Revision of Monstera of Central America. Thomas B. Croat P. A. Schulze Curator Missouri Botanical Garden
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1 Revision of Monstera of Central America Thomas B. Croat P. A. Schulze Curator Missouri Botanical Garden
2 Key to sections of Monstera Juvenile plants with leaves long-petiolate and spreading. Pistils mm diam. in fruit; seeds cm diam. sect. Tornelia Pistils 5-8 mm diam.; seeds 5-13 mm diam. sect. Monstera Juvenile plants with shingle leaves, tightly appressed to tree and with short petioles. Flowering spadix erect. sect. Monstera Flowering spadix pendent, adult leaf with ligule about as long as petiole. sect. Echinospadix
3 Monstera last revised by Madison (1977) 22 species, 3 varieties 4 sections Sect. Tornelia 1 sp. Sect. Monstera 13 spp. Sect. Marcgraviopsis 7 spp. Sect. Echinospadix 1 sp. All except 2 of Madison s species were native to Central America. One additional species, M. lechleriana is endemic to South America but reported for Central America based on misdetermined material. Presently there are 94 species Sect. Monstera 28 spp. Sect. Marcgraviopsis 12 spp. Sect. Tornelia 1 sp. Sect Echinospadix 1 sp. Unknown sections 52 spp.
4 Number of Species per Country Mexico Guatemala Belize El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama
5 All Monstera Species in Central America 92 Mexico 11 Guatemala 8 Belize 6 El Salvador 1 Honduras 7 Nicaragua 9 Costa Rica 40 Panama 64 Middle America 47 (All of Central America except Mexico and Panama)
6 Number of Endemic Species per country Mexico Belize Honduras Costa Rica Panama
7 Endemic Species in Central America Mexico Guatemala Belize El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama
8 Characteristics of Monstera Internodes coarse and tough with roots mostly on one side of stem Roots dense, capable of growing into cracks Petioles typically almost fully sheathed Sheath persisting or deciduous Juvenile growth scototropic Juvenile leaves diverse in shape and form Leaf blades highly diverse - Entire - Pinnately lobed - Perforated - Perforated becoming pinnate Major veins sunken and concolorous above, narrowly rounded and paler below Reticulate venation reticulate Inflorescence 1-several per axil Peduncle variation Spathe thick and caducous Pollination by beetles at night Spadix cylindroid Flowers hermaphroditic Stigmas circular or oblong, berries with large seeds
9 Pinnately lobed Perforate in several series Leaf blade diversity Entire blades Partly perforate with ripping out
10 Spathe spadix proportions M. egregia M. tarzuensis M. deliciosa Monstera sp. nov. Boquete M. acuminata
11 Fruit type and dehiscence M. obliqua M. anomala M. acuminata
12 Preparing a working key Blade with reticulate venation Blade with parallel venation
13 Key to Monstera of Central America 1. Adult leaf blades with secondary venation completely reticulate. 2. Petiole sheath persistent. M. membranacea Madison M. florescanoana Croat, Krömer & Acebey 2. Petiolar sheath deciduous. 3. Peduncles longer than the spadix. M. zhuii Croat 3. Peduncles shorter or longer than the spadix. 4. Petioles longer or equal to the length of the midrib of the leaf blade. M. deliciosa Liebm. 4. Petioles shorter than the midrib of the leaf blade. 6. Stems of adult plants more or less flattened laterally M. filamentosa 5. Stems of adult plants subcylindric. 6. Leaf blades regularly M. punctulata (Schott) Schott ex Engl. 6. Leaf blades not regularly pinnatifid. 7. Leaf blades to rounded at base. M. dubia 7. Leaf blades broadly cordate at the base. M. siltepecana 1. Adult leaf blades with secondary venation parallel.
14 Additional Key Characters involving Stems and Petioles 2. Petiole sheath persistent. M. membranacea M. florescanoana 2. Petiolar sheath deciduous. 3. Peduncles longer than the spadix. M. zhuii 3. Peduncles shorter or longer than the spadix. 4. Petioles longer or equal to the length of the midrib of the leaf blade. M. deliciosa 4. Petioles shorter than the midrib of the leaf blade. 5. Stems of adult plants more or less flattened laterally. M. filamentosa 5. Stems of adult plants subcylindric. 6. Leaf blades regularly pinnatifid. M. punctulata 6. Leaf blades not regularly pinnatifid. 7. Leaf blades to rounded at base. M. dubia 7. Leaf blades broadly cordate at the base. M. siltepecana
15 Key Characters of Blade Perforations. 9. Leaf blades regularly pinnatifid (rarely on one side only). 10. Leaf blades lacking perforations. 11. Pinnae pairs; flowering spadix cm diam.; Nicaragua to Panama. M. tenuis 11. Pinnae 4 12 pairs; flowering spadix 1 3 cm diam. 12. Leaf blades broadly cordate at base M. deliciosa 12. Leaf blades truncate to acute at base
16 Additional Key Characters for Monstera- Peduncle & Spadix Proportions 32. Peduncles shorter than the spadix. 33. Leaf blades generally perforate; petiole sheath deciduous or persisting entire. M. barvaensis Croat 34. Spadices with stigmas rounded or subrounded. M. quereteroensis 34. Spadices with stigma oblong. 35. Internodes 5 11 cm long. M. acuminata 35. Internodes short. 33. Leaf blades lacking perforations M. anomala 32. Peduncles longer than the spadix. 34a. Inflorescence with spadix narrow, more than 6 times longer than wide. 35. Petioles asperous-verrucose. M. ortizii, M. moralesii, M. garwoodiae, M. buseyi, M. costaricensis 35. Petioles glabrous and more or less smooth.
17 M. cf. acuminata, Carnevali 6288
18 Monstera acuminata, Diaz 613
19 M. acuminata, Tabasco, vic. Teapa
20 Monstera acuminata
21 M. adansonii var. laniata
22 Monstera anomala
23
24 Monstera bocatorensis, Hammel 14599
25 Monstera copensis
26 Monstera deliciosa
27 Monstera deliciosa, Cult. Honduras
28 Monstera dubia, juvenile leaves, Mexico, Palenque
29 Monstera dubia
30 Monstera donosoenensis
31 Monstera dwyeri Croat
32 Monstera egregia
33 Monstera egregia Schott s Illustration
34
35 Monstera filamentosa, Grayum 8762
36 M. florescanoana T. Kröemer Veracruz (type)
37 Monstera florescanoana
38 Monstera florescanoana
39 Monstera integrifolia
40 Monstera obliqua Cerro Jefe, Ortiz
41 M. obliqua
42 M. pinnatipartita, Monteverde,Costa Rica
43 Monstera pinnatipartita, Croat 82540
44 Monstera punctulata
45 M. punctulata
46 M. spruceana, Croat 74126
47 Monstera standleyana nster
48 Monstera tarrazuensis
49 M. tarrazuensis
50 M. tenuis, Boquete Area, Panama
51 Monstera tiribiensis, Grayum, 3404
52 Monstera tuberculata
53 Monstera with bicolored leaves
54 Panama, Boquete to Santa Clara
55 Monstera alfaroi
56 Monstera allenii
57 Monster alfaroi
58 Monstera alticola
59 Monstera alticola
60
61 Monstera copensis
62 Monstera costaricensis
63 Monstera deliciosa
64 Monstera dilacerata
65 Monstera dissecta
66 Monstera dissecta
67 Monstera donosoensis
68 Monstera donosoensis
69 Monstera dubia
70 Monstera dubia
71 Mostera dubia
72 Monstera dwyeri
73 Monstera egregia
74 Monstera epipremnoides
75 Monstera epipremnoides
76 Monstera diseccta
77 Monstera glaucescens
78 Monstera golfitoensis Croat
79 Monstera golfitoensis Croat
80 Monstera grayumii Croat
81 Monstera hammelii Croat
82 Monstera hammelii Croat
83 Xanthosoma hannonii Croat
84 Monstera hornitioensis Croat
85 Monstera ibaneziae Croat
86 Monstera intregrifolia Zuluaga & Croat
87 Monstera knappiae Croat
88 Monstera lentii Croat & Grayum
89 Monstera lentii Croat & Grayum
90 Monstera luteynii Madison
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