 70 mm. ; top and sides of head ashy grey; throat pale greyish white..... Wing about 70 mm.; top of head ashy, sides of head brown; throat white tinged buffy.... Tangara cayana J Eucornetis penicillata Chlorospingus ophthalrnicus jacqueti Chlorospingus ophthalrnicus rnacarenae Chlorospingus ophthalrnicus erninens Chlorospingus ophthalrnicus nigriceps Tanagra minuta < > Chlorospingus canigularis Chlorospingus ophthalrnicus jlavo-pectus, 123. Back opalescent green or greenish blue, more or less varied with black; back of head and nape black; crissum fulvous Tangara labradorides Back opfl..lescent greenish or bluish green; cap rufous Back rufous or brown Back dull green, greyish green, olive-green, yellowish olive, citrine, or greyish olivebrown Above and below uniform bright rufous.... Not uniform bright rufous Under wing-coverts, rump and under tailcoverts orange-rufous Under wing-coverts whitish; rump and under tail-coverts rufous; wing about 70 mm.... Rump and under tail-coverts not rufous Tachyphonus rujus < > 125 Lanio tulvus < > Tachyphonus cristatus < > Entirely dark wood-brown including under wing-coverts; tail blackish Abo ve greyish wood-brown; below isabelline, under wing-coverts white; tail dark brown. Throat yellowish, breast and belly olive; tail olive-brown Tachyphonus delatrii < > Tachyphonus phoenicius 'i' Habia gutturalis erythrolaerna 'i' Throat and center of abdomen buffy; tail rufescent brown Habia rubica < >

143 R. lvl. DE S CHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Throat, breast and belly blue or grey Throat, breast and belly not grey Crown and na pe bright blue; plumage below dull blue-grey, under wing-coverts and crissum yellow Crown not bright blue Crown and back bronzy olive; tail about 35 mm Crown tawny; back olive; tail about 35 mm... Crown brownish ashy ; back olive-green; tail over 50 mm With a supercilium Without a supercilium Mask black, supercilium yellow; throat and belly yellow Whole crown and sides of head black, supercilium buffy white; wing about 80 mm..... Hind crown olive-green, forecrown cinereous, supercilium white; wing about 70 mm Below entirely bright yellow; wing mm. Not bright yellow below, or if yellow then wing under 90 mm Crown-patch yellow; back moss-green Crown-patch yellow; back mixed green and black, rump moss-green Whole crown rufous, or forecrown only rufous, russet-brown, or yellow Crown or forecrown neither rufous nor yellow (*) Whole crown rufous; back opalescent pale green or greyish green Forecrown rufous or yellow ; back olive Point of forehead greyish Point of forehead rufous like the cap Forecrown yellow Forecrown rufous or russet-brown Breast and belly buffy yellow; back bronzy olive Breast and belly olive-yellow ; back olive Center of belly pinkish buff Center of belly light chestnut, crissum fulvous or tawny Thraupis cyanocephala 129 Tanagra chrysopasta < > Tanagra anneae < > C hlorospingus sem i juscus Tephrophilus wetmor ei Hernispingus atm- pileus H ernispingus su perciliaris Cornpsocoma jlavinucha victorini compsocoma jlavinucha antioquiae Tangara ca yana < > ( ) Tangara rujicapilla Tanagra rnesochrysa ~ Tanagra laniirostris melanura ( ~ imrn. ) Tanagra x anthogaster < > Tanagra julvicrissa < > (*) Forehead sometimes rufous. see No ( **) Females of Tangara cayana are often practically indistinguishable from those of T. rujicapilla.

144 1016 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NO Eelow dark yellow; double wing-band white No white wing-bands Belly or flanks yellow. olive yellow or light olive-green, not dark olive Eelly and flanks rufous, greyish olive-green, dar k olive or sorne other color Crown and nape blue; forehead rufous (sornetimes inconspicuously so) Chin, incomplete breast-band and sides of body olive yellow; crissum orange-rufous.... Crown olive-green; wings and tail black.... Wings a nd tail not black Wing over 80 mm Wing under 80 mm Above olive-green; below light glive-green or dull olive-yellow, sometimes with a greyish cast Above yellowish olive, citrine, or olive-brown First primary shorter than 5th.; tail mm. Similar, but tail mm First primary longer than 5th Piranga leucoptera <? Tanagra musica <? Tanagm rujiventris <? Piranga olivacea ( 0 winter) Schistochlamys melanopis <? Chlorothraupis carmioli Piranga olivacea <?, 146. With a conspicuous "tooth" on cutting edge of upper mandible; 5th. primary about equal to first or slightly longer No conspicuous "tooth" on cutting edge of upper mandible; 5th. primary much shorter than first Throat, sides of breast and flanks olive-yellow ; center of breast and belly grey or whitish Belly olive or yellow P imnga flava <? P iranga rubra <? 148. Center of breast and belly grey; under tailcoverts tinged rufous Center of breast and belly and nape grey; under tail-coverts yellow Center of breast and belly whitish ; under tailcoverts yellow; na pe olive, back lighter Center of belly pale ashy, rest of under parts oily yellow; crown olive-green, tinged yellow on front Entire under surface dull, dark olive yellow; above olive ; wing mm Below bright or pale yellow; above olive-green or bronzy green Chin and lores white; breast and flanks indistinctly barred with greenish; upper parts bronzy green, na pe bluish Chin not white Tanagra rujiventris <? Tanagra mesochrysa <? Tanagra trinitatis <? Tanagm chlorotica <? Hemispingus trontalis 150 Tanagra chrysopasta 0 151

145 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: '!'HE BIHDS O~' COLOMBIA Bill about 11 mm.; plumage pale yellow below Bill 8 mm. or less; plumage oily yellow below Flanks greyish; eyebrow dull yellow Flanks olive yellow; no eyebrow Hemithraupis guira g H emithraupis flavicollis peruana e;> 153. Wing mm.; culmen about 8 mm Wing mm. ; culmen about 6 mm.; flanks Tanagra lcmiirostl"is melanura 2 and sides of body strongly tinged olive..... Tanagra satumta 2 Similar in size, but entire under surface oily. yellow, somewhat darker on chest Tanagra chlorotica Wing mm. ; tail under 50 mm Wing 6!l mm. or over; tail over 60 mm Plumage above golde n olive; below buffy white, breast and crissum with a rufous tinge..... Erythrothlypis salmoni 2 Above dull brown, feathers edged with pale greenish; be!ow buffy greyish, middle of belly yellowish white Pseudodacnis ha1 tlaubi Plumage above and below plain greyish olivegreen, or more or less glossed with violetgrey; wing blackish brown Not greyish olive-green a bove and below Crown yellowish green Crown dull greenish olive Thraupis palrnarum melanopter.. Thraupis palmarwn atripennis Crown violaceous green Thraupis palmarum violilavata 158. Back dark olive-grecn, head slightly dar:,er ; middle of belly bright buff; wing mm. Crown grey Back olive-green; below pale dingy buffy, under tail-coverts rusty buff Back greyish olive-brown; wing mm Si des of head black Sides of head dusky brown, slightly darker than crown Chlorothraupis stolzmanni 159 Tachyphonus surina11ms Hernispingus m. melanotis Hemispingus melanotis ochraceus Chlorophonia. cyanea psittacina Bangs SANTA MARTA CHLOROPHONIA Proc. New. Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 88, 1902 (La Concepción, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia and Venezuela southward to southeastern Brazil Bolivia and Argentina. -GOLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta region between 600 and 2100 m. (Valley of Chinchicuá, San

146 1018 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N 9_2_5:. Sebastián, San José, Sierra Nevada, Chirúa, La Concepción, San Miguel, Onaca, Las Nubes, El Líbano, Cincinnati, Valparaíso, Vista de Nieve, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo). * Chlorophon:ta cyanea Iongipennis (Du Bus) LONG-WINGED CHLOROPHONIA Euphonia longipennis, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux Arts Belgique, 22, (1), p. 155, 1855 (Antioquia, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-RecoDded with certainty only from the Subtropical Zone of the upper Magdalena Valley in Cundinamarca, Tolima and Huila ("Bogotá", below Albán 2000 m.; "Antioquia", Toche, El I sno, San Agustín). [Venezuela southward to Bolivia.] * Chlorophonia cyanea intensa Zimmer WESTERN CHLOROPHONIA Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1225, p. 3, 1943 (Primavera, 1700 m., western slope of the Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the western slope of the Western Andes (Primavera, La Selva 1800 m.,? "Bogotá"). Cblorophonia pyrrhophrys (Sclater) CHESTNUT-BELLIED CHLOROPHONill Euphonia pyrrhophrys, Contrib. Orn., p. 89, pl. 75, fig. 2 ( 'i' ), 1851 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-western Venezuela, Colombia and eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones. Recorded from both slopes of the Eastern Andes ( east slope in Norte de Santander, west slope in Huila), both slopes of the Central Andes, the eastern slope of the Western Andes in Dept. Ca uca, and the Pa-cific slope of the And!es of Nariño (Pamplona, "Bogotá", Buena vista [Huila] ; vicinity of Medellín, Santa Elena, Santa Isabel 3600 m., Toche; Cerro Munchique 1800 m.; Mayasquer). This is Chlorophonia pretrei of Chapman's list. -. Tanagra musica intermedia (Chubb) BLACK-THROATED EUPHONIA. Euphonia intermedia, Ibis, 1910, p. 624 (Mt. Roraima, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-the West Indies. Trinidad, Colombia and Venezuela southward to Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes from Norte de Santander southward to Meta (Gramalote, Buena vista above Villavicencio). [Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, northetn Brazil.] Additional records.-choachí.[probably below].

147 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1019 A single bird from Gramalote has the head darker blue and1 the yell~w parts more heavily overlaid with tawny than in vimezuelan spec1mens. This is Tanagra c. cyanocephala, in part, of Chapma n's list. see below. Tanagra musica pelzelni (Sclater) PELZELN'S BLACK-THROATED EUPHONIA Euphonia nigricollis pelzelni, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 61, 1881 (Govinda, wester11 Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Central and Western Andes (Amalfi, Medellín, Salento 1500 m., Toche 2100 m., San Agustín, La Sierra; Dagua, Munchique). [Westent Ecuador.] Additional records.-popayán, Crucero. Birds from the above localities are actually intermedíate between thís form and intermedia and might just as well be called by that name; they do, however, show a closer approach to pelzelni in h aving, on the average, the yellow parts of the plumage purer, less overlaid with tawny. Birds from Nariño, from whence there appear to be no specimens, are probably very clase, if not identical, to Ecuadorian birld's. This is Tanagra c. cyanccephala, in part, o-f Chapman's list. See abo ve. Tanagra xanthogaster brevirostris (Bonaparte ) SHORT-BILLED EUPHONIA Euphonia brevirostris, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 136, 1851 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-eastern Panamá, Colombia and Venezuela southward to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones east of the Eastern Andes and the slopes of the Central and Eastern Andes above the Magdalena Valley (Pueblo Nuevo, La Pa!mita, Anolaima, "Bogotá", Llanos de Casanare, Buenavista [Meta], Quetame, río Dudita, Macarena Mts m., Andalucía 1500 m., Caquetá Trail 750 m., Florencia, Morelia Tres Esquinas, Cuembi; San Felipe; El Isno, La Palma, La Candelá). [Eastern Ecuador, southern Venezuela, British Guiana, Perú and northern Brazil.] ':' Tanagra xanthogaster chocoensis (Hellmayr) CHOCÓ EUPHONIA Euphonia xanthogaster chocoensis, Rev. Franc,;. ti~orn., 2, p. 23, 1911 (Río Cajón, Chocó, western Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones from the western slope of the Central Andes westward to the Chocó region, and southwal"ld on the Pacific coast to Nariño (La Frijolera, Salento, El Edén 2550 m., Miraflores; Panamá border, Alto Bonito, Concordia, río Jurubidá, río Baudó, Baudó Mts. above the Atrato Valley, Alto del Buey,

148 1020 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 S a~ Pablo [ = Istmina, Chocó], La Selva, Santa Cecilia, Juntas de Tamaná Nóvita Trail 1800 m., Nóvita, Noanamá, río Cajón, Sipí, Córdoba, sa'n José, Lomitas, La Cumbr e, San Antonio, La Ga~lera, Cocal, La Costa, rí{) Mechengue, Cerro Munchique; Barbacoas, R1caurte, San Pablo [Nariño], La Guayacana). [Eastern Panamá; western Ecuador.] Tanagra xanthogaster dilutior Zimmer AMAZONIAN EUPHONIA Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1225, p. 6, 1943 (Orosa, south bank of the Amazon River, northeastern Perú). Perú.] COLOMBIA.-The Amazon region (Loretoyacu). [Northeastern Tanagra anneae rufivertex (Salvin) VERAGUAN TAWNY-CAPPED EUPHONIA Euphonia rutivertex, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, p. 71, pl. 7 (Veraguas, Panamá). Range ot the species.-caribbean side of Costa Rica to the Panamá Colombia border. COLOMBIA.-Northern Chocó. [Panamá trom Veraguas to Mt. Tacarcuna.] Professor Dugand writes me that he has seen at least one cage bird captured in northern Chocó, presumably in the extreme lower Atrato Valley near the Panamá border. Tanagra fulvicrissa fulvicrissa (Sclater) FULVOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA Euphonia tulvicrissa, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1856", 1857,, p. 276 ("Santa Marta", Colombia). Range ot the species.-costa Rica to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Extreme northwestern Colombia near the Panamá border (Punta Ardita, río Salaquí, río Jura.Jdó, Falls of the río Truandó). [Costa Rica and Panamá.] W-hile showing an approach to omissa, sorne specimens are as green as Panamá exampjes, and none are as blue as birds from farther south. It is most doubtful that this bird occurs in the Santa Marta region as no recent conector has met with it there. Tanagra fulvicrissa omissa (Hartert) ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIAN FULVOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA Euphonia tulvicrissa omissa, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, p. 77, 1913 COLOMBIA.-Tr{)pical Zone of the middle Magdalena, Cauca and Sinú Valleys. The upper Atrato and the Pacific coast in the lower

149 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1021 Baudó and Dagua valleys (Bucaramanga, "Bogotá"; Remedios, río Ité, río Nechí; Quimarí; Quibdó, Bagadó, Juntas de T a maná, El Tigre, Noanamá, río Baudó, Alto del Buey 1000 m., Nuqui, San José, rio Dagua). Replaced farther south on the Pacific coast by the next race. Tanagra fulvicrissa purpurascens (Hartert) PURPLISH FULVOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA Euphonia julvicrissa purpurascens, Novit. Zool., 8, p. 377, 1901 (Pambilar, Esmeraldas, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific slope of Nariño (Barbacoas, La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador.] ':' Tanagra minuta minuta (Cabanis) WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA Euphonia minuta, in Schomburgk, R eisen Brit. Guia na, 3, p. 671, " 1848", 1849 (British Guiana). Range oj the species.-costa Rica to western and northeastern Ecuador. Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas. The Amazon Valley to eastern Perú. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward ("Bogotá", Villavicencio, La Argentina Vieja; Morelia, Tres Esquinas, río S a n Miguel [Sucumbías]). [Range oj the species east oj the Andes.] Tanagra minuta humilis (Cabanis) N ORTHERN WHITE- VENTED EUPHONIA Phonasca humilis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 334, 1860 ( Co ~ ta Rica). COLOMBIA.-The entire Pacific coast, eastward through the Atrato and lower Cauca regions to the middle Magdalena Valley (Barbacoas; Noanamá, Juntas de Tamaná, Santa Cecilia 720 m. rio Baudó, Nuquí, Quibdó; Puerto Valdivia; R emedios). [Costa Rica, Panamá.; western Ecuador.] T a n agra trinitatis (Strickland) TRINIDAD EUPHONIA Euphonia ttinitatis, Contrib. Orn., pt. 2, p. 72, 1851 (Trinida d). Range oj the species.-trinidad, northern Venezuela to the middle Orinoco, and northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical zone of th e caribbean coast and t h e lower and middle Magdalena Valley (Onaca. Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Tierra Nueva, Riofrío, Fundación, Fonseca, Ba rranquilla, Aguada de Pablo, La Peña, Tocahagua, Los Pendales; Remedios; "Bogotá" ).

150 1022 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Tanagra chlorotica cynophora Oberholser UPPER ORINOCO EUPHONIA Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31, p. 126, 1918 (Quiribana de Caicara, Río Orinoco, Venezuela). Range oj the species.-the Guianas, Venezuela and eastern Colombia southward to Bolivia and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta eastward across the Llanos to the Orinoco (Buenavista 1300 m., Villavicencio; Maipures). [Venezuela.] Additional records.-apiay, Quenane, Yurimena. This is. Tanagra aurea pileata of Chapman's list. Tanagra concinna (Sclater) YELLOW-FRONTED EUPHONIA Euphonia concinna, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1854", 1855, p. 98, pl. 65 (fig. 2, ~ ), (" Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-central Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the upper Magdalena Valley (near Honda, within 20 miles of Honda, Villavieja; "Bogotá"). Additional records.~coyaima. Tanagra saturata (Cabanis) ORANGE-CROWNED EUPHONIA Phonasca saturata, Jour. Orn., 8, p. 336, 1860 (New Granada = Colombia). Range oj the species.-western Colombia, western Ecuador and extreme northwestern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the Western Andes south to, the Pacific slope of Nariño ("Bogotá" ; Jiménez, Dagua 750 m., "Río Caquetá'' [ = Río Cauquita near Cali], Cali, Atuncela; Ricaurte 1170 m.). Additional recnrds.-arroyo Hondo 5 km. N. of Cali. Tanagra laniirostris crassirostris (Sclater) THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA Euphonia crassir ostris, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1856", 1857, p. 277 ("Bogotá"). Range oj t he species.-costa Rica southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Throughout the Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes north of 3 North Latitude, except Nariño (Atánques, La Concepción, Chirúa, Palomino, Don Diego, Cacagualito, Onaca, Banda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, La Tigrera, Minca, Cincinnati, Riofrío, Fundación; "Barranquilla" Aguachica "Cocuta Valley'' [ = Suratá Valley], El Tambor, Bucarámanga, "Bogotá", El Consuelo, Estación Santana 1700 m. sight; Chicoral Honda Puerto Berrío; Puerto Valdivia, Cali, Cauca Valley, "Río Cauquetá"' [ = río

151 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Cauquita near Cali], La Manuelita, Palmira; Tierra Alta, Murucucú, Quimarí; La Selva 1800 m., Santa Cecilia; "Rio Umangi" [ =? río Yurumanguí]). [Costa Rica to northern Venezuela.] Additicnal records.-barranca Bermeja, Girardot. : Tanagra Ianiirostris melanura (Sclater) BLACK-TAILED EUPHONIA Euphonia melanura, Contrib. Orn., Negro, Brazil). p. 86, 1851 (Manáos, Rio COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Eastern Andes in the Orinoco and Amazon basins ("Bogotá", Villavicencio, río Dudita Maipures; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [Upper Amazonia.] ' Ac.ditional records.-rumiyaco, Putumayo. : Tanagra rufiventris Vieillot RUFOUS- BELLIED EUPHONIA Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 32, p. 426, 1819 (!quitos, Perú). Range ot the sp'ecies.-from the Orinoco basin southward in Upper Amazonia to southeastern Colombia, western Brazil, eastern Perú and Boüvia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from southern Meta southward to the Amazo-n and eastward to the Rio Negro Río Guainía region (Río Dudita; Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Cuembí; río Guainía opposite rnouth of Casiquiare, San Felipe, Macacuní, río Vaupés c :;posite Tauapunto; Loretoyacu). : Tanagra mesochrysa mesochrysa (Salvadori) BRONZE-GREEN EUPHONIA Euphonia m esochry3a, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 8, p. 193, 1873 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.- Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Recorded definitely only from the hea ci of the Magdalena Valley and the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá"; El Isno; Villavicencio). [Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú.] : Tanagra chrysopasta chrysopasta (Sclater and Salvin) GOLDEN-BELLIED EUPHONIA Euphonia chrysopasta, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 438, pl. 30, figs. 1, 2 ( t;, S?) (Lower Río Ucayali, eastern Perú). Range ot the species.-the Guianas, Venezuela, eastern Colombia ancl. northern Brazil southward to Bolivia and Matto Grosso. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of south~a s te~n Colom?ia fro~ Meta southward ("Bogotá", Buenavista, Vlllav1cenc~o; Moreha, Belen, Tres Esquinas, Umbría). [Eastern Ecuaclor to Bolww.]

152 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Tanagra chrysopasta nítida Penard LESSER GOLDEN-BELLIED EUPHONIAÍ Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 63, 1923 (Lelydorp, Dutch Guiana). COLOMBIA.-Extreme eastern Colombia along the Orinoco (Maipures ). [The Guianas, northern Brazil, southern Venezuela.] Tanagra plumbea (Du Bus) will probably be founct in the Atabapo, Guainía and Rio Negro regions of extreme eastern Colombia, for it has been recorded from severa! localities on the Venezuela n side of those rivers., Tanagrella velia iridina (Hartlaub) AMAZONIAN TANAGRELLA Tanagm iridina, Rev. Zool., 4, p. 305, 1841 (Moyobamba, Perú). Range of the species.-the Guianas. northern Brazil, southern Venezuela and eastern Colombia southward to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá"; ea.st of Villavicencio; Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Rumiyaco, Cuembí; río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare, Macacuní). [Southern Venez:uela and northwestern Brazil to eastern Ecuador and eastern Perú.] Additional records.-ridge W. of Entrada Camp [Macarena Mts.] 1050 m. ( coll. C. C. Doncaster). '' TanagreHa callophrys (Cabanis) BLUE-;BELLIED TANAGRELLA Hypothlypis callophrys, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 668 (note), " 1848", 1849 (Rio Solim6es, Brazil). Range ot the species.-southeastern Colombia and eastern Ecuador to western Brazil and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone in Caquetá and Putumayo (Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Rumiyaco). * Chlorochrysa phoenicotis (Bonaparte) GREEN CHLOROCHRYS~ Calliste phoenicotis, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. París, 32, P. 76, 1851 (Nanegal, western Ecuador). Range of the species.- Western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and!ower Subtropical Zones on th e Pacific slope. from the hea dwaters of the río San Juan southward (La Selva 2100 m., Nóvita Trail 2160 m.. río Munchique, río Mechengue, La Costa, La Ga llera, Cerro Munchique; Ricaurte, La Guayacana, "Pasto").

153 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1025 Chlorochrysa calliparaea bourcieri (Bonaparte) BOURCIER'S CHLOROCHRYSA Calliste bourcieri, Compt. Rend Acad Sci París 32 p (Baños, eastern Ecuador). ' ' ' Range ot the species.-colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Subtropical Zone on the western slope of the Eastern Andes and the upper Magdalena Valley ("Bogotá", Anolaima 1726 m.; near San Agustín, La Candela 1600 m.). [Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú.] : Chlorochrysa nitidissima Sclater SALMON'S CHLOROCHRYSA Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. 728 ("State of Antioquia" = J e ricó, Antioquia. Colombia). Range of thc species.- Western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones westward from the western slope of the Central Andes to the Pacific slope, southward to the Munchique region ("Bogotá"; Salento; Jericó, La Selva m.. Pueblorrico, Siató 1585 m. Lomitas Riolima San Antonio, La Gallera, río Munchique 900 m.) '. ' ' : Pipraeidea melanonota venezuelensis (Sclater) VVESTERN DARK-BACKED TANAGER Pip ridea venezuelensis, Proc. Zool. So c. London, "1856", 1857, p. 265 (Caracas, Venezuela). Range ot the species.- Eastern Brazil from Bahía southward to Matto Grosso, and northeastern Argentina. Venezuela and Co-lombia.:outhward to Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. COLOMBIA.- Subtropical and lower T emperate Zones, except the Santa Marta Mts. Not recorded from the western slope of the Westem Andes. (Canuto, "Bogotá", Tenasucá, Aguadita; Toche, Salento 1500 m., La Candela. Popayán; Riolima; Mayasquer 23 <10 m.. La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador and western part of the range ot the species.] Adciitional records.-lago de Tata m.. San Miguel 2880 m., Buena vista [Huila]; Cajibío. Pseudodacnis hartlaubi (Sclater) HARTLAUB'S PSEUDODACNIS Dacnis hartlaubi, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1854", 1855, p. 251 ("Nova Grenada" = Colombia). Range of the species.-western Colombia. COLOMBIA.- Exact range unknown. Collected only in the Dagu 9.. Valley Pacific slope of the Western Andes, a bove Juntas [ = Cisne ros], 360 m : ( 5 ), and found in collections of the common "Bogotá" pre~ paration.

154 1026 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 : Tangara chilensis coelicolor (Sclater) WESTERN PARADISE TANAGER Calliste coelicolor Contrib. Orn., 1851, p. 51 ("Anolaima", East -ern Andes of Colombiá, error; Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia, substituted by Dugand, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ciencias, 8, No. 30, p. 162, April1951). Range oj the species.-northern South America east of the Andes southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta eastward to the Rio Guainia-Rio Negro region (Villavicencio, río Ocoa, Apiay; río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare, Macacuni; "Bogotá", "Anolaima" ). [Western British Guiana, southern Venezuela, the Rio Negro and Rio Uaupés r egions oj northwestern Brazil.] Additional records.-rio Guapaya at the eastern base of the Macarena Mts. ':' Tangara chilensis chilensis (Vigors) RED-RUMPED PARADISE TANAGER Aglai a chilensis, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zooi. Soc. London, 2, P. 3, 1832 (Bolivia). COLOMBIA.-The Amazonian region south of the range of coelicolor. One record from the western s!ope of the Eastern Andes belcw Andalucía (Andalucía [west slope] 1500 m.; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Cuembí, río Putumayo; Hamacayacu). [Eastern Ecuado? and northeastern Perú to lviatto Grosso and northern Bolivia.] Tangara schrankii: (Spix) SCHRANK'S TANAGER Tanagra schrankii, Av. Spec. Nov. Eras., 2, p. 38, pi. 51, fig. 1 ( ~ ), 2 ( 'i' ), 1825 (Tabatinga, Río Solimoes, Brazil, ex Hellmayr). Range oj the species.-southern Venezuela. southeastern Colombia, northeastern Perú and northwestern Brazil to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-The Ama zonian region from Caquetá and Putumayo to Va upés a nd Amazonas (Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Rumiy aco. ~mbría, Cuembí; río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto; Loretoyacu). Tangara johannae (Dalmas) JOHANNA'S TANAGER Calliste j ohannae, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 36, 1900 (El Pailón, near Buenaventura, western Colombia). Range oj the sp'ecies.-western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Trnpical Zone of the upper Atrato Valley and the Pacific coa st from the río Baudó southward (río Baudó Tadó Andágueda, Condoto, Nóvita, Juntas de Tamaná, Santa Cecilia '720 m., Noanamá, El Pailón, San José; Barbacoas, La Guayacana). Additiona l records.-río Anchicayá 900 m.

155 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1027 Tangara florida auriceps Chapman SOUTHERN EMERALD TANAGER Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 188, 1914 (Buenavista, Nariño, Colombia). Range of the species.-costa Rica to western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the río San Juan southward into Nariño (Nóvita; Buena vista). [? Extreme eastern Panamá.] Additional records.-barbacoas. Tangara punctata punctata (Linnaeus) doubtlessly occurs in the Rio Negro region of Colombia. It is recorded by Oliveira-Pinto and others from the Río!sana, northwestern Brazil, not far from the extreme eastern típ of Colombia. : Tangara chrysophrys bogotensis Hellmayr and Seilern EAST- ANDEAN SPOTTED TANAGEI\ Arch. Naturg., 78, A, heft 5, p. 57, 1912 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-costa Rica southward to Venezuela, Trinidad and? western Ecuador. COLOMBIA -Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes from Norte de Santander southward to the Macarena Mts. (Alto, near Ocañ a, Gramalote, Santa Rosa, "Bucaramanga", "Anolaima", "Bogotá", Buenavista [Meta], Macarena Mts m. [Adjacent Venezuela.] Tangara chrysophrys tolimae Chapman TOLIM.'\. SPOTTED TANAGER Bull. Amer. Must. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 187, 1914 (East slope of Central Andes, "20 miles west of Honda", Tolima, Colombia) COLOMBIA.- Known only from the type locality on the eastern slope of the Central Andes in northern Tolima, "20 miles west of Honda", presumably in the río Gualí valley. Tangam varia (Müller) will probably be found t o occur in the Orinoco and Guainía regions of extreme eastern Colombia. Tangara xanthogastra xanthogastra (Sclater) YELLOVV-BELLIED SPOTTED TANAGER Callist e xanth ogastra, Contrib. Orn., pt. 1, p. 23, 1851 (Rio Negro, northwestern Brazil).

156 1028 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Range ot the species.-southern Venezuela and eastern Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropica l Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward and the Vaupés region ("Bogotá", Villavicencio, río Dudita; Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Umbría, Cuembí). [Range ot the species except southeastern Venezuela.] Additional recnrds.-yuruparí. río Vaupés. ':' Tangara rufig ula (Bonaparte) RUFOUS-THROATED TANAGER Tanagrella rufigula, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. París, 32, no. 3, p. 77, 1851 (Calacali, 12 miles north of Quito. Ecuador, ex Sclater). Range ot the species.-western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Pacifíc slope from the upper río San Juan southward into- Nariño (La Selva 2100 m., La Gallera, río Munchique, río Mechengue 720 m.; Buenavista, Ricaurte. Perlasiví, La Guayacana, "Pasto"). Tangara arthus palmitae d e Schauensee LA PALMITA GOLDEN TANAGER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 99, p. 119, 1947 (La Palmita, "Santander" [error, Dept_ Magdalena], Colombia). Range of the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.- Known only from the type locality on the western slope of the Eastern Andes at the southern tip of Dept. Magdalena (La Palmita 1800 m.). Tangara arthus sclateri (Lafr-esnaye) SCLATER'S GOLDEN TANAGER Calliste sclateri, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p_ 207, 1854 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Known definitely only from the upper Río Suárez valley, an affluent of the Sogamoso, on the western slnpe of the Eastern Andes in Dept. Santa nder (Contratación 1690 m., "Bogotá" ). - Tangara arthus aurulenta (Lafresnaye) GOLDEN TANAGER Tanagra aurulenta, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 290, 1843 (Colombia). COLOMBIA.- T!!e '-1pper Magdalena Valley from about the latitude of Bogotá southwarct in the upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones ("Bogotá", Anolaima. El Roble 2430 m.. Subia, Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Buena vista [Huila];!bagué 1260 m. El Isno San Agustín La Candela ). ' ' ' ':' Tangara arthus occidentalis Chapman VVESTERN GOLDEN TANAGER Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 188, 1914 (San Antonio, Western Andes, Colombia).

157 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1029 COLOMBIA.-The western slope of the Central Andes, both slopes of the Western Andes, and the Pacific slope of Nariño (La Frijolera, Miraflores; Frontino, Concordia, Pueblorrico, La Selva 2100 m., Primavera, Lomitas, "Heights of Caldas" [ = above Dagua], Las Cruces, San Antonio [both slopes], Riolima, La Gallera, Cocal, Munchique, río Munchique 720 m., El Tambo; río Patía, Ricaurte, San Pablo, río Perlasiví). Additional records.-cajibío, Crucero. Birds from Nariño show a slight approach to T. a. goodsoni Hartert of western Ecuador in having the streaks of the back slightly tinged greenish. They have, however, the small bill of occidentalis and are much closer to that form than they are to any other. ~ Tangara icterocephaia icterocephala ( Bona parte) SILVER-THROATED TANAGER Calliste icterocephala, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. París, 31, no. 3, p. 76, 1851 (Valley of Punta Playa, near Quito, Ecuador). Range oj the species.-costa Rica to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the western slope of the Western Andes from Antioquia southward into Nariño (Frontino, Pueblorrico, La Selva 2109 m., Santa Cecilia 720 m., La Gallera, La Costa, río Mechengue, río Munchique; "Pasto", Ricaurte, La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador.] Birds from the northern part of the Colombian range might possibly belong to the larger and more deeply colored jrantzii of Costa Rica and P anamá. Tangara xanthocephala venusta (Sclater) ("Bogotá"). YELLOW-CROWNED TANAGER Calliste venusta, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1854", 1855, p. 248 Range oj the species.-venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones from the western slope of the Eastern Andes to the western slope of the Western Andes, and southwestern Colombia. The east slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander, Nariño and Putumayo (Alto, near Ocaña, "Bogotá", Subía, El Roble 2430 m., Aguadita, Buenavista [Huila]; Laguneta 2400 m., Salento, Toche, La Candela, Miraflores; Frontino, La Selva, San Antonio, La Florida, Andes west of Popayán 3100 m., Cocal, Cerro Munchique, río Munchique; Mayasquer, Ricaur te 1080 m.; río Churuyaco). [Venezuela to northern Perú.] Additional records.-crucero. ~ Tangara chrysotis (Du Bus) GOLDEN-EARED TANA3ER C.alliste chrysotis, Esq. Orn., livr. 2, pl. 7, 1846 (Perú). Range oj the species.-colombia to Bolivia.

158 1030 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 COLOMBIA.-Known from a single male taken at the head of the Magdalena Valley (San Agustín). : Tangara parzudakii parzudakii (Lafresnaye) PARZUDAKI's TANAGER Tanagra parzudakii, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 97, 1843 (Environs of Bogotá, Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia to southern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the west slope of the Eastern Andes (east slope in the Nariño-Putumayo region), and the eastern slope of the Central Andes at their southern end ("Bogotá", Subía, E l. Roble 2430 m., Aguadita, Buena vista [Huila], río Churuyaco; La Plata, La Candela, La Palma 1650 m.). [Range oj the species except western Ecuador and the UTubamba Valley, Perú.] Additional records.-silvania. : Tangara parzudakii Iunigera (Sclater) BLACK-EARED TANAGER Calliste lunigem, Contrib. Orn., p. 65, pl. 70, fig. 2, 1851 (Western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.- -Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Pacific slope from the upper río San Juan southward to Nariño (La Selva 2100 m., río Munchique, La Costa 750 m.; La Guayacana, Ricaurte). [Western Ecuador.] : Tangara cyanotis Iutleyi Hellmayr BLACK-CHEEKED TANAGER Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, heft 2, p. 198, 1917 (Sabanilla and Jower Sumaco, eastern Ecuador). Range ot the species.-colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMRIA.- Known from "Bogotá" collections and definitely only from the Subtropica l Zone at the head of the Magdalena Valley ("Bogotá"; La Palma). [Ecuador and Perú.] This is Tangara melanotis of chapman's list. Tangara labradorides labradorides (Boissonneau) METALLIC-GREEN TANAGER Tanagra labmdorides, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 67, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-colombia to northwestern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones from the western slope of the Eastern Andes westward. One record from Guaicaramo, on the east slope of the Eastern Andes. (Guaicaramo; "Bogotá", S asaima, Subía, El Roble 2430 m., Aguadita, Fusagasugá; Santa Elena, Salento, El Edén, Toche,!bagué, El Isno, San Agustín, La Candela, La Palma, Miraflores; Concordia, La Selva, Pueblorrico, Lomitas, San Antonio, Riolima, río Munchique 900 m., Cerro Munchique; "Pasto", Mayasquer, Ricaurte. [Western Ecuador.]

159 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: 'fhe BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1031 Additional records.-muzo, Buenavista [Huila] 2300 m.; Crucero, El Tambo. ::: Tangara cyanicolli3 hannahiae (Cassin) HANNAHIA'S TANAGER Calliste hannahiae, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, p. 287, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1864 (Mérida Mts., Venezuela, the type is marked "Mai acaibo"). Range ot the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward to Perú, Bolivia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones on the east slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Gramalote, Salazar 870 m., Durania, Bochalema, Chinácota 1330 m., Lourdes, Páramo de Tamá 2400 m.). [Northwestern Venezuela.] A single male from Gramalote is entirely typical of this race, except fo r the rump which is not quite as blue, thus showing an approach to caeruleocephala. Tangara cyanicollis caeruleocephala ( Swainson) Perú). NORTHERN BLUE-NECKED TANAGER Aglaia caeruleocephala, Anim. Menag., p_ 356, 1337 (Northern COLOMBIA.-Upper Tro-pical and lower Subtropical Zones on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes from eastern Cundinamarca southward to the Nariño-Putumayo region; the west slope of the same range in southern Huila. The head of the Magdalena Valley. ("Bogotá", Quetame 1380 m., Buenavista [Meta], Andalucía [west slope 900 m.], río Churuyaco; El Isno, near San Agustín, La Palma. La Candela 1950 m.). [Eastern Ecuador, northern Perú.] Tangara cyanicollis granadensis (Berlepsch) COLOMBIAN BLUE-NECKED TANAGER Calliste caeruleocephala granadensis, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 290, 1884 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones on the west slope of the Eastern Andes from western Santander southward to western Cundinamarca; the Central Andes; the Western Andes south to the Munchique region (El Tambor, Bucaramanga, Barbosa [Santander], El Consuelo 1030 m., Sasaima, "Bogotá", Tenasucá. Aguadita, Fusagasugá; La Frijolera, Medellín. Central Andes west of Honda,!bagué, Miraflores, Popayán; Frontino, Concordia. La Selva 2100 m., Primavera, Lomitas, San Antonio. Riolima, río Zapata, Coca!, río Munchique. Additional records.-- Below San Miguel 2400 m. If this species is found in Nariño and there is no reason why it. should not. it will probably belong to the blue-xumped west Ecuadol' form cyanopygia (Berlepsch and Taczanowski).

160 1032 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<.> 25 Tangara nigro-cincta nigro-cincta (Bonaparte) BLACK-BANDED TANAGER Aglaia nigro-cincta, Proc. Zool. So c. London, "1837", 1838, p. 121 (Northeastern Perú). Range oj the species.-guatemala southward to Venezuela and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward, ranging undoubtedly eastward to the Vaupés anj Río Negro regions ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Morelia, Umbría). [Southern Venezuela and northwestern Brazil to Bolivia.] Additional records.- Ridge W. of Entrada Camp [Macarena Mts.] 1350 m. (coll. C. C. Doncaster). ':' Tangara nigro-cincta fanny (Lafresnaye) FANNY's TANAGER Aglaia fanny, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 72, 1847 (Buenaventura, F a cific coast of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of western Colombia south to Nariño; and the upper Sinú, lower Cauca and middle Magdalena Valleys (Panamá border, Punta Ardita, rio Juradó, Nuquí, río Baudó, Quibdó, El Tambo [Cho,có], Bagadó, Santa Cecilia, La Selva 1800 m., Juntas de Tamaná, Andagoya, Nóvita, Noanamá, Buenaventura, San José, Cisneros; Barbacoas, Buenavista, La Guayacana; Turbo, Quimarí; Puerto Valdivia, "Medellín", Antioquia; Remedios, Honda). [Eastern Panamá; western Ecuador.] ':' Tangara ruficervix ruficervix (Prévost and Des Murs) BUFF-NAPED TANAGER Tanagra rujicervix, Voy. Vénus, Atlas, Oís., pl. 5, fig. 1, 1846 (Colombia, "Bogotá" ex Berlepsch). Range oj the species.-colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones except the east slope of the Eastern Andes and the Santa Marta Mts. ("Bogotá", El Roble 2430 m., Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Buena vista [Huila]; Salento, Miraflores, near San Agustín, La Candela; Antioquia, Concordia, Pueblórrico, La Selva, río Zapata, Riolima, La Gallera, río Munchique, Cerro Munchique; Ricaurte 1170 m., San Pablo).. Addi tional records.-popayán.,. Tangara mexicana boliviana (Bonaparte) BOLIVIAN TURQUOISE TANAGER Callospiza boliviana, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. París, 32, no. 3, p. 80, 1851 (Guarayos, Bolivia). Range oj the species.-trinidad', the Guianas, Venezuela and eastern Colombia southward to Bolivia and the lower Amazon.

161 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1033 COLOMBIA -Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern.Andes from Meta southward to Putumayo and the Amazon ("Bogotá", Villaviéencio; Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Umbría, Cuembí; L~retoyacu). [Eastern Ecuador to Bolivia and the Amazon Valley to Para.] Tangara mexicana media (Berlepsch and Hartert) Colombia). INTERMEDIATE TURQUOISE TANAGER Calliste m~xicana media, Novít. Zool., 9, p. 19, 1902 (Maipures, COLOMBIA.-Extreme eastern Colombia on the Orinoco (Maipures). [Southern Venezuela.] : Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr) PALMER'S TANAGER Calospiza palmeri, Rev. Frang. d 'Orn., 1, p. 49, 1909 (Río Sipí, Chocó, Colombia). Range of the species.-eastern Panamá to western 'Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-The Pacific coast, Tropical Zone (Sipí, San José; La Guayacana). : Tangara inornata inornata (Gould) PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER Calliste inornata, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 158 ("Bbgotá"). Range of the species.-eastern Panamá and northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the upper Sinú, lower Cauca and middle Magdalena Valleys (Quimarí, Murucucú; Antioquia, Puerto Valdivia; Nechí, Remedios; El Tambor, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá" ). Birds from the upper Sinú Valley are intermediate between inornata and languens. Tangara inornata languens Bangs and Barbour PANAMA PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 227, 1922 (Lion Hill, Panamá Canal Zone). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of extreme northwestern Colombia (Turbo, Urabá, Punta Ardita, Juradó). [Eastern Panamá.] : Tangara gyrola toddi (Bangs and Penard) TOOD' S GREEN TANAGER Tanagra viridissima toddi, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 34, p. 92, 1921 (San Francisco, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.-costa Rica southward to western Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, northwestern Brazil, Perú and Bolivia.

162 1034 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 COLOMBIA.-The Santa Marta Mts. from the foothills to 2100 m., and the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (San Francisco La Concepción, San Antonio, San Miguel, Las Taguas, Las Nubes Jordán, Onaca Don Diego, Las Vegas, "Guallabal", Minca, Pueblo Viejo, Palomino, :Sonda, Aguadulce, Cacagualito, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, Donama; Cúcuta, Gramalote). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Tangara gyrola deletlcia (Bangs) GREEN-SHOULDERED TANAGER Calospiza gytoloides deleticia, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 21, p. 160, 1908 (San Antonio, above Gali, Western Andes of Coolmbia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the western slope of the Eastern Andes, westward to the Pacific slope south to the Patía Valley (Bucaramanga, Sasaima, El Consuelo, "Bogotá", Aguadita, Andalucía [west slope m.]; Remedios, La Frijolera,!bagué, Salento, El Isno, San Agustín; Quimarí; Concordia, Pueblorrico, Siató, La Selva 2100 m., Jiménez, Lomitas, San Antonio, Riolima, Coca!, La Gallera, La Costa 750 m., río Munchique, El Tambo, río Timbío, río Patía). [Eastern Panamá.] Additional records.-fusagasugá; El Poblado near Medellin (Mus. Univ. Antioq.), Popayán. This is Tangara g. gyroloides of Chapman's list. Tangara gyrola nupera Bangs VVEST-ECUADORIAN GREEN TANAGER Proc. New Engl. zool. Cl, 6, p. 76, 1917 (Nanegal, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (Rieaurte m., San Pablo, Perlasiví, La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador.] This is Tangara gyroloides bangsi of Chapman's list. ':' Tangara gyrola catharinae (Hellmayr) CATHARINA'S GREEN TANAGER Calospiza gyroloides catharinae, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, p (Chaquimayo, Carabaya, southeastern Perú). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward to Putumayo ("Bogotá, El Baldío near Quetame, Buenavista, "río Meta m.", Macarena Mts m.; Umbría). [Eastern Ecuador to Bolivia.] Birds recorded by Hellmayr from Cuembí, Putumayo, as catharinae, are in size like parva and are recor.ded' by Zimmer as parva. I have only one immature from Umbría, Putumayo, and this bird has a wing longer than either of the Cuembí birds. Apparently catharinae extends from Perú northward to the upper Meta region of Colombia along the foothills of the Andes, whilst parva is found farther out on the Iowlands. More collecting will undoubtedly clear up the range of the two forms.

163 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1035 Tangara gyrola parva Zimmer ZIMMER'S GREEN TANAGER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1246, p. 5, 1943 (Mt. Curycuriary, Rio Negro, Brazil). COLOMBIA.-Recorded from Cuembí, Putumayo, and the Río Guainía opposite the mouth of the Casiquiare. [Southern Venezuela and the Rio Negro region ot northwestern Brazil southward to northeastern Perú.] : Tangara lavinia lavinia (Cassin) LAVINIA'S TANAGER Calliste lavinia, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10, p. 178, 1858 ("Isthmus of Darién" = extreme eastern Panamá or extreme northwestern Colombia). Range ot the species.-guatemala to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast, including Gorgona Island (Punta Ardita, río Truandó, Condoto, Santa Cecilia 720 m., Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita, Noanamá, río Sipí, Buenaventura, El Pailón, San José, Juntas [= Cisneros], río Dagua; Buenavista, La Guayacana). [Eastern Panamá; northwestern Ecuador.] : Tangara ruficapilla (Sclater) RUFOUS-HEADED TANAQER Calliste ruticapilla, Contrib. Orn., 1851, pt. 2, p. 61 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species.-colombia and northwestern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropica l and Subtropical Zones from the west slope of the Eastern Andes in the mid.dle and upper Magdalena Valley, westward through the Cauca Valley to the Pacific slope including Nariño. Not the Santa Marta Mts. or the Caribbea n coast. (Ocaña [probably west slope], Bucaramanga, El Carmen 2980 m., Alto de la Paz, "Bogotá", Tenasucá, Subía, Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Villavieja, Andalucía, Buena vista [Huila] ; Honda, Chicora l, Toche,!bagué; La Frijolera, Barro Blanco 2160 m., Medellín, La Camelia, near Angelópolis, Salento, El Isno, San Agustín, La Palma, La Candela, La Sierra, Popayán, La Manuelita; Peque, Concordia, Pueblorrico, La Selva, Ríofrío, Dagua, San Antonio, La Cumbre, Yumbo, Cali, Rio!ima, Los Tambos, La Gallera, Munchique, El Tambo, Mojarras 500 m.; "Pasto", Sandoná). Additional records.-below San Miguel 2400 m., Silvania; Pisojé, Crucero, Patía. This is Tangara vitriolina of Chapman's list. Records from east of the Eastern Andes (Villavicencio and Barrigón) are referable to T. cayana. Tangara cayana fulvescens Todd GREATER RUFOUS-CROVVNED TANAGER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 35, p. 92, 1922 (Palmar, Boyacá [Casanare], Colombia).

164 1036 CAJ.OASIA, VOL. V, NC,l Range ot the species.-eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas to southern Brazil, Matto Grosso, eastern Perú, and northern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone in the northern section of the 'Eastern Andes, eastern slope, from the Boyacá-Casana;re region _northward (Palmar, La Colorada, "Bucaramanga" [?], Cucuta, Ocana, Pueblo Nuevo). The record from Bucaramanga is qúestionable as this locality lies on the west slope of the Eastern Andes. The race fulvescens needs confirmation. See Zimmer (Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1246, p. 8, 1943). Phelps and Phelps do not record it as an inhabitant of Venezuela. * Tangara cayana cayana (Linna ::us) RUFOUS-CROWNEO TANAGER Tanagra cayana, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 315, 1766 (Cayenne). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta and eastern Cundinamarca to the Orinoco ("Bogotá", El Baldío near Quetame, Villavicencio, Peralonso, Quenane, Barrigón; Maipures). [Venezuela, the Guianas, the middle Amazon to eastern Perú.] * Tangara nigroviridis cyanescens ( Scla ter) BLUISH TANAGER. Calliste cyanescens, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1856", 1857, p. 260 (Colonia Tovar, Aragua, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-venezuela an:i Colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the east slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Gramalote, near Cúcuta, río Zulia). [Northern Venezuela.] ~ Tangara uigroviridis nigrov:oridis (Lafresnaye) BLACK-ANO-GREEN TANAGER Tanagra nigroviridis, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 69, 1843 ("Bogotá" = Fórneque, east slope of the Eastern Andes, Cundinamarca. Colombia, ex Dugand, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ciencias, 8, no. 30, p. 161, April 1951). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes from Cundinamarca southward to the Nariño-Putumayo region ("Bogotá", Fómeque 1825 m., río Churuyaco). [Eastern Ecuador.] * Tangara nigroviridis consobrina Hellmayr ALLIED TANAGER Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, no. 4, p. 27, 1921 (San Pablo, Prov. Túquerres [Nariño], Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical to Temperate Zones west of the Eastern Andes, except Santa Marta (Cachirí, Las Ventanas, Bucara-

165 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1037 manga, El Roble, Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Buena vista [Huila]; Santa Elena, Medellín, Envigado, Salento, above Toche 3000 m., La Candela; Paramillo Trail 2700 m., La Selva, Pueblorrico, San Antonio, Riolima, La Gal!era, Cocal, río Munchique 900 m.; Pasto, San Pablo, Ricaurte, La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador.] Tangara vassorii vassorii (Boissonneau) VASSORI'S TANAGER Tanagra vassorii, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 4, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-venezuela to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.--Subtropical to Temperate Zones excluding the Santa Marta Mts. and the west slope of the Western Andes (Ramirez, Cachirí, Bucaramanga [probably above], "Bogotá", Choachí, El Peñón, El Roble; Santa Elena, Medellín, La Camelia, near Angelópolis, El Edén, río Toche, Laguneta 3000 m., Salento, Coconuco, Almaguer, La Candela; Paramillo, La Florida, Andes west of Popayán 3100 m., Munchique; río Churuyaco, Cordillera Guamués 3400 m., Mayasquer). [Western Venezuela to northern Perú.] Additional records.-san Marcos, Moscopán 2900 m., Popayán. Tangara heinei (Cabanis) BLACK-CAPPED TANAGER Procnias h einei, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 31, 1851 (Co ~ ombia). Range ot the species.-western Venezuela, Colombia, and eastern Ecuador. GOLOMBIA.- Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones, including the Santa Marta Mts. Not recorded from the east slope of the Eastern Andes except in Putumayo. (Heights of Chirúa, San Miguel, Las Taguas, Las Nubes, Las Vegas, Valparaíso, Cincinnati; La Palmita, Perico, Canuto, "Bogotá", El Roble, Subía, Aguadita; La Frijolera, Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Retiro, Salento, Popayán, La Sierra, San Agustín; Frontino, Concordia, Pueblorrico, San Antonio, río Munchique, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo; Ricaurte 1080 m., La Guayacana). Additional records.-fusagasugá; Cajibío; Sibundoy [Putumayo] 2200 m. This is Tangam atricapilla of Chapman's list. Tangara cyanoptera cyanoptera (Swainson ) BLUE-WINGED TANAGER Aglaia cyanoptera, Orn. Draw., pt. 1, pl. 8, 1834 (Vicinity of Caracas, Venezuela). Range ot the species.- British Guiana, Venezuela and Colombia. COLOMBIA.-The Santa Marta Mountains between 600 and 1800 m., and both slopes of the Eastern Andes at their northern end (San José, Atánques, Palomino, San Miguel, La Concepción, San Francisco, Pueblo Viejo, Minca, Cincinnati, Chirúa, Heights of Chirúa; El Cauca ; Gramalote). [Northern Venezu ela.]

166 -1038 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 :: Iridosornh rufi-vertex rufi-vertex (Lafresnaye) COLOMBIAN CHESTNUT-VENTED IRIDOSORNIS Arremon rufi-vertex, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 335, 1842 ("Bogotá", ex Hel~mayr). Range of the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward t.o Perú. COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes southward to the Andes of eastern Nariño ("Bogotá", Choachí, El Peñón 2880 m.). [Western Venezuela; eastern Ecuador.] Additional records.-páramo del Tábano 3300 m. This is Iridosornis d. dubusia of Chapman's list. See note under l. r. ignicapillus. Iridosornis rufi-vertex ca-eruleoventris Chapman BLUE-VENTED IRIDOSORNIS Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 657, 1915 (Paramillo Mts. Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone at the northern end of the Western and Central Andes (Paramillo 3750 m. ; Santa Elena 2700 m.). Iridosornis rufi-vertex ignicapillus Chapman ORANGE-CRESTED IRIDOSORNIS Bull. Amer Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 656, 1915 (Andes west of Popayán, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones at the southern end nf the Western Andes and both slopes of the southern portion of the Central Andes southward to the Pacific slope of Nariño (Andes west of Popayán 3150 m. ; Almaguer 2250 m., La Plata; near Puerres). [Western Ecuador.] Fresh material from the Bogotá region (typical rufi-vertex) may show ignicapillus not to be a valid race. Iridosornis analis porphyrocephala (Sclater) NORTHERN YELLOW-THROATED IRIDOSORNIS Iridornis porphyrocephala, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1855", 1856, p. 227, pl. 110 (Vicinity of Quito, Ecuador). Range ot the species.-colombia and western Ecuador. Eastern Ecuador to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on both slopes of the western Andes and the west slope of the Central Andes (La Selva 2100 m., Santa Cecilia 720 m., Nóvita Trail 2160 m., San Antonio, Coca!, La Costa, río Munchique. Cerro Munchique; Santa Elena 2700 m., Medellín; Ricaurte). [Western Ecuador.]

167 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1039 Anisognathus igniventris lunulatus (Du Bus) (l.) SCARLET-NECKED TANAGER Tanagra Zunulata, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, 6, pt. 1, no. 5, p. 439, with col. pl., 1839 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-extreme western Venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia. 'COLOMBIA.- Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes from the region about Bogotá northward to Norte de Santander between m. ("Bogotá" El Peñón, Chipaque, Choachi, above Choachi 3400 m., La Mar, La Porquera, Subachoque. above La Pradera, Cogua, Vetas, Cachirí, Ramírez). [Páramo de Tamá, Andes of Táchira, Ven!ezuela.] Additional records.-la Cita, Sabana de Bogotá. Anisognathus ignfventris erythrotus (Jardine and Selby) BLACK-VENTED TANAGER,~glaia erythrotus, Illust. Orn., (n.s.), pt. 7, pl. 36, 1840 (Andes near Quito, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Central Andes and the mountains of Nariño (Coconuco m.; Guanderal, Chorreado, nea r Puerres, Mayasquer 2340 m., Cumbal, Chiles 3600 m.). [Temperate Zone of Ecuador.] Additional records.-páramo de Letras [Dept. Caldas] 3400 m.; Paletará 3000 m.; La k e La Cocha 2800 m. Anisognathus lacrymosus melanogenys (Salvin and Godman) BLACK-CHEEKED TANAGER Poecilothraupis melanogenys, Ibis, 1880, p. 120, pl. 3 (Near San Sebastián, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. between 1800 and 2700 m., and perhaps up to 3600 m. (San Sebastián. Templado, Macotama, "Sierra Neva da", El Líbano, San Lorenzo, San Miguel, Heights of Chirúa). Anisognathus Jacrymosus olivaceiceps ( Berlepsch) OLIVE-HEADED TANAGER Poecilothraupis palpebrosa olivaceiceps, Verh. 5th Int. Orn. Kongr., Berlín, pp. 1045, (Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-The northern portian of the western Andes and the Central Andes south as far as the Quindío region. Subtropical and U ) Anisognathus Poecilothraupis auct.

168 1040 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Te~~~!"~te Zones (Paramillo Mts m.: Sabanalarga [Antioquia], Santa Elena Medellín La Camelia near Angelópolis, Santa Isabel, Laguneta 3000 m., río 'Toche; "Bogotá")... Additional records.-termales [west side of Paramo del Rmz]. On the venezuelan side of the Páramo de Tamá Anisognathus l. tamae (Phelps and Gillíard) is found. It doubtlessly occurs also on the Colombian side of the same mountaín. Anisognathus lacrymosus intensos de Schauense-e MUNCHIQUE TANAGER Not. Naturae no. 232, p. 5, February 1951 East slope of Cerro Munchique, 1900 m., western Andes, cauca, Colombia). COLOMBIA.--Subtropical and Temperate Zones on the eastern slope of the Western Andes at their southern end (.San Antonio, Andes west of Popayán 3100 m., Cerro Munchique). Anisognathus lacrymosus palpebrosus (Lafresnaye) ORANGE-BELLIED TANAGER Tanagra palpebrosa, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 71, 1847 (Pasto, Naríño, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the Andes of Nariño, o.n both slopes. northward to the southern section of the Central Andes (Pasto, Chorreado, near Puerres, Cordillera Guamués 3400 m.). [Ecuad01.] Additional records.-san Juan [Huila], Sa:n Marcos, Pal~tará; Lake La Cacha 2800 m. Records from AJmaguer probably belong here rather than to inten sus, which lnhabits the southern section of the Western Andes. Buthraupi.s montana gigas (Bonaparte) GIANT MOUNTAIN TANAGER Dubusia gigas, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 171, 1851 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-the Andes from extreme western Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Easterri Andes from Cundinamarca northward to Norte de Santander ( " ~ogotá ", Subia, El Peñón 2880 m., Anolaima, Choachí, Fómeque, Chmgasa, Páramo de Guasca 3200 m., Páramo de Tamá). [Páramo de Tamá, Táchira, Venezuela.] Buthraupis montana cucullata (Jardine and Selby) HOODED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Tanagra cucullata, Illust. Orn. (n. s.), pt. 8, pl. 43, 1842 (Andes of Quito, Ecuador). ' COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Central and Western Andes southward to the Andes of Nariño (Santa Isabel

169 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA m., Laguneta, Toche, Coconuco 3000 m., Almaguer; Concordia, San Antonio, Cocal, La Costa, Cerro Munchique; Cerro Pax [Nariño]). [Ecuador.] Additional records.-el Tambo; Moscopán, San Marcos, Puracé, Paletará; Páramo del Tábano 3300 m. Buthraupis eximia eximia (Boissonneau) BLUE-RUMPED MOUNTAIN, TANAGER Tanagra eximia, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 66, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-the Andes from extreme western Venezuela through Colombia to <Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes from Cundinamarca northward to Norte de Santander ("Bogotá", Aguadita 1950 m., El Peñón 2880 m., Palo Hueco, above Guasca 3200 m., Toledo near Pamplona). [Páramo de Tamá, Táchira, Venezuela.] Additional records.-san Miguel 2800 m., Choachí. Replaced farther south, in eastern Nariño, by B. e. chloronota Buthraupis eximia zimmeri Moore GREEN-RUMPED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 715, p. 2, 1934 (Paramillo Mts., Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Central and Western Andes (Santa Isabel, Almaguer 2250 m., Paramillo 3750 m.). This is Buthraupis e. chloronota of Chapman's list. See following entry. Buthraupis eximia chloronota Sclater GREEN-BACKED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 22, " 1854", 1855, p. 97, pl. 64 (Vicinity of Quito, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone in the Andes of eastern Na riño (Páramo del Tábano 3200 m.). [Ecuador.] A. bird reported by Professor Dugand (in lit.) from the above locality adds this form to the known avifauna of Colombia. Bangsia rothschildi (Ber1epsch) ROTHSCHILD'S TANAGER Buthraupis rothschildi, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 3, 1897 (Cachavi, western Ecuador). Range of the species.-western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Lower Tropical Zone on the west slope of the Western Andes (río Andágueda). Ad'ditional records.-río Anchicayá 300 m.

170 1042 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NI? 25 '~ Bangsia melanochlamys (Hellmayr) BLACK-MANTLED TANAGER Buthraupis melanochlamys, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 25, p. 112, 1910 (La Selva 1380 m., río Jamarraya, west slope of the Western Andes, Colombia). Range ot the species.-western Co!ombia eastward to the lower río Cauca. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the western Andes at the sources of the río San Juan, and the western slope of the Central Andes above the lower Cauca (La Selva m., río Jaman aya; La Frijolera 1500 m.). ':' Bangsia edwardsi (Elliot) MILNE-EDWARD'S TANAGER Buthraupis edwardsi, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1, Bull., p. 77, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1865 ("Nouvelle Grenade" = Colombia). Range ot the species.-western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the Pacific slope from the Dagua Valley southward (Espinal 1200 m. ; "Pasto", Buenavista [Nariño] 360 m., above Ricaurte m., La Guayacana 450 m.). [Western Ecuador.] This species is said to have been taken as high as 3000 m. at Chillo, Ecuador (vide Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, p. 1111). ':' Bangsia aureocincta (Hellmayr) GOLDEN-NECKED TANAGER Buthraupis aureocincta, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 25, p. 111, 1910 (Tatamá Mt., near the sources of the río San Juan, western slope of the Western Andes, Colombia). Range ot the species.-western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Western Andes near the sources of the río San Juan, Pacific drainage (Tatamá Mt m., La Selva 2100 m., Nóvita Trail 2160 m.). Dubusia taeniata carrikeri Wstmore CARRIKER'S BUFF-BREASTED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Smiths. Mise. Coll., 106, no. 16, p. 11, 1946 (Between 2550 and 2850 m., on the south side of the main valley of the río Guatapurí, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Dept. Magdalena, Colombia). Range ot the species.-western Venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to southern Perú. COLOMBIA.~Temperate Zone of the southeastern portian of the Santa Marta Mts., between 2400 and 3000 m. (Siminchúcua and head of the río Guatapurí).

171 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMB'A 1043 Dubusia taeniata taeniata (Boissonneau) BUFF-BREASTED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Tanagra taeniata, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 57, 1840 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA -Subtropical to Tempera te Zones of the three Andean ranges southward to the mountains of Nariño (Cogua, Suba, "Bogotá", Choachí, above Choachí 3200 m., Subía, El Peñón, Fusagasugá; Santa Elena, Toche, Salento, Popayán; Andes west of Popayán 3150 m.; Chiles, Cumbal 3600 m., Cordillera Guamués 3400 m.). [Andes ot Mérida in Venezuela; Ecuador.] Addítional records.-páramo de Guasca [east slope]. Tephrophilus wetmorei Moore WETMORE'S MOUNTAIN TANAGER Auk, 51, P. 1, pl. 1, 1934 (Culebrillas Valley, northwest of Mt. Sangay, Ecuador). Range ot the species.---southwestern Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone at the southern end of the west slope of the Central Andes (Puracé 3450 m.). Compsocoma flavinucha victorini (Lafr-esnaye) GREEN-BACKED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Tachyphonus victorini Rev. Zool., 5, p. 336, 1842 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species.-northern Venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the western slope o-f the Eastern Andes, the head of the Magdalena Valley and the east slope of the Central Andes at their southern end (Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", Subía, El Roble 2430 m., Buena vista [Huila]; near San Agustín, La Candela, La Palma 1650 m.). Additional records.-santíbar above Santandercito 1800 m. ; Tij e ras, Moscopán 2800 m. Replaced farther north on the eastern slope of the Central Andes by the next form. Compsocoma flavinucha antioquiae Berlepsch Verh. 5th Int. Orn. Kongr. Berlín, pp. 1049, 1135, 1912 (Sant<t Elena, Antioquia, Colombia). COLOMBIA.- The northern part of the Central Andes (both s l o p ~ s in Antioquia, the eastern slope in Tolima), and the northern part of the western Andes (Barro Blanco, Santa Elena 2700 m., Medel.lín 1540 m., La Ceja, Retiro. La Camelia. near Angelópo.Jis. El Edén, rio Toche; Paramillo Trail 3300 m. Specimens from El Edén and Río Toche show an approach toward victorini.

172 1044 CALDASIA, VOL. V,~Q_!~ ~-- Compsocoma flavinucha cyanoptera Cabanis BLUE-WINGED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Journ. Orn., 14, p. 235, 1866 (Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-The western slope of the Central Andes from the Quindío region southward; the southern section of the Western Andes, and the mountains of Nariño. Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones. (Laguneta 2550 m., Salento, Miraflores, La Sierra; La Castilla above Cali, Riolima, río Zapata, Las Cruces, San Antonio, Los Tambos, La Gallera, cocal, La Florida, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo 1500 m.; Pasto, Mayasquer, Ricaurte 1170 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Additional records.-cajibío, Piendamó, Popayán, Pisojé, Crucero. Compsocoma flavinucha baeza-e Chapman BAEZA MOUNTAIN TANAGERJ Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 160, p. 13, 1925 (Baeza, eastern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the eastern slope of the Andes of Nariño on the border of Ecuador (Cerro Pax). [Eastern Ecuador.] This race is closest to C. t. victorini, but the back is more olivegreen, less grass-green. ::: Compsocoma notabilis (Sclater) BLACK-CHINNED MOUNTAIN TANAGER Tanagra notabilis, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 84, pl. 91 (Near Quito, Ecuador). Range ot the species.-western Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Pacific slope from the headwaters of the río San Juan southward (Tatamá Mt m., Nóvita Trail 2160 m., río Mechengue 750 m., río Munchique 900 m.; Ricaurte 1170 m., La Guayacana 270 m). : 'Thraupis virens cana (Swainson) GREY TANAGER Tanagra cana, Orn. Draw., pt. 3, pl. 37, 1836 (Caracas, Venezuela,. ex Hellmayr). Range ot the species.-from southern México southward through Central America and generally over South America to Bolivia and Maranháo, Brazil. COLOMBIA-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones wcst of the Eastern Ancies (east slope in Norte de Santander only), including the Santa Marta region and the Caribbean coast, but excluding Nariño (Dibulla. La Concepción, Don Diego, Cacagualito, Masinga, Donama, Banda, Mamatoco. Santa Marta, La Tigrera, Minca, Riofrío, Tucurinca, Fundación; Barranquilla, El Paraíso síght, Calamar. Aguada de Pablo, Tocahagua. Los Peildales, Cartagena; Murucucú, Tierra Alta, Quimarí, Turbo; Cúcuta, Alto, Bucaramanga, Alto de 1a Paz, above Anolaima 2620 m., Tenasucá, San Antonio de Tena, "Bogotá", Sabana

173 n. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA ' de Bo!{otá, Villa vieja, Andalucía [west slope 900 m.]; Puerto Va\divia, La Frijolera, río Cauca near Titiríbí, Barro Blanco, Medellín, Salento, Toche 2200 m., Chicoral, Honda, San Agustín, La Candela, Miraflores, Popayán; Juradó, Dabeiba, Nuquí, Pueblorrico, La Selva, Santa Cecilia, Suarraga, Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita, Noanamá, "Chocó Bay" [ = Buenaventura], San José, Dagua, Lomitas, El Carmen, San Antonio, Cali, Riolima, Riofrío, Cauca Valley, Guengué, Palmira, La Florida, upper río Patía). [Eastern Panamá; riorthern Venezuela.] Addit;onal recorcis.-aguadíta, Fusagasugá, Boquerón de Melgar, Coyaima, Estación Saldaña; Píchindé. Cajibío. Bírds from the río San Juan valley show, ín their darker wing coverts, an approach to quaesita, which is found in Nariño. Thraupis virens quaesita Bangs and Noble SOUTHERN GREY TANAGER Auk, 35, p. 460, 1918 (Sullana, Piura, Perú). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (Tumaco, Barbacoas, La Guayacana). [Western Ecuador, northwestern Perú.] Thraupis virens Ieucoptera (Sclater) VVHITE-EDGED TANAGER ("Bogotá" ). Tanagra leucoptera, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, pp. 154, 155, 1886 COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Cundinamarca and Meta, and the Llanos del Meta ("Bogotá", Quetame 1380 m., Buenavista, Villavicencio, Barrigón). Additional records.-choachí [below?], Acacias. Thraupis virens nesophila RHey TRINIDAD TANAGER Hellmayr). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25, p. 185, 1912 (Trinidad, ex COLOMBIA.-Known only from the banks of the Orinoco (Maipures). [Southern and eastern Venezuela; Trinidad.] Thraupis virens mediana Zimmer MANÁOS TANAGER Brazíl). Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1262, p. 10, 1944 (Manáos, R ío Negro, COLOMBIA.-Southeastern Colombia in the río Vaupés region (opposite Tauapunto). [Southwestern Venezuela, northern Brazil southward to the Rio Tapajoz añ,d Rio Madeira, possibly to northern Bolivia.] This form doubtlessly ranges eastward to the Colombia-Venezuela border on the Río Negro. Farther south and west in the Amazon draínage of Colombia it is replaced by T. v. coelestis.

174 1046 CALDASIA, V9L. V, NQ 25 : Thraupis virens coelestis (Spix) BLUE-GREY TANAGER Tanagra coelestis, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 42, pl. 55, fig. 2, 1825 (Fonteboa, Río Solimoes, Brazil). COLOMBIA.-The Amazonian basin except the Vaupés region (Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Loretoyacu). [Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú, western Brazil.] Thraupis sayaca glaucocolpa Cabanis GLAUCOUS TANAGER Mus. Hein., 1, p. 28, 1851 ("Caracas", Venezuela). Range of the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward to Bolivia and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from northern Bolívar and Atlántico eastward (Cartagena, Santa Cruz, Los Pendales sight, Calamar, El Paraíso sight, Barranquilla, La Playa; Arroyo de Arenas, Dibulla, Loma Larga sight, Fonseca. [Northern Venezuela, Margarita Island.] ::: Thraupis palmarum atripennis Todd BLACK-WINGED PALM TANAGER Proc. Biol Soc. Washington, 35, p. 92, 1922 (Gua piles, Costa Rica). Range ot the species.-nicaragua, southward to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally lower Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes, including the Santa Marta region and the Caribbean coast; southward on the Pacific coast to the río Dagua (río Juradó, Dabeiba, Nuquí, Baudó Mts., Santa Cecilia, La Selva 1800 m., Loma Hermosa, Tadó, Nóvita, Noanamá, San José, Císneros, Riofrío [Cauca Valley], Titiribí, Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera, Remedios, Puerto Berrío, Salento, Toche 2100 m., Chicoral, San Agustín, La Candela; Quimarí, Tierra Alta, Murucucú, Puerto Zapote, Turbaco, Cartagena, Los Pendales, El Paraíso sight; Fundación, Tucurinca, Riofrío, Tierra Nueva, Minca, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Bonda, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Dibulla; Gamarra, Aguachica, Ocaña, El Tambor, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", Subia, Villavieja, Andalucía [west slope 900 m.]). [Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá; northwestern Venezuela.] Additional records.-aguadita, Fusagasugá; Bahía Solano. Thraupis palmarum violilavata: (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) VIOLACEOUS PALM TANAGER I'anagra palmarum violilavata, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 546 (Chimbo, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropi cal Zone of the Pacific slope from the Munchique region southward to Nariño (río Munchique; Ricaurte). [Western Ecuador.]

175 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1047 ::: Thraupis palmarum melanoptera (Sclater) AMAZONIAN PALM TANAGER Tanagra melanoptera, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1856", 1857, p. 235 (San Ramón, Chanchamayo Valley, Perú). COLOMBIA.-Tropical zone east of the Eastern Andes (Cúcuta, "Bogotá", Quetame 1380 m., Buenavista, Villavicencio, Barrigón; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas, río San Miguel [Sucumbías]; Maipures). [Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil north ot the Amazon; south of the Amazon trom the Río Tapajoz westward to northeastern Perú and eastern Ecuador, southward to northern Bolivi a and Matto Grosso.] Additional records.-apiay, Quenane, Peralonso, Pachaquiaro, Puerto López. A single bird from Cúcuta is quite typical of this race. Thraupis cyanocephala margaritae (Chapman) MARGARITA'S TANAGER Sporathraupis cyanocephala margaritae, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 165, 1912 (Valparaíso, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range ot the species.-trínidad, Venezuela and Colombia southward through the mountains to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Santa Marta Mts. (Valpa raíso, El Líbano, Las Vegas 1800 m., San 'Miguel 1650 m., Heights of Chirúa). Thraupis cyanocephala auricrissa (Sclater) GOLDEN-VENTED TANAGER Dubusia auricrissa, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1855", 1856, p. 22'i ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Subtropícal Zone on both slopes of the Eastern Andes from the region about Ocaña to Cundinamarca and Meta (Alto, above Ocaña, between Ocaña and Bucaramanga, La Palmita, Canuto, Ca chirí, Gramalote, Pamplona, Páramo de Tamá, Palo Hueco, Choachí,.. Bogotá", Sibaté, Subía, El Roble 2430 m., Aguadita, Buenavista [Meta]). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Additional records.-fusagasugá. According to Hellmayr, "Bogotá" records of T. olivi-cyana (Lafresnaye) are probably individual mutants of T. cyanocepthala auricrissa, if really found in "Bogotá" collections. : Thraupis cyanocephala annectens Zimmer CAUCA GOLDEN-VENTED TANAGER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1262, p. 17, 1944 (Cerro Munchique, 2500 m., range west of Popayán, Cauca, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-SubtropiCal, occasionally Temperate Zones of the CentraL and western Andes soutward into Nariño. Not recorded from

176 1048 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 the upper Magdalena Valley. (Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Medellín, Retiro, Laguneta m., Salento, Toche, El Edén, Coconuco 3000 m., Popayán, La Sierra; La Selva, Nóvita Trail 2160 m., San Antonio, La Florida, Coca!, Cerro Munchique, El Tambo 1530 m.; Chorreado, Mayasquer, La Guayacana). Additional records.-a male from Sibundoy, on the Putumayo slope of the Andes of Pasto, is slightly darker than birds from Cauca. [Dugand, in lit.] ':' Ramphoce!us nigrogularis (Spix) BLACK-THROATED TANAGER Tanagra nigrogularis, Av. Bras. Spec., 2, p. 35, pi. 47 ( ~ ), 1825 (Sáo Paulo de Olivenga, Río Solimoes, Brazil). Range ot the species.-southeastern Colombia to Perú and the Amazon Valley eastward. to Monte Alegre. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from southern Meta southward to the Amazon (río Dudita, base of Ma carena Mts.; Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Macagua, Leticia). Ramphoce'lus carbo unicolor Sclater COLOMBIAN SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, p. 128 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-eastern Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Meta, eastern Cundinamarca and the Casanare region ("Bogotá", río Dudita, Llanos de San Martín, Villavicencio, Buenavista, Monterredondo sight, Mámbita, La. Colorada, Palmar). Additiom J records.-acacias, Peralonso, río Güejar at base of Macarena Mts. Ramphocelus c. venezuelensis Lafresnaye will be the form found In Arauca, as it has been recor<ded from El Amparo, on the Venezuelan side of the Arauca River. * Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pallas) SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER (Surinam). Lanius carbo, in Vroeg., Cat. Rais. d'ois., Adumbr., p. 2, 1764 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the base of the Eastern Andes in Caquetá, eastward to the Orinoco and Río Guainía-Rio Negro regions, southward to the Amazon River (Florencia, above Florencia 600 m., Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Maipures; río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare, Macacuní; Leticia, Loretoyacu). [The Guianas, southern Venezuela, the Amazon Valley, northeastern Perú, eastern Ecuador.]

177 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1049 Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lafresnaye Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, pl. 81 and text, p. 2, 1837 (Cartagena, Colombia). CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER Range oj the species.-western Panamá and the Pearl Islands to Colombia and extreme western Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes excepting the upper Magdalena Valley and Nariño. The east slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander. (Loma Larga, Arroyo de Arenas, Fonseca sight, La Concepción, Pueblo Viejo, San Antonio, San Miguel, Palomino, Don Diego, Buritaca, Donama, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Minca, Aguad ulce, Cincinnati, Trojas de Cataca, Tierra Nueva, Riofrio, Fundación; Cartagena, Los Pendales, Algodonal, "Varrud", Nechí, Remedios, Puerto Berrío; Bucaramanga; Guayabal north of Cúcuta; Puerto Valdivia,,a Frijolera; Turbo, Quibdó, Bagadó, Santa Cecilia, Suarraga, Dagua; Riofrío, Cali, La Manuelita. [Extreme eastern Panamá; northwestern Venezuela.] Additional records.-medellín 1540 m. (Mus. Univ. Antioq.). Replaced in the upper Magdalena Valley by the next form. Ramphocelus dimidiatus molochinus de Schauensee HUILA CRIMSON-BACKED TANAGER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 102, p. 136, October 11, 1950 (San Agustín, 1530 m., Huila, Colombia). COLOMBIA-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the upper Magdalena Valley from about 50 southward ("Bogotá", Tenasucá, Alto de la Paz, Sasaima, Gua;duas, Andalucía [west slope 900 m.] ; Honda, Ambalema, Chicoral,!bagué, San Agustín, La Candela)..Additional records.-fusagasugá, Arbeláez. Boquerón de Melgar; Coyaima. Birds from northern Tolima and western Cundinamarca are intermediate between this race and typical dimidiatus. Ramphocelus flammigerus (Jardine and Selby) VARIABLE TANAGER (Colombia). Ra_mphopis flammigerus, Illustr. Orn., 3, pt. 9, pi Range of the species.-western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the Pacific slope from Nariño northward to the headwaters of the río San Juan; the Cauca Valley; northern Antioquia on the upper río Porce, a tributary of the Nechí (Ancuya; Popayán, El Tambo, Muncl:lique "Río Caquetá, Cauca" [= rio Cauquíta], Navarra Guengué La Ma ~ nuelita, Cali, San Antonio, Yumbo, La Cumbre; Lomitas,' Riofrío, Juntas [ = Cisneros], Jíménez, Dagua, Silencio, Pueblorrico La Selva 1800 m., Jericó; Miraflores, Salento, Medellín, Amalfi; "Bog'otá" ).

178 1050 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Additional records.-crucero; La Paila, Circasia 1900 m. [Dept Caldas]. ~ Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte YELLOW-RUMPED TANAGER Rev. Zool., 1, no. 1, p. 8, 1838 (Colombia). Range ot the species.-pana,má, Western Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones. The entire Pacific coast, eastward across the Atrato and upper Sinú Valleys to the lower Cauca and middle Magdalena Valleys (río Truandó, río Juradó, río Jampavadó, Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Murindó, río Atrato, Nuquí, río Baudó, Quibdó, Bagadó, Pueblnrrico, La Selva, Santa Cecilia, Suarraga, Juntas de Tamaná, Nóvita Trail m., Nóvita, Noanamá,. río Cajón, Sipí, Guineo, San Joaquín, "Chocó Bay", Buenaventura, San José, Dagua, Lomitas, San Antonio [west slope], La Gallera 1720 m., río Mechengue, río Munchique, río Guapí, Cerro Munchique 1800 m.; Ancuya, Barbacoas, Tumaco, Ricaurte, La Guayacana, río Perlasiví; Toche 2100 m.,!bagué, west of Honda, vicinity of Medellín, Barro Blanco 2160 m., La Frijolera, Puerto Valdivia, Nechí, Remedios, Puert o Berrío; Turbo, Murucucú). Additional records.-bahía Solano, río Anchicayá m. Bonaparte's type of icteronotus is in the Academy's collection and is typical of this species in having a lemon-yellow rump. It is marked "Colombia", and Berlepsch's suggestion of western Ecuadnr as a type Iocality cannot therefore be accepted. In the Academy's collection is also found the type of Ramphocelus chrysonotus. It is a bird with an orange rump, intermediate in color between icteronotus and jlammigerus, but nearer the former. Birds of this type were taken at La Selva and Santa Cecilia where the two species are found together, and from which region carne a series showing a complete gradation between birds with apure lemon-yellow rump and those with a scarlet nne. Females also are found which show characters intermediate between the two species. Ramp'hocelus chrysonotus is undoubtedly a hybrid between R. icteronotus and R. jlammigerus. Calochaetes coccineus (Sc:atcr) BLACK-THROATED SCARLET TANAGER Euchaetes coccineus, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 73, pl. 132, fig. 1 (Río Napo, eastern Ecuador). Range oj the species.-southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in the Caquetá and Nariño-Putumayo regions ("be!ow' Andalucía, eastern slope" [= above Florencia] 600 m., rio Churuyaco). 0 Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus) SUMMER TANAGER Fringilla rubra, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 18,1, 1758 ~South Carolina).

179 R. M. DE SCHAuENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1051 Range of the species.-breeds in the United States and northern México; south in winter to Perú and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident in the Tropical and Subtropical Zones up to about 2700 m. from October (7) to April. One record from San Gil, June 12. (Los Pendales; Santa Marta, Bonda, Minca, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, Las Nubes, Onaca, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa, Dibulla; Herradura, "Cocuta Valley" [= Suratá Valley], Bucaramanga, Canta, San Gil, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, City of Bogotá; Remedios, Puerto Berrío, Malena, Honda, Villavieja; Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera, Santa Elena 2700 m., Medellín, Salento, El Edén; Quimarí; Punta Ardita, río Juradó, Dabeiba, Alto Bonito, río Jampavadó, Bagadó, Santa Cecilia, Pueblorrico, La Selva, Noanamá, río Cajón, San Antonio, Riofrío, La Costa, Munchique, El Tambo; Buenavista [Meta], Villavicencio, río Dudita; Morelia, río Churuyaco; Maipures). [Breeds in the central and eastern United States.] Additional records.-caracolicito (March 27); Popayán (Oct. 8, Nov. 11); Silvania (Oct. 25, Nov. 1), Boquerón above Melgar (Oct. 14, 15), Fusagasugá (Nov. 7, Dec. 7), Subachoque (Oct. 23, Nov. 11), Ohoachí (April); río Ocoa (no date), Ridge W. of Entrada Camp [ Macarena Mts.] 1350 m. (Jan. 18, 26); Rumiyaco (Dec. 31). := Piranga flava faceta Bangs CARIBBEAN RED TANAGER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 141, 1898 (Santa Marta region, 900 m., Colombia). Range ot the species.-from Texas, Arizona and México southward to Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta Mts. (La Concepción, San Miguel, Cacagualito, Onaca, Masinga Vieja, Banda, Minca, Cincinnati, Las Vegas). [Northern Venezuela; Trinidad.] ::: Piranga flava desidiosa Bangs and Nobl8 COLOMBIAN RED TANAGER Colombia). Auk, 35, p. 461, 1918 (La María, Río Dagua, Western Andes of COLOMBIA.-The middle and upper Cauca Valley, and the western slope of the Western Andes in the upper Dagua Valley, southward to the Munchique region and the extreme upper Patía Valley. Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones. (Concordia, Antioquia, Primavera, Atuncela, río Dagua, La María, Lomitas, San Antonio, Cocal, Munchique, El Tambo; "Medellín", Popayán, La Sierra; "Bogotá"). Additional records.-cajibío, Pisojé. := Piranga flava lutea (Lesson) TSCHUDI'S RED TANAGER Pithylus luteus, L'Institut, 2, no. 72, p. 316, 1834 (Callao, Perú). COLOMBiA.-Known only from the Guáitara Valley in the interior of Nariño, Subtropical Zone (Ancuya). [Western Ecuador southward to Bolivia.]

180 1052 ~C=AL=D=A=S=I=A ~,~V_O_L= -V~,_N 9_2_5 _ Piranga olivacea (Gmelin) SCARLET TANAGER Tanagra olivacea, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 889, 1789 (New York). Range of the species.-breeds in southern Canada, Nova Scotia southward to Kansas, South Carolina and Alabama. In winter from Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded spottily from the northwest and southwest, the middle Magdalena Valley, the Bogotá plateau, the Macarena Mts. and the Caquetá region from October (19) to May (río Juradó; La Guayacana; Remedios; Bucaramanga; Sabana de Bogotá; río Dudita; Morelia). Adtditional records.-choachí (Dec. 5, March 27); Ridge W. of Entrada Carnp [Macarena Mts.] 1350 m. (Jan. 26). This is Piranga erythromelas, of authors. Piranga Ieucoptera venezuelae Zimmer VENEZUELAN BLACK-LORED TANAGER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1345, p. 21, 1947 (Galipán, Cerro ci'el Avila, near Caracas, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-southern México southward to the Guianas and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone west of the Eastern Andes excluding the Santa Marta Mts. and Nariño (Canuto, "Bogotá"; Toche 2160 m., Miraflores; La Selva). [Venezuela.] Piranga leucoptera ardens (Tschudi) PERUVIAN BLACK-LORED TANAGER Phoenisoma ardens, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 287, 1844 (Perú). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (La Guayacana 600 m., Ricaurte 1170 m.). [Colombia to Bolivia.] '-' Piranga rubriceps G. R. Gray COLOMBIAN RED-HEADED TANAGER Gen. Bds., 2, p. 364, pl. 89, lower fig., 1844 ("Bogotá"). Range_ ot the species.---colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical to lower Temperate Zones of the Andes, excluding the Santa Marta Mts. ("Bogotá". near Fusagasugá; Santa Elena, "Medellín", Laguneta, Toche, río Chílí, La Plata, Coconuco 3000 m.; Concordia, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique 2070 m.; rio Churuyaco). Additional records.-tijeras, Moscopán m. Chlorothraupis carmioli lutescens Griscom undoubtedly occurs in extreme northwestern Colombia west of the Gulf of Urabá, for it has been taken in eastern Panamá just across the Colombian border at Permé, Obaldía, and the west slope of Mt. Tacarcuna.

181 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS 01:<' COLOMBIA 1053 ':' Chlorothraupis oli:vacea ( Cassin) YELLOVV-BROVVED TANAGER Orthogonys olivaceus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12, p. 140, 1860 (Río Trua;ndó, northwestern Colombia). Range oj the species.-eastern Panamá to northwestern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. The entire Pacific coast, and eastward to the Atrato, upper Sinú, and the middle Magdalena Valley in Antioquia (río Truandó Alto Bonito, río Baudó, río Jurubidá, Alto del Buey 1530 m., Bagadó,' A:ndagoya, Condoto, Santa Cecilia, Nóvita, Juntas de Tamaná, Noanamá, Potedó, río Cajón, Sipi, San Joaquín, near Buenaventura, Sap José; Barbacoas, Ricaurte, La Guayacana, "vicinity of Pasto"; Murucucú; Nechí, Remedios). Chlorothraupis stolzmann! dugandi de Schauensee DUGAND'S TANAGER Notulae Naturae, no. 209, p. 3, 1948 (La Selva, 2100 m., western slope of the Western Andes, Dept. Caldas, Colombia). Range oj the species.-western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the west slope of the western Andes from the headwaters of the río San Juan southward to the Pacific slope of Nariño (La Selva 2100 m., La Costa, río Munchique, río Mechengue 720 m.; Buenavista 360 m.). Habia rubica coccinea (Todd) CASANARE ANT TANAGER Phoenicothraupis rubica coccinea, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32, p. 113, 1919 (La Colorada, upper Casanare, Boyacá, Colombia). Range of the species.- Southern México, southward through Central America to Bolivia and Argentina. Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the 'Eastern Andes in the Boyacá-Casanare region (La Colorada). [Nor thwes ter n Venezuela.] Habia rubica rhodinolaema (Salvin and Godman) SCARLET-THROATED ANT TANAGER Phoenicothraupis rhodinolaema, Biol. Centr. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 300, 1883 (Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes in the Caquetá región (Morelia). [Eastern Ecuador to northeastern Perú and the Río Uaupés, Brazil.] ':' Habia rubica subsp. COLOMBIA.-Southwestern Bolívar in the upper Sinú Valley (Quimarí 500 m.). A single immature male cannot be identified subspecifically. It is

182 1054 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N much less brown and lighter in color than an immature male of H. r. vinacea (Lawrence), which has been recorded irom Cana, eastern Panamá. This is the first record for Había rubica west of the Eastern Andes in Colombia. :;: Rabia gnttura!is gutt urall. o; (Sclater) ROSY-THROATED ANT TANAGER Phoenicothraupis gutturalis, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 13, p. 25, 1854 (Colombia). Range of the sp ecies.-méxico southw~wd through Central Amer- 1ca to Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the middle Magdalena and Río Nechí Valle:vs (El Tambor, Naranjo; west of Honda 840 m., Remedios, r!o Ité, río Nechí). Rabia gutturalis erythrolaema (Sclater) SOUTHERN DUSKY-TAILED ANT TAN AG E~ Phoenicothmuvis erythrolaem.a, Cat. Col!. Amer. Bds., p. 83, 1862 ("Santa Marta", Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known definitely only from the Caribbean coast region west of the Magdalena River in Dept. Atlántico and northern Bolívar ("Barranquilla", Los Pendales, Santa Cruz sight, Turbaco). [Eastern Panamá west to the Canal Zone.] No recent collector has met with this species in the Santa Marta region and it is doubtful if the bird is found there. Rabia cristata (Lawrence) CRESTED ANT TANAGER Ph0enicothrauvis cristata, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 11, p. 70, 1875 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-western Colombia. C:OLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on both slopes of the Western Ande~ (Peque. Frontino. "Antioquia". Pueblorrico, La Selva rr.. río J amarrava. Loma Hermosa, Nóvita Trail 1800 m.. San Antonio. Naranjito 1170 m.. río Dagua. Riolima, Cocal, río Mechengúe, río Munchique, Cerro Munchique 1800 m.; "Bogotá"). Lanio fulvus peruvianus Carr!krr PERUVIAN SHRIKE-TANAGER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhEa., 86, p. 331, 1934 (Moyobamba, Perú). Range ot the svecies.-the Guianas. southern Venezuela and northern Brazil to the north bank of the lower Amazon. Eastern Colombia. Ecuador and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes in Caquetá and Putumayo ("Bogotá"; Morelia, Rumiyaco, Umbría). [Ecuador, Perú.]

183 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1055 : Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert 1 GREATER VVHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER Tangara ruja, Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 44, pl. 711 ( ~ ), 1783 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.-eastern Costa Rica, western Panamá and South America to Argentina and Matto Grosso and Perú. Trinidad and Tobago. Not recorded from Ecuador. COLOMBIA.- Tropical and Subtropical Zones virtually throughout the country (La Concepción, Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa, San Miguel s;ght, San Francisco, Palomino, Minca; Ocaña, 'El Tambor, Bucaramanga, San Gil, Guaduas, Palohueco 2210 m., "Bogotá", Buenavista [Meta], Aguadita, Fusagasugá, Andalucía; Remedios, Barro Blanco, Medellin. Toche, Miraf!ores, El Isno, San Agustín, La Palma, La Candela; Dabeiba, río Sucio, Santa Cecilia, Silencio, Riofrío, Dagua, Lomitas, Cali, San Antonio, La Gallera, Munchique, El Tambo, Mojarras; Ricaurte, río Perlasiví; Morelia).. Additional records.---santandercito, Fusagasugá, Melgar, Arbeláez; Ap~ay ; La Guayacana. : Tachyphonus cristatus cristatellus Sclater COLOMBIAN SCARLET-CRESTED TANAGER Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 86, 1862 ("Bogotá" = Villavicencio, Colombia, ex Dugand and Barrero, Caldasia, 4, 17, p. 164, 1946). Range oj the species.- Eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas to southeastern Brazil and Perú and northern Bolivia COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from the regían about Villavicencio southward and eastward to Caquetá, Putumayo, Amazonas, Vaupés, and the Río Guainia ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Morelia, Rumiyaco, Umbría; Loretoyacu; río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto; Macacuní, río Negro opposite San Carlos, Venezuela [ = San Felipe, Colombia], río Guainia opposite mouth of Casiquiare) [Southern Venezuela, northern Brazil, northern Perú.] Tachyphonus cristatus orinocensis Zimmer a nd Phelps ORINOCAN SCARLET-CRESTED TANAGER Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1274, p. 7, 1945 (Sanariapo, middle Orinoco River, Territorio Amazonas, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Extreme Eastern Colombia on the Orinoco (Maipures). [Middle Orinoco and Caura Rivers.] Ta.chyphon us surinamus brevipes Lafresnaye Rev. Zool., 9, p. 206, 1846 ("Bogotá"). VVESTERN FULVOUS-CRESTED TANAGER Range oj the species.-the Guianas, Venezuela, and the Amazon Valley to Colombia, Ecuador and Perú.

184 1'056 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Villavicencio, Restrepo, Quenane; Morelia, Belén, Rumiyaco. Umbría; río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto; Macacuní, río Guainía opposite mouth of Casiquiare). [Southern Venezuela to the upper Amazon, northeastern Perú and eastern Ecuador.] Additional records.---'caño Yerlí, at base of Macarena Mts., 450 m. Tachyphonus phoenicius Swainson, known from San Carlos del Río Negro, Venezuela, will probably be found on the Colomb'an side of the Río Negro, as well as in the Orinoco region of Colombia. Tachyphonus luctuosus panamensis Todd WESTERN LESSER WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30, p. 128, 1917 (Gatún, Canal Zone, Panamá). Range ot the species.-nicaragua to western Ecuador. East of the Andes from Trinidad. Venezuela a nd Colombia 1:outhward to Pará, Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones. The lowla nds of the Zulia Valley east of the Eastern Andes, westward across the Caribbean coastal region and the Magdalena,.Cauca and Sinú Valleys to the Pacific coast (Guayabal, La Arenosa. El Edén, río Zulia, Cúcuta; El Tambor, Bucaramanga, Opón, "Bogotá"; Chicoral, Remedios, Nechí; Fundación, Tucurinca; Los Pendales; Riofrío [Cauca Valley], Guengué; Tierra Alta, Quimarí; Dabeiba, río Truandó, río J.uradó, Santa Cecilia, La Selva. Juntas de Tamaná. La Florida 2200 m.). [Eastern Pan-amá, w est ern Ecuador, nor thwestern V enezuela.] Addítional records.-aguablanca; Caracolicito. : Tachyphonus luctuosus Juctuosus Lafresnaye a nd D'Orbigny LESSER WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, p. 29, 1837 (Guarayos, Bolivia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes in the Orinoco and Amazon basins ("Bogotá", Villavicencio; Morelia). [Tropical South America east ot the Andes.] Tachyphonus delattrii delattrii Lafr 9snaye TAWNY-CRESTED TANAGER Rev. Zool., 10, p. 72, 1847 (Buenaventura, Colombia). Range ot the species.-nicaragua southward to Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. The entire Pacific coast, including Gorgona Island; eastward a cross the Atrato and upper Sinú Valleys

185 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE.. THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1057 to the middle Magdalena ( Gorgona Island; La Guayacana, Barbacoas, "Pasto"; río Mechengue, La Costa, San José, Buenaventura, San Joaquín, Sipí, río Cajón, Noanamá, Nóvita, Juntas de Tamaná, Santa Cecilia, El Tambo [Chocó], río Andágueda, Quibdó, Alto del Buey 1530 m., río Baudó, Nuquí, Pizarra, río Jurubidá, río Truan:dó, Alto Bonito; Murucucú; Puerto Valdivia; Nechí, Remedios; "Bogotá"). [Costa Rica to western Ecuador.] Additional records.-río Anchicayá 280 m. Heterospingus xanthopygius xanthopygius (Sclater) ORANGE-BROWED TANAGER Tachyphonus xanthopygius, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1854", 1855, p. 158, pl. 69 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-panamá to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. The entire Pacific coast eastward to the middle Magdalena Valley (La Guayacana; San José, near Bue naventura, Nóvita, Condoto, santa Cecilia. Tadó. Baudó Mts. above the middle Magdalena Valley (La Guayacana; San José, near Bue Antioquia, Medellín, Remedios; Cachipay [below Anolaima], "Bogotá"). [Western Ecuador.] Additional record's.-río Anchicayá 280 m. =:= Oreurgops verticalis Sclater RUFOUS-CRESTED TANAGER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 73, pl. 132, fig. 2 (Río Napo, eastern Ecuador). Range ot the species.-colombia, Ecuador and eastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone at the head of the Magdalena Valley, the Central and Western Andes, and Tropical Zone on both sides of the Andes of Nariño (Buena vista [Huila] ; La Palma 1650 m., La Candela, El Edén, Salento, Santa Elena 2700 m.; San Antonio; La Guayacana 210 m.; río San Miguel [Sucumbías]). Additional records.-above Frontino, south side of Cerro Musinga, m. (Carriker, in lit. tn Prof. Dugand). Eucometis penicillata cristata (Du Bus) COLOMBIAN CRESTED TANAGER Pipilopsis cristata, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettres et Beaux Arts Belg., 20, (1), p. 153, 1855 (Colombia). Range ot the species.-yucatán, southward through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas, thence to so-utheast ern Braz11 and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, rarely lower Subtropica! Zone up to about 1700 m. The Caribbean Coast, the Magdalena and Cauca Valleys, westward across the upper Sinú te the Panamá border (Don Diego, Cacagualito, Onaca, Donama Bonda, La Tigrera, Minca, Cin cinn ati. Las Nubes, Las Vegas, Riofrío, Orihueca, Tucurinca. Fundación, Pue-

186 1058 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 blo Viejo Valencia "Bogotá", below Albán 1680 m., El Colegio, La Mesa Sasaima El Consuelo El Tambor; "Barranquilla", Los Pendales éartagena: Quimarí RÍolima río Truandó). [Eastern Panamá, northwestern venezueza.j ' Eucomet i.3 penicillata penicillata (Sp x) GREY-AND-WHITE CRESTED TANAGER Tanagra penicillata, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 36, pl. 49, fíg. 1, 1825 (Fonte Boa, Rio Solimi'íes, Brazil, ex Berlepsch). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Meta and Caquetá southward ("Bogotá", río Guamal south of Villavicen cio, río Dudita; Tres Esquinas; Loretoyacu). [The Guianas to Maranhiio, and the Amazon Valley to eastern Perú and eastern Ecuadon ] : Mitrospingus cassinii cassinii (Lawrence) CASSIN'S TANAGER Tachyphonus cassinii, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 7, p. 297, 1861 (Lion Hill, Panamá Canal Zone). Range of the species.-costa Rica to western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. The entire Pacific coast, the Atrato Valley, eastward to the río Nechí (río Juradó, río Salaquí, Falls of the Truandó, Alto Bonito, río Baud ó, Bagadó, Condoto, Santa Cecilia, Suarraga, Juntas de Tamaná, San José, río Dagua, La Costa, río Mechengue; Barbacoas, La Guayacana; Puerto Valdivia; río Nechí). [Panamá; western Ecuador.] Additional records.-río Anchicayá 280 m. Rhodinocichla rosea harterti Hellmayr COLOMBIAN THRUSH-!l'ANAGER. Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 304, 1918 ("Bogotá"). Range of the species.-western México. Southwestern Costa Rica and western Panamá. Colombia; northern Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones on the west slope of the Eastern Andes below Bogotá, southward into eastern Tolima ("Bogotá", San Antonio de Tena 1520 m., La Mesa 1320 m., San Juan de Rioseco 1300 m., Boquerón above Melgar 900 m.). : Nemosia pileata hypoleuca Todd WHITE-BELLIED HOODED TANAGER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29, p. 95, 1916 (Tucurinca, south of Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia). Range ot the species.- Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas southward to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. The Caribbean coast from the Sinú Valley to the Santa Marta region, and the lower Magdalena south to about 30 North Latitude (Jaraquiel, Lorica; Cartagena, La Peña,

187 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1059 Aguada de Pablo, El Paraíso sight, Puerto Giralda, Calamar; Tucurinca, Aracataca, Fundación, Valencia; Gamarra). [Northwestern Venezuela.] Hemithraupis guira huambina Sztolcman HUAMBO TANAGER Range oj the species.- Colombia southward to Argentina and Bolivia. Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 233, 1926 (Huambo, Perú). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes. Recorded definitely only from the Amazon region ("Bogotá"; Loretoyacu). [Eastern Ecuador, eastern Perú, western Brazil.] Hemithraupis guira guirina (Sclater) WESTERN GUIRA. TANAGER Nemosia guirina, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, p. 110 (Antiaquía, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the middle and upper Magdalena and the Cauca Valleys. (Bucaramanga, "Bogotá"; west of Honda, La Candela 1950 m.; Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera, Antioquia, Riofrío; Riolima, río Cauca, San Isidro, Medialuna). [ Western Ecuador.] Hcmithra upis flavicollis albigularis (Sclater) ("Bogotá"). WHITE-THROATED TANAGER Nemosia albi gularis, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 109, pl. 99 Range o! the species.-eastern Panamá, Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guian as southward to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the middle Magdalena, lower Cauca and upper Sinú Valleys (Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", Remedios ; Puerto Valdivia; Quimarí). ::: Hemithraupis flavicollis ornata Nelson ORANGE-THROATED TANAGER Smiths. Mise. Coll., 60, no. 3, p. 19, 1912 (Río Truandó, northwestern Colombia). COLOMBIA.- Trcpical Zones of extreme northwestern Colombia near the Panamá border (río Truandó, río Juradó). [Eastern Panamá.] H <mi.t hraupis flavicollis peruana Bonaparte Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 173, 1851 (Perú). YELLOW-SPOTTED TANAGER

188 1060 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 COLOMBIA.-The eastern base of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward to Putumayo ("Bogotá", Llanos del Meta east of Villavicencio; Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Umbría, Cuembí). [Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú.] IIemithraupis f!avicollis aurigularis Cherrie GOLDEN-THROATED TANAGER Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35, p. 389, 1916 {Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Extreme southeastern Colombia (río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto). [Southern Venezuela, northern Brazil.] ':' Erythrothlypis salmoni (Sclater) SALMON'S TANAGER Dacnis salmoni, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 27, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1886 (Remedios, Antíoquia, Colombia). Range of the species.-western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the upper Atrato Valley in the Baudó Mts., southward in the Pacific coast region to Nariño. Possibly ranging eastward into the río Ité region of northeastern Antioquia. (Baudó Mts. above the río Atrato 900 m., Santa Cecilia 720 m., Nóvita 70 m., Sipí 70 m., San José 180 m.; Buenavista [Nariño] 360 m., La Guayacana; Remedios 770 m.). The species, except for the type, has never been taken east of the Western Andes. ThJypopsis f ulviceps f utviceps Cabanis FULVOUS-HEADED TANAGER Mus. Hein., 1, p. 138, 1851 (Caracas, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-northern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-A single specimen taken recently by Brother Nicéforo-María north of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, adds this form to the Colombian avifauna. [Northern Venezuela.] Thlypnp~is fulvicep3 Zntensa Todd COLOMBIAN FULVOUS-HEADED TANAGER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 30, p. 128, 1917 (La Palmita, "Santander" [error, = Dept. Magdalena], Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the lower Subtropical Zone on the western slope of the Eastern Andes in extreme southern Dept. Magd alena (La Palmita). Thlypopsis ornata ornata (Sclater) RUFOUS-CHESTED TANAGER Nemosia ornata, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, p. 138, 1859 (Pallatanga, western Ecuador).

189 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1061 Range ot the species.-southwestern Colombia, Ecuador and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone at the southern end of the Central Andes (Puracé 3400 m.). [Western and? eastern Ecuador.] Thlypopsis sordida chrysopis (Sclater and Salvin) AMAZONIAN ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER Nemosia chrysopis, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 155 (Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador). Range ot the species.-southern Venezuela and southeastern Colombia southwarrd to southern Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Nariño-Putumayo region on the border of Ecuador (río San Miguel [Sucumbías]). [Eastern Ecuador to eastern Perú and western Brazil.] o:: Sericossypha albo-cristata (Lafresnaye) WHITE-CAPPED TANAGER (Colombia). Tanagra (Lamprotes) albo-cristatus, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 132, 1843 Range of the species.-extreme western Venezuela, Colombia, eastern Ecuador and eastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and lower Temperate Zones on the east slope of the Eastern Andes, and the west slope of the Central Andes at their southern end (Páramo de Tamá, "Bogotá", above Manzanares 1600 m.; Coconuco 3000 m., Almaguer 2250 m.). Additional evidence will be required befare a "Santa Marta" record by Sclater can be accepted, as this is an Andean species. o:: Chlorospingus ophthalmicus jacqueti HeHmayr JACQUET'S CHLOROSPINGUS Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 1, no. 4, p. 28, 1921 (Galipán, Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-méxico southwarrd through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones in the northern portian of the Eastern Andes on the western slope (La Palmita m., Las Ventanas m., Ramirez, Cachirí, Bucaramanga [probably above], "Bogotá"). [1Vestern Venezuela.] This form probably occurs also on the east slope of the Eastern Andes, but north of the range of eminens. It is replaced farther south in Santander by flavo-pectus. * Chlorospingus ophthalmicus eminens Zimmer GRAMALOTE CHLOROSPINGUS Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 36, no. 11, p. 389, 1946 (Gramalote, Norte d'c Santander, Colombia).

190 1062 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the east slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Gramalote 1020 m,.? Alto 1800 m.). [Páramo de Tamá, Venezuela.] Wyatt's bird from Alto, above Ocaña, perhaps belongs to this form rather than to jacqueti. : Chlorospingus ophthalmicus flavo-pectus (Lafresnaye) YELLOW-BREASTED CHLOROSPINGUS Arremon flavo-pectus, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the west slope of the Eastern Andes from southern Santander to the Bogotá region (La Pica, "Bogotá", Subía, El Roble). Chlorospingus ophthalmicus macarenae Zimmer M.ACARENA CHLOROSPINGUS Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1367, p. 4, 1947 (Macarena Mts., plateau at "411 feet" [error, 4110 feet] elevation, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Apparently confined to the Macarena Mts., rising on the Llanos just off the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in southern Meta. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus n igriceps Chapman BLACK-HEADED CHLOROSPINGUS Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 166, 1912 (Miraflores, 2040 m., western slope of the Central Andes, Colombia) COLOMBIA.-Subtropical to lower Temperate Zones on the east slope of the Western Andes at their northern end, both slopes of the Central Andes, and the west slope of the southern portian of the Eastern Andes (Concordia; Sabanalarga [Antioquia ], Santa Elena 2700 m., Medellín, Retiro, Salento, Laguneta 2700 m., río Toche, El Edén, Miraflores, La Plata, La Candela, San Agustín 1500 m.; Buenavista [Huila], Andalucía). Chlorospingus ophthalmicus tacarcunae Griscom TACARCUNA CHLOROSP!NGUS Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 141, p. 11, 1924 (East slope of Mt. Tacarcuna, Darién Mts., Colombia). ( * ) COLOMBIA.-Known only from the east slope of Mt. Tacarcuna, in the Darién Mountains. [Eastern Panamá.] (*) The eastern slope of Mt. Tacarcuna is in colombian territo:-y. see footnote, page 535.

191 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1063 Chlorospingus fla vigularis fía viguiaris ( Scla ter) Pipilo ;sis flav igulari s, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 8, 1852 ("Bogotá"). YELLOW -THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS Range of the species.-panamá snu thward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on bot h slopes of the Central and Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Buenav l s ~a [Meta] 1350 m.; La Frijolera). [Eastern Ecuador to Bolivia.] See note under C. parvirostris huallagae. Chlorospingus flavigularis marginatus Chapman WESTERN YELLOW -THROATED CHLOROSP! NGUS Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 189, 1914 (Buenavista, Nariño, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the western slope of the Western Andes from the Anchicayá region southward to western Nariño (Cocal, río Munchique, río Mechengue, La Costa; Perlasiví 1350 m., La Guayacana, Ricaurte. Buena vista 360 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Ad.Jitional records.-río Anchicayá 450 m. Chlorospingus parvirostris huallagae Carriker HUALLAGA CHLOROSPINGUS Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, p. 36, 1933 (Utcubamba, Dept. Libertad, Perú). Range ot the species.-colombia.? eastern Ecuador, Perú and Boüvia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone. The eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Cundinamarca and Meta southward to the mountains of eastern Nariño. Usually above the range of C. t. flavigularis, m. The head of t'he Magd'alena Valley. (Monterredondo, Andalucia 2100 m., La Palma; Cerro Pax [Nariño]). [? Eastern Ecuador; northern Perú.] Zimmer considers parvirostris, originally described by Chapman from Perú as a race of flavigularis, to be a distinct species. For his reasons see Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1367, p. 6, Chiorcspingus canígu!aris canigularis (Lafresnaye) ASHY -THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS. Tachyphonus canigularis, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 11, 18~8 ("Bogotá"). 1 ' l '~. \ ' Range ot the species.-costa Rica southward to eastern Ecuador anj northwestern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the west slope of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Subla, El Roble 2430 m., Aguadita, Fusagasugá 1750 m.).

192 1064 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 ~ Chlorospingus canigularis conspicillatus Todd WESTERN ASHY-THROATED CHLOROSPINGUS Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 35, p. 93, 1922 (Bitaco Valley, Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on both slopes of the Central and Western Andes (La Candela, near San Agustín, Miraflores, Salento; Cerro Munchique 2500 m., El Tambo, La Gallera, La Florida, San Antonio, La Cumbre, Bitaco Valley, Pueblorrico 1500 m., La Selva). [Western Ecuador.] Chlorospingus semifuscus livingstoni Bond and de Schauensee LIVINGSTON'S CHLOROSPINGUS Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 92, p. 167, 1940 (Munchique, 191.W m., Cauca, Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the west slope of the Western Andes from the upper río San Juan to the Munchique region (La Selva, Nóvita Trail, Cocal m., Munchique 2400 m., río Munchique 900 m., La Costa). Additional records.-río Anchicayá 1000 m. Replaced farther south on the Pacific slope by the nominate form. Chlorospingus semifuscus semifuscus Sclater and Salvin DUSKY-BELLIED CHLOROSPINGUS Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 24, 157, 1873 (Near Quito, Ecuador) COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the Pacific slope of Nar-iño (Ricaurte, Mayasquer 2340 m., La Guayacana m.). [Western Ecuador.] Cnemoscopus rubrirostris rubrirostris (Lafr-esnaye) RED-BILLED CNEMOSCOPUS Arremon rubrirostris, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-extreme western Venezuela and Colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones, excluding Nariño and the Santa Marta Mts. (Páramo de Tamá, "Bogotá", El Roble; Santa Elena, Medellín [probably above], Laguneta, above Salento 2700 m., Toche, Moscopán, Almaguer; Paramillo Trail 3300 m., Munchique, El Tambo). [Páramo de Tamá, Venezuela; Eastern Ecuador.] Additional records.-tijeras m. : Hemjspingus atro-pileus atro-pileus (Lafresnaye) BLACK-CAPPED HEMISPINGUS Arremon atro-pileus, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 335, 1842 ("Bogotá").

193 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1065 Range ot the species.-extreme western Venezuela and Colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones, excluding the Santa Marta Mts. (Páramo de Tamá, "Bogotá", Choachi, Páramo de Choachí, Fómeque, Beltrán, Páramo de Chingasa, Fusagasugá; Santa Elena, Medellín, Laguneta, above Salento, Toche; Cocal, Andes west of Popayán 3150 m., Munchique; Mayasquer, Cerro Pax), [Western Venezuela; Ecuador.] Additional records.-tijeras, Moscopán 2800 m. Hemispingus a. chlorigaster, described by Berlepsch from Antioquia, must be based on individual variation. The color of the under parts in this species shows a certain amount of variation, and birds from different parts of Colombia agree well together; therefore, I cannot follow Gyldenstolpe in recognizing chlorigaster for West Andean birds. Hemispingus superciliaris superciliaris (Lafresnaye) Range ot the species.-colombia, Ecuador, northern Perú and Bolivia. GREY-FRONTED HEMISPINGUS Arremon superciliaris, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Eastern And es in Cundinamarca ("Bogotá", Palo Hueco 2175 m.). [Ecuador and northern Perú.] Additional records.-la Cita (Sabana de Bogotá) 2600 m., Choachi. : Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons (Lawrence) SOOTY-FRONTED HEMISPINGUS Chlorospingus nigrifrons, Ibis, 1875, p. 384 (Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Central Andes and the mountains of Nariño (Santa Isabel, Laguneta 2100 m., Paletará, Valle de las Papas; Chiles 3330 m.). [Western Ecuador.] Hemispingus frontalis frontalis (Tschudi) OLEAGINOUS HEMISPINGUS Hylophilus trontalis, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 284, 1844 (Perú). Range ot the species.-venezuela and Colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone, excluding the Santa Marta Mts. and Nariño ("Bogotá", Subía, Aguadita; Santa Elena, Salento m., río Toche, El Edén, La Candela; San Antonio, Munchique, above La Costa 2340 m., La Gallera). [Extreme western Venezuela,; eastern Ecuador and Perú.] Hemispingus melanotis melanotis (Sclater) BLACK-EARED HEMISPINGUS Chlorospingus melanotis, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1854", t855, p. 157, pl. 68 ("Bogotá").

194 1066 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Range ot the species.- Colombia to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Central and Eastern Andes and the Putumayo slope of Nariño (Santa Elena, above Salento 2700 m., río Toche; "Bogotá", Choachí, Beltrán 2970 m., El Roble, Aguadita, Fusagasugá 1750 m.; río Churuyaco). [Eastern Ecuador.] :e: Hemispingus melanotis ochraceus (Berlepsch and Taczanowskí) OCHRACEOUS-BELLIED HEMISPINGUS Chlorospingus ochraceus, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884, p. 291, pi. 24, fíg. 1 (Cayandeled, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the Pacifíc slope of the Andes of Nariño (Mayasquer 2340 m.). [Western Ecuador.] :e: Pseudospingus verticalis (Lafresnaye) BLACK-HEADED PSEUDOSPINGUS Nemosia verticalis, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 227, 1840 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species.-extreme western Venezuela, Colombia and eastern Ecuador COLOMBIA.-Temperate and lower Páramo Zones of the Eastern and Central Andes southward to the mountaíns of Nariño ("Bogotá"; "Medellín", La Leonera 3600 m., Laguneta 3000 m., Santa Isabel 3600 m., Paletará m., Almaguer 3000 m.). Additional record's.-páramo de Choachí 3400 m.; Páramo del Tábano [Nariño]. :e: Urothraupis stolzmanni Taczanowski and Ber lepsch STOLZMANN'S TANAGER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, p. 83, pl. 8 (San Rafael, 2700 m., eastern Ecuador). Range ot the species.-central Colombia and eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the northern portian of the Central Andes (Santa Isabel 3600 m., La Leonera 3600 m.). :e: Chlorornis riefferii riefferii (Boissonneau) RIEFFER'S GRASS-GREEN TANAGER Tanagra riejjerii, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 4, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the sp 1 ecies.-colombía to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical to Temperate Zones of the Andes. excludíng the Santa Marta Mts. (Anolaíma, "Bogotá", El Peñón, El Roble; Remedios [probably above], Santa Elena, Medellín, Envigado, Laguneta, above Salento, Toche, La Plata, La Candela Coconuco, Almaguer; Paramíllo Trail 3330 m., Concordia Cerro Tatamá San Antonio, Munchíque, río Munchique 900 m., ' Cocal m.,

195 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1067 Andes west of Popayán; Mayasquer m., Cerro Pax). [Ecuador.] Additional records.-choachí; Tijeras, Moscopán 2800 m.. Paletará m. ( Oreothraupis arremonops (Sclater) FINCH-LIKE TANAGER Saztator arremonops. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 84, pi. 92 (Eastern range of the Cordillera north of Quito, Ecuador). Range oj the species.-southwestern Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the southern portian of the Western Andes, and doubtlessly Nariño ("Antioquia"; Cocal 1800 m., Munchique m., La Costa 1800 m.). Cissopis leveriana Ieveriana (Gmelin) MAGPIE TANAGER Lanius leverianus, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 302, 1788 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.- Eastern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas southward to Argentina, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes from Norte de Santander southward to the Orinoco a n d Amazon basins (Chinácota, south of Cú cuta, La Colorada, "Bogotá", Buenavista 1350 m., Villavicencio, río Dudita; Florencia, above Florencia 600 m., Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Leticia). [Range oj the species except southeastern South America.] Additional records.-apiay, río Ocoa, río Ariari. Schistochlamys melanopis aterrima Todd BLACK-FACED TANAGER Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 203, 1912 (Guárico, Lara, Venezuela). Range oj the species.-colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas southward to southeastern Brazil and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts., the middle and upper Magdalena Valley, the upper Cauca Valley, and east of the Eastern Andes (La Concepción, Chirúa, San Antonio; Canta, below Bucaramanga, Bochalema, south of Cúcuta; near San Agustín 1700 m.; Timba 1200 m.. El Tambo 1700 m.; Quetame, Buena vista [Meta], Villavicencio, Yurimena; Morelia, above Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Maipures). [Western British Guiana and Venezuela.] Additional records.-quenane, Pachaquiaro, Peralonso.

196 1068 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ Family CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE- THE PLUSH-CAPPED FINCHES Catamblyrhynchus diadema diadema Lafresnaye NORTHERN PLUSH-CAPPED FINCH Rev. Zool., 5, p. 301, 1842 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-western Venezuela and Colombia southward through the mountains to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Andes, including the Santa Marta Mts. One record from the Tropical zone in the Nariño-Putumayo region. (San Sebastián m.; La Pica, "Bogotá"; Santa!Elena, "Medellín", Zancudo, above Salento 2700 m., El Edén, Toche 2100 m.; San Antonio m., Andes west of Popayán 3150 m., Cerro Munchique; Mayasquer; río Churuyaco). [Western Venezuela; Ecuador.] This finch may be recognized by the rather stiff, plushy, yellow to orange-yellow feathers of the anterior half of the crown, and solid chestnut under surface. The adult male is dark bluish grey above, with the hind crown and nape black. Wing 62-76; tail mm. Family FRINGILLIDAE - THE FINCHES, SEEDEATERS, SPARROWS, GROSBEAKS, ETC. Key A. Upper surface sparrow-like, brown streaked with black or blackish brown B. Upper surface unstreaked, or if streaked then not brown and black a. l. Wing mm.; under parts dull white or buffy, streaked with dusky brown; under wingcoverts pale orange-yellow Similar, but under wing-coverts pale rosy red... s íze smaller, wing 93 mm. or less Under parts unstreaked, entirely yellow or somewhat shaded with ashy on breast.... Under parts not entirely yellow, or not yellow at all, streaked or not :2. With a black patch on throat or on each side of throat or of foreneck No black patch as described above :3. Chest below black throat-patch yellow, passing to white on belly; sides of neck pale grey; eyebrow yellow Chest soiled white or greyish; sides of neck chestnut-rufous a b (ajter No. 14) Hedymeles ludovicianus e > Hedymeles ludovicianus (imm. ~ ) 1 Sicalis luteola Spiza americana ~ Brachyspiza capensis

197 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Chest or under surface yellowish or somewhat tinged yellow, streaked or not With no yellow on under parts Wing 74 mm. or more; a narrow, inconspicuous blackish streak on si des of throat Wing less than 74 mm. (occasionally to 77 mm. in Sicalis jlaveola) Tail-feathers pointed, much graduated, mm. long Tail square, 60 mm. long or less Breast and under tail-coverts yellowish, unstreaked; belly whitish; tail without white. Under parts yellowish, breast browner and. streaked blackish brown; outer tail-feathers with a white patch Under surface dark brownish grey, under tailcoverts chestnut Under surface not dar k brownish grey Plumage below dull ashy white or suffused with buffy on throat and chest, and heavily streaked with dusky; wing mm Plumage below unstreaked or only lightly streaked; wing under 85 mm Under surfa.ce pale brown; throat, center of breast and belly whitish; tail much graduated, mm. long Under surface plain dull whitish, slightly darker on chest, unstreaked ( *) ; tail under 70 mm Under surface dull brownish, streaked dusky Small wing-speculum and base of secondaries and tertials white; no yellow about eye..... No white on wing-feathers; tail-feathers pointed With yellow about eye; tail-feathers not pointed A short yellow supraloral patch Whole Joral region (except small dusky spot in front of eye) yellow, this color continuing in a line and becoming olive-yellow over the eye 13. With a broad buff post-ocular streak With no post-ocular streak Spiza americana e > 6 Emberizoides herbicola 7 Sicalis flaveola (imm.) Sicalis citrina e > Catamenia homochroa e > 9 Phrygilus unicolor e > 10 Emberizoides herbicola Spermophila telasco e > (*) Ammodramus savannarum 12 lvlyospiza lwmeralis 1V!yospiza aurijrons Brachyspiza capensis (imm.) 14 (*) The chest is occasionally streaked in Spennophi la telasco e >.

198 1070 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NI? Back with a slight olive tint; wing mm. Back plain brown with no olive tint; wing mm Back rufescent brown, streaked blackish brown ; outer tail-feathers with a white patch ; wing mm b. With red in the plumage No red in the plumage Entire plumage including long crest, edge of wing-quills, and tail, red; chin black Entire plumage not red Tail dull red ; long crest-feathers vermilion with blackish centers; under surface buff... Tail not red Body plumage vermilion, head and t ail black. Above dark ashy grey, lower back, rump and upper t ail-coverts vermilion Upper surface grey ; center of crown scarletred, bordered at sides by black crest-like feathers Back black or brownish black; breast and belly entirely or mostly white Head and throat black; chest with a large rosy red patch , Crown and throat red; ear-coverts black Crown red; throat and center of foreneck black with reddish bases to featht rs Plumage black, dark blue, slaty or grey both above a nd below, including throat and under t ail-coverts Plumage other than a bove Plumage slaty grey above, rather paler grey below :Plumage not grey Wing mm.; tail mm Wing mm.; tail mm Wing mm.; tail mm Plumage uniform black; under wing-coverts white or black Plumage more or less uniform dark blue, bluish black or steel-blue Catarnenia oreophila < > Catarnenia inornata < > Catarnenia analis < > Richrnondena phoenicea ~ 16 R ichrnondena phoenicea < > 17 Carduelis cucullata ~ Carduelis cucullata < > ( ) Coryphospingus pileatus ~ 18 Hedyrneles ludovicianus ~ Paroaria gularis gularis Paroaria gularis nigrogenis Haplospiza rustica ~ Phrygilus unicolor nivarius ~ Phrygilus unicolor geospi zopsis ~ (*) Young males of Carduelis cucullata are like the females but browner.

199 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Bill pale, culmen mm.; wing mm. Oryzoborus crassirostris J Bill black, culmen 12 mm. or less; wing mm Plumage glossy blue-black or dark steel-blue; wing under 54 mm Plumage dark blue or bluish black; wing over 54 mm Oryzoborus angolensis junereus J ( * ) Volatinia jacarina J Wing mm.; culmen 9-11 mm Wing mm.; culmen about mm..... Wing mm.; culmen over 15 mm Crown or forecrown chestnut, rufous or buffy rufous, in contrast with rest of head Crown or forecrown not as described above With a well-defined black band across chest; forehead black with three small white stripes No black band across chest Under surface grey or greyish white Belly, or middle of belly only yellow, oliveyellow or olive-green Upper surface grey; wing-speculum white.... Upper surface blackish grey; no wing-speculum 30. Whole head and neck above and below chestnut-rufous; breast paler rufous Whole head and breast not rufous Breast and belly yellow or olive-yellow Breast and belly olive-green Throat and mystacal strip e white Throat yellow like rest of under parts En tire crown and na pe rufous to chestnut..... Forecrown buffy rufous, hind crown white, or entire crown light buffy rufous Wing-speculum large, white; back sooty grey.. Wing-speculum large, white; back dar k olive grey Wing-speculum small, mostly concealed by wing-coverts; back ashy Wing-speculum lacking or just faintly suggested; back olive grey A maurospiza concolor J Cyanocompsa cyanea J Cyanocompsa cyanoides J Atlapetes brunnei-nucha Atlapetes s. schistaceus Atlapetes schistaceus tama.e and castaneijrons Atlapetes semirujus Atlapetes albo-jrenatus Atlapetes rujinucha caucae Atlapetes rujinucha elaeoprorus Atlapetes rujinucha spodionotus Atlapetes rujinucha simplex ( ** ) Occasionally, Oryzoborus angolensis junereus has a little chestnut on the belly, thus showing an approach to the typical form.

200 1072 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N Upper surface grey tinged olive Upper surface dark grey with no olí ve tinge Back blackish; narrow rim round the eye and short streak behind it white Back olive-green same as breast and belly; no white about eye Crown black, or with lateral stripes of black, blackish brown, or white, or with a central grey or white stripe, in contrast to the color of the back; wing over 60 mm Crown other than above, or not in contrast to color of back, or wing under 60 mm With a solid black band across chest No solid black band across chest Bill yellow, orange, or orange-red Bill black Pectoral band broad, about 14 mm. wide_ Pectoral band narrower, less than 10 mm Upper surface olive-green Upper surface olive-yellow Tail mm.; eyebrow white; bend of wing yellow Tail mm.; eyebrow grey ; flanks bronzy brown Similar, but flanks olive-grey With a black patch on each side of lower neck forming an incomplete breast-band Different from above Head with a grey mesial crown-stripe and white superciliaries; lesser wing-coverts and bend of wing yellow Crown and si des of head so lid black Upper mantle grey, rest of upper parts bright yellowish olive Upper mantle grey, rest of upper surface grey with an olí ve tinge Breast and belly yellow, olive-yellow, buff or ochraceous Breast an_d belly grey or greyish white Lower surf,ce buff or ochraceous Lower surface yellow or olive-yellow Atlapetes p. pallidinucha Atlapetes pallidinucha papallactae Atlapetes leucopis Lysurus castaneiceps Arremon aurantii'i'ostris strictocollaris 41 Arremon aurantiirosttis occidentalis Arremon aurantiirostris erythrorhynchus Arremon t. taciturnus ~ Atlapetes torquatus basilicus Atlapetes torquatus perijanus Arremon taciturnus axillaris ~ 45 Arremon s. schlegeli Arremon schlegeli canidorsum

201 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Crown-stripe greyish buff; eyebrow white; lower mandible black Similar, but lower mandible yellow Crown plumbeous; long eyebrow and middle of throat white, sides of head black Crown-stripe white; back greyish Crown so lid black Ear-coverts silvery grey; back greyish Ear-coverts not grey; back olive-green or oliveyellow; wing-quills basally yellow Whole head and throat black Crown only black, forming a cap Throat yellow; crown-stripe white Throat not yellow Head without a mesial crown-stripe Head with a mesial crown-stripe Crown and si des of head so lid black; back olive Crown black or mixed grey and black; broad eyebrow and patch on sides of head white; crissum buffy Cheeks black; back olive-green; tail blackish. Cheeks grey; tail olive Wing ( ~ ) 64-72, ( ~) mm.; plumage above plain brownish olive; crown-stripe grey Similar in wing-size (*); back grey; crownstripe grey tinged olive Wing ( ~ ) 72-85, ( ~ ) mm Eack mostly dark grey or brown; throat and center of belly white, breast and flanks grey; wings externally citrine to dark citrine Back grey to olive; throat not in contrast to color of breast; wings externally pyrite yellow Back citrine or olive-green; wings externally pyrite yellow or yellowish green Plumage black and white Plumage not black and white Arremon t. tacitttrnus ~ Arremon taciturnus axillaris ~ Saltator orenocensis Atlapetes albinucha 50 Atlapetes melanocephalus 51 Carduelis magellanica ~ Carduelis spinescens ~ Atlapetes gutturalis Atlapetes atricapillus Saltator atripennis 56 Atlapetes torquatus assimilis Arremon conirostris tocuyensis 57 Arremon conirostris inexpectatus Arremon conirostris umbrl nus Arremon c. conirostris Arremon conirostris striaticeps (*) Examples of Arremon conirostris inexpectatus are occasionally found having a larger wing ( ~ to 76.5 mm., ~ to 74 mm.), being probably intergrades with typical conirostris.

202 1074 CALDASIA, VOL, V, N Head, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, breast and sides of body continuously black Similar, but with a white patch on sides of neck Head, cheeks, throat, breast and flanks not continuously black Spermophila luctuosa ~ Spermophila aurita chocoana ~ ("black" phase) 60. A white area from base of bill to hind crown; cheeks white, throat black Crown whol!y black or with a few tiny white dots; no black band across chest Similar, but with a solid band or indications of a band of black across chest Entire head black; nuchal spot, large spot on rump, and line behind ear-coverts white.... Cheeks ora broad mustachial streak white Wing-coverts tipped white; wing mm... Wing-coverts not tipped white; wing mm. 63. Breast-band wide, about 10 mm. or more; white of throat usually mixed with black Breast-band narrow, about 6 mm.; throat white with no black; often sorne black spots in malar region Plumage chiefly black and yellow P lumage not chiefly black and yellow Wing mm.; culmen 10 mm. or less Wing mm.; bill very stout, grosbeaklike, culmen about mm Throa t and upper breast black, belly yellow ; base of wing-feathers and of tail yellow..... Throat and breast rich yellow like the belly ; base of wing-feathers white Whole hea d and under surface yel!ow Whole head, throat and upper breast black, rest of under surface yel!ow, sides and flanks speckled with black Top a nd sides of head black; throat and under surface yellow speckled with black Top and si des of head and mantle blackish; under surface yel!ow speckled with black... Spermophila lineola ~ Dolospingus fringilloides ~ spermophi la bouvronides ~ Spermophila americana ~ 63 Spermophila aurita chocoa_ na ~ Spermophila aurita ophthalmica ~ Carduelis xanthogastra ~ Carduelis psaltria ~ Pheucticus chrysopeplus ~ Pheu~ticus aureo-ventris uropygialis ~ Pheucticus aureo-ventris crissalis ~ Pheucticus aureo-ventris uropygialis ~ and crissalis ~ 68. Dorsal surface black, slaty, grey, or grey t ing- ed olive, streaked or not Dorsal surface not as described above

203 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Wing o ver 80 mm Wing under 75 mm Breast, belly and upper surface slaty or bluish grey; middle portion of chin and throat and under wing coverts white; bill redor salmonpink Similar, but no black on head or chest; paler slaty grey below Bill not red; plumage paler below than above. 71. Breast streaked with olivaceous Breast not streaked; si des of head and neck black, long eyebrow and middle of throat white Sides of head not black; crissum buffy or ochraceous Upper surface olive-grey or cinereous; tail greyish brown Upper surface dark grey; tail blackish.... '/3. With chestnut or cinnamon rufous on throat, breast or belly No chestnut or cinnamon on throat, breast or belly Pitylus grossus t Pitylus grossus < > 71 Saltator albicollis saltator orenocensts 72 Saltator coerulescens plumbeus saltator coerulescens azarae ':'4. Entire upper surface, throat and upper breast black; lower breast and belly chestnut.... Back grey or streaked grey and black, sornetimes tinged olive Throat, breast and center of belly chestnut, contrasting with grey sides of body and flanks Throat maroon-chestnut, rest of under parts Oryzoborus angolensis torridus t Spermophila castaneiventris t white; mantle streaked grey and black... spe1 mophila telasco t Entire under surface and rump cinnamon or rufous-chestnut Base of tail white Tail without white at base Under tail-coverts rufous or chestnut Under tail-coverts white With a largp- white mar k near middle portion of all but central tail-feathers No white on tail-feathers ';"9. Throat and breast slaty grey, lower belly tinged olive Throat and breast brownish grey, lower belly and flanks buffy spennophila insulata t Spermophila minuta t Catamenia analis t 79 Catamenia homochroa t Catamenia inornata 3

204 1076 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? With a white malar streak; bill dusky No white on cheeks; entire bill or lower mandible only yellow or orange-yellow Wing about mm.; upper mandible dusky, lower pale Entire bill yellow or orange-yellow; wing mm Crown or forecrown greyish black, darker than mantle; a white post-auricular patch Crown the same tone of grey as mantle; a conspicuous white patch at sides of neck... Crown the sa.me tone of grey as mantle; white patch at sides of neck small or lacking Upper surface brown, greyish brown or olive brown to deep cinnamon, with no yellow or olive-green shade on wings or tail Upper surface dark olive-green to yellowish olive-green, or blackish to yellow Bill very thick, grosbeak-like, at least 10 mm. in depth at base Bill not over 10 mm. at base, usually much less, not grosbeak-like Wing mm Wing mm Entire plumage dark cinnamon brown; culmen about mm Bill 14 mm. or less Under wing-coverts cinnamon Under wing-coverts white Flanks and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown Flanks deep buffy brown, under tail-coverts cinnamon Breast streaked or with traces of streaks.... Breast with no traces of streaks Lower surface olive-brown or dingy yellowish olive, more ashy on throat and center of belly ; bill slender, pointed; wing mm. Lower surface soiled white or brownish buffy. 91. Wing mm.; back sandy brown; a pale spot befare eye Wing mm.; back brown to dusky brown; no pale spot befare eye Sperrnophila plurnbea ~ 81 Sperrnophila incerta ~ 82 Spermophila intermedia bogotensis ~ Spermophila intermedia agustini ~ Spennophila i. intermedia ~ Cyanocompsa cyanoides!? 87 Cyanocompsa cyanea!? Oryzoborus crassirostris!? Oryzoborus angolensis torridus e > Oryzoborus angolensis tunereus e > Haplospiza rustica!? 91 Coryphospingus pileaius!? Volatinia jacarina e >

205 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA En tire under parts and rump cinnamon; small white wing-speculum; wing about 50 mm... Above and below uniform cinnamon; wing mm Above and below uniform drab brown, center of belly white or buffy white; wing about 60 mm Lower surface obviously paler than upper surtace Bill mm Bill 10 mm. or less Tail blackish; center of belly whitish; wing about 58 mm Tail olive-brown; center of belly yellowish; wing about 62 mm Under surface with no yellowish tinge Under surface with a yellowish or buffy tinge. 96. Under surface uniform dull brown, only slightly paler than the back, which has no olive tinge Belly conspicuously paler than breast Tail blackish; bill 10 mm. in depth; plumage below pale buffy brown; wing over 50 mm... Tail brown like the back, with no olive tinge; bill about 7 mm. in depth; wing over 50 mm. Wing-coverts and secondaries conspicuously pale-margined; wing under 50 mm Bill strongly curved, mm. in depth at base Bill less than 8.5 mm. in depth at base Greater wing-coverts edged with brownish white Greater wing-coverts not edged with brownish white Wing 85 mm. or over Wing under 85 mm Under surface white, more or less heavily streaked with olivaceous, particularly on breast; bill usually tipped yellow.... Under surf.tce yellow; crown and upper back streaked brownish black; wings whitespotted Under surface yellow; chin, upper throat and Spennophila minuta ( ij irmn.) Amaurospiza concolor e > Dolospingus jringilloides e > (*) Spermophila americana e > Spermophila incerta 'i' Sperrnophila obscura haplochroma Spermophila plumbea e > spermophila o. obscura Spermophila minuta e > Spermophila aurita e > 99 Spermophila luctuosa e > Spermophila castaneiventris, intermedia, nigricollis, bouvronides, or lineola e > e > saltator albicollis Pheucticus chrysopeplus e > ( ) Immature males of Dolospingus jringilloides have a white wing-speculum, and the brown feathers are mixed with black -ones.

206 1078 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 ocular region black Caryothraustes canadensis Under parts grey or buffy grey; upper parts yellowish olive-green Throat buffy; under tail-coverts fulvous buff; mustachial streak black Throat barred black and white; under tailcoverts and bend of wing yellow Wing-feathers conspicuously marked with yellow or white Wing-feathers without yellow or white markings Wing markings white with no yellow Wing markings chiefly yellow Forecrown (or forehead only) orange; upper parts bright olive-yellow, under surface bright yellow Crown ashy, or yellow washed with ashy, broad breast-band and crissum yellow, belly ashy whitish Different from above b. Rump olive-green like the back Upper tail-coverts yellow or yellowish green, lighter than the back Saltator maximus Caryothraustes humeralis Carduelis psaltria < > 105 Sicalis flaveola Sicalis flaveola (imm.) 105-b Carduelis xanthogastra < > Culmen mm., constricted near tip Culmen 9-10 mm., not constricted near tip En tire under parts yellow or olive-yellow..... En tire under parts not yellow or olive-yellow Back olive, broadly streaked dusky; no yellow band across breast; outer tail-feathers with a white patch Back yellowish olive or buffy, streaked dusky ; broad band across chest yellow Back not streaked, or with only shaft-streaks Wing mm., inner web of quills narrowly margined with whitish or paje yellowish... Wing mm., inner margin of quills broad_ l.y yellow Chest black Chest not black Chin, upper throat, and line from bill over eye orange-yellow Chin, throat and chest black or greyish black Lower breast and belly grey or blackish grey.. Lower breast and belly paje yellow or yellowish white Wing under 55 mm Wing 55 mm. or more Carduelis spinescens < > Carduelis magellanica i!) Sicalis citrina i!) Sicalis flaveola ( i!) imm.)> 109 Sicalis columbiana i!) Sicalis flaveola Tiaris olivacea i!) 112 Tiaris bicolor i!) Spennophila nigricollis t

207 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Back and under parts uniform olive Tiaris olivacea ~ Upper parts brownish olive; breast greyish, belly whitish Tiaris bicolor ~ 115. Wing mm.; tail mm.; plumage below dirty white, above dull greyish olive or pale brown, wing-feathers edged olive yellow Sicalis columbiana ~ Wing over 65 mm.; tail mm. ; breast and crissum yellow, belly ashy white Sicalis flaveola Cimm.) Wing over 65 mm.; tail mm Under parts and sides of head yellow ; crown yellow or yellowish green; back moss-green. A t lapetes jlaviceps Sides of head black or blackish olive Crown and nape brown; back olive-green... Atlapetes tricolor crassus Crown and nape greenish yellow, old gold or pale tawn y olive; back glossy black or greenish black Atlapetes tricolor subsp. Crown and nape blackish olive-green; back dark olive-green Atlapetes jusco-olivaceus Saltator maxftmus maximus (P. L. S. Müller) LESSER BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR Tanagra maxima, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776 (Cayenne). Range ot the species.-southeastern México, southward through Central America and over South America to southeastern Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally Subtropical Zone of the Santa Marta Mts. up to 1700 m., the Eastern Andes, and the plains, of the Orinoco and Amazon basins (Fundación, Tucurinca, Agua Dulce, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Donama, Onaca, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, San Miguel, San Francisco, Santa Cruz, Mamarongo, Chirúa, La Concepción; Manaure, El Tambor, "Bogotá", Buenavista [Meta], Villavicencio; below Andalucía [ east slope], Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Maipures; Macacuní). [Range ot the sp 1 ecies in South America, excepting the area occupied by the next race.] : Sal.tator maximus iungens Griscom Panamá). DARIÉN BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,. 69, p. 184, 1929 (Cana, Darién, eastern COLOMBIA.-The entire Pacific coast, eastward to the Sinú Valley, the lower Cauca and northeastern Antioquia (La Guayacana, Barbacoas, río Munchique, San José, Noanamá, Nóvita, Santa Cecilia, río Baudó, río Jampavadó, Juradó; Quimarí, Tierra Alta, Montería; Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera, "Medellín", Nechi, Remedios). [Extreme eastern Panamá.] Birds from the Pacific coast and southwestern Bolívar are less yellowish above and darker below than birds from the Santa Marta region and the Magdalena Valley.

208 1080 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Saltator atripennis caniceps Chapman GREY-CROVVNED BLACK-VVINGED SALTATOR Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 182, 1914 (Fusagasugá, west slope of the Eastern Andes, Cundinamarca, Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the west slope of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Fusagasugá, Aguadita, Anolaima, Pa n amá [above Pacho], Muzo). [Western Ecuador.] : Saltator a tripennis atripennis Sclater BLACK-VVINGED SALTATOR Proc. Acad. Na t. Sci., Philadelphia, 8, p. 261, 1856 (Popayán, Canea, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropica l and Subtropical Zones on the west slope of the Central Andes, both slopes of the Western Andes, and the Pacific slope of Nariño (Medellín, Salento, La Frijolera, Miraflores; Pueblorrico, San Antonio, Cocal, La Costa, Munchique 2000 m., west of Popayán 1800 m., El Tambo; Barbacoas, Ricaurte). Additional records.-pisojé. Birds from western Ecuador are greyer below than a series from El Tambo. Birds from Nariño agree with those from the Cauca Valley. : Saltator coerulescens plumbeus Bonaparte PLUMBEOUS SALTATOR Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, no. 25, p. 923, 1853 (Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.---southeastern México, southward through Central and south America to Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from the río Sinú eastward to La Guajira; the lower Magdalena Valley (río Sinú; "Mount Popa" [= Cerro de La Popa] near Cartagena, Los Pendales, Santa Cruz, La Peña, La Playa, Barranquilla, El Paraíso sight, Manatí, Puerto Giralda, Calamar, Algodonal; Fundación, Tucurinca, Riofrío, Ciénaga, Cautilito, Bonda, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Dibulla, Riohacha; "Bogotá"). Additional records.-maicao. This is Saltator olivascens of Chapman's list. t. Saltator coerulescens brewsteri Bangs and Penard BREVVSTER'S SALTATOR Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 91, 1918 (Caparo, Trinidad). COLOMBIA.-The eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Cúcuta, río Zulia, La Arenosa, La Javilla). [Trinidad and northern Venezuela north ot the Orinoco.]., Saltator coerulescens azarae d'orbigny AZARA'S SALTATOR Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., p. 287, 1839 (Moxos, Bolivia).

209 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1081 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes from Meta southward ("Bogotá", Buenavista [Meta] Villavicencio; Flor,encia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [Eastern Ecuador and upper Amazonia to Bolivia.] ' Saltator orenocensis rufescens Todd RUFESCENT SALTATOR Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 201, 1912 (Tocuyo, Lara, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-venezuela in the Orinoco Valley to the mouth of the Apure and northwestern Venezuela. Northeastern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-The Guajira Península (Riohacha). [Lara and Zulia, Venezuela.] The nominate race (S. o. orenocensis Lafresnaye) occurs doubtlessly in Arauca and the lower Meta along the border of Venezuela. Saltator albicollis striatipectus Lafresnaye STREAKED SALTATOR Rev. Zool., 10, p. 73, 1847 (Cali, Cauca Valley, Colombia). Range ot the species.-the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad; Costa Rica, Panamá and the Pearl Islands southward to Perú and eastward along the north coast of Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes, excepting the Patia Valley and Nariño. The east slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander. Not recorded from Atlántico. ("Cartagena" ; Riofrío, Cincinnati, Valparaíso, Minca, La Tigrera, Bonda; Ocaña, Bucaramanga, San Gil, "Bogotá", Fusagasugá, below Andalucía; Remedios, Medellín, Santa Elena, Salento, río Toche, Chicoral, Villavieja, El Isno, near San Agustín, La Candela; Dabeiba, Pueblorrico, La Selva, Dagua, San Antonio, Riofrío, Cali; Palmíra, La Florida, Munchique, El Tambo). [Trinidad, northern Venezuela; eastern Panamá.] Additional records.-la Cueva, Atánques; Aguadita, Silvania; Coyaima, Picaleña. A record from "Termales [Dept. Caldas], 3600 m." is very doubtful as to locality. '-' Saltator albicollis flavidicollis Sclater ECUADORIAN SALTATOR Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 28, p. 274, 1860 (Babahoyo, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Southwestern Colombia ín Nariño and the Patía Valley, Subtropícal Zone (Ancuya, Mojarras). [Western Ecuador, northwestern Perú.] Eight Colombian birds which 1 have examined all belong to the streaked-breasted variety of this race. It is easily distinguished from striatipectus by its grey back which is washed with olive, and its whiter under parts. For a discussion of the variations of this race see Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, 1926, pp ) and Hellmayr (Cat. Bds. Amer., 13, pt. 11, p. 42, footnote 2, 1938).

210 1082 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Caryothraustes canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus) GREEN GROSBEAK Loxia canadensis, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 304, 1766 ("Canada", error = Cayenne, ex Hellmayr). Range ot the species.-southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, the Guianas, northern and eastern Brazil. Eastern Panamá. COLOMBIA.-Extreme eastern and southeastern Colombia (Río Guainía opposite the mouth of the Casiquiare; río Vaupés opposite Tauapunto- specimens in the American Museum of Natural History). [Southern Venezuela, the Guianas and northern Brazil.] On the opposite side of the country a related form, Caryothraust es canadensis simulans Nelson is found in extreme eastern Panamá, near the Colombian border. Caryothraustes humeralis (Lawrence) YELLOW-SHOULDERED GROSBEAK Pytilus humeralís, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 8, p. 467, 1867 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-upper Amazonia from the Rio Purús in western Brazil westward to northeastern Perú, eastern Ecuador and southeastern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Known only from "Bogotá" collections; presumably inhabiting the Caquetá, Putumayo an:d Amazonas territories. * Pitylus grossus grossus (Linnaeus) WHITE-THROAT.ED GROSBEAK Loxia grossa, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 307, 1766 (Cayenne). Range ot the species.-nicaragua to Ecuador, Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas, southward to eastern Perú, Maranháo, Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes (río Ocoa; Morelia; Leticia). [Range ot the species east ot the Andes.] * Pitylus grossus saturatus Todd SLATE- COLORED GROSBEAK Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 35, p. 91, 1922 (Guácimo, Costa Rica). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the entire Pacific coast, the Atrato Valley, and eastward to the míddle Magdalena Valley (Falls of the río Truandó, Dabeiba, Quibdó, Alto del Buey, río Baudó, Santa Cecilia, Andagoya, Sipí, Malaguita, San José, Coca!, La Costa, río Mechengue, río Munchique; Barbacoas; Nechí, Remedios, west of Honda; "Bogotá"). [Nicaragua to western Ecuador.] ~ Paroaria gularis gularis (Linnaeus) BLACK-THROATED CARDINAL_ Tanagra gularis, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 316, 1766 (Cayenne).

211 R. M, DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA ~~~==~=-~~==~----- Range ot the species.-the Guianas Venezuela in the Orinoco Valley, eastern Colombia, south to Amazo'nia, Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-The Amazonian region (Morelia Tres Esquinas Leticia, Loretoyacu). [The Guianas, extreme southern Venezuela (!wuth ot 5 North Lat.), and the Amazon Valley to northeastern Perú and eastern Ecuador.] Paroaria gularis nigro-genis (Lafresnaye) ELACK-EARED CARDINAL Nemosia. nigro-genis, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 273, 1846 (Mouth of the río Orinoco, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-The Eastern Llanos from Meta and Arauca to the Orinoco (Hacienda Navajas, near Puerto López; Maipures). [The Venezuelan Llanos and the Orinoco Valley north ot 50 North Latitude.] Additional records.-arauca (color photograph of a captive bird [by L. Richter] ). ':' Richmondena phoenicea (Bonaparte ) VERMILION CARDINAL Cardinalis phoeniceus, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1837", 1838, p. 111 (Cumaná, Venezuela, ex Phelps and Phelps). Range ot the species.-extreme northern Colombia, Venezuela and Margarita Island. COLOMBIA.-Arid Tropical Zone of the Guajira Península and the extreme eastern foot of the Santa Marta Mts. (Maicao, Riohacha, Fonseca sight). [Coastal Venezuela westward trom the Cariaco Península; Margarita Island.] According to Dugand a record from Cartagena is erroneous, as the bird does not occur that far west on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. (Caldasia, 5, no. 21, p. 198, 1948). In its strongly curved, pale bill and long crest this species connects the red Richmondenas with the brown Pyrrhuloxias. It is interesting to note that the desert inhabiting species are the ones with strongly cm ved bilis. I believe that the genus Richmondena should be r.:!.~~ged with Pyrrhuloxia. Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysogaster (Lesson) GOLDEN-BELLIED GROSBEAK Pitylus chrysogaster, Cent. Zool., p. 204, pl. 67, 1832 (Quito, Ecuador). Range ot the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Venezuela and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the mountains of southern Nariño (río Tescual, south of Puerres). [Ecuador and Perú.] Pheucticus chrysopeplus Iaubmanni Hellmayr and Seilern LAUBMANN'S GROSBEAK Verh. orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 160, 1915 (Galipán,Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, Venezuela).

212 1084 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone of the Santa Marta Mts. (San Miguel). [Northern Venezu ela.] Pheucticus aureo-ventris uropygialis Sclater and Salvin YELLOW-RUMPED GROSBEAK Proc. Zool. Soc. London " 1870", 1871, p. 840 ("Bogotá" ). Range oj the species.- Western South America from Venezuela and Colombia southward to western Matto Grosso and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes and the western slope of the Central Andes at their southern end ("Matisgua" [ = Mutiscua], northeast of Bucaramanga, Pamplona, Peña blanca, La Uvita, Guasca, Choa chí, "Bogotá", Fómeque 1970 m., Chipaque, La Mar, Palo Hueco, Subía; Puracé 3400 m.). Additional records.-lago de Tota, Valle de Sopó, La Calera, Sabana de Bogotá, Subachoque. Pheucticus aureo-ventris crissalis Scla ter and Salvin Ecuador). YELLOW -THROATED GROSBEAK Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 19 (Riobamba and Sical, COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Andes of Nariño (Pasto, Yana nchá, Puerres, río Tescual). [Subtropical and Temperate Zones oj Ecuador.] : Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linnaeus) ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK U. S. A.). Loxia Zudoviciana, Syst. Na t., e d. 12, 1, p. 306, 1766 (Louisiana, Range oj the species.-breeds east of the Rocky Mts. from southern Canada southward to Kansas and the mountains of Georgia. Winters from México to Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.- Winter resident recorded from most parts of the country from October (14) to April. Tropical to Temperate Zones. (Minca, Masinga Vieja, Valparaíso, Cincínnatí, Riofrío; Usiacurí sight; Herrad'.lra, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, Buenavista [Meta], Villavieja; Barro Blanco, Medellín, Salento; Paramillo 3750 m., río Juradó, río Salaquí, Santa Cecilia; Morelia, río San Miguel [Sucumbías]). Cyanocompsa cyanoides cyanoides (Lafresnaye) PANAMÁ BLUE GROSBEAK Coccoborus cyanoides, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 74, 1847 (Panamá). Range oj the species.-southern México southward through Central America to Colombia, western Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guianas, Maranháo and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropícal Zone west of the Eastern Andes, including the Santa Marta regíon (Don Diego, Donama, Cacagualito, La Tigrera, Minca, Riofrío, Fundación; "Bogotá"; Remedios; Químari; río

213 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1085 Atrato, Panamá border, río Salaquí, río Juradó, Pizarro, río Baudó 1000 m., Santa Cecilia, Cocal, La Costa, río Mechengue; Barbacoas, La Guayacana). [Panamá; western Ecuador northern Venezuela.] This is Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens 'ot Chapman's list. Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii (Bartlett) ROTHSCHILD'S BLUE GROSBEAK Guiraca rothschildii, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 6, p. 168, 1890 (Caramang River, British Guiana). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", between Villavicencio and Restrepo, río Dudita). [The Guianas, the Orinoco Valley, the Amazon Valley jrom northern Maranháo westward to eastern Ecuador, Perú, and south to Matto Grosso and northern Bolivia.] = Cyanocompsa. cyanea caucae Chapman CAUCA BLUE GROSBEAK Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 163, 1912 (La Manuelita, near Palmira, Cauca Valley, Colombia). Range oj the species.-eastern Brazil from Ceará and Piauhy to Bahía. Coastal Venezuela from Sucre and Monagas to Carabobo. Western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the upper Cauca and Dagua Valleys and upper Patía Valley (La Manuelita 1050 m., Palmira, Atuncela, Dagua, Jiménez 480 m.; Mojarras 360 m.). ~ Tiaris olivacea dissita Thayer and Bangs SOUTHERN GRASSQUIT Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 223, 1906 (Savanna of Panamá). Range of the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia and extreme western Venezuela. The Greater Antilles. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes except Santa Marta (El Tambor, Bucaramanga, El Consuelo, Sasaima, "Bogotá", Subía, below Andalucía [west slope] m.; La Frijolera, Barro Blanco, Santa Elena, Medellín, Retiro, La Camelia, near Angelópolis, Salento, río Toche, Miraflores, San Agustín, La Candela, La Palma; Dabeiba, Pueblorrico, Riofrío, Lo~ mitas, Dagua 760 m., El Tambo; Ricaurte, Mayasquer 2250 m.). [Honduras southward through Central America to extreme western Venezuela.] Additional records.- San Gil; Popayán. Perhaps these birds should be called T. o. intermedia (Ridgway), supposed to be confined to Cozumel Island, a race which 1 have not seen. Bangs says that dissita differs from that subspecies only in size, and gives wing measurements of his series as mm. for males and mm. for females. Ridgway gives for intermedia ~ ~ mm. A male from Gatún, Canal Zone, has a wing of 52 mm. and a long series of males from Honduras southward to Nariño and Santander have wings of mm., females mm.

214 1086 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Tiaris bicolor omissa Jardine CARIB GRASSQUIT Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332, 1847 (Tobago, West Indies). Range ot the species.-bahama Islands, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Blanquilla and Los Hermanos Islands, Old Providence and Saint Andrews, Aruba, Curac;ao and Bonaire, Tortuga Is., Tobago. Coastal region of Venezuela, Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Arid Tropical Zone of the Guajira region, the valley of the río Fonce in western Santander, and the upper Magdalena Valley (Riohacha; "Bucaramanga", San Gil, "Bogotá"; Honda,!bagué, Chicoral, Villavieja). [The West Indies trom Puerto Rico to Tobago. V enezuela.] I have seen a single male said to have come from Matituy, Nariño, but I consider the accurateness of the locality highly doubtful. It must be said, however, that this individual is more extensively black below, a nd greyer green above than Magdalena specimens. Spiza americana (Gmelin) DICKCISSEL Emberiza americana, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 872, 1789 (New York). Range ot the species.-breeds from Wyoming to Ontario southward to Texas and northern Georgia. Winters from Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas. COLOMBIA.-Winter r esident. Recordect from the Caribbean coast, the Magdalena Valley, northwestern and northeastern Colombia and the Llanos del Meta from September (17) to May (1). (Río Salaquí, Turbo, Quimarí; Barranquilla sight [la te September, early October; April], Calamar; Tucurinca, Cincinnati, Mamatoco, Bonda, Buritaca, Riohacha; Ocaña, San Gil, "Bogotá" ; Villavicencio, Llanos del Meta; "Antioquia"). : Spermophila intermedia intermedia (Gabanis) GREY SEEDEATER Spor ophila intermedia, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 149, 1851 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela) ex Phelps and Phelps). Range ot the species.-costa Rica and Panamá to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and northeastern Brazil. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast (except the upper Sinú region), the lower Magdalena Valley south to about 9 North Latitude, and the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes from the Zulia Valley south to Villavicencio, eastward across the Llanos to the Orinoco (Dibulla, Santa Marta, Ciénaga, Riofrío, Tucurinca, Fundación; Molinero, Algodonal; 16 km. north of Cúcuta, "Bogotá", Buenavista, Villavicencio; Maipures). [Northern and southern Venezuela;? Takutu Mts., British Guiana.] Additional records.-peralonso, Puerto López [Meta]. This is Sporophila grisea grisea, in part, of Chapman's list.

215 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1087 (' Spermophila intermedia bogotensis Gilliard COLOMBIAN GREY SEEDEATER Auk, 64, no. 4, p. 572, 1946 (Lomitas, "Cauca" [error = Valle], Western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes s~mth of so North Latitude excepting the head of the Magdalena Valley (Las Ventanas 2000 m., Icononzo, "Bogotá"; Chicoral, Honda, Puerto Berrío, Medellín, Envigado, Salento, Miraflores, east of Palmira, Media Luna, Popayán; Quimarí; Malaguita, Dagua, Atuncela, Lomitas, Pavas, La Cumbre, San Antonio, Cali). This is Sporophila grisea grisea, in part, of Chapman's list. It also includes Colombian records of S. schistacea by Hellmayr. Replaced at the head of the Magdalena Valley by Spermophila i. agus.tini de Schauensee, and in the lower Magdalena region by the nommate form. Spermophila intermedia agustini. de Schauensee SAN AGUSTÍN GREY SEEDEATER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 99, p. 121, 1947 (San Agustín, Huila, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones at the head of the Magdalena Valley (La Candela, San Agustín 1700 m., below Andalucía [west slope] 900 m.). Spermophila intermedia longipennis (Chubb) LONG-WINGED GREY SEEDEATER Sporophila Zongipennis, Ann. Mag. Na t. Hist., (9), 7, p. 193, 1921 (Mt. Roraima, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the rio Dudita, at the base of the Macarena Mts., southern Meta. [Venezuela south ot the range of the typical jorm; the Guianas and northeastern Brazil.] This form differs from other Colombian races by longer wings ( 60 mm. or more), darker, slatier color, antd: by usually having white on the wing-coverts. The only Colombian male examined differs from Guiana birds and those from the Caura River, Venezuela, by h aving more white on the sides of the neck. ':' Spermophila incerta (RHey) ECUADORIAN SEEDEATER Sporophila incerta, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, p. 213, 1914 (Gualea, western Ecuador). Range ot the species.-western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from the headwaters of the río San Juan southward (Santa Cecilia 720 m.; Mayasquer 1440 m.). A very rare species known from the type and a male and two females from western Colombia.

216 1088 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Spermophila plumbea whiteleyana Sharpe WHITELEY'S SEEDEATER Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 98, 1888 (Mt. Roraima, Venezuela). Range of the species.-eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela and the Guianas, southward to Matto Grosso, Bolivia and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-The Eastern Llanos ("Bogotá" ; Yurimena, La Argentina Vieja). [Southern Venezuela, the Guianas and northeastern Brazil to the Río Branco.] ~ Spermophila obscura haplochroma (Todd) SANTA MARTA SEEDEATER Sporophila haplochroma, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 200, 1912 (Cincinnati, above Santa Marta, Colombia). Range of the species.-perú, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina. Western Ecuador. Colombia. COWMIBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region (La Concepción, Cincinnati, Minca, Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa Valley sight, Palomino; "Bogotá"). [Venezuela.]. * Spermophila ob3cura obscura (Lafresnaye and d'orbigny) DULL-COLORED SEEDEATER Emberiza obscura, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, p. 81, 1837 (Chiquitos, Bolivia). COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone of the lower Cauca Valley and the Pacific coast from the Río nagua southward (La Frijolera 1500 m.; Dagua 768 m.; Ricaurte 1170 m.). [Ecuador southward to Bolivia and northwestern Argentina.] ' * Spermophi!a aurita chocoana de Schauensee CHOCÓ SEEDEATER Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 102, p. 138, October 11, 1950 (Nuquí, loo m., Chocó, Colombia). Range.of the species.-southeastern México and Central America southward to western Colombia and western Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Atrato Valley southward on the Pacific coast to the río Dagua regían (río Juradé, Daheiba, río Baudó, Nuquí, Quibdó, Bagadó, Santa Cecilia 720 m., Andagoya, Nóvita, Noanamá, mouth of the río Calima, Sipí, Guineo, "Chocó Bay" [ = Buenaventura], San José, Cisneros). [Extreme eastern Panamá.] This new form is relatively stable in the area which it occupies. It is actually intermediate between Spermophila a. aurita Bonaparte of Costa Rica to the Canal Zone and ophthalmica Sclater of western Ecuador and extreme southwestern Colombia. Very occasionally a bird similar to aurita appears within the range of chocoana; thus one specimen from Nuquí out of 41 from eastern Panamá anct the Chocó resembles typical aurita in having a black throat and a white eres-

217 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1089 cent1c patch on either side of the neck. Two specimens, one from Andagoya, the other from Nuquí, resemble very closeiy Nariño specimens of ophthalmica in having the throat white : Spermophila aurita ophthalmica.sclater SPECTACLED SEEDEATER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 276 Ecuador). (Babahoyo, western COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone on the Pacifi(; slope of Nariño (Tumaco, Barbacoas, La Guayacana, Ricaurte 1170 m.). [Western Ecuador.] : Spermophila americana murallae (Chapman) MORELIA SEEDEATER Sporophila aurita murallae, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York, 34, p. 649, 1915 ("La Muralla" = Morelia, Gaquetá, Colombia). Range oj the sprecies.-tobago, Trinidad, northeastern Venezuela, the Guianas to Pará westward to the Ríos Tocantins, Tapajoz, and Jamundá. Southeastern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Caquetá region (Morelia). As surmised by Hellmayr this is a subspecies of americana and not aurita. ~ Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye BLACK-AND-VVHITE SEEDEATER Rev. Zool., 6, p. 291, 1843 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-western Venezuela, Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Perú and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. and the three Antdean ranges; the Caquetá region, and the Pacific coast. Not recorded from Nariño, (Masinga Vieja, San José, San Sebastián, El Mamón; "Bogotá", Anolaima; Barro Blanco 2160 m., Medellín, Toche; río Baudó, Nuquí; Morelia). Additional records.---subachoque 2663 m., Choachí. Spermophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot) YELLOVV-BELLIED SEEDEATER Pyrrhula nigricollis, Tabl. Ene. Méth., Orn., livr. 93, p. 1027, July 1823 (Brazil). Range oj the sp ecies.~costa Rica and Panamá southward through South America to Sáo Paulo, Matto Grosso and Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones throughout the country except Nariño (Dibulla, La Concepción, Chirúa, Pueblo Viejo, san Miguel San Francisco Palomino, Don Diego, Cacagualito, Dona roa Onaca ' Banda Mamatoco Minca, Cincinnati, Ciénaga, Riofrio, Fundación.' Aguad~ de Pablo, 'Molinero; Ocaña, Bucaramanga, San Gil "Bogotá" Subía Quetame Buena vista [Meta], below Andalucía 900' m. [west 'slope].' Medellín, 'Envigado, Toche 2300 m., Salento, La Manuelita, Miraflores, La Candela, San Agustín; Nóvita, Cisneros,

218 1090 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 Riofrío, Cali, San Antonio, Dagua, El Tambo; Morelia; Maipures). [Range oj the species except southwestern Colombia and western Ecuador.] Additional records.-arbeláez. This is Sporophila gutturalis of Chapman's list. Spermophila nigricollis vivida (Hellmayr) WESTERN YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER Sporophila nigricollis vivida, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zoology, 13, pt. 11, p. 209, 1938 (Chimbo, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Usually Tropical, occasionally Subtropical and lower Temperate Zones on the western slope of the Andes of Nariño.? Gorgona Island. (Barbacoas, Buenavista, Ricaurte, La Guayacana, Mayasquer 2340 m., Chorreado 3000 m.). [Western Ecuador.] A female from Gorgona Island is doubtfully referred to nigricollis by Bangs. Spermophila lineola (Linnaeus) LINED SEEDEATER Loxia lineola, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 174, 1758 (Surinam). Range of the sp'ecies.-eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas southward to northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia and Perú. COLOMBIA.-A male known from the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in the Caquetá region (Morelia). ':' Spermophila bouvronides (Lesson) LESSON'S SEEDEATER Pyrrhula bouvroni des, Traité d'orn., livr. 6, p. 450, 1831 (Trinidad). Range oj the species.-trinidad, the Guianas, Venezuela south to the Orinoco and westward to northern and eastern Colombia. The Río Negro region and the upper Amazon Valley to eastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the lower Magdalena Valley; east of the Andes in Meta (Palmar de Candelaria, Arroyo de Piedras, Molinero, Baranoa sight, Barranquilla sight; Riofrío [Magdalena]; Gamarra, Aguachica; río Dudita). Spermophila telasco (Lesson) CHESTNUT-THROATED SEEDEATER Pyrrhula telasco, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 8, pl. 15, fig. 3 ( = male), 1828 (Near Lima, Perú). Range of the species.-gorgona Island, Colombia. Northwestern Ecuador southward to extreme northern Chile. COLOMBIA.-Known only from Gorgona Island. I have examinect the single immature male taken on Gorgona by W. W. Brown. Although young, the bird shows enough of the adult plumage to show that it unquestionably belongs to this species. More material is desirable to see if any subspecific characters are present.

219 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1091 Spermophila insulata (Chapman) TUMACO SEEDEATER Sporophila insulata, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 18, p. 12, 1921 (Tumaco Island, off the coast of Nariño, Colombia). Range of the species.-extreme southwestern Colombia. OOLOMBIA.-Known only from Tumaco Island, Nariño. : Spermophila minuta minuta (Linnaeus) MINUTE SEEDEATER Loxia minuta, Syst. Na t., ed. 10, 1, p. 176, 1758 (Surinam). Range of the species.-méxico southward through Central America to Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador; Venezuela, the Guianas, Tobago, Trinidad and the lower Amazon Valley. Southern Brazil and Argentina to eastern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones (Riohacha, Don Diego, Onaca, Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaira, Ciénaga, Riofrío, Aracataca, Tucurinca, Fundación; El Paraíso sight, Calamar, Sabanalarga, Molinero; Ocaña, Cúcuta, 16 km. north of Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Lake Paturia, "Bogotá", Quetame; Puerto Berrío, Barro Blanco, Medellín, Retiro 2225 m., Honda, Chicoral, Salento, Villavieja, San Agustín, Miraflores, La Manuelita; Quimarí; Pueblorrico, Dagua, Riofrío [Cauca Valley], Cali, El Tambo, Mojarras). [The lower' Amazon, the Guianas, Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela south to the Orinoco; northwestern Ecuador.] Additional records.-quenane; Fusagasugá; Popayán; Pichindé. Spermophila castaneiventris (Cabanis) CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEEDEATER Sporophila castaneiventris, in Schomburgk's Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 679, "1848", 1849 (Cumaka, coast of British Guiana). Range of the species.-the Guianas, southern Venezuela and Amazonia from the Río Tapajoz westward to southeastern Colombia and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-The Amazonian region ("Bogotá"; Morelia, Tres Esquinas, Umbría; Macacuní). Catamenia analis alpica Bangs CHIRÚGUA SEEDEATEh Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 89, 1902 (Páramo de Chirúgua, Santa Marta Mt3., Colombia). Range of the species.-colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia northern Chile and western Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Páramo Zones of the Santa Marta Mts., between 2700 and 4560 m. (Páramo de Chirúgua, Taquina, Macotama, Sierra Nevada m.).

220 1092 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<.> 25 : Catamenia analis schistaceifrons C.hapman BOGOTÁ SEEDEATER Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 649, 1915 (La Mar, Bogotá Savanna, Cundinamarca, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes on the Bogotá platea u (La Mar 2620 m., Subachoque 2663 m., Suba, "Bogotá"). Additional records.-valle de Sopó, Torca, La Cita 2600 m. Catamenia inornata minor Berlepsch LESSER PLAIN-COLORED SEEDEATEk Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, P. 115 (Cechce, Ecuador). Range oj the species.-extreme western Venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia and western Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical to Páramo Zones of the Eastern and Central Andes and the mountains of Nariño ("Bogotá", Páramo de Choachí, La Pradera 2735 m.; Santa Isabel, Nevado del Tolima, Valle de las Papas; Yananchá, Mayasquer, Chiles, Cumbal 3750 m.). [Páramo de Tamá in Venezuela; Ecuador, northern and central Perú.] Additional recovds.-páramo de Toquilla [Boyacá] 3700 m. Catamenia oreophila Todd MOUNTAIN SEEDEATER Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26, p. 169, 1913 (Mt. San Lorenzo, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the species.-northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.- Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts m. (San Lorenzo, Cerro de Caracas). The adult male of this species is not known. Hellmayr expresses the belief that it may prove to be a subspecies of C. homochroa. Catamenia homochroa homochroa Sclater SCLATER'S SEEDEATER Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 26, p. 552, 1858 (Matos, Ecuador). Range oj the species.-venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Temperate and lower Páramo Zones of the three Andean ranges and the mountains of Nariño ("Bogotá"; Laguneta, Valle de las Papas; Paramillo Mts m., Andes west of Popayán 3150 m.;!les). [Western Venezuela; Ecuador to Bolivia.] Additional records.-páramo de Toquilla [Boyacá] 3700 m.; Páramo del Tábano [Nariño] 3200 m. Amaurospiza concolor aequatorialis Sharpe EQUATORIAL BLUE SEEDEATEk Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 157, 1888 (Pallatanga and Balzar, western Ecuador).

221 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA Range ot the species.- Costa Rica to the Panamá Canal Zone. Southwestern Colombia anct western Ecuador COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (San Pablo 1200 m., Ricaurte 1170 m.). [Western Ecuador.] The rare Dolospingus fringilloides (Pelzeln) probably occurs in Colombia along the Rio Negro, for it has been taken on the Río Xié (type locality) in northwestern Brazil, very near the extreme eastern tip of Colombia. OryzobBrus crassirostris crassirostris (Gmelin) LARGE-BILLED RICE GROSBEAh. Loxia crassirostris, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 862, 1789 (Cayenne). Range ot the species.-nicaragua southward over South America to western Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela and Trinidad to southeastern Brazil and Matto Grosso. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Villavicencio). [Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil westward, north of the Amazon to northeastern Perú.] Oryzoborus cras sirostris occidentalis Sclater WESTERN LARGE-BILLED RICE GROSBEAK Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 276 Ecuador). (Babahoyo, western COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Cauca and middle Magdalena Valleys in the Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones (El Tambo 1700 m.; "Medellín"; El Centro [Santander] 300 m.; "Bogotá") [Western Ecuador.] : Oryzoborus angolensis funereus Sclater LESSER RICE GROSBEAK Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 378 (Suchapam, Oaxaca, México). Range ot the species.-méxico southward through Central America to western Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas to southeastern Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes including the Santa Marta region (La Concepción, Chirúa Heights of Chirúa Pueblo Viejo, Minca 600 m.; El Cauca, "Bogotá."; Medellin 1540 m:; Quimari, Murucucú.; Riof_río [Cauca Valley]; río Atrato Santa Cecilia Nóvita mouth of no Calima, Buenaventura; Barbacoas). [Southern México ánd Central America south to western Ecuador.]

222 1094 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Males can be found which have traces to a considerable amount of chestnut on the belly, clearly showing their affinity to O. angol en sis. I have seen such specimens from Lake Yzabal, Guatemala; Lancetilla, Honduras; Ft. Lorenzo, Panamá; and Minca and Chirúa, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. A specimen from Chirúa has so much ch.estnut on the belly that the pattern of angolensis can actually be seen. Obviously these birds have no geographical range separate from the other forms.... Oryzoborus angolensis torridus (Scopoli) VENEZUELAN CHESTNUT-BELLIED RICE GROSBEAK Loxia to1-rida, Ann. I, Hist. Nat., p. 140, 1769 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, ex Phelps and Phelps). COLOMBIA.-Tropica l Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bogotá", Villa vicencio, "Andalucía", Morelia, Umbría). [Tr inidad, the Guianas, Venezuela, southward to Maranháo and eastern Perú.] The "Andalucía" specimen is presumably from the eastern slope a bove Florencia, Caquetá. There is no indication on the label on which side of the Eastern Andes it was taken.... Vol at~n ia jacarina splendens (Vieillot) NORTHERN BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT Fringilla splendens, Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Nat., -nouv. éd. 12, p. 173, 1817 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-méxico southward through Central America, and over the gr eater part of South America to southeastern Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada. COLOMBIA-Tropical and Subtropical Zones throughout the country (La Concepción, San José, Chirúa, Don Diego, Cacagualito, Donama, Onaca, Masinga Vieja, Bonda, Mamatoco, Santa Marta, La Tigrera, Minca, Cincinnati, Riofrío; Barranquilla, La Playa, Santa Cruz, Sabanalarga, Aguada de Pablo, El Paraíso sight; Honda, Chicoral, río Coello, Villavieja; Barro Blanco 2250 m., Medellín,.Salento, Miraflores, La Manuelita; Quimarí; Dabeiba, Pizarro, Dagua, San Antonio, Cali, río Cauquita, Munchique, El Tambo, Valle del Patía; Barbacoas, Tumaco, Rícaurte; Ocaña, Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Aguadita; Quetame, Villavicenyio, Peralonso, Yurímena; Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [México south to Maranháo, Amazonia, and eastern Perú. Trinidad, Tobago, arenada.] Additional r ecords.-pichindé above Cali; Acacias, Puerto López. ::: Carduelis spinescens capitanea (Bangs ) ( 1) SANTA MARTA SISKIN Spinus capitaneus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 178, 1898 (San Miguel, Sa n ta Marta Mts., Colombia). (1) r have followed here the change in nomenclature suggested by the Committee on Nomenclature of the British Ornith ologists' Club (Ibis, 1947). Carduelis is. proposed to include Spinus and Acanthis.

223 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE. THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1095 Range ot the species.-western Venezuela and Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. between m. (San Sebastián, San Miguel, Macotama, Sierra Nevada). : Carduelis spinescens spinescens (Bonaparte) BOGOTÁ SISKIN Chr ysornitris spinescens, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 517, 1850 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical to Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes and the southern enr:i of the Central Andes to the upper Patía Valley (Páramo de Guerrero, La Pica, Peñablanca 2800 m., Ramírez, Páramo de San Pedro, Lagunillas 3000 m., Chapinero, "Bogotá", Chipaque, El Roble, Aguadita 1950 m., La Holanda La Porquera La Mar, Anolaima). [WesteTn Venezuela.] ' ' Additional records.-suba, Ciudad Universitaria [Bogotá], Subachoque; Popayán, Crucero. Carduelis spinescens nigricauda (Chapman ) BLACK-TAILED SISKIN' Spinus nigticauda, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hisf, 31, p. 160, 1912 (Páramo de Santa Isabel, Central Andes, Dept. Caldas, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Temperate Zone in the northern section of the Central Andes and the northern end of the western Andes (Frailejonal, Páramo de Santa Isabel 3870 m.; Paramillo Mts m.). Carduelis cucullata Swainson RED SISKIN Zool. Illust., 1, pt. 2, pl. 7, 1820 (North coast of Venezuela = Cumaná, ex Todd). Range ot the species.-northeastern Colombia, across northern Venezuela. Monos Island and Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone in Norte de Santander (Villa Felisa 20 km. south of Cúcuta). Carduelis magellanica capitalis (Cabanis) CABANIS' SISKIN ChTysornitris capitalis, Journ. f. Orn., 14, p. 160, 1866 (Ecuador). Range ot the species.-colombia southward through the Andes to Chile, Bolivia and western Argentina. In eastern South America found in eastern Venezuela and British Guiana, and from Bahía southward to eastern Argentina and Uruguay. COLOMBIA.-Lower Temperate and upper Subtropical Zones in the mountains of Nariño, and the northern section of the Central Andes in Dept. Caldas (Cerro Pax, Pasto; Laguneta 2300 m.). [Ecuador and northwestern Perú.]. I have examined an immature male from Laguneta. More spec1mens. are desirable from that region.

224 1096 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 ':' Carduelis xanthogastra xanthogastra (Du Bus) YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN Chrysomitris xanthogastra, Bull. Acad. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux Arts Bélg., 22, (1), p. 152, 1855 (Ocaña, Norte de Santander, Colombia). Range ot the species.-costa Rica southward to Ecuador and western Venezuela. Northern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Andes, excepting the Santa Marta Mts. Not recorded from the western slope of the Western Andes or Nariño (La Palmita, Pueblo Nuevo, Ocaña, "Cocuta Valley" [ = Suratá Valley], Canuto, Cachirí, "Bogotá"; Santa Elena 3000 m., Angelópolis, Salento 1600 m., San Agustín; San Antonio, Munchique). [Range ot the sp ecies excep't Bolivia.] Carduelis psal.tria colombiana Lafresnaye COLOMBIAN GOLDFINCR Rev. Zool., 6, p. 292, 1843 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-western United States from Oregon and Utah sout hward to México, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, and western South America to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones, including the Santa Marta Mts. and Nariño. (Bonda [above?], Onaca, Minca, Cincinnati, Sierra Nevada; Aguachica 162 m., Ocaña, Cachirí, Bucaramanga, Leiva, El Carmen, Pacho, El Consuelo, "Bogotá", Sabana de Bogotá, La Herrera, La Holanda, Puente Andalucía, Tenasucá, Subía, Quetame, Buena vista [Meta], below Andalucía 900 m. [west slope]; Villavieja, Chicoral; Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Medellin, Retiro, La Camelia, near Angelópolis, Salento, Laguneta 2700 m., 'El Edén, río Toche, San Agustín, La Candela, La Palma, Miraflores; Concordia, San Antonio, Dagua, Cerro Munchique; Cerro Pax). [Southwestern México to Perú.] Additional records.-valle de Sopó 2700 m., Ciudad Universitaria [Bogotá], Choachí, Cáqueza, Villavicencio, Aguadita; Popayán. * Sicalis citrina browni Bangs BROWN'S GROUND FINCR Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 139, 1898 (Santa Marta Mts., 1700 m., Colombia). Range ot the species.-colombia to British Guiana. Brazil from Piauhy to Paraná and Goyaz. Tucumán, Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. and the Eastern and Central Andes (San Miguel, between San Miguel and Taquina, La Concepción, Palomino, Onaca, Minca; "Bogotá"; Barro Blanco 2160 m.). [Venezuela and British Guiana.] Adrditional records.-la Cita (Sabana de Bogotá) 2600 m. The Barro Blanco record is under Pseudochloris citrina antioquiae in Chapman's list.

225 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1097 SicaUs columbiana columbiana Cabanis VENEZUELAN GROUND FINCh Mus. Hein., 1, p. 147, 1851 (Ciudad Bolívar, Río Orinoco, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-the Orinoco Valley. Goyáz Bahía and Piauhy, Brazil. Banks of the Amazon from the Río Ma;acá and Río Tapajoz westward to northeastern Perú. COLO:M:'BIA.-Recorded only from Maipures. [Orinoco Valley.] Sicalis flaveola flaveola (Linnaeus) NORTHERN YELLOW FINCH Fringilla flaveola, Syst. Na t., ed. 12, 1, p. 321, 1766 (Surinam). Range ot the species.-jamaica (introduced). Most of south America southward to northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-The Caribbean coast from northern Bolívar to La Guajira; the lower Magdalena Valley; the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Meta. Tropi-cal Zone. (Turbaco, Cartagena, La Playa, Barranquilla, La Peña, Guájaro, Sabanalarga, El Paraíso sight, Puerto Giralda, Calamar, Boca de Chimí; Fundación, Tucurinca, Ciénaga, Gaira, Santa Marta, Mamatoco, Honda, Valencia sight, Fonseca sight, Riohacha, Maicao; Villavicencio). [The Guianas, the Orinoco basin north to the Caracas region.] Additional records.-acacías, Quenane, Pachaquiaro, Peralonso, Puerto López. Perhaps more material will reveal that more than one race inhabits Colombia. Birds from "Bogotá" collections ( auripectus Bonaparte) have, according to Hellmayr, "remarkably stout, bulky bilis". Birds from Barranquilla are said by the same authority to have slightly more orange throats than Santa Marta specimens. = Sicalis luteola bogotensis Chapman BOGOTÁ YELLOW FINCB Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 143, p. 14, 1924 (Savanna of Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia). Range of the species.-southern México and Guat~JUala. Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas southward to Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and Chile. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes from Norte de Santander to the Bogotá region. Found also in the Temperate Zone of Nariño. (Pamplona, El Carmen, Chapinero, "Bogotá", "Fontiba" [ = Fontibón], La Mar, Puente Andalucja, Subía; cumbal 3300 m.). [Ecuador;? Mérida, Venezuela.] Additional records.-valle de Sopó, La Cita, Sabana de Bogotá, Subachoque. Sicalis luteola luteola (Sparrman) LESSER YELLOW FINCB Emberiza luteola, Mus. Carls., fase. 4, pl. 93, 1789 (Surinam).

226 1098 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 COLOMBIA.- Tropical Zone of the Magdalena Valley, upper Tropical Zone of the upper Cauca Valley, and Subtropical Zone on the Western Andes (La Peña, Piojó sight, Chicoral, Villavieja; Yumbo, Cali, Munchique 2000 m., El Tambo). [The Guianas, the Orinoco Valley north to Caracas, and the Rio Branco region of northern Brazil.] * Phrygilus unicolor nivarius (Bangs) SANTA MARTA PLUMBEOUS FINCH Haplospiza nivaria, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13, p. 102, 1899 (Páramo de Chirúgua, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia). Range of the SP'ecies.-Venezuela and Colombia southward through the Andes to Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Tierra del Fuego. COLOMBIA.-Upper Temperate and Páramo Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. between 2700 and 4500 m. or more (Sierra Nevada m.), Páramo de Chirúgua 4500 m., Cerro de Caracas, Páramo de Maínarongo m.). [The Andes of western Venezuela.] Said to be practically the only bird present in the desolate wastes of the higher Santa Marta Mts. along the snow-line. * Phrygilus unicolor geospizopsis (Bonaparte) BOGOTÁ PLUMBEO~~ finch Passerculus geospizopsis, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, no. 25, p. 921, 1853 ("Bogotá". COLOMBIA.-Páramo Zone of the Eastern and Central Andes and the high mountains of Nariño ("Páramo de Pamplona" [= Páramo de Santurbán], above Vetas m., Páramo de Guerrero, Lagunillas, Páramo de Choachí, Páramo de Cruz Verde, "Bogotá" ; Santa Isabel 3750 m., Nevado del Tolima, La Leonera 3650 m.; Cumbal 3600 m., Cordille;ra Guamués). [Ecuador.] Additional records.-páramo de Toquilla 3700 m. ( ~, wing 86 mm.), Páramo de Guasca ( éi, wing 90.5 mm.); Páramo del Tábano [Nariño] 3200 m. ( ~, wing 91; e >, 88 mm.). The differences in size are so slight that the recognition of grandis Chapman from the Central Andes seems unwarranted. Birds from Norte de Santander agree better with geospizopsis than they do with nivarius. Below are wing measurements of birds examined: Santa Marta: ~ 83, 85 ; e > 78, 79.5, 80.5, 81.5, 82, 82 mm. Páramo de Guerrero : 6 89; e > 86 mm. Lagunillas: ~ 89.5, 90.5; e > 84, 88.5, 90 mm. "Bogotá": e > 87 mm. La Leonera: éi 93; e > 87, 90 mm. Nevado del Tolima: ~ 89, 91, 93, 94 (3), 94.5, 94.5, 95, 100; e > 89, 8!), 92 mm. Cumbal: éi 89; e > 88.5 mm. Cordillera Guamués: ~ 88 mm. Ecuador: ~ 88.5, 90, 90.5, 91.5, 91.5, 92, 94, 94; e > 86.5 mm. I can see no color differences between birds from Ecuador and those from the Central and Eastern Colombian Andes.

227 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA ~~~~ Haplospiza rustica rustica (Tschudi) TSCHUDI's SLATY FINCH Phrygilus rusticus, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 290, 1844 (Perú). Range of the species.--southeastern México. western Panamá. Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.--Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Andes excluding the Santa Marta Mts. (Cachirí, Buenos Aires [Norte de Santander], "Bogotá"; Zancudo, Laguneta, Almaguer; Munchique; Mayasquer 2340 m., Ricaurte 1170 m). [Venezuela; Ecuador Perú Bolivia.] ' ' This is Spodiornis jardini in Chapman's list. There seems to be no valid reason for recognizing the genus Spodiornis. Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis of southeastern Brazil might be considered a subspecies of rusticus, especially since H. r. barrilesensis (Davidson) of western Panamá and Costa Rica has a thick bill, thus bridging the gap between the two so-called genera. Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus Cory SHORT-TAILED PILEATED FINCH Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 346, 1916 (Margarita Island, Venezuela). Range oj the species.--eastern and southern Brazil. Northern Venezuela south to the Orinoco. Colombia. Margarita Island. COLOMBIA.--Arid Tropical Zone on the northeastern and southern sides of the Santa Marta Mts. (Riohacha, Dibulla, Fonseca, Valencia). [Northern Venezuela.] Coryphospingus pileatus rostratus Miller LONG-BILLED PILEATED FINCH Auk, 64, p. 377, July 1947 (Villa vieja, Huila, Colombia). COLOMBIA.--Arid Tropical Zone of the upper Magdalena Valley ("Bogotá" [? this form], Espinal, Villavieja). Additional records.--cunday 485 m., Coyaima. Atlapetes albinucha (Lafresnaye and d'orbigny) VVHITE-NAPED ATLAPETES Embernagra albinucha, Rev. Zool., 1, p. 165, 1838 ("Cartagena", Colombia). Range oj the species.--subtropical Zone of southern México.? Northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.--Recorded from "Cartagena" and "Bogotá". This little-known species needs investigation, and its peculiar distribution is doubtful. cartagena is a most unlikely locality as it lies in the arid Caribbean littoral and no Atlapetes is known to inhabit the lower Tropical Zone. The "Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum" (Vol. 11, p. 261) lists one specimen from "Colombia" collected by Delattre, who is known to have visited the western part of the country.

228 1100 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Atlapetes gutturalis gutturalis (Lafresnaye) YELLOVV-THROATED ATLAPETES Arremon gutturalis, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 98, 1843 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-southern México southward through Central America to Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical, more usually Subtropical Zone excluding the Santa Marta Mts. and Nariño ("Bogotá", Fusagasugá, Andalucía; La Frijolera, Remedios 770 m., Medellin, La Camelia, near Angelópolis, Salento, El Edén, río Toche 2200 m., Miraflores, La Candela, El Isno, La Palma, La Sierra; Peque, La Selva, Lomitas, San Antonio, Cerro.M;unchique). Additional records.-cajibío, El Tambo; Popayán. An old specimen in the Rivoli-Massena collection is marked "Cartagena", but this is a most unlikely locality. See also notes under Atlapetes albinucha. Birds from the western slope of the Western Andes are a trifle darker on the back than birds from elsewhere in Colombia. Atlapetes melanocephalus (Salvin and Godman) SIERRA NEVADA ATLAPETES Buarremon melanocephalus, Ibis, 1880, p. 121 (San Sebastián, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia). Range ot the species.-northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Confined to the upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Santa Marta Mts. between, 600 and 2400 m. (San Sebastián, El Mamón, San José, San Miguel, Palomino, San Francisco, Las Nubes, Cincinnati, Valparaíso, El Líbano, Sierra Nevada m., La Concepción, Chirúa, Santa Cruz,? Páramo de Chirúgua, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, San Lorenzo, Las Taguas). : Atlapetes leucopis (Sclater and Salvin) VVHITE-RIMMED ATLAPETES Buarremon leucopis, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 439 (Yanayacu, Ecuador). Range oj the species.-colombia and eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Known from the Subtropical Zone on the east slope of the Central Andes at their southern end, and the east slope of the Andes of Nariño (La Plata 2350 m.; Cerro Pax). A very rare species in collections. Only 8 specimens are known. A single female from La Plata differs from a female and 3 males from Cerro Pax by having the back brownish-black rather than deep black; the rump and upper tail coverts more olivaceous, and the chestnut cap considerably paler. Atlapetes pallidinucha pallidinucha (Boissonneau) PALE-NAPED ATLAPETES Tanagra pallidinucha, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 68, 1840 ("Bogotá").

229 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1101 Range ot the species.-colombia and extreme western Venezuela southward to western Ecuador COLOMBIA.-Upper SubtrÓpical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes (Páramo de Tamá, Vetas 3000 m., Ramirez, Bucaramanga [probably above], above Guasca 3000 m., "Bogotá", Cerro de Monserrate [above Bogotá], above Choachi m., Chipaque 2470 m., El Peñón, La Pradera, La Mar, Palo Hueco Subía Anolaima). [Andes ot Táchira in western Venezuela.] ' ' Additional records.-below Páramo de Toquilla 3000 m., Subachoque. '~ Atlapetes pall.idinucha papallactae Hellmayr PAPALLACTA ATLAPETES Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 11, no. 4, p. 318, 1913 (Papallacta, eastern Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Temperate Zone of the Central Andes (La Leonera 3650 m., Santa Isabel 3600 m., Laguneta, Coconuco, Puracé, Almaguer 2500 m.). r Ecuador.] * Atlapetes rufinucha simplex (Berlepsch) BOGOTÁ ATLAPETES Buarremon simplex, Ibis, 1888, p. 128 ("Bogotá" ). Range ot the species. :western Venezuela and Colombia southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Known only from native "Bogotá" collections, probably inhabiting the Subtropical Zone of the Eastern Andes. Atlapetes rufinucha elaeoprorus (Sclater and Salvin) OLIVE-BACKED ATLAPETES Buarremon elaeoprorus, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, p. 504 (Medellín and Santa Elena, Antioquia, Central Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone in the northern part of the Central Andes (Santa Elena 2700 m., Medellin 1540 m.). Replaced at the southern end of the Central Andes, western slope, by the next form. : Atlapetes rufinucha caucae Chapman CAUCA ATLAPETES Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 250, p. 6, 1927 (Cerro Munchique, Cauca, western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the eastern slope of the western Andes and the west slope of the Central Andes at their southern end (San Antonio, Cerro Munchique 2700 m., El Tambo 1680 m.)) Additional records.-popayán. This is Atlapetes l. latinuchus of Chapman's list.

230 1102 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<.> ~~~~~~ Atlapetes rufinucha spodionotus (Sclater and Salvin) SLATY-BACKED ATLAPETES Buarremon spodionotus, Ibis, 1879, p. 425 (Guápulo and Calicali, Ecuard:or). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical to Temperate Zone of the Andes of Nariño (Mayasquer 2470 m., Chiles, Cumbal 3750 m.). [Northwestern and northeastern Ecuador.] : Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Chapman DUSKY-HEADED ATLAPETES Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 185, 1914 (San Agustin, Huila, Colombia). Range oj the species.-colombia. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone at the head of the Magdalena Valley (San Agustin, La Palma m., La Candela 1900 m.). Atlapetes albo-frenatus albo-frenatus (Boissonneau) M;OUSTACHED ATLAPETES Tanagra albo-jrenatus, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 68, 1840 ("Bogotá"). Range oj the species.-colombia and western Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on both slopes of the Eastern Andes from Norte de Santander to Cundinamarca (La Palmita, Alto, Ocaña, Gramalote 1020 m., Cachiri, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", El Roble 2430 m., Aguadita, Anolaima). Additional records.-salto de Tequendama. Atlapetes schistaceus castaneifrons (Sclater and Salvin) CHESTNUT-FRONTED ATLAPETES Buarremon castaneijrons, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875, p. 235, pl. 35, fig. 1 (Páramo de La Culata, Méri-cl:a, Venezuela). Range oj the species.-western Venezuela and Colombia southward to southeastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-The Perijá Mts. at the northern end of the Eastern Andes (above Hiroca, south of South Teta, m.). [Northwestern Venezuela except the Páramo de Tamá region.] : Atlapet es schistaceus tamae Cory TAMÁ ATLAPETES Field Mus. Na t. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 292, 1913 (Páramo de Tamá, Táchira, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical Zone in the northern section of the Eastern Andes, both slopes, except the Perijá Mts. (Páramo de Tamá, Pamplona, La Pica ). [Extreme western Táchira in the Páramo de Tamá region, Venezuela.]

231 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1103 ::: Atlapetes schistaceus schistaceus (Boissonneau) ASHY-BREASTED ATLAPETES Tanagra schistacea, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 69, 1840 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate zones of the Andes except the northern section of the Eastern range (" Bogotá"; Laguneta, Salento 1850 m., Coconuco, Valle de las Papas, Almaguer; Paramillo 3750 m., San Antonio, Andes west of Popayán 3150 m., Munchique; Pasto, Cerro Pax). [Ecuador.] Additional records.-above Choachí m.; Paletará; Lago de La Gocha. Atlapetes tricolor crassus Bangs NORTHERN TRICOLORED ATLAPETES Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 21, p. 161, 1908 (San Antonio, 1740 m., Western Andes of Colombia). Range of the sp'ecies.-western Colombia to Perú. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Subtropical Zone of the western Andes above Cali (San Antonio). : Atlapetes tricolor subsp. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Subtropical Zone on the western slope of the Western Andes in the headwaters of the río San Juan (La Selva). In this forro the color of the pileum is old gold or greenish yellow instead of brown; the back glossy black instead of oily green as in the type of crassus. : Atlapetes tricolor subsp. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical Zone on the Pacific slope of Nariño (Ricaurte, río Perlasiví 1350 m., La Guayacana 270 m., Buenavista, San Pablo). [Western Ecuador.] Greener above than La Selva birds. The type of crassus, a browncrowned bird, remains unique. It is advisable to await further specimens from the Western Andes above Cali to be sure that the brown crown is not an individual rather than a racial character. : Atlapetes flavic.~ ps Chapman YELLOVV-CROVVNED ATLAPETES Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 162, 1912 (Río Toche, 2050 m., east slope of the Central Andes, Tolima, Colombia). Range of the species.- Central Colombia. COLOMBIA.- Known only from the Subtropical Zone on the east slope of the Central Andes in northern Tolima (Toche 2160 m., río Toche 2050 m.).

232 1104 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<.> 25 ~' Atlapetes semirufus zimmeri de Schauensee ZIMMER'S ATLAPETES Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 99, p. 123, 1947 (Río Negro, Boyacá, Colombia). Range oj the species.-venezuela and Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Subtropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes ín the upper Casanare region, eastern Boyacá, and Norte de Santander (río Negro, Pamplona). [Andes oj Táchi ra, Venezuela.] Replaced farther south on the same slope by the nominate form. AtJapetes semirufus majusculus Todd GREATER RUFOUS-BREASTED ATLAPETES Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32, p. 113, 1919 (Peñablanca, 2800 m., Boyacá, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Subtropical Zone on the western slope of the Eastern Andes in Boyacá. (Peñ~blanca 2800 m., La Uvita 2470 m.). y Atlapetes semirufus semirufus (Boissonneau) RUFOUS-BREASTED ATLAPETES Tanagra semirujus, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 69, 1840 ("Bogotá" ). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical and Temperate Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Cundinamarca ("Bogotá", Choachi, above Choachí m., Páramo de Choachí 3500 m., Quetame, traíl between Chipaque and Quetame). ~ Atlapetes brunnei-nucha brunnei-nucha (Lafresnaye) CHESTNUT-CAPPED ATLAPETES Embernagra brunnei-nucha, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 97, 1839 (México). Range oj the species.-southern México through Central America to Colombia; Venezuela, and Perú. COWMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones of the Western, Central and Eastern Andes, the mountains of Nariño, and the Macarena Mts. (Concordia, Baudó Mts. above the río Atrato, La, Selva, Pueblorrico, Lomitas, San Antonio, Riolima, La Florida, La Gallera, rio Mechengue 825 m., Cerro Munchlque, El Tambo; Cerro Pax, Pasto, Mayasquer, Ricaurte, La Guayacana; Santa Elena, Medellín, Salento, Laguneta 3000 m., Toche, El Edén, Miraflores, La Candela, El Isno, La Sierra; Cachirí, Páramo de Tamá, La Pica, Peñablanca, río Negro [Boyacá], "Bogotá", Fusagasugá, Buenavista [Meta], Andalucía). [México, Central America, parts oj Ecuador and Perú.] Additiona l records.-choachí; Ridge S. W. of Entrada Camp [Macarena Mts. ] 1350 m. (col. C. C. Doncaster).

233 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1105 === Atlapetes torquatus basilicus (Bangs) SANTA MARTA ATLAPETES Buarremon basilicus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12, p. 159, 1898 (Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia).. Range ot the species.-méxico southward through Central AmerlCa to Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical to Temperate Zone of the Santa Marta. Mts., m. (Pueblo Viejo, Chirúa, Heights of Chirúa. San Francisco, El Líbano, Valparaíso, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Páramo de Mamarongo, Macotama). Atlapetes torquatus perijanus Phelps and Gilliard PERIJÁ ATLAPETES Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1100, p. 6, 1940 (La Sabana, Río Negro, Perijá district, Zulia, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes in Norte de Santander (Pamplonita, Quebrada La Cucalina below Pamplonita m.). [Perijá region ot northwestern Venezuela.] The only Colombian adult specimen which I have examined differs from the type and! one other specimen of perijanus by having the pectoral band wider and more salid. Atlapetes torquatus assimilis (Boissonneau) BOISSONNEAU'S ATLAPETES Tanagra assimilis, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 67, 1840 ("Bogotá"). COLOMBIA.-Upper Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Eastern Andes from Cundinamarca southward to the mountains of Nariño; the Central Andes and the Western Andes, but not recorded from the west slope of the latter range ("Bogotá", Choachí, Chipaque 2700 m., El.Peñón 2880 m.; santa Elena, "Medellín", Santa Isabel, Laguneta, Coconuco Almaguer Andes west of Popayán; Chiles 3600 m., Cerro Pax). [Ec'uador, except southwestern section; northwestern Perú.] '-' Atlapetes atricapilllus atricapillus (Lawrence) LAWRENCE'S BLACK-HEADED ATLAPETES Buarremon atricapillus, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 10, p. 396, 1874 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-colombia and eastern Panamá. COLOMBIA.-Range little known. Recorded from the west slope of the Eastern Andes and both slopes of the Central Andes in the upper Tropical Zone (San Gil 1095 m., "Bogotá"; west of Honda [río Guali Valley]; La Frijolera 1500 m.). A related forro, Atlapetes atricapillus tacarcunae (Chapman) should be found on the Colombian slope of Mt. Tacarcuna on the Panamá border.

234 1106 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 ':' Lysurus castaneiceps (Sclater) CHESTNUT-CAPPED SPARROW Buarremon castaneiceps, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 441 (Río Napo, eastern Ecuador). Range ot the species.-colombia, Ecuador and southeastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones on the western slope of the Western Andes, and the Putumayo slope of the Andes of Nariño (Río Sucio, Frontino, La Selva, Pueblorrico, Nóvita Trail m., La Gallera 2100 m., Coca!, río Munchique, río Mechengue 720 m.; Cerro Pax). Four birds from the Western Andes of Colombia have a deeper and wider bill than a single specimen from Cerro Pax. Arremon taciturnos taciturnos (Hermann) PECTORAL SPARROW Tanagra taciturna, Tabl. Aff. Anim., p. 214, 1783 (Cayenne). Range of the species.--south America east of the Andes, from eastern Colombia to the Guianas. The Río Negro region southward to southeastern Brazil and northern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Extreme eastern Colombia along the Orinoco (Maipures). [Southern Venezuela, northern Brazil west to the Rio Negro) and the Río Madeira southward to Espirito Santo, Matto Grosso and northern Bolivia.] Replaced farther west on the Eastern Llanos, near the base of the Andes, by the next form. ':' Arremon taciturnos axillaris SClater YELLOW-SHOULDERED SPARROW Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1854", 1855, p. 97 ("Bogotá"). 1 COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Casanare, eastern Boyacá, and Meta (Palmar, La Colorada, "Bogotá", Villavicencio, río Ocoa, río Dudita). [Wester n Venezuela in the States ot Portuguesa, Barinas and southern Táchira.] Arremon sch!egeli schlegeli Bonaparte SCHLEGEL'S FINCH Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850 (Caracas, Venezuela). Range of the species.-northern Venezuela and northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-The Caribbean coast (except the Macuira range in La Guajira) westward to Atlántico and northern Bolivar, Tropical zone up to about 1000 m. (La Concepción, Chirúa, San Miguel, Pueblo Viejo Palomino, Onaca, Cacagualito, Bonda, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Mincá Agua Dulce, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Riofrío; Los Pendales, Santa' Cruz, Cartagena, La Popa [ = Cerro de La Popa in the outskirts of Cartagena], Turbaco). [Northern Venezuela.] Additional records.- La Cueva.

235 R.:_. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1107 Arremon schlegeli fratruelis Wetmore MACUIRA, FINCH Smiths. Mise. Coll., 106, no. 16, p. 13, 1946 (Near Nazaret m., Serranía de Macuira, Guajira, Colombia). ' COLOMBIA.-Confined to the Serranía de Macuira above 450 m., in the Guajira Península (near Nazaret). = Arremon schlcgeli canidorsum Zimmer SAN GIL FINCH Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54, pp (San Gil, San- tander, Colombia). ' COLOMBIA.-Known only from the western slope of the Eastern Andes in the rio Fonce valley, Santander (San Gil 1095 m.) : Arremon aurantiirostris erythrorhynchus Sclater RED-BILLED FINCH Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 83, pl. 89 ("Bogotá"). Range ot the species.-southern México southward through Central America to northeastern Perú. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the middle Magdalena, lower Cauca, and upper Sinú Valleys ("Bogotá"; Chicoral, Honda, west of Honda, Remedios 770 m.; Puerto Valdivia; Quimarí). Arremon aurantiirostris strictocollaris Todd TODD'S ORANGE-BILLED FINCH Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 35, p. 90, 1922 (Sautatá, lower Río Atrato, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone in the extreme lower Atrato Valley (Sautatá). [Eastern Panamá.] Replaced in the middle and upper Atrato Valley by the next form. Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis Hellmayr PACIFIC ORANGE-BILLED FINCH Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1911, pp. 1118, 1119 (Condoto, Chocó, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the middle and upper Atrato Valley and the entire Pacific coast usually up to about 1000 m., and rarely to 1800 m. (río Jampavadó río Juradó, río Salaquí, Dabeiba, Alto Bonito, Nuquí, Baudó Mts., rio Jurubidá ~000 m., l?anta cecili ~, Nóvita Trail 480 m., La Costa, río Mechengue, no Munch1que, Munch1que 1800 m. Barbacoas Buenavista, La Guayacana). 'rn northwestern Colombia occidentalis and stri ctocollaris merge. Thus in 14 birds from the río Jampavadó, río Salaquí and río Juradó, one from the latter locality and another from the río Jampavadó are typical strictocollaris.

236 1108 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N<? 25 Chapman noted a bird from 1800 m. on Cerro Munchique as larger than birds from the Tropical Zone (wing 76 mm.). This measurement, however, is surpassed by a male from La Costa 750 m. which has a wing of 77 mm. ' ' Arremon aurantiirostris spectabilis Sclater EAST ECUADORIAN ORANGE-BILLED FINCH Proc. Zool. Soc. London, " 1854", 1855, p. 114, pl. 67 (Quijos, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Known only from Putumayo (Umbría). [Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Perú.] Arremon conirostris tocuyensis (Todd) TOCUYO SPARROW Arremonops tocuyensis, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 198, 1912 (Tocuyo, Lara, Venezuela). Range of the species.-southern México southward to western Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-The Guajira Península and the scrubby region around Riohacha in the arid Tropical Zone (Nazaret, Carraipía, Maicao, Ríohacha, Arroyo de Arenas). [Northwestern Venezuela.] At Arroyo de Arenas, in the arid coastal plain south of Riohacha, the range of tocuyensis comes very close to that of typical conirostris. The latter has been recorded by Todd and Carriker from Loma Larga, about 12 km. south of Arroyo de Arenas. : Arremon conirostris conirostris Bonaparte BONAPARTE'S SPARROW Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850 (Colombia "Bogotá", ex Hellmayr and von Seilern). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Caribbean coast from the upper Sinú Valley eastward to the eastern foothills of the Santa Marta Mts. in the upper Ranchería Valley; the Magdalena Valley south to about 4o North Latitude, and the east slope of the Eastern Andes from Casanare to Meta. Not recorded from Atlántico. (Quimarí, Murucucú, Puerto Zapote, Turbaco, Cartagena; Tucurinca, Aracataca, Riofrío, Mamatoco, Banda, Dibulla, Loma Larga, Fonseca, Conejo, Los Gorros, La Cueva, Camperucho, Caracolicito; Codazzi, Bucaramanga, Sasaima 1225 m., "Bogotá"; Puerto Sagoc, Puerto Berrío, Malena, Nare, Honda, Ambalema, Chicoral, Guamalito; Casanare, Buenavista [Meta], Villavicencio, Territorio de San Martín). [Northern Venezuela south to the Orinoco, except northern Falcón, western Lara antt: the region southl ot Lake Maracaibo.] Replaced east of the Santa Marta Mts. in the lower Ranchería Valley by the smaller forro tocuyensis.

237 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBlA 1109 Arremon conirostris inexpectatus (Chapman) HUILA SPARROW Arremonops conirostris inexpectatus, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 184, 1914 (Below Andalucía, 900 m., west slope of the Eastern Andes, Huila, Colombia). OOLOMBIA.-Arid Tropical and lo't.rer border of the Subtropical Zone in the upper Magdalena Valley south of 30 30' North Latitude (Villavieja 439 m., Andalucía, El Isno, San Agustín 1600 m.). Arremon conirostris umbrinus (Todd) ZULlA SPARROW' Arremonop'S conirostris umbrinus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 36, p. 38, 1923 (Santa Elena, Mérida, Venezuela). ~OLOMBIA.-Known only from Norte de Santander (Petrólea, río Zulla, Guayabal, 16 km. north of Cúcuta, Chinácota, La Donjuana El Rosario, San Luis, Santiago, Gramalote, Sardinata, Aguablanca,' La Arenosa, El Edén, La Jarra, La Javilla). [South and west of Lake Maracaibo in the States of Mérida, Táchira, and Zulia.] Arremon conirostris striaticeps (Lafresnaye) Embernagra striaticeps, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 61, 1853 (Panamá). LAFRESNAYE'S SPARROW COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone from the lower río Atrato southward to the Pacific slope of Nariño (Sautatá; Tumaco, Barbacoas, Buenavista). [Panamá; western Ecuador.] This is Arremonops conirostris chrysoma of Chapman's list. Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc) GRASSHOPPER SPARROW Tanagra humeralis, Journ. d'hist. Nat. (Choix de Mémoires), 2, no. 17, p. 179, pl. 34, fig. 4, 1792 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-colombia and Venezuela southward to southeastern Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally Subtropical Zone in the ca;uca Valley, the Santa Marta region, the Magdalena Valley south to Vlllaviej a, the Eastern Andes, and the Eastern Llanos eastvfard t? the Orinoco (Jamundí Cali Yumbo Bonda San José, Taquma, Paramo de Macotama 27oo' m., camperucho; Monte Elías, Tierra Nueva, "Potrero de Benancio" Casacará Aguachica, Ayacucho, Bucaramanga; near Honda, Chicoral, Villavie'ja; Palmar, Villavicencio, Quena~e, La Argentina Vieja, Yurimena; Maipures). [Venezuela, the G!Lt~nas, Brazil west to the Rio Madeira, Matto Grosso and parts ot Boltma. ] Additional records.-peralonso, Puerto López. Myospiza h. columbiana Chapman is regarded as a synonym.

238 1110 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 25 Myospiza humeralis pallidula Wetmore GUAJIRA GRASSHOPPER SPARROW Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 62, p. 161, 1949 (Maicao, Guajira, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Restricted to the Guajira Península (Maicao, Puerto López, Puerto Estrella). [Adjacent arid lowlands of northwestern Venezuela, north of Maracaibo.] Myospiza aurifrons apurensis Phelps and Gílliard APURE YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1153, p. 17, 1941 (Santo Domingo, Táchira, Venezuela). Range ot the species.-venezuela and eastern Colombia to Bolivia, and the Amazon Valley. COLOMBIA.-Known only from Norte de Santander (río Táchira, río Pamplonita). [Western Venezuela.] Myospiza aurifrons cherriei Chapman CHERRIE'S YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 183, 1914 (Villavicencio, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Llanos del Meta (Villavicencio, Yurimena). Additional records.-río Ocoa. Myospiza aurifrons tenebrosa Zimmer and Phelps RIO NEGRO YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1395, p. 8, 1949 (San Carlos, Río Negro, Territorio Amazonas, Venezuela). COLOMBIA.-Río Guainía opposite the mouth of the Casiquiare. [Southern Venezuela along the Rio Negro, and doubtlessly adjacent section ot northwestern Brazil.] ':' Myospiza. aurifrons aurifrons (Spix) YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW. Tanagra aurifrons, Av. Bras. Spec. Nov., 2, p. 38, pl. 50, fig. 2, 1825 (Fonte Boa, Río Solim5es, Brazil). COLOMBIA.-Known from the Caquetá region, ranging doubtlessly southward to Amazonas (Florencia, Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [Upper Amazonia to Bolivia.] Ammodramus savannarum caucae Chapman CAUCA VALLEY GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 161, 1912 (Cali, Cauca Valley,. Colombia).

239 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 1111 Range of the _species.-united States east of the Rocky Mts., México, the West Ind1es, Central America, Colombia and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Known only from the upper Cauca Valley (Cali 1000 m., Yumbo 985 m.). [Western Ecuador.] ~ Brachyspiza capensis costaricensis (Allen) COSTA RICAN SPARRO~ Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 374, 1891 (San José, Costa Rica). Range oj the species.-southern México southward through Central and South America to Tierra del Fuego. COLOMBIA.-Usually Subtropical and Temperate zones of the Andes and the Santa Marta Mts., not rare in the upper Tropical Zone, and occasionally found as low as 360 m. (San Lorenzo, San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Chirúa, La Concepción, San Sebastián, El Mamón, Atánques; La Palmita, Pueblo Nuevo, Cachirí, Pamplona, Bucaramanga, "Bogotá", Choachí, above Choachí 3000 m., Fómeque, Quetame, Chipaque, El Peñón, El Roble, Salto de Tequendama, Sabana de Bogotá and city of Bogotá, La Holanda, Villeta sight, below Andalucía 900 m. [west slope]; La Frijolera, Santa Elena, Medellín, Envigado, Retiro, La Camelia, Santa Isabel 3600 m., Salento, Laguneta, río Toche, El Edén, "east of Palmira 2040 m." [= Miraflores], La Palma, Popayán, La Sierra, Valle de las Papas; Paramillo 3750 m., Dagua 600 m., San Antonio, Cali, Palmira, Cerro Munchique, Andes west of Popayán, Mojarras 360 m.; Ricaurte, Mayasquer, Cumbal, Cerro Pax). [Costa Rica, Panamá; Ecuador; western Venezuela.] Additional records.-subachoque; Paletará; Pichindé above Cali. Four males from Cumbal, 3150 m., have wings of mm. (ave mm.) as against mm. (ave mm.) for birds from Laguneta 2300 m., Salento 2300 m., Toche 2300 m., Mayasquer 2000 m., San Miguel, Pueblo Nuevo and La Palmita. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 77, p. 410, 1940) gives for the wing of costaricensis mm. (ave mm.). It is possible that more specimens from the Temperate Zone of the mountains of Nariño will show that region to be inhabited by a larger race than that found in the rest of Colombia. Dr. Chapman, however, calls all Colombian birds costaricensis, and as he h a;d at his disposal large quantities of material, I follow his identification. A single male from Mojarras, 360 m., in the Patía Valley has the coronal stripe much paler grey and the under parts whlter than any other specimen examined. Professor Dugand writes me that one male from Subachoque, near Bogotá, has the wing 72 mm. Emberizoides herbicola sphenurus (Vieillot) GUIANAN WEDGE-TAILED GROUND FINCH Passerina sphenura, Nouv. Dict. d'hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 25, p. 25, " 1817", 1818 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.-costa Rica to Colombia, Ve~ezuela and the Guianas southward to Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentma.

240 1112 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 25 COLOMBIA.-Tropical and Subtropical Zones iri the Cauca Valley, the three Andean ranges, the Santa Marta Mts., and the Llanos del Meta (El Tambo [Cauca], Yumbo; Paletará, La Manuelita, Medellín, "Río Poru" [ = Río Porce]; Palomino, Pueblo Viejo, San Miguel, Macotama, Chirúa, Heights of Chirúa, La Concepción; El Cauca, "Bogotá", Quetame, Quenane, Yurimena). [Venezuela ( ex cept the upper Apure Valley) and the Guianas.] Addi tional records.-popayán. Birds from the northern portian of the Eastern Llanos in Arauca may belong to the form apurensis Gilliar.d described from the upper Apure Valley in adjacent western Venezuela. The present part concludes the main list of the birds of Colombia. However, since.part I was published (November 20, 1948) a considerable number of species and subspecies, not previously reported from the country, have been secured through collections made in various parts of Colombia. To bring this list up to date an addenda, together with a corrigenda and index to the entire work, will be published early in The four installments of " The Birds of the Republic of Colombia" were issued as follows: 1.-pp. 251 to 380, vol. V, No. 22, November pp. 381 to 644, " " No. 23, September 28, pp. 645 to 872, " " No. 24, July 10, pp. 873 to 1112, " " No. 25, August 31, The addenda and corrigenda to " The Birds ot Colombia", a nd the General Index to Volume V of Calclasia (Nos. 21 to 25) will appear in a special issue early in EnrTOR.