A partially Annotated Bibliography of Biodiversity Studies in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Transcription

1 A partially Annotated Bibliography of Biodiversity Studies in the Eastern Arc Mountains The Eastern Arc Mountains supporting moist forest range from the Makambako Gap in southern Udzungwa of Tanzania to the Taita Hills in Kenya J.A.Isango TANZANIA FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (TAFORI)

2 A partially Annotated Bibliography of Biodiversity Studies in the Eastern Arc Mountains J.A.Isango TANZANIA FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (TAFORI)

3 TAFORI, and CMEAMF 2007 All rights reserved. This bibliography should not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without a prior permission in writing of the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) and Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests (CMEAMF). ISBN. Second Edition 2007 Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) Tel: P.O. Box 1854, TELEFAX MOROGORO-TANZANIA tafori@morogoro.net Compiled with assistance from the Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Project (CMEAMF)

4 CONTENTS List of acronyms and abbreviations Preamble i ii Partially Annotated Bibliography on Eastern Arc Mountain Forests 1 Subject index 315 Appendix 1 Biodiversity studies for the period of

5 i LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CITES CMEAMF COSTECH DANIDA EANHS TAFORI FAO FINNIDA FORST IRA ILDP IUCN IUFRO MEMA NEMC NSS TANESCO TARO TANAPA TIRDEP SECAP SUA UDSM UNEP WCST WWF Conservation on International Trade in Endangered species of flora and fauna. Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Project Tanzania Commission for Science & Technology Danish International Development Agency East African Natural History Society Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations Finnish International Development Agency Forestry Research Support in Tanzania-Support of TAFORI by the Government of Finland Institute of Resource Assessment Integrated Livestock Development Project International Union for the Conservation of Nature (World Conservation Union) International Union of Forestry Research Organisations Matumizi Endelevu ya Misitu Asili (Udzungwa Mountain Forest Management and Natural Woodlands Management Project-DANIDA National Environment Management Council National Soil Service (Tanzania) Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Tanzania Agricultural Research Organisation Tanzania National Parks Tanga Integrated Rural Development Programme Soil Erosion Control & Agroforestry Project Sokoine University of Agriculture University of Dar es Salaam United Nations Environment Programme Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania Worldwide Fund for Nature

6 ii PREAMBLE The Eastern Mountains are chain of isolated ancient crystalline mountains, extending from Makambako Gap in south Udzungwa of Tanzania to the Taita Hills in Kenya. It was formed by repeated uplifts and faults, and is under direct climactic influence from Indian Ocean. The annual rainfall is high on eastern than western side of mountains. The mountains are globally important for high level of endemism (hot spots) for plants and animals. They are also important as major sources of water and hydropower, forest based products and agricultural production. The importance of Eastern Arc Mountains is obtained from published and unpublished literature of Researchers. Also from literature it is known that at least 96 vertebrate and 800 vascular plant species are endemic. Seventy one of the endemic or near-endemic vertebrates are threatened by extinction and hundreds of vascular plant species are also threatened. Thus literature on biodiversity research in Eastern Arc Mountain Forests (EAMF) presents a valuable source of information for conservation and management of Eastern Arc Mountains. Although this is well known that biodiversity studies have been conducted in this area for the past 80 years ( ) the literature has not been used to its full potential or synthesized mainly because of the absence of an easily accessible centralized collection of references, (database) as well as the dispersed location of many of the documents. This shortcoming prompted to consolidate the literature which culminated into the first edition. This second edition has come as result of proliferation of literature for the past 5 years thus being an update of first edition. The update will establish the extent reached presently by researchers, and this is important for conservation and management, and will act as planning tool for future studies, thus reduce duplication of efforts by researchers. The bibliography is restricted to the work undertaken in or specifically relevant to the Eastern Arc Mountains Forests of Tanzania and Kenya. The collection covers the following subjects: History of Eastern Arc, land use, Law and Policy, environmental studies, biodiversity survey, impacts of activities on biodiversity, ethno botany studies Biological studies, sociological studies, Forest management plans, Research projects & reports, Biodiversity conservation programmes, Status & Conservation of biodiversity, Non-timber forest products, Utilization of biodiversity, Threats of biodiversity and crosscutting studies. Both published and non published literatures have been surveyed, from Information consulted for preparation of this work. A partially annotated bibliography of biodiversity studies in the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests (basic) (Isango, 2001) Annnoted bibliography on biodiversity of catchment forest reserves of Iringa, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga region (Howell, 1995) An annotated list of research reports issued by the silvicultural Research section from (Somi and Nshubemuki, 1980) List of literature available at Usambara Catchment Forest Project (Kijazi and Johansson,1994) Compilation from Forestry Abstracts concerning Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia & Southern Sudan from (Arvidsson, 1974) On line searches: CAB abstracts from and various websites

7 iii Publication from training and research institutions (SUA, UDSM,TAFORI and Mlingano and other agricultural research institutions). Publication from Kew botanical garden UK by letter request. Consulting Project Advisors : CMEAMF, MEMA, HIMA, Regional and District Offices. From individual publishers At least some 1,174 studies have been conducted in Eastern Arc mountain forests from 1927 to Most covered, are flora and fauna investigations: 26 percent, Conservation & Status of forests 15 percent and 12 percent. The Least covered were Ethno-botany, Impact of human activities on biodiversity, Land use, Law & Policy, and Sociological studies in that order. The First Edition of this Blibliography could have not come to fruition without the generous technical and financial support of the then Forestry Research Support for Tanzania Project (FORST), the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), Matumizi Endelevu ya Misitu Asili (MEMA) and the Second Edition financier CMEAMF Project. I am also grateful to Dr. L. Nshubemuki who proofread the entire bibliography and made available comments and Dr. N. Burgess for supplying literatures. This bibliography is by no means fully embracing. As more references become known, it will be updated. Arrangement is alphabetical by author. The subject index is provided at the end, it is according to the Oxford Decimal Classification for Forestry.

8 1 1. Aalbaek, A Farmers tree planting and access to germplasm in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Southern African Forestry Journal 191: The paper examines the effects of insufficient availability of planting material in farmer s tree planting in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Patterns in scale of farmers tree planting, species preferences, and experienced availability of planting material are investigated and compared with past sources of germplasm and with exisiting local nursery capacity. Different aspects of insufficient access to germplasm and possibilities for improving the germplasm supply situation are discussed. The study is based on interviews in 38 villages of 356 farmers and 161 key-informants and visits to nine nurseries. Most farmers in the southern highlands of Tanzania plant significant numbers of trees and tree planting is an integral part of farming systems. Main purposes of tree planting are fuelwood, timber in a broad sense, and fruit production. People want to plant wellknown species, which in most cases are exotics, and many species, popular among professionals, e.g. indigenous and multipurpose trees, are not requested by farmers. Lack of planting material is the main constraint to tree planting, and although small private or village-based nurseries are now being established, they are still few and capacities are far below demands. Nurseries mainly raise species with seed locally available, and many species, preferred by farmers, especially fruit trees, are not produced. Currently, most nursery owners are not able or willing to pay for seed. An improved supply of seedlings and seed must be economically sustainable at local level and there is a need for widespread promotion if low-tech, low-input nursery production and an imporved seed supply based on local seed sources. 2. Abdullahi, A Gender participation in natural resource management in the East Usambara mountains. The Darwin Course in Tropical Biology III/1998. Amani, East Usambara, Tanzania. The study was conducted in Kisiwani and Mlesa villages in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. It involved the use of semi-structured interviews alongside visual observations. Ten men and ten women were interviewed in each of the study areas. Results were summarized using percentiles. Observations in the villages show that there are neither woman s nor men s groups concerned with natural resources management. The younger age group s rate of forest utilization differs with gender. Females attest to forest use more than their male counterparts and the products of interest differ between males and females. Firewood is most in demand by both sexes, whereas timber is of interest only to men. Only women collect spices and vegetables from the forest. The recently established Amani Nature Reserve is a very important source of resources for both sexes. In spite of the great role that women play in natural resource use we found that no women groups concerned with environmental issues. This is considered a setback for conservation

9 2 measures. Participatory approach to resource management with consideration for the affected groups meeting social and economic needs of the community and encouragement of grassroots resources conservation organizations are recommended. 3. Abeli, W.S. & Nsolomo, V.R Causes of deforestation in Tanzania and possible measures to take. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p Various causes of deforestation and forest degradation including their impact on the environment are discussed and the measures to tackle deforestation are addressed. While it is apparent that not one single group of the society can be blamed for the disappearance of the tropical forests in Tanzania, suggestions to limit the trend are put forward (Study- Morogoro - Dar es salaam road). 4. Ackhurst, P.W., Micski, J Tanzania standard volume table for eak. Tanzania Forest Division. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. 48 pp. Presents table of total volume (o.b. and u.b.) and of merchantable volume (o.b. and u.b., to top diameters 10, 15 and 20 cm) for d.b.h. up to 75 cm and heights up to 40 m, based on measurements of 903 trees from all major plantations of Tectona grandis in Tanzania of Mtibwa and Longuza. 5. Adegbehin, J.O and Philip, M.S Studies of dominant height development and yield of Pinus patula at Sao Hill Forest Project, Southern Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam. Faculty of Agric., Forestry and vet. Science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 6. Three general and interelated topics concerning Pinus patula at Sao Hill were studied:the construction of site index curves; the applicability of the Tanzanian standard volume tables, the derivation of preliminary yield tables and comparison of site index curves with those from Kenya, Malawi, Natal and elsewhere in Tanzania. The results are then discussed. 6. Ahimana, C Biomass, volume and nutrient content assessment in three-year old Eucalpytus melliodora unweeded, clean-weeded and intercropped with beans, sorghum and maize in Morogoro, Tanzania. MSc (Forestry), Makerere University. 7. Ahl, E Zur Systematik der afrikanischen Arten der Baumfroschgattung Hyperolius (Amph. Anur.) Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 17: (Study-Uluguru).

10 3 8. Akida, A.B Economic impact of deforestation in the Uluguru mountains. Forest Economics Dept., SUA. 9. Allen, G.M. & Loveridge, A Mammals from the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 38: Although dated, still an important reference for mammals of the area. 10. Allen, G.M. & Loveridge, A Reports on the scientific results of an expedition to the southwestern highlands of Tanganyika Territory, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, Harv, 75: The paper describes on an early biological surveys of the southern portion of Tanzania. 11. Allen, J.C Soil properties and fast-growing tree species in Tanzania. Forest Ecology and Management 16 (1-4): Studies on growth rates and soil of yr old plantations and adjacent unmanaged natural forests at three climatically and geologically distinct sites: Uluguru Forest Reserve, quartzo-feldspathic granulite and mica, rainfall mm/yr, regenerating evergreen forest m 3 /ha p.a., Acacia mearnsii 3.5 m 3 /ha p.a.; East Chenene Forest Reserve, granite, rainfall mm/yr, mature dry woodland m 3 /ha p.a., Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus citriodora m 3 /ha p.a.; and Sambasha Forest Reserve, volcanic ash soils, rainfall mm/yr, mature evergreen forest 2-9 m 3 /ha p.a., Cupressus lusitanica up to 15 m 3 /ha p.a. These results suggest that plantations of exotic species do not improve upon the growth rates of the natural forests they replace in semiarid regions 12. Amandus, S The attitude and expectations of the people towards Agroforestry. A case study in two selected villages, Special Project, Forestry UDSM. Studies at Mhonda and Changarawe villages showed there was wood scarcity in both sites. For Mhonda, average distance to fuelwood sources was 5.4 km, for Changarawe, 8.3 km. Per caput consumption 2.53 m 3 per annum. About. 70% of interviewees (n = 50) were willing to involve themselves in tree planting and 88% experessed an interest in agroforestry. 13. Amani Forest Inventory and Management Plan Project, Forest Division of Tanzania/Finmap-Silvestria. FINNIDA, Helsinki. 14. Andrua, H Common property forest resources management. A case study in Msasa IBC, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. MSc.

11 4 Thesis, Department of Land Resources and Urban Sciences, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Enschede. 15. Anon Teak planting. Tanzania Tech. Note (Silvic.) No. 13. The importance of good seed origin is discussed. Kihuhwi, Morogoro H.G. Mission, Mtibwa plots, and Rawu plantations are recommended as good sources. Seed Collection from: Mohoro, Pugu, Muheza, Tanga, Sigi and collection from the plots which are younger than 10 years is discouraged. Climatic and soil requirements, germination, nursery techniques, injuries, rotation and yield are also discussed. 16. Anon Mombo Arboretum. Tanzania Tech. Note (Silvic) No. 26. Notes on Mombo arboretum compiled for the British Commonwealth Forestry Conference (1962) are given. The history of the arboretum and site conditions, nest planting of Chlorophora excelsa with matrix, diseases pests and damage are discussed. Plots of chief interest are the dry scrub and riparian forest sites. Notes on individual plots are given in a series of appendices. 17. Anon Growth rates of East African Camphor - Ocotea usambarensis Tanzania Tech. note (Silvic.) No. 55. (Sungwi, West Usambaras. Barankata, Kilema, Kifura, West Bombari). Provisional growth rate details for Camphor as observed for a period between four and five years in tree increment plots in West Usambaras and South Kilimanjaro, are given. The results generally show that it is not unreasonable to expect about 1 girth increment (0.8. d.b.h. increment) per annum, for the first 12 to 17 years. Between 17 and years competition presumably becomes increased and girth increment falls below 1. The figure for 100 fastest growing stems per acre (250 Stems/ha) was 1.5 (1.3 cm d.b.h.) and 1 (1.0 cm d.b.h.) for South Kilimanjaro and West Usambaras respectively. A 36 years old stand in south Kilimanjaro had a M.A.I. girth at breast height for only 0.8 (0.6 cm d.b.h. suggesting that competition becomes severe between 17 and 36 years. The diameter development for the West Usambara plot follows a similar pattern, but competition becomes severe sometime between 12 and 35 years. In South Kilimanjaro, a thinning at an age of approximately 17 years had little effect on the crop over a 4 year period of measurement after thinning. A heavy thinning in year old plot in West Usambara was effective. A heavy thinning at the age of years in a very dense stand resulted in no marked increase in girth increment over the four years period of measurement. The above suggests that the first thinning should not be delayed beyond 15 to 17 years. 18. Anon Arboreta: East Usambaras. Tanganyika, Forest Division, Silviculture Section, Tanzania Technical Note (Silvic.) No. 58.

12 5 Provisional results for the arboreta at Longuza lower arboretum, Tectona grandis, Terminalia superba, Terminalia invorensis, Maesopsis eminii and Cedrela odorata all showed 2.7 metre annual increment, over the first four years. Chlorophora regia from West Africa is noted to be resistant to gall formation. Araucaria cunninghamii and A. cookii had 1.3 meter annual increment. On the drier fire-climax site at Longuza the growth rates are lower metre annual increment. At Kwamkoro, Maesopsis eminii, Terminalia invorensis and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius all had 3 metre annual increment, over the first two years. Cedrela odorata and Bombax rhodognaphalon had slower growth rates. Newtonia and Cephalosphaera had a mean annual increment, varying from 0.3 to 0.9m. Beilschmedia appears to be a genuine shade demander in the early rears, planted in the open a two thirds casualty were noted. 19. Anon. 1985a. Asset-stripping in Tanzania threatens endemics. Oryx 19 (4): Anon. 1985b. African violet may disappear from the wild. New Scientist 1454: Anon Frontier-Tanzania Coastal Forest Research Programme Report of Activities pp. unpublished report. Describes work of Frontier-Tanzania, a collaborative venture between the University of Dar es Salam and Society for Environmental Exploration. Biological surveys have been carried out as follows: July-Sept. 1989, Pande, Pugu, Kisiju, Zaraninge, Rondo and Kichi Hills Forests; Oct-Dec. 1989, Pande and Kiwengoma Forests; Jan-March 1990, Zaraninge and Kiwengoma Forests; July-Sept. 1990, Mchungu, Kiwengoma, Mafia, Kazimbzumbwe, and Ruvu South Forests; July-Sept 1991, Zaraninge and Mkwaja Ranch Forests; Oct-Dec. 1991, Gendagenda, Msubugwe and Mkwaja Ranch Forests; Jan- March 1992, Tongwe, Kilulu, Amboni Caves and Kaya Horohoro Forests; July-Septe 1992, Namakutwa and Kiwengoma Forests; July-Septe 1992, Tong'omba and Mbinga Forests; Oct-Dec. 1992, Ruvu North, Kisiju and Vikindu Forests; Jan-March 1993, Pangani Falls, Chumbe Island, Magotwe, Handeni Hill, Mtunguru, and Jambe Island forests; July-Sept. 1993, Litipo, Rondo, Ruawa and Ngarama Forests. Unpulished reports have been circulated summarising some of the preliminary findings, but most of the specimens collected are still being studied and the data analyzed. Duplicate specimens of all plants collected are deposited in the Herbarium, Dept of Botany, UDSM, and duplicates of most vertebrate specimens are held in the collections of the Dept of Zoology, UDSM. The invertebrates are in the process of being sorted and identified, a process which will take many years for most groups because of the lack of specialist taxonomists. 22. Anon Growth rates of Cephalosphaera usambarensis and Maesopsis eminii. Tanzania Tech. Note (Silvic.) No. 71.

13 6 Growth rates of the above species compiled from: Tree increment in a natural forest at Amani and Kwamkoro are given. In a natural forest at Amani a 30 tree sample of Cephalosphaera usambarensis (Expt. 324), gave d.b.h. variation from 7.3 to 37.7 cm. At Kwamkoro Forest Reserve (Exp. T. 502), a 74 tree sample gave a d.b.h. variation from 7.3 to 58.5 cm. In a 54 years plantation at Amani d.b.h. varied from 3.7 to 68.o cm. This seems to suggest that the growth rate in a natural forest, though satisfactory is considerably less than that in plantations, where the crowns are free. Given good crown room, the species does not stagnate even after 50 years old. A CAI (d.b.h.) of 3.2 cm was obtained at Amani. Maesopsis eminii in contrast, grows considerably faster in its early years, even in natural forest with restricted crown space (Expt. 385). A mean annual d.b.h. increment of over 9 cm at 3-4 years is not uncommon (Expts. 571, 307). But CAI can be as low as 1.3 cm at 50 years (Amani) and 1.3 to 2.5 cm at 9 years old (depending on thinning) at Itira, Ukerewe Island. Furthermore growth falls off sharply before 40 years old. Thus for production of large diameter timber, Maesopsis is inferior to Cephalosphaera except when it is heavily thinned. But the latter is more difficult to handle silviculturally in the early stages. 23. Anon Trial plots - Eastern Region. Tanzania Tech. Note (Silvic.) No. 62. Teak trials at Bana, Kitulanghalo, Mwanihana and Kihiliri are mentioned. Site descriptions, tending and growth data for each plot are given in a series of Appendices. 24. Baagoe, H.J Mostly Smaller Mammals. In: The Study Tour to East Africa The Natural History-Geographical Subject Group. University of Copenhagen p Records of small mammals from Mweka, Kilimanjaro slopes, Shira Plateau and Amani. 25. Backer, J. and Holgersson, J The role of calling in the social behaviour of silvery-checked hornbills. In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, p Silvery-checked hombills, Ceratogymna brevis, live in social groups whose members communicate with each other by harsh quacking calls. We investigated whether the rate of calling depends on the size of a group, its sex ratio, and what activity the birds are engaged in. We also looked at how the rates of calling and patterns of activity changed throughout the day. Our observations consisted of three-minute focal watches and scanning observations at three different times of day, over six days. We found a significant correlation between group size and calling rate, but no relationship between calling rate and sex ratio. The birds called

14 7 significantly more in the morning and evening than during midday, a pattern that we attribute to the sharing of information at the roosting site. There was significantly more calling during flight than during other activities such as feeding and preening, and no significant difference between the relative amounts of time the hornbills spent on different activities as different times of day. We conclude that calling is a mechanism of information transfer between group members, for example about food availability and the presence of predators. 26. Backeus, I Report on a study tour to the indigenous forests of the West Usambara Mts., Tanzania, with special reference to regeneration. Meddelanden, Växtbiologiska Institutionen, Uppsala, Sweden. p The report describes: Organization of forest research in Tanzania; The Silviculture Research Station at Lushoto; The Usambara Mountains (topography and geology, climate, land-use and population, phytogeography, and vegetation); Present status of the indigenous montane forests of the Usambara Mountains; and Regeneration in indigenous forests (with particular reference to Juniperus procera, Ocotea usambarensis and Podocarpus spp.). The appendices include lists of publications from the Silviculture Research Station , species in Shume Nature Reserve and species mentioned in the text. 27. Backeus, I Pettersson, B., Stromquist. L, Ruffo,C Tree communities and structural dynamics in miombo (Brachystegia- Julbernardia) woodland, Tanzania. Forest Ecology and Management: 230: Tree vegetation and size structure was sampled in a miombo woodland area in E. Tanzania and related to environmental factors, particularly soil and disturbance history. A total of 86 tree species was found. Four plant communities were distinguished through multivariate classification. Community l was dominated by Brachystegia boehmii l, Brachystegia bussei l and Julbernardia globiflora, and community 2 by B. boehmii and Brachystegia spiciformis. Community l was found on grey, eroded soil and community 2 on red, residual soil, a fact that opens up possibilities to use soil signals of satellite data for vegetation mapping, Community 3 is heavily disturbed miombo woodland near villages and community 4 was found on more clayey soil where miombo woodland is not expected. At our 42 sampled sites, density ranged from 74 to 1041 individuals ha -1 and basal area from 3.9 to 16.7m 2 ha -1. Regeneration is generally good but large sized trees are less prominent in communities 3 and 4 due to harvesting. With reduced disturbance miombo species may rapidly resume dominance in community 3. A higher than expected representation by the size class (-50) cm dbh in community 2 is probably related to disturbance history. Prevalence of certain species (Pseudolachnstylis maprouneifolia, Pterocarpus angolensis and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon) may be related to frequent fires. Selective logging will soon cause extinction of Dalbergia melanoxylon, whereas Pterocarpus

15 8 angelensis still has good regeneration, possibly because individuals below logging size have a good seed set. A way to get an easy overview of size classes in all species in an area using PCA is discussed. 28. Barbour, T. & Loveridge, A A comparative study of the herpetological fauna of the Uluguru and Usambara mountains. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 50: Basilewski, P Mission entomologique du Musee royal de I'Afrique Centrale aux Monts Uluguru, Tanzanie. (L. Berger, N. Leleup et J. Derbecker, V-VIII, 1971). 19. Coleoptera Carabidae. Rev. Zool, Afr. 90: Describes collections of beetles (Coleoptera) in the Ulugurus. 30. Basilewsky, P Mission Zoologique de l I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale. LX. Coleoptera Carabidae. Annales Musée Royal de l Afrique Centrale, Tervuren,Série Octavo. Sciences Zoologiques 107: (Study-Uluguru) 31. Baum, E Opportunities and constraints of small scale farms to adopt agroforestry methods in the Western Usambaras of Tanzania. Tropenlandwirt 85: Since 1980 attempts have been made to extend methods of erosion control and agroforestry into the small farm sectors in the western Usambaras region of Tanzania so as to combat increasing environmental problems. While the programme has mainly been successful, there are some constraints on the adoption of the suggested new practices, especially on very small farms. The planting of contour lines of Guatemala grass on the mountains also make it possible to keep cattle in these areas and this is one of the strongest motivating factors in the adoption of erosion control measures. 32. Baum, E., J. Kotschi, K. Lilley, S. Ngware, Evaluation Report of Tanga integrated rural development programme TIRDEP Soil Erosion, Control and Agroforestry Project (SECAP) and Integrated Livestock Development Project (ILDP) in the Western Usambaras Tanzania. For German Agency for Technical Cooperation, Eschborn. 33. Bayliss, J.L. 1994a. Results of biological investigation in the Kimboza forest, Tanzania Coastal Forest Research Programme Technical Report No. 24. The Society for Environmental Exploration, London and the University of Dar es Salaam Tanzania. 34. Bayliss J. 1994b. Preliminary Results From a Biological Assessment of Magrotto Hill - An Old Amboni Oil Palm Estate with Surrounding Natural Forest.The Society for environmental exploration-london.

16 9 A formally owned Amboni Group. Oil palm Estate was Biologically investigated by the Frontier Tanzania Coastal Forest Research programme. The Estate situated on Magrotto Hill, was between 700 and 900 m.a.s.l.. Six sites of African Violets were found and detailed Botanical surveys were undertaken. The results showed there to be a nonsustainable level of pole cutting and a badly broken canopy in most areas of natural forest. The understorey forest had been cleared in many areas in order to plant Cardamon. However it was found to be regenerating reasonably successfully. Reptiles, Amphibians, Small mammals, Bats, Invertebrates were all intensively collected. These have been sent to various taxonomists around the world for formal identification; an undescribed species of Tree Hole Crab was collected and studied. The preliminary results of the expedition are now presented. 35. Baxter, W. and Hanna, S., Survey results on household fuelwood consumption and use of improved fuel-efficient stoves in four villages near Chome Forest Reserve. UNDP-GEF East African cross borders biodiversity project In 1998, fuel-efficient cook stoves were introduced by the UNDP-GEF East African Cross-borders Biodiversity Project (CBBP) in five villages adjacent to Chome Forest Reserve in Same District, in an effort to reduce the amount of fuelwood consumption, therefore lessening the human pressure on forest resources in Chome FR. Similar inputs took place in CBBP sites in Bukoba and Monduli districts. In November 2001, closedend surveys were administered in 4 of the villages in order to ascertain whether the improved stoves do indeed reduce the amount of fuelwood consumed per household (compared to traditional open three stone hearths), and to provide monitoring and evaluation feedback on the CBBP stove implementation program. The surveys were administered to a total of 73 households using improved stoves or traditional three-stone hearths in order to compare patterns of fuelwood collection and consumption between the two groups. The surveys were intended to gather both quantitative and qualitative data regarding the efficiency of the respective cooking methods, by asking questions targeted at villager experiences with the two cooking methods, and by measuring the volume of a typical bundle of fuelwood, which was used to derive an estimate of the volume of fuelwood collected per week. In addition, some of the survey questions focused on issues of stove use, wider uptake among households and awareness of the link between the improved cook stoves and forest conservation. These questions were designed to provide feedback on how CBBP can improve on and expand its stove program in villages adjacent to Chome Forest Reserve. Qualitative data collected from survey respondents were categorized by cooking method and presented in chart format. The survey attempted to collect hard quantitative data on fuelwood use, to substantiate villagers spoken perceptions. Fuelwood bundles were assessed and frequency of collection recorded. Quantitative data was analysed using T-tests and Mann- Whitney tests for significance between the average volume of fuelwood

17 10 collected per week by three stone hearth and improved stove users. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the volume of fuelwood collected per week by the two groups. Qualitative data strongly supported the assumption that improved cook stove users collect and use much less fuelwood on average than three stone hearth users. Reasons for this discrepancy between quantitative and qualitative data are addressed at length in the discussion section of this report. Responses to questions regarding villager perceptions about stove use, maintenance, and construction were reviewed to make suggestions about how CBBP can increase the use of the improved stoves in the future and make stronger links between conservation and development in the communities adjacent to Chome FR. Stove owners appear to be happy with their improved cook stoves, and many three stone hearth users expressed a desire to acquire an improved cook stove, though there was uncertainty as to how to get one. A number of suggestions were made regarding CBBP activities which may add to sustainability and scaling up of fuel-efficient cook stoves in forest-adjacent communities near Chome FR. The survey results highlighted a need for increased technical advice to villagers on stove building and maintenance, as well as greater awareness of the link between the conservation of Chome FR and the use of improved cook stoves. The survey results also drew attention to the difficulties in accurately calculating quantitative data related to fuelwood collection and consumption. It is recommended that future surveys evaluating the CBBP improved cook stoves program address cost issues related stove building in order to identify financial barriers to wide uptake of the stoves. 36. Bayliss J Preliminary Results of Biological Investigations into Manga Forest Reserve - A Lowland Forest in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanga Region. The lowland forests of the East Usambaras have long been overlooked in terms of Biology. The exact content and range of the flora and fauna is virtually unknown. The majority of study in the past has focused on the sub-montane forest blocks at higher altitudes, which has found that the high degree of endemism and biodiversity makes the East Usambaras one of the most important areas in Africa. The surveys included: Disturbance transects, Quantitative vegetative analysis, Forest profile transects, Herbarium collection, Mist netting small mammal trapping, Invertebrate pitfall trapping, Bucket pitfall tapping, Malaise trapping, Butterfly trapping, Socio-economic study, and General collection. A number of individual studies were undertaken: a behavioural study on the pigmy chameleon - Rampholeon brevicaudatus; an investigation into the leaf litter mollusc fauna; and the study of an undescribed species of tree hole crab, endemic to the East usambaras. Special focus was placed on the forest dynamic studies. Manga Forest reserve is an example of heavily logged lowland dry forest very few mature stands are left, except in the South of the reserve where the pitsawing activities are at present.

18 Beale, D Tree! What Tree? An ecological economic approach to producing a sustainable Mpingo trade (Dalbergia melanoxylon). A dissertation presented for the degree of Master of Science, University of Edinburgh. Mpingo (Dalbergia melanoxylon) is a tree species typically found in miombo woodland habitat, throughout sub-saharan Africa. The population of Mpingo found in Tanzania is exploited for one of the most valuable timbers in the world. This timber is used to produce carvings and many Western musical instruments. To satisfy demand mature Mpingo is extracted from at least 13,000 hectares of woodland each year. This combined with agricultural conversion of habitat and frequent wild fires threatens the viability of the Tanzanian commercial Mpingo population. Markets in Mpingo products are generally small and stable and situated in developed countries. Mpingo timber products show low price elasticity's of demand. They also show high elasticity's of substitution between sources of supply. Any increase in price of Mpingo products would be feasible if producers act in a co-ordinated group. Consumer preferences signal that such a move would not reduce demand significantly. Market failures mean that Mpingo extraction does not bear the full social costs of depletion. Tanzanian government policies have effected forest management and the pattern of trade to discourage the over exploitation of the species. Moves to include Mpingo in CITES may be ineffective and detrimental to the resource and its habitat, unless backed up by specific moves to address commercial Mpingo depletion. This may include a coordinated supply side policy of rent maximisation and a consumer led enforcement of sustainable trade practice. A certification process should be devised to co-ordinate the trade. Immediate moves should be made towards a sustainable Mpingo trade. Basic steps are needed to improve forest management practice. The Mpingo trade should provide a revenue for sustainable forest management. These steps require the co-operation of all producers and consumers, a suitable certification scheme and the perception by all parties that sustainable trade in Mpingo is a worthwhile and achieveable goal. 38. Beck, N Buffer zones and extractive reserves as a strategy for conservation of the East Usambara forests in Tanzania. Forestry and Rural Development Lecture, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen. 39. Beentje, H.J An ecological and floristic study of the forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Utafiti 1 (2): Beentje, H.J Kenya Trees, Shrubs, and Lianas. National Meseums of Kenya, Nairobi. 41. Beentje, H.J., Ndiangui, N. & Mutangah, J Forest islands in the mist. Swara. 10: Popular article on Taita and other forests; useful photos and general

19 12 informantion. 42. Beidelman, T.O Ironworking in Ukaguru. Tanganyika Notes Rec. 58/59: Bennett, J.G A consultancy in operational planning of inventories and mapping exercises of national forest reserves, district forest reserves and arable land in Handeni, Lushoto and Mwanga Districts, Tanga and Kilimanjaro Regions, Tanzania. A Report to GTZ and KFW. Natural Resources Institute, Overseas Development Administration, UK, (3) +66 pp. The conservation of biological diversity is becoming a recognised element of natural resource conservation in Tanzania. Whilst it is accommodated within the general scope of the 1986 draft Forest Policy, there is a need for more specific guidelines on natural forest management. Sustainable utilisation, with participation of, and tangible benefits to local communities provides the basis for conservation. National and local economic incentives for conservation are essential. So is the establishment of a network of care areas, designated as nature reserves, to conserve intact representative samples of Tanzania s diversity of ecosystems. 44. Bensted-Smith, R. & Msangi, T.H Conservation of ecosystems and genetic resources. Tanzania Forestry Action Plan. Sector review mission report II. United Republic of Tanzania, Forestry and Beekeeping Division. Tanzania has an unusually rich variety of ecosystems of economic, scientific and aesthetic value. Outstanding are the "Eastern Arc" Mountains, which have a high level of endemism. Also notable are the other mountain ecosystems, the coastal forest patches, the mangroves and the swamps. The woodlands are very extensive but less diverse. The conservation of biological diversity is becoming a recognised element of natural resource conservation in Tanzania. Whilst it is accommodated within the general scope of the 1986 draft Forest Policy, there is a need for more specific guidelines on natural forest management. Participation of, local communities provides the basis for conservation. National and local economic incentives for conservation are essential. So is the establishment of a network of core areas, designated as nature reserves, to conserve intact representative samples of Tanzania's diversity of ecosystems. Research must be a major component of the TFAP, for little is known about how the forests function ecologically. Specialised training in natural forest management and ecological research is a priority, as there is a shortage of such specialists in Tanzania. General forestry training should be more oriented towards natural ecosystems. Present natural forest management suffers from shortages of staff, operating funds, poor working and living conditions. Many priority conservation areas are being degraded or, if outside central government

20 13 reserves, destroyed. Clearance for agriculture, fire and over-exploitation of forest products are the main causes. When all economic factors are considered, the costs of deforestation are high. The strategy for improving the situation is to enable key people involved in forest and woodland conservation to develop the knowledge, capability and motivation to use the ecosystems sustainably. The key people are the forest managers, national and local decision makers, and the users of the forests, especially the people living near them. The "Conservation Action Plan" contributes to this strategy and specifies certain inputs required from other TFAP sectors. The plan centres on a programme of longterm conservation and development field projects in key areas: the main ranges of the Eastern Arc. Each component project combines improved forest management, community-based conservation and development, education, research and planning. A core nature reserve, surrounded by zones for utilisation, is proposed for each area. UNESCO man-and- Biosphere Reserve status is possible for one or more of these areas. Also proposed are two projects to conserve trees of special value: mpingo (Dalbergia melanoxylon) and muhuhu (Brachylaena hutchinsii). All projects include education and training and two have that specific focus: one at the University of Dar-es-Salaam and one in natural forests close to major towns. A critical habitats information project aims to help coordination between sectors and the incorporation of biological diversity considerations into land-use planning. The investments required are substantial but so are the economic returns, when all costs and benefits are assessed, particularly in the long term. 45. Beresford, P., Barker, F. K., Ryan, P. G and Crowe T. M African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary enigmas Proc. R. Soc. 272, The deep divergence between the African endemic passerines Picathartidae (rockfowl Picathartes and rockjumpers Chaetops, four species) and the Passerida (ca species) suggests an older history of oscines on the African continent than has previously been assumed. In order to determine whether any additional, unexpectedly deep lineages occur in African endemic songbirds, 29 species including 10 enigmatic focal taxa endemic to southern Africa were added to a large nuclear sequence dataset gathered from oscine songbirds (Passeri). Phylogenetic analyses of these data resolve many long-standing questions about the affinities of these birds, not all of which were predicted by traditional approaches. The application of a molecular clock indicates that most basal divergences in Passerida occurred in the middle to late Eocene, with divergences between African and Australasian core corvoids occurring somewhat later in the early Miocene. Consistent with inferences for mammals, divergences between Malagasy endemic passerines and their mainland relatives suggests an asynchronous colonization history. This emerging phylogenetic picture reveals that relationships within Old World families are highly

21 14 informative regarding the early dispersal and radiation of songbirds out of Gondwana. Future analyses will depend on improving resolution of higher-level phylogenetic relationships among these groups, and increasing the density of taxon sampling within them. 46. Beresford, P Molecular systematics of Alethe, Sheppardia and some other African robins (Muscicapoidea). Ostrich 74(1,2): Phylogenetic relationships between species of akalats (Sheppardia) and alethes (Alethe) were derived from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data, and phylogeographic pattern was also investigated in three widespread species (two Alethe and one Sheppardia) endemic to the African lowland rainforest biome. Co-distributed species of Alethe and Sheppardia showed similar spatial relationships between the Guineo- Congolian biome and the Western Rift mountains, and preliminary area relationships are shown for species of Sheppardia and Alethe distributed in the Cameroon highlands, the woodland areas north and south of the lowland forest block, and east African montane and lowland forest. Within widespread species, phylogeographic pattern was generally similar, with long branches between Upper and Lower Guinea populations, and between eastern and western Congolian populations. At the interspecific level, the nuclear intron used gave more resolution than the mitochondrial data, which gave poor resolution at basal nodes. While the affinities of some species groups were weakly supported, no support was suggested for the monophyly of Alethe and little for Sheppardia as those genera are currently circumscribed, and taxonomic changes are suggested. As found by previous workers, monophyletic clades corresponding to Muscicapini and Saxicolini of Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) were not recovered, and the membership of any monophyletic African forest robin assemblage needs to be resolved. 47. Beresford, P., Fjeeldsa, J. and Kiure, J., A new species of Akalat (sheppardia) narrowly endemic in the Eastern Arc of Tanzania. The Auk 121 (2): The group of small forest robins, or akalats, that dwell in lowland and montane forests in Africa have complicated parapatric or partly overlapping distributions, the details of which are still being discovered. Here, we use external morphology and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data to determine the reciprocal monophyly of several populations,including one form that is related to Sheppardia lowei and S. montana. Those data corroborate the recognition of a new species, Sheppardia aurantiithorax, and show relatively high levels of sequence divergence among populations of the different species. The discovery of this new species, narrowly endemic in the Eastern Arc montane forests, emphasizes the complex biodiversity of the region and underscores the need for prompt and eff ective conservation measures.

22 Berger, L. & N. Leleup Mission entomologique du Musée Royal de l'afrique Centrale aux Monts Uluguru, Tanzanie. (L. Berger, N. Leleup et J. Debecker, V-VIII, 1971). 1. Introduction. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 89: Bergmans, W A new fruit bat of the genus Myonycteris Matschie from Eastern Kenya and Tanzania (Mammalia, Megachiroptera).Zoologische Mededelingen 55: Describeds a new species, Myonycteris relicta, from forest in the Shimba Hills in Kenya and Ambangulu, West Usambara Mts., Tanzania. 50. Bhatia, Z & Buckley, P The uluguru slopes planning project promoting community involvement in biodiversity conservation. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K. Mhando, L. P.Phillipson and Vanden Berghe, E (Eds.) Biodiversity and Conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue: Journal of the East African Natural History Society. 87: The Uluguru Mountain forests of Eastern Tanzania are of high importance both for the conservation of biodiversity, and as a water catchment area for major urban centres. Only about 270 km 2 of forest is thought to remain, mostly inside forest reserves. The most biologically valuable sub-montane forest has been most badly affected and only a small area in the north-east Ulugurus remains. The main objective of the Uluguru Slopes Planning Project was to research the resource utilisation practices of villagers and their attitudes to forest conservation in the Ulugurus, through a socio-economic survey using participatory techniques. The findings demonstrated both that local communities are aware of the importance of forest conservation and that excellent examples of sustainable land management do exist. The results of the survey fed in to the planning of a funding proposal, a key element of which will be the dissemination of this best practice more widely around the mountains. 51. Bhatia, Z. & O. Ringia Socio-economic survey of selected villages in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Uluguru Slopes Planning Project Report No. 3. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (the Birdlife International partner in the UK). Report No Bhatia, Z. and Forrester, K Proceedings of the Morogoro/Uluguru networking meetings held in march and april Uluguru Slopes Planning Project Government of Tanzania. EU and Royal Society for Protection of Birds UK. Report No Binagi, E.R Consolidation of environmental education for adults. Critique of FINNIDA-funded forestry projects in Tanzania. A case study of the East Usambara Catchment Forest Project. East

23 16 Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 7, Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. 54. Binggeli, P. & Hamilton, A.C Tree species invasions and sustainable forestry in the East Usambaras.In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p After the introduction of non-native tree species in the Amani Botanical Garden and in forest, several species are now invading the natural and logged forests. The most noticeable example is the rapid spread of Maesopsis eminii in the submontane forest after being extensively planted in the 1960's and 1970 s. Invasion of most of tree species into tropical forest is a most unusual phenomenon, not reported from other parts of the world. Maesopsis becomes established in treefall gaps and its success is related to prolific seed production and widespread dispersal by hornbills, and also very fast growth rates. It is estimated that within 200 years Maesopsis could form up to 50% of the canopy even in unlogged forest. We have found a number of differences in ecosystem composition and structure under Maesopsis forest compared to natural forest including 1) a much more open canopy, 2) impoverished understorey vegetation containing many introduced species, 3) little regeneration of primary forest tree species, 4) thin and wood-rich litter, 5) increased exposure of soil with more runoff of water on the surface during rains, 6) greatly decreased amount of organic matter in the topsoil, which is also less acidic, and 7) paucity of the chubby mycorrhizal rootlets characteristic of primary forest. It is concluded that Maesopsis is a threat to the survival of some of the indigenous tree species and that it degrades catchment quality. Steps should be taken to eliminate or at least reduce the species in nature reserves, important catchment area and in forests intended for exploitation. It is suggested that Maesopsis at Kwamkoro plantations should be felled and should be replaced by native hardwood species, and a tentative silvicultural programme is put forward. We suggest that the logged forests and the rehabilitated Maesopsis plantations should be exploited on a sustainable basis. The silvicultural system to be implemented should simulate as much as possible natural forest dynamics. Methods of implementing environmentally sound silviculture are discussed, including felling techniques, use of machinery, and tending measures. Areas for further research are outlined. 55. Binggeli, P. & Hamilton, A.C Biological invasion by Maesopsis eminii in the Eastern Usambara forests, Tanzania. Opera Botanica 121: Binggeli, P The ecology of Maesopsis invasion and dynamics of the evergreen forest of the East Usambaras, and their implications for

24 17 forest conservation and forestry practices. In: Hamilton & Bensted- Smith, R (eds). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Maesopsis eminii is an introduced tree spreading rapidly in the East Usambaras. Studies based on its reaction to the formation of gaps in the forest canopy created by tree falls and the ecological causes, indicate that in about 200 years Maesopsis could form a sizeable (perhaps 50 %) proportion of the forest canopy, even in unlogged forest. The tree is a threat to the survival of indigenous endemic and near endemic species, and it should be controlled. The effects of Maesopsis in Kwamkoro, where it was planted in the 1960's and 1970's, is assessed and sugestions made for its management. 57. Binggeli, P Maesopsis eminii invasion of the evergreen rain forest in the East Usambaras (Tanzania). Biology and Control of Invasive Plants 1990: 1-7. Following the introduction of M. eminii in 1913 to the East Usambara mountains, the species is now spreading into the natural rain forest. The pattern of M. eminii invasion is described in relation to the attributes of the species and forest dynamics. The effects of M. eminii on ecosystem were deleterious and it is suggested that M. eminii should be controlled. Other cases of woody species invasions in the tropics are reviewed and compared to M. eminii. The impact of invaders on the ecosystem are also discussed. 58. Binggeli, P., Ruffo, C.K., Taylor, D. & Hamilton, A.C Seed banks in the forest soils. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, p Describes the details of the "seed banks", and it is seen that there is a large stores of ungerminated seeds, in the forest soils of the Usambaras. 59. Biodiversity Support Program Foundation for the Future. A Framework for Integrating Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development. African Biodiversity: Biodiversity Support Program.. Notes the need for new strategies for conserving biodiversity in Africa that: respect and incorporate African values, knowledge systems and priorities; involve local people in the management and use of biological resources; control or reverse the loss of biodiversity in every country and region; treat biodiversity conservation and economic development as intergral aspects of the same process of sustainable development. The authors develop an action programme to assist decision makers in their efforts; critical issues are identified and addressed: values in biodiversity conservation, indigenous knowledge, biodiversity conservation systems,

25 18 education training and networking; monitoring, evaluation and research. Each of these issues is discussed in separate chapter. 60. Björk, L. & Mareby, J Epiphyte mass and water storage capacity of epiphyte vegetation in a mossy montane rain forest, Nguru Mountains, Tanzania: a minor field study. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, Working Paper pp. Epiphyte mass and water storage capacity were estimated in a forest at 1900 m altitude. Total epiphyte dry weight was estimated at 13.5 t/ha. Some 57% of this was located in the largest trees (dbh >30 cm). Mosses, poikilohydric ferns and organic matter constituted 90% of total epiphyte mass. Lichens and vascular epiphytes (excluding poikilohydric ferns) constituted 2 and 7%, respectively, and tended to grow on the larger trees and especially in the canopy, probably because of substrate age and high light conditions. The sampling period [February-March 1991?] was very dry. The average field water content of epiphytes was 70% of dry weight. Water storage capacity was estimated by soaking dried epiphyte samples (prepared in an electric bulb-heated drier at C) for 5 min and then leaving to drain for 30 min on a wire net. The epiphyte mass could, on average, store 5.1x its dry weight of water. Total water storage capacity was estimated to be 69,000 litres/ha. The hydrological consequences of a large epiphyte mass are discussed. 61. Bjørndalen, J.E. & Pócs, T Application of vegetation maps for monitoring rain forest catchments in Tanzania. In: Faliñski, J.B. (ed.). Vegetation processes as subject of Geobotanical map. Proceedings of 33 Symposium of IAVS, Warsaw, April 8-12,1990. Supplementum Cartographiae Geobotanicae 2. Phytocoenosis 3: The rain forests of Tanzania occur mostly as small, isolated submontane and montane forests. They are characterized by a high biodiversity, with large numbers of endemic and rare taxa. The rain forests are very important water catchments, providing water for major cities and densely populated rural areas. Most of the remaining rain forests in Tanzania are protected as catchment forest reserves, but human encroachment and impacts around and inside the reserves are considerably. Only few areas with rain forests has been mapped in Tanzania. The present paper discusses problems with vegetation mapping of the rain forests, and presents a classification scheme based on a combination of dominant tree species, structural relationships, ecological characteristics and altitudinal zonation. 62. Björndalen, J.E Tanzania s vanishing rain forests - assessment of nature conservation values, biodiversity and importance for water catchment. Ecosystems and Environment 40:

26 Bjørnstad, A A preliminary check-list of Tanzanian Sphingidae with a record of specimens in Norway. Anders Bjørnstad, Drangedal, Norway. 64. Bohme, W Ein neues Chamaleon aus Tanzania, mit Bemerkungen uber Mimese bei Echsen (Reptilia: Sauria). Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 33: Describes a new species of Chamaleon from Udzungwa mountains. 65. Bohme, W Selten Reptilien aus dem Udzungwa-Gebirge, Sud Tanzania Herpetofauna 9 (48): Borhidi, A Species diversity in rubiaceae with respect to the Usambara rain forests. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March 13-17, 1989 p Rubiaceae is a top-family of the Dicotyledons. This is manifested by its representation with monotypic endemic genera and a high diversity on specific level. This genetic plasticity is a particular characteristic of phylogenetically young taxonomic groups being in a stage of evolutive power and activity, which is an outstanding feature of an old stabilized flora existing and preserved as an important natural gene pool in the ancient crystalline mountains of East Africa. In the Usambaras the monotypic endemic genus Dolichometra, and in the Ulugurus a further two endemic genera (Pseudonesohedyotis and Rhipidantha) are the evidences at generic level. Highest species diversity in Rubiaceae on the Usambaras can be experienced in the genera Psychotria (30 spp.), Canthium (18 spp.), Pavetta (17 spp.), Oldenlandia (12 spp.), Pentas, Rhytigynia, Spermacoce and Tricalysia (9 spp.). Hybridization (e.g. in Chassalia) and a high number of infraspecific taxa (in Kohautia, 0ldenlandia, Pentas, Psychotria, Rutidea, and Tricalysia) are also obvious evidences of the high genetic plasticity and adaptability of this family. Field works conducted in the framework of the Usambara Integrated Rain Forest Project contributed a considerable number of data giving a better knowledge of the diversity of the Rubiaceae by detecting some species new to science and to a better understanding of phytogeographic pattern and distribution strategies occurring in this family. 67. Borota, J. 1969a. The result of gap planting in natural forests. Tanzania Silvic. Res. note No pp. The object of gap planting was to test the possibility of low-cost enrichment with economically important fast growing species by planting in gaps. Kihuhwi Sigi (Expt 308) - Originally Chlorophora Antiaris forest. Shagayu and Mkuzi Forest reserve (Expt. 499) exploited Camphor forest. It is concluded that growth is better with trees planted

27 20 in larger gaps and that Maesopsis eminii is not suitable for enrichment at Kihuhwi-Sigi Shagayu and Mkusi although Willan found it suitable for Kwamkoro. 68. Borota, J. 1969b. The Eucalyptus at Lushoto Arboretum Tanzania. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note. No.12 The paper describes the eucalypts planted at the arboretum in Lushoto, Tanzania. In the arboretum there are fifty-five Eucalyptus species including 4 hybrids on sixty-five plots which were laid out between 1954 and They are designed to help the present forest officers in Tanzania in the choice of species and management of their plantation. 69. Borota, J. 1971a. The Growth of the Tree Species at Kigogo Arboretum.Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No.20 The arboretum at Kigogo has been established in When the Forest Divisionin Tanganyika had received the seeds of various species of Eucalyptus,Cupressus and other exotic tree species from South Africa, it was decided toestablish small arboretum plots of 25 plants each in the Southern Highlands. The initial plantings were made in 1935 and others in Planting stock for the arboretum was grown in the nursery at Kigogo. Some of the tree species were planted as naked - rooted plants and the other as potted transplants. The trees were spaced 1.5 m by 1.5 m and a strip 3 m wide was left between each plot. Some of the species with poor survival were beaten - up one year after original planting. A few tree species failed completely in the first or second year after planting: Eucalyptus cladocalyx, E.ficifolia, Pinus coulteri and P.pinaster. the rest of the trees of some species died at the age of about 30 years. Eucalyptus regnans, E.paniculata, P.halepensis and Ulex spp. most of the plots were thinned in 1946 and In December 1970, there were in all 5 various tree species on 56 plot at the arboretum; 26 Eucalyptus species, 12 other broad-leaved tree species and 19 coniferous species at the arboretum ranged from 32 to 35 years and surviving trees vary between 1 to 22 in the individual plots at the time of measurement. 70. Borota, J. 1971b. The growth of tree species in Lushoto arboretum. Tanzania Silv. Res. Note No pp. Data on height and diameter increment are tabulated for 56 Eucaluptus spp. (cf. FA 31 No. 4291), 39 other broadleaved species, 46 Pinus spp., and 30 other coniferous species in plots aged 1-17 years. Notes on performance are given for the 20 most promising species. 71. Borota, J.1971c. The result of the oldest Pinus patula thinning experiment at Kigogo - Sao Hill. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note. No.18. Two plots were laid, one with heavy thinning (to be removed 75 per cent of trees) and the other one with medium thinning (50 per cent of trees).

28 21 Both plots were thinned 5 times, the first time at the age of 7 years and the last time at 20.5 years. When measurement of the plots made in 1970, they were 25 years old. The analysis of data measurement shows that the heavy thinning results in a loss of total volume production. 72. Borota, J. Pleva, J.R. and Kimariyo, P.E The growth of tree species at Mombo arboretum. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note No. 27. A review of a year performance of 44 various species planted in 59 plots of 50 or 100 plants at 2.1x2.1 m spacing is given. The Northern part of the arboretum is very dry i.e. the Dry Scrub Site, the soil is stiff clay loam with little drainage. The species tried there are for fuel and poles. The Southern part of the arboretum is the Riparian Forest Site. The soil is dark grey clay loam, with better conditions for tree growth, the species tried there are for timber production. In the drier Northern part of the arboretum, in the Eucalyptus group, the fastest growth was achieved by Eucalyptus C from Zanzibar, followed by Eucalyptus saligna, E. tereticornis and E. microtheca. With exception of Eucalyptus C all other species have crooked stems thus are only suitable for fuelwood. The fastest growing species among the exotic broad-leaved species are Gmelina arborea, Albizia lebbeck and Azadirachta indica. The mean annual diameter increment of the species vary from 1.35 to 1.82 cm, annual dominant height increment varies between 1.32 to 2.12m. Bracylaena hutchinsii indicated slow growth but the trees look healthy with good stem form. Most of the pines planted dried in Pinus kesiya only survived. In the riparian forest site, the fastest growing exotic broad-leaved species are cedrela odorata, Gmelina arborea and Ochroma lagopus. The mean dominant height increment varies between 1.60 to 1.95 cm and the annual dominant height increment between 1.43 to 2.25m. Pinus elliottii and Pinus michoacana survived the 1970 drought growth data for 16 plots of special interest is also presented. 73. Bowie, R.C.K. and Fjeldså,J Genetic and morphological evidence for two species in the udzungwa forest partridge Xenoperdix udzungwensis. Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): The Udzungwa forest partridge, Xenoperdix udzungwensis is known from only three forests within the Udzungwa and Rubeho Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains. Given the phenotypic differences between the Udzungwa (X. u. udzungwensis) and Rubeho Highland (X. u. obscurata) populations, it seems unlikely that there remains recurrent gene flow between these two populations. We used a combination of mitochondrial (1041 bp of NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 2) and nuclear DNA (569 bp of Fibrinogen intron 5 and 387 bp of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase intron 11) markers to investigate the degree to which these two taxa are separated. In mtdna, 0.5% sequence divergence, with five-fixed mutational differences (two

29 22 amino acid changes) was recovered between X. u. udzungwensis and X. u. obscurata. One fixed difference was found for Fib5 and none for Gadph11. Coalescent models suggest that no gene flow is taking place between the Udzungwa and Rubeho Highlands and that divergence between the two taxa took place about years before present. The presence of fixed mutational differences in mtdna and in one of the two ndna markers analysed, the lack of gene flow, and diagnosable morphological differences (including potential display signals) between X. u. udzungwensis and X. u. obscurata, suggest that X. u. obscurata be accorded full species status, Xenoperdix obscurata, for which we put forth the common name Rubeho forest partridge. 74. Bowie, R.C.K., Fjeldsa, J., Hackett, S.J. and Crowe, T.M Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania The Auk 121 (3):1 The double-collared sunbirds of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania And southeastern Kenya are characterized by regional variation in morphology and plumage. That variation has resulted in considerable dispute over their taxonomic status and delineation of range boundaries. It has been suggested that Moreau s Sunbird (Nectarinia moreaui) is a typical phenotype that has arisen from a hybridization event between the more widely distributed Eastern Double-collared Sunbird (N. mediocris) and the narrowly distributed Loveridge s Sunbird (N. loveridgei). A discriminant analysis of six standard morphological characters indicates that Moreau s Sunbird is intermediate in shape and size between the Eastern Double-collared and Loveridge s sunbirds. There is greater overlap between female Moreau s and Eastern Doublecollared sunbirds than between males; Loveridge s Sunbird shows li_ le overlap with the other taxa. Discrete plumage characters separate all three taxa. Molecular analyses of 728 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (NADH3 and control region) suggest that Moreau s Sunbird is a valid taxon and sister species to Loveridge s Sunbird. Eastern Doublecollared Sunbird haplotypes can be divided into three distinct clades, separated from each other by substantial genetic divergence (approximately 8 10% sequence divergence). We propose species status for each of those clades and suggest the following three taxa: N. mediocris Shelley 1855, N. usambarica Gröte 1922, and N. fuelleborni Reichenow Finally, we propose a biogeographical hypothesis of speciation events within the N. mediocris species complex. 75. Bowie, R.C.K, Fjeldså, J., Hackett, S.J., and Crowe, T.M. (?). Molecular evolution in space and through time: mtdna phylogeography of the Olive Sunbird (Nectarinia olivacea/obscura) throughout continental Africa This study constitutes the first investigation of the phylogeographic structure of a forest bird distributed throughout the montane and lowland forest biomes of Africa. The key objective was to investigate

30 23 the importance of Pleistocene climatic cycles on avian diversification across Africa. The Olive Sunbird is a relatively large polytypic sunbird widely distributed throughout evergreen, montane and coastal forests in Africa. Recently, it was split into two species, the Eastern Olive Sunbird (N. olivacea) and the Western Olive Sunbird (N. obscura), based on morphological grounds. Analyses of a 395 bp fragment of the mtdna NADH subunit 3 gene with flanking trna sequences, from 196 individuals of N. olivacea and 86 from N. obscura indicate that genetic divergence levels are low (1.0 to 2.4%) across some 9000 km, from Ghana in the northwest of Africa to KwaZulu-Natal in eastern South Africa. Neither currently recognized Olive Sunbird species were monophyletic using either parsimony or likelihood treebuilding methods. suggested that there was less variation partitioned among species than between most neighboring regions. Genetic diversity within the N. olivacea/obscura complex was dominated by three star-like phylogenies linked to each other by a single mutational step and two subnetworks (IV and V) separated from the core star-like phylogenies (subnetworks I, II and III) by five to six mutational steps. The dominant evolutionary mechanism shaping genetic variation within the N. olivacea/obscura complex as identified by nested-clade analyses, appears to be one of range expansion possibly out of East Africa associated with a period of forest expansion during the mid-pleistocene, some million years ago. Mismatch profiles suggested that secondary contact has occurred between eastern and western lineages within the Ufipa Escarpment and possibly Zimbabwe, as well as between eastern lineages in the Kenyan Highlands and northern Eastern Arc Mts. 76. Bowie, R. C. K., Voelker, G., Fjeldsa, J., Lens, L., Hackett, S. J., Crowe, T. M Systematics of the olive thrush Turdus olivaceus species complex with reference to the taxonomic status of the endangered Taita thrush T. helleri. J. Avian Biol. 36: During the last 40 years, few species of African birds have undergone more taxonomic revision than the olive thrush Turdus olivaceus. This is due to disagreement on how to partition the striking phenotypic variation among allopatric populations. The current consensus is to recognise one species T. olivaceus, split into three assemblages:(1) the olivaceus group restricted to southern Africa, (2) the swynnertoni group of the Zimbabwean and southern Malawi highlands, and (3) the abyssinicus group of themontane highlands of eastern and central Africa. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from 63 individuals were analysed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among 16 taxa (species and subspecies) in the olivaceus species complex (plus seven outgroup species), with, particular emphasis on the relationships and taxonomic status of the endangered Taita thrush (helleri ). Phylogenetic hypotheses generated using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference identified a number of discrete clades corresponding to recognised subspecies. Northern (abyssinicus clade) and southern

31 24 populations (olivaceus_/swynnertoni clade) of olive thrush differ by 9 _/10% in sequence divergence. Furthermore, all analytical methods suggested that helleri (Taita Hills) and roehli (Usambara and Pare Mountains) are reciprocally monophyletic with respect to mtdna, and 2.5 to 10.5% divergent from all other forms of olive thrush. Both helleri and roehli are surrounded in adjacent highlands by populations of olive thrush that represent a more recent radiation, suggesting that helleri and roehli may be relict taxa which have been able to maintain their genetic integrity. The results of this study support previous arguments for recognizing the arid/woodland T. smithi as a species distinct from other southern African forest populations of T. olivaceus (including the swynnertoni group). Results further suggest that T. abyssinicus, T. helleri, and T. roehli be accorded species rank. 77. Bowie, R.C.K., Bloomer, P., Clancey, P.A and Timothy M Crowe, T.M., 2003.The Karoo Thrush (Turdus smithi Bonaparte 1850), a Southern African Endemic Ostrich, 74 (1,2): 1 7 The Olive Thrush (Turdus olivaceus) species complex is characterised by striking geographical phenotypic variation. Recent consensus has been to recognise three assemblages (1) the olivaceus group restricted to Southern Africa, (2) the swynnertoni group of the Zimbabwean and Southern Malawi highlands and (3) the abyssinicus group of the montane highlands of Eastern and Central Africa. Status of taxa in the olivaceus group of southern Africa, with specific reference to the central-western taxon T.o. smithi using both morphological and molecular evidence were examined. equence divergence between T. o. smithi and other members of the olivaceus group averages 3.5% for the cytochrome-b gene and 4 4.5% for the NADH subunit 3 gene of the mitochondrial DNA. There is also both morphological (biometric and plumage) and molecular support for the recognition of T. smithi as a separate species, the common name of which we suggest should be Karoo Thrush. 78. Bowie, R. C.K., Fjelds. J., Hackett,S.J. and Crowe,T.M, Molecular evolution in space and through time: mtdna phylogeography of the Olive Sunbird (Nectariniaolivacea/obscura) throughout continental Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx xxx This study constitutes the first investigation of the phylogeographic structure of a forest bird distributed throughout the montane and lowland forest biomes of Africa. The key objective was to investigate the importance of Pleistocene climatic cycles on avian diversification across Africa. The Olive Sunbird is a relatively large polytypic sunbird widely distributed throughout evergreen, montane and coastal forests in frica. Recently, it was split into two species, the Eastern Olive Sunbird (Nectarinia olivacea) and the Western Olive Sunbird (Nectarinia obscura), based on morphological grounds. Analyses of a 395 bp

32 25 fragment of the mtdna NADH subunit 3 gene with flanking trna sequences, from 196 individuals of N. olivacea and 86 from N. obscura indicate that genetic divergence levels are low ( %) across some 9000 km, from Ghana in the northwest of Africa to KwaZulu-Natal in eastern South Africa. Neither currently recognized Olive Sunbird species were monophyletic using either parsimony or likelihood treebuilding methods. UST values suggested that there was less variation partitioned among species than between most neighboring regions. Genetic diversity within the N. olivacea/obscura complex was dominated by three star-like phylogenies linked to each other by a single mutational step and two subnetworks (IV and V) separated from the core star-like phylogenies (subnetworks I, II, and III) by five to six mutational steps. The dominant evolutionary mechanism shaping genetic variation within the N. olivacea/obscura complex as identified by nested-clade analyses, appears to be one of range expansion possibly out of East Africa associated with a period of forest expansion during the mid-pleistocene, some million years ago. Mismatch profiles suggested that secondary contact has occurred between eastern and western lineages within the Ufipa Escarpment and possibly Zimbabwe, as well as between eastern lineages in the Kenyan Highlands and northern Eastern Arc Mts. 79. Bowie, R. C.K. and Fjeldsa, J Genetic and morphological evidence for two species in the Udzungwa forest partridge Xenoperdix udzungwensis. Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): The Udzungwa forest partridge, Xenoperdix udzungwensis is known from only three forests wihin the Udzungwa and Rubeho Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains. Given the phenotypic differences between the Udzungwa (X.u. udzungwensis) and Rubeho highland (X.u. obscurata) populations, it seems unlikely that there remains recurrent gene flow between these two populatons. We used a combination of mitochondrial (1041 bp of NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 2) and nuclear DNA (569 bp of Fibrunogen intron 5 and 387 bp of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase intron 11) markers to investigate the degree to which these two taxa are separated. In mtdna, 0.5% sequence divergence, with five fixed mutational differences (two amino acid changes) was recovered between X.u. udzungwensis and X.u. obscurata. One fixed difference was found for Fib5 and none for Gadph11. Coalescent models suggest that no gene flow is taking place between the Udzungwa and Rubeho highlands and that divergence between the two taxa took place about years before present. The presence if fixed mutational differences in mtdna and in one of the two DNA markers analysed, the lack of gene flow, and diagnosable morphological differences (including potenial display signals) between X. u. udzungwensis and X. U. Obscurata, suggest that X. u. obscurata be accorded full species status,

33 26 Xenoperdix obscurata, for which we put forth the common name Rubeho forest partridge. 80. Bloch, I and Malmroth, S The distribution of the Olive sunbird, Nectarinia olivacea, in relation with forest habitats. In: Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.pp The study compared the distribution of the Olive sunbird with the different kinds of habitats along a road in Amani Nature Reserve. The birds distribution was also compared to the distribution of Maesopsis emenii and lantana camara. The birds were mapped using the calling method, but also visible birds were recorded. Habitats were mapped according to the vegetation using density, openness, and presence of fruiting and/or flowering plants as categories. The results show that the olive sunbirds prefer habitats with dense undergrowth and fairly open canopy, near or in forest edges. There were no significant correlation between the sunbirds distribution and flowering and fruiting plants. 81. Brain, J.L The Uluguru land usage scheme. Success and failure. J. of Developing Areas. 14 (2): The paper examines the Uluguru land scheme ( ) in Tanzania with the aim of analyzing what went wrong so that such failure need not be repeated. The lessons to be learnt from scheme include: (1) persuade and educate rather than coerce. (2) mobilize traditional leadership (3) involve women. 82. Brindle, A Mission entomologique du Musee royal de I'Afrique centrale aux monts Uluguru, Tanzanie (L.Berger, N. Leleup et J.Debecker, V-VIII). 2. Dermaptera. Rev. Zool. Afr. 89: Britton, P.L The Andersen collection from Tanzania. Scopus 2: Describes collections of birds made by Andersen from a number of localities in Tanzania, Bagilo, Kidugallo, and Tegetero in the Uluguru mountains, and other areas like Kilimanjaro, Lembeni, N. and S. Pare mts. 84. Britton, P.L Notes on the Andersen collection and other specimens from Tanzania housed in some West German museums. Scopus 5: Includes records from N. and S. Pares, Ulugurus, Ulanga, Ngurus, Mlalao in W. Usambaras, L. Manyara. See also Britton (1978). 85. Broadley, D. G., A review of the genus Thelotornis A. Smith in eastern Africa, with the description of a new species from the

34 27 Usambara Mountains (Serpentes: Colubridae: Dispholidini). African Journal of Herpetology 50 (2): The populations of Thelotornis in eastern Africa are reviewed. Thelotornis kirtlandii extends east of the Albertine rift to Uganda and the Imatong Mountains in southern Sudan, but in Tanzania it is only represented by a few relict populations in montane forests, surrounded by T. mossambicanus (Bocage) in the savanna. The latter taxon is recognised as a good evolutionary species, as it is sympatric with T. capensis oatesii (Günther) in Mutare District on the eastern escarpment of Zimbabwe. Thelotornis usambaricus sp. nov., intermediate between T. kirtlandii and T. mossambicanus, is described from coastal forests in northeastern Tanzania. 86. Broadley, D. G. and Wallach, V A new blind snake (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) from montane forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology, 49(2): Broadley, D. G. and Branch, W.R A review of the small east African Cordylus (Sauria: Cordylidae), with the description of a new species. African Journal of Herpetology 51(1): The small and previously neglected East African girdled lizards (excluding the Cordylus warreni complex) are reviewed and seven species are recognised. The terrestrial species C. ukingensis(loveridge) is restricted to montane grasslands in southwestern Tanzania and may be of conservation concern. The arboreal species C. tropidosternum (Cope) extends along the East African coast from Kenya south to central Mozambique and west to the Democratic Republic of Congo. The smaller arboreal species C. jonesii (Boulenger) inhabits southern Mozambique, Swaziland, the northeastern provinces of South Africa, southern Zimbabwe and southeastern Botswana. Rupicolous species include two taxa from the eastern escarpment, C. rhodesianus and C. nyikae, C. rivae (Boulenger), which is redescribed from new material collected in southern Ethiopia, and C. beraduccii sp. nov., described from the dry Maasai Plain of Tanzania and southern Kenya. 88. Broadley, D.G. &Howell, K.M.(in press). Reptiles. In Burgess, N.D. & G.P. Clarke (eds): The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, Gland and Cambridge. 89. Broadley, D.G. & Howell, K.M A checklist of the reptiles of Tanzania, with synoptic keys. Syntarsus 1: Broadley, D.G A reappraisal of the genus Panaspis Cope, with the description of a new species of Leptosiaphos (Reptilia: Scincidate) from Tanzania. Arnoldia Zimbabwe 32 (9):

35 28 Describes a new species of lizard, a skink, from forest in what is now the Udzungwa National Park. 91. Brooks, T., Lens, L., De Meyer, M., Waiyaki, E. & Wilder, C Avian biogeography of the Taita Hills, Kenya. J. E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 87: Brooks, T., Lens, L.. Barnes, J. Barnes, R. Kageche, J. Kihuria & Wilder, C The conservation status of the forest birds of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Bird Conservation International. 8: Brooks,T., Lens, L., Meyer, M., Waiyaki, E. & Wilder,C Avian biogeography of the Taita hills, Kenya. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K. and Mhando, L., Phillipson, P and Vanden Berghe, E. (Eds.) Biodiversity and Conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue: Journal of the East African Natural History Society. 87: The Taita Hills of south-east Kenya contain three endemic and threatened bird species and many other endemic taxa. The area is combined with the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania-Malawi in the latest analysis of centres of endemism in birds, however. Based on our recent fieldwork and historical records, we analyze the distribution and biogeographical affinities of forest birds within the Taita Hills. We find that the Taita Hills avifauna has been influenced as strongly by the Kenyan Highlands as by the Eastern Arc, especially in the high altitude moist forests. However, since the area is sufficiently differentiated to hold three endemic bird species, we feel that it merits consideration as a centre of endemism in its own right. Such recognition will hopefully foster the conservation of the Taita Hills forests and their endemic species, before this biodiversity is lost. 94. Browne, F.G Entomological mission from the Royal Central African Museum [Belgian] to the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines. 89 (4): Lists and cites the locality and habitat of collection, 6 species of Platypodidae and 12 of Scolytidae collected in the Ulugurus. A detailed description of male and female beetles of a new scolytid, Pityophthorus signatifrons, is included. 95. Bruen, M. 1989a. Climatic change on the East Usambaras. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, p Bruen, M. 1989b. Hydrological Considerations for development in the East Usambara mountains. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R.

36 29 (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. p The catchment and climate of the East Usambara are described. Rainfall data from guages at Lanzoni, Kwamkoro, Amani, Marvera, Marikitanda, Ndola and Derema were used. A summary is given of the processes which influence the hydrology of a forest catchment, and the ways in which these may be influenced by changes inland-use practices. Areas on the East Usambaras are identified which make large contributions to soil-water storage or which are vulnerable to erosion. Forest should be retained in these areas until it can be ensured that forest removal will not result in damage to the catchments. 97. Bryant, C. L The effect of Weed Control on the growth of young teak in Tanzania. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note No 8. 2 pp. (Kihuhwi-Sigi Forest Reserve -East Usambara Lowland). The plot was laid out two weeks after planting, as a 5 x 5 Latin Square, having 25 trees in each sub-plot. The plot was given a uniform slashing treatment at the time of laying out. The five weeding treatments used were: Control (no weeding); Slashing only 90 cm (3ft) diameter circle around each tree clean weeded by hand.and Complete clean weeding by hand. Complete Clean weeding using a herbicide spray (Gramoxone was used at a concentration of 2 pints in 50 gallons of water per acre for the initial, and then 1 pint in 40 gallons per acre for subsequent treatments. It was noted that complete clean weeding by hand or by herbicide increased the height growth of the first year teak by 57 per cent over partially weeded plots. First year survival also benefits from clean weeding 98. Bryant, C.L The growth rings of Pterocarpus angolensis are annual. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note No. 4. 3pp. Trees were cut close the ground. Sections of about 5 cm thick were taken from the butt end for ring counting. The sections were planed Smooth to render the rings visible. The absence of heartwood in many samples made iodine staining possible. Growth rings were identified by hand lens of about x 6 magnification, and a Hilger and Watts x 5 print magnifier. Ring Counts were made on four radii and in some cases round the sections. The results show the following. The discrepancies give rise to a mean error for the sample of 6.2 per cent, which is within error limits of most forest management calculations. It is concluded that growth rings are annual. The observation can be used in management decisions based on volume increment. Because increment studies on sample trees randomly selected in natural stands can be done much more quickly and easily than in increment plot studies. 99. Bryant, C.L A study of the Percentage of Heartwood in Pterocarpus angolensis. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No. 6.

37 30 This investigation was designed to show: the pattern of heartwood formation and the amount of heartwood in a given diameter of tree. Heartwood formation does not begin until the tree is at least 15 years old. It is affected by locality, some areas forming early and increases with diameter class Bryce, J.M The weights and shrinkage of some local timbers. Tech. Note Util. Div. For. Dep. Tanganyika No. 8 3 pp. Twenty three (23) species green weight at 12% m.c. and shrinkage from green to air-dry, both radial and tangential are given Bryce, J.M The natural durability of local timbers. Tech. Note Util, Div.For.Dep. Tanganyika No. 14, rev. 6.pp Species are listed, as the result of tests, as perishable, 21; non-durable, 9; modertely durable, 3; showing promise, 20; with further detail of the behaviour of 35 species in graveyards at Moshi and Tanga. The durability of these classes is respectively <1 year; 1-2 years; 2-5 years; > 5 years Bryce, J.M and revised by Chihongo, A.W The Commercial timbers of Tanzania. Moshi. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Forest Division. Utilization section. 293 pp The book has been revised with 30 additional lesser marketable trees.it describes in detail the commercial timbers of Tanzania their properties and uses Huber, B.A High species diversity in one of the dominant groups of spiders in East African montane forests (Araneae:Pholcidae:Buitingan. Gen., Spermophora Hentz). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society137:, The six-eyed pholcid spiders of East Africa are revised. A new genus is recognized,buitingan. gen., with 17 new species and three species transferred from Spermophora Hentz. The new genus is characterized by the presence of a scape on the epigynum. This scape may be straight or tightly curled up at rest, and is usually highly expandable. Seven additional African and Comoran species are newly described and tentatively assigned to Spermophora. A data matrix with 60 characters and 77 taxa (including 20 East African species and 25 additional Spermophora and Spermophora-like species) is analysed cladistically.buitinga is closer to the genera Paramicromerys Millot (endemic in Madagascar) and Spermophorides Wunderlich (Mediterranean and Canary Islands) as well as to several African and Comoran species tentatively assigned to Spermophorathan to the type species of Spermophora. It is argued that current estimates of species

38 31 numbers may be inaccurate and that pholcids may turn out to be one of the most diverse spider families Buchwald, J West Usambara, die vegetation und der wirtschaftliche Werth des Landes. Der Tropenpflunzer Berlin. 1 (3): 58-60; 1 (4): 82-85; 1 (5): Buitenwerf, R. and Stevens, N Small mammals as potential seed predators of Maesopsis eminii. In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, pg Rodent preference for Maesopsis eminii was investigated. Propogules in different stages of development (ripe, unripe, seed, nut and nutcase) were offered in paired plots under M. eminii trees and under a native forest tree species. Small mammal activity in each of the plots was monitored using track plots. The information was supplemental area, although they were not all frugivores. Small mammals selected for bare seeds and ripe fruits and the preference did not differ between the paired plots. Total propagule utilisation decreased with increased % of woody debris cover only under M. eminii plots. Rodents were not shown to be important sources of M. eminii seed predation and dispersal on a local scale Bunker, A. and Lillieholm, E Spatial and temporal variation in song rate and song duration in the Little Greenbul, Andropadus virens. In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, p We studied variation in the signing behaviour of the little greenbul Andropadusvirens at two sites in Amani Nature Reserve, over a period of 6 days. Variation was measured in terms of signing rate per minute and mean song duration. The effects of differences in population densities, neighboring birdsong and playbacks were measured over time. Our results show a significant peak in signing activity in the early morning. Signing rate and duration show a similar but non-significant trend. Neither measure of song co-varied with population densities. We found a weak, marginally significant correlation in rate of signing between neighboring birds and some evidence of a sequential pattern in song. Playback experiments elicited varied responses but there was no significant difference in song before and after playback. Temporal variation over the course of the day occurs even though the little greenbul sings all day.the results of song interactions between neighbors and of playback experiments suggest that their song in signaling both territorial and mate attraction messages Bureau for Industrial Cooperation, College of Engineering and Technology,University of Dar es Salaam, Hydrological

39 32 analysis for the Eastern Arc Mountain forests. Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Project. Ministry of Natural Resources and TourismForest and Beekeeping Division 128pp The main objectives of the study were:(i) To prepare an inventory of available data on river flow, rainfall and water quality of the rivers flowing from the Eastern Arc Mountains to the Indian Ocean, specifically for the rivers Sigi, Pangani, Wami, Ruvu, Kilombero, Ruaha and Kihansi.(ii) To carry out an analysis of the changes in the quantity and quality of water flowing in the major rivers draining from the Eastern Arc Mountains over time and also to carry out an analysis of the changes in the rainfall amounts. (iii) To undertake an analysis of the shape of the water flow peaks over time.(iv) To identify the gaps in understanding the relationship between changes in forest cover with changes in the water quantity and quality in the rivers flowing from the Eastern Arc.The results of the study are designed to contribute to the conservation of the river catchments draining the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania.An inventory of 49 flow gauging stations in Sigi, Pangani (Mkomazi and Luengera), Wami, Ruvu and Kilombero basins/subbasins has been established. The distributionof stations basin wise is 11 in Pangani (8 in Mkomazi and 3 in Luengera), 3 in Sigi,15 in Wami, 10 in Ruvu and 10 in the Rufiji (Kilombero). Out of the 49 stations, 23were established in the 1950s, 19 in the 1960s while only 6 stations were establishedin the 1970s. Basinwise, the earliest stations which were established in the 1950s and 1960s are found in the central and southern basins of the Eastern Arc Mountains.A total 335 rainfall stations have been identified to be operational within Sigi, Pangani (Mkomazi and Luengera), Wami, Ruvu and Kilombero. The stations were identified from the database with the Tanzania Meteorological Agency. The distribution of stations basin wise is 49 in Pangani (39 in Mkomazi and 10 in Luengera), 2 in Sigi, 109 in Wami, 75 in Ruvu and 90 in the Kilombero. Out of the 335 stations, 86 were established before the 1950s and 205 before 1970s. The results of the search for water quality data revealed the following: i) There has never been a continuous monitoring program of water quality parameters in the streams draining EAMs zone. Continuous water quality data is therefore not available. However, an inventory of some of the water quality data available in the Eastern Arc Mountains has been documented. The available data are non-continuous. ii) Water quality parameters were only measured at a given location and time on specific request; such data is thus irregular in space and time and therefore has only limited used to reveal spatial or temporal trends. Most of the water quality surveys documented were conducted to assess if potential sources could be used for domestic water supply, rather than for characterizing the stream flow quality at differentlocations. The majority of the gauging stations that were visited during the field work were found not to be operational, in the sense that the recording instruments such as staff gauges and water level recorders were missing. The result is that water levels are not being recorded and consequently there are large gaps in

40 33 the data sequence, especially in recent years. Some of the river gauging stations visited are also under threat of disturbance by human activities such as sand, gemstones and gold mining.rainfall variation in the Eastern Arc Mountains has been studied to detect changes inrainfall amounts over time. The analyses were performed at both seasonal and annual timescales. The four seasonal timescales considered in the study include the two main rainy seasons, i.e the October-November- December (OND) short rains and March-April-May (MAM) long rains, the intermediate January-February (JF) season and the dry June-July- August-September (JJAS) season. The procedure adopted to identify gradual changes in rainfall amounts was linear trend analysis. Seasonal rainfall analysis indicated that the rainy season is bimodal in the northern zone basins (Mkomazi, Luengera and Sigi), unimodal in the southern Kilombero basin and a transition between bimodal and unimodal in the central zone basins (Wami and Ruvu). The bimodal areas observed two main rainy seasons, the short rains (October-December) and the long rains (March-May) with a January-February transition period of reduced rains. Long records of rainfall indicated increasing rainfall amounts during the short rains (OND) and the intermediate JF season and decreasing rainfall amounts during thelong rains (MAM) and the following dry JJAS period. The rainfall increases were mainly attributed to higher rainfalls in the 1960s and 1970s than the period before.however, between the 1960s and the present, the high rainfall amounts during the two decades (1960s and 1970s) compared to those in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in decreasing trends in almost all seasons.flow series indicated seasonal patterns that match those in rainfall with periods ofhigh flows during the rainy seasons and low flows during the transition and dryperiods. The results of linear trend analysis on annual flows indicated the following:i) General flow declines in the Sigi, lower Luengera and Wami basins. The slopes of the linear trends were however insignificant. ii) Flow increases in the Mkomazi and upper catchment of Luengera. Amixture of flow decrease and increase in the Ruvu and Kilombero basins. The main Ruvu River indicated flow declines, but two of the tributaries joining the main river (Mgeta and Ngerengere) experienced flow increase. Flow decrease in the main Ruvu River was statistically significant. A mixture of increasing and decreasing annual flows was observed in the tributaries of the Kilombero River. The trends were however statistically insignificant except at 1KB15 and 1KB15A which experienced significant flow increase. Seasonal flows, on the other hand, indicated the following:i) The predominance of declining flows during the long rains (March May) in the northern zone basins (Sigi, Luengera and Mkomazi) and central zone basin (Ruvu and Wami) and also during the dry season (June September), intermediate season (January February) and theshort rains (October December) particularly in the central zone basin.ii) A mixture of increasing and decreasing flows during the short rains,intermediate season and the dry season in the northern and southernbasins.iii) High flow contribution during a given season has a significant influence on the changes of annual flows.the

41 34 comparison of linear trends in stream-flow and rainfall records indicated that in most cases, the nature of trends in seasonal rainfalls is comparable with that of streamflows when long records are analysed. Water quality analysis indicated the following:i) There is no continuous monitoring program of water quality parameters in the streams draining the EAMFs. It is therefore not easyto obtain continuous data for trend analysis. ii) Water quality parameters have been measured at a given site and time,on specified request, and this data is therefore irregular in space andtime.iii) Most of the water quality surveys documented were conducted forqualifying water sources for domestic supply at their potential supply sources rather than for characterizing the stream flow quality at different locations. This includes borehole data, which is not directlyapplicable to this study.iv) During the period it is reported that there was significant forest cover change in the Usambara Mountains, which may have affected the river flows. Remedial measures taken from to conserve the forests may bring changes on the river flow trends beyond v) The shift to the lowlands from the hill slopes by a large number of people in Same district between 1968 and 1970, may have an impact on the Pangani and Mkomazi river water quantity and quality.vi) There have been changes of forest cover in the Udzungwa mountains Rufiji River basin since 1950 s. The change is due to poor farming techniques, fire outbreaks, forest invasion and subsequent deforestation. vii) More than 70% of the population in the study area uses pit latrines.viii) Many are ignorant of pollution they cause to the river by daily life practices like washing etc. ix) In areas with intensive agricultural activities, people cultivate up to the river bank. x) Intensive horticulture practices with an intention to harvest fast have intensified the application of artificial fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides in the study area.one of the major constraints towards achieving conclusive results was the availabilityand quality of data. With regard to water quality monitoring, it has been observed that it is not regular. In this regard, it is recommended; (i) To appeal to the Agencies responsible for the collection of hydrological and climatological data to take remedial measures to rehabilitate the nonoperational stations. (ii) To install new gauges at suitable sites close to, or within, the forest areas to investigate interactions between the forest cover and stream runoff. These include flow gauging stations, rainfall stations, climatic stations and observation wells for subsurface conditions. (iii) The communities should be sensitized not to tamper with gauging stations equipment by indulging in sand or other mining activities. (iv) To urge the Agency (or Ministry) responsible for water quality monitoring in the country to establish a regular monitoring network for water quality. In order to quantify the impacts of forest changes (deforestation and afforestation) on river flows, it is important to carry out modeling studies preferably for small forested catchments to understand the interactions between the forest cover, surface and subsurface water. In this case distributed models are appropriate. However, such models require extensive data sets that can be only be assured once additional flow gauges, rainfall and climatic stations and

42 35 observation wells are installed. Whilst observation wells within the study catchments will provide information regarding the subsurface conditions (e.g. groundwater fluctuations), river flow gauges will provide the resulting surface flow fluctuations while rainfall and climatic stations will provide information on the background climatic fluctuations. Monitoring of vegetation cover changes can therefore be linked to these hydro-geoclimatic fluctuations once suitable distributed models have been calibrated for selected forested catchments Burgess, N., de Klerk. H., Fjeldså. J., Crowe, T. & Rahbek, C Mapping Afrotropical birds: links between atlas studies and conservation priority analysis. Bull. Afr. Bird club. 4: Burgess, N.D Danish Centre for Tropical Biodiversity Research in the Eastern Arc Mountains. The Arc Journal 5: Burgess, N. & Fjeldså, J The biological importance of the Eastern Arc in an African context. Arc Journal 6: Burgess, N.D. & Mlingwa, C.O.F Evidence for altitudinal movements of forest birds in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Ostrich 71: Burgess, N.D. and Clarke, G.P. (eds.) The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. IUCN Forest Conservation Programme. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England Burgess, N.D., Kock, D. Cockle, A. FitzGibbon, C. Jenkins, P. & Honess, P Mammals. In :Burgess, N.D. & G.P. Clarke (eds): The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, Gland and Cambridge Burgess, N. D, Butynski, T.M., Cordeiro, N.J., Doggart, N.H., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K. M., Kilahama, F. B., Loader, S.P., Lovett, J.C.,Mbilinyi, B., Menegon, M., Moyer, D.C., Nashanda, E., Perkin, A.,Rovero, F.,Stanley,W.T.,Stuart, S.N., Biodiversity baseline for the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Project, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Forest and Beekeeping Division. The Eastern Arc Mountains is reknown in Africa for high concentrations of endemic species of animals and plants. Thirteen separate mountain blocks comprise the Eastern Arc, supporting around 3,300 km 2 of submontane, montane and upper montane forest, less than 30% of the estimated original forested area. At least 96 vertebrate species are endemic, split as follows: 10 mammals, 19 bird, 29 reptile and 38 amphibian species. A further 71 vertebrate species are near-endemic. At least 800 endemic vascular plant species are endemic, almost 10% of

43 36 these being trees. An additional 32 species of bryophytes are also endemic. Many hundreds of invertebrates are also likely to be endemic, with data for butterflies, millipedes and dragonflies indicating potential trends in importance. Seventy-one of the endemic or near-endemic vertebrates are threatened by extinction (8 Critical, 27 Endangered, 36 Vulnerable), with an additional seven wide ranging threatened species. Hundreds of plant species are also threatened. Most Eastern Arc endemics are closed-forest specialists and comprise taxa with an ancient history and those of more recent origin, including some possessing ancient affinities with taxa from West Africa, Madagascar, and even South America and Southeast Asia. Mountain block prioritisation for biodiversity conservation shows that Udzungwas, East Usambaras and Ulugurus are the most important blocks, with other important blocks being the Ngurus and West Usambaras. Rankings are correlated closely with the area of remaining forest. Most of the remaining forest is found within nearly 150 Government Forest Reserves, with 106 of these managed nationally for water catchment, biodiversity and soil conservation and where forest exploitation is not allowed. Outside these areas most forest has been cleared, except in small village burial/sacred sites, a few village Forest Reserves, and inaccessible areas. In most Eastern Arc Mountains the local populations have not encroached beyond the reserve boundaries to develop farms, but forest resources within the boundaries are used for fuel and building materials and some forests are heavily degraded. Fire is also a problem as it enters and destroys forests during the dry seasons. The future of the biodiversity on the Eastern Arc Mountains is closely tied to management policies and capacity of the Tanzania Forest and Beekeeping Division, Tanzania National Parks Authority, and Kenya Forest Department. Supporting these agencies in their mandated job is an essential conservation investment over the longer term Burgess, N.D., Balmford, A., Cordeirod N. J., Fjeldsa, J., Ku perh, W., Rahbeki, C., Sandersonj, E. W., Scharlemannk, P.W., Sommerh, H. and Williams, P. H Correlations among species distributions, human density and human infrastructure across the high biodiversity tropical mountains of Africa Biological conservation (in press) This paper explores whether spatial variation in the biodiversity values of vertebrates and plants (species richness, range-size rarity and number or proportion of IUCN Red Listed threatened species) of three African tropical mountain ranges (Eastern Arc, Albertine Rift and Cameroon- Nigeria mountains within the Biafran Forests and Highlands) co-vary with proxy measures of threat (human population density and human infrastructure). We find that species richness, range-size rarity, and threatened species scores are all significantly higher in these three tropical African mountain ranges than across the rest of sub-saharan Africa. When compared with the rest of sub-saharan Africa, human population density is only significantly higher in the Albertine Rift

44 37 mountains, whereas human infrastructure is only significantly higher in the Albertine Rift and the Cameroon-Nigeria mountains. However, strong positive correlations are found between human density and species richness, endemism and density or proportion of threatened species across the three tropical African mountain ranges, and all of sub-saharan Africa. Kendall partial rank-order correlation shows that across the African tropical mountains human population density, but not human infrastructure, best correlates with biodiversity values. This is not the case across all of sub-saharan Africa where human density and human infrastructure both correlate almost equally well with biodiversity values. The primary conservation challenge in the African tropical mountains is a fairly dense and poor rural population that is reliant on farming for their livelihood. Conservation strategies have to address agricultural production 116. Burgess, N. D., Cordeiro, N., Doggart, N., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K., Kilahama, F., Loader, S., Lovett, J.C. Menegon, M., Moyer, D., Nashanda, E., Perkin, A., Stanley, W., and Stuar,t S., The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. Forest and Beekeeping Division. Tanzania. The term Eastern Arc was introduced in 1985 to describe the forestcapped ancient crystallinemountains of eastern Tanzania and south-east Kenya, which are under the influence of the Indian Ocean climatic regime, and therefore contain predictable local climates. Thirteen separate mountain blocks comprise the Eastern Arc, containing a minimum of 3,500 km2 (and probably around 5,400 km2) of submontane, montane and upper montane forest, less than 30% of the assumed original area. The Eastern Arc is amongst the most important regions of Africa for endemic animals and plants. At least 93 vertebrate species are strictly endemic to these mountains, split as follows: 20 bird, 9 mammal, 28 reptile and 36 amphibian species. A further 74 vertebrates are near-endemic, found also in adjacent forest ecoregions. At least 1,500 endemic vascular plants are present, 68 of these being trees. An additional 32 species of bryophytes are also endemic. Many hundreds of invertebrates are also likely to be strictly endemic, with data for butterflies, millipedes and dragonflies indicating potential trends in importance. Seventy two of the endemic or near-endemic vertebrates are threatened by extinction (10 Critical, 22 Endangered and 40 Vulnerable), with an additional six more wide ranging threatened species. Many hundreds of plants are also believed threatened. The majority of the Eastern Arc endemics are closed-forest specialists, although some occur only in grassland, rocky areas, marshes or woodlands. The species assemblage of the Eastern Arc contains both taxa with an ancient history and those of more recent origin. Ancient affinities are with West Africa, Madagascar and even South America and SE Asia. Mountain block prioritisation shows that Ulugurus, East Usambaras and Udzungwas are most important blocks, with other

45 38 important blocks being the South Ngurus and West Usambaras. However, rankings are correlated with both the area of remaining forest and the number of published studies on the different forests, and some mountains remain almost unknown for anything but birds. Most of the remaining forest is found within nearly 150 Government Forest Reserves, with 106 of these managed nationally for water catchment, and where forest exploitation is not allowed. Eastern Arc forest is also protected within the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and the Amani Nature Reserve in the East Usambara Mountains. Outside these reserves most forest has been cleared, except in small village burial sites, a few village Forest Reserves, and inaccessible areas. In most Eastern Arc mountains the local populations respect the reserve boundaries (where they are clear), but forest resources are used locally for fuel and building materials and some forests are heavily degraded. Fire is also a problem as it enters and can destroy these forests during the dry season. The future of the biodiversity on these mountains is closely tied to management policies and capacity of the government Forest and Beekeeping Division and Tanzania National Parks Authority (in Tanzania) and the Forest Department in Kenya. Supporting these agencies in their mandated job is an essential conservation investment over the longer term, although encouraging conservation approaches that also involve the forest adjacent communities, and industrial forestresource users (especially water users) are also important Burgess, N. D., Doggart, N. and Lovett, J The Uluguru Mountains of eastern Tanzania: the effect of forest loss on biodiversity. Oryx 36 (2): The Uluguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania contain at least 15 endemic vertebrate and 135 endemic plant taxa, with hundreds of more taxa shared only with forests in eastern Tanzania and Kenya. This degree of endemism is exceptional in tropical Africa, and the Uluguru Mountains are one of the 10 most important tropical forest sites for conservation on the continent. Surveys carried out during updated information on the status of forests and biodiversity across the Uluguru Mountains. Forest area has declined from ca.300 km 2 in 1955 to 230 km 2 in 2001, and almost all-remaining forest is within forest reserves at altitudes 1,700 m. Forest loss has been greatest over altitudes of 600-1,600m, and concentrated in submontane forest. During the recent surveys most of the endemic and near endemic vertebrated species known from the Uluguru Mountains were re-recorded, but three endemic snake species and two near-endemic bird species were not found. These species were previously known from the elevations where deforestation has been greatest. More than 50 plant species are also known only from the altitude range that has been heavily deforested. The primary cause of forest loss has been clearance for new farmland. The forest that does remain is largely confined to Catchment forest Reserves managed for water by the Tanzanian Government. Without these reserves the loss of forest, and hence the loss of biodiversity, in the

46 39 Uluguru Mountains would most likely have been much greater Burgess, N Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountains Forests Oryx, 40 (2), The discovery of the highland mangabey Lophocebus kipunji in Tanzania, the first new monkey to be found in Africa for 20 years. As a result of this discovery a project has been set up,one of the main aims of the project is to gather much needed information about the distribution, abundance and demographic data of this elusive species with the intention of providing a suitable assessment of the species status for the IUCN Red List. A preliminary assessment of the mangabey s status by the IUCN Primate Specialist Group has led to the species being categorized as Critically Endangered. The project, which is scheduled to run until June 2006, has already fulfilled one of its additional aims; a Tanzanian graduate has been recruited and is currently being trained in field and conservation skills. The project is also raising local awareness of the monkey among inhabitants of three villages within the Udzungwa Mountains, one of the areas where the mangabey occurs, through environmental education events and workshops Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbyzya, K., Mhando, L., Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.), Biodiversity and Conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue: Journal of the East African Natural History Society 87: 367 pp Burgess, N.D., Fjeldså, J. & Botterweg, R The use of databases in conservation planning in the Eastern Arc. In Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbyzya, K., Mhando, L., Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue: Journal of the East African Natural History Society 87: The establishment and use of computer databases to hold biological records is common in many countries. Such systems can accommodate a large volume of data with many potential uses, but many databases have failed due to poor design or programming, and the uses needs to be known before data are entered. In all biological databases there are problems with the data being used. The most common problems are uneven collection effort, taxonomic confusion leading to unreliable records, difficulties with finding exact collection localities, differences in map projections leading to inaccurate record positions and more. Uneven collection effort is the greatest problem in using data for analyses as available data often only show where biologists have been, and the major roads. Data in databases, either the raw biological records, or interpreted/modeled range distributions, can be used for analyses of value to both conservationists and to academic biogeographers.

47 40 However, all such analyses are highly influenced by the analytical scale, and results from one (e.g. continental) scale cannot be used easily at another (e.g. between forest) scale. This is a fundamental problem with analyses using computerised data, especially for conservation planning. Data at different scales can be used to illustrate areas of high species richness, or areas where species of narrow distributional range congregate, although the results from one scale may not be applicable at another. Computer programmes can be used to select areas so that all species in the database are covered. The last method, using the principals of complementarity, is the most efficient way in which 'ideal' conservation areas can be selected. With such an analysis the theoretical minimum number of areas required to conserve all the species within a given database (e.g. all the birds in Sub-Saharan Africa) can be chosen. However, all such analyses are only indicative, as they do not take into consideration population viability, threats to the areas selected, or other 'real-world' variables which are important when conservation plans are being formulated. For academics the patterns of species richness and range-restriction (i.e. endemism) can be used in large scale models which can develop and test hypotheses to explain why species are distributed as they are; and how evolution/extinction may have operated over time in order to produce the patterns observed. Such studies can have relevance to the development of conservation plans at the broad scale Burgess, N.D., Fjeldså, J. and & Botterweg, R The faunal importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbyzya, K., Mhando, L., Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue: Journal of the East African Natural History Society. 87: Published and unpublished data are used to assess the faunal (animal) values of the Eastern Arc Mountains in terms of the numbers of endemic species, and number of species shared with the adjacent lowland Coastal Forests and with the Tanganyika-Nyasa mountain forest group. Emphasis is placed on vertebrates, although some data for invertebrate groups are also provided At least 74 vertebrate species are strictly endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains, split as follows: birds = 10 species, mammals = 11 species, reptiles = 23 species and amphibians = 30 species. A further 40 species are near endemics, but range slightly more widely than the strict definition of the Arc. A minimum estimates of 265 invertebrate species confined to single Eastern Arc Mountain blocks is obtained, although insufficient collection and taxonomic work means that this figure is certainly too low. Detailed work in the Uluguru Mountains provides an estimation of 169 invertebrate species endemic to that mountain alone. Almost all endemic species areclosed forest specialists, although there are Eastern Arc endemic birds and butterfliesconfined to montane grasslands and heathlands. Eastern Arc Mountain blocks which possess endemic vertebrates are the Taita Hills (2 species), the East and West Usambaras (12 species), the Ngurus (1

48 41 species), the Ulugurus (13 species) and eastern Udzungwas (13 species). The most important locations for the conservation of biodiversity are the east-facing scarps directly influenced by the Indian Ocean in the largest highlands. The North and South Pare Mountains, Rubehos and Ukagurus seem genuinely poor in endemics. The Eastern Arc Mountain possess species with both an ancient history and those of more recent evolution. Ancient affinities of the fauna are with West Africa, Madagascar and even SE Asia. An extremely long history of forest cover and environmental stability are the likely causes of these remarkable affinities Burgess, N.D., G.P. Clarke & W.A. Rodgers Coastal forests of eastern Africa: status, endemism patterns and their potential cause. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64: Burgess, N.D., Mwasumbi, L.B., Hawthorne, W.J., Dickinson, A. & Doggett, R.A Preliminary assessment of the distribution, status and biological importance of coastal forests in Tanzania. Biological Conservation. 62: Preliminary assessment of the distribution, status, and biological importance of Coastal forests larger than 2 km 2 and forests at the foothills of the East Usambaras.are discussed Burgess, N.D., Doggart, N. and Lovett, J.C The Uluguru Mountains of eastern Tanzania: the effect of forest loss on biodiversity Oryx 36 (2): The Uluguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania contain at least 15 endemic vertebrate and 135 endemic plant taxa, with hundreds of more taxa shared in eastern Tanzania and Kenya. These species were previously known from the elevations where deforestation has been greatest. More forests in eastern Tanzania and Kenya. This degree of endemism is exceptional in tropical Africa, and the more than 50 plant species are also known only from the altitude range that has been heavily deforested. The primary Uluguru Mountains are one of the 10 most important tropical forest sites for conservation on the continent. cause of forest loss has been clearance for new farmland. The forest that does remain is largely confined to Surveys carried out during updated information on the status of forests and biodiversity across Catchment Forest Reserves managed for water by the Tanzanian Government. Without these reserves the loss the Uluguru Mountains could have been great. Forest area has declined from c. 300 km 2 in 1955 to 230 km 2 in 2001, and almost all of forest, and hence the loss of biodiversity, in the Uluguru Mountains would most likely have been much remaining forest is within forest reserves at altitudes 1,700 m. Forest loss has been greatest over altitudes of greater ,600 m, and concentrated in submontane forest. During the recent surveys most of the endemic and near

49 Burgess, N.D., Doggart, N., & Lovett, J. (in press). The Uluguru Mountains, could we loose their global biodiversity values? Oryx 126. Burtt, B.D. (Revised by Welch, J.R.) A field key to the savanna genera and species of trees, shrubs, and climbing plants of Tanganyika Territory. Part I: Genera and some species. Government Printer. Dar es Salaam. 2 nd. (ed. rev.). xvii + 58.pp. East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization, Shinyanga Burtt, B.D A field key to the savanna genera and species of trees, shrubs and climbing plants of Tanganyika. Part II. The species of the more important genera with general index. Government Printer, Dares-Salaam.176 pp Butynski, T. M. and. Ehardt, C. L., Notes on ten restrictedrange birds in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 23: Butynski, T.M., de Jong,Y.A., Perkin, A.W., Bearder, S.K., and Honess, P.E Taxonomy, Distribution, and Conservation Status of Three Speciesof Dwarf Galagos (Galagoides) in Eastern Africa. Primate Conservation 21: This paper reviews the complicated nomenclatural history for the Kenya coast galago, Galagoides cf. cocos, and examines whether cocos is the valid species name for this recently resurrected taxon. This paper also reviews the phenotypic and vocal differences among G. cocos; the Zanzibar galago (Galagoides zanzibaricus zanzibaricus); the Udzungwa galago (Galagoides zanzibaricus udzungwensis); and the Mozambique galago (Galagoides granti), as well as their geographic ranges and conservation status. The following are among the findings: Galagoides cocos is the name that should be applied to the Kenya coast galago; in the field, the loud calls of these three species are diagnostic and remain the best means for identification; there is a suite of phenotypic characters that, when taken together, can be used to distinguish among these three species when in the hand or viewed in the field in good light at close range; G. z. zanzibaricus is phenotypically distinct from G. z. udzungwensis; the three species are parapatric or, perhaps, narrowly sympatric; the three species are endemic to the coastal forests of easternafrica with G. cocos in the north (Kenya and northeastern Tanzania), G. zanzibaricus in Tanzania, and G. granti from southern Tanzania to southern Mozambique; and none of the three species is threatened at this time, although G. z. zanzibaricus meets the IUCN Red List criteria for an Endangered subspecies Bytebier, B The Taita Hills Biodiversity Project: Conservation & collaboration. NMK Horizons 3: 3-5.

50 Bytebier, B. and Chuah-Petiot, M., A preliminary checklist of the bryoflora of the Taita Hills, Kenya Tropical Bryology 22: A checklist of the bryoflora of the Taita Hills (Kenya) containing 168 taxa in 40 families is presented. Whilst previously only 22 mosses and 39 liverworts were recorded for the area, this study extended our knowledge to 85 and 83 respectively. Twenty taxa are newly recorded for Kenya Bytebier, B., Dall Asta, U., De Meyer, M., Githiru, M., Lens, L., Mbuthia, K.W., Mulwa, R., Odhiambo, R., Oguge, N. and Van den Spiegel., D Taita Hills Biodiversity Project: a multidisciplinary approach by a multicultural team (Taita). Belg. Meet. Eur. Platform Biodiv. Res. Strategy (Brussels, Belgium): theme Calonge, F.D., Härkönen, M., Saarimäki, T. & Mwasumbi, L Tanzanian mushrooms and their uses 5. Some notes on the Gasteromycetes. Karstenia 37: Ten species of Gasteromycetes (Basidiomycotina) collected in Tanzania are described or mentioned in this article. Phallus tennis (E. Fisch.). Kuntze seems to represent the first record for Africa Cambridge Tanzania Rainforest Project A biological and human impact survey of the lowland forests, East Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Birdlife Study Report 59. Birdlife International, Cambridge, UK. 83 pp. Birds were studied by observation and mist-netting and mammals by observation, box-trapping, pitfall-trapping and mist-netting. Reptiles, amphibians and African violets Saintpaulia were studied opportunistically. A human impact survey was also conducted to assess the degree of pressure that the local populations were exerting on the forests Carabine, E and Mc Grath R Is there a relationship between leaf litter habitat and arthroleptis frog abundance in Amani Botanical Garden? In:Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.pp Five sites with Arthroleptis frogs were studied in Amani Botancial Gardens. 67 frogs were observed from four different species belonging to this genus. Site A was found to have the highest mean number of Arthroleptis. This is thought to be partly because of ground dwelling termites in the area, giving a plentiful food supply. No significant correlation was found to exist between the number of Arthroleptis found and the leaf litter variables studies. It was found that the numbers of frogs appeared to be higher where canopy cover was denser.

51 Carcasson, R.H Description of the East African species. Revised catalogue of the African Sphingidae, 2nd ed., E. W. Classey, Oxon, England.149 pp Chachage, C.S.L. & Mvungi, A.A.K Villager participation survey. Tropical Forestry Action Plan in Tanzania. (Location-Tanga) Presents results of surveys of radio listeners in Bagamoyo, Muheza, Monduli, Shinyanga, Urambo, Mbeya Tunduru and Masasi Districts with regard to natural resource programmes. More than 50% of interviewees listen to the radio; about two thirds of these are men. Few, 16%, of villagers are aware of any publication dealing with forestry, but figures are higher for agriculture 67% have primary or adult education Chamshama, S.A.O., Nsolomo, V.R. & Persson, A Human impact on the forest vegetation of Nguru mountains. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March 13-17, 1989, p Study on human impact on the Nguru mountains vegetation was carried out between 1987 and Changes in forest cover brought by human activity were observed in the form of pitsawing, collection of fuelwood and poles, encroachment annual and fires. It is concluded and recommended that the conservation and management functions of the Nguru South forest reserve be maintained through proper control of the activities carried out in it, boundary demarcation, law enforcement (patrolling and apprehending offenders) and through education and participation of the villagers surrounding the reserve. On the other hand, agricultural crop production in the surrounding villages must be integrated with afforestation activities (an agroforestry approach) in order to shift the dependence on forest products from the catchment forest Chege, J and Bytebier, Vegetation structure of four small forest fragments in Taita Hills, Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History. 94 (1): The structure of four small forest fragments, Kichuchenyi, March, Ndiwenyi and Yale, all situated in the Dabida massif of Taita hills, was analyzed. The study was based on sample plots of size 400 m 2 each. Basal area and disturbance data are presented. All fragments are heavily disturbed. Ndiwenyi and Kichuchenyi forests are structurally very similar. However, the main characteristic of former is its remarkably large diameter trees in comparison to all other fragments. Yale is the least disturbed of the four forests and has the highest number of species typical of the primary forest.

52 Clarke, B.T. 1988a. The amphibian fauna of the East African rain forests including the description of a new species of a toad, genus Nectophrynoides Noble; Anura:Bufodae. Tropical Zoology 1: Discussed the amphibians of the Eastern forests of Africa, and describes a new species of toad, Nectophrynoides wendaye, from the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, 1650m, near Chita in the Uzungwa mountain forests external to the new National Park Clarke, B.T. 1988b. Real vs apparent distributions of dwarf amphibians: Bufo lindneri Mertens 1955 (Anura: Bufonidae)- A case in point. Amphibia Reptilia 10: Clarke, G.P. 1993a. Partial Environmental Impact Assessment for the Pangani Falls TANESCO Hydropower Project. Frontier Tanzania Coastal Forest research Programme. Unpublished Report, 4 pp. Describes the habitat types and rare species in the vicinity of Pangani Falls; notes the presence of an extremely rare tree, Cynometra brachyrrachis in Dry Forest. Also notes the presence of a possibly undescribed tree in the same genus, and a new species of liane in the genus Uvaria. The African Violet Saintpaulia tongwensis known only from the Pangani Falls area, Gendagenda and Tongwe hill forests is present in riverine habitat. Among unusual animal species are the bat Hipposideros cyclops, a new record for Tanzania, and the fishing owl Scotopelia peli. The possible effects of the proposed dam are discussed, and the importance of preventing fires in the dry forest is emphasised Carleton, M. D. and Stanley, W.T Review of the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) in Tanzania, with a description of a new species. Proceedings of the biological society of Washington 118 (3): Based on morphological and morphometric comparisons, a new species of Hylomyscus, H. arcimontensis (Muridae: Murinae), is identified frommount Rungwe and the Eastern Arc Mountains of central and eastern Tanzania. The new species is confined to wet montane forests of these mountains and represents another vertebrate endemic to the Tanganyika- Nyasa Montane Forest biotic region (sensu Moreau 1966). It is most closely related to H. anselli, a form described from mountains in northern Zambia as a subspecies of H. denniae and here elevated to species rank. Morphological evidence supports the view that the nominal species H. denniae is a composite of several species whose interrelationships and differentiation patterns indicate two species complexes: the H. denniae group centered in Central East African mountains (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Zaire) and the H. anselli group distributed across more southern mountains (Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia) Caro T. N., Pelkey N., Borner M.,Severre E. L. N.,Campbell, K.

53 46 L. I., Huish S. A., Ole Kuwai, J., FARM, B. P. and Woodworth, B. L., The impact of tourist hunting on large mammals in Tanzania: an initial assessment. Afr. J. Ecol. 36: In Tanzania, where tourist hunting is employed as a conservation tool for habitat protection, information on population sizes and hunting offtake was used to assess the impact of tourism hunting on mammal densities. In general, tourist-hunting pressure was unrelated to local population sizes, but for most species, animals were removed at a level of less than 10% of the local population size, suggesting that over-exploitation was unlikely. Eland, however, and perhaps small antelope, bushbuck, kudu and reedbuck were hunted at levels which may be unsustainable in the long term. Analyses also identified areas of Tanzania with high levels of tourism hunting pressure, showed that, in certain areas, species with small population sizes such as eland could be declining as a result of tourist hunting, and suggested that current levels of lion and leopard offtake are too high. These findings, although preliminary, allow recommendations to be put forward for changing hunting quotas for certain species in particular areas of Tanzania Chamshama, S.A.O and Philip M.S Thinning Pinus patula plantations at Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. Univ. of Dar es Salaam. Fac. Of Agric., Forestry and Vet. Science Division of Forestry. Record No. 13 The objective of this study was to provide information on the effects of post and present thinning schedules and the applied field practices on the development of Pinus patula at Sao Hill, Tanzania Charan, R.D., Munro, M.H.G., O Keefe, B. R., Raymond B. R., Sowder, C., McKee, T.C., Currens, M. J., Pannell, L.K. and Boyd, M. R., Isolation and Characterization of Myrianthus holstii Lectin, a Potent HIV-1 Inhibitory Protein from the Plant Myrianthus holstii. J. Nat. Prod. 63: Aqueous extracts from the African plant Myrianthus holstii potently inhibited the infection of the T-lymphoblastoid cell line, CEM-SS, by human immunodeficiency virus-1rf (HIV-1RF). The active constituent, M. holstii lectin (MHL), was purified by LH-20 column chromatography and reversed phase HPLC. MHL, a 9284-Da cysteine-rich protein, was characterized by amino acid analysis, N-terminal sequencing, ESIMS, and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Pure MHL had anti-hiv activity, with an EC50 value of 150 nm. Delaying the addition of MHL for up to 8 h after initial exposure of CEM-SS cells to virus did not result in loss of the antiviral activity; however, if addition of the compound was delayed for 16 hormone, there was a marked decrease in the antiviral activity. MHL bound to a virusfree, soluble form of the viral envelope protein gp120 but did not inhibit the subsequent binding to a cell-free, soluble form of the cellular receptor CD4.

54 Clausnitzer. V (In press ). Ecology and biogeography of the dendrolimnetic Coryphagrion grandis (Odonata). Symposium der A. F.W. Schimper-Stiftung A study on the ecology of the dendrolimnetic damselfly Coryphagrion grandis was undertaken in coastal forests of East Africa. The results are compared with other dragonflyspecies, known to breed in phytotelmata as well. These ecological and additional morphological and genetic results of this study show, that the monotypic Coryphagrion grandis, which was placed for conveniences within the Megapodagriidae, belongs to the otherwise South and Central American Pseudostigmatidae. Although the separation from the neotropical Pseudostigmatidae occurred at least 100 million years ago, the morphology and biology Coryphagrion grandis is still very similar to the former. These findings support biogeographical considerations about historical forest distribution in Africa, stability of East African coastal forests and the species loss due to extinctions in West and Central Africa. Since the future of Coryphagrion grandis depends on the survival of the last coastal and lower Eastern Arc forests in East Africa, a short conservation chapter is added in the end Clemmesen, B Agamas, Geckos, Skinks and Lizards. In: The Study Tour to East Africa The Natural History-Geographical Subject Group, University of Copenhagen pp Records Lygodactylus conradti, a Dwarf-gecko, from Amani. Also presents records of skinks from Amani, Shira Plateau, Kilimanjaro, and the gliding lizard, Holaspis guentheri, from Amani Community development unity, An assessment of women s workload in seven villages in Mazombe and Kilolo. HIMA/ DANIDA Iringa 28 pp This report presents the result of discussions with women in Mazombe and Kilolo Divisions, Iringa District about the problem of women s workload. The HIMA Soil and Water Conservation Project has experienced that the problem of women s workload restricts women s ability to take part in soil and water conservation activities. The project is therefore promoting activities that can lead to a reduction of women s workload. This report distinguishes between tasks that women undertake every day and tasks undertaken a few times per month. The report shows that farm work is the most difficult everyday task. During the dry season women harvest and prepare the rainfed fields for the next season. Many women also cultivate the valley bottom fields in this season. During the rainy season women said that the weeding was a very hard task. Many women cannot afford to hire or mobilize working parties for this job. Women also said that the fertility of the soil is low in these two areas. Consequently, they have to cultivate relatively large areas of land. During both season walking to and from the fields is hard and time consuming.women also complained that firewood collection increases their workload. Fuel wood is collected far away from

55 48 the residential areas and it is a hard job to return to the residential areas carrying wood. They are tired from working the whole day in the fields, and besides firewood they often carry their small children. Women complained that there are too few dispensaries. They have to walk long distances to get medical assistance. Many women said that the lack of milling machines increased their workload. In some villages women spend much time on self-help activities organized by the village government. Producing local beer is a major income generating activity for women. Women said that especially the preparation of beer is time consuming. During the last part of the discussion women identified some projects that can reduce their workload: Day care centre. Day care centre will ease women s workload. When women establish such centres, they will not have to carry their children while working in the fields. Transport projects: women are very much interested in improving the transport situation. They would therefore like to possess various means of transports such as wheel barrows, donkeys and donkey carts. Fuelwood projects: women emphasised the importance of planting fuel wood trees. They argued that they needed land close to the residential area for such planting Congdon, T.C.E Research Report 1990: Butterfly/Foodplant Associations. Report to COSTECH. 7 pp. Covers species from the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, the Uzungwas (Mufindi, Lulanda Forest, Mufindi Scarp and Kigogo Forest Reserves) and Usambaras, unique studies on the group known as the Iolain, members of thefamily Lycaenidae which feed almost exclusively on Loranthaceae, which are hemiparasitic on a wide variety of woody plants. The author provides a series of colour photographs illustrating the larva, pupa and adult with variations. He also describes the distribution of the species generally and in Tanzania, and then lists the foodplants. Some of the butterflies and plants are Tanzanian endemics. This is the only such study with illustrations of the larval and pupal stages of the life cycles of these species Congdon, T.C.E Research Report 1991: Butterfly/Foodplant Associations Report to COSTECH. 6 pp. For general comments, see Congdon, A note on Conservation Status stresses that while some of the species are found in Brachystegia spp, they may be limited to areas of higher rainfall, such as found at Madibira, a site 50 km northwest of Mafinga on the old German road from Iringa to Mbeya. Although the village of Madibira itself is on the edge of the Usangu/Bohoro flats at about 1200m in Acacia-Commiphora woodland and thorn scrub, the surrounding hills are rocky Brachystegia woodland, the wetter parts of which are very rich in Iolaini butterflies. However, the natural vegetation of the area is threatened by charcoal burning. A list of very rare and little known butterflies found near Madibira is provided.

56 Constantine, E A quantitative analysis of tree and shrub species diversity patterns in the East Usambara rain forest, N.E. Tanzania. Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture Conte, C.A Transformations along the gradient: Ecological change in the mountains and plains of north-eastern Tanzania s West Usambara Mountains, c Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University. This study presents a history of ecological change in north-eastern Tanzania s Usambara mountains during the late pre-colonial, colonial, and early independence periods. The thesis considers long-term changes in the interrelationships among the region s local agrarian communities, the regional environment, and the exogenous forces of the world economy and the colonial state. It explains under what circumstances indigenous communities alter land management practices and social relations in the face of changing market forces, environmental uncertainty, and political transformation. Moreover, by carefully collating data collected from interviews with African informants with those of the European documentary sources, this analysis demonstrates how Usambara's inhabitants' changing relationship with nature led to ecological stress. The study adds to the scholarship on ecological stress and breakdown by describing a century of ecological change on a Tanzanian mountain massif where pastoralists and farmers exploited 3 ecological zones differentiated by vegetation and climate. In this varied environment, mountain-based (1600 m a.s l.) pastoralists, who during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries carved out a mode of production dependent on forest conservation, had, by the 1960s transformed themselves into farmers on a completely deforested landscape. In precolonial times, their neighbours, who lived in permanent villages sited down slope at about 1400m, had cultivated bananas, sorghum and various legumes in well-watered mountain basins ringing the Usambara massif. In response to the opportunities and challenges of the slave trade and later, colonialism, these farmers continually reorganized both production systems and their choice of cultigens. Moreover, on the semi-arid plains below the mountain escarpments, where a patchwork of forest, pasture and gardens dotted the landscape in 1850, agribusiness plantations dominated by the 1940s. Thus, by Tanganyika s independence in 1961, not only had the precolonial socioeconomic links among the pastoralists and cultivators been broken, but the mountain population had become increasingly vulnerable to food shortages and disease in an environment marked by degradation from accelerated soil erosion Conte, C.A Nature reorganized. Ecological history in the plateau forests of the West Usambara mountains In: Maddox, G., Giblin, J. & Kimambo, I.N. (eds.). Custodians of the land. Ecology & culture in the history of Tanzania. James Currey, London, pp

57 Cooke, M.J The karst landforms on the Tanga limestone in North East Tanzania; an analysis of their form and evolution. Ph.D. thesis Makerere Univ. College. Its relevance to the forests of the Tanga limestone formation and the Amboni Cave area are discussed Cooke, M.J Cave systems of the Tanga limestone. Tanganyika Notes & Records 67: Cordeiro, N.J., Lovett J.C., Mulungu, E., Maina, G.G. and Gerstle, J.H., Initial trends of bird assemblages before and after river diversion in an endemic-rich African forest Biodiversity and Conservation 00: 1 13, The Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project in southern Tanzania caused the diversion of the Kihansi River from the Kihansi Gorge in the year By sampling the understorey avifauna prior to diversion, we examined (i) whether the adjacent Udagaje Gorge was an adequate control for observations in the Kihansi Gorge; (ii) which species of conservation interest occurred; and, (iii) which season best suited annual monitoring. Species composition and capture rates at three and two elevational transects in the Kihansi Gorge and Udagaje Gorge, respectively, confirmed that Udagaje had a comparable avifaunal assemblage to Kihansi. The cold season was most appropriate for population monitoring because >2 times more individuals were captured in the cold than hot season at both gorges, and at least four altitudinal migrants were present in the cold but not hot season. Post-diversion sampling revealed that only the Upper Kihansi transect suffered a significant decrease in number of individuals, a result that was driven largely by a decline in the Little Greenbul, Andropadus virens. This transect is closest to the Kihansi waterfall and associated spray zone which were lost after river diversion. Lack of differences in bird communities at other transects after diversion illustrates that early post-diversion effects on birds are probably concentrated near the base of the main falls. Together with studies of other biota in Kihansi, we propose that long- term monitoring is necessary to understand the factors that regulate changes in species composition of this threatened forest site Cordeiro, N. J. Mulungu, E., Maina,G.G.and Lovett, J.C., Birds of the Kihansi Gorge, southeastern Udzungwa Mountains. Scopus 24: Cordeiro, N.J Rediscovering a lost treasure in the East Usambaras, Tanzania. Bulletin of the African Bird Club 2: Cordeiro, N.J. & Kiure, J An investigation of the forest avifauna in the North Pare Mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 19: 9-26.

58 51 Presents the results of an ornithological survey in August 1994 to Lutindi Forest Reserve in East Usambara. The first observation in 60 years of the Tanzania Mountain Weaver Ploceus nicolli was made. Other globally threatened or near-threatened species observed were Southern Banded Snake Eagle Cicaetus fasciolatus, Fischer s Turaco Tauraco fischri, Usambara Eagle Owl Bubo vosseleri, Long-billed Tailor Bird Orthotomus moreaui, and Banded Green Sunbird Anthreptes rubritorques Cordeiro, N.J A preliminary survey of the montane avifauna of Mt. Nilo, East Usambaras, Tanzania. Scopus 20: Cordeiro, N.J., Mulungu, E., Maina, G. G. and and Lovett, J.C., Birds of the Kihansi Gorge, southeastern Udzungwa Mountains. Scopus 24: Cordeiro, N.J. and Howe, H.F Low recruitment of Trees Dispersed by Animals in African Forest Fragments. Conservation biology 15 (6): We investigated the effects fragmentation on the disappearance of fruiteating animals and the recruitment of animal, wind and gravity dispersed trees in 80 year old forest patches in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. We compared adult and juvenile trees in forest transects in a 3500-ha submontane forest with those in four forest fragments of 521, 30, 9 and 0.5 ha. Preliminary results show that recruitment of seedlings and juveniles of 31 animal dispersed tree species was more than three times greater in continuous forest and large forest fragments (>30 ha) than in small forest fragments (>9ha), whereas recruitment of eight wind and gravity dispersed trees of the forest interior was unaffected. Recruitment of 10 endemic, animal-dispersed tree Species was 40 times lower in small fragments than in continuous forest or large fragments. Counts of diurnal primates and birds in all five sites indicated that frugivorous species have declined with decreasing fragment size. These results are consistent with the idea that loss of dispersal agents depresses tree recruitment in the course of forest fragmentation Cordeiro, N. J., David A. G. Patrick, D.A.G., Munisi, B. and Gupta, V., Role of dispersal in the invasion of an exotic tree in an East African submontane forest Journal of Tropical Ecology 20:1 9. Early successional tree species typically attract numerous generalist frugivores, many of which serve as seed dispersers. This study evaluated whether several such dispersers facilitated the invasion of an exotic, early successional tree species, Maesopsis eminii (Rhamnaceae), in submontane forests of the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. The primary seed dispersers and their dispersal effectiveness were determined through focal watches at eight trees. Only 3 of 13 frugivores that consumed Maesopsis fruits functioned as seed dispersers (silvery-cheeked hornbill Ceratogymna brevis, Fischer s turaco Tauraco fischeri and bluemonkey

59 52 Cercopithecusmitis). On average, hornbills dispersed>26 timesmore seeds than monkeys, and >3 times as many seeds as turacos per visit and were thus considered the most important disperser. Seed germination was not affected by gut passage through hornbills. Germination in four microhabitats was experimentally evaluated to determine whether microhabitat influences germination success. Large gaps and forest edges had significantly higher germination rates compared with understorey locations; the germination rate in small gaps was not significantly different from that in the understorey. Expansive Maesopsis invasion in the East Usambaras was likely enhanced in both rapidity and scale by the presence of an extremely effective dispersal agent, the silvery-cheeked hornbill Cordeiro, N.J., Seddon, N., David R. Capper, D.R., Ekstrom,J.M.M., Kim M. Howell, K.M.,. Isherwood, I.S. and A.M. Msuya, C.A.M Notes on the ecology and status of some forest mammals in four Eastern Arc mountains, Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): From 1993 to 2000, observations were made of small to medium-sized mammals in seven poorly known submontane forest reserves and one village forest in the North Pare, South Pare, East Usambara and Nguu Mountains, Tanzania. Of 26 species recorded, three are Red-Listed as Threatened (Endangered: Zanj elephant shrew Rhynchocyon petersi; Vulnerable: red-bellied coast squirrel Paraxerus palliatus, and eastern tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus) and five as Lower Risk (two dwarf galagos Galagoides spp., African buffalo Syncerus caffer, suni Neotragus moschatus, and Harvey's duiker Cephalophus harveyi). Most of our mammal records represent new distributions in the Eastern Arc Mountains, and one record of an unidentified squirrel in the Nguu Mountains is of conservation interest. Together with timber removal and cultivation, hunting appears to threaten the survival of mammals in these forests. There is an urgent need to establish long-term conservation programmes in these forests and more thorough surveys of mammals are necessary Cordeiro, N.J Preliminary analysis of the nestedness patterns of montane forest birds of the eastern arc mountains. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson and Vanden Berghe (Eds). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Kenya and Tanzania. Special Issue: Journal of East African Natural History 87: Previous biogeographical studies on forest avifaunal compositions of mountains in the Eastern Arc archipelago have focussed primarily on patterns of species richness and the effects of montane area and isolation. This preliminary investigation examines species composition in terms of nestedness patterns for 12 mountains in this archipelago. Twenty-eight forest species (includes five species complexes), most of which are strictly confined to the Eastern Arc mountains, were used to evaluate the

60 53 hypothesis that species composition is random with respect to nestedness. Results show that the species ordering is significantly nonrandom. The discussion and conclusions focus on the nested subset patterns exhibited by 14 species and, to a lesser extent, "idiosyncratic" species and islands. Factors that may have contributed to this pattern include selective extinction and colonisation; however, further work is necessary to elucidate which of these, or other factors, actually contributes to nestedness in Eastern Arc birds. Nestedness analyses serve as an important tool to predict what species may be at risk from extinction and which islands and species require greater conservation or research attention Cordeiro, N.J., Seddon, N., Capper, D.R., Ekstrom, J.M.M., Howell, K.M., Isherwood, I.S., Msuya,C.A.M., Mushi, J.T., Perkin, A.W., Pople, R. G. and Stanley, W.T Notes on the the ecology and status of some forest mammals in four Eastern Arc mountains, Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural history 94 (1): From 1993 to 2000, observations were made of small to medium-sized mammals in seven poorly known submontane forests reserves and one village forest in the North Pare, South Pare, East Usambara and Nguu Mountains, Tanzania. Of 26 species recorded, three are Red-Listed as Threatened (Endangered: Zanj elephant shrew Rhynchocyon peters;vulnerable: red-bellied coast squirrel Paraxerus palliatus, and eastern tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus) and five as Lower Risk (two dwarf galagos Galagoides spp. African buffalo Syncerus caffer, suni Neotragus moschatus, and Harvey s duiker Cephalophus harveyi). Most of our mammal records represent new distributions in the Eastern Arc Mountains, and one record of an unidentified squirrel in the Nguu Mountains is of conservation interest. Together with timber removal and cultivation, hunting appears to threaten the survival of mammals in these forests. There is an urgent need to establish long-term conservation programmes in these forests and more thorough surveys of mammals are necessary Craven, A On a collection of land and freshwater snails made during a short expedition to the Usambara country in eastern Africa with description of seven new species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p Cribb, P.J. & Leedal, G.P A field guide to the common Mountain Flowers of sourthern Tanzania. Balkema, A.A, Rotterdam. (Location-Iringa). After a brief description of the Southern highlands, the book describes the families and species of the flowers of the foothills, plateaux and peaks of the Southern Highlands. The authors admit that they have covered only the showiest of over 3000 species of flowering plants in the area. The trees, grasses, larger shrubs and sedges have also been omitted. For each species the book gives full details of the plant and the flowers, and

61 54 additional information such as indigenous names, specific geographic location in the Southern Highlands, and a full colour illustration Cribb, P.J Mazumbai und seine orchideen. Die Orchidee 27: A brief description of orchids found at Mazumbai forest, West Usambaras is given Cunneyworth, P. & Stubblefield, L. (eds.) Mlungui proposed forest reserve. A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 32. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. The report summarises the findings of a biological survey between July and September 1995 in Mlungui proposed forest reserve in East Usambara, N.E. Tanzania. Notes on the ecological requirements and degree of endemism are presented for each species to provide an indication of the number of (a) forest dependent species as opposed to forest non-dependent and non-forest species; (b) threatened and rare species (IUCN 1994 criteria) and (c) endemics and near-endemics to the Usambara mountains. The survey of Mlungui identified 56 species of tree and shrub, five species of mammal, nine species of reptile and three species of amphibian. Number of tree or shrub species were recorded which are endemic to the Usambara Mountains but 16 were recorded that have restricted ranges limited to the Eastern Arc and/or East African lowland forests. Thirteen species are dependent on primary forest, and of these species, five are also near endemic to the Usambara mountains. Seven non-forest tree and shrub species are established within the reserve boundaries. One vertebrate species was recorded which is endemic to the Usambara mountains and three near-endemic vertebrate species were recorded whose ranges are restricted to the Eastern Arc and/or East African lowland forests. Four species are dependent on primary forest, and of these species, three are also endemic or near endemic to the Usambara mountains. One non-forest species is established in the reserve. The butterfly survey recorded four near-endemic species, of which all are forest dependent species. Pole cutting was found at high levels in all areas: mature forest, poorly stocked forest and in previously cultivated areas. Timber extraction was found at higher rates on the lower slopes but limited timber extraction was also recorded on the upper slopes and summit at Mlungui Hill where the only remaining mature forest exists Cunneyworth, P. & Stubblefield, L Bamba Ridge Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper Series No Cunneyworth, P. & Stubblefield, L Magoroto Forest: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme. Technical Paper Series No.30

62 Cunneyworth, P. 1996a. Kwamarimba Forest Reserve. A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 33. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. The report summarises the findings of a biological survey between October and December 1995 in Kwamarimba Forest Reserve in East Usambara, N.E. Tanzania. Notes on the ecological requirements and degree of endemism are presented for each species to provide an indication of the number of (a) forest dependent species as opposed to forest non-dependent and non-forest species; (b) threatened and rare species (IUCN 1994 criteria) and (c) endemics and near-endemics to the Usambara mountains. The survey identified 165 species of tree and shrub, 16 species of mammal, 11 species of bird, 17 species of reptile and 11 species of amphibian. Four tree species are endemic to the Usambara Mountains and 39 have restricted ranges limited to the Eastern Arc and/or East African lowland forests. Thirty-seven species are dependent on primary forest, and 14 of these are also endemic or near endemic to the Usambara mountains. Twenty non-forest tree and shrub species are established within the reserve boundaries. Three faunal species endemic to the Usambara mountains were recorded, and fourteen species were recorded as near-endemics, having restricted ranges limited to the Eastern Arc and/or East African lowland forests. Twenty species are dependent on primary forest, and of these 15 are also endemic or near endemic to the Usambara mountains. One non-forest species is established in the reserve. The highest level of pole and timber extraction recorded in the reserve was located on the transect which runs near the central area of the reserve Cunneyworth, P. 1996b. Longuza Forest Reserve. A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 34. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. This report summarises the findings of a biological survey between October and December 1995 in Longuza Forest Reserve, East Usambara, N.E. Tanzania. Notes on the ecological requirements and degree of endemism are presented for each species to provide an indication of the number of (a) forest dependent species as opposed to forest nondependent and non-forest species; (b) threatened and rare species (IUCN 1994 criteria) and (c) endemics and near-endemics to the Usambara mountains. The survey identified 106 species of tree and shrub, 10 species of mammal, 9 species of reptile, and 1 species of amphibian. No species were recorded endemic to the Usambara mountains but 25 have restricted ranges limited to the Eastern Arc and/or East African lowland forests. Twenty species were found to be dependent on primary forest, and of these species, nine are also near-endemic to the Usambara mountains. Eighteen non-forest tree and shrub species are established within the reserve boundaries. No faunal species were recorded which are endemic

63 56 and only one species was recorded as near-endemic to the Usambara mountains. Three species are dependent on primary forest. One species (Rattus rattus) established inside the forest reserve is a non-forest species. Past resource extraction accounts for the present degradation observed. Pole extraction appears a low threat as the highest level occurs in an area which is already degraded. Timber extraction is likely to be the greatest threat to the ecology of the small remnant of forest remaining in the central area of the reserve. Encroachment is occurring from all sides leaving a small remnant patch in the middle of the reserve, which is also under pressure Cunneyworth, P. 1996c. Kambai Forest Reserve. A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 35. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. The report summarises the findings of a biological survey between January and March 1996 of Kambai Forest Reserve, East Usambara, N.E. Tanzania, including a socio-economic component. Notes on the ecological requirements and degree of endemism are presented for each species to provide an indication of the number of (a) forest dependent species as opposed to forest non-dependent and non-forest species; (b) threatened and rare species (IUCN 1994 criteria) and (c) endemics and near-endemics to the Usambara mountains. These three categories are then combined to assess which species are considered at high risk of becoming locally extinct if the forest continues to be further degraded and fragmented. The survey identified 162 species of tree and shrub, 36 species of mammal, 11 species of bird, 18 species of reptile and 15 species of amphibian. Two tree species were recorded which are endemic to the Usambara mountains and 35 which have restricted ranges limited to the Eastern Arc and/or East African lowland forests. Forty-seven species are dependent on primary forest, and of these, 17 are also endemic or near endemic to the Usambara mountains. Eighteen non-forest tree and shrub species are established within the reserve boundaries. Four endemic and nineteen near-endemic faunal species were recorded. Thirty-three species are dependent on primary forest, and of these species, 21 are also endemic or near endemic to the Usambara mountains. Three non-forest species are established in the reserve Cunningham, A.B Report and recommendations from a fieldtrip to the Udzungwa National Park, Tanzania. WWF/UNESCO/Kew. 12 pp DANIDA, Sector Programme Support Document. Soil and water conservation project, Iringa District. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 30 pp HIMA Iringa is covering issues such as poverty alleviation, gender aspects and special attention to women specific problems, sustainable agricultural

64 57 production and environmental protection activities and is based on a participatory approach, involving the main target group, the small scale farmers, in planning, decision making and implementation of project activities. The major activities of the project is carried out within the fields of agriculture forestry and community development. Soil and water conservation, soil fertility improvement, crop diversification on-farm seed production, small animals production, fruit production and home gardening activities and reduction of post harvest losses are important agricultural activities. In addition, support to improvement of income and marketing opportunities are provided. Forest activities includes establishment of individual nurseries and village woodlots, community based management plans for government and district forest areas and beekeeping activities. Women specific issues are addressed by support to reduction of women workload, to income generating activities for women and by increasing awareness on land tenure and land rights aspects. Capacity and institutional building on village level and training of farmers, extension and district staff is furthermore important issues. Iringa Soil and Water Conservation Project (HIMA) was initiated in 1989/90 and activities have gradually been implemented in 40 villages up to the end of the second phase, December During the first 8 years of the project, there has been great progress in natural resources conservation and soil and water conservation. About 700 small scale nurseries for tree seedlings have mushroomed out of which 105 are at schools outside the project area. Thus, a spill over effects has been observed as all 66 villages in the current project area (Mazombe and Kilolo divisions) and schools in divisions outside Kilolo and Mazombe are now engaged in afforestation activities. Since inception of the project about 5.7 million seedlings have been raised and planted in 3,700 hectares. Nearly 300 km of contour bands have been constructed and almost 700 hectares of farmland conserved.80 sub-catchment have been identified and 56 local wells have been constructed. An increasing number of villages, which have been supported by HIMA, are now preparing relevant and consistent village plans on their own. Furthermore, certain community activities such as minor road repairs, tree planting programmes and construction of wells are organised and implemented by the villagers themselves. Thus, institutional sustainability is gradually being obtained at village level. Since there has been a good impact of the project activities in the two divisions, the activities should be expanded as follows: In villages, where the project has been operating for more than 5 years, procedures for scaling down of project supported activities should be introduced. The 27 villages which were not covered in phase I and II should be covered in the third phase. The project will expand its activities to cover Isimani division. Activities, which have proven viable in implementation, like tree nurseries can be implemented in villages outside the priority divisions during the third phase. Training of extension staff in agriculture, community development and forestry activities should in future include all such staff in the district as a means to disseminate information to the whole district. Project staff and farmers need motivation and continuity to enable the project to appropriately address poverty reduction issues, gender equality, improved

65 58 agricultural production and environmental sustainability. Some constraints have also been experienced during the course of carrying out project activities. This include absence of a clear strategy on how the project can reduce its support to older project villages and consolidate the support to the new project villages. This has resulted in a favouring of old villages. Risks for the project include drastic government staff retrenchment in Iringa, particularly in the line departments, institutional and attitudinal barriers to team building and to a multi-sectoral approach in extension work; unrealistic expectations among villagers and their leaders, and inability of the project to develop/disseminate technologies which address basic constraints facing the environment and which can lead to improvement in farmers living condition DANIDA, The technical review of agricultural sector programme support (impact): Hifadhi ya Mazingira (HIMA), COWI. Ministry of Foreign Affairs In evaluating the Hifadhi ya Mazingira (Protection of the Environment, or HIMA) Programme a logical framework approach has been used. Activities are judged in relation to their efficiency whether they have been achieved with the least-cost use of resources. The yardstick for outputs is efficiency whether the way HIMA sought to achieve them was the best compared to realistic alternatives. The Community Development (CD) approach is based on participation and the Programme is judged to have been generally efficient in the way it has implemented CD, although efficiency could have been increase if HIMA had focused more on solutions, sought to involve a greater proportion of villagers and had a more coherent village development model which specified the steps involved and the time which should be spend in a village. CD is not an end in itself, and it is therefore difficult to judge the effectiveness or impact of CD in relation to HIMA objectives. Staff development and training appears to have been efficient and adequate.the Mission s principal recommendations with respect to Community development include the need for a comprehensive and internally coherent village development process to be defined, which then goes through successive cycles; greater intervention with interest groups below the sub-village level; the need for commodity-based interest groups to have access to outside funds and proposals for a pilot credit scheme which would not involve HIMA directly in credit; a four-year time limit for Programme CD interventions in a village and,. Lastly, the requirement that HIMA should draw up a revised CD implementation plan incorporating the recommendations in this report. HIMA Agricultural Development and Soil Water Conservation covers eight sub-components. Within the Water Source Improvement subcomponent, water source protection appears, in general, to have been efficiently and effectively carried out. Within the Land Husbandry subcomponent, constructing of contour bunds has been efficient, but subsequent maintenance is a problem. Stabilisation of gullies has been efficiently implemented. Training in the preparation and use of composts and animal manure has been undertaken reasonably efficiently, but organic

66 59 manure will be insufficient for more than a small proportion of farmer s fields, and is therefore only a partial alternative to the use of purchased inorganic fertilisers. Under the Crop Production, there is, however, no satisfactory evidence that the Programme has succeeded, relative to non- HIMA areas, in raising average yields in the villages where it is working. Forestry Development has six sub-components. Joint Forest Management (JFM) as an alternative to policing of forest reserves by Government staff is both inevitable and, as a concept, is relevant to the HIMA approach, since it seeks to involve communities in a participatory manner. JFM is relatively new on HIMA, and it is therefore difficult to evaluate at this stage. From the evidence available to the Mission however, it is to clear that the principles of JFM are fully understood. There seems to have been little participation by villagers during the process of drafting the management plan and JFM agreement, and many of the provisions in the latter are couched in dry legal English which villagers cannot understand. By the agreement, Government, without consulting villagers, is allowed to grant rights to harvest timber, and there is a danger that, in the future, villagers will not see sufficient advantages to themselves to encourage their continued participation. HIMA has some times paid villagers for work in forest reserves, a factor encouraging villagers to cooperate in the short-term, but with no guarantee that they will be prepared to continue doing so once payments cease. Payments are contrary to the spirit of JFM. Purely on advisory grounds, the Mission can see little reason for retaining advisors in districts. The HIMA achievement with regard to the third cross-cutting issue, the promotion of democratisation and human rights, is in general good. The Programme has stressed the participatory approach at village level, and has some success in strengthening institutions there. However, the Programme has yet to find a sustainable way of working though district councils and, with increasing Government emphasis on decentralisation, this is becoming a pressing issue. The Mission s major recommendation with regards to impact is that, if Danida and GoT rules permit, district councils, with limited outside resources, themselves should assist new villages to progress towards the achievement of the HIMA development objectives DANIDA, Envirmental Impact Assessment study: The Udekwa - Mahenge road construction project -Tanzania. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 47 pp Danida through the Danish Embassy in Dar es Salaam and the Matumizi Endelevu ya Misitu ya Asili (MEMA) project in Iringa, requested I.T. Transport Ltd. To conduct an environmental impact assessment of the proposed Udekwa to Mahenge Road Construction Project. The objective of this study was to examine the environmental impacts of the proposed road construction project connecting Udekwa and Mahenge, as well as assessing other potentials of the route.the Study Team visited the field from 13 th to 23 rd August, 2001, during which numerous meetings were held with district officials, village officials, villagers, traders and

67 60 transporters. The Study Team also walked the entire route of the proposed road from Udekwa to Mahenge. Access to Economic and Social Services.These are three possible routes that provide access to the people of Udekwa:the existing road fro Udekwa, through Ifuwa to Ilula; the existing path from Udekwa to Mahenge; and,the existing road from Udekwa to Ifuwa, and then the path from Ifuwa to Kitonga (Comfort Inn).The third option provides no real advantages in terms of time and effort saved to get to the Iringa-Morogoro-Dar es Salaam highway, Mahenge or Ilula; it is therefore been discounted. At present the villagers of Udekwa are very well organised, and have an excellent community spirit. They are in the process of drawing up elaborate forest management plans through the Danida supported Joint Forest Management Programme. Hence the willingness to protect the forests and woodlands is there. However, the long-term protection and well-being of the forests, woodlands and National Park would depend greatly on the capacity of the villagers of Udekwa, as well as Ifuwa, to manage these areas. But whether they are capable of doing so effectively is not certain at this time. Economic, social and environmental criteria favour improvement of the Udekwa-Ilula Road (Route 1), primarily because the improvements will serve a much greater number of people and smaller environmental impact. However, the people of Udekwa have made great efforts to manage their woodlands and forest reserve, as well as to product the National Park. For this to continue there needs to be some benefit for the people of Udekwa. This would marginally come from improving the road from Udekwa to Mahenge, and thus it is felt that the Udekwa-Ilula Road option still needs to be considered. Or another option such as improving the social and economic services in Udekwa, such as the water supply. If route 2 is to be improved, as a first stage, it is recommended that Route 2 be improved as a footpath which could also be used by bicycles. This would provide better access for the villagers of Udekwa, enabling them to carry greater loads and cutting down on the total time spent in travelling to Mahenge.It is recommended that a full EIA be conducted for this improvement. Meanwhile the capacity of the villagers to effectively implement the land use and forest management plans can be monitored. If, after a period 5 years, the community demonstrates that it is able to protect the Forest Reserves, the miombo woodlands and the National Park, and if they can show that they are capable of maintaining the footpath, then consideration should be given to upgrading the footpath to a motorable road DANIDA, Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation.Component Description. Revised Version. Ministry of Foreign Affairs/ Danida DANIDA, Fuelwood Supply and Energy Consumption Study. Iringa Soil and Water Conservation Project.HIMA The main objectives of the Iringa Energy study were to: Describe and analyse the present and projected energy consumption and supply situation in Iringa Town; propose an alternative and sustainable source of supply of

68 61 woodfuel to Iringa in order to stop the destructive exploitation of woodland around the town. The scope of work consisted of activities aimed specifically at determining consumption and supply patterns and included a random sample survey in Iringa Town of at least 400 consumers, an assessment of using waste material to supply energy, alternative sources of energy, conservation options and an evaluation of tree planting options to argument supply Dall Asta, U Moths and conservation values in East Africa: Noctuidae of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Journal of Insect Conservation 8: In Kenya, viewing and studying sub - Saharan tropical fauna and flora has been possible for decades, and much of the vast amount of knowledge gathered in that way is now available in field guides. A policy of protection of natural sites has been instigated, but many vulnerable and biologically unique sites are still in need for better protection. The Taita Hills (South East Kenya) exemplify well the needs to document and conserve key sites for native biodiversity in the region. During a project to assess endemism and zoogeographical affinities of the Taita Hills biota, 55 moth samples were taken during two surveys in summer and two in spring. The most species rich group represented in the samples was the family Noctuidae. A list is given of the 82 identified species. At least a further 14 species could not be named, and these are considered endemics. The former were grouped according to their distribution with data from collections and literature. The Nactuidae of the Taita Hills have strong affinity with those of South Africa, but also include many with a narrow Eastern African distribution Dall Asta, U., De Prins, J. & De Prins, W Collecting Gracillariidae (leaf mining moths) in National Parks and Nature Reserves in Kenya : which biotopes to protect? (Taita). Belg. Meet. Eur. Platform Biodiv. Res. Strategy (Brussels, Belgium) 185. Dall Asta, U, De Prins, J. and De Prins, W Preliminary Checklist Gracillariidae of the Afrotropical Region (Lepidoptera) (Taita), - Zoologische documentatie, Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika 25: 48 pp 186. Davey, C., Potterton, T. & Blomley, T. (eds.) East Usambaras conservation and development project. Forest products survey. Bellerive Foundation, Nairobi 120 pp. The report summarises the findings of a study of local use of forest products in Amani Division, Muheza District, Tanga Region, Tanzania. This division covers the southern part of the East Usambara Mountains. The forests of the East Usambaras are of considerable importance to conservationists because of their high levels of tree and bird endemism and

69 62 their role as a climatic regulator and a water catchment Davis, A. P. and Mvungi, E. F Two new and endangered species of Coffea (Rubiaceae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains (Tanzania) and notes on associated conservation issues. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146: Coffea bridsoniae and C. kihansiensis are described as new species from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Full descriptions and conservation assessments are given, and affinities with other East African Coffea species are discussed. Supplementary taxonomic notes on Tanzanian Coffea are given, including a concise species checklist. Conservation issues concerning Tanzanian Coffea and the Kihansi River Gorge are briefly covered Dejong, R & Congdon, T.C.E The montane butterflies of the eastern Afrotropics. In: Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K. (eds.) Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, p Delobel, T.C., Evers, G.R., Maerere, A.P., Jager, A de (eds.) & Verhaegh, A.P Position and functions of deciduous fruit trees in the farming systems at Upper Mgeta, Uluguru mountains, Tanzania. Acta Horticulturae 270: A field study on deciduous fruit trees was carried out at Upper Mgeta, Morogoro district, Tanzania. The objective was to assess the position and functions of deciduous fruit trees in the farming systems. The methodology included interviews with farmers and direct field observations. Although fruit trees may be found on almost every farm, fruit production appears to be neglected. Deciduous fruit trees have diversified functions. Close to the house, they mainly serve to produce fruits for home consumption and for sale. Planted in remote fields, their major function is to secure land tenure. Other important functions include soil erosion control, capital saving for retirement, and as a heritage asset. Trees receive very little care and the quality of fruits is usually mediocre. On the other hand, the market is unreliable and farmers are offered low prices Research and development programmes will focus on quality standards while simultaneously seeking better outlets 200. de Boer, H.J., Kool, A., Broberg, A., Mziray, W.R., Inga Hedberg, I. and Levenfors, J.J., Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of some herbal remedies from Tanzania. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96: Plants are not only important to the millions of people to whom traditional medicine serves as the only opportunity for health care and to those who use plants for various purposes in their daily lives, but also as a source of new pharmaceuticals. During interviews with the Pare people

70 63 from North eastern Tanzania, 29 plants that are used for medicinal purposes as well as 41 plants used for non-medicinal purposes were reported. Six medicinally used plants were selected for bioactivity analysis. Extracts of Coccinia adoensis, Cineraria grandiflora, Pavonia urens, Marattia fraxinea, Clutia abyssinica var. usambarica, and Vangueria infausta were made using ethyl acetate, methanol, cold water and boiling water. The antimicrobial activity was tested on Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas syringae, and Erwinia amylovora. All plants showed activity against several test organisms De Luca, D.W. and Mpunga, N.E. (?). Small carnivores of the Udzungwa Mountains: presence, distributions and threats. Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Mbeya, Tanzania, The mammalian carnivores of the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (UMNP) area were intensively investigated over a period of one year from November 2001 to November This was the first study in this area targeting this important group of animals. A combination of field methods was employed: ecological inventories (rapid assessment surveys; scat, spoor and sign surveys; camera trapping) and socio-economic investigations (structured village interviews). Some 678 km of transect were walked; 10,608 camera-trap hours were carried out, and 128 village interviews undertaken, across representative areas throughout the park and its buffer zones. A total of 17 species of small carnivore (Mustelidae, Viverridae and Herpestidae) were confirmed for the UMNP and an additional species is probable. This corresponds to at least 85% (or as many as 90%) of the Tanzanian total. These data show that UMNP is one of the richest protected areas (if not the richest) for small carnivores in Eastern Africa, as well as one of the most important. The presence of Jackson s Mongoose Bdeogale jacksoni was particularly significant. This little known and very vulnerable species was formerly recorded only from two areas; in and around Mt Kenya and south of Mt Elgon. This represents an important new record for Tanzania. Other high-risk species recorded included Lowe s Servaline Genet Genetta servalina lowei known only from the Udzungwas. Meller s Mongoose Rhynchogale melleri and the Bushy-tailed Mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda meanwhile, are significant and very rarely recorded. The former may be a new record for this animal in terms of altitude and habitat type. The Udzungwa carnivore community is rich and of considerable importance. Its status and complexity will depend much on the continued conservation of all Udzungwa habitats Demetria, A.M Market survey and socio-economic impact of non-wood forest products at Kiloka ward, Morogoro. Forest Economics Department, SUA.

71 Deroin, T. and Luke, Q., 2005 A new Toussaintia (annonaceae) from Tanzania Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): A new species of Toussaintia patriciae, from the Udzungwa mountains in Tanzania, is described and illustrated and its relationship to the other three species in the genus discussed De Sa, R.O., Simon P., Loader,S. and Channingh, A A New Species of Callulina (Anura: Microhylidae) from the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania Journal of Herpetology, 38 (2): The description of the species Callulina kreffti was based on specimens collected in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. Successive collecting has shown this species to be widely distributed through the Eastern Arc Mountains. Advertisement calls from populations in the type locality of Callulina kreffti were compared with calls from populations in the West Usambara Mountains. Analysis of the calls suggested that these two populations of Callulina represent two separate taxa. Subsequent morphological and molecular investigations indicated that these two populations are distinct. Herein, we describe a new Callulina species on the basis of call, morphology and molecular sequences de Witte, L. and Dawson, W Does plant species composition vary beneath Cinnamomum camphora plantation trees, compared to natural forest in Amani Nature Reserve? In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, p Plantations of introduced species can alter the species richness and composition of understorey plant communities relative to natural forest, by changing the biological and physical environment. In this study, the plant species beneath a Cinnamomum camphora plantation were compared with an adjacent natural forest. Species richness was lower in the C. camphora plantation than in natural forest. Samples from the two communities were 2.5 times more dissimilar than samples from within the same area. Climbers and ferns were significantly more abundant in natural forest than in the plantation. Potential reasons for species composition differences are discussed Dick, J Sowing Pterocarpus angolensis Seeds under a Mulch Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No.7 A single, unreplicated experiment comparing three methods of sowing Mninga seeds, indicates that seeds sown under a coarse mulch survive and grow better than seeds sown under sand.

72 Dick, J.H Heartwood and Heart-rot in East African Camphor wood, Ocotea usambarensis Engl. Tanzania, Silvic. Res. Note No. 9 3pp (Mkusu Forest Reserve Lushoto District. - Expt. 193.) Seventy three trees of Dbh. (o.b) ranging from 2 (5.1 cm) to 40 (101.6 cm) were felled. Diameter measurements were taken at stump height 2 ft (60 cm) and the boles and crown were checked for signs of damage. The results show that there is a good correlation of heartwood development at stump height (y) plotted over Dbh. (o.b.) y = x (Standard error ). It seems that the majority of trees do not develop decayheartrot (y) until they reach maturity. Excluding four trees, regression analysis gave: y = x (standard error ± 1.38 Inches). The results are discussed in relation to the estimation of should wood in Camphor trees, and the modification of forest practices such as thinning and pruning should they promote heartrot development. The results seem not applicable to Kilimanjaro Camphor Dickinson, A., Burgess, N.D. & Clarke, C.P Tanzanian coastal forests: status and biological diversity. In: Bennun, L.A., Aman, R.A. & Crafter, S.A. (eds.) Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: Local Initiatives and Institutional Roles. Proceedings of a conference held at the National Museums of Kenya, 30 August-3 September National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, p Dinesen, L. and Lehmberg, T Problem identification in Udekwa in relation to the conservation of forest and biodiversity. Birdlife Denmark, Danish Ornithological Society. 39 pp. This study presents the results from a two week stay in the village of Udekwa in the north western Udzungwa Mountains. The Udzungwas form the southern part of the Eastern Arc mountains well-known for biologically unique montane forest communities. After recent biological studies in the 1990 s it has been found that the forests around Udekwa are some of the most important for conservation of biological diversity in Africa. The study lay within the frame of the Udzungwa Forest Management Project and is based on the two management strategies of this Project: management of forest inside reserves and assistance to communities living outside the reserves. The study was conduced by BirdLife Denmark and the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen in collaboration with people from HIMA-DANIDA in Iringa. The aims were to identify ways of sustainable forest management, sustainable utilization of forest products and sustainable development projects in the area. Danida and other foreign donors are invited to give support to forest management projects in this part of the Udzungwas. The area offer an unique opportunity to integrate sustainable development and conservation of important water catchment areas and unique biological values. The methods comprised of discussions with the local government, semistructured group discussions with people from all six sub-villages and interviews with local experts. A feasibility study mission to the proposed

73 66 study area, outside the present forest reserve, is highly recommended. Such a mission should include participating experts in biology, social anthropology, engineering and agriculture. The results showed that the Miombo woodland was the most important for the local population in terms of firewood, wood products, medicine and food. The evergreen forest was important for water catchment, securing rainfall to the fields and supplying the people with drinking water (also water supply to the nationally important Kidatu Dam and the Kilombero Valley). Medicinal plants and building poles were extracted from the evergreen forests. Major threats to the evergreen forest comprised of commercial logging, extension of fields into the forest reserve and dry season bushfires. Extension of fields have caused a marked decline in areas with Miombo, while the extension of evergreen forest was reported to be almost unchanged in the lifetime of the elderly people. The village government reported that the population had increased markedly during the last years. The two most important issues for local development were (a) the completion of a road to the district of Mahenge, on the main road between Morogoro and Iringa and (b) extended health service by the building of a dispensary at Udekwa Dinesen, L. & Lehmberg, T Problem identification in relation to the conservation of forest and biodiversity Udekwa (Iringa). This study presents the results from a two week stay in the village of Udekwa in the north western Udzungwa Mountains. The Udzungwas form the southern part of the Eastern Arc mountains well-known for biologically unique montane forest communities. After recent biological studies in the 1990 s it has been found that the forests around Udekwa are some of the most important for conservation of biological diversity in Africa. The study lay within the framework of the Udzungwa Forest Management Project (Lovett et al. 1992) and is based on the two management strategies of this Project: management of forest inside forest reserves and assistance to communities living outside the reserves. The study was conducted by BirdLife Denmark and the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen in collaboration with people from HIMA - Danida in Iringa. The aims were to identify ways of sustainable forest management, sustainable utilisation of forest products and sustainable development projects in the area. The methods comprised of discussions with the local government, semi-structured group discussions with people from all six sub-villages and interviews with local experts. The results showed that the Miombo woodland was the most important for the Local population in terms of firewood, wood products, medicine and food. The evergreen forest was important for water catchment, securing rainfall to the fields and supplying the people with drinking water (also water supply to the nationally important Kidatu Dam and the Kilombero Valley). Medicinal plants and building poles were extracted from the evergreen forests. Major threats to the evergreen forest comprised of commercial logging, extension of fields into the forest reserve and dry season bush-fires. Extension of fields have caused a marked decline in areas with Miombo,

74 67 while the extension of evergreen forest was reported to be almost unchanged in the lifetime of the already people. The village government reported that the population has increased markedly during the last years. The two most important issues for local development were a) the completion of a road to the district capital of Mahenge, on the main road between Morogoro and Iringa, and b) extended health services by the building of a dispensary in Udekwa. Improved management and protection of the Miombo woodland on a sustainable use basis including protection of Miombo on slopes and along water sources. Implementation and enforcement of the by laws in relation to the management of the Miombo woodland and the evergreen forests. Information and awareness campaigns on the damaging effects of bush-fires and introduction of techniques to prevent these. Improved health standard by the building of a dispensary and initiation of family planning programs to lower the population increase. Educate and involve local people in the different types of forest management Dinesen, L Seasonal variation in feeding ecology of Shelley's greenbul in subtropical evergreen forests. Afr. J. Ecol. 33: Dinesen, L Priorities for biodiversity and forest management in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. 16 pp Dinesen, L., Fjeldså, J., Hansen, L.A., Lehmberg, T. & Svendsen, J.O The Udzungwa forest partridge. Annual Review of the World Pheasant Association : During ornithological surveys and data gathering for ecological studies of African forest birds, a new and highly distinctive perdicine bird was discovered on 3 July 1991, in unexplored montane rain forest fragments in the Udzungwa Mountains, SW Tanzania. The Udzungwa Mountains represent the southern most block of the 'Eastern Arc Mountains - a chain of crystalline mountains under the direct climatic influence of the Indian Ocean. These mountains are now well known for their high level of endemism in several groups of plants and animals. The paper describes the characteristics of the new species Xenoperdix udzungwensis, which also represents a new genus and discusses its taxonomy and phylogeny. The species is believed to be a relict taxon with affinities to the hill partridges Arborophila. It is endangered because of its extremely small range and indications of heavy hunting pressure Dinesen, L., Lehmberg, T., Svendsen, J.O. & Hansen, L.A Range extensions and other notes on some restricted-range forest birds from West Kilombero in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 17 (1): The present paper summarizes observations from of certain littleknown bird species (species treated in Collar & Stuart [1985]) from the

75 68 West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, with notes on geographical range, altitudinal range and ecology. Two new restricted-range bird species were added to the Udzungwa list: A distinctive new perdicine species with closest relatives in the Indo-Malayan region (Dinesen et al in press) and Amani Sunbird Anthreptes pallidigaster. This underlines the importance of the Udzungwas as a "hot spot" for many restricted-range species. The known range within the Udzungwas was extended for several restrictedrange species, including Rufous-winged Sunbird Nectarinia rufipennis. A complete species list for the areas visited will be published in a separate paper Dinesen, L., Lehmberg, T., Svendsen, J.O., Hansen, L.A. & Fjeldå, J A new genus and species of perdicine bird (Phasianidae, Perdicini) from Tanzania; A relict form with Indo-Malayan affinities. Ibis 136: Very distinctive perdicine bird was discovered in July 1991 during the fieldwork in evergreen forests in parts of the Udzungwa Mountains in Iringa region- Tanzania. The area was ornithologically unexplored. The bird is described as a new genus and species affinities to the hill-partridges Arborophila of the Indo-Malayan region. The relict occurrence in Africa of taxa with affinities to Oriental biota is discussed Dinesen, L., Lehmberg, T. Svendsen, J.O. Rahner, M. & Fjeldså, J.(Inpress). Biological priorities in the forests of the Udzungwa Mountans, Tanzania- based on data on primates, duikers and birds. Biological Conservation Dinsesen, L., Lehmberg, T., Rahner, M.C. and Fjeldsa, J Conservation priorities for the forests of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania, based on primates,duikers and birds. Biological conservation 99: Results are presented from 14 surveys in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Forest fragments are ranked by occurrence of key species of primates, duikers and birds. Taken together, the West Kilombero Scarp forests, Mwanihana and Udzungwa Scrap have presumably viable populations of four Udzungwa endemics with the following total population estimates: Udzungwa colobus (Procolobus badiius gordonorum 15,400), Sanje mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus sanjei 1350), Udzungwa forest partridge (Xenoperdix udzungwensis 3700) and refous-winged sunbird (Nectarinia rufipennis 6850). The mountains are also strongholds for Swynnerton s robin (Swynnertonia swynnertoni), Iringa akalat (Sheppardia lowei), dapple-throat (Arcanator orostruthus), white-winged apalis (Apalis chariessa), Usambara weaver (Ploceus nicolli), and for Abott s duiker (Caphalophus spadix). Appropriate village based conservation measures need to address questions about sustainable forest use, hunting and possibilities for forest regeneration in large tracts of fire-maintained grasslands.

76 Diwani, S.A. Kumburu, O. Mshiu, E.N &Kisaka, E.Z Preliminary report on the survey of forest tree diseases and pests in Sao Hill Forest Plantation. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. Division of Forestry, Dar es Salaam. Unpublished Doggart, N., Perkin, A., Kiure, J., Fjeldsa, J., Poynton, J. and Burgess, N. D Changing places: how the results of new field work in the Rubeho Mountains influence conservation priorities in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 44, The Rubeho Mountains are a poorly studied mountain block within the Eastern Arc Mountain range of Tanzania and Kenya. We present the results of field surveys for vertebrates undertaken during the period February 2000 to December One hundred and twelve man-days of surveys recorded 35 mammal, 107 bird, ten reptile and nine amphibian species, including eleven species endemic and seven near-endemic to the Eastern Arc, with one species new to science. Of these, nine species are regarded as threatened with extinction. The new survey data significantly elevate the biological importance of the Rubehos within the Eastern Arc range. Further analyses highlight how the overall biological ranking of the Eastern Arc mountain blocks is correlated with survey effort. The majority of the forest habitat on the Rubehos is contained in three national (Central Government) Forest Reserves (Mang alisa, Mafwomero and Ukwiva). Our surveys recorded high levels of disturbance to the forest habitat in all three reserves and we draw attention to the need for additional conservation investment in this area Doggart, N. H., Dilger, M. S. Cunneyworth, P. and Fanning, E Kwamgumi Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme. Technical Paper Series No Doggart, N. H., Dilger, M. S. Kilenga, R. and Fanning, E Mtai Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme. Technical Paper Series No Doggart, N. H., Joseph, L. Bayliss, J. and Fanning, E Manga Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation. A tea Management Programme. Technical Paper Series No Doggart, N., Mohoro, B., Kiure, J., Perkin, A., Lovett, J. and Burgess, N.D. ( ).Status and biodiversity values of the Uluguru Forest Reserves. WCST/DOF, Uluguru Mountains Biodiversity Conservation Project, Morogoro Doggart, N. H., Ntemi, A. Doody, K. and Fanning, E Semdoe Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara

77 70 Conservation Area Management Programme. Technical Paper Series No Doleib, M. E. & Koljonen, A linear programming model for the optimum product mix of Sao Hill Sawmill. University of Dar es Salaam. Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 26. The study summarizes attempts to find the most profitable lumber size combination that would maximize profit for the Sao Hill Sawmill. The study consists of a theoretical yield study to determine the possible lumber sizes obtainable from a long, a time study to determine processing time at the bottle neck machines and finally the use of linear programming to test product mix strategies under five anticipated market conditions Doody, K., Nderumaki, M., Kahemela, A. and Nyagawa, S Towards a communication strategy for the Eastern Arc Mountains results of a stakeholder consultation process. Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Project, Forest and Beekeeping Division. 99 pp The report presents the findings from visits to central government officers, senior staff in relevant NGO s and district officers, traders, and communities in six districts in the Eastern Arc Mountains, and other key Eastern Arc stakeholders who are based in Dar es Salaam. The six Eastern Arc districts visited were, Mpwapwa, Kilombero, Same, Handeni/Kilindi, Muheza and Iringa /Kilolo. The material has been used to develop the CMEAMF Information, Education and Communication (IEC) strategy for the Eastern Arc Mountains forests, which is available online at and at Doody, K., N. H. Doggart, L. Joseph and E. Fanning 1999 Segoma Forest Reserve: A biodiversity survey. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper Series No Drewes, R.C., Altig, R. & Howell, K.M Tadpoles of three frog species endemic to the forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Amphibia-Reptilia 10: East African Wildlife Society, Stakeholders workshop on the conservation and management of the Taita hills forests. Taita Hills Safari Lodge February 7 th 10 th 2005 The purpose of the workshop was to give stakeholders an opportunity to discuss key threats and challenges as well as identify the best options for restoration and connectivity enhancement among the Taita Hills forests fragments. Specific objectives for the workshop were: (a) to leverage stakeholders understanding of the threats, challenges as well as

78 71 opportunities for the conservation and sustainable use of forests resources in Taita Hills; (b) to provide an opportunity for stakeholders to share experiences and learn from each other; (c) to identify and prioritise interventions for restoration and increased connectivity; (d) to learn and appreciate the respective capacities and limitations of various stakeholders involved with the conservation of Taita Hills Forests; (e) to clarify on the CEPF funding opportunities and limitations; and (f) to work out a way forward on the restoration process in light of the limited funding opportunities available through CEPF (and other donors). It involved a total of 36 participants, 16 of which represented community groups from various parts of Taita Hills; 5 represented various government departments; 10 represented NGOs (local and international); 4 represented Universities conducting research in Taita Hills and 1 represented the donor, CEPF. The presentations made covered: the background of Taita Hills Forests; experiences from past efforts in the region; research work findings and recommendations and interventions (both ongoing and planned.participants identified Ngangao; Mbololo; Chawia; Mwambirwa and Kasigau as the main indigenous forest blocks for Taita Hills. Associated with these blocks were several other fragments, which collectively make a total of 38 fragments. A full list of all the forest fragments, acreage, nature of forest cover (indigenous or exotic) and location is presented.the threats in these forests are similar to other regions within the Eastern Arc Mountains. The following threats were identified as the priority concerns in Taita Hills: Encroachment (for settlement; agriculture and livestock grazing); Over-extraction of firewood and building materials Poor enforcement of government policies and regulations; Lack of awareness among the communities living adjacent to forests Fires (both deliberate and accidental); and colonization by the suppressive and fast growing exotic tree species. Lack of coordination among various conservation projects and stakeholders and the piece meal implementation of interventions were identified as key challenges that stakeholders needed to overcome in order for any interventions to realize significant results and impacts. Development of alternative livelihood options; forest restoration and connectivity enhancement; survey and gazettement of the few remaining forest blocks; development of participatory forest management plans and continued monitoring of forest cover as well as biodiversity changes were identified as the key interventions that would yield more positive results. Participants also identified organisations best placed to address these threats (on the basis of political goodwill; capacity; experiences and lessons from past efforts). In implementing the restoration and connectivity enhancement process, the following steps would be followed: Survey and mapping of various forest fragments (especially plantations and the minor fragments that have not been given any attention in the past) to ascertain the exact acreage; connectivity analysis and modelling;development and implementation of an integrated restoration and connectivity and enhancement programme (that would involve a combination of the interventions identified above). An integrated monitoring programme would also be developed to run parallel to the aforementioned restoration process. The entire restoration and connectivity enhancement process

79 72 would involve a number of key stakeholders Key outcomes of this workshop are summarized into threats, interventions and stakeholders 231. East Usambara Agricultural Development & Environmental Conservation Project June A Proposal for Phase II July Submitted to the Commission of The European Communities and the EEC Food Aid Counterpart Fund, Tanzania. The proposal is a request to the Commission of the European Communities EEC and Food Aid counterpart Fund (EACF) for co-financing of Phase II of the Agricultural Development and Environmental Conservation Project in the East Usambara Mountains of northern Tanzania. The project is a collaborative effort by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development and the Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, with technical assistance from IUCN. The World Conservation Union Phase I of the Project commenced in 1987, and will be completed in January Co-financing for Phase I was provided by the EEC, EACF and the Delegation of the Commission of the European Communities in Tanzania, through a Special Action Programme. An extension of Phase I will continue the present activities until June 1990, and Phase II is intended to commence on 1 July The East Usambara Mountains in northeastern Tanzania are famous for their luxuriant forests, which are of great biological, environmental and economic value. The forests are under threat from general misuse of the resources, and specifically from unsustainable agricultural practices. This has led to a shifting cultivation system which invades the natural forests and eventually leads to their disappearance. In addition, there has been uncontrolled timber extraction from the forests, which has resulted in large gaps in the natural tree cover. The project aims to improve the living conditions of the people in the East Usambaras; to secure the regional resource functions of the mountain forests, particularly the water catchment value; and to preserve the biological diversity and environmental value of the natural forests. During Phase I, these overall goals have been approached though a project organisation and philosophy which has the following main elements:the Project supports the local Forest Department staff who are responsible for the demarcation and maintenance of forest reserve boundaries, policing of reserved areas, and control of public interest in these areas. The Project assists local farmers with advice on soil conservation measures, supply ofplanting materials and alternative cash crop seedlings, and support of private nursery development. The Project has encouraged the village authorities to become actively involved in the management of public land surrounding their villages, in particular the public Forest Land Egger, K., Huljus, J.; Pomply, O. Prinz, D Feasibility study soild erosion control and afforestation in the West Usambaras (Phase I) 176 pp.

80 Egger, K., Huljus, J., Pompl, O. & Prinz, D Soil erosion control and afforestation in the West Usambaras (Phase I). Feasibility study. Göttingen, vii+176 pp.+[88] appendices Ekono energy Kihansi Hydroelectric Project Environmental Assessment. Report EP-13624Q-01, Nordic Development Fund. (location- Iringa) Ellman, A Feasibility study for an outgrower tea and fuelwood project. East Usambara Tea Company Ltd, Tanga. The report is a study on the possibilities to start outgrower tea (800 ha) and eucalyptus fuelwood (400 ha) production among farmers in the Amani- Kwamkoro area. The following villages were included in the study: Kwemwewe, Kwesitu, Mbomole, Mgambo, Mikwinini, Misalai, Mlesa, Msasa, Shambangeda, Ubiri, and Zilai. The study provides fairly detailed information on demography, village land use, socio-economic status, agricultural activities and potential, environment, and employment in the tea estates. It contains a detailed project proposal. A land use classification map, covering an area of 12,630 ha and based on 1994 aerial photographs, was produced for the study by Mlingano Agricultural Research Institute Ellman, A., Tye, A., Rwamugira, S., Mallya, B., Mahenge, F. & Mndolwa, A Development of forest trails and drive routes in the Amani Nature Reserve. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 17. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Ellman, A.E Handing over the stick? Report of a village forest management and farm forestry consultancy. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 18. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. A report of a three-month consultancy on participatory management of village forests and promotion of farm forestry initiatives in East Usambara villages. Four pilot villages were selected for detailed study, two focusing primarily on village forest management and two on sustainable farm forestry practices. PLA Action techniques were used to prepare forest conservation and farm forestry management plans in the villages. General, and specific lessons learned on village forest management and farm forestry are provided. The report provides several recommendations. These include: A major information campaign; Study tours; Training of foresters in farm forestry and participatory planning and management techniques; Closer cooperation between environmental agencies; On-farm tree planting. Recommendations are made on actions required in the four EUCFP pilot villages, including guidelines for village forest management and for farm forestry development.

81 Emberton, K.C, Pearce, T.A Kasigwa, P. Tatterfield, P. & Habibu, Z High diversity and regional endemism in land snails of eastern Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation. 6: Emmrich, D Weitere Kenntnisse uber das seltene Chamaleon Bradypodion oxyrhinum von den Uluguru-Bergen, Tanzania. Salamandra 29: Enghof, I. & Enghof, H Notes on myriapods observed and collected in Tanzania and Kenya during the summer Unpubl. report, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Describes collections of millipedes in the vicinity of Amani in 1974 by staff and students of the University of Copenhagen. See Rodgers & Homewood (1981) Enghoff, H Arthrosphaera of brandti (Humbert), a giant pillmillipede found in Tanzania, probably introduced from Sri Lanka (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriidae). Rev. Zool. afr. 91: The giant pill millipede, found only in the immediate vicinity of Amani, has never been found elsewhere in Tanzania. The species is known to occur in Sri Lanka, and it is concluded that it was introduced by man, probably when a large number of exotic tree species were planted in the Amani area during German times. The presence of a centipede, Lamyctes coeculus, also introduced to the area but the origins of which are obscue is also noted Enhardt, P East Usambara Conservation and Agricultural Development Project. A case study. Paper presented at the IUCN-EU workshop Strategy for the Development of African Protected Areas for Conservation of Biodiversity, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, January, European Development Fund Forestry. Annex 7. Regional Agricultural Development Plan. Iringa final report. Prepared by Agrar- und Hydrotechnik GMBH, Essen, Germany, 54 pp. A comprehensive analysis of the forests and forestry in Iringa Region. The report is divided into 4 parts. Part A describes the current situation, and covers a description of the natural forests of Iringa and a review of past and present forestry programmes, village afforestation programmes, and existing land-use and forestry laws. Part B discusses the problems and constraints. Part C looks at development needs at three levels: the small farmer (the needs of both women and men are described); agricultural processing especially tobacco; regional needs for conservation; and monitoring the forests through inventories. Part D suggests measures and contains statistics on wood consumption and supply, afforestation, and fertility rates of different soils.

82 Evans, T. & Anderson, G. (eds.) A Wildlife Survey of the East Usambara and Ukaguru mountains, Tanzania. International Council for Bird Preservation, Study Report No. 53. An important study of two very poorly known areas. Provides detailed data on birds, amphibians and reptiles, butterflies, fish and mammals, and lists of each. See next in details Evans, T.D. & Anderson, Q.A Results of an ornithological survey in the Ukaguru and East Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 17(1): The members of the Cambridge Tanzania Rainforest Survey 1990 visited Mtai Forest (4'52S, 38'47E) in the East Usambara Mountains from 7 July to 14 August and the main block of forest in the Ukaguru Mountains (6'21 S, 38'47E) from 23 August to 14 September Birds, reptiles and amphibians were studied in both forests, and butterfly and fish surveys carried out in Mtai. The final expedition report is to be published as a BirdLife International study report. The two ornithologists combined direct observation with mist-netting. The key results of the bird studied are presented along with some notes on the conservation prospects for each forest. Covers two areas which have received very little attention. 35 days of fieldwork were spent at Mt. Mtai and 22 days in the Ukagurus. The high conservation value of these forests for bird genetic diversity is quite out of proportion to their small area of natural forest vegetation. About half of the Mtai forest, some 1645 ha, is within a Forest Reserve. Although there was relatively little sign of agricultural encroachment, pitsaw logging occurred at a high level, and the authors observed extensive damage to soil and neighbouring trees from this practice. There is a severe risk of the forest being degraded by disturbance, selective removal of emergent trees and frgamentationof the canopy. Secondary forest lacks the deply shaded undergrowth which may be vital for forest dependent birds and amphibians. All of the Ukaguru forests are in Mamiwa Kisara Forest Reserve; encroachment apperas severe in the south were the reserve boundary is not adequately marked. The main problem is that the forest supplies most of the firewood and building poles for about 10,000 surroundign households. Plans are now in hand to greatly expand the production of tree seedling both for planting the reserve boundary and for establishing village woodlots Evans, T.D., Watson, L.G., Hipkiss, A.J., Kiure, J., Timmins, R.J. & Perkin, A.W New records of Sokoke Scops Owl Otus ireneae, Usambara Eagle Owl Bubo vosseleri and East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi from Tanzania. Scopus 18: Ezaza, W.P Geoecological factors influencing overexploitation and land degradation in the Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania. Mountain Research and Development 8:

83 76 Notes that forest clearing for agriculture land has been encouraged by some politicians and as a result, between 1954 and 1976, about one third of natural forest was cleared. Sicne 1980 when TIRDEP began, studies on land degradation have been made, and attempt to diversify peasant agriculture and economy has begun, and about 360,000 trees have been planted Farkas, E. & Vezda, A Macentina borhidii, eine neue foliicole Flechte aus Tanzania. Acta Botanica Hungarica 33: Describes a new species of lichen from East Usambara: Kihuhwi forest reserve, Mtai forest reserve, Amani forest reserve, Amani-Sigi forest reserve and West Usambara: Shagayu forest reserve and Ambangulu forest Farkas, E Foliicolous lichens of the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Lichenologist 19(1): Farkas, E Foliicolous lichens. Check-list. Obligately foliicolous lichens of the Usambara Mountains. In: The SAREC supported Integrated Usambara Rain Forest Project, Tanzania. Report for the period Uppsala. 30 pp. + appendices Farkas, E The Foliicolous lichen flora and vegetation of the Usambara mountains.in: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E.(eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March 13-17, p As a result of the integrated Usambara Rain Forest Project 98 foliicolous lichen species were found in the Usambara mountains. Four of them belong to Arthoniaceae, 7 to Opegraphaceae, 25 to genera of pyrenocarpous ascomata. Common species among them are Porina epiphylla, P. sphaerocephaloides, Phylloporis phyllogena and Mazosia melanophthalma. The other sixty-two species belong to genera with discocarpous fruitbodies and to Lichenes imperfecti. The most frequent species are Byssoloma leucoblepharum, Calopadia puiggari, Bacidia dimerelloides, B. palmularis and Tricharia vainioi. Two-thirds of the species have pantropical distribution, while 15 species are distributed in tropical Africa only, among them 7 are known exclusively from Tanzania. Thirty-five species are new to the Usambaras including 15 species new also to Tanzania and 6 to Africa. New species described from the Usambaras recently are: Porina sphaerocephaloides, Macentina borhidii, Dimerella flavicans, D. pocsii, D.tanzanica, D. usambarensis and Byssoloma usambarense Farler, J.P The Usambara Country in East Africa. Proc. Roy Geo. Soc. 11: Provides early descriptionf of streams, vegation, villages and cultivation.

84 Farquhar, J.D Simple forestry: an elementary guide to tree planting. Forest Department, Tanganyika. 25 pp. An extension pamphlet with instruction on nursery work, planting and the protection and management of plantations, suitable for English-speaking African foresters, of limited schooling Fernie, L.M The Amani plantations. An account of some of the more interesting horticultural features to be seen at the East African Agricultural Research Institute, Amani, Tanganyika Territory. East African Agricultural Journal. 14 (2): Finnmap-Silvestre, East Usambara Mountains, Amani Forest Inventory and Management Plan Project (3 vols) FINNIDA, Helsinki. These documents represent one viewpoint of the controversial large scale, mechanised logging scheme which took place in the East Usambaras. Funding provided by Finnida went to Sikh Sawmills, a parastatal under TWICO, but after international pressure, the nature of the programme was changed Fischenich, P.G Support to management of national forest reserves, West Usambaras. Project Appraisal. vii +43 pp appendices. The objective of appraisal was to investigate, identify, and plan possible SECAP support to manage the national forest reserves with special reference to buffer zones Fjeldså, J Diversification of tropical avifaunas: A comparison of the Afrotropical and Neotropical avifaunas using molecular clocks. Proc. VIII Pan Afr. Orn. Congr p Fjeldså, J Geographical patterns for relict and young species in Africa and South America and the dilemma of ranking biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: Fjeldså, J Patterns of endemism in the tropics: testing competing models by integrating biogeographic and molecular data. In: Bennun, L.A., Aman, R.A. & Crafter, S.A.(eds). Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: Local Initiatives and Institutional Roles. Proceedings of a conference held at the National Museums of Kenya, 30 August - 3 September National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, p Fjeldså, J. & J. Rabøl, Variation in avian communities between isolated units of the Eastern Arc mountain forests, Tanzania. Gerfaut 85: Fjeldså, J., Svendsen, J.0. & Hansen, L.A.,1995. Report on The Uluguru Biodiversity Survey In: Svendsen, J.O. & Hansen,

85 78 L.A.(eds.). The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy. p Fjeldså, J. & J.C. Lovett, Geographical patterns of old and young species in African forest biota: the significance of specific montane areas as evolutionary centers. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: Fjeldså, J. & J.C. Lovett Biodiversity and environmental stability. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: Fjeldsa, J., Bowie, R.C.K. and Kiure, J The forest batis, Batis mixta, is two species: description of a new,narrowly distributed Batis species in the Eastern Arc biodiversity J Ornithol (in press) The forest batis, Batis mixta, is a common bird of the forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and in some adjacent montane and coastal forests. Through new collecting efforts in most of this range we documented a well-marked change in morphology in the middle of the range. Supplementary genetic studies of the historical population structure suggest connectivity among the south-western and northern/coastal populations, but not between these parapatric groups. It is concluded that two species are involved, and a new name B. crypta is proposed for the south-western populations. A marked genetic break also exists towards B. capensis sola in northern Malawi. The morphologically distinctive form reichenowi in south-eastern Tanzania is genetically nested within B. mixta, and for now we keep it as a subspecies of B. mixta Fjeldså, J The impact of human forest disturbance on the endemic avifauna of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Bird Conservation International 9: Fjeldså, J., Ehrlich, D., Lambin, E., Prins, E., Fjeldsa, J. (ed.). & Lovett, J.C Are biodiversity 'hotspots' correlated with current ecoclimatic stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Special issue. Biodiversity and environmental stability: proceedings of a symposium held April 1995 in Copenhagen by the Danish Centre for Tropical Diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation. 6 (3): The GAC (Global Area Coverage) by the NOAA-AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry) satellites represents an excellent data set for studying global and regional patterns of variations in surface conditions driven in part by climatic variation. In this pilot study an examination was made of whether biodiversity 'hotspots', defined from peak concentrations of neoendemics as well as geographically relict forms, differ in ecoclimatic stability from surrounding areas under present-day climatic conditions. Coefficients of variation of the ratio between brightness surface temperature (Ts) and the Normalized Difference

86 79 Vegetation Index (NDVI) based upon 10 years' monthly composited scenes of tropical Africa revealed distinctive geographical patterns of interannual variability in surface conditions. Regions with a predominance of old species are characterized by spatial uniformity in the ecoclimatic variability, while regions where rapidly radiating groups dominate are spatially complex in this respect. However, the exact 'hotspots', with peak concentrations of endemic species, are characterized by a local reduction in ecoclimatic variability, or placement on the boundary to a stable region. This relationship was supported statistically by comparing ecoclimatic profiles across montane forests representing 'hotspots', and those of other montane forests. It is suggested that, because of interactions between prevailing atmospheric flows, topography and vegetation, the impact of extreme weather is moderated locally. The correlation between current stability and aggregates of neoendemics as well as old relics indicate that local moderation of climatic extremes persist through shifting climatic periods, permitting populations of unique species to survive in these places. The results are used to identify study sites for better ground truthing and for paleoclimatological studies which may be useful for more thorough studies of these relationships Fjeldså, J., Howell, K. & Andersen, M An ornithological visit to the Rubeho Mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 19: Fleetwood E., Soil properties under some forest and woodland types in the Morogoro area, Tanzania. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stockholm Fleetwood, E Soil properties under five forest and woodland types in the Morogoro area, Tanzania. Rural Development Studies 12: Fleuret, P. C. & Fleuret, A. K Fuelwood use in peasant community; A Tanzanian case study. Journal of Developing Areas 12: This is an accurate measurement of the fuel use in Kwenzitu, a village of some 200 inhabitants located in the Usambara Mountains of north eastern Tanzania; the ramification of the task of firewood collection, essentially the work of women, and the wider implications of wood fuel use in the face of the world energy crisis and the future possible of a fuelwood shortage are discussed Fleuret, A. 1979a. The role of wild foliage in the diet. A case study from Lushoto, Tanzania. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 8 (2): Fleuret, A.K. 1979b. Methods for Evaluation of the role of Fruits and Wild Greens in Shambaa Diet: a case study. Medical Anthropology 3:

87 80 Describes the development of methods used in a study of the local diet in the West Usambaras. Of interest to those considering similar studies elsewhere Fleuret, A Non-food uses of plants in Usambara. Economic Botany. 34 (4): Plants used by the Shambaa people were studied in the Lushoto District, NE Tanzania from Dec to Feb. 1977, and their uses classified and discussed. Important woody plants included: Ficus sp., regarded as having sacred properties, and used for water divining and as a source of twine for reinforcing baskets etc.; Ocotea usambarensis, used for water divining, in house construction, and for household implements; Cyathea usambarensis, a tree fern, used for wall poles in building houses; Chlorophora excelsa, used for door and window frames, household implements and furniture; Dombeya spp. (especially D. leucoderma) used for bows, beehives and stools; Agave sisalana, Ceiba pentandra and Phoenix reclinata, used for fibres; Salvadora persica - twigs used for cleaning teeth; and Adansonia digitata used to promote fermentation. All available trees (except Ficus) were used for fuel For. Dep. 1953, Land, water and vegetation type areas, Tanganyika. Rep. For. Dep. Tanganyika. Gives the distribution of the vegetation types by area in sq. miles of dryland, for each of the 8 (political) provinces (from Gillmans vegetation map.) 275. For. Dep Notes on Lushoto Arboretum, Lushoto, Tanga Province. (Forest Department, Tanganyika.), 16 pp. Notes on height growth at July 1957 of nearly 30 species or provenances of Eucalypts, 24 Pine and 11 indigenous trees planted Forestry Division; Arboreta: Summaries of performance in three arboreta in the East Usambara. The arboreta: Kwamkoro Forest Reserve (Ex.571), and two at Longua Forest Reserve (Ex.307). East Usambara. Tanzania Technical Note (Silvic) No Forestry Division; Growth rates of Cephalosphaera Usambarensis and Maesopsis eminii. Tanzania Technical Note (Silvic) No. 71A Forest Division, Tree planting in catchment forests in Tanzania. A circular to all Regional Natural Resouces Officers and Forest Project Officers. Forest Division, Dar es Salaam.

88 Forest Division, Trees for Village Forestry. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar-es-Salaam. Tanzania Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnmap Silvestria East Usambara Mountains Forests and Forestry. Amani Forest Inventory and Management Planning Project, Finnida, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 180 pp Forrester, K., S. Evison & Z. Bhatia, Participatory Rural Appraisal training in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. USPP Report No. 2, Morogoro Foster-Vesey-Fitzerald, D Wild life in Tanganyika. Oryx 2 (6): photo 1 map. Quotes numbers of game per square mile by species for the Brachystegia forest/valley grassland catena Fowler, S. & Nyambo, B Report of a short consultancy on the potential of biological control of invasive species in Amani Nature Reserve. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 20. Forest and Beekeeping Division, Finnish Forest and Park Service & International Institute of Biological Research. Dar es Salaam, Vantaa & London. A joint consultancy to look at the needs and possibilities for biological control of Maesopsis eminii and other invasive introduced species in the East Usambara forests. The consultants concluded that M. eminii is less of a threat to the indigenous forests than previously suggested. They thought that selective logging could damage regenerating native species, and that even localised disturbance could encourage the re-invasion of M. eminii. If the succession to native species is to be accelerated, killing existing M. eminii by ringbarking seems probably better than selective felling or the use of herbicides. Further they noted that if the current low levels of human disturbance of the forests are not maintained then M. eminii will invade. If this is perceived as a risk, then investigating biological control might be prudent. Neither Lantana camara nor Clidemia hirta appear to be significant problems either to the conservation of the indigenous forest or to local agriculture. However, Clidemia hirta can colonise intact canopy forest as a low growing, understorey shrub, and if it continues to spread it could represent some threat to native understorey plants and cause problems for forest regeneration by rapidly colonising natural light gaps. The consultants recommended monitoring of C. hirta and thought that Psidium cattleianum may be a species of great concern. They recommended that extent of invasion should be surveyed, and control measures to restrict its further spread should be considered Franzmann, N.E A new subspecies of the Usambara Weaver Ploceus nicolli. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 103:

89 Friedman, H A collection of birds from the Uluguru and Usambara mountains, Tanganyika Territory. Ibis 4: Friedmann, H. & Stager, K.E Results of the 1964 Cheney Tanganyikan Expedition.Ornithology. Contributions in Science, Los Angeles 84: Frontier Tanzania,2001a. New Dabaga/ Ulangambi Forest Reserve Management and Summary Report. Report for the Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project, MEMA, Iringa, Tanzania.1-77 pp Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ DANIDA Frontier Tanzania, 2001b. West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve Management and Summary Report.Report for the Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project, MEMA, Iringa, Tanzania pp. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ DANIDA Frontier Tanzania, 2001c. New Dabaga/ Ulangambi Forest Reserve Botanical and Forest Use Report.Report for the Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project, MEMA, Iringa, Tanzania pp. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ DANIDA Frontier Tanzania, 2001d. West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve Botanical and Forest Use Report. Report for the Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project, MEMA, Iringa, Tanzania pp. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ DANIDA Frontier Tanzania, 2001e. New Dabaga/ Ulangambi Forest Reserve Zoological Report. Report for theudzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project, MEMA, Iringa, Tanzania pp. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ DANIDA Frontier Tanzania, 2001f. West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve Zoological Report. Report for theudzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project, MEMA, Iringa, Tanzania pp. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ DANIDA Frontier Tanzania, Methods Manual. Report for the Udzungwa Mountains Forest Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project, MEMA, Iringa, Tanzania. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ DANIDA.

90 Frontier-Tanzania, Uluguru Component Biodiversity Survey 2005 (Volume I): Methods Manual. Bracebridge, Fanning, Howell & St. John (eds). Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam; CARE-Tanzania, Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests (CMEAMF): Uluguru Component, Forestry and Beekeeping Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, GEF/UNDP:URT/01/G Frontier-Tanzania, Uluguru Component Biodiversity Survey 2005 (Volume II): Uluguru South Forest Reserve. Bracebridge, Fanning, Howell, Rubio & St. John (eds). Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam; CARE-Tanzania, Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests (CMEAMF): Uluguru Component, Forestry and Beekeeping Divisonof the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, GEF/UNDP:URT/01/G Frontier-Tanzania, Uluguru Component Biodiversity Survey 2005 (Volume III): Uluguru North Forest Reserve. Bracebridge, Fanning, Howell, Rubio, St. John (eds). Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam; CARE-Tanzania, Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests (CMEAMF): Uluguru Component, Forestry and Beekeeping Divison of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, GEF/UNDP:URT/01/G Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., De sa, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto,B.L, Moler, P., Drewes. R.C., Nussbaum, R., Lynch, J.D., Green, D..M. and Wheeler, W.C The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American museum of Natural History. Central park west at 79th street, New York, 370 pp. The evidentiary basis of the currently accepted classification of living amphibians is discussed and shown not to warrant the degree of authority conferred on it by use and tradition. A new taxonomy of living amphibians is proposed to correct the deficiencies of the old one. This new taxonomy is based on the largest phylogenetic analysis of living Amphibia. Combined comparative anatomical character evidence of Haas (2003)with DNA sequences from the mitochondrial transcription unit H1 (12S and 16S ribosomal RNA and trnavaline genes, ø 2,400 bp of mitochondrial sequences) and the nuclear genes histone H3, rhodopsin, tyrosinase, and seven in absentia, and the large ribosomal subunit 28S (ø 2,300 bp of nuclear sequences; ca. 1.8 million base pairs; x kb/terminal). The dataset includes 532 terminals sampled from 522 species representative of the global diversity of amphibians as well as seven of the closest living relatives of amphibians for outgroup comparisons. The primary purpose of taxon sampling strategy was to provide strong tests of the monophyly of all family-group taxa. All currently recognized nominal families and subfamilies are sampled, with

91 84 the exception of Protohynobiinae (Hynobiidae). Many of the currently recognized genera were also sampled. Although we discuss the monophyly of genera, and provide remedies for nonmonophyly where possible, we also make recommendations for future research. A parsimony analysis was performed under Direct Optimization, which simultaneously optimizes nucleotide homology (alignment) and tree costs, using the same set of assumptions throughout the analysis. Multiple search algorithms were run in the program POY over a period of seven months of computing time on the AMNH Parallel Computing Cluster. Results demonstrate that the following major taxonomic groups, as currently recognized, are nonmonophyletic: Ichthyophiidae paraphyletic with respect to Uraeotyphlidae), Caeciliidae (paraphyletic with respect to Typhlonectidae and Scolecomorphidae), Salamandroidea (paraphyletic with respect to Sirenidae), Leiopelmatanura (paraphyletic with respect to Ascaphidae),Discoglossanura (paraphyletic with respect to Bombinatoridae), Mesobatrachia (paraphyletic with respect to Neobatrachia), Pipanura (paraphyletic with respect to Bombinatoridae and Discoglossidae/Alytidae), Hyloidea (in the sense of containing Heleophrynidae; paraphyletic with respect to Ranoidea), Leptodactylidae (polyphyletic, with Batrachophrynidae forming the sister taxon of Myobatrachidae 1 Limnodynastidae, and broadly paraphyletic with respect to Hemiphractinae, Rhinodermatidae, Hylidae, Allophrynidae, Centrolenidae, Brachycephalidae, Dendrobatidae, and Bufonidae), Microhylidae (polyphyletic, with Brevicipitinae being the sister taxon of Hemisotidae), Microhylinae (poly/paraphyletic with respect to the remaining non-brevicipitine microhylids), Hyperoliidae (para/polyphyletic, with Leptopelinae forming the sister taxon of Arthroleptidae 1 Astylosternidae), Astylosternidae (paraphyletic with respect to Arthroleptinae), Ranidae (paraphyletic with respect to Rhacophoridae and Mantellidae).In addition, many subsidiary taxa are demonstrated to be nonmonophyletic, such as (1) Eleutherodactylus with respect to Brachycephalus; (2) Rana (sensu Dubois, 1992), which is polyphyletic, with various elements falling far from each other on the tree; and (3) Bufo, with respect to several nominal bufonid genera. A new taxonomy of living amphibians is proposed, and the evidence for this is presented to promote further investigation and data acquisition bearing on the evolutionary history of amphibians. The taxonomy provided is consistent with the International Code of Zoology 298. Fuch, J., Bowie, R. C.K., Fjeldsa, J. and Pasquet, E Phylogenetic relationships of the African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Passeriformes: Malaconotidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: The African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Malaconotidae sensu [A Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, third ed., Helm Editions, London, 2003]) include 10 genera and 52 species of predatory passerine birds for which monophyly, sister-group, and inter-generic relationships are disputed. To resolve their relationships, we analyzed 2313 bp of

92 85 sequence data obtained from two nuclear introns (myoglobin intron-2, b- fibrinogen intron-5) and a mitochondrial protein-coding gene (ND2) using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. A strongly supported clade that included representatives of the Malaconotidae, Platysteiridae, and Vangidae was found in all analyses. Three main groups emerged within this clade but relationships between these three groups were always poorly supported. The first group included the helmetshrikes (Prionops), flycatcher-shrikes (Bias and Megabyas), and vangas (Cyanolanius and Pseudobias), currently placed in the families Malaconotidae, Platysteiridae, and Vangidae, respectively. The second group consisted of four Platysteiridae genera (Lanioturdus, Batis, Platysteira, and Dyaphorophyia), with the remaining Malaconotidae genera (core malaconotids) forming the last group. Two main clades emerged within the (core malaconotids), with the position of the genus Nilaus being variable. The first clade included Malaconotus, Dryoscopus, Bocagia, and Tchagra and the second Chlorophoneus, Laniarius, Rhodophoneus, and Telophorus. Monophyly of the genus Chlorophoneus was never recovered, a result that is consistent with morphological data Fuggles-Couchman, N.R. 1984a. The Distribution of, and other Notes on, some Birds of Tanzania. Scopus 8: An important paper which comments adds on to, and amends the standard reference work on the status and distribution of East African Birds (Britton, (1980). A gazettee is provided. Some important localities include Mt.Hanang, Kilimanjaro, N. & S. Pare mts., Nguru mts, Turiani, Monduli, Ulanga Fuggles-Couchman, N.R. 1984b. The Distribution of, and other Notes on, some Birds of Tanzania-Part II. Scopus 8: Fuggles-Couchman, N.R. 1984c. The Distribution of, and other Notes on, some Birds of Tanzania-Part II. Scopus 8: Fuller, R. W., Blunt, J. W., Boswell, J. L., Cardellina, J.H. and Michael R. Boyd, M. R Guttiferone F, the First Prenylated Benzophenone from Allanblackia stuhlmannii. J. Nat. Prod. 62: The HIV-inhibitory activity in extracts of Allanblackia stuhlmannii was tracked, via bioassay-guided fractionation, to a new member of the amboginol/guttiferone class of prenylated benzophenones, guttiferone F (1). The structure was solved by extensive NMR analyses and by acidcatalyzed conversion to 30-epi-cambogin (4). This is the first report of this compound type in the genus Allanblackia stuhlmannii Gabriella, K Mosses of South East Tropical Africa. Annotated list with distributional data. Institute of Ecology and Botany of Hungarian Academy of Science.

93 86 The collections were from Surrounding of Iringa, Kanga Mts, Mufindi escarp, Nguru Mts., Pare Mts, Ruaha National Park, Ukaguru Mts, Usagara Mts, Usambara Mts and Udzungwa Mts Galbusera, P., Lens, L., Schenck, T., Waiyaki, E. & Matthysen, E Genetic variability and gene flow in the globally, criticallyendangered Taita Thrush. Conserv. Gen.1: Gallus, H. G Assessment on peoples participation in planning for watershed conservation: a case study of Iringa soil a nd water conservation project (HIMA). A research paper submitted to the department of administrative studies in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of an Advanced Diploma in Economic Planning (ADEP) at IDM- Muzumbe. 62 pp. The study has been centered on the importance of people participation in planning for watershed conservation. The investigation in general has covered the role played by people s participation in planning for watershed conservation; techniques of making people participate in planning for watershed conservation; factors that constrain peoples participation in planning for watershed conservation; and the magnitude which people have participated in planning for watershed conservation. In brief chapter one involves the actual designing of the study. In chapter two there is a survey on various literatures on the significance of peoples participation in planning for water conservation. The researcher s views about the literatures reviewed have been embodied. The actual research findings and analysis have been disclosed in chapter three. Conclusions and recommendations have been given in chapter four. The methodological approach that has been used is the case study design. Iringa soil and water conservation project has been chosen as a case study. For the sake of fair coverage four methods of data collection have been used. These are interviews, questionnaires, observation and documentary sources. Reading through this research paper, one may obviously find that there is an acute need to achieve high level of watershed conservation in Tanzania. Other researchers may also value this research as a foundation upon which further investigation on the uncovered environmental aspects such as air conservation and soil conservation can be carried out Gardiner, J.J. & Tuite, P An inventory of trees and shrubs in miombo woodland of South Tanzania. University College, Department of Forestry, Dublin. 21 pp. The study focussed on the composition and structure of the woody components of a miombo ecosystem. Eighteen (18) plots were laid down systematically in a miombo woodland located in Ihowanza, Iringa region. A total of 106 tree and shrub species were recorded, drawn from 32

94 87 families and 75 genera. Almost 50% were in the understorey category, while about a quarter each were of the top storey and the shrub category. The species corresponded to those listed by other studies of miombo and could be regarded as characteristic of a fragmented miombo woodland ecosystem influenced by climatic, edaphic and human factors Geddes, N The spread of Maesopsis within the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. M.Phil. outline. University of Wales, Bangor Geissen, V Firewood consumption and related aspects in the selected villages in Lushoto District, Tanzania. Prepared for the TIRDEP Soil Erosion Control Agroforestry Project - SECAP.37 pp. This study aims at answering the following questions: What is the average firewood consumption. Which species of trees are preferred and used?. How much time is spent firewood Collection? Is the collection of firewood considered a problem and do the women have other alternatives? Results refer to five selected villages in the Lushoto District and are based on interviews and measurements. The average consumption of firewood per capita and year is 1.3 m 3 ; per household 7.8 m 3. Significant differences are found in the different agroecological zones. In the villages of agroecological (zone I ) (Ubiri, Moa and Kwehangala) black wattle (Acacia mearnisii), Grevillea robusta and Eucalyptus ssp. are the tree species, which are used most and preferred. In Mbwei (zone II) Olea africana, Combretum molle as well as Plectranthus species are both Preferred and used. In Gologolo (zone III) Pinus and Cupressus are mostly used (95 %) although Combretum molle is preferred; however, the latter often cannot be collected, as it grows in the rural forest reserve where cutting is prohibited. The average time spent walking to collect firewood is 0.8 hours per day; the total time spent collecting and walking is 1.3 hours per day. Women who collect wood from their own shamba take 40.% less time than women who collect it elsewhere or have to buy the wood. The problem of firewood was viewed by the women as expected in the different agroecological zones. In Mbwei about 80% of the women consider the collection of firewood a problem, in Ubiri 50%, in Moa 32.3%, in Kwehangala and Gogolo it is not considered a problem at all. The women of Mbwei offered the most production-oriented solutions to the problem: planting trees either individually or communally. The activities of SECAP in this village seem to exert a positive influence Gereau, R.E. and Bodine, S., Crotalaria mwangulangoi (Fabaceae, Faboideae), a New Speciesfrom the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Novon 15: New species of Crotalaria mwangulangoi (Fabaceae, Faboideae) from the Udzungwa Mountains of southcentral Tanzania are compared and descibed with the morphologically similar species C. hemsleyi from the Nguru and Uluguru Mountains of eastern Tanzania.

95 Gereau, R.E., Taylor, C..M. and Luke, W.R.Q., Endemic plant species of the Eastern ArcMmountains of Kenya and Tanzania: analysis and refinement of distributional patterns. In: S.A Ghazanfar & H. Beentje (eds) African Plants: Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Uses, pp Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya are known for their high level ofendemism. GIS analysis of locality data for 32 endemic species and subspecies in 14 flowering plant families refines previously reported istributional patterns among the floristic subregions and mountain blocs of the Eastern Arc. The phytogeographic affinities of the Usambara and South Pare Mountains with the Uluguru and Nguru Mountains are much stronger than previously apparent. Coffea fadenii and Millettia oblata subsp. teitensis, heretofore thought endemic to the Taita Hills in Kenya, are reported from Tanzania for the first time Gereau, R.E. and Bodine, S., Crotalaria mwangulangoi (Fabaceae, Faboideae), a New Species from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Novon 15: The new species Crotalaria mwangulangoi (Fabaceae, Faboideae) from the Udzungwa Mountains of southcentral Tanzania is described with illustrations and compared the morphologically with similar species of C. hemsleyi from the Nguru and Uluguru Mountains of eastern Tanzania Githiru, M., Bennun, L. & Lens, L Regeneration patterns among some bird-dispersed plants in a fragmented Afrotropical forest, south-east Kenya. J. Trop. Ecol. 18: Githiru, M., Lens, L., Bennun, L.A. & Ogol, C.P Effects of site and fruit size on the composition of avian frugivore assemblages in fragmented Afrotropical forest (Taita). Oikos 96: Glendon, H A note on Allanblackia stuhlmannii Engl. East African Agricultural Journal 12: Goodman, S.M., W.D. Newmark, W.T. Stanley & K.M. Howell, The Ambangulu Forest, West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania: a threatened Eastern Arc forest. Oryx 29: Goller, O.Z Potential sighting of the Sokoke dog monoose Bdeogale omnivora in the east Usambara mountains, Tanzania Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): During the bird watching excursion to the Amani Nature Reserve (East sambara Mountains), Tanzania, in July 2003, five ornithologists encountered a mongoose of the Bdeogale-group. The mongoose was most

96 89 likely the Sokoke dog mongoose Bdeogale omnivora Heller, 1913, a species first observed from this area in 1939, but not reported since then Golub, M. Angua, M, Am I attractive or not? a case study of Thunbergia grandiflora in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. In: Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.pp This study was used to determine the usefulness of T.grandiflora as a resource to floral visitors. Two patches of T.grandiflora were used to observe the floral visitors: Data was collected on the frequently, time of visitation and the presence of nectar. All the insects and other animals, which visited the flowers, were identified. The study revealed that the needs of the floral visitors varied among different groups. The most frequent was family Drosophilidae; among the floral visitors recorded was the pollinator of this plant, Xylocopa spp. which was previously thought to be absent locally, since the plant was an introduced species Gower, D. J., Rasmussen, J. B., Loader, S. P. and Wilkinson, M., The caecilian amphibian Scolecomorphus kirkii Boulenger as prey of the burrowing Atractaspis aterrima Gu nther: trophic relationships of fossorial vertebrates. African Journal of Ecology, 42: A report is given of an adult caecilian, Scolecomorphus kirkii, found in the gut of a specimen of the snake Atractaspis aterrima from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Both predator and prey are largely fossorial in soil, and their ecology is poorly known, such that this is the first reported predator of any scolecomorphid caecilian. The caecilian was ingested head first and much of the flesh from the anterior of the specimen had been digested. The prey/predator mass ratio is This value is substantially higher than reported for A. aterrima from West Africa, and refutes the notion that this species feeds only on small prey. Most reported predators of caecilians are snakes, and a brief review is presented Goweri, D.J., P. Loader, S.P.,Clive, B., Moncrieff, C.B.,and Wilkinson, M Niche separation and comparative abundance of Boulengerula boulengeri and Scolecomorphus vittatus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) in an East Usambara forest,tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology 53(2): The ecology of the sympatric caecilians Boulengerula boulengeri and Scolecomorphus vittatus was studied in Nilo Forest Reserve in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Three sampling methods (timed digging, pitfall trapping and casual visual encounter surveys of the forest floor) yielded 85 B. boulengeri, found only by digging soil, and 23 S. vittatus, mostly collected above ground. The difference between these taxa in the proportions of captures above and below ground is statistically significant

97 90 and is taken to indicate different ecologies. B. boulengeri is interpreted as predominantly a burrower in soil, and S. vittatus as an animal spending more time than B. boulengeri above ground. Niche separation appears to be correlated with some morphological differences. The vast majority of all vertebrate specimens dug from the top 300 mm of soil were B. boulengeri, and this species appears to be more abundant than S. vittatus in East Usambara forest soils. As an abundant endogeic animal, B. boulengeri may play an important role in the ecology of forest soils Goyder, D.J A new species of Brachystelma (Assclepiadaceae) from Southern Tanzania. Kew Bulletin, 45: Grandison, A.G.C A new species of Arthroleptis (Anura: Ranidae) from the West Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Bulletin British Museum Natural History Zoology 45: Grandison, A.G.C. & Howell, K.M A new forest species of Phrynobatrachus (Anura: Ranidae) from Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Amphibia-Reptilia 4: Grantham, D.R Collection expedition to the Mica mines in the Uluguru mountains. Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Tanganyika 1929: Grantham, D.R Plant ecology as an aid to colonial development: a report on work undertaken by the Overseas Food Corporation Groundnut Scheme in Tanganyika, and suggestions for its wider application. Colon. Plant Anim. Prod. 4 (2): Includes tables of vegetation distribution in Tanganyika, which show that definable communities exist. There is an intimate connexion between these communities and the soils on which they grow. It is the opinion of the writer that a full knowledge of a vegetation community in such an area would be sufficient to describe the soil type and cultivation history. The use of air photos is discussed Greenway, P.J Report of a botanical survey of the indigenous and exotic plants in cultivation at the East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani. Unpubl. Report. The most comprehensive survey of the Amani Botanical Garden, i.e. the trial plantations of the Biologisches Lantwirtschafliches Institut, Amani, [in what is presently included in the Amani East and Amani West Forest Reserves and partly in the Amani Estate (the NIMR Amani Research Centre)]. Contains a detailed, plantation by plantation and compartment by compartment assessment. [This was followed up by the survey by Hoeness in Further unpublished surveys were done by Ruffo in 1989 for the East Usambara Agricultural Development and Environmental Conservation Project, by TAFORI in 1993, and by Sandy et al. (1997) for the East Usambara Catchment Forestry Project.]

98 Griffin, H.D Report to the government of Tanzania on forest tree diseases. United Nations Development Programme, FAO, Rome. FAO Report No. TA 2533, 18 pp. A survey, including recommendations for further research on Stereum sanguinolentum rot on exotic Pines Griffiths, C.J The geological evolution of East Africa.In: Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K. (eds.) Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, p [Area of Study: Usambaras and Uluguru Mountains]. This chapter examines the geological and geomorphological processes that have shaped the present-day landscape of the eastern part of East Africa. The underlying rock types, their age, environment of formation and interrelationships are described. The structural evolution of the landscape is traced from the Karroo ca.300 million years before present, encompassing the Karroo Rifting, the breakup of Gondwanaland, the relative ages of the block mountains, volcanic mountains, plains and plateau, the East African Rift Valley system, and the vertical movements affecting the continental margin of East Africa. Reference is made to the general geology and topography of West Africa for comparison and the debate about the pre-drift position of Madagascar is briefly reviewed. Variations in soil types in relation to parent rock, age, climate, organic material and relief are considered 328. Groves, C.P Notes on the ecology and behavior of the Angolan Colobus (Colobus angolensis P.L. Sclater 1860) in N.E. Tanzania. Folio Primat 20: Haerdi, F Die Eingeborenen-Heilpflanzen des Ulanga. Acta Tropica, Supp. 8, 278 pp. The native medicines of Ulanga. Describes medicinal plants from Ulanga, Morogoro Region Hakkinen, I. & Wambura, M A Frame Plan for Amani Nature Reserve. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper No. 5. Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Tanzania; FINNIDA: Finnish National Board of Forestry. Helsinki 331. Hall, B.P The francolins, a study in speciation. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist (Zool.) 10: Hall, J.B Practical Training Programme-Forest Biology: Exercises in Forest Botany. Background Information on Mazumbai Forest. 9 pp., Division of Forestry, UDSM, Morogoro, Stencil No. 764.

99 Hall, J.B The University Forest, Mazumbai: A report based on data collected during the field practical training exercise for BSc. Forestry, Year 1, in pp., Mimeo. F.7.9 Mazumbai, Stencil No: 945, Division of Forestry, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro Hall, J.B The University Forest, Mazumbai: a report based on data collected during the field practical training exercise for BSc. Forestry, Year 1, in 1980.University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro. 14 pp Quantitative data confirm the high basal areas reported in earlier studies. Many transect units supported basal areas equivalent to sq m per ha. It seems likely that the large, 20cm diameter, tree flora will prove to be about species. The lower forest, especially on the least steep slopes, will be the most diverse, and species such as Entandrophragma excelsum, Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Newtonia bachananii and Parinari excelsa will be concentrated. Higher up Syzgium guineense will be a major canopy component, and with this, and extending higher, will be octoea usambarensis and Rapanea melanophloeos. The wide ranges of occurrence and the abundance of the last three are noteworth, and merit autecological study and investigations of population dynamics. Their successional roles may have considerable significance in the catchment forest canopy phase cycle. Emphasis has so far been on clarifying an altitudinal gradient Hall, J.B Visit to Malundwe Hill, Mikumi National Park, March 20-22, Stencil No. 971, Divison of Forestry, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro.2 pp. Describes a visit to Malundwe Hill, S, E, summit of which is at 1,257 m a.s.l., within the boundaries of Mikumi National Park. Forest on the peak is intermediate Rain Faorest; it shows close affinities with that on the Uzungwa Escarpment, but also provides a link with the lower lying Magombera Forest. There was also some similarity to the Mazumbai forest. Structure of forest was good, canopy extends to some 40m Conservation and catchment value of this forest is high, as it accounts for the water supply to the game concentrations in the low swamp plain km south of the summit. Until the creation of the Udzungwa Forest National Park, this was one of the few patches of Intermediate Rain Forest found in a National Park in Tanzania Hall, J.B Ecological and taxonomic knowledge and natural resource utilisation in Tanzania: A survey of position, problems & prospects. p In: J. Mainoya (ed.). Proceedings of a Symposium on the Role of Biology in Development. University of Dar es Salam, Faculty of Science, September Hall, J.B Mazumbai Forest, Tanzania: Report on Large Tree Survey Report to Dept. of Forestry, Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro

100 Hall, J.B Luhomero Massif, Iringa Region, Tanzania. Reconnaissance Vegetation Survey in August Mimeograph Report 93pp. Department of Forestry. University College of North Wales, Bangor, U.K. The only recent report available on the vegetation of this site Hall, J.B The conservation Role of Catchment Forest. Paper presented at the Seminar on the Management of Tropical Rain Forest, Belize. (Location-SUA) 340. Hall, J.B Vegetative Key: Large Trees at Mazumbai 7 pp. (Location-SUA) 341. Hall, J.B Succession in a natural forest at Mazumbai. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p From floristic and structural surveys of forest at Mazumbai were undertaken during which 7000 woody plants were considered. The data set assembled indicates that the upper canopy species at Mazumbai number about 50 and a further 100 species of woody plant exceed 3 cm in diameter. The larger trees vary widely in representation and among these Allanblackia, Newtonia, Ocotea, Parinari and Syzygium guineense are locally dominant. Information on the extent and distribution of regeneration of the dominants indicates a progressive change in the forest. Also evident is the paucity of regeneration of other widely present large trees, notably Agauria and Entandrophragma, suggesting the current character does not have a long history. These points are elaborated and discussed in a resource and conservation context Hall, J.B Maesopsis eminii and its status in the East Usambara mountains. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 13. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. iii + 40 pp. The ecology of Maesopsis in eastern and equatorial Africa is reviewed and related to conditions in the East Usambara Mountains. Five key factors which have enabled the success of Maesopsis at Amani and the surrounding areas are identified. The climate is similar to that at Bukoba (possibly the source of the original seed). An era of widespread logging disturbance in the forest opened the canopy in numerous places. The soils are continually moist but well-drained and reasonably fertile. There is little litter accumulation because of fast decomposition. Seeds are produced over a long period each year and are widely and abundantly dispersed by hornbills. The present situation at Amani as far as Maesopsis is concerned is reviewed. In terms of expanding Maesopsis populations, the public lands are presently of greater concern than the forest area. Four options for

101 94 removing Maesopsis are outlined. Mechanised logging and pit-sawing could be considered, possibly in combination, for the denser stands. The use of draught animals for extraction is considered to offer the lowest intensity of disturbance where sensitive areas are to be cleared of Maesopsis.The rate of spread of Maesopsis into the forests has declined since logging ended. There is no clear evidence that Maesopsis is suppressing or preventing the regeneration of indigenous pioneer or later successional species, nor that it retains sites Hall, P. & Bawa, K Methods to Assess the Impact of Extraction of Non-Timber Tropical Forest Products on Plant Populations. Economic Botany 47: Discusses and examine the effect of removal of non-timber products, and outlines in detail methods which will allow better assessment of these effects. Long-time residents of the East Usambaras report that the climate on the Amani plateau has changed greatly during the last years. There is now much less mist, rain is less predictable and more concentrated in particular episodes, and temperature are warmer Hall, J.B. and Rodgers, W.A Pole cutting pressure in Tanzania forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 14: Surveys of pole cutting in the Kiomboza, Pande and Pugu forest reserves revealed intensities reaching 50% of available poles in easily accessible areas. Pockets of severe pole destruction were associated with pit sawing practices. No conclusive evidence for species selection was found, but emergent, canopy and smaller tree species were all affected. The implications of the findings for the survival of isolated forest fragments in Tanzania s coastal belt are discussed and suggestions are made of measures to ease cutting pressure Hamilton, A.C Conservation of the East Usambara forests, with emphasis on biological conservation. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 28 (3): Forests on the East Usambara mountains in N.E. Tanzania are biologically very valuable, containing many endemic plant and animal species, but are shrinking fast. A forest project was carried out in by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources to help assess the values of the forests and offer advice for a new management plan being prepared by the Forest Division of Tanzania in conjunction with the Finnish Agency for International Development. It is proposed that a nature reserve be established at the south end of the main range to embrace Amani-Sigi and Kwamsambia Forest Reserves and part of an extended Kwamkoro Forest Reserve. It is also proposed that some forests elsewhere on the East Usambaras should not be exploited, for reasons of either biological conservation or catchment protection. A buffer zone, which already exists around part of the proposed nature reserve,

102 95 should be expanded. A special unit should be set up within the Catchment Forest Project to administer the nature reserve Hamilton, A.C. 1989a. Conservation of the East Usambara Forests, Formal Project Report. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, p Contains important maps of FR's, proposed reserves, and other forests and mountain ranges, as well as of vegatation cover. Recommendations include: enlarge Mtai FR, Kwamkoro FR, Kihuhwi-Sigi FR so that it extends up to Amani-Sigi FR; create a forest reserve on the summit of Mt. Mlinga, an area with a biologically unusal forest Hamilton, A.C. 1989b. The Place and the Problem. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p An outline of the geography of the East Usambaras and a brief introduction to the problems of managing its natural resources in the future Hamilton, A.C. 1989c. History of Resource Utilization and Management. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Hamilton, A.C. 1989d. Safeguarding the resources of the East Usambara. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Extensions suggestion: Lutindi, Nkombola and Kilanga FRs should be combined and extended towards the south-west; Kwamkoro FR should be enlarged to the south; Mtai FR should be enlarged to include the important catchment valley of the Muzi; Kwamgumi, Segoma and Baba Ridge FRs should be combined and extended, as is already the de facto situation; a small FR should be established on the upper slopes of Mt. Mlinga to protect a biologically unusual forest containing Podocarpus latifolius and various endemic; Kihuhwi-Sigi FR should be extended westwards as far as Amani-Sigi FR to protect this important catchment, which faces the direction of the moist south-easterly trade winds, and to provide a buffer zone for the nature reserve; Derema forest is noted as important for its catchment value, but which is heavily planted with Cardamom, perhaps it can be managed as a village forest Hamilton, A.C. 1989e. Soils. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p

103 96 Two main types of soil are found on the East Usambaras. Above m, the higher altitude soils are very acidic and highly leached. They cannot be used for sustainable agriculture without the use of very special precautions to avoid depletion of organic matter and nutrients. The lower altitude soils are less acidic and more fertile, but are also fragile Hamilton, A.C. 1989f. The Climate of the East Usambaras. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Hamilton, A.C. 1989g. Climatic change on the Usambaras. Statements on climatic and environmental change. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Hamilton, A.C. 1989i. Distribution of tree species in the East Usambara forests. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p % of both lowland and submontane species are restricted to a belt of high rainfall running along the East African coast, mainly in Tanzania. The distribution of these "East African coastal endemics within this belt largely reflects the distribution of suitable habitats. Within the East Usambaras, lowland forests away from the main range (Marimba, Mtai, Mhiduro) appear to be floristically richer than those on the main range (Kwamsambia). The richest place for submontane forest is the southern part of the main range (Amani-Sigi, Kwamsambia, Kwamkoro). The vegetation of rocky summits is distinctive. The less disturbed areas of Amani-Sigi, Kwamsambia and Kwamkoro forests stand out as the most valuable to be under forest for the conservation of submontane species Hamilton, A.C. 1989j. Some results of the Forest Division/FINNIDA Inventory. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p The 1986/87 inventory revealed that the total area of forest on the East Usambaras was 23,101 ha, or a bit more if fragmentary patches are included. Of the total, 8,125 ha was on very steep slopes and should not be extractively exploited. Of the remaining 14,976 ha, only 3,025 ha consists of intact, ore or less undisturbed forest.the largess block of intact forest is in Amani-Sigi, Kwamsambia and Kwamkoro FR's. A TWINSPAN classification is used to divide the forest into a number of types according totheir floristic composition.

104 Hamilton, A.C. 1989k. Some effects of Maesopsis on litter and soil on the East Usambaras. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p With a few exceptions discussed in the text, results show clear relationships between the variables. Increasing abundance of Maesopsis trees is associated with a greater abundance of Maesopsis leaves in the litter, thinner litter, less organic soil and a high soil ph. Soils under Maesopsis also contain abundant small Maesopsis branches in the litter, often contain only thin fibrous rootles and lack the chubby mycorrhizal rootlets characteristic of natural forest, show the presence of red, clay-rich soil near or at the surface, and show obvious signs of soil erosion Hamilton, A.C. 1989l. Priorities for Research in the East Usambara forests. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Suggests the following major areas for research: forest dynamics and lifehistory strategies of trees; faunal studies; nutrient cycling, water flow and soil erosion; forest stability and climatic change; invasive species; management of the Maesopsis forest; enrichment planting Hamilton, A.C Vegetation, climate and soil: altitudinal relationships on the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: The floristic composition of forest on the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, changes steadily with increasing altitude. Conveniently, two altitudinal zones (lowland, submontane) can be recognised; the altitude between them lying at about 850 m, which is 550 m lower than the equivalent zonal boundary in central Africa. This depression is probably related to lower day-time temperatures, which are 4-5 C lower than in central Africa - attributed to the presence of persistent low-lying cloud at higher altitudes. There is a marked change in topsoil at about 850 m, with a sharp fall in ph and the presence of a thick mor-humus layer at higher altitudes. The vegetation/climate/soil system is dynamic. There is evidence of upward movement of vegetation zones, and a warmer and less misty climate over the last 25 years. The mor-humus layer is lost in tree-fall clearings and under the invasive tree Maesopsis emini; in the latter case (at least) topsoil ph acidity is over a ph point higher. This is a good site for further investigations of climatic, vegetation and soil changes. Forest persistence during the last ice-age (assumed from the large number of endemic species) was probably facilitated by an even more misty (though probably otherwise drier) climate.

105 Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.) Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, IUCN Tropical Forest Programme No pp. The 38 chapters by 20 authors are presented in 3 sections: A. Formal report of the IUCN/Forest Division/NORAD project in the East Usambara mountains (1 chapter); B. History of resource utilization and management, and proposals for the future (6 chapters); and C. Technical reports (31 chapters). The technical reports cover: soils, climate, hydrology, plant species and uses, forest ecology and resources, fauna, and conservation. Several reports describe problems and possible solutions resulting from invasion of forest areas by the introduced tree species Maesopsis eminii. An index is included Hamilton, A.C. & Macfadyen, A Climatic change on the East Usambaras, evidence from records from meteorogical stations. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted- Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, p Meterorological data from Amani, Kwmkoro and Marikitanda were examined, but much of the data are unreliable. However, there is evidence for decreased annual rainfall reliability since about 1960 on a regional scale, including Tanga Town, there were more very dry years, with occasional very wet years. It is concluded that this change is only marginally due to deforestation on the East Usambaras Hamilton, A.C. & Mwasha, I.V. 1989a. History of Resource Utilization and Management under German rule. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, p The Germans expropriated most of the land on the East Usambaras as estates, planting coffee at higher altitudes. The coffee soon failed, due to a failure to appreciate the severe limitations of the strongly leached soils at higher altitudes Hamilton, A.C. & Mwasha, I.V. 1989b. History of Resource Utilization and Management under the British. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, p Under the British, some of the former German estates were converted to Forest reserves, mainly because of concern about environmental degradation following forest clearance if the estates remained in private hands. Tea-planting expanded from the 1940's, resulting in some forest

106 99 clearance. The timber industry was relatively unimportant before the 1960's 362. Hamilton, A.C. & Mwasha, I.V. 1989c. History of Resource Utilization and Mangement After Independec. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, p There has been a trend towards more immediate exploitation of the natural resources of the East Usambaras since This has involved increased sawmilling and an expansion in small-scale agriculture, resulting in destruction or degradation of substantial areas of forest. Some anecdotal evidence suggests that this has resulted in some adverse climatic and hydrological changes Hamilton, A.C., Ruffo, C.K. Mwasha, I.V., Mmari, C. & Lovett, J.C A survey forest types on the East Usabmaras using the variable-area tree plot method. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Amani-West Forest Reserve. Altitude or factors relating to altitude is by far the biggest determinant of the floristic composition of more mature patches of forest. Although altitudinal variation in floristic composition appears to be continuous, it is convenient to recognize two main types of forest, lowland (semi-deciduous) forerst and submontane (evergreen) forest, with the altitudinal boundary between them lying at about 850m. Many lowland forest species are widely found in lowland forest near the East African coast, while many submontane forest species occur elsewhere only on the Eastern Arc mountains. Floristically somewhat similar forest types occur in central Africa, with but a higher altitudinal boundary between them Hamilton, A.C., Ruffo, C.K., Mwasha, I.V., Mmari, C., Binggeli, P. & Macfadyen, A Profile diagrams of the East Usambara forests. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Six profile diagrms are described from examples of lowland (Kwamgumi) and submontane forest (Kwamsambia) situated on different parts of catenas. The profile plots were expanded to sample larger areas and it was found that the number of species per unit area was about the same in all places sampled. There is little floristic similarity between lowland and submontane forests. Many species occur at low densities Hamza, K.F.S., Makonda, F.B.S. and Iddi, S Basic density and heartwood content in the wood of Tectona grandis l.f. grown at

107 100 Longuza, Tanga. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p Basic density and heartwood content in the wood of Tectona grandis L.f grown at Longuza, Tanga were determined with the aim of recommending its efficient utilization. Sample trees were taken from eight selected stands aged between 4 and 35 years. In each stand the smallest and largest diameters were determined and the trees grouped into five diameter classes. The trees were then selected randomly from each diameter class and 5 cm thick disks were cut from each tree at 1.3m, 30%, 60% and 90% of total tree height for determination of basic density and heartwood content. Results showed that basic density increased with tree age; from 470 for 4 years old trees to 560 kgm 3 for 35 year old trees. Within stem, basic density increased from pith to bark and decreased between breast height and 30% of total tree height. It was found that heartwood formation started at the age of 4 to 6 years and its proportion increased with increasing age up to 67.3% at age of 35 years. Heartwood proportion decreased with tree height from 61.7% to 3.1% from 1.3m to 90% of total tree height. Since heartwood of teak has high natural durability compared to sapwood, it is recommended that thinning from young stands intended to be used as transmission or building poles be treated with preservatives. It is also recommended to grade logs according to heartwood proportion among other criteria an incentive for production of logs with high density and proportion of heartwood Hansen, H. I. Ø. J., Small forest fragments in the Udzungwa Mountains: Importance for red-listed mammals. Final DRAFT. Study funded through the MEMA Biodiversity Research AdvisoryGroup (BRAG). Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ Danida 367. Hardiman, L Women involvement in UMADEP projects in Mgeta, Tanzania. Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Tanzania: Biodiversity and conservation. Spring.- (Location SUA) 368. Härkönen, M. & Saarimäki, T Tanzanian Myxomycetes: First survey. Karstenia 31: During the rainy seasons in May and December 1988 and in December 1989, Myxomycetes were collected in northeastern and southern Tanzania, with 53 species found. According to the literature, all are new to Tanzania, and the following seven are new to Africa: Didymium bahiense Gottsb., Paradiachea cylindrica (Bilgrwn) Hertel, Physarum notabile Macbr., P. psittacinum Ditmar, P. superbum Hagelst., Tubifera bombarda (Berk. & Br.) Martin, and T. microsperma (Beck. & Curt) Martin. A lectotype for Arcyria globose Schw. is selected. Myxomycetes were more abundant in the montane forest belt than at other elevations, and no

108 101 significant difference could be noticed in species composition between the two rainy seasons, May and December. Species belonging to the order Licheales were found only on decaying wood, and of the Physarales the majority of the specimens were found on litter Härkönen, M. & Saarimäki, T Tanzanian Myxomycetes: first survey (addition). Karstenia 32: 6. A list of collecting localities is added to the article published in Karstenia 31: 31-54, Härkönen, M., Buyck, B., Saarimäki, T., & Mwasumbi, L Tanzanian mushrooms and their uses 1. Russula. Karstenia 33: A brief introduction of the project on Tanzanian edible mushroom is given along with the main features of the soil and vegetation of the collecting sites. The importance of Russulaceae in Africa and the collected Russula species are discussed. Thirty-six specimens of russula were collected between , and of this material, 21 species of Russula were identified. Nineteen species are reported from Tanzania for the first time. R. tenuithrix Buyck sp. nov., R. Tanzaniae Buyck sp. nov., R. hiemisilvae Buyck sp. nov., R. sublaevis (Buyck) Buyck stat. nov. and nine other species were found in woodlands, R. usambarae Buyck sp. nov., R. acriannulata Buyck sp. nov. and five other Russula in lower montane forest. One species has been introduced in Pinus plantations. Along with a key to the collected Russula species, their systematic position, distribution and possible host trees are discussed and compared with earlier data from Tanzania and other African countries. A discussion on the edibility of Russula is also included Härkönen, M., Saarimäki, T., & Mwasumbi, L Tanzanian mushrooms and their uses 2. An edible species of Coprinus section Lanatuli. Karstenia 33: Coprinus cinereus. lat. is commonly grown in waste heaps of sisal (Agave sisalana) processing factories in Tanzania. The local people utilize the fungus as a food crop all the year round. The taxonomic status of the Tanzanian Coprinus population needs further study Härkönen, M., T. Niemelä, T. Saarimäki & L.B. Mwasumbi Beware of this mushroom. Sunday News (Tanzania) Härkönen, M., T. Saarimäki & L.B. Mwasumbi Tanzanian mushrooms and their uses 4. Some reddish edible and poisonous Amanita species. Karstenia 34: Härkönen, M An ethnomycological approach to Tanzania species of Amanita. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 30 (3):

109 102 A joint project on edible mushrooms of Tanzania has been going on between the Universities of Helsinki and Dar Es Salaam since There is a large species diversity in the genus Amanita in Tanzania. Many species are considered edible, the most popular being A. zambiana and A. tanzanica. Introduced poisonous Amanita species are a severe risk for misidentification for local people having no traditional knowledge of poisonous Amanitas Härkönen, M., Saarimäki, T., & Mwasumbi, L Edible mushrooms of Tanzania. Karstenia 35: Suppl. 92 pp. Stenroos, S.(eds.) Härkönen, M. & Vainio-Mattila, K Some examples of natural products in the Eastern Arc mountains. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L., Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: There is a high diversity of natural ecosystems in the Eastern Arc Mountains, influenced by a long history of human colonization. Natural products are an important part of the rural economy and people have a long tradition in utilizing them, passed on orally from generation to generation. Urbanization and migration in modern Tanzania have cut many of the traditional links with nature, and knowledge of nature and natural phenomena is no longer handed down from generation to generation as efficiently as in the past. Collecting the oral tradition in Tanzanian villages and saving it for the future is an urgent task. In this article the use of wild vegetables (Katariina Vainio-Mattila) and edible mushrooms (Marja Härkönen) are presented according to interviews and material collected during several visits to the Pare and the Usambara mountains Harper.E & Vonesh,J.R., Field Guide to the Amphibians of the East Usambara Mountains (Preliminary Draft). Fourty six (46) species of amphibians are coverd in this guide, that are known to occur within the East Usambara Mountains. Of the 45, 43 belong to the Order Anura (frogs, toads) and 2 to the order Gymnophiona (caecilians). The list includes species that appear to be closely associated with intact EAM forests as well as generalists that can be found in more disturbed areas or at lower elevations Harvey, Y.B. & Lovett, J.C A new species of Omphalocarpum (Sapotaceae) from Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 54 (1):

110 Haule, E.F. & Mwansasu, S.L.A Inventory Report. Iringa Soil and Water Conservation Project - Iringa Tanzania HIMA (Iringa/DANIDA) - Udzungwa Forest Management Project Forest The project has two main objectives; Development and Implementation of village based plans and Support farmers in practising sustainable agriculture with due recognition of forestry management.the strategy to achieve the objectives is creation of awareness and the improvement of agricultural production as well as availability of forest products without destroying the environment. To implement the second inventory was a must to be carried out. The resultrs shows that there is enough forest product if it is to be supplimented with planting Haule, E.F Forest Boundaries Resurvey Report, Soil and Water Conservation Project - Iringa. HIMA/DANIDA. The survey of Kiranzi-Kitunguru, Kitemele and Kawemba Forest Reserve was done by a survey team from the Forest and Beekeeping Division. The survey work was made under the request of HIMA Project, who intends to put the three reserves under proper forest management and also to reserve the proposed Kitemele Forest Reserve. A total of 143 beacons will be placed as follows: Kiranzi - Kitunguru 89, Kitemele 45 and 9 for Kawemba Forest Reserve. Maps were drawn to scales of 1.5,000 for Kawemba and Kitemele and 1.10,000 for Kiranzi Kitunguru Forests. The provision of the new registered maps upgrades the legal status of the forest reserves hence nullify the old maps from official use. Also it is being recommended that beacons and directional trenches to be placed and dug, planting of live boundaries is necessary. Gazettement procedure for Kitemele forest reserve should be followed and the variation of Kawemba and Kilanzi-Kitunguru is necessary due to change of areas Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania March 13-17, Uppsala 382. Hedberg, I Origin and development of the integrated Usambara rain forest project. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p The Usambara mountains in NE Tanzania harbour an exceptionally rich and diverse flora and fauna. At the AETFAT meeting in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1966, these mountains were given the highest priority for nature conservation in Tanzania, and the need for protection was further stressed at the IV East African Wildlife Symposium in Arusha in Following a workshop in Tanga in 1982 organized by UTAFITI, funds were allocated by SAREC (Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries), for launching of The Integrated Usambara Rain Forest

111 104 Project the primary aim of which was to inventorize botanically all the remaining forests reserves in the area. Based on these inventories proposals for strict conservation were to be made. The project also includes hydrological studies and training of Tanzanian students in systematic botany. The background and development of the project is reviewed and references are given to the results so far obtained Hedberg, O Importance of the Usambara forests for comparative rain forest research in other parts of the world. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p The Usambara mountains harbour one of the most species-rich forest area of Africa, important also as the catchment for Tanga. These forests provide an example of so far successful halting of forest destruction - through collaboration between advocates of catchment conservation, forest conservation, and biodiversity conservation. Successful long-term conservation and utilization of catchment forests on a sustained yield basis calls for comprehensive biological and ecological knowledge which is most easily achieved by pooling sorting knowledge gained in Tanzania and other rain forest countries and enlarging it through qualified research with international collaboration. Through their famous biodiversity and the pioneer studies already performed here, the Usambara mountains provide an ideal area for integrated catchment forest research if suitable research facilities can be provided. Its financing could be much facilitated through international research cooperation, and the results may have importance for catchment conservation also in many other parts of the tropics Heinonen, P. 1995a. PSPs in East Usambara Mountains. Present findings and future recommendations. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 14. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Heinonen, P. 1995b. Results and recommendations for future activities on permanent sample plots in the East Usambara mountains. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Miscellaneous Technical Paper 7. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Helberg, U The acceptance of erosion control measures. Possibilities and problems of soil conservation through agroforestry systems by small farmers in the Usambara mountains of Tanzania. Tropenlandwirt, Beiheft pp. The GTZ-supported Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Project (SECAP) in the western Usambara mountains of Tanzania aimed to deal with erosion problems caused by excessive demands on land from population growth. The aim was to introduce an agroforestry system

112 105 which combined contour strips for growing fodder crops with stall livestock keeping to provide manure for the land and improve farm incomes by milk production. Project plans envisage 4-row contour strips consisting of: Guatemala grass (Tripsacum laxum), serving as the main fodder species; low legumes (Desmodium spp.), as supplementary fodder; shrubby legumes (Leucaena spp., Calliandra ), for protein-rich supplementary fodder and wood; and trees (e.g. Grevillea robusta) planted at 10-m spacing. However, because of difficulties in establishing Desmodium and acute shortages of woody planting stock, virtually all existing strips so far consist only of T. laxum. As well as these technical aspects, the study also deals with the socioeconomic reasons for non-acceptance of the new system Hepworth, F and Mushabe, D Density variation of Lantana camara and Clidemia hirta with a forest profile perspective, across the forest edge in Amani Nature Reserve. In Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September pp 5 18 This study was carried out in Amani nature reserve, and focused on the variation in densities of Clidemia hirta and lantana camara, and their relationships to canopy openness and distance from disturbed and undisturbed forest edges. A forest profile was constructed to summarise forest edge ecology in Amani. C. Hirta was found to show no clear relationship with either canopy openness or distance from forest edge and L. camara correlated more strongly with distance from forest edge. The relationships were attributed to light demand. Further study should focus on other possible causes of the relationships presented Helenius, K Future for East Usambaras. Oryx 20 (4): Hepper, F.N Woodman, spare those trees. Geograph. Mag. 48: Hermansen, J.E.; Benedict, F; Corneliussen, T.; Hofsten, J. & Venvik, H Catchment Forestry in Tanzania, status and management. NORAD consultancy report. Institute for Environmental Analysis and FORINDECO, Norway. 72 pp Heureel, K Wood and bamboo for Rural water Supply: a Tanzanian initiative for self reliance. DUP 392. Hitchcock, L Legal issues in community forest management in Lushoto district: Case studies and recommendations. Submitted to SECAP Project and World Resources Institute. 85 pp.

113 Hitchcock, L. and Shauri, V Technical legal report on cooperative forest management in high canopy forest of Tanzania: Legal and policy issues and recommendations. Paper submitted to World Resource Institute. Washington D.C. SECAP. Lushoto District, the German Organisation for Technical Cooperation s Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Project (SECAP) staff and the World Resources Institute are exploring the legal side of sustainable management of natural high canopy forestry management issues in Lushoto District. Sustainable management of those forests means that the forest shall be used for the many present needs at a rate which allows the forest also to be used at a similar rate for those same needs in the future. Three specific types of areas are of interest to Lushoto District are: LAFRs which are gazetted/created by the Forest Ordinance; forest in the public non-reserved lands and some forested areas, which are protected by District by-laws, but not yet gazetted as forestry reserves. It is believed that better and stronger community involvement is one of the only ways to successfully and sustainably manage these forests. Therefore, the relevant policy and legal frameworks were examined which support the idea of sustainable forest management and community involvement. In addition, new legal frameworks (both national and local) were explored that could be utilized for the three specific types of forest areas mentioned above. Experience with community-based conservation in the wildlife sector were also reviewed. Finally, recommendations are given for the continued support of WRI, SECAP and others for community sustainable forest management in Lushoto District. This practitioners summary attempts to clarify and synthesize the technical legal concepts found in the main analysis Hochkirch, A Habitatpräferenzen dreier Heuschreckenarten im submontanen Regenwald der Ost-Usambaraberge, NO-Tanzania (Orthoptera; Acridoidea). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 10: Hochkirch, A. 1996a. Habitat preferences of Acridoidea and Eumastacoidea in the East Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania. MSc. Thesis, University of Bremen Hochkirch, A. 1996b. Habitat preferences of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Eumastacoidea) in the East Usambara Mountains, N.E. Tanzania, and their use for bioindication. Ecotropica 2: Hochkirch, A. 1996c. Physocrobylus tessa, a new grasshopper species from the East Usambara Mountains, N.E, Tanzania, and its systematic position (Acridoidea, Acrididae, Coptacridinae). J. Orth. Res. 5:

114 Hochkirch, A A comparison of the grasshopper fauna (orthoptera: acridoidea) of the uluguru mts. and the East Usambara mts., Tanzania. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L., Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and Conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue: Journal of the East African Natural History Society. 87: The grasshopper fauna of the Uluguru Mountains and the East Usambara Mountains is compared. There is a marked relationship between habitat and similarity in species composition. The faunal similarity between sites rises with distance from the forest, evidently because the savanna species are widespread species which are recently colonising degraded areas while forest faunas have a high level of endemism and lightlessness, indicating a long history of isolation and evolution. Flightlessness seems to be an effect of a lower investment in wing and egg production and higher investment in times of survival, supported by a high persistence of the habitat and a high predation pressure Hocking, D. & A.A. Jaffer Field observations on root rot of teak in Tanzania. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 15(1): Hocking, D Stem canker and pink stain on Teak in Tanzania associated with Fusarium solani.plant Disease Reporter 52(8): Hoffman, R.L. & Howell, K.M Dendrostreptus, a new genus for an arboreal Tanzanian millipid, with notes on related forms. (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae). Rev. Zool. afr. 97: Known from Pugu, Magombero, Jozani, Amani and Nguelo, a locality probably in the E. Usambara Hoffman, R.L Biogeography of East African montane forest millipedes. In: Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K. (eds.) Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, p Knowledge of the montane diplopod fauna of Africa dates back only to the collections made by Sjoestedt on Mount Kilimanjaro in and described by Attems in Little added to that beginning until the onset of explorations since about 1964 by personnel from universities of Dar Es Salaam and Copenhagen. Since the great majority of species discovered in the Tanzanian Eastern Arc mountains are described endemics, it is not possible to present a comprehensive chorographic analysis. Only the species of Oxydesmidae have been worked out (Hoffman, 1990) for the entire region, and of the various geographic units only the fauna of the East Usambaras is at all well known. Nonetheless it is possible to indicate some generalities of interest: (i) with few exceptions most of the genera occurring in these mountains are endemic, so that lines of affinity with

115 108 other regions must be sought at the level of tribe or higher; (ii) in most cases such genera appear to be the result of local derivation from formerly widespread, ancestral stocks; (iii) the postglacial condensation of montane forest to higher mountains surrounded by seasonally arid savanna or scrub forest has resulted in profuse local speciation on individual ranges or close clusters, involving, so far as can be deduced, both sympatric and allopatric isolating mechanisms. These constellations of local species may thus be classified as neoendemics in the East African fauna. In the few groups of Diplopoda so far studied in any detail, the taxa of the Tanzanian montane forests are biogeographically related to the fauna of the Congo and West African rain forests and thus relictual from previous transcontinental sylvan habitats Högberg P. Kvarnström M Nitrogen fixation by the woody legume Leucaena leucocephala ni Tanzania. Plant Soil 66: Homewood, K.M. & Rodgers, W.A A previously underscribed Mangabey from southern Tanzania. Int. J. Primatol 2: Describes a new subspecies of mangabey monkey from Sanje Mwanihana Forest Reserve, which along with other forests in the immediate area, is now include within the boundary of the Udzungwa National Park Høst, P., Lovett, J.C. Mabula, C.K. Mhagama, S.I. &. Shirima,. B.S Botany. Pp In Svendsen, J.O. and L.A. Hansen (eds.). Report on the Uluguru Biodiversity Survey Sandy: The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Danish Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Howard, P.C Baseline biological surveys in selected East Usambara forest reserves and forests, Project evaluation report. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 21, Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forests and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Howell, K The East Usambara fauna. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, p Howell, K.H Selected, annotated bibliography on biodiversity of catchment forest reserves in Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Iringa regions, Tanzania. Catchment Forestry Project, Dar Es Salaam. Catchment Forestry Report No pp. Specifically for Iringa region, the bibliography has a few references on the general aspects of the region (economic, history, etc.). However, the major part is a listing of documents on the flora and fauna of various forests in Iringa region. Altogether 29 forests are mentioned including the

116 109 national forests such as Udzungwa mountains, Image and West Kilimanjaro, but also those under the local authorities, however, only Iringa and Mufindi districts are covered. Also only 15 of the total 29 have any references indicating that some forests are less researched than others. the bibliography brings together a considerable amount of published materials and reports literature on the biodiversity of these forests which are also important for catchment protection. The only drawback is that there is no location for some of the report literature and the author himself admits that it has not been possible to verify the existence of several of the items Howell, K.M, & Msuya, C.A Final Report: Studies on selected animal groups in the West Usambara Mountains. 6 pp Howell, K.M. & Jenkins, P.D Records of shrews (Insectivora, Soricidae) from Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 22: Provides new locality records for shrews; First record of Sylvisorex megalura for Tanzania from Mt. Bondwa, Uluguru N. Forest Reserve, and new material of Crocidura usambarae from Mazumbai and Shume- Magamba Forest, W. Usambaras Howell, K.M Final report: Preliminary study of Small Mammals at Mazumbai, Usambara Mountains. 6 pp. Includes records from Baga II Forest Reserve adjacent to Mazumbi Howell, K.M Studies on Various Animal Groups at Mazumbai. 3 pp. Lists published studies according to animal group 413. Howell, K.M Preliminary, annotated list of reptiles and amphibians of the Mufindi area. 40 pp. A list of unpublished records from forests in the Mufindi area Howell, K.M The forest dependent amphibians and reptiles of the Usambaras. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p The forest-dependent herpetofauna of the Usambara mountains contains many species which occur along the length of thetanganyika Nyasa forest chain, but also includes a number of Usambara endemics. Little is known about the biology of the forest dependent amphibians and reptiles or about the factors which limit their distribution, and new species from both groups are still being described from the Usambaras. The conservation of this unique assemblage of species obviously depends on the continuing

117 110 survival of the forests. In addition to the training of indigenous biologists, increasing the awareness of the public to the general value of amphibians and reptiles is also important in long-term conservation efforts. Recent events have shown that the North American and European pet trade can have a potentially strong negative effect on local populations of amphibians and reptiles by creating a market for their export Howell, K.M Preliminary Research Report: Nguru Mountains. Unpublished report made to Faculty of Forestry, SUA. Notes records of several species of amphibians and reptiles Howell, K.M Herpetofauna of the eastern African forests. p In Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, K. (eds.) Biogegraphy and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press. A discussion of the amphibians and reptiles which are dependent upon the forests of eastern Africa and includes a distributional tble indicating which are endemic to particular areas or forests Hoyer, M.D. and Braunstein, M A farming systems approach to maize production in Tanzania: A case study from Mozombe Division. Iringa Region. Tanzania. MSc. thesis Farmers maize yields were found to be as low as 20% of the potential of the crop in the 1995/96 growing season in semiarid Mazombe Division, Tanzania. Maize is the major food crop in Tanzania and increasing productivity of third crop is necessary to be able to cope with an increasing population. This aim is included in the Tanzanian Agriculture Policy of 1995, but there still seems to be a number of constraints facing farmers before this can be achieved. The present farming system analysis of the maize based farming system in semiarid Mazombe Division seek to reveal the constraints connected to these low yields.maize varieties and hybrids cultivated in the area was unidentified to be the hybrids C4142, C4141, H632; Ilonga Composite White, Ukiliguru composite A, TMV1, and the two landraces: Bwana lomba and local.yield on these were measured on farmers fields. Cob and kernel characteristics were evaluated for each variety/hybrid. The different environmental and management factors influencing on the maize yield, cob and kernel characteristics were ermined. The adoption of improved seed among the small scale farmer was found to be very low. This is due to high prices on seeds, lack of improved management skills, and traditions like taste of flour etc.intercropping with maize and beans gave yield advantage to maize in the study area. However, when maize and cowpea were grown in intercropping the maize yield were significantly reduced. Indicating that cowpeas are more competitive to maize than been when grown in intercropping. Ploughing and weeding were found to be labour constraints in the cropping system. Availability of ox ploughs are delaying the planting time, which affect the maize yield. Many management practices are impracticable from the small scale farmers perspective due to the

118 111 constraints of timely management. When focusing on the management part it is therefore important to involve farmers in the development of new management practices to be sure that they are locally adaptable and acceptable Humann-Bellin, J Consultancy on the economic impact of soil and water conservation measures (SWCM) on farm household level. SECAP. 101 pp Hurlbutt, H.W The Afrogamasellus Loots and Ryke and Afrocarellus n. gen. (Acarina: Rhodocaridae) of Tanzania. Acarologia 15: Describes new species from Ulugurus, Morogoro 420. Hurlbutt, H.W Gamasellus (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from East African Mountains. Acarogogia 20; Three new species, G. muscosus, G. morogoroensis, and G. uluguruensis, all from Mt. Bondwa and Morningside area Hurlbutt, H.W The Systematics and Geographic Distribution of East African Veigaiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Acarologia 24: Describes mites from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Uluguru, Mt. Bondwa (Uluguru N. Forest Reserve), and Mazumbai. Gamasolaelaps bondwaensis is new to science. A key is provided to females of the genus Gamasolaelaps. Four members of the family Veigaidae are unisexual Hutterer, R Diagnosen neuer Spitzmause aus Tanzania (Mammalia: Soricidae). Bonn. zool. Beitr. 37: Describes newspecies of shrews from Tanga and Morogoro regions; Crocidura tansaniana from Amani, C.telfordi from Morningside Hutterer, R., Jenkins, P.D. & Verheyen, W.N A new forest shrew from southern Tanzania. Oryx 25: Describes a new species of shrew from Mufindi District, Iringa region Hymas, O Bananas on the hill [Uluguru]. MSc. Thesis in anthropology and Ecology of Development, UCL Hymas, O Assessment of the remaining forests of the Uluguru Mountains and the pressures that they face. CARE Tanzania and WCST/DOF, Uluguru Mountains Biodiversity Conservation Project, Morogoro.

119 Hyytiäinen, K Land use classification and mapping for the East Usambara Mountains. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 12. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. A report of the land use classification exercise undertaken by the East Usambara Catchment Forest Project in March-May Mapping was based on aerial photos from 1986 modified by analysis of a SPOT satellite image from 1992, including field verification. The distribution of land use classes within the total area ( ha) covered by the inventory was as follows: forest ( ha), agriculture ( ha), woodlands (4113 ha), grasslands (345 ha), ponds and rivers (101 ha), barren land (393 ha), and settlements 620 ha). A total of ha, of which ha natural forests, was within the forest reserves. Only 4893 ha were classified as dense sub-montane rain forest. Coloured land use maps in 1: (28 sheets), 1: (5 sheets), and 1: (1 sheet) were produced Iddi, S Eastern Arc Mountains and their national and global importance. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L., Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Kenya and Tanzania. A conference held in Morogoro 1-5 December Journal of East African Natural History. 87:19-28 The Eastern Arc Mountains comprise of separate mountain blocks and form a chain running from southern Kenya through Tanzania in a crescent or arc shape hence the name. In Tanzania, the Eastern Arc consists of North and South Pare, East and West Usambaras, Nguru, Ukaguru, Rubeho, Uluguru, Udzungwa and Mahenge mountains. The mountains and forests in them are very important to Tanzania and also globally. A large number of products and services are provided from the forests to the Tanzanian people. In this paper, these important features are highlighted Idris, I.M Detecting long-term changes in catchment response, Iringa, Tanzania. MSc. Thesis University of Dar es Salaam IIED/IRA An Assessment of the Environmental Impact of the Kilombero Vally Hardwood Project, Tanzania. International Institute for Environment and Development, London; and IRA, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Morges (Gland) 431. Imboma, T Bird research in the Taita Hills - a view from the ground. Kenya Birds 6: Inima, A.K Hydrological effects of logging in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. MSc Thesis, UDSM (cited in Bruen, 1989b)

120 Isango, J.A Climatic analysis for Morogoro and its implication in terms of water budget for planting of trees. Sokoine University of Agriculture record research volume 3. Morogoro Tanzania Isango, J.A. and Malimbwi, R.E Estimation of harvested volume of teak sold to fibreboard of Arusha at Mtibwa Forest Plantation Turiani- Morogoro. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. Forestry and Beekeeping Division. The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania sold standing trees of teak situated at Mtibwa Forest Plantation - Turiani - Morogoro to Fibreboards (2000) totalling 42, 947 m 3. After harvesting there were some complaints that the volume was less. The MNRT requested inventory specialists to ascertain the volume removed and volume left standing. The exercise was done by utilizing the relationship between stump diameter and diameter at breast height (Dbh). Systematic sampling was adopted to collect data on harvested compartments. Areas of harvested compartments were determined using Differential GPS to the nearest cm. In order to determine the relationship between stump diameter and dbh, ten plots of 0.07 ha were measured in compartment No. 5 which was considered similar to the harvested compartments. Measurements of dbh and stump diameter at a height of 18 cm were taken. Analysis of the data gave the following relationship.dbh = x (Stump diameter). This equation was used to estimate the dbh of felled trees from stumps in the harvested compartments with 18cm stump height. Using an existing volume equation with dbh as an input variable the total tree volume in the harvested compartments was estimated to be 43,857 m 3. The two estimates of total tree volume are quite comparable despite differences in methods of sampling and calculations. It was noted that there was a large discrepancy between the area reported during the bidding and the one estimated in the survey. Whereas the area reported in bidding was ha, this survey came out with ha, a difference of 40.5 ha. This indicates that there was no area verification during the previous forest inventory. It was concluded that the volume of 42, 947 m 3 sold to Fibreboards (2000) Ltd of Arusha was correct 435. Ishengoma, R.C Charcoal production from softwood residues at Sao Hill. MSc. Thesis University of Dar es Salaam Ishengoma, R.C. and Klem, G.S Yield, quality, cost and market acceptability of charcoal from softwood slabs. University of Dar es salaam. Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 4. The study was conducted to investigate the yield quality, cost and market acceptability of charcoal from slabs of Pinus Patula and Cupressus lustanica and compare with charcoal from the hardwood Brachystegia spiciformis. The result are discussed.

121 IUCN, Background papers on forest management in the East Usambara mountains. Managing the Resources of the East Usambara Mountains Workhop, April 1988, Tanga IUCN/UNEP The IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K Iversen, S.T Conservational values and endemism of the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. In: Greuter, W., Zimmer, B. & Behnke, H.D. (eds.). Abstracts of the general lectures, symposium papers and posters presented at the XIV International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July 24 to August 1, 1987, p Iversen, S.T. 1988a. Conservation in the Usambara Mts., p In: The SAREC supported integrated Usambara rain forest project Tanzania. Report for the period Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala Iversen, S.T. 1988b. Conservation in the Usambara Mts. General aspects on vascular plants in the Usambara Mts. Check-list, vascular plants of the Usambara Mountains. In: The SAREC supported Integrated Usambara Rain Forest Project, Tanzania. Report for the period Uppsala, p Iversen, S.T. 1988c. Conservation of the Usambara Mountains. Botanical values at the species and phytogeographical level. [edited by Hedberg, I.] Proceedings of the 'Natur och Kultursymposium' held in Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden, September, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 28 (3): The Usambara Mountains in north-eastern Tanzania support a tropical rainforest with a biologically rich ecosystem. A short survey of the phytogeographical relations of the area's vascular flora (>3000 taxa) is presented along with details of the genetically most vulnerable taxa, the endemics and near-endemics. The Mountains contain unique genetic resources of medicinal, industrial, agricultural and horticultural plants. The effects of severe deprivation due to high population pressure, expansion of cash crops, mechanical logging and pit sawing are also discussed along with the aims of current conservation projects Iversen, S.T. 1988c. Is there hope for the rainforests of Tanzania? Earth Island Journal. 3 (1): Iversen, S.T Conservation values of the Usambara forests. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March 13-17, 1989, p.8-12.

122 115 Some of the more important arguments for conserving the natural forests of the Usambara Mts. in NE Tanzania are enumerated and reviewed. It is stressed that conservation efforts are not exclusively based on scientific reasons, but are also needed for the long-term benefit of the layman in the area. Considered aspects of conservation are tentatively linked to levels of increasing general relevance and may be summarized as follows: Local relevance: Building material; raw material for tools and other utensils; climate; soil conservation, improving soil quality; culture. Local and regional relevance: Source of food, spices, oils, fats; medicinal plants; firewood, charcoal; water catchrnent, water quality. Local regional and national relevance: Rain forest crops; plantation forestry products; Industrial raw material. Local, regional, national and international relevance: Forest product exports; aesthetic, recreation and tourism; education (all levels included); gene pool conservation; horticulture; scientific, in natural sciences like agroforestry, plantation forestry, agriculture, ecology, taxonomy, biogeography, physiology, medicine, pharmacy, biochemistry, climatology, hydrology Iversen, S.T. 1991a. The Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania: Phytogeography of Vascular Plant Flora. Ph.D. dissertation, Uppsala University, Sweden Iversen, S.T. 1991b. The Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania: history, vegetation and conservation. Uppsala universitet, [3]+143 pp. This work outlines the need for conservation in the Usambara Mts, NE Tanzania, based on a thorough treatment of sociological, historical and natural factors. The mountains have for a century ranked as one of the most famous biological localities in mainland Africa. Varying administrations from an early Kingdom via German and British colonial periods to independence as basis for the current situation has been laid. An outline of this history, with the stress on agricultural and natural science activities during the last hundred years, is given. The geology of the area is predominantly acidic Precambrian basement rocks and the dominating soils are lateritic and poor in nutrients. The climate can sustain rainforests in a large part of the area, and the past and present vegetation cover is surveyed. The forests are now split up in a multitude of Forest Reserves, and a short account of the history and actual status of each reserve is included. Various human pressure has reduced the forest cover to about 220 sq km in Wand 230 sq km in E Usambara, covering <15% of the combined area. The main threats against the forests at present, the cultivation factor, cutting for firewood and building poles, mechanical logging and pit-sawing, are discussed. The increasing human population is identified as a main threat against a sustainable development of resource utilization within the area. Some of the valuable properties depending on an intact forest cover, like water catchment, soil conservation, traditional forest products, gene-pool resources and research potentials, are outlined. In comparison with other African areas, the Usambaras rank as an outstandingly diversified ecosystem of invaluable significance, and a strong

123 116 plea is given towards saving these unique ecosystems from a complete destruction Iversen, S.T. 1991c. The Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania: phytogeography of the vascular plant flora. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 29 (3): 234 pp. The Usambara mountains have long been famous for their biodiversity. Descriptions are provided of their geography, geology, pedology and climate, as well as of the history of human settlements and botanical exploration. Most of their earlier luxuriant rain forests have been destroyed; <15% remain. A survey is given of the tectonic and Quaternary history of the area, the role of dispersal and the current phytogeographical hypotheses. The mountains form a meeting-place for 4 main African phytochoria. A complete annotated checklist of the vascular plants is published for the first time, including 2855 indigenous and 239 naturalized taxa, of which about 680 are indigenous trees >5 m tall. Some 169 taxa are classified as strictly endemic to the Usambaras and a further 487 as near-endemic; 85% of these 2 groups are forest taxa. The complex distribution patterns of the vascular flora, with particular stress on the forest element, are discussed, and the following conclusions drawn: Continental drift is probably irrelevant for explaining actual specific disjunctions, but some forest species shared with Madagascar may have been vicariated by Cretaceous or Tertiary tectonic events. The combination of long-range dispersal and gradual spread during the Quaternary may explain the distribution of most non-forest elements in the area. The migration barriers for many forest taxa have probably varied continuously since the Tertiary. The present diversity of the flora probably defines theories of any total wiping out of the forest vegetation since at least the Miocene. The Usambaras may have acted as a refuge for montane forest taxa during adverse climatic conditions, and as a centre of speciation and dispersal for Afromontane and Afroalpine taxa Jaakko Pöyry Ltd Industrial forest survey of Amani, Tanzania. Jaakko Pöyry Ltd., Helsinki Jackson, L.J The relationship between rainfall parameters and interception by tropical forest. Journal of Hydrology 24 (3-4): The process of rainfall interception by vegetation is discussed, and data from an experiment established in an intermediate evergreen forest community in the West Usambara Mts., northern Tanzania, in 1969 are used to analyse relations between interception and various rainfall parameters and to assess the reliability of predictive equations. Simple relations appeared to be as valid for prediction as more complex ones, although in general the results were rather unsatisfactory.

124 Jago, N.D., New East African Taxa in the Genus Gymnobothroides (Acridinae; Acrididae; Orthoptera). Notulae Naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 417: Jago, N.D. & Masinde, S.K Aspects of the ecology of the montane evergreen forest near Amani, East Usambaras. Tanzania Notes and Records 68: The study involved investigation of animals on above and below the ground Jenkins, P Description of a new species of Sylvisorex (Insectivora: Soricidae) from Tanzania. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 47: Describes Sylvisorex howellii from the Uluguru mountains and provides a key to species in the genus Jensen, F.P. & Brogger-Jensen, S The forest avifauna of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 15: Provides a history of the ornithological exploration of the Udzungwas, a list of species form Magomera/Mwanihana, Chita, Kigogo, Dabaga, Luhombero and Udzungwas generally, and notes on selected species because of substantial new distributional and zoogeographical information Jensen, F.P. & Stuart, S.N New subspecies of fores birds from Tanzania. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl.102: Descriptions of new subspecies from Mwanihana Forest Reserve (now included in the Udzungwa National Park): Green Barbet Buccanodon olivaceum howelli, Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus udzungwensis, Dappled Mountain Robin Modulatrix orostruthus sanjei. Swynnerton's Forest Robin Swynnertonia swynnertoni rodgersi Jensen, F.P A new species of sunbird from Tanzania. Ibis 125: Describes a new species of sunbird, Nectarinia rufipennis, from Mwanihana Foest Reserve (now included in the Udzungwa National Park) Jocqué, R. & N. Scharff, Spiders (Araneae) family Linyphiidae from the Tanzanian Mountain areas Usambara, Uluguru and Rungwe. Musée Royal de l Afrique Centrale Tervuren, Belgique: Sciences Zoologiques 248: Johansson, D.R Saintpaulias in their natural environment with notes on their present status in Tanzania and Kenya. Biological Conservation 14:

125 118 Several species of the genus Saintpaulia, popularly known as Usambara violets, have become a remarkable success as indoor plants in Europe and the USA. Their ancestors, some twenty species in total, live in mountains and near the coast in Tanzania and Kenya. The Saintpaulias require a very special environment since they are sensitive to drought and to competition from other plants. Thus, most species live on steep rock surfaces in dense shade where few other plants thrive. The Usambara violets in cultivation are mostly referred to as Saintpaulia ionantha. Previous, records of this species refer to a restricted area near Tanga in Tanzania where today, it is very rare because of changes in the environment. Tree-felling to create farmland or to obtain firewood has exposed the previously shaded limestone cliffs, making them unsuitable as habitat for Saintpaulia ionantha. Generally speaking, disturbance of the environment by clearance of trees and bushes is the main threat to the survival of most species, particularly those which occur in the lowlands Johansson, P Description of a new genus, three new species and the hitherto unkown sex of three species of Orthoptera: Acridomorpha from tropical Africa. Natural Jutlandica 21: Describes the male of Plagiotriptus carli from Amani-Sigi area and a species new to science, Chockwea stoltzei from Kimboza Forest Johansson, L. & Msangi, T.H Management plan for the Chambogo forest reserve. Prepared for District Natural Resources Office, Lushoto district. TIRDEP-SECAP. v+18+[20] pp Johansson, L The Chambogo Programme. An evaluation of the early implementation. A case study of attitude to the forest at one subcatchment. Economical evaluation and cost-benefit analysis. General implementation problems. TIRDEP-SECAP, Lushoto district, Tanzania, 69 pp Johanson, K.A New Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856 (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from East Africa. Annls Limnol. 29: Describes new species of Trichoptera from Chita, Mazumbai, Mwanihana, Kigogo, and Lupanga forests. There is a also another species the type locality of which is vague, but which probably is near Amani. The immature forms of these insects live in streams, construct larval cases of sand grains glued together by silk, and coiled dextrally. Only one species in the genus Helicopsyche was previously known from the African mainland. The author expects that more species await dicovery. Such aquatic insects may be useful in assessing water pollution and quality Johansson, S Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains - a map supplement. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project

126 119 Working Paper 1. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. Thematic maps of the East Usambaras compiled from various reports and publications. Includes maps on location, geology and hydrology, vegetation and land use, forests and forest conservation, and also maps of the proposed Amani Nature Reserve Johansson, S. & Sandy, R Updated Forest Area Information in the Usambara Mountains. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project: Working Paper 19, Tanga Johanson, K.A. & E. Willassen, Are the African species of Heliopsyche von Siebold 1856 (Insecta Trichoptera Heliopsychidae) monophyletic? Tropical Zoology 10: Johansson, S.G. Cunneyworth, P. Doggart, N.& Botterweg, R Surveys in the East Usambara mountains Preliminary findings and management implications. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: Geographically referenced biodiversity information is important for conservation management and zoning. Biodiversity surveys were initiated in the East Usambara Mountains in 1995 to provide baseline information on the biological values of the forests for management planning and monitoring, and to train field staff in the use of biological inventory techniques. They were conducted in ten-week field phases. Vegetation plots were laid along a grid of 450 m x 450/900 m. Forest disturbance was assessed using the grid transects. Selected groups of fauna were surveyed using standard methods. Inventories have been completed in ten forests covering 11,076 ha. Some new species have been discovered, and several range extensions have been documented. Data on local distribution of endemics and threatened species has been incorporated in management plans for forest reserves. About 35 foresters have been trained. During 1997 a database was developed for data entry, retrieval and mapping Johansson, S.G. & Katigula, M.I.L East Usambaras, Tanzania Galapagos in Africa. In: KIFCON. Natural forest conservation in East Africa Experiences, lessons and future strategies. Proceeding of a Workshop, Outspan Hotel, Nyeri, Kenya, May Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Project (KIFCON) and Forest Department, Karura Johansson, S.G. & R. Sandy, Protected areas and public lands. Land use in the East Usambara Mountains. East Usambara

127 120 Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 28, Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forests and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Johansson, S.G., Katigula, M.I.L., Mashauri, S. & Mndolwa, A Biodiversity conservation in the East Usambaras. Experiences from the East Usambara Catchment Forest Project, Tanzania. Paper submitted to the Proceedings of a Conference on African Rainforests and the Conservation of Biodiversity January, 1997, Limbe, Cameroon Johnsen, P Two New Grasshoppers, Plagiotriptus and Pseudotristria sp. from Sub-Saharan Africa. Articulata 2 (9): Description of Plagiotriptus sp. from the Udzungwa Mountains and Pseudotristria from Botswana with a key to the species of this genus. The first record of the male Pseudotristria Jones,T., Ehardt, C.L., Butynski, T.M., Davenport, T.R.B., Mpunga, N.E., Machaga, S. J. and De Luca D.W., The Highland Mangabey Lophocebus kipunji: A New Species of African Monkey science vol.308 A distinct species of mangabey was independently found at two sites 370 kilometers apart in southern Tanzania (Mount Rungwe and Livingstone in the Southern Highlands and Ndundulu in the UdzungwaMountains). This new species is described here and given the name highlandmangabey Lophocebus kipunji sp.nov. We place this monkey in Lophocebus, because it possesses noncontrasting black eyelids and is arboreal. L. kipunji is distinguished from other mangabeys by the color of its pelage; long, upright crest; off-white tail and ventrum; and loud call. This find has implications for primate evolution, African biogeography, and forest conservation Jong, R. de & Congdon, T.C.E The montane butterflies of the Eastern Afrotropics p In: Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K.(eds.). Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Kaale B.K. and Temu A.B., Guidelines for Compiling Regional and District Afforestation Plans in Tanzania. Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Dar es Salaam Kaggi, D Experiences from the Ngeta river buffer zone Selous Game Reserve.Selous conservation Programme. Bonn. German Agency for a Technical Cooperation Kaigarula, W Managing a forest. In: towards sustainable development. Cjpt. 7, London: PANOs Institute.

128 121 Discusses the fate of forestry in the E. Usambara mountain range which has for quite sometime been at the centre of controvesy between conservationists and those who advocate the exploitation of forest resources especially its timber to earn foreign exchange. The paper also discusses the role of FINNIDA in reaching a compromise on this matter Kajembe, G.C Indigenous management systems as a basis for community forestry in Tanzania: a case study of Dodoma urban and Lushoto Districts. Tropical Resource Management Papers 6, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen. (Ph.D thesis) This report presents an analysis of the nature of both indigenous and professionally sponsored community forest management systems in two districts in Tanzania. It describes various types of internally generated forest and tree management systems. It demostrates that a gap exits between indigenous and externally sponsored management systems. In the externally sponsored projects, the concept of participation implies that rural people should participate in professionals projects, rather than that professionals should participate in the livelihood projects of rural people. Interventions along these lines generate confrontations, as well as degrees of collaboration and participation between local farmers and projects. The study focusses on three key actor categories to be considered in community forestry projects, i.e. farmers, village extension workers and supervisors. The relations between these actor categories constitute the middle ground of community forestry development. This concept refers to the totality of social processes and fields within the actors attempt to establish common ground for their negotiations over resources and development alternatives. The study seeks to understand how strategic actions and interactions of different actor categories shape the outcome of community forestry projects, as well as how to bridge the gap between internally generated activities and externally sponsored interventions Kajembe, G.C. & Wiersum, K.F Bridging the gap between indigenous initiatives and externally sponsored forestry interventions. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p The paper demonstrates the existence of a gap between internally regenerated forestry initiatives and externally sponsored interventions and how to close it. The study used four methods (participant observation, formal surveys, tree inventories and consultation of documented material) to collect the data. The research showed that farmers were remarkably consistent in the choices they made about where to put particular categories of trees in their farms. The general trend in Dodoma was the shift of trees from the field to the compound whereas in Lushoto it was the exodus of trees over time from the cropland mixtures into the field boundaries. The official explanation that farmers do not intercrop with exotic tree species because they are facing land scarcity, was not

129 122 supported by field observations. Farmers retained or even planted indigenous tree species within their farms. Similarly, the study showed that vegetative propagation of woody perennials was, done exclusively by cuttings in Dodoma and by wildings and suckers in Lushoto. Farmers seem to prefer the use of low-cost indigenous methods to protect tree seedlings rather than the relatively expensive methods recommended by the projects. Furthermore, farmers use different techniques for tending and controlled harvesting of trees; the main ones being pruning, pollarding and coppicing. The paper argues that in several cases, the significance of indigenous practices is not recognized by professionals. The paper concludes by saying that the gap between indigenous and externally sponsored practices can only be bridged if professionals start to question and listen to the farmers on how and why they do things the way they do and use that knowledge to devise more appropriate technologies Kalaghe. A.G., Msangi, T.H. &.Johansson, L Conservation of catchment forests in the Usambara mountains, Problems and future outlook. Tanzania Forestry Research Institute.( Paper presented at meeting at UCFP on 10 th October, 1987) Kalaghe, A.G., Msangi, T.H. & Johansson, L Conservation of catchment forests in the Usambara Mountains. Journal of the Tanzania Association of Foresters 6: Over 30,000 ha (56%) of forest cover have disappeared in the Western Usambaras over the last 30 yr, and a further 1500 ha of catchment reserves were degazetted in the East Usambaras in the 22 yr between 1954 and The loss of forest cover has been attributed to population increase (unit associated demands for arable land, overgrazing, uncontrolled burning and excessive timber exploitation), and political decisions and trends (emphasis on cash crop production, replacement of natural forests with monocultures, and mechanized logging). The deforestation has resulted in various problems including loss of genetic resources, hydrological and climatic changes, increased surface runoff and soil erosion. Strategies which should be undertaken to conserve the remaining forests are outlined; some of these are already under planning and implementation. They include: protection of catchment reserves; enrichment planting with suitable indigenous species (exotics are not recommended) and sustainable harvesting of catchment forests; and catchment forestry at the village level, which includes both the establishment of new forests (as in the Tanga Integrated Rural Development Programme - TIRDEP, and the Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Project - SECAP, of Lushoto District) and the development of agroforestry alternatives. SECAP and the District Natural Resources Office (DNRO) have launched a village forestry programme consisting of the catchment forestry programme mentioned above, village nurseries of agroforestry (multipurpose) tree species and agroforestry programmes Kamugisha, S.M. & Materu, E.M.A Preliminary results

130 123 from a study on water flow in Sigi and Bombo rivers in the East Usambara mountains. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project. Technical Paper 16. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa The report presents the designed monitoring hydrometry observation network, the initial data collected and the water quality along Sigi river in the area for about one year 1993/94. The project area covers about 2,500 km 2 in Muheza and Korogwe Districts in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Three hydrometry stations have been rehabilitated (Sigi at Lanzoni, Sigi at Miembeni and Muzi at Msakazi) and two new ones (Bombo at Kwamkole and Sigi at Kisiwani) have been constructed. The operations of the old stations have been erratic, mainly as a result of budgetary, transport and material constraints. The study revealed that the quality of the water, physically and chemically lies within the Tanzania Temporary Drinking Water Standards. On the other hand, the quality of the water may be influenced by the degree of vegetation cover in the catchment area. For example, in areas with a good ground cover, the increase in ionic concentrations was small, whereas in areas with poor ground cover, where human activities such as agriculture are taking place, ionic concentrations were significantly high. Rivers with high ionic concentrations entering the Sigi River, also had a tendency to increase the ionic concentration of this river. The microbiological quality of the water is poor, and therefore, in its raw form the water is unsuitable for drinking purposes.under the present conditions, disinfection of the water prior to the use as potable water is highly recommended Kaoneka, A.R.S., Monela, G.C., O Kting ati, A. & Solberg, B Impact of sub-optimal allocation of agricultural land on forestry: A case of Lukozi village, Tanzania. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p The objectives of this study is to analyze the existing farming systems at Lukozi Village in the West Usambara Mountains in order to measure the impact of sub-optimal allocation of agricultural resources on forested area to meet the ever-increasing demand for food and settlements. The study applies some aspects of welfare economics and linear programming to analyze the data. Results from the simulation indicate that optimal allocation requires 93 and 265 kg of P and N fertilizers respectively compared with the existing consumption of 25 and 40 kg of P and N, respectively. Production increases from 1340, 1206 and 20,000 kg of maize, beans and vegetables respectively to 1747, 1660 and 32,000 kg respectively. The results indicate further that potatoes should be produced for consumption only because the crop has little contribution to cash earnings. The practical implication of these results is that about 1.5 ha of forest have to be cleared for each household in order to meet the deficit in crop production. The amount could have been met if the optimal farm plan

131 124 was implemented. Considering the fact that Lukozi village has 400 households, the results imply that a total area of 600 ha of forest land has to be cleared assuming the same level of consumption is maintained Kaoneka, A.R.S., Solberg, B Forestry related land use in the West Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 49 (2): The paper reviews socioeconomic and ecological aspects of land use in the West Usambara mountains. It also examines the state of degradation, the existing farming systems and discusses some factors causing land use problems in the area. The major cause of land degradation in the Usambaras is discribed to increase deforestation in the recent past coupled with inappropriate farming practices including overgrazing. Deforestation is caused by population growth, which necessitates the expansion of farmlands and settlement, and uncontrolled harvesting or cutting often followed by uncontrolled grazing. Overgrazing is a problem mainly on common or community areas. Soil erosion is evident in many parts of the Usambaras where devegetation has occurred. Furthermore, rapid population growth has increased the demand for more cleared land in order to satisfy increased food and settlement needs. The use of improved farming practices is limited, inter alia, by inefficient means of production. As most peasants have limited alternative means of production, the expansion of farmlands is achieved largely through clearing of natural forests. Clearing of the forests reduces occurrence of certain species of plants and habitats they provide. State proclamation of land as a public property, coupled with an inappropriate land tenure system, has failed to provide a land use system capable of stabilizing in a productive and diverse state. There is a pressing need for redressing the land use problems in order to enhance sustainable use of land-based resources in the Usambaras Kaoneka, A.R.S. and Solberg, B Analysis of deforestation and economically sustainable farming systems under pressure of population growth and income constraints at the village level in Tanzania. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment: 62: The main aim of this paper is to apply mathematical programming and welfare maximization theory to analyze the effect of population growth on agriculture/forest land use competition, per capital cash income and subsistence consumption from privately owned farms as a basis to determine the economic sustainability of the present farming systems in the West Usambara Mountains. Two working hypotheses are presented: (1) given present population growth trends, present farming systems are not economically sustainable; (2) population growth will cause deforestation over time due to the expansion of farmlands. The analysis presented in this paper indicates that the present farming systems can sustain the present population growth rate (2.1% per annum

132 125 for Lukozi village) and per capita income for a maximum duration of years. Life expectancy in Tanzania is over 45 years (based on 1988 population census). Thus, the present farming systems cannot sustain even one human generation. This suggests that, for the existing farming systems to become economically sustainable, it is important to improve farming technology, which could increase crop production through improvements of land productivity, and to increase income from other sources. Such a strategy will meet the increased food demand as a result of population growth as well as waiting the expansion of farmlands through forest clearing. In addition, the welfare of the farmers and rural populace could be enhanced and improved. Also, it might be relevant to expand smallscale industrial activities to increase income from off-farm activities Kampouri, M.and Sallstrom, S.2002 Life history of Maesopsis eminii architecture and behavioural ecology in the forest. In Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.pp In this study we focus on the growth patterns of Maesopsis eminii, an invasive tree species of the East Usambara Mountains, in Tanzania. Positive correlations of varying significance were found between trunk diameter and crown area, as well as crown area and number of reiterations. These findings suggest that the board distribution of this tree species lies in its ability to capture light efficiently during its initial stages, by growing rapidly on the vertical axis and then by reiterating and expanding its crown area on the canopy. An interesting finding is that the tree produces growth rings, despite being a tropical species Katigula, M.I.L., Mmasi, S.E., Matiko, W., Mshana, L., Kijazi, M.S., Rwamugira, S Planning ourselves. Evaluation report on the participatory planning of the EUCAMP Phase II project document. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper No Kayambazinthu, D Effects of selected forest types on the water input, Mindu Forest Reserve, Morogoro. MSc Thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture Kemp, P.B The termites of north-eastern Tanganyika: their distribution and biology. Bull.ent.Res. 46 (1): ( photos.) Allocates 72 species to 8 zones as follows: coastal (including Brachystegia and Brachylaena forests), 60; 3 mainly desert schrub zones, 36, 26 and 17 respectively, riverine forest, 8; evergreen rain forest, 10; Juniper forest 4; cultivation above 4000 ft. 2. A diagrm shows the altitudinal distribution of termites and vegetation and the zones are mapped. Biological notes on the species, a discussion of distribution and 2 field methods of indicating abundance are included.

133 Kessy, J.F Conservation and utilization of natural resources in the East Usambara Forest Reserves: conventional views and local perspectives. MSc. Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, x+168 pp. This study aims to investigate the potentials and limitations of involving local communities and other stakeholders in biodiversity conservation in the East Usambara forests in Tanzania, and to propose appropriate development strategies for harnessing such potentials. The Usambara forests have a high degree of species diversity and endemism that is threatened by increasing human pressure. Conceptually the research was based on the appreciation of the existence of varying value systems between different stakeholders in relation to the forest resources, e.g. conservationists, estate holders and local villagers. The study examines and compares the values, perceptions and actions with respect to forest resources of these various group, and analyses the impact of their disparity and possible modalities for their reconciliation. The nature of various stakeholders activities in relation to the forests was studied in detail and the impact of such actions on long-term biodiversity conservation prospects in the area was assessed. A stakeholder reconciliation model is suggested as an essential institutional prerequisite for achieving sustainable forest resource and biodiversity conservation in the East Usambaras Kidombo, P.K Policy instruments and people s responses in natural forest management. Examining the effectiveness of combining participatory and regulatory policy instruments. A study in Maramba Division, East Usambara, Tanzania. MSc. thesis, Department of Land Resources Survey and Urban Sciences, International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), Enchede Kielland, J Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne and London Kielland-Lund, J Structure and morphology of four forest and woodland communities of the Morogoro area, Tanzania. pp In Dierschke, H. (ed.). Struktur und Dynamic von waldern, Vaduz. Studies gives floristic survey of phytosociology and productivity of four forest communities near Morogoro Kielland-Lund, J List of butterflies taken and observed at Mazumbai Tea Estate in Lushoto District, Usambara Mts. 4 pp. (East Usambara Catchment Forest Project) Kielland-Lund, J Phytosociology and productivity in four forest and woodland communities near Morogoro. p In: Mgeni, A.S.M., Abeli, W.S., Chamshama, S.A.O. & Kowero, G.S.(eds.) Proceedings of the Seminar on Management of Natural Forests of

134 127 Tanzania. Arusha, December, Faculty of Forestry, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania Kihiyo, V.B.M.S Farm forestry for the market: the declining status of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii de Wild.) as a cash crop in West Usambara, Tanzania. Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin 30 (3): The black wattle has been cultivated in West Usambara since the 1920s. The industrial production of tannin from the wattle has been carried out by two factories working in the area. The reasons are investigated for the decline in the production and export of tannin. The main cause is the low price paid for the raw material - the black wattle - to the producer, mainly a smallholder. Compared with other market products like coffee, cardamom and tea, the production of black wattle yields only a small percentage per workday. The farmers, therefore, utilize the wattle only for fuelwood. This means the loss for Tanzania of an important source of foreign exchange. The establishment of factory-owned wattle plantations is being rejected for social reasons. Instead, it is being recommended to increase, by state subsidies, the price paid for black wattle and thus to make this product economically feasible again Kihiyo, V.B.M.S Observations on the local government ordinances of 1982 and management of natural forests and woodlands: The case of Kilombero district. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p Kihiyo, V.B.M.S., & Kowero, G.S Forester s observation on village afforestation in Morogoro region, Tanzania. J. Tan. Ass. Foresters 7: Village afforestation started in Morogoro in 1975 as part of national programme launched in 1967/68. The programme however was only partially successful. An interview was conducted in Morogoro region on 50% of 33 foresters. In addition to expressing implementation problems they gave views and ideas on how the performance of this programme. Major problem cited are lack of transport and manpower. Recommendations for improvement include common extension strategy for agriculture, livestock and forestry; settling of priorities by districts in the afforestation of Morogoro region; and proper choice of the species Kijazi, M. & Mndeme, K Inclusion of primary school pupils in conservation and farm forestry activities in East Usambara. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Working Paper 26. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa.

135 Kijazi, M., Johansson, S., & Mmasi, S Farmer-to-farmer extension: Experiences from farm forestry and village forest management in the East Usambara Catchment Forest Project, Tanzania. Paper prepared for the 5th Regional Conference Integrating Research, Extension and Farmer Needs: Challenges and Opportunities of Farming System Approaches, September, 1996, Arusha, Tanzania Kijoti, W., White, M.G Pitsawing in the Pare Mountains of Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam, Division of Forestry, Record No pp. The method of pitsawing hardwoods in the Pare Mountains is described. Hand sawing causes less damage than mechanical methods in montane rain forest, where mechanical logging would be uneconomic. Results from sawing Grevillea robusta (planted as shade trees for coffee) showed that production averaged m 3 /man day. The average cost of pitsawing hardwood was 897 sh/m 3, which worked out at approximately 40 sh/day, compared with the min. salary for unskilled labour of about 14 sh/day. Accuracy of dimensions and smoothness of cutting compared favourably with that in local circular sawmills. Average recovery was 42%, compared to 50% in sawmills. Better maintenance of tools would improve volume of output and accuracy of sawing Kikula, I.S. and Shishira, E. K Danida sponsored training course on satellite imagery interpretation. Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA) of the University of Dar es Salaam and SSC Satellitbild of Sweden 56 pp The report to DANIDA/HIMA presents outline of the nature and outcome, of the DANIDA sponsored training course on Satellite Imagery Interpretation, held in Iringa, between 26 th May and 20 th June, The objective of the course was to provide the participants with personal skills and basic understanding of the use of satellite remote sensing technology in natural resources mapping and monitoring. The course was also to provide foundation for further work based on satellite imagery procured for the project Kikula, I.S Police implications on environment : the case of villagisation in Tanzania. Stockholm press pp. The changes in the traditional methods of land management through rapid change in the name of development led to land de-gradation. The land degradation has caused changes in the intensity of resource use through concentration of settlements. Comparative changes of resource use have been demonstrated by three periods: early pre-villagisation, late previllagisation and post-villagisation. During the 1950s, representing the early pre-villagisation period, the traditional system was at quasiequilibrium with the environment because there was minimal land

136 129 degradation. During this period, the scattered settlement pattern and the traditional methods of land management (scattered settlements, shifting cultivation and transhumant system of livestock grazing), seem to have had an environmental conservation value.late pre-villagisation period led to land degradation-deforestation, soil degradation and soil erosion. Thus, for example, resettlement during villagisation increased the human and livestock population in the area. The concentration of this increased population, into nucleated settlements and the rigid so-called land use plans, meant a complete disruption of the traditional land management system, resulting in land degradation. It is argued that villagisation undermined the local people s knowledge of their environment and its conservation value. The study has also shown that although similarities between the Western and the indigenous concepts of land degradation exist, there are major differences in the way land degradation is perceived. This difference in perception has important implications for approaches to rehabilitation of the damaged environment. As long as economic, political and administrative priorities continue to supersede environmental (physical and social) considerations in resource utilisation, land degradation will continue. The way out seems to be the eco-development approach which considers both social and physical environments by maintaining a balance between production and stability of the ecosystems. The villagisation programme, as a development strategy, failed to consider these physical and social environmental implications with the inevitable consequence of environmental degradation. It is not possible to place a value upon the social gains (e.g. provisions of schools and other social amenities) resulting from villagisation so that they can be compared to land degradation. But, such arguments are irrelevant because even if such social gains outweighed the environmental degradation losses, they would not justify the latter. Other countries in Africa which for one reason or another may be forced to embark upon resettlement programmes as a possible long-term solution to the prevailing famines should consider the lessons of the Tanzanian experience. That is, the story does not end with the mere physical resettling of the people. Careful planning is required to prevent environmental degradation. The major conclusion that emerges from this study is that even well intentioned government policies can have negative environmental implications. It is clear that resettlement schemes, even those prior to the villagisation programme, were essentially intended to improve the well-being of the rural population. These good intentions notwithstanding, there have been some environmental costs as documented in this book. Anumber of proposals could be advanced on how these environmental problems could have been mitigated. The most obvious of these is the need for strategic planning. Policies need to be subjected to Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment. These kinds of assessments will come up with measures which will minimise the environmental impacts. We can speculate that if a Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment on the villagisation programme had been done, it would have recommended adequate planning of the settlements as one of the mitigation measures. Lack of detailed data is always the excuse put forward by planners to explain the failure of even well intentioned projects

137 130 and/or programmes. But the author and many others, have sufficiently demonstrated that there is enough traditional knowledge on land use systems which can be used to prepare preliminary general land use plans. More sophisticated and detailed plans (which may not be necessary anyway), may be done at a later stage. A good Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment on the villagisation programme would have included the local people s perception of the environment. The results of this study suggest a generally low local perception of land degradation. These results clearly point towards the need for educational and awareness programmes to go along with policies which have environmental implications. Their aim should be to raise local people s awareness of environmental changes and their implications. Environmental Impact Assessments do not point out negative impacts only. Positive programme aspects are also included. With respect to the villagisation programme, some of the positive elements include the establishment of the infrastructure for the delivery of various social services such as schools, transport, health and extension services. It is unfortunate that critics of the villagisation programme do not seem to appreciate these positive aspects. In most cases strong anti-socialist sentiments seem to influence this position. Many people who have heard about my work have asked me whether the villagisation programme was a success or a failure. My response has always been that it depends on the angle from which the issue is examined. If it is looked at from a social perspective then certainly there are many positive things. On the other hand, an environmental perspective would reveal many long-term negative aspects. It is, thus, difficult to categorically say the programme was a success or a failure Kikula, I.S Spatial Changes in Forest Cover on the East Usambara Mountains. p In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland. Uses remote sensing techniques to analyses forest cover and loss thereof in the East Usambars is tried Kikula, I.S., Mohamed, S. & Mwasumbi, L A baseline plant checklist of the vegetation around the southern pulp and paper in southern Mufindi district, Tanzania. IRA Research Reports (New Series) No Kikula, I.S. & Nilson, P Trees for Fuel and building: A Preliminary Assessment in Two Villages Adjacent to the Southern Pulp and Paper mill. 26 pp. BRALUP Research Reports (New Series) 50. Mufindi District. The most important uses of trees are for fuelwood and building poles. Villagers recognise the impending woodfuel problem, but do nothing about it. Recommendations include control of the harvesting in forests and regulation of other consumptive activities such as brewing and charcoal making.

138 Kikula, I.S., Shishira, E.K. & Paulsson, B Mapping of woodfuel resources in Tanzania using SPOT satellite. Data. Report for joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. 73 pp. Provide detailed statistics on Tabora-Mwanza, Iringa, Arusha, and Dar es Salaam segments of portions Kilonzo, B.S Studies on the present status of endemicity, mammalian reservoirs and flea vectors of plague in Tanzania. Ph.D Thesis, University of Dar-es-Salaam. Deals with the ecology of plague and its vectors in Tanzania, including studies in the Usambaras Kimambo, I.N Environmental control & hunger. In the mountains & plains of Nineteenth-century Northeastern Tanzania. In: Maddox, G., Giblin, J. & Kimambo, I.N. (eds). Custodians of the land. Ecology & culture in the history of Tanzania. James Currey, London, p Kimariyo P.E Regeneration of Ocotea usambarensis Engl. at Sungwi, West Usambaras. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No.21. This experiment of East African Camphor Ocotea usambarensis Engl. natural regeneration by root suckers and coppice shoots was established at Sungwi, Shume - Magamba Forest Reserve, West Usambaras in Out of the four different methods applied, treatment A, clear felling of the matured and overmatured camphor trees proved to be superior to all other treatments. Girdling and frilling with different chemicals which was used in other treatments is not so effective to the regeneration of camphor Kimariyo, P.E Initial Intensive and Medium Thinnings Increase DBH Growth in Second Growth Camphor Regeneration. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No.26 Initial intensive and medium thinnings in second growth Camphor egeneration improve diameter growth while height growth remains the same in both thinned and unthinned stands Kimariyo, P.E Silvicultureal treatments to promote regeneration of commercially valuble tree species in natural forests. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry Record 43: Kingdon, J. & Howell, K.M Mammals in the forests of Eastern Africa. In: Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K. (eds.) Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press,

139 132 p [Area of Study: Uluguru, Udzungwa and Usambara Mountains] Kingston, A.J. & Nummelin, M Seasonality and abundance of sphingids in a garden on the lower slopes of the Uluguru mountains in Morogoro township in Tanzania. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: For the past 14 years hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) have been collected in a garden (580 m a.s.l.) in the Forest Hills area of Morogoro, on the lower slopes of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Moths were attracted using two 160-watt mercury-vapour bulbs and a 15-watt ultraviolet tube-light. They were collected and counted on a white cotton sheet affixed to the wall of a house with the lights suspended in front of it, facing towards the western slopes of the lower Uluguru Mountains. Different species on the wing have been recorded on a nightly basis from June 1996 to December Altogether, during the whole study period, a total of 56 sphingid species have been encountered. Hawk moths are most abundantly on the wing from March to June peaking in May (late rainy season). The most common species were Agrius convolvuli, Daphnis nerii, Nephele aequivalens, Nephele comma, Euchloron megaera, Hippotion celerio and Hippotion eson. These can be caught throughout the year. The common species in Morogoro are almost identical to those in similar habitat in Freetown, Sierra Leone (West Africa) Kiss, A Living with wildlife: Wildlife Resource Management with Local Participation in Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No 130. Africa Technical Department Series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Kitula, R. A Role of Gender In Utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products And Biodiversity Conservation In Udzungwa Mountains Forest: A Case Study of the New Dabaga-Ulangambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Final draft. Study funded through the MEMA Biodiversity Research Advisory Group (BRAG). Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida Kiwango,W.A. and Butler B Herbivory Clidema hirta in two sites within Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. In: Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002 p Leaf damage caused by natural enemies of Clidemia hirta (L) D.Don (Melastomataceae) was investigated in two sites within Amani Nature Reserve with respect to light environment, density of conspecifics and reproductive status. There is little evidence from the result to suggest that the light environment influences level of herbivory. Reproductive status of

140 133 plants was also shown to have no influence on the level of herbivory. However, leaf damage in non-reproductive plants from bird walk was found to correlate significantly with distance to nearest conspecific. No difference was found to exist in level of herbivory between leaves of different age. On the basis of insect collections we propose that leaf herbivory at the two sites is carried out by native generalist herbivores Kiwasila, H. & R. Odgaard, Socio-cultural aspects of forest management in the Udzungwa. Prepared for Danida. Center for Development and Research, Copenhagen. UDSM. 76 pp The Socio-Cultural study for Udzungwa Catchment Forest Management Project was done between 8 th April to 9 th May, 1992 in eleven village in Iringa region. The study was done in Iringa rural and Mufindi district in villages which are around or very close to the Udzungwa catchment forest reserve. The eleven villages included: Ibumu, Imalutwa, Ikakato, Kidabaga, Mahenge and Idete in Iringa district and Uhafiiwa, Lulanda, Kibengu, Igeleke in Mufindi district. The study was to contribute to the project proposal for Udzungwa catchment forest management project. Since 1989 a DANIDA financed Soil and Water conservation project (HIMA) has been carried out in Iringa District. During the revision of the HIMA plan of operation in October, 1990 it was decided that forest activities supporting and involving villagers but transgressing village boundaries and authority level should be gradually transferred to the Eastern Arc project under the umbrella of Danida s support to environmental planning in Iringa, subject to approval by the relevant authorities and by the Foreign Ministry of Denmark. The Udzungwa Mountains are part of the Eastern Arc formation. The forests on Udzungwa Mountain are considered by the country and the international community important conservation area with a high number of endemic special, important water catchment area, valuable for commercial timber production and for supply of other forest products to the local community around it. During the annual consultation between the government of Tanzania and the Government of Denmark it was agreed to prepare a joint project proposal for Udzungwa forest management. As part of the project preparation mission a sociological team of two women was sent out for a socio-cultural study. The team terms of reference were: to assess the various forms of utilization of the forest resources; to identify socioeconomic aspects of utilization; to present villagers assessment of problems and needs and to assess villager s attitude to front protection and to assess the major socio-cultural and socio-economic constraints for sustainable forest management. The team was to compile and analyse villager s option and suggestions for forest utilization and protection. Finally to propose for a socially and culturally sound sustainable moist forest management in the Udzungwa Mountain in Iringa Kihwele, D.V. N., Lwoga, P.D. and Sarakikya, E Beekeeping is for socio-economic development and environmental

141 134 conservation: a feseability study report on involving women in beekeeping. HIMA/DANIDA Iringa. 96 pp The feasibility study on involving women in the beekeeping enterprise and environmental conservation in Iringa Region was carried out in November and December 1992 in the Districts of Iringa, Makete and Njombe covering 2 villages in each. The villages which are under HIMA-DANIDA Project and practice traditional: beekeeping are Ipalamwa, Uhominyi, Kinyika, Usalimwani, Masaulwa and Kanikelele, respectively. The main objectives of the feasibility study include the following: To Sensitize villagers on the socio-economic importance of beekeeping and persuade them to carry out the same and get involved in environmental conservation. To persuade women, in particular, to carry out beekeeping and make it a family economic activity in order to improve their economic status. To put in permanent written document the experiences and expertise of traditional beekeepers in areas of beekeeping, knowledge on fauna and flora and conservation of the environment. The written information is essential for effective and efficient planning and rendering extension services for the development of the Beekeeping Sector and enhanced environmental conservation. The following are some of the important findings: Villagers are rich in experience, knowledge and expertise in the art of beekeeping, botany and environmental conservation. What is needed is to encourage them to use what they know in order to get maximum sustainable benefits from the Beekeeping Sector. Technical deficiencies among many beekeepers are in areas of making and using bee protectives, bee smoker, making box hives (e.g. Tanzania Top-Bar Hives) and processing of beeswax for local and export markets. These deficiencies can be corrected by conducting beekeeping seminars in the respective villages plus issuing prototypes of appropriate beekeeping equipment so that villagers can copy from them to make similar equipment using local resources. Villagers are often harassed by some workers of Forestry and Wildlife Sectors under the name of protection of natural resources and environmental conservation. For example, the possession of bee products and log hives made of natural wood are treated as criminal offences and the victims are fined heavily by the natural resources environmentalists. Lack of Government Directives at both District and Village levels on how to implement the New Policy of Natural Resources Conservation, Development and Utilization which puts emphasis on people s participation is one of the causes for the harassment. The situation can be rectified by conducting seminars for all extension workers involved in rural development on the importance of integration in rendering extension services for the development of Api- Agro-Forestry Systems and environmental conservation. Along with these seminars the Government is urged to give technical directives on the policy of promoting people s participation in the conservation and sustainable utilization of natural Resources.

142 Khatim, M. and Mlowe, D Population density of Allanblanckia stuhlmannii in the disturbed, semi-disturbed and undisturbed areas of Amani Nature Reserve, East Usambara, Tanzania. In Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.p The study was carried out to assess the population density of Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) in three different sites as disturbed, semi-disturbed and undisturbed forest. The highest density for trees was in Monga Forest 9,130.56/ha), followed by Mbomole Forest (122.22/ha) and the Forest near Amani village (72.22/ha). And the density for seedlings and saplings showed similar pattern with (1,250/ha) Monga, followed by Mbomole Forest (569.44/ha) and Amani village (97.22/ha) Knox, E.B The conservation status of the giant senecios and giant lobelias in Eastern Africa. Opera Botanica, 121: Knox, E. & Pocs, T Lobelia morogoroensis: another Tanzanian giant. Kew Bulletin 47 (3): A new species is described from cliffs at low altitude, and from dry semideciduous woodlands on mountains near Morogoro, Tanzania. The species grows to 6 m tall in flower, and has a robust, woody stem with a chambered pith Kock, D. & Howell, K.M Three bats new for mainland Tanzania. Senckenbergiana biologica 68: Provides an update on the species list of bats for Tanzani, and gives details for three species new to the Tanzanian fauna: Rhinolophus blasii empusa and R. swinyi from Mwanihana Forest Research and Laephotis wintoni from Mazumbai Konstant,W.R.; Mittermeir, R.A.; Butynski, T.M.; Eudey, A.; Ganzhorn, J.; Kormos, R. and Rylands, A.B Sanje Mangabey - Cercocebus galeritus Sanjei Tanzania. African primates 6 (1-2): The Sanje mangabey, endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania one of the world s top 25 most endangered primates from It differs from mother closely-related mangabeys in fur coloration (being a smoky brown or fawn color with a lighter, almost buffy orange underbelly) and facial coloration (being with white eyelids). Found only in fragmented relict forests of the udzungwas, it may prefer riverine habitat at altitudes ranging from 400 1,600 meters, although it is probably more common above 1,000 meters. At least one sub-population resides within the recently established Udzungwa Mountains national Park, but it is also known to occur in low in densities outside the protective boundaries of the park in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, where animals are at risk

143 136 from hunting pressures and habitat loss. Overall, fewer than 1,500 of these primates may exist. The University of Georgia, Duke University and Conservation International are collaborating on a field research program in the Udzungwas to dertmine the extent of this mangabey s distribution, and are using this information to develop a recommendation for expanding the present boundaries of the National Park Kosuch, J., Vences, M., Dubois, A., Ohler, A. and Bo hme, W., Out of Asia: Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for an Oriental Origin of Tiger Frogs, Genus Hoplobatrachus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21 (3): Most examples of intercontinental dispersal events after the Miocene contact between Africa and Asia involve mammal lineages. Among amphibians, a number of probably related groups are known from both continents, but their phylogenies are so far largely unresolved. To test the hypothesis of Miocene dispersal against a Mesozoic vicariance scenario in the context of Gondwana fragmentation, we analyzed fragments of the mitochondrial 16S rrna gene (572 bp) in 40 specimens of 34 species of the anuran family Ranidae. Results corroborated the monophyly of tiger frogs (Genus Hoplobatrachus), a genus with representatives in Africa and Asia. The African H. occipitalis was the sister group of the Asian H. crassus, H. chinensis, and H. tigerinus. Hoplobatrachus was placed in a clade also containing the Asian genera Euphlyctis and Nannophrys. Combined analysis of sequences of 16S and 12S rrna genes (total 903 bp) in a reduced set of taxa corroborated the monophyly of the lineage containing these three genera and identified the Asian genus Fejervarya as its possible sister group. The fact that the African H. occipitalis is nested within an otherwise exclusively Asian clade indicates its probable Oriental origin. Rough molecular clock estimates did not contradict the assumption that the dispersal event took place in the Miocene. Our data further identified a similar molecular divergence between closely related Asian and African species of Rana (belonging to the section Hylarana), indicating that Neogene intercontinental dispersal also may have taken place in this group and possibly in rhacophorid treefrogs Kotschi. J Ecofarming practices for tropical smallholdings. Verlag Josef Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany. Tropical agroecology pp. The book has chapters on: agroforestry for soil maintenance in the semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe; conservation of soil fertility by peasant farmers in Atlantic Province, Benin; green manuring with fast-growing shrub fallow in the tropical highland of Rwanda; investigating possibilities of combining fodder production with erosion control and agroforestry in the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania; multiple cropping with deciduous trees in the cold tropical highland of Colombia; low-cost soil and water conservation measures for smallholders in the Sudano-Sahelian

144 137 zone of Burkina Faso; and opportunities for cooperation between scientists and farmers in ecofarming research Kupaza, R Usambara mountains. Richest biological communities in Africa. Taraxacum 4 (2): Lantz, H. and Gereau, R. E., A New Species of Rytigynia (Rubiaceae, Vanguerieae) from Northeastern Tanzania, with Notes on the circumscription of the Genus. Novon 15: We discuss the history and circumscription of the genus Rytigynia (Rubiaceae, Vanguerieae) and present the morphological characters used for the delimitation of the genus in a new, restricted sense. We describe Rytigynia dichasialis, a new species from northeastern Tanzania that is unique in the genus by having long-pedunculate and dichasially cymose inflorescences with well-developed secondary axes. We compare the new species to other, morphologically similar species of Rytigynia and present the characters used to distinguish among them Larsen, A.B., Msangi, T.H., Mtika, J.A., Mathias, S.C. & Graudal, L Evaluation of the FAO coordinated ex situ forest genetic resources conservation programme. Preliminary Assessment Report Ex situ conservation stands, Tanzania. Joint assessment, September 1997 TAFORI, NTSP, FAO and DFSC. Danida Forest Seed Centre.[Area of Study: Kwamarukanga and Ruvu] Lens, L., Dongen, S. V., Norris, K., Githiru, M. and Matthysen, E., Avian persistence in fragmented rainforest. Science 298: What factors determine the persistence of species in fragmented habitats? To address this question, we studied the relative impacts of forest deterioration and fragmentation on bird species in 12 rainforest fragments in Kenya, combining 6 years of individual capture-recapture data with measurements of current captures and museum specimens. Species mobility, as estimated from species-specific dispersal rates, and tolerance to habitat deterioration, as estimated from change in fluctuating asymmetry with increasing habitat disturbance, explained 88% of the variation in patch occupancy among eight forest bird species.occupancy increased with mobility and with tolerance to deterioration, where both variables contributed equally to this relationship.we conclude that individual-level study, such as of dispersal behavior and phenotypic development, can predict patterns of persistence at the species level.more generally, for conservation tactics to stand a high chance of success, they should include action both within sites, to minimize habitat deterioration, and across landscapes, to maximize dispersal Leyser, Liz de Birds to be seen on Brooke Bond Estate lands. Just a cup of tea. Mufindi Brooke Bond -A Celebration [book]

145 138 The Brooke Bond Estate in Mufindi contain many different habitats for birds: forest, dams, lakes, streams, swamps, grassland and gardens, and are the home for many species, some endemic to this part of Tanzania and some extremely rare. On a walk along the Luisenga River or through the Kigogo Forest the keen birder might have the extreme good fortune to catch a glimpse of the endemic Iringa Ground Robin (Dry-ocichloides anomalus), a White-chested Alethe (Alethe fulleborni) or Spotthroat (Modulatrix stictigula) and around small dams dotted around the Estates are home to a wide variety of water loving birds - Yellow-billed Duck, Little Grebes, Moorhen and Radknobbed Coot swim in the waters, an occasional Black Crake, Allen s Gallinule or Green backed Heron may be seen skulking in the reds and the Giant Kingfisher scans for fish from his perch on a dead trees. The sizeable lake of Ngwazi with its surrounding swamps and grassland and forest patches provides an exciting and extremely varied bird population. Greater and Long-tailed cormorants are usually to be seen in or over the water, one or two Pink-backed Pelicans are resident during part of the year and a large flock of the White Pelican has been known to use the lake as a Stop-over on its migration probably to and from larger Rift Valley lakes. Lesser spotted eagles, Steppe Buzzards, Steppe Eagles, Hobbies, Kestrels and Harriers wheel. The gardens of the Lugoda and other Estate houses are full of bird life: The Robin Chat, Common and Mountain Green bull, Black backed Puffback, Fulleborn s Black Boubou s harsh chatter,waxbills, Staty Flycatchers, Streaky Seedeaters, mountain buzzard, spotted Eagle Owl and Wood Owls Line L. S~rensen, L.L. (In press ) stratification of the spider fauna in a Tanzanian forest The vertical distributed microhabitats in these forests, a!though. The vertical distribution of arthropods in the vegetation of tropical forests in Africa has rarely been examined. In the present study, the stratification of true spiders (Araneae) \vas investigated in a montane forest in Tanzania. Spiders were chosen because they are generally not host specific. Their distribution relies mainly on the structure of the habitat and on prey availability (only a few species are prey specific). Sampling was carried out in a 1 ha plot in a matureand relatively- homogeneous forest at the end of the rainy season. Three strata were recognized and sampled:the forest floor (the forest litter and vegetation below 50 cm), the understorey (vegetation between 50 crn and 3 m) and the canopy (vegetation taller than 3m). The spider assemblage of the forest floor was most diverse (Simpson s index), although the canopy and the understorey were more species rich. Spider composition of the understorey was more similar to that of the canopy than to that of the forest floor. Of the 175 species collected in total, 27 species were confined to the canopy. Even given that different sampling methods, specialization of spiders fron certain families within a particular strata was evident. This was even true for

146 139 species that are regarded as being relatively mobile, like linyphiids. The present study indicates that the canopy should be included if a reasonably complete inventory of spiders is to be obtained Linder, P Herb Communities on the forest floor. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Describes the herbaceous plants found on the forest floor in the East Usambaras, includes Amani West, Kwamsambia and Mtai Forest Reserves Literick, M Assessment of water quality of the Sigi River. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p The catchment of the Sigi river is described and threats to water quality assessed. It is concluded that forest clearance on the East Usambaras will have only marginal effect on water quality, but that rehabilitation of the run-down sisal estates in the Sigi catchment is likely to result in serious problems. The sisal estates could usefully be converted to forest plantations Loader, S.P., Gower, D.J., Howell, K.M., Doggart, N., Rödel, M.O., Clarke, B.T., de Sá, R.O., Cohen, B.L.,& Wilkinson, M Phylogenetic relationships of African microhylid frogs inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rrna genes. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 4: The phylogenetic relationships of microhylid frogs are poorly understood. The first molecular phylogeny for continental African microhylids is presented, including representatives of all subfamilies, six of the eight genera, and the enigmatic hemisotid Hemisus. Mitochondrial 12S and 16S rrna sequence data were analysed using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian methods. Analyses of the data are consistent with the monophyly of all sampled subfamilies and genera. Hemisus does not nest within either brevicipitines or non-brevicipitines. It is possibly the sister group to brevicipitines, in which case brevicipitines might not be microhylids. Phrynomantis and Hoplophryne potentially group with non-african, nonbrevicipitine microhylids, in agreement with recent morphological and molecular data. Within brevicipitines, Breviceps is recovered as the sister group to a clade of Callulina+ Spelaeophryne+ Probreviceps. The relationships among the genera within this latter clade are unclear, being sensitive to the method of analysis. Optimal trees suggest the Probreviceps macrodactylus subspecies complex might be paraphyletic with respect to P. uluguruensis, corroborating preliminary morphological studies indicating that P. m. rungwensis may be a distinct species. P.

147 140 loveridgei may be paraphyletic with respect to P. macrodactylus, though this is not strongly supported. Some biogeographic hypotheses are examined in light of these findings Longwe, L.K The effects of smallscale pilot woodlot projects on rural family farm planning: a case study in Morogoro, Tanzania. SPFE, BSc Forestry, Morogoro, University of Dar es Salaam. The study notes in villages; Mlali, Kipea and Mvomero villages, Morogoro region are opened for farming due rapid population growth and once this has happened it is difficult for it to be put back to forestry. High livestock numbers also create pressure on the land. In the villages, the forestry, extension service is seen as a hangover of the colonial administration, but rural afforestation schemes have assisted in reducing this Loveridge, A Notes on East African batrachians, collected , with the descriptions of four new species. (Location:WCST Office Morogoro) 533. Loveridge, A New frogs of the genera Arthroleptis and Hyperolius from Tanganyika Territory. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 45: (Location:WCST Office Morogoro) 534. Loveridge, A Reports on the Scientific Results of an Expedition to the Southwestern Highlands of Tanganyika Territory: Introduction and Zoogeography. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.75:1-43. (Location:WCST Office Morogoro) Describes vegetation at Dabaga, Kigogo, Mwaya, Tukuyu, Ilolo, Nyamwanga, Ngosi-Volcan, Nkuka Forest, Igale. Authour notes that even after the removal of forest was a serious problem Loveridge, A Scientific results of an Expedition to Rain Forest Regions in Eastern Africa. VII Amphibians. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 79: Loveridge, A Scientific results of a fourth expedition to forested areas in East and Central Africa IV, Reptiles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 91: Describes new forms from Nchingidi, Rondo Plateau; Ugano, Matengo Highlands, and Kigogo Forest, Udzungwa Mts Loveridge, A Zoological results of a fifth Expoedition to East Africa. IV. Amphibians from Nyasaland and Tete. Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. 110:

148 Loveridge, A Check list of the reptiles and amphibnians of East Africa Uganda; Kenya; Tanganyika; zanzibar). Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. 117: Lens, L. & Van Dongen, S Fluctuating asymmetry as a bioindicator in isolated populations of the Taita Thrush: a Bayesian perspective. J. Biogeogr. 29: Lens, L., Van Dongen, S., Kark, S & Matthysen, E Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of fitness: can we bridge the gap between studies (Taita)? Biol. Rev. 77: Lens, L., Galbusera, P., Brooks, T., Waiyaki, E. & Schenck, T Highly skewed sex ratios in the critically endangered Taita Thrush as revealed by CHD genes. Biodiv. Cons. 7: Lens, L., Adriaensen, F. & Matthysen, E Dispersal studies in recently and historically fragmented forests - a comparison between Kenya and Belgium. In: Adams, N. & Slotow, R. (Eds), Proc. 22nd Int. Ornithol. Congr., Durban, University of Natal. pp Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa Lens, L. & Van Dongen, S Evidence for organism-wide asymmetry in five bird species of a fragmented afrotropical forest (Taita). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 266: Lens, L., Van Dongen, S., Wilder, C.M., Brooks, T.M. & Matthysen, E Fluctuating asymmetry increases with habitat disturbance in seven bird species of a fragmented afrotropical forest (Taita). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 266: Lens, L. & Van Dongen, S Fluctuating and directional asymmetry in natural bird populations exposed to different levels of habitat disturbance, as revealed by mixture analysis. Ecol. Let. 3: Lens, L., Van Dongen, S., Galbusera, P., Schenck, T., Matthysen, E. & Van de Casteele, T Developmental instability and inbreeding in natural bird populations exposed to different levels of habitat disturbance (Taita). J. Evol. Biol 13: Lens, L., Van Dongen, S. & Matthysen, E Fluctuating asymmetry as an early warning system in the critically endangered Taita Thrush. Cons. Biol. 13: Lens, L., Van Dongen, S., Norris, K., Githiru, M. & Matthysen, E Avian persistence in fragmented rainforest (Taita). Science 298:

149 Lerdorf, H Localisation of an agricultural development project. The contingency approach applied to Hima- Iringa soil and water conservation project in Iringa, Tanzania. MSc. Management for Agricultural Development. Thesis. Cranfield University. 59 pp. This study was an attempt to describe and use the contingency approach to analyse the transfer of management to local institutions, using the example from a district based agricultural development project in Tanzania. Initially the history and present development of agricultural development management in Africa was reviewed to introduce the issue and clarify the basis for the problems. This literature review pointed out the problem areas and indicated directions for attention and action. It was followed by a description of the contingency approach and its application to an agricultural extension project. Finally the case study from the HIMA project in Tanzania was presented and the contingency approach was applied to analyse the transfer of a project from a parallel project organisation to local institutions. From the literature review three key development areas were extracted: management processes, participation and decentralisation. These were then selected as the criteria against which the project is analysed. The analysis of the project and its host organisation (Iringa District Council and departments) resulted in some recommendations. The main recommendation was that the objective of the project needs be modified to support the departments and other local institutions to develop and implement their plans. It was finally concluded that the contingency approach constitutes a valuable contribution to the project development and localisation of development projects. The method can disclose organisational and managerial conditions that may affect the successful localisation of the project. The contingency approach constitutes method that in all aspects of a development intervention respects and appreciates the organisational and managerial capacity within local institutions, and may therefore, if successfully applied reinforce the existing organisations and enhance the degree of organisational sustainability.further studies to relate project sustainability to the congruence between development project management and the local management capacity is needed to prove that the contingency approach is valid Lovett, J.C and. Minja, T.R.A Notes on Ukwiva forest, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 20: 3-4. The Ukwiva forest on the wet east facing slopes of the Rubeho mountains is one of the largest forest reserves in Tanzania, but is one of the least known biologically. It is about 78,000 hectares covering the rolling uplands of the Pala mountains, dropping down the eastern escarpment towards the Kilosa - Mikumi road and extends (ca S E alt. 1,600-1,700 m.). Current local exploitation of the forest is limited to occasional hunting and honey gathering. There is little sign pole collection, and no sign of timber cutting.woodland between Uleling ombe and the forest edge included the trees: Acacia sp.,

150 143 Brachystegia spiciformis,cussonia arborea, Erythrina sp., Faurea speciosa, Protea madiensis with Croton macrostachyus, Myricasalicifolia, Uapaca kirkiana on the ridges, and Syzygium cordatum in the valleys. The forest edge appears to be maintained by fire, with some areas of bracken and others of regeneration. The forest canopy was metres high in valleys, and 3-5 metres on ridges. Climber tangles of Toddalia asiatica and Embelia schimperi were common. The largest trees were Macaranga kilimandscharica which reached centimetres diameter, except for occasional Ficus which the local people said were relicts of cultivation, and one large Parinari excelsa which branched low and did not have the form of a forest grown Parinari. Towards the east, just above the escarpment, there were many 2-3 metre high poles of Parinari. A Cyathea grew in the stream valleys. Other trees included: Agauria salicifolia, Aphloia theiformis, Bridelia micrantha, Catha edulis, Diospyros whyteana, Halleria lucida, Maesa lanceolata, Maytenus acuminata, Nuxia congesta, Polyscias fulva, Rapaneamelanophloeos and Xymalos monospora. The area of the Ukwiva forest has been regenerating from distrubance following cultivation for at least 100 years, yet it does not contain any trees of timber value. Both Ocotea usambarensis and Podocarpus would be expected in a forest at this altitude. It thus appears that natural regeneration of moist montane forest following heavy disturbance is very slow Lovett, J.C. and Minja, T.R.A Notes on Talagwe Mountain, Kilosa District, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 22: Talagwe mountain (6 00 S E) is an isolated peak rising out of the eastern central plateau from an altitude of 1170 to 1857 m in the rainshadow of the Nguru range. Although surrounded by dry country, the peak is sufficiently tall to attract cloud, and is capped by montane forest. The forest is within a Catchment Forest Reserve of 1085 ha, and is an important source of water for the surrounding villages. The lower part of the forest are rather tangled with an broken canopy trees m tall dominated by Albizia gummifera and Diospyros natalense. Other trees include: Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia micrantha, Canthium oligocarpum, Cassipourea malosana, Celtis africana, Cola greenwayi, Cussonia holstii, Cussonia spicata, Draceana steudneri, Dombeya torrida, Garcinia volkensii, Maesa lanceolata, Pheonix reclinata and Vepris stolzii. Upper parts of the forest have an intact canopy of m dominated by Rapanea melanophloeos on the upper ridges. Trees here include: Albizia gummifera, Aningeria adolfii-friedericii, Bridelia brideliiodes, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Strombosia scheffleri, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum and Xymalos monospora. Another important traditional function of the forest was as a dry season grazing ground, and this may explain the tangled growth and broken canopy of the lower slopes.another interesting aspect of Talagwe is the occurrence of Eastern Arc plants, such as Memecylon

151 144 deminutum, in undisturbed forest on the peak. M. deminutum must have either dispersed onto Talagwe, or else are relicts of formerly more widespread forest remnants of which have been maintained by mist. The dispersal hypothesis seems more likely, which would show that Eastern Arc endemic plants can move around. This could indicate that the absence of such plants from outside the Eastern Arc is due to climatic or soil factors, rather than an inability to disperse Lovett, J.C Notes on the Shume-Magamba forest of the West Usambara mountains. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 21 (2): The Shume-Magamba forest of the West Usambara mountains covers an large area of montane and upper montane forest reaching 2266 m on Sungwi peak. The summit vegetation is 4 m tall Phillipia heath with Maytenus acuminata and Syzygium sclerophyllum. Below this the moist forest can be arbitarily divided into upper montane forest above 1800 m and montane forest below 1800 m. Canopy height increase from 10 m on ridge tops at 2180 m to 30 m with 50 m tall emergents (Chrysophyllum gorungosanum) at 1780 m. North of Sungwi the once extensive dry montane forest with Juniperus has mostly been cleared, converted to pine plantation or is heavily disturbed. The Magamba area was used for Ocotea usambarensis regeneration experiments following heavy logging for Ocotea. Old logging sites contain many small poles of Macaranga kilimandscharica and Rapanea melanophloeos. An old experimental plantation of Rapanea was also found. Trees in upper montane forest included: Albizia gummifera, Allophyllus abyssinicus, Aningeria adolfifriedericii, Aphloia theiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Canthium oligocarpum, Casearia engleri, Cassine aethiopica, Cassipourea malosana, Catha edulis, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Croton dictyphlebodes, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Cussonia spicata, Dasylepis integra, Dombeya torrida subsp. erythroleuca, Ekebergia capensis, Faurea saligna, Ficus thonningii, Galiniera saxifraga, Ilex mitis, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Maesa lanceolata, Maytenus acuminata, Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Nuxia congesta, Ochna holstii, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea capensis, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Polyscias fulva, P. stuhlmannii, Psydrax parviflora subsp. rubrocostata, Prunus africana, Rapanea melanophloeos, Syzygium sclerophyllum, Tabernaemontanapachysiphon, Trichocladus ellipticus, Vepris stolzii. Shrubs and shrubby herbs included: Chassalia parviflora, Draceana afromontana, D. laxissima, Lasianthus kilimandscharica, L. kilimandscharica subsp. laxinervis, Lobelia gibberoa, Memecylon deminutum, Mostuea brunonsis, Pauridiantha paucinervis, Peddeia fischeri,piper capense, Psychotria cyathicalyx. Climbers included: Embelia schimperi, Landolfia, Schefflera myriantha, Toddalia asiatica. Trees in montane forest included: Albizia gummifera, Aningeria adolfifriedericii, "Apodytes dimidiata", Cassipourea malosana, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Cleistanthus polystachyus, Craibia brevicaudata subsp. schliebenii, Cussonia spicata, Dasylepis integra,

152 145 Dombeya torrida subsp. erythroleuca, Drypetes gerrardii, Entandrophragma excelsa, Ensete ventricosa, Garcinia volkensii, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Polyscias fulva, Podocarpus falcatus, Strombosia scheffleri, Tabernaemontana pachysiphon, Trichocladus ellipticus. Many of the species are widespread and also occur in Ethiopia and the southern Cape. However, some dry forest trees of restricted distribution do occur in the West Usambara, for example Croton dictyphlebodes, Macaranga conglomerata and Calodendrum eickii, the latter species occurs in the Juniperus forest proper. Another endemic tree, the curious monotypic endemic genus Platypterocarpus has been collected in the area, but was not seen on this study 553. Lovett, J.C Notes on Shagayu forest in the West Usambara mountains. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 21: 2-3. Shagayu forest (ca S E) is an extensive area of montane and upper montane forest in the north west Usambara at an altitude of over 1800 m peaking at 2218 m on Shagein. The canopy is m tall on ridges and reaches m in level valley bottoms. Only a small area at an altitude of between 1850 and 2010 m exist on the western edge.trees observed included:agauria salicifolia, Albizia gummifera, Aphloia theiformis, Apodytes sp., Cassipourea malosana, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Cornus volkensii, Craibia brevicaudata, Croton dictyphlebodes, Dasylepis integra, Drypetes gerrardii, Entandrophragma excelsa, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Garcinia volkensii, Gen. nov. aff. Sideroxylon sensu FTEA, Hirtella megacarpa, Ilex mitis, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Mammea usambarensis, Maytenus acuminata, Nuxia congesta, Ochna holstii, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea capensis, Ouratea schusterii, Podocarpus latifolius, Polyscias fulva, Rapanea melanophloeos, Strombosia scheffleri, Strychnos mitis, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, Syzygium scelerophyllum, Tabernaemontana sp.,trichocladus ellipticus, Vepris stolzii. Shrubs included: Chassalia parvifolia, Dicranolepis usambarica, Gerrardina eylesiana, Lasianthus kilimandscharicus, Lasianthus kilimandscharicus subsp. laxinervis, Memecylon deminutum, Mostuea brunonsis, Pauridiantha paucinervis. Species of interest are the Apodytes species, a large tree with inrolled leaves also occurring in the Magamba and Baga forests. It is quite distinct from Apodytes dimidiata from the Uzungwa. Under our present knowledge Hirtella megacarpa is distinct from Hirtella zanzibarica with which it has been united. Lasianthus kilimandscharica subsp. laxinervis was growing sympatrically and flowering at the same time as typical Lasianthus kilimandscharicus which suggests that it may well be a distinct species Lovett, J.C A new tree for Tanzania (Luisenga). East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 21:2-3. Although the Luisenga stream in the southern Uzungwa mountains is well botanised it is still capable of yielding some surprises. A a walk down

153 146 Luisenga stream produced Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baill. A tree up to 15 m tall which was previously only known from Malawi south to the Cape. A stand of the trees grows where the Luisenga disappears underground. They were in profuse fruit and there was abundant regeneration. As this was my first sight of this species, I was struck by the superficial similarity to Cussonia lukwangulensis the Uluguru and Nguru endemic. It may well be that S. umbellifera is the parent of C. lukwangulensis, and I suppose that the latter ought to become a Schefflera if the combination has not already been made somewhere Lovett, J.C. &. Congdon, T.C.E Some notes on a Selegu mountain, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 20: 4-5. Selegu mountain (altitude 2,454 m., 7 29 S E) is a huge ridge running north - south lying at the northeastern end of the Uzungwa range just north of the Kitonga gorge and south of the Great Ruaha river. Much of the mountain is covered by the Image Forest Reserve. The western slopes are miombo woodland, giving way to grassland with forest patches at 2,200 m, and moist forest on the wetter eastern slopes and rivers draining eastwards into the Ruaha. The most striking feature of the mountain is the huge rock faces and boulders on the western side. These rocks are covered in a thick layer of epiphytic lichens, orchids, and ferns, indicating a high mist cover. Hagenia abyssinica is cut for timber by pitsawying, with huge stacks of planks being made on the grassland at the top of the mountain before being transported in head loads down the steep western slopes. At 1,800 to 1,900 metres Brachystegia spiciformis, Protea, Uapaca kirkiana, woodland becoming Brachystegia, Myrica, Phillipia mannii woodland before it gives way to grassland with forest patches at 2,200 m. Epiphytic and lithophytic orchids include: Bulbophyllum sandersonii, Rangaeris muscicola, Tridactyle terctifolia and T. verrucosa. At 2,200 to 2,400 metres grassland species include: Crytanthus breviflorus, Dierama pendulum, Disa nyikensis, Eulophia clavicornis, E. rara, Impatiens gomphophylla, Justicia uncinulata, Lobelia goetzei, Moraea iringensis, Oldenlandia rupicola. In the grassland forest patches contained the trees: Aphloia theiformis, Cassipourea gummiflua, Hagenia abyssinica, Maesa lanceolata, Myrica salicifolia, Podocarpus latifolius, Rapanea melanophloeos and Syzygium cordatum. Epiphytic orchids include: Microholmeria parva, Mystracidium pulchellum and Polystachya transvaalensis. Eastern slopes. At the top of the forested eastern slopes at 2,000 metres are the same species as found in the forest patches with: Croton macrostachyus, Ixora scheffleri, Macaranga kilimandscharica and Rawsonia reticulata. With the shrubs: Coffea mufindiensis, Lasianthus kilimandscharicus and Pavetta kyimbilensis. Riverine forest on base the eastern slopes at 850 m. contained the trees: Afrosersalisia cerasifera, Antiaris toxicaria, Bequaertiodendron natalense, Diospyros zombensis, Milicia excelsa and Parkia filicoidea. The orchid Disperis leuconeura grows on rocks in the stream, and this is its most northerly record. The surrounding woodland at

154 147 1,200 metres was Brachystegia/ Pterocarpus and at 1,400 metres was Monotes/Ozoroa.Tree clumps in grassland at 2,000 metres include the trees: Acokanthera laevigata, Bersama abyssinica, Cassipourea malosana, Cussonia spicata, Ekebergia capensis,maesa lanceolata. On large rocks adjacent to the forest there is a scrubby sward of the ancient and curious Myrothamnus flabellifolius Lovett, J.C Notes on Mkussu forest, West Usambara, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 21: 2. Mkussu forest covers a gently undulating ridge in the centre of the West Usambara mountains (04 47 S E at an altitude of metres). The forest is extensively disturbed. Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, Newtonia buchananii and Podocarpus have been cut fortimber, and cattle and goats graze in grassy areas resulting from clearing.trees observed include: Agauria salicifolia, Albizia adianthifolia, A. gummifera, Aningeria adolfi-friedericii, Aphloia theiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Psydrax parviflora subsp. rubrocostata, Cassine aethiopica, Cassipourea malosana, Catha edulis, Celtis africana, Cleistanthus polystachyus, Cola greenwayi, Craibia brevicaudata, Croton dictyophlebodes, Cussonia spicata, Dasylepis integra, Diospyros natalense, Draceana steudneri, Drypetes gerrardii, Ekebergia capensis, Ficus kirkii, F. sansibarica, F.thonningii, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Garcinia volkensii, Leptonychia usambarensis, Maesa lanceolata, Manilkara discolor, Margaritaria discoidea var. fagifolia, Maytenus acuminata, Newtonia buchananii, Nuxia congesta, Ochna holstii, Olea capensis, Parinari excelsa, Phoenix reclinata, Podocarpus sp., Polyscias fulva, P. stuhlmannii, Rapanea melanophloeos, Rawsonia lucida, Ritchea albersii, Schrebera alata, Sorindeia madagascarensis, Strombosia schefflerii, Strychnos mitis, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, Trichocladus ellipticus, Vepris stolzii.the occurrence of species such as Manilkara discolor, Margaritaria discoidea and Schrebera alata indicate that the forest relatively dry, and is best classified as dry montane forest. These species have wide altitudinal ranges and can be found in a variety of vegetation types outside continuous forest. This presents something of aproblem in classifying drier forms of montane forest, as they are mixture of species of limited altitudinal range and those of wide altitudinal range Lovett, J.C. and Congdon, T.C.E Some notes on a visit to Mangalisa mountain, Tanzania. East African Natural History Society Bulletin 19: Mangalisa mountain lies just north of the Great Ruaha River in the southwest part of the Rubeho range in Mpwapwa District (07 10 S E and altitude 2287 m). The moist forests are very little disturbed, with (Podocarpus) cut for local use. Vegetation: At 1900 m. Brachystegia spiciformis/uapaca kirkiana woodland gives way to Protea grassland with tree clumps. In these clumps are the trees: Albizia gummifera,

155 148 Apodytes dimidiata, Croton macrostachyus, Cussonia spicata, Dais cotinifolia, Erythrina abyssinica, Eulcea divinorum, Nuxia congesta, Olea capensis, Olinia rochetiana, Schrebera alata.the forest edge is at 2100 metres, and the forest itself is remarkable in that it contains many large glades of Protea grassland. These glades appear to be associated with murram (clay and stones) soils. The forest type is undifferentiated afromontane with a canopy height of around 10 metres, and afromontane rain forest in wetter areas with a canopy of around 20 metres and emergents (Aningeria adolfi-friedericii) reaching 30 metres. Coffea mufindiensis is a common understory shrub. Tree species (with forest edge species) include: Albizia gummifera, Bersama abyssinica, Cassipourea malosana, Craibia brevicaudata, Cussonia spicata, Dais cotinifolia, Dombeya torrida, Euclea divinorum, Lepidiotrichilia volkensii, Maesa lanceolata, Myrica salicifolia, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Nuxia congesta, Olea capensis, Olinia rochetiana, Parinari excelsa, Peddiea fischeri, Podocarpus falcatus, Podocarpus latifolius, Rapanea melanophloeos, Rawsonia lucida, Tecomaria capensis, Trichocladus ellipticus, Zimmermannia stipularis.in wetter areas additional tree species included: Aningeria adolfi-friedericii, Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Ochna holstii, Phoenix reclinata, Polyscias fulva, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum. The forest trees mentioned are widespread afromontane species, though of interest is the occurrance of Zimmermannia stipularis and Dais cotinifolia. The genus Zimmermannia is an indicator of the Eastern Arc type of forest, and so suggests that other species of interest may be present in the Mangalisa forests. An example is the beautiful red flowered climbing Labiate Tinnea vesiculosa, which is otherwise only known from the Usambara and Uluguru mountains. Dais cotinifolia is a southern African species common in tree clumps on the Uzungwa plateau grasslands, and this is the most northerly record of it Lovett, J.C. Congdon, T.C.E Notes on Lulanda Forest, southern Udzungwa mountains. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 20: 21. Lulanda forest is small, no more than a few hectares in extent, but contains a remarkably diverse flora and has recently yielded a number of new plant species and a new genus. The forest is located in the southern Uzungwa mountains in two valleys on the edge of the east facing escarpment at around 1,450 metres altitude at 8 36 S and E. There are two patches, both of which have been exploited for timber ( Vitex amaniensis), the supplies of which have recently been exhausted. Elsewhere in the southern Udzungwa most plateau forests are secondary, and Lulanda forest may owe its existance to the dominance of the tree Parinari excelsa which is difficult to cut. New or interesting trees and shrubs include: Berteria pauloi, Canthium sp. nov., Coffea sp. nov., Cola sp. nov., Drypetes gerrardinioides, Drypetes usambarica var. rugulosa, Lasianthus peduncularis, Lasiodiscus sp. aff. mildbraedii, Psychotria megalopus, Trichilia lovetii and Zimmermaniopsis uzungwae. Larger

156 149 trees include: Alangium chinense, Albizia gummifera, Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Anthocleista grandiflora, Aphloia theiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia brideliifolia, Caloncoba welwitschii, Canthium oligocarpum, Cassipourea gummiflua, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Cola greenwayi, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Drypetes gerrardii, Drypetes usambarica, Garcinia volkensii, Hallea rubrostipulata, Isolona hexaloba, Ixora scheffleri, Maytenus acuminata, Myrianthus holstii, Myrica salicifolia (on the edges), Pancovia golungensis, Parinari excelsa, Polyceratocarpus scheffleri, Polyscias fulva,rauvolfia caffra, Rawsonia reticulata, Schefflera goetziana, Schrebera alata, Strombosia scheffleri, Trichocladus ellipticus, Trilepisium madagascariense, Vitex amaniensis and Xymalos monospora. For such a small forest Lulanda contains a remarkable number of interesting species, and with nearly forty large tree species recorded it has a high diversity. This suggests that at one time it was directly connected to the larger forests of the Udzungwa escarpment from which it is now separated by some kilometres of grassland. Another interesting feature is the mixture of drier and wetter forest and lower and higher altitude trees. This adds to the diversity and may be explained by the marked dry season of the southern Udzungwa combined with permanent streams and waterlogged areas; together with the mass heating effect of being on a large mountainand a cold season that is not buffered by being in a large forest Lovett, J.C Notes on the forest at Luisenga stream Mufindi, Tanzania. East AfricaNatural History Society Bulletin 19: Luisenga stream on the Brooke Bond Tea Estate, Mufindi District, Iringa Region, Tanzania, 8 36 S E, is a well collected locality containing some very interesting species. From Luisenga Dam at 1,830 metres the stream passes through a forested valley with an irregular canopy about 10 metres tall, to disappear amongst rocks at 1,700 metres during the dry season and reappear again to fall down the Mufindi escarpment. The dry season is 26 weeks long and the mean annual rainfall is about 1,600 mm, and the mean monthly temperature is from 17.5 C in January to 13 C in July. Trees and shrubs in the forested valley include: Albizia gummifera, Allophylus chaunostachys, Aphloia theiformis, Apodytes dimidiata, Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia brideliifolia, Bridelia micrantha, Canthium oligocarpum, Cassipourea gummiflua, Chassalia parvifolia, Clausena anisata, Clutia abyssinica, Coffea mufindiensis, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Diospyros whyteana, Draceana laxissima, Eugenia sp. nov., Faurea saligna, Garcinia kingaensis, Ilex mitis, Kotyschya princeana, Lasianthus kilimandscharicus, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Maytenus acuminata, Maytenus undatus, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Ochna holstii, Ocotea usambarensis, Olinia rochetiana, Oxyanthus speciosus, Pauridiantha paucinervis, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Podocarpus latifolius, Prunus africana, Psychotria zombamontana, Rapanea melanophloeos, Rawsonia reticulata, Rinorea angustifolia, Rutideaorientalis, Schefflera myriantha, Scolopia stolzii, Syzygium

157 150 masukuense, Trichocladus ellipticus, Trichocladus goetzei, Xymalos monospora. At the edges of the forest is a scrubby thicket including the trees and shrubs: Agauria salicifolia, Buddleja salviifolia, Choristylis rhamnoides, Dodonea viscosa, Halleria lucida, Kiggelaria africana, Myrica salicifolia, Rhamnus prinoides, Tecomaria capensis. Of interest at Luisenga are: the tree Trichocladus goetzei (including T. dentatus) which is only found on the Udzungwa and Rungwe mountains; the climbing bamboo Pseudocoix perrieri which flowered in 1988 for the first time, now is dying back; the orchid Stolzia christopheri which is only known from theluisenga and adjacent Kigogo forests; an as yet undescribed species of Eugenia which is only known from the Luisenga; and the bird Dryocichloides lowei which is only known from the Udzungwa and Njombe highlands 560. Lovett, J.C and Congdon,T.C.E Further notes on Luhega Forest near UhafiwaUzungwa mountains Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 19: Luhega forest is below Uhafiwa village (8 30 S E). Trees on the ridge include: Agauria salicifolia, Aningeria adolfii-freidericii, Aphloia theiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Cassipourea malosana, Drypetes gerrardii, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Parinari excelsa, Phoenix reclinata, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Rapanea melanophloeos, Schrebera alata, Trichoscypha ulugurensis, Xymalos monospora. At 1,300 metres Allanblackia stuhlmannii occurs with Newtonia buchananii and Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum. At 1,100 metres Bequaertiodendron natalense, Filicium decipiens, Ixora scheffleri, Octoknema orientalis, Odyendea zimmermannii, and Rhodognaphalon occur with Schrebera alata. At 850 metres what appears to be Sibangea pleioneura is found with a Rawsonia and Deinbollia. The remarkable aspect of the escarpment ridges is the mix of phytogeographical elements. Schrebera alata is a dry afromontane species growing with a wet Eastern Arc endemics like Allanblackia stuhlmannii and Octoknema orientalis. Even more unusual is the presence of Filicium, Odyendea, Rhodognaphalon, and Bequaertiodendron natalense which are Zanzibar- Inhambane lowland elements. It seems likely that the increasing distance from the Indian Ocean in comparison with other Eastern Arc mountains such as the Usambara means that the temperature is higher at a higher altitude allowing Zanzibar- Inhambane species to grow, in a rainfall sufficient to maintain them. However the dry season is long enough and the altitude cool enough to admit dry afromontane species Lovett, J.C. and Congdon, T.C.E Notes on the Kigogo Forest, Mufindi, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 19: 53. The Kigogo forest (8 40 S E) is an extensive area of escarpment edge forest ranging in altitude from 1,800 metres to below 1,500 metres and covering the Kigogo and Nyarua Kiseu river catchments in the

158 151 southern Udzungwa mountains. The higher altitude parts of the forests at the top of the escarpment are secondary, and cultivation ridges can still be seen. The bamboo Arundinaria alpina forms extensive stands in these areas. The lower parts of the forests on the escarpment appear less disturbed. Both upper and lower forests contain species of interest. Before 1960 buffalo were common in the forest, which still contains the remains of many buffalo pit-traps, though none exist there today. Similarly Harvey's red duiker, suni, and leopards were common but extensive hunting and trapping means that they are rare now. Blue monkeys occur, but Black and White Colobus have never been seen. Kigogo is the typical locality of the bird Francolinus squamatus udzungwensis, and it is likely that the rare Dryocichloides lowei is also present. Butterflies of interest include; Acraea vuilloti, Chondrolepis obscurior Chondrolepis similis and a new species of Anthene. Rare and interesting plants include; Aframomum laxiflorum, Afrothismia insignis, Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Bersama rosea, Coffea mufindensis, Oxyanthus lepidus subsp. kigogoensis, Psychotria megalopus, Stolzia christopheri, Stolzia leedalii, and a tree Annonaceae that has yet to be placed to genus. Trees in the upper part of the forest include: Albizia gummifera, Annonaceae, Aphloia theiformis, Arundinaria alpina, Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia brideliifolia, Cassipourea gummiflua, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Ilex mitis, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Maytenus acuminata, Nuxia congesta, Ochna holstii, Parinari excelsa, Phoenix reclinata, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Podocarpus, Rapanea melanophloeos, Rytigynia lichenoxenos, Rytigynia uhligii, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, Schrebera alata, Vepris stolzii, Xymalos monospora. Trees in the lower part of the forest include: Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Garcinia volkensii, Galiniera saxifraga, Myrianthus holstii, Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Polyscias fulva, Strombosia scheffleri. The Kigogo Forest marks the southern end of the species and endemic rich Eastern Arc mountain forests and so is of some scientific interest. The old secondary nature of part of the forests also makes them interesting for the study of natural forest regeneration Lovett, J.C. and Thomas, D.W A report on a visit to the Nguru mountains, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 18: Kanga mountain is an isolated peak in the northern Nguru mountains rising from the Wami River plain at 380 m to 2,018 m in less than 4 kilometres. The peak itself is a pinnacle bounded on three sides by precipitous rocky cliffs, with access only via ridges on the southern side. Much of the mountain is forested, and the rainfall is relatively high at about 2,000 mm a year with peaks in November and April. It has a continous forest cover from 400 m to the peak at 2,018 m, which is unusual in East African mountains; and it is poorly known biologically.the funa found in this forest: bush pig, leopard territory scratch marks, Black and White Colobus, Blue Monkeys, Land crabs,

159 152 Silvery Cheeked hornbill and Crowned Hawk Eagle, African Broad Bill, Hyraxes and the African Wood Owl. The vegetation description is ordered by altitude. From m. the forest is surrounded by Zambezian woodland with the trees Annona senegalensis,brachystegia, Kigelia africana, Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Sterculia appendiculata and Stereospermum kunthianum.immediately to the west of Kanga village is a ground water forest with the screw pine Pandanus and the shrub layer dominated by Grandidiera boivinii. The streamside forest at 400 m has a 20 m high canopy and contains the trees Cola sp., Bequaertiodendron natalense, Erythrophleum saveolens, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Scorodophloeus fischeri, Tabernaemontana sp., and Ziziphus pubescens; the herb layer is dominated byaframomum angustifolium in wetter areas and Olyra latifolia in drier areas. On the steep, drier southern slopes above the streamside forest the low canopy thicket (5-10 m. tall) is Zanzibar-Inhambane undiferentiated forest with woodland on the ridges. With increasing altitude this becomes high canopy (25-30 m. tall) Zanzibar-Inhambane rain forest with the trees, Afrosersalisia cerasifera, Anthocleista grandiflora, Antiaris toxicaria, Bequaertiodendron natalense, Cola sp., Draceana usambarensis, Erythrophleum saveolens, Garcinia buchananii, Harungana madagascariensis, Leptonychia usambarensis, Macaranga capensis var. capensis, Milicia excelsa, Parinari excelsa, Parkia filicoidea, Phoenix reclinata, Rodognaphalon schummannianum, Sapium ellipticum, Sorindeia madagascariense, Tabernaemontana pachysiphon, Terminalia sambesiaca, and Trilepisium madagascariense. A 20 m tall succulent Euphorbia occurs on the rocky forested eastern slopes ,000 m. at this altitude the forest is transitional between the lower altitude Zanzibar-Inhambane rainforest and the higher altitude Afromontane forests. The canopy is m high with large trees reaching 40 m. On the southern side of the mountain it appears to be in an early successional stage with a high density of the pioneer species Macaranga capensis var. capensis and with a tangled undergrowth. Characteristic trees are, Harungana madagascariensis, Leptonychia usambarensis, Macaranga capensis var. capensis, Parinari excelsa, Sapium ellipticum, Strombosia scheffleri, and Tabernaemontana pachysiphon.1,000-1,250 m. well developed Afromontane rain forest occurs here, but still with some Zanzibar-Inhambane elements for example Odyendea zimmermanii and Filicium decipiens. The forest is well developed and has a m canopy with emergents to 45 m. Large trees include, Albizia gummifera, Allanblackia stuhlmanii, Alsodeiopsis schummanii, Aningeria adolfi-friedericii, Bequaertiodendron natalense, Bersama abyssinica, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Cola greenwayi, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Drypetes reticulata, Drypetes usambarica, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Ficus sur, Filicium decipiens, Leptaulus holstii, Macaranga capensis var.capensis, Myrianthus holstii, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Newtonia buchananii, Odyendea zimmermannii, Parinari excelsa, Phoenix reclinata, Polyscias fulva, Rapanea melanopholoeos, Strombosia scheffleri, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum,

160 153 Trichoscypha ulugurensis, Trilepisium madagascariense, Xymalos monospora, Zenkerella sp. A remarkable feature of the vegetation at 1,250-1,400 m is the occurance of a heath with the extraordinary treelike Xerophyta spekei on steep rock slopes that appear to be subject to occasional slips. Two plants which grow in the Xerophyta heath are in monotypic genera found only in the mountains of eastern Tanzania. These are the straggling white flowered orchid Neobenthamia gracilis, and the succulent genetian Urogentias ulugurica. Above and beside the Xerophyta heath is another heath type which consists of small trees also found in afromontane forest including, Agauria salicifolia, Cryptocaria liebertiana, Dissotis sp., Dodonaea angustifolia, Filicium decipiens, Harungana madagascariensis, Maesa lanceolata, Maytenus acuminata, Myrica salicifolia, Nuxia congesta, Parinari excelsa, Peddiea subcordata, Phillipia sp., Polyscias stuhlmannii, Rapanea melanophloeos, Schefflera goetzenii, Xymalos monospora. The small tree heath is also characterised by a large Encephalartos and Smilax kraussiana. Between the steep ridges and rock slabs of the heath vegetation there is Afromontane rainforest with a canopy of m and the trees, Albizia gummifera, Allanblackia ulugurensis, Beilschmeidia kweo, Craibia brevicaudata, Cynometra sp., Dombeya sp. Drypetes usambarica, Entandrophragma excelsum, Erythroxylum emarginatum, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Garcinia kingaensis, Garcinia volkensii, Hirtella megacarpa, Isoberlinia schefflerii, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Newtonia buchananii, Ochna holstii, Parinari excelsa, Phoenix reclinata, Rawsonia reticulata, Strombosia schefflerii, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, Tabernaemontana sp., Trichoscypha ulugurensis. The upper part of the forest from 1,500 m. to the summit is low canopy (10-20 m, taller in the valleys than on the ridges) Afromontane rain forest. The herb layer is dominated by Acanthaceae and the shrub layer by Rubiaceae, trees include, Afrosersalisia sp.?nov., Aguaria salicifolia, Allanblackia ulugurensis, Aphloia theiformis, Cassipourea congoensis, Garcinia volkensii, Ilex mitis, Macaranga capensis var. kilimandscharica, Myrica salicifolia, Nuxia congesta, Ocotea usambarensis, Podocarpus falcatus, Polyscias stuhlmannii, Rapanea melanophloeos, Phoenix reclinata, Rawsonia reticulata, Syzygium guineense subsp.afromontanum, and Xymalos monospora. The summit area consists of a 2 ha. patch of low grassy heath about on the western side, and forest on the eastern side. To the north, east and west there are steep cliffs. On the southern side there is a 3 m high rock lip with Streptocarpus hirsutissimus and Impatiens sodenii growing along the edge. Streptocapus hirsutissimus also grows in the summit heath, as does Urogentias ulugurica. A few small clumps of stunted trees with Myrica salicifolia and Polyscias stuhlmannii 2 m high occur in the heath. The summit forest has a 5-10 m canopy with the trees, Afrosersalisia sp.?nov., Agauria salicifolia, Allanblackia ulugurensis, Cussonia lukwangulensis, Garcinia volkensii, Ilex mitis, Macaranga capensis var. kilimandscharica, Maesa lanceolata, Myrica salicifolia, Peddiea subcordata, Podocarpus falcatus, Polyscias stuhlmannii, Rapanea melanophloeos, Ocotea usambarensis,

161 154 Schefflera myriantha, Syzygium cordatum. The highest point is marked by a concrete block. This has become overgrown in a thicket of Mimulopsis, Phillipia, with Podocarpus regeneration 2 m tall, Lasianthus peduncularis 2 m tall, Syzygium cordatum 4 m tall, Macaranga capensis var. kilimandscharica 4m tall, and Myrica salicifolia 4 m tall 563. Lovett, J.C., & Congdon, T.C.E Notes on the Ihangana Forest and Luhega Forest near Uhafiwa, Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 19: The Ihangana forest is located at S E at 2,000 metres in altitude some 30 km from the Udzungwa escarpment edge on the rolling hills of the Uhehe plateau. It is surrounded by short grassland on the infertile murram (clay and stones) soils characteristic of the area. Additional forest patches occur in the heads of valleys, though most of these have been cleared for cultivation as it is only on the forest soils that it is possible to grow maize. The forest had a canopy of about 20 metres tall, with large emergent Aningeria to 30 metres. The following tree species were observed: Albizia gummifera, Aningeria adolfifriedericii, Aphloia theiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia brideliifolia,buddleja salviifolia, Cassipourea gummiflua, Cassipourea malosana, Croton macrostachyus, Cussonia spicata, Dias cotinifolia, Diospyros whyteana, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Maesa lanceolata, Maytenus acuminata,ochna holstii, Olea capensis, Polyscias fulva, Rawsonia lucida, Scolopia rhamniphylla, Syzygium masukuense,tecomaria capensis with the climbers Dalbergia lactea, Toddalia asiatica, and Draceana laxissima. While Luhega forest appearsheavily disturbed, though there is little evidence of recent cutting. The Muheti, Ocotea usambarensis, is now exhausted as a source of timber and that they were now cutting Mkangazi, Khaya nyasica, from further down the escarpment. The local people also mentioned the presence of Mbega, the Black and White Colobus, and N'kalaga, the Crested Mangabey. The canopy was rather broken at metres tall with large emergent Anthocleista to 30 metres. Trees in the forest included:aguaria salicifolia, Albizia gummifera, Anthocleista grandiflora, Aphloia theiformis, Bersama abyssinica Bridelia micrantha, Caloncoba welwitschii, Canthium sp., Cassipourea gummiflua, Cryptocarya liebertiana,halleria lucida, Harungana madagascariensis, Myrianthus holstii, Nuxia sp., Oxyanthus sp., Rapanea melanophloeos, Parinari excelsa, Sapium ellipticum, Trema orientalis, Vitex sp.; with the shrubs Carvalhoa campanulata, Grewia sp., Psychotria spp., Pauridiantha paucinervis, Tarenna pavettiodes, Tricalysia sp.; the climbers included Agelaea heterophylla, Allophylus sp., Dalbergia lactea, and Embelia schimperi; dominant herb cover was the Zingerberaceae Aframomum spp., and Renealmia engleri, with Calanthe sylvatica, Piper capense, Piper umbellatum, and a 2 metre tall Impatiens growing in clumps in swampy areas; epiphytes included Diaphananthe goetzei and Medinilla engleri.

162 Lovett, J Allanblackia stuhlmanii and its potential as a basis for soap production in Tanzania. Mimeograph. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Lovett, J.C. 1985a. Moist forests of Tanzania. Swara 8 (5): Lovett, J.C. 1985b. Results of the first International Uzungwa Expedition Variable area large tree survey. Missouri Botanical Garden. Mimeograph, 19 pp Lovett, J. 1985c. Development threats to the Eastern Arc Forests of Tanzania. WWF/IUCN Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya Lovett, J.C. 1986a. The Eastern Arc forests of Tanzania. Kew Magazine, 3: Lovett, J.C. 1986b. The occurrence of Schizea dichotoma in Tanzania. Fern Gazette 13: Lovett, J. C. 1986c. The moist forests of Tanzania and the local people. Swara 9 (1): Lovett, J.C. 1988a. Endemism and affinities of the Tanzanian montane forest flora. In: P.Goldblatt & P.P. Lowry (eds.), Proceedings of the eleventh plenary meeting of the Association for the Taxonomic Study of Tropical Africa. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 25: Lovett, J.C. 1988b. Practical aspects of moist forest conservation in Tanzania. In: P. Goldblatt & P.P. Lowry (eds.), Proceedings of the eleventh plenary meeting of the Association for the Taxonomic Study of Tropical Africa. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 25: Lovett, J.C. 1989a. A new locality for Streptocarpus hirsutissimus. Kew Magazine 6: Lovett, J.C. 1989c. Floristic inventory of tropical countries Tanzania. In: D.G. Campbell & D. Hammond (eds.), p New York Botanical Garden Lovett, J.C. 1989d. The botanical importance of the East Usambara forests in relation to other forests in Tanzania. In: A.C. Hamilton & R. Bensted-Smith (editors). Forest conservation in the East Usambara mountains, Tanzania. p , IUCN, Gland Lovett, J. 1989e. The flowering of Cyrtanthus breviflorus after a fire in Mufindi, Tanzania. Kew Magazine 6:

163 156 Notes that members of the genus Cyrtanthus in the family Amaryllidaceae are geophytes, ie, have their perannating buds below ground, and their habit of flowering profusely immediately after fires had led them to called fires lilies. The author could find only a few individuals at Lake Kihanga in Mufindi, and on Mt. Selegu grasslands of Iringa. But one week after a burn in Mufindi, C. breviflours flowered in large numbers Lovett, J.C. 1990a. Altitudinal variation in large tree community associations on the West Usambara mountains.in: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.). Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p Using a variable area method 94 plots covering 8.74 hectares and enumerating 1880 trees of 104 species were assessed in the forests of the West Usambara mountains. Ordination of the plots using a reciprocal averaging method demonstrated that the Shume Juniperus forest is markedly different from other moist forest types, and that altitude is the main factor determining variation in large tree community associations in the moist forests Lovett, J.C. 1990b. Classification and status of the moist forests of Tanzania. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg. 23a: The phytogeographical classification of African vegetation proposed by White (1983) fits the general nature of the forests of eastern Tanzania very well. A few modifications and clarifications are necessary: the Juniperus forest of the West Usambara evergreen bushland and thicket, and other areas of Juniperus forest, are regarded as a seral stage of Afromontane undifferentiated forest. Elfin mist forest is transferred to Afromontane undifferentiated forest. Edaphic factors and origin of climatic influence are suggested as important determinants of forest type. The geographical distribution and conservation status of the forest types are discussed Lovett, J Flora mufindiensis. Just a cup of tea. Mufindi Brooke Bond. A Celebration. Mufindi forest is secondary, having been cultivated in the distant past by unknown people, there are still many areas that contain the rich and unusual flora characteristic of the Eastern Arc forests. Some examples are the tree Allan blackia stuhlmannii, Psychotria megalopus, Bersama rosea, Stolzia christopheri, Stolzia leedalil, Oxyanthus lepidus subsp kigogoensis, wild coffee coffea mufindensis, saprophytic Afrothismia insignis, tree fern Cyathea hangs over streams, East African Camphor wood Ocotea usambarensis known locally as Muheti, Mhapi Bridelia brideliifolia, Arundinaria alpina Moving westward from the escarpment the forest breaks up into tree clumps in grassland; Erythrina abyssinica;

164 157 Syzygium guineense, Syzygium cordatum to produce Syzygium masukuense, Moraea iringensis, Lannea edulis, Lannea, Disa, white Satyrium, purple Cynorkis, green Roeperocharis, and yellow Eulophia purple Gladiolus laxiflorus and the huge two metre tall yellow flowered Gladiolus calothursus, bladder-wort, Urticularia, sundew, Drosera madagascarientis Cyrtanthus breviflorus. At Ngwazi the dominant tree is Brachystegia spiciformis, Prinari curatellifolia known locally as Msaula and Mkusu Uapaca kirkiana Lovett, J.C. 1991b. An ordination of large tree associations in the moist forests of the West Usambara mountains, Tanzania. In: Temu, A.B. and Malimbwi, R.E. (eds.). Multi-product Inventory of Tropical Mixed Forests. Proceedings of the Conference Arusha, August, p West Usambara mountains are located in north-eastern Tanzania under a moist oceanic climate and so have extensive areas of tropical rain forest. The forests are species rich, with over 100 large tree species; and cover a wide range of altitudes and rainfall. In order to classify the forests and obtain information on diversity and structure a series of variable area plots were assessed over a wide range of forest types. In all, 94 plots were, covering 8.74 hectares and enumerating 1,880 trees of 104 species. Variation in moist forest large tree community associations is continuous with altitude, but is discontinuous with the driest forests type which is markedly dissimilar to the moist forests. The moist forests have a multispecies dominance similar diversity levels throughout their altitudinal range. Basal area increases with altitude due to the trees closer together.the data is used to define forest types, and can be compared with similar data from other Tanzanian forests Lovett, J.C Notes on the Baga Forest West Usambara mountains. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 21: The Baga forest (ca S E) is an extensive area of montane and upper montane forest just east of the centre of the West Usambara mountains peaking at 2032 m on Kwagaroto. Areas that have not been logged contain many large and beautiful trees which give way to Aguaria and Phillipia heath on the highest points and on the drier western side. Trees observed include: Agauria salicifolia, Albizia gummifera, Aningeria adolfi-freidericii, Aphloia theiformis,"apodytes dimidiata", Bersama abyssinica, Caesaria engleri, Canthium oligocarpum, Cassipourea malosana, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Cleistanthus polystachyus, Cola greenwayi, Craibia brevicaudata, Dasylepis integra, Draceana steudneri, Drypetes gerrardii, D. usambarensis, Entandrophragma excelsa, Eugenia capense, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Garcinia volkensii, Gen. nov. aff. Sideroxylon sensu FTEA, Hallea rubrostipulata, Hirtella megacarpa, Ilex mitis, Isoberlinia scheflleri, Lepidiotrichilia volkensii, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Mammea usambarensis, Maytenus acuminata, Myrica salicifolia, Neoboutonia

165 158 macrocalyx, Newtonia buchananii, Nuxia congesta, Ochna holstii, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea capensis, Parinari excelsa, Phoenix reclinata, Podocarpus, Polyscias fulva, P. stuhlmannii, Psydrax parviflora subsp. rubrocostata,rapanea melanophloeos, Sorindeia madagascariensis, Strombosia scheffleri, Strychnos mitis, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, S. sclerophyllum, Tabernaemontana sp., Vepris stolzii, Xymalos monospora, Zenkerella grotei. Shrubs include: Cyathea, Chassalia discolor, C. parviflora, Dicranolepis usambarica,draceana deremense, D. laxissima, Lasianthus kilimandscharica, L. kilimandscharica subsp. laxinervis,maytenus undata, Memecylon deminutum, Mimulopsis, Pauridiantha paucinervis, Piper capense, Phillipia,Psychotria, Salacia lehmbachii. A quick taxonomic note is the specimen of Cleistanthus polystachyus collected at Herkulu and which is cited in FTEA as being unusual, actually came from a low shaded branch which may account for its larger leaves Lovett, J.C Notes on the forests at Ambangulu and Kanga in the West Usambara mountains, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 21: The tea estates of Ambangulu (5 5 S, E) and Kunga are located in the southern corner of the West Usambara mountains. The area contained extensive moist forest in the past, much of which has been cleared over the years for plantations of tea and quinine. The mean annual rainfall at Ambangulu over 45 years was 2088 mm. Forests lie between 1000 and 1360 metres in altitude, the following trees, shrubs and climbers observed: Trees: Afrosersalisia cerasifera, Alangium chinense, Albizia adianthifolia, A. gummifera, Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Alsodeiopsis schumannii, Aningeria adolfi-friedericii, Anthocleista grandiflora, Bersama abyssinica, Caloncoba welwitschii, Canthium captum, Cassipourea gummiflua, Celtis africana,cephalosphaera usambarensis, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Cleistanthus polystachyus, Cola greenwayi,craibia brevicaudata, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Cussonia spicata, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Cynometra sp.,dasylepis integra, Diospyros occulta, Drypetes gerrardii, D. usambarica, Englerodendron usambarense,ensete ventricosa, Entandrophragma excelsa, Eugenia capense, Ficus thonningii, F. sur, Garcinia buchananii,greenwayodendron suaveolens, Harungana madagascariensis, Heinsenia diervilleoides, Isoberlinia scheffleri,leptonychia usambarensis, Macaranga capensis, Maesa lanceolata, Margaritaria discoidea, Maytenus acuminata, Mesogyne insignis, Milicia excelsa, Myrianthus holstii, Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Newtoniabuchananii, Ochna holstii, Ocotea usambarensis, Odyendea zimmermannii, Oxyanthus speciosus, Parinari excelsa, Polyscias fulva, Rauvolfia caffra, Sapium ellipticum, Sorindeia madagascariensis, Strombosiascheffleri, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, Tabernaemontana sp., Trema orientalis, Trichiliadregeana, Trilepisium madagascariense, Uvariodendron oligocarpum, Vepris stolzii, Xymalos monospora,zanthoxylum gillettii, Zenkerella grotei. Shrubs: Chassalia

166 159 parviflora, C. sp., Dracaena deremensis, D laxissima, Memecylon cogniauxii, M. erubescens, Pauridiantha paucinervis, Piper capense, Piper umbellatum,rubus sp., Salacia lehmbachii, Turrea holstii, Zimmermannia sp. aff. capillipes. Climbers: Acacia sp.,agelaea heterophylla, Culcasia falcifolia, Landolfia sp., Tiliacora funifera. The forests are similar to that on the East Usambara mountains Lovett, J.C. 1992a. Main report of the Udzungwa Forest Management Project Identification Mission. 108 pp plus 16 technical annexes. Forest and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment, and DANIDA. Dar es Salaam. The primary aim of the Udzungwa Forest Management Project (UFMP) is to reconcile conflict between forest conservation regulations and villagers utilisation of forest resources by fully involving villagers in the preparation of forest management plans and revision of forest conservation regulations and interpretations Lovett, J.C. 1992b. Some local names and uses of trees and shrubs in the University Forest Reserve at Mazumbai in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. EANHS Bulletin 22 (2): Lovett, J.C.1992c. Classification and Affinities of the Eastern Arc Moist forests of Tanzania. Ph.D Thesis, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences,University of Wales, Bangor. The Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania are an area of exceptionally high endemism, and are global importance for conservation and national importance as areas of water catchment and timber production. However, a limiting factor to management activities is that a number of different classification systems have been proposed. The various forest formations have been described as temperate, Guineo-Congolian, Afromontane and Zanzibar-Inhambane in addition to a wide range of other terms. This thesis first reviews the climate, geography, geology, climatic history, geological history and existing classification systems. Quantitative techniques are then used to assess altitudinal variation in large tree community associations on the Usambara and Udzungwa mountains so that the forest communities can be divided. Geographical distribution of large trees occurring in each of these forest types in then analysed and affinities of the Eastern Arc forests described. he forest is found to vary continuously with altitude, but discontinuously with moisture. This discontinuity is attributed to loss of connecting forest types. Distribution of large tree species and affinities of the flora show that the forests are primarily Guineo-Congolian with a high degree of endemism and limited floristic input from elsewhere. They have very limited temperate affinities, are best regarded as an eastern outlier of the Guineo Congolian region, and cannot be divided into an upper Afromontane and lower Zanzibar-Inhambane region Lovett, J.C. 1993a. A new locality for Zenkerella perplexa in

167 160 Tanzania. EANHS Bulletin 23 (3): 53. This forest tree has been newly recorded from a second site in Tanzania, on Malundwe Hill, Mikumi National Park Lovett, J.C. 1993b. Eastern Arc moist forest flora. p In: Lovett, J.C. &. Wasser, S.K. (eds.). Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Lovett, J.C. 1993c. Climatic history and forest distribution in eastern africa. In: Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K. (eds.). Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, p Lovett, J.C. 1993d. Temperate and tropical floras in the mountains of eastern Tanzania. Opera Botanica 121: The phytogeographical position of the montane forest belt on East African mountains is problematic. Evidence presented here from the mountains of eastern Tanzania suggested that the Afroalpine belt is temperate in nature, whereas the Montane forest belt is tropical with some temperate elements. The two belts should be placed in separate phytogeographical regions. Between the Afroalpine and Montane forest belts is an Ericaceous belt the current extent of which may be largely secondary following repeated fires resulting from human activities Lovett, J.C. 1993e. Notes on forest patches on Mtorwi Mountain, Southern Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 23 (3): Lovett, J.C. 1994a. Notes on secondary montane forests in eastern Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 24 (2): Synecological data are reported from 2 sites (Mufindi in the southern Udzungwa Mountains and Ukwiva in the Rubeho Mountains), with brief details of the usage of commercial species, and of regeneration in pit sawing sites Lovett, J.C. 1994b. Notes on moist forest bamboos and bambusoid grasses in eastern Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 24 (1): Lovett, J.C. 1994c. Notes on the vegetation of Mufindi golf course. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 24 (4): The vegetation of this Tanzanian golf course would formerly have been the western edge of the montane forests of the southern Udzungwa Mountain escarpment, with continuous forest giving way to tree clumps in

168 161 grassland. Currently there are only remnants of natural vegetation amongst extensive tea plantations (now belonging to Brooke Bond Tanzania Ltd.) and Eucalyptus plantations. Lists are given of the main tree and shrub species found Lovett, J.C Elevational and latitudinal changes in associations and diversity in the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12: A total of 200 variable-area plots covering 20.3 ha and containing 4000 trees with a basal area of m 2 were assessed over a combined elevation range of m in the moist forests of three Tanzania Eastern Arc mountains: West Usambara, Nguru and Udzungwa. Plot data were ordinated on the basis of species presence/absence, frequency and basal area. Analysis showed that diversity was not correlated with altitude or elevation but stem density was correlated with ridge tops and valley bottoms Lovett, J.C. 1998a. Continuous change in Tanzanian moist forest tree communities with elevation. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: Lovett, J. C. 1998b: Eastern Arc mountain forests: past and present. p in: Schulman, L., Junikka, L., Mndolwa, A. & Rajabu, I, Trees of Amani Nature Reserve, NE Tanzania. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania. 336 pp Lovett, J.C.1998c. Eastern tropical African centre of endemism: a candidate for world heritage status? In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: Together with the Coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Rainshadow, the Eastern Arc forests make up a botanical centre of endemism in eastern tropical Africa (CEETA) which covers a wide range of vegetation formations in four different phytochoria. The factors that gave rise to the concentration of restricted range taxa in the different vegetation types appear to result from the same long-term geological and climatic processes. The endemic rich vegetation types occur in three countries: Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya; and are managed under a wide range of land tenure arrangements from public land and private ownership, to forest reserve, game reserve and national park. Much of the CEETA is recognised as a biodiversity "hotspot" of global importance, but lacks a common management strategy. A possible common framework within which to develop an appropriate strategy is that of the World Heritage

169 162 Convention. The case of the Australian Wet Tropics World Heritage Site is discussed as a comparative example Lovett, J.C. 1998d. Importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains for vascular plants. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J.,Howell,K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: The term Eastern Arc was introduced in 1985, to describe an exceptionally rich area of restricted range plant species on the crystalline mountains of eastern Tanzania and south-east Kenya. About a third of the Eastern Arc flora is composed of restricted range of species. Qualitative and quantitative data are used to demonstrate that endemics are spread throughout the elevation and moisture gradients of the Eastern Arc. Because of the high number of endemic plant species, all of the Eastern Arc forests are of importance to conservation. However ridge -tops, healths, limestone forests and dry forest types are vegetation formations occupaying a small area and so are conservation priorities 599. Lovett, J.C Tanzanian forest tree plot diversity and elevation. Journal of Tropical Ecology 15: Lovett, J.C., Bridson, D.M. & Thomas, D.W A preliminary list of the moist forest angiosperm flora of the Mwanihana Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: Lovett, J.C., Clarke, G.P. Moore, R. & Morrey, G.H Elevational distributation of restricted range forest tree taxa in eastern anzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 10: The forests of eastern Tanzania are globally important biodiversity hotspot. In the study 361 eastern Tanzanian restricted range forest tree taxa were assessed. Of these taxa, 223 occurred in the Eastern Arc, 150 in Coastal forests,17 in Northern forests and 21 in the Lake Nyasa forests.the majority of thetaxa had restricted elevational ranges with 76.3% occuring in no more than two 200 m elevational bands out of a total potential elevation range of 3000 m. The majority of taxa occupied small area in the eastern Tanzania forests, with 201 taxa being only found in few sites.in determining priority areas for conservation,selection of taxon definitions can have important effects.for example tree size varies with elevation,so if only large trees are used then the site selection will be biased towards particular areas Lovett, J.C. & Congdon, T.C.E Preliminary notes on Syzygium (Myrtaceae) at Mufindi, Tanzania. East Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 23:

170 Lovett, J.C., Fjeldså, J. & Svendsen, J.O Background information on the Uluguru Forests. Pp In Svendsen, J.O. and L.A. Hansen (eds.). Report on the Uluguru Biodiversity Survey Sandy: The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Danish Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Lovett, J.C., & Gereau, R.E Notes on the floral morphology and ecology of Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) at Mufindi, Tanzania. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77: Lovett, J.C. &Gereau, R.E Moraea callista in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Kew Magazine 8: Lovett, J.C., Hansen, J.R. & Hørlyck, V Comparison with Eastern Arc Forests [and Coastal forests]. p in: N.D. Burgess & G.P. Clark (eds.) Coastal forests of eastern Africa. IUCN, Cambridge & Gland Lovett, J.C., Hatton, J., Mwasumbi, L.B. & Gerstle, J.H Assessment of the impact of the lower Kihansi hydropower project on the forests of Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 6 (7): Construction of a hydropower project on the Kihansi river in Southern Tanzania will substantially alter the river's flow. On the basis of both qualitative and quantitative botanical surveys, forest in the Kihansi gorge below the dam site was found to be mostly typical species and endemicrich Eastern Arc forest. An unusual forest type, dominated almost entirely by Filicium decipiens was also present. Eastern Arc forests are of both global and national importance for biodiversity conservation, and measures to mitigate impact of the dam on the forest are suggested Lovett, J. & Lovett, J. (eds.) Preliminary report of the First International Udzungwa Expedition (FIUE). 21 pp Includes summaries of contributions by various specialists on plants and animal groups. Plant work involved standard collecting as well as quantitative plot work at different altitudes. It is noted that the lowest and the highest altitudinal plant lists are completely different. Forests of the Uzungwas are botanically diverse and rich in endemic species. In two areas, at Mwanihana and Chita, the forests have a continuous altitudinal sequence of metres, and range from the Zanzibar Inhambane lowland types through intermediate forest to Afromontane types. In contrast, forests at Mufindi, Kigogo and Dabaga are purely Afromontane in nature. The report notes that it is important to conserve as much of an altitudinal sequence as possible. Data are also provided for some invertebrate groups, including Linyphiid spiders and freshwater insects, especially Trichoptera. Data on birds are also presented, with special interest on the Rufous-winged Sunbird Nectarinia rufipennis, known only

171 164 from Mwanihana forest. Comparative studies were made of bird faunas at Mwanihana, Chita, Dabaga, and Kigogo forests. Kimboza forest in Morogoro region was also investigated. Conservation status: Mwanihana is recommended for the proposed National Park. Concern is expressed for Magombero forest, half of which is not protected. Dabaga forest is seriously threatened by wood cutting. Kigogo forest is partially protected by it its proximity to the nearby tea estate. Chita forest is relatively undisturbed, and a conservation initiative is needed to ensure that it remains so Lovett, J.C. & Moyer, D.C A new nature reserve in Eastern Arc mountains, Tanzania. Oryx 26: A small area of forest in Lusenga tea estate has been declared a nature reserve by Brooke Bond Tanzania Limited. It is at the southern end of the endemic-rich Eastern Arc Mountains and contains a number of plant and animal species of restricted distribution and conservation importance Lovett, J.C. & Norton, G.W Afromontane rainforest on Malundwe Hill in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Biological Conservation. 48 (1): A brief description is given of the vegetation of a 450-ha patch of moist forest rich in endemic species. It is the only such area in Tanzania protected by National Park status Lovett, J.C. & Pócs, T Assessment of the condition of the Catchment Forest Reserves, a botanical appraisal. The Catchment Forestry Project, Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment, Dar es Salaam, Catchment Forestry Report 93.3, 300 pp. The Catchment Forestry Project is responsible for the management of more than 100 Catchment Forest Reserves covering hectares in Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga Regions. The main management aim is maintenance of water catchment properties in the reserves. As there are a large number of reserves spread through eighteen districts in four regions, preparation and implementation of management plans needs to be done according to a system of priorities based on the values and importance of the individual reserves. The assignment of priorities enables project resources to be allocated effectively to areas most in need. However, there is little information on many of the reserves, o the main aim of this study was to provide descriptions of them according to a standardised format. Information for the descriptions was compiled from: Forest Division records, published and unpublished literature, and a visit to each reserve. As well as providing a general data base on each reserve, which can be updated as more information becomes available, the descriptions enable the reserves to be ranked in terms of value for: catchment, timber production, amenity and biodiversity. From this ranking,

172 165 the status of each reserve can be assessed so that management priorities can be assigned. Many of the reserves are remote and not in immediate need of extensive management inputs. In contrast, some reserves are being heavily utilised and require immediate attention. Management priorities for the reserves were assigned at regional, district and national level as these are the administrative units within which the project operates Lovett, J. & Polhill, R.M Kanga Mountains Forest Visit, 4-5 July pp. Unpublished report. Notes the importance of Kanga mountain, in the north-eastern part of the Ngurus, as 1) Water Catchment and 2) Biological. Moist forest ranges from lowland ground-water forest at 400 m to montane forest at 2000 m, and this is surrounded by a drier Brachystegia woodland which is continuous with the moist forest. This transition between the dry woodlands and moist forest is very little studied. Some evidence of recent pitsawing was observed. Clearance for coffee planting is occurring. It is concluded that there is a need for ethnobotanical studies, floristic inventory, quantitative ecological investigations, village afforestation planning should be made now before pressures are too great on the resource, and a study made of local land, particularly with respect to the immigration of people who are settling in the area from outside the region Lovett, J.C., Rudd, S., Taplin, J., Frimodt-Møller, C Patterns of plant diversity in Africa south of the Sahara and their implications for conservation management. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: Lovett, J.C. &Stuart, S.N. (In press). Avifauna and vegetation of the Shume Juniperus forest of the West Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Scopus Lovett, J.C. & Thomas, D.W The ecology of pteridophytes in the Mwanihana Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Fern Gazette 13: Lovett, J.C. & Verdcourt, B A note on the type of Paxiodendron ulugurense (Monimiaceae). Kew Bulletin 41: 854. This species was sent to Missouri Botanical Garden for identification. It has been classified as variable species of Xymalos monospora Lovett, J.C. & Wasser, S.K. (eds.) Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press. ix pp Lulandala, L.L Meeting the needs of the people through species domestication: a basis for effective conservation of the Eastern Arc mountain forest biodiversity In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden

173 166 Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: Threats of loss of biodiversity caused by the overexploitation of natural resources are serious local and global concerns. Available information on the components of biodiversity, especially in the natural resources dependent third world, indicates gloomy trends. The situation in the Eastern Arc Mountains forest biodiversity is serious. Many deliberations on the urgency and possible conservation measures needed to limit or curb the pending catastrophies have not yielded the desired results. Growing human populations adjacent the biodiversity centres without alternatives, continue seeking for their forest-based material needs from them. Some of the most sought products come from endemic species. Thus, effective future biodiversity conservation strategies will not lie in the routine in-situ, but through radical ex-situ conservation. The present paper discusses these issues including future needs for identification of the species people want, their location in the forest ecosystems and development of appropriate technologies for their acquisition, propagation and domestication Lundgren, B. 1972, Soil and primary production changes in exotic softwood plantations as compared with natural montane forest. Progress reports, Royal College of Forestry, Department of Forest Ecology and Forest Soils, Stockholm Lundgren, B. 1978a. Soil Conditions and Nutrient cycling under Natural and Plantation Forests in Tanzania Highlands. Department of Forest Soils, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sci. 31 Uppsala. 426 pp Lundgren, B. 1978b. Soil conditions and nutrient cycling under natural and plantation forests in Tanzanian highlands. Reports in forest ecology and forest soils, Vol 32. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Lundgren, L. 1978c. Studies of soil and vegetation development on fresh landslidesscars in the Mgeta valley, western Uluguru mountains, Tanzania. Geografiska Annaler. 60A: In February 1970, a heavy rainstorm triggered off more than 1000 landslides in the Mgeta Valley in the western Uluguru mountains. Tanzania, The area, originally forested is densely populated and under intensive land use, mainly annual cropping. The slides are described by Temple and Rapp 91972), who studied the geomorphologic and economic effects of the catastrophe. This us a follow up study of that report. Continued erosion in the areas affected by ht landslides, topsoil development and recolonisation of vegetation in the landslide scars and reclamation been investigated on fourteen landslides during the period 1970 to 1977.Sheet, rill and gully erosion on the bare surface of the

174 167 landslide scars and retrogressive slumping of the slide edges have been of such a magnitude that the amounts of materials eroded from the slide in some cases areas much as that removed in the initial landslide. Gullies up to 4 m deep and areas of slumps up to 150 m 2 have been measured. The surface soil layer of the landslides, which has been analysed for organic carbon content, bulk density, ph, texture, and plant available and reserve phosphorus and potassium contents, shows weak development during the period. Recolonisation of vegetation has been investigated in 2 x 2 m sample plots on the slide scars. The vegetation shows a clear succession from annual herbs to perennial grasses, though the total average cover is still small-appr. 25%-after seven years. Recolonisation has mainly occurred through seed germination. Vegetative growth from floes and slide edges seems to have played an unimportant role. Only species found in neighbourhood, i.e. weeds and species from grazing land, have been found in he slides. Water availability has most likely been the major factor restricting vegetation establishment, since the coarse textured soils of the land slides readily dry out.setting aside the affected areas for grazing, planting trees and terracing the cultivated slides are conservation measurers used by the farmers. But these measures have been haphazard and generally not effective Lundgren, L. & Lundgren, B Rainfall, interception and evaporation in the Mazumbai Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts. Tanzania. Geografiska Annaler 61A (3-4): Lundgren, L. 1980a. Comparison of surface runoff and soil loss from runoff plots in forest and small-scale agriculture in the Usambara Mts., Tanzania. Stockholms Universitet, Naturgeografiska Institutionen, Forskningsrapport 38. iv+97 pp Lundgren, L. 1980b. Soil erosion in Tanzanian mountain areas. Case studies of land degradation and recovery in relation to land use and physical land characteristics in the Uluguru and Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Stockholms Universitet, Naturgeografiska Institutionen, Forskningsrapport 39, 8 pp. Thanks to favourable rainfall, soil and photosynthesis conditions, the highlands of Tanzania have a considerably higher potential for crop production than any other biogeographic region in the country. This has resulted in deforestation, high population densities, and overcultivation of the mountain slopes. This, in turn, has led to severe soil erosion and land degradation. The major types of erosion hazards - sheet and rill erosion occurring every year, small debris landslides and mudflows, and single, large landslides occurring in years with extremely intensive rainstorms - are important on tropical mountain slopes and have been investigated in four different studies. The characteristics and rate of recovery of soil and vegetation have been studied on a number of small debris landslides in the Uluguru Mts. A single, large landslide causing much local damage was studied in another part of the same mountain range. In the Usambara Mts.

175 168 surface runoff and sheet erosion were studied in small runoff plots under natural forest and small-scale farming. Finally, a separate analysis was carried out on climatic characteristics as regards their importance in the assessment of land potential in the same area of the Usambara Mts. The importance of good land management is stressed, i.e. keeping a good topsoil structure with high organic matter content, and thereby keeping water and nutrient retention and infiltration capacities at acceptable levels Luoga, E.J., Witkowski, E.T.F. and Balkwill, K Land cover and use changes in relation to the institutional framework and tenure of land and resources in eastern Tanzania miombo woodlands Environment, Development and Sustainability 7: In Tanzania, well-defined land tenure and resource protection apply in forest reserves which account for 30% of forested land, while the remaining 70% (mostly miombo woodlands) are village and general lands with very limited protection. The aim of this study was to determine local people s ownership rights, knowledge and institutional capacity for sustainable management of resources in forest reserves and general lands. Data were collected using participatory rural appraisal, structured and semi-structured interviews, as well as aerial photographs and landsat images. In general lands, woodlands declined by 50% between 1964 and 1996, bushlands and croplands increased by 599%, and settlements and homegardens increased by 277%. These land use and vegetation structure changes are attributed to harvesting for charcoal production and shifting cultivation. The continued decline in aerial woodland cover in the general lands suggests that common property regimes do not function in the area. Local institutional capacities are weak in enforcing control mechanisms to check the overuse of resources, which tends to approximate open access conditions. The issues of land tenure and village empowerment are not only institutional, but also political in nature. Government institutions should provide and motivate for an enabling environment, including acknowledgement of traditional knowledge, well-defined property rights and operational village by-laws. In order to ensure equity and sustainable development of natural resources, the paradigm shift in management is important whereby communal goods are to be managed for the benefit of the local society Lyamuya, V.E., Noah, L.G., Kilasara, M., Kirenga, E.J. & Burgess, N.D Socio-economic and land-use factors affecting the degradation of the Uluguru mountains catchment in Morogoro region, Tanzania. Regional Natural Resources Office, Morogoro, and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, U K. 38 pp + 7 maps. 628.Lynes, H Contributions to the ornithology of southern Tanganyika Territory. J. Orn, 82:

176 Lysholm, G The Oldest Eucalyptus microcorys stand in Tanzania. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note No pp. Reports that the Eucalyptus microcorys F. Muell stand planted probably in 1905 is not quite pure, but is mixed with some trees of Eucalyptus botryoides. The mean diameter of all trees was 46.7 and the maximum diameter was cm. The total basal area of the stand was 137 m 2 /hectare. The above results show that a sustained high yield of Eucalyptus microcorys timber is possible, even in a dense stand, and that very large volumes per hectare can be safely accumulated at the age of about 65 years, the standing volume was more than 2000 m3 per hectare and the stand is still healthy and vigorous Mabula, C.K. & Kitambi, G.A. (undated). Consultancy Report on Selection of Tree Species for Bridge Making in Ngerengere Area. Morogoro Tanzania Mabula, K.C., A Report on the Matundu Catchment Forest Reserve Botanical Survey and Identification. A total of 160 species were identified.the paper gives a list of species and uses of trees, herbs and ferns found in Matundu forest reserve 632. Macfadyen, A. 1989a. A Brief Study of the Relationship Between Maesopsis and Some Soil Properties in the East Usambaras. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted- Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Studies took place in Kwamkoro and Kwamsambia FR's. Thin upper organic soil horizons are often present beneath submontane forest, especially where slopes are less steep. These horizons disappear in gaps created by treefalls, but later reappear as the forest regrows. Organic horizons are also absent under Measopsis. Reasons for these patterns are discussed. Field observations suggest that Maesopsis leaves decompose relatively rapidly, and feeding experiments show that they are relatively palatable to millipeds Macfadyen, A. 1989b. Some Arguments for Biological Conservation, In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted- Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p Survival of species, of ecosystems, and of the biosphere are advanced as reasons for conservation in the East Usambaras Macfadyen, A. 1989c. A Comparison Between Maesopsis and other Forest Trees with respect to radiation, Water and Nutrient Factors. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted- Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the

177 170 East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p MacMillan, I Kulinyagwa: The family that planted trees: a case study of a"model" farming family in the Uluguru mountains. Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Tanzania: Biodiversity and Conservation. Spring Verlag Maddox, G., Giblin, J.L. & Kimambo, I.N. (eds) Custodians of the land. Ecology & culture in the history of Tanzania. James Currey, London. 271 pp. [Usambara, Upare, Uluguru, Ukaguru, Udzungwa, Nguu mountains, Kilimanjaro mountain, Mount Meru Kilombero Handeni Districts] Madoffe, S.S. and Bakke, A Seasonal infestation and damage to green logs by Ambrosia beetles in a lowland forest in Tanzania. Proc. IUFRO Symp. On impact of diseases and insect pests in tropical forests. p Ambrosia bettle infestation and damage was investigated for two native Khaya nyasica and Milicia excelsa) and one exotic (Cedrela mexicana) tree species growing in a lowland forest at Kimboza. Fresh logs of these species were felled at 16 week interval for the study. Seven species ) Platypodidae and Scolytidea) developed and emerged from the rearing logs. Bettle activities were more pronounced during the rainy seasons, patticularly in the long rains. Intensity of attack was significantly different between felling occasions and tree species. Timber staining and borer hole damage were mild for all the test logs, but, K, nyasica was relatively moe attacked and C. mexicana the least. There was an indication that the Platypoid Platypus hintzi is a potentially serious pest of green timber in Kimboza Madoffe, S.S. and Austara, O Abundance of the Pine woolly aphid Pineus pini in Pinus patula stands growing on different sites in the Sao Hill, Mufindi district, Tanzania. Commonwealth Forestry Review Volume 72: The relationship between Pinus patula stand productivity and infestation density of Pineus pini was studied at Sao Hill forest plantation. Trees between 7 and 9 years old, growing in two different site classes, were sampled. The frequencies of infested trees were equally high in both good and inferior sites, but population densities were highest on trees on poor sites. This indicates that susceptibility of P. patula to P. pini is equally high on good and inferior sites, but suitability for aphid development is better on the inferior sites Madoffe, S.S. and Austara, O Impact of pine woolly aphid, Pineus pini (Macquart) (Hom., Adelgidae), on growth of Pinus patula seedlings in Tanzania J. Appl.Ent.110:

178 171 Growing for a period of 24 weeks after being infested with pine woolly aphids, Pinus patula seedlings lost 12.2 and 14.1% diameter and height growth respectively, compared to uninfested seedlings. Production in dry weight biomass production amounted to 27.8% for the roots and 20.9% for the shoots and stems 640. Madoffe,S., Mwang ombe, J., O Connell, B., Rogers, P., Hertel, G. and Mwangi, J., Forest Health Monitoring in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania: a baseline report on selected forest reserves This status report presents the results of 43 permanent forest health study plots with 3871 trees, saplings, and seedlings established in 2000 and 2001 in parts of three areas of the Eastern Arc Mountains the Taita Hills in Kenya (Ngangao and Chawia), the East Usambara Mountains (Amani Nature Reserve) and the Uluguru Mountains (Morogoro Teachers College and Kimboza) in Tanzania. Three main indicators of forest health mensuration, visual crown ratings, and tree damage were collected to provide baseline information on the forested areas. In general, the trees measured are considered healthy. There was no attempt to evaluate the variability among plots in a location or to compare locations. The goal was to make the information available to others for continuous study of Eastern Arcs forests. The data have been provided to coordinators for the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund in Kenya and Tanzania to the Tanzania Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Programme. Remeasurement and further analysis of the existing plots will provide interesting trend information, as 35 globally-threatened tree species (1074 trees, saplings, and seedlings) were found on these initial plots Madoffe, S. & Maghembe, J.A Performance of Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) Provenances seventeen years after planting at Longuza, Tanzania. Silvae Genetica 37 (5-6): A provenance trial for teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) containing seed sources from Tanzania (3), India (3), Java (1), New Britain (1), Nigeria (1), Sudan (1), Trinidad (1) and Vietnam (1) was established at Longuza, Tanzania, in December, Data has been compiled on survival, growth and stem characteristics for 17 years. At 17 years, analysis of variance demonstrated fairly uniform survival and growth rates among the provenances. Height growth ranged from 22.4 to 26.4 m, with the Tanzania provenance (F) from Mtibwa showing the best growth. Similar values for DBH and volume production were 18.2 to 21.5 cm and to m 3 /ha respectively, with provenance (J) Coimbatore, India being the best for both parameters. All provenances grew remarkably well and gave yields comparable to site quality I and II reported in the literature for India, Central America and the Caribbean. Both stem straightness and self pruning were satisfactory for all provenances. Buttressing, forking and

179 172 fluting were rare to non-existent. It is therefore recommended that selection for tree improvement be made from superior trees of all the provenances in order to maintain a broad genetic base for teak in Tanzania Madoffe S.S. and Munishi P.K.T Forest condition assessment in the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests of Tanzania. Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Project. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forest and Beekeeping Division The main objective of the present study were - Assess the levels of disturbance, - Identify the types and intensity of threats, and- Determine the management effectiveness of a sample of more than 100 Eastern Arc forests across the 14 Districts covering the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Twenty-six (26) forested areas grouped into North and South blocks were selected for this work. In the North, the following sites were considered: Mramba and Kiverenge in Mwanga district, Chambogo and Vumari in Same district, Mkusu and Mazumbai in Lushoto district, Ambangulu and Bombo West in Korogwe district, Nilo and Mtai in Muheza district and Nguru North and Kilindi in Kilindi district. In the South the reserves surveyed were Ihang ana and Idewa in Mufindi district, Kising a Lugalo and Kitonga in Kilolo district, Mselezi and Nambinga in Ulanga district, Iyondo and Ihanga in Kilombero district, Ukwiva and North Mamiwa in Kilosa district, Kanga and Nguru South in Mvomero district and Mang aliza and Mafwemero in Mpwapwa district. The methodology used for forest condition assessment was a modified version of that previously used by Frontier-Tanzania in other forest areas within the Eastern Arc forests. Disturbance was assessed in a series of plots of 50 m long and 10 m wide along transect lines located systematically from a randomly chosen starting point on the forest edge. The starting point and direction of each transect line was recorded using a GPS (georeferenced) and a compass respectively to allow these transects be relocated in future. The end of each transect line was also recorded (georeferenced) for the same purpose. The level of disturbance was assessed as the number of standing, dead or cut trees and poles. An assessment of threats was undertaken along the disturbance transects, either along random walks in the forests or along existing paths within the forest. Through these walks, all direct threats to the biodiversity of the forests, which were present and observed during the survey, were identified. At least three and up to a maximum of five threats were identified for each forest. The threats were then ranked based on specific criteria and a final Threat Reduction Assessment (TRA) Index was computed (based on methodology developed by the Biodiversity Support Program). Management effectiveness assessments for each site were completed in the office and used the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) management effectiveness tracking tool. Forest ownership were categorized as private (two forests), local government (three) proposed forests (two) and central government (19 forests). All the forests were disturbed, threatened and had some management problems that varied in magnitude. Privately

180 173 owned forests were the least disturbed followed by the Central Government forest reserves and the most disturbed were the proposed forest reserves and the Local Government forest reserves. Presence of new cut trees and poles in most forests indicated that tree/pole cutting is still prevalent in the EAM forests in spite of continued efforts of the Government and NGOs to bar the action. It was also established that cutting of poles and trees was more prevalent on the edge of the forest due to ease of access. The level of disturbance could contribute to the natural death of trees and consequently loss of biodiversity. A total of 10 major threats were recorded in the study forests. All of them were both forest edge and forest interior threats except mining which occurred as a forest interior threat in Ambangulu, Nilo, Mtai, Nguru North, Kilindi and Mselezi forests and hunting whichoccurred in Mazumbai, Idewa, Ihang ana, Nambinga, Ukwiva and North Mamiwa forests. Mining is a new threat to most of these forests and it could be extended to other forests if immediate and corrective measures are not taken. Fire was the most dominant threat followed by tree/pole cutting and grazing. The former occurred in all forests exceptambangulu and Mazumbai, tree/pole cutting in 18 forests and grazing in 17 forests. Encroachment for settlement and farming, illegal timber harvesting and firewood collection were also recorded in most forests. The overall Threat Reduction Assessment (TRA) index ranged from 26.3% for Kitonga proposed forest to 71.4% for Ambangulu private forest. The higher the TRA percentage the lower the threats and vice versa. The TRA for most study forests (14) ranged between 30%and 39% indicating that most forests are highly threatened. Five forests namely: Mramba,Chambogo, Vumari, Nilo and Nguru North were in the range between 40% and 50%, five below 30% (Kitonga, Iyondo, Mangaliza, Mafwomera and North Mamiwa) and only two above 50% (Mazumbai and Ambangulu). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in TRA% between the four categories of forests. Proposed forest reserves and the Local government forests were the most threatened followed by the Central government forest reserves. Privetly owned forests were the least threatened. There was no significant difference in TRA% between forest interior and forest edge for the four categories of the forests. Management effectiveness for most of the forests (20 forests) ranged between 31% and 45% (average). Only Mazumbai and Ambangulu forests (privately owned) were well managed with management effectiveness of above 50%. Conversely, Nguru North, Kitonga, Mselezi and Ukwiva were poorely (15% 30%) managed. There was no forest in the very poor management category (<15%). Analysis of variance for the management effectiveness (percentage) revealed that there was significant difference between the four forest categories. Private forests are better managed than the other three categories. Kitonga proposed FR was the worst in the overall management effectiveness score. Mkusu, Kisinga-Lugalo, Mtai and Nilo CGFRs appear to be better managed than other forests inthat category perhaps due to direct and indirect external interventions. Management could therefore be improved through among other things improved

181 174 funding from the government or external sources and change of the existing management structure. Out of the 30 main issues used to evaluate the management effectiveness by the Tracking Tool, 11 issues were considered key to the management of the EAM forests and the rest ofthe issues are considered as supplementary to the key issues. These major issues include legal status, management planning, regularity of work plan, staff numbers and training,current budget (budgeting), education and awareness, participation and input by the local communities, condition assessment, access to the forest, and monitoring and evaluation. Conservation interventions executed by different Institutions are key to reduced disturbance and threats in some forest reserves. Experience from Mkusu, Mtai and Kisinga-Lugalo however, shows that conservation initiatives are not sustainable without donor funding. On the other hand, experience from Mwanga and Mufindi shows that traditional Institutions could contribute in reducing forest threats, particularly fire. The following recommendations are made based on the current study and learned experience from other studies: - Use the current and previous related forest condition data to get things done on the ground. Areas and the existing threats should be prioritized according to their importance and fire problems should be treated with urgency.- Successful models of PFM and related conservation initiatives must be considered for introduction to new areas.- In JFM and PFM programmes benefit sharing by different stakeholders must be clear and transparent. - The Government initiatives on poverty alleviation should be an agenda for action in the conservation of hot spot areas. These initiatives should emphasize on livelihood strategies, which reduce dependence on the natural forests Madoffe, S Performance of Tree Species at Longuza Arboretum, Muheza, Tanzania (Experiment No.307) This report discusses alternative species for afforestation for Longuza Forest Project based on the information or species trials carried out at Longuza arboretum. The tree species compared ranged from 7 and 17 years old.they were last assessed for survival, diameter at breast height and height in September 1976.The most promising broad-leaved species according to mean annual height increment are: Gmelina arborea, Terminaria superba, Tectona grandis, Cedrela odorata, Maesopsis eminii and Terminalia ivorensis in that order. The most promising conifers are; Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa and Araucaria klinkii. All these species have shown a mean annual dominant height increment in excess of 1.5m Madulu, N.F Main socio- economic study for the Kihansi river catchment management plan. Institute of Resource Assessment. University of Dar es Salaam. 90 pp. The study was undertaken as part of the mitigation recommendation in the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project document (LKHP) dated May 1995

182 175 and subsequently accepted by TANESCO for implementation. The overall objective of CMP is to ensure economic and ecological sustainability in the catchment area so as to maintain desirable characteristics of the Kihansi River flow and sediment load Mahinya, S. and Razafimanjato, G Diversity and abundance variations of anurans with habitat strata across Amani swamp, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, p A comparative study to investigate diversity and abundance of anurans in habitat strata was conducted from September, 2005 at Amani swamp within the Amani Nature Reserve. Anurans were studied in three habitat types using both acoustic and visual 50m x 10m strip transects. Habitat types were classified according to the vegetation types. Anuran assemblages were highest in fern complex, followed by Cypress reeds, while Myriophyllum ranked last. The Shannon Wiener index strikingly showed that species diversity was higher in cyperus reed (H = 1.25) than in Mriophyllum (H = 1.20) and in the fern complex (H = 1.05) Mahunka, S. 1983a. Oribatids of the Eastern Part of the Ethiopian Region (Acari), II. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiaru, Hungaricae 29: Describes new mites from Kilimanjaro and the Ulugurus Mahunka, S. 1983b. Oribatids of the Eastern Part of the Ethiopian Region (Acari), III. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiaru, Hungaricae 29: Describes new mites from Kilimanjaro and the Ulugurus, including Mnyera peak Mahunka, S. 1983c. Oribatids of the Eastern Part of the Ethiopian Region (Acari), IV. Anns. Hist-nat. Mus. Natn, Hung. 75: Describes new mites from Kilimanjaro and the Ulugurus, including Mnyera peak 649. Mahunka, S Oribatids of the Eastern Part of the Ethiopian Region (Acari). V. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiaru, Hungaricae 30: Describes new mites from Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Ulugurus Mahunka, S. 1986a. Oribatids from Africa (Acari: Oribatida) III. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 47:

183 176 Describes new mites from Balangai, Mt. Kilimandege, Ambangulu, Mtumbi Forest Reserve, W. Usambara Mahunka, S. 1986b. Oribatids from Africa (Acari: Oribatida) IV. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarica 78: Describes new mites from Balangai, Mt. Kilimandege, Ambangulu, Mtumbi Forest Reserve, W. Usambara Mahunka, S. 1988a. The Oribatid Fauna of Tanzania (Acari), I. Acta Zoologica hungarica 34: Describes new mites from Kisiwani, Kwamsambia Forest Reserve, and from Amani Mahunka, S. 1988b. The Oribatid Fauna of Tanzania (Acari), II Anns hist-nat. Mus. natn, hung. 80: Describes new mites from Kwamsambia Forest Reserve Mahunka, S Preliminary study of the soil fauna of primary and secondary submontane rain forests on the East Usambaras. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted- Smith, R. (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK p The soil faunas of primary and Maesopsis-dominated secondary submontane forests on the East Usambaras contain similar numbers of arthropod individuals, but the faunas are very different in terms of species composition and diversity. Maesopsis soils have a rather uniform fauna, while the fauna changes greatly from place to place within primary forest. Many of the oribatid mites collected in 1987 are new to science Mahunka, S Aspects of the soil fauna in the Usambara mountains. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p Based upon studies on the soil fauna, primarily the soil mite fauna of tropical forests, this paper deals 1) with the role and significance of the soil fauna and soil mite fauna in the life of soil; 2) with some relationships of vegetation, in this case the tropical rain forests, and the soil mite fauna; 3) with research conducted in Tanzania, mainly in the Usambara mountains, near Amani, in the almost intact and secondary (Maesopsis) forests; 4) with comparative zoogeographical research conducted in the forests of East-African mountains. It is proved that the fauna of tropical rain forests is a primeval fauna which is highly susceptible to changes. This is due to the trophic relationship acting between the tree stratum and the

184 177 soil mite fauna, the approximately parallel evolution and area-genesis of plant and soil mite genera, and those properties of primeval forests which facilitate the development of stenoechia and the survival of stenoech species. The investigations carried out in the Usambara mountains have proved that the soil fauna of secondary (Maesopsis) forests is only an impoverished variety of the original primeval forest fauna. To save this rich but almost unknown soil mite fauna, separated like islets, it would be imperative to establish nature conservation area Mahunka, S., Pocs, T. & Zicsi, A A report on the soilzoological collecting trip in Tanzania, Folia entomologica Hungarica 47: Describes collecting sites mainly for mites and earthworms: SUA campus, cave near Nhalo Hill at Makuyuni, eastern Uluguru foothills, Kimboza forest, Kwedibomba (Handeni), E. Usambaras: Amani West, Kwamkoro and Kwamsambia Forest Reserves, near Hunga River below Derema Village, Kwamgumi and Segoma Forest Reserves; Amboni Cave Maliondo, S.M.S, Malimbwi, R.E., Temu, R.P.C., Constantine, E and Zahabu, E., Fire impact on populaion structure and diversity of tree species in west usambara camphor zone forests. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 12 (3): Fire impact on population structure and diversity of tree species in West Usambara camphor zone forests. A study was carried out in Lushoto, Tanzania, with the aim of comparing the burnt and unburnt parts of the same forest and determining the economic impact of fire on camphor tree production following an unplanned fire. Two plots of one hectare each were established, one in the burnt and the other in the unburnt part of Magamba forest near Grewal, Lushoto.One hundred percent sampling was done for trees > 5 cm dbh; trees,< 5 cm dbh regenerants were recorded in randomly located quadrants of 5 x 5 m and 2 x 2 m respectively. All trees with dbh greater or equal to 5 cm were identified and measured for dbh and height. Volume, total and relative density, dominance, frequency and hence importance value index (IVI) and Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (H) for each species were calculated. A total of 1045 stems ha -1 consisting of 30 species were obtained in the burnt plot and 1606 stems ha - 1 with 38 species in the unburnt one. Basal areas were 36 m 2 ha -1 and 42 m 2 ha -1 in the burnt and unburnt plots respectively. Ocotea usambaensis (camphor) was the dominant species in both plots with 57% and 33.7% of the total basal area. The frequency of this species was also the highest with values of 13 and 10 in the two plots respectively. Ocotea usambarensis, Macaranga capensis, Trichocladus elliptucus, Rapanea melanophloeos, Syzygium guineense and Ficalhoa laurifolia were the most important species with IVI values of between 106 and 15.3 of 300 possible, O. Usambarensis being the highest in all areas. The Shannon- Wiener inndics of diversity were 2.16 and 2.16 in the burnt and unburnt plots respectively indicating a high species deversity in this forest

185 178 community. About trees ha -1 <10 cm dbh were burnt completely and 525 stems ha -1 with >10 cm dbh died due to fire. Of the 525 dead trees ha -1, 331 were camphor with a volume of 188 m 3 ha -1 of which about 180 m 3 ha -1 was contributed by tress >20 cm dbh Mallango, A.S.M Udekwa Mahenge Secondary Access Road. EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Study. Fieldwork report presented to EIA course arranged by Forum for Energy and Development/ Danida Local Fellowship Fund. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division &MEMA/ Danida Malimbwi, R.E., Kielland-Lund, J. & Nduwamungu, J Species diversity and standing crop development in four miombo vegetation communities. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p The study was conducted in two sites in Morogoro District (Tanzania) in a total of 22 permanent sample plots established in The first site was located above SUA campus in a used miombo area and comprised five plots of 625 m 2 each. The second site was situated in Kitulanghalo Forest Reserve and plots were distributed in three vegetation types as follows: eight plots, 625 m 2 each, in an old growth miombo; three plots, 625 m 2 each, in a regrowth miombo and six plots, 875 m 2 each, in a semievergreen forest. In total 91 tree and shrub species were recorded in the four forest vegetation communities. The semi-evergreen forest was the richest with a total of 39 tree/shrub species in 1992 while in the same year, the used miombo was the poorest with 24 tree/shrub species. The indices of species diversity however were almost similar and denoted relatively high species diversity. In the four forest communities, the Shannon index of diversity (H') ranged from to in 1995, while in the same year the index of dominance (C) ranged from to Julbernardia globiflora was the most dominant species in both old growth miombo (IVI= 53) and used miombo (IVI= 70) in In the same year, Acacia polyacantha (IVI= 47) was dominant in the regrowth miombo while Scorodophloeus sp. dominated the semi-evergreen forest (IVI= 62). From 1992 to 1995, the highest average increment in standing volume was recorded in the oldgrowth miombo and the semi-evergreen forest with 7.4 m 3 /ha/year and 7.3 m 3 /ha/year respectively. The used miombo above SUA campus had an average increment of 3.4 m 3 /ha/year while the regrowth miombo experienced the lowest annual increment with only 0.54 m 3 /ha/year Maliondo, S.M.S., Munishi, P.K.T., Chamshama, S.A.O.,Nsolomo V.R. and Mhando, M.L Soil water energy relations and nitrogen mineralisation in forest stands of Pinus patula, Eucalyptus saligna and Pine-eucalypts mixture at Sao Hill Forest

186 179 plantation project, Tanzania. Proceeding of the 1 st University Wide Scintific Conference, 5 th - 7 th April, 3: This study evaluated the effect of 17 year old monoculture stand of Pinus patula and mixed stand of P. patula Eucalyptus saligna stand on soil water energy relations, bulk density (BD) and hence soil porosity, soil organic Carbon (OC) content and nitrogen mineralisation. The stands were on the same soil type. In each stand, a soil profile was excavated and soil core samples were collected from three depths for BD estimation, and for determining soil moisture retention at different matric potentials by the pressure chamber method. Soil OC was determined on composite samples from each depth. Nitrogen mineralisation and nitrification of topsoil samples from each stand were estimated from a 14-day aerobic incubation method. The pine stand had significantly higher BD (1.6-g/cm 3 ) than the other two stands (1.4-g/cm 3 ) and consequently, lower soil porosity (41% and 47%). Soil OC was slightly but non-significantly higher in the mixed stand (3.2%) than in the monoculture stands (2.9%). The effect of species on the pattern of volumetric moisture retention curves differed with depth. By combining data from the three horizons, the effect of the three stands was clearly separated. Volumetric available water holding capacity was similar under the Eucalyptus and mixed stands (31%), but much higher than in the pine monoculture (16%). These results indicate that the pine monoculture had inferior soil moisture relations than the Eucalyptus monoculture, but that these soil moisture properties can be improved by mixing pine with Eucalyptus. In contrast, nitrogen mineralisation and nitrification were significantly lower in the soil from the pure eucalyptus stand, suggesting soil fertility problems in this second rotation coppice stand. Despite the positive soil attributes recorded in the mixed stands over pure stands, silvicultural prescriptions for species mixtures are not yet available and need to be developed Manongi, S.E The effect of population on agricultural land use since 1950s.The case of mamba/vunta division, Pare district. M.A. Thesis. University of Dar es Salaam The objective of the study was find out the effect of population growth on agricultural land use in Mamba/Vunta Division Månsson, M Medicinal plants in Northeast Tanzania. A pilot study. University of Lund. 24 pp The purpose of this project is to document knowledge in traditional healing concerning herbs, used for medical treatment and in health promotion with the purpose of preventing the knowledge from disappearing. It is important to document, as soon as possible, before the forests will be too degraded by reckless logging, since this is where most of the herbs are found. This must be done before most of the people with knowledge about herbs with medical properties have died.

187 Mariki, S. & Chimgege, J.H Social Economic Survey. Udzungwa management Project- Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Dares-Salaam, 10 pp Marton, A., Msonthi, J.D. & Hostettman, K Napthoquinones of Diospyros usambarensis: their molluscicidal and fungicidal activities. Planta Medica 50: Masilingi, W.M.K Consultancy report on the legal establishment of the Amani Nature Reserve. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper Series, No Massaro, R.J., Friedmann, J., Friedmann, J (eds.) & Rangan, H Beyond participation: empowerment for environmental action in Tanzania's West Usambara Mountains. In: In defense of livelihood: comparative studies in environmental action. Kumarian Press, West Hartford, USA, p For much of the 20th century the West Usambara Mountains of north east Tanzania's Tanga Region have been known for environmental crises and failed conservation programmes. This paper considers that the Soil Erosion Control/ Agroforestry Project (SECAP), begun in 1981 as part of Germany's aid to the Tanga Integrated Rural Development Programme, may change the reputation. The project is a community-based, integrated, ecologically sustainable, economically viable effort to increase people's capacities to meet their livelihood and development needs as well as an effort to control and reverse the processes of soil erosion and environmental degradation in the region. This paper traces the evolution of previous crises, describes SECAP's efforts to root effective technical assistance in Shambaa history and socioeconomic conditions and presents a critical summary of lessons from that experience and their implications for the prospects of sustainable development. Despite a favourable analysis it concludes that the project may yet fail not only through not tackling population pressure and land distribution but also in the aftermath of German domestic concerns. The project may also have intensified gender and class differentiation Mather, S Saintpaulia. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.) Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, U. K. p The East Usambaras contain more species of African violets (Saintpaulia) than anywhere in the world. The species generally grow on moist rocks, often protected from desiccation by overhanging forest. Forest clearance is likely to place populations in danger. Tanzania might benefit financially from African violet safaris for specialist tourists Mathews, P Medicinal Plants of the Tanzania Coastal Forest. A list of species with local names and applications. Frontier-Tanzania.

188 pp. The results of ethnobotanic surveys by Frontier-Tanzania from Oct Sept 1991, in Kiwengoma Forest Reserve, Rufiji District, Zaraninge Forest Reserve, Bagamoyo District, Kazimzumbwi and Ruvu South Forest Reserves, Kisarawe District, and Gendagenda Forest Reserve, Handeni District. Listed by species, with collecting number, and also by use Mariki, S.W.L. and Chimgege, J.H Udzungwa Forest Management Project, Socio- economic survey. HIMA/DANIDA Iringa. 46 pp..the objectives of this study were to identify the level to which local communities depended on the forest reserves (kawemba, Kitemele and Kiranzi-Kitunguru) and therefore assess sustainable extraction of forest products and alternative supplies from outside these forests.the study used a case study and findings of the study showed that there is extensive tree planting in the area which has largely substituted dependence on natural forest for firewood and construction wood. Natural forests used to provide employment especially in pit-sawing and are still considered as a means of generating income in light of absence of a sound cash crop in the area. The main source of income is agriculture which is practised at a subsistence level though, and as such, production and the living standard has remained low. Agro forestry is envisaged to go a long way in enhancing soil conservation, improve agricultural production and ascertain provision of forest products. Plantation forests are yet to provide substantial income. For the time being, agriculture remains the main employment avenue but requires substantial improvement in land management, utilization of agricultural inputs and support in marketing Marshall, A.R., Topp-Jørgensen, J.E., Brink, H.,and Fanning, E., Monkey Abundance and Social Structure in Two high-elevation Forest Reserves in the Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania. International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 26 No.1 The effects of human activity on population and social structure are a pantropical concern for primate conservation. We compare census data and social group counts from two forests in the UdzungwaMountains, Tanzania. The main aim is to relate differences within and between the forests to current theory on the effect of human disturbance on primate abundance and group size. The survey reveals the presence of the restricted-range red colobus, Procolobus gordonorum, in New Dabaga/Ulangambi Forest Reserve (NDUFR). The primate community of NDUFR is impoverished compared to that in Ndundulu forest. Red colobus and black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) abundance and group size are lowest in NDUFR. Our observations are consistent with current theory on the effect of habitat degradation and hunting on primates, but the relative effects of the 2 factors could not be differentiated. We pooled the results with previous data to show that

189 182 abundance of red colobus in the Udzungwa mountains is lowest at high elevations. Low red colobus group sizes appear to be related to human activity rather than elevation. Black-and-white colobus and Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) show no relationship with elevation. Future studies will require more detailed information on vegetation, diet and ranging Mathias, S.C Report on three species performance in Chambogo Catchment Forest reserve. Silviculture Research Centre, Lushoto, Tanzania. 7+[7] pp Mathias, S.C Report on tree species performance at Mzoghoto and Mazashai catchment forest reserve. Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Tanzania. 5+[19] pp Matovu, R Iringa soil and water conservation project: Experiences in watershed development, HIMA/DANIDA Iringa 14 pp This paper describes the HIMA Iringa Project. HIMA Iringa project is implemented in the Iringa District in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania.The major objective of the project is to improve the productivity and sustainability of agriculture and natural resource management. The target group constitutes about 60,000 small scale rural farming households in two divisions of Kilolo and Mazombe.The project strategy focuses on such issues as catchment approach, training, community participant and institutional strengthening. The project is implemented through the District Council departments mainly forestry, agriculture and community development. The project s activities are developed by assessing particular needs and problems in the project area Matschie, P Über eine kleine Sammlung. Sitzungsberichte des Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Describes the early collections of reptiles in the Usambara mountains. See Rodgers & Homewood (1981) Matthee, C. A., Tilbury, C.R. and Townsend, T A phylogenetic review of the African leaf chameleons: genus Rhampholeon (Chamaeleonidae): the role of vicariance and climate change in speciation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (In press) The phylogenetic associations among 13 currently recognized African leaf chameleon species were investigated by making use of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data (44 taxa and 4145 characters). The gene tree indicates two divergent clades within Rhampholeon; this finding is congruent with previous morphological suggestions. The first clade (I) comprises three taxa (R. kerstenii, R. brevicaudatus and R. brachyurus) and is widely distributed in lowland forest and or non-forest biomes. The second clade (II) comprises the remaining Rhampholeon species and can

190 183 be subdivided into three subclades. By contrast, most taxa belonging to clade II are confined to relict montane forest biotopes. Based on geographical, morphological and molecular evidence, it is suggested that the taxonomy of Rhampholeon be revised to include two genera (Rieppeleon and Rhampholeon) and three subgenera (Rhampholeon, Bicuspis and Rhinodigitum). There is a close correlation between geographical distribution and phylogenetic relatedness among Rhampholeon taxa, indicating that vicariance and climate change were possibly the most influential factors driving speciation in the group. A relaxed Bayesian clock suggests that speciation times coincided both with the northern movement of Africa, which caused the constriction of the pan African forest, and to rifting in east Africa ca. 20 Myr ago. Subsequent speciation among taxa was probably the result of gradual desiccation of forests between 20 and 5 Myr ago Matzke, G.D Large mammals, small settlements, and big problems: A study of overlapping space preferences in Southern Tanzania. Ph.D dissertation. Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York Matzeke, G.D The development of the Selous Game Reserve. Tanzania Notes and Records 79, 80: Mausfeld, P.,l Vences, M., Schmitz, A. and Veith, M., First Data on the Molecular Phylogeography of Scincid Lizards of the Genus Mabuya. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17 (1): A 487-bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rrna gene was sequenced in 26 species of the circumtropical lizard genus Mabuya and used to analyze phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The species from Africa and Madagascar formed a monophyletic group relative to the included Asian and South American taxa. The Malagasy species included (M. elegans, M. cf. dumasi, and M. comorensis) did not appear as a monophylum. Combined and separate analysis of the 16S data and additional sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rrna, ND4, and cytochrome b genes (a total of 2255 bp) in one Asian, two Malagasy, and two African species also did not result consistently in a monophyletic grouping of the Malagasy taxa. However, a monophylum containing African and Malagasy taxa was strongly supported by the combined analysis. These preliminary results indicate that Mabuya probably colonized Madagascar from Africa through the Mozambique Channel Mausfeld, P., Schmitz, A., Böhme, W., Misof, B., Vrcibradic, D. and Duarte Rocha, C.F., Phylogenetic Affinities of Mabuya atlantica Schmidt, 1945,Endemic to the Atlantic Ocean Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil): Necessity of Partitioning the Genus Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 (Scincidae: Lygosominae) Zool. Anz. 241: ; urbanfischer.de/journals/zoolanz

191 184 The infrageneric phylogenetic position of the Brazilian skink Mabuya atlantica was inferred from 859 bp of the mitochondrial 16S and 12S rrna genes. It could be shown that M. atlantica belongs to the Afro- Malagasy rather than to the South American Mabuya radiation. Mabuya atlantica probably represents an independent transmarine colonization directly from the coast of Southwest Africa, thus representing another example of the extraordinary dispersal abilities of members of this group. Moreover, the present analysis revealed that intercontinental relationships within the genus Mabuya are far more complex than previously thought. The molecular analysis suggests that Mabuya consists of several longseparated evolutionary lineages, representing distinct and wellsupported monophyletic radiations. To reflect the independent origins of the South American, Asian, Afro-Malagasy and Cape Verdian groups we partition the genus Mabuya into four genera Mausfeld, P., Vences, M., Schmitz, A. and Veith, M., First data on the molecular phylogeography of Scincid lizards of the genus Mabuya. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17 (1): A 487-bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rrna gene was sequenced in 26 species of the circumtropical lizard genus Mabuya and used to analyze phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The species from Africa and Madagascar formed a monophyletic group relative to the included Asian and South American taxa. The Malagasy species included (M. elegans, M. cf. dumasi, and M. comorensis) did not appear as a monophylum. Combined and separate analysis of the 16S data and additional sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rrna, ND4, and cytochrome b genes (a total of 2255 bp) in one Asian, two Malagasy, and two African species also did not result consistently in a monophyletic grouping of the Malagasy taxa. However, a monophylum containing African and Malagasy taxa was strongly supported by the combined analysis. These preliminary results indicate that Mabuya probablycolonized Madagascar from Africa through the Mozambique Channel Mawere, A.G.E Report Concerning Nursery establishment adjacent to Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserves. (Location: Iringa Region) Mayazi, A.T Evaluation of the success of tree planting in the rural communities; a case study of Mgolole village, Morogoro. (Forest Economics Dept. Office, SUA) Mbaga,T.A. and Hoen, H.F Assessment of village affortestation in semi-arid areas of Tanzania: a case of Singida rural district. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p

192 185 A study was conducted in Singida rural district with an objective of assessing the extent of which village afforestation programmes have succeeded. Data was obtained through questionnaires, informal surveys, field observation and available literature (secondary data). Statistical models and cost-benefit analysis were the main tools in the analysis of the data. It was found that, majority of people in the area participate in tree planting. The average number of trees/ha/household was 523. The survival rate was estimated to be 52% over rotation. Drought, terminate attack and livestock damage are the major factors affecting the survival rate. The benefits enjoyed by farmers from tree planting include harvestable poles, fuel wood, timber and fruits and environmental benefits such as shade, windbreak and soil corrosion control. NPV calculations and its sensitivity analyses indicated that the programme is economically attractive and profitable under a wide range of scenarios. However, the trend in tree planting for the period indicated a decreasing rate of 45%. Availability of seedlings, extension services, labour, education, land availability, land use systems, and environmental factors are the key factors to the success or failure of the afforestation programmes. In order the programme to be successful, the situation calls for concerted and coordinated efforts on the afforestation activities and management of forests among extension officers and between extension officers and farmers. A significant commitment on the part of sectors involved is required so as ti sustain and promoted village forestry. Promoting individual nurseries for sustainable supply of seedlings, market survey on forest products for small scale farmers, and carrying out a pilot study through interdisciplinary team on the needs and priorities of the local people are also recommended Mbuya L.P., Msanga, H.P. Ruffo, C.K., Ann Birnie and Bo Tengrias, Useful Trees and Shrubs for Tanzania. Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA Nairobi Kenya Mbwambo, J. S., Local Knowledge And Socioeconomic Characteristics OfCommunities Around New Dabaga Ulongambi Forest Reserve. Implications For Joint Forest Management Interventions. Final DRAFT. Study funded through the MEMA Biodiversity Research Advisory Group (BRAG). Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ Danida Mbwana, S.B Land Use Cover Changes & Water Yield in the Sigi River Catchment, East Usambaras, Tanzania. MSc. Thesis. University of Wales.Bangor. One of the very few studies which attempts to relate changes in the cover of a catchment area with water yield Mbwana, S.B Management of catchment forests with emphasis to the Eastern Arc Mountains. Paper presented to the

193 186 Coordination Seminar on the Tanzania Forestry Action Plan Programme Formulation, Dar es Salaam, September 5-7, pp. The Eastern Arc Mountains range from the Pares in Kilimanjaro to the Usambaras in Tanga and Ulugurus in Morogoro, ending with Udzungwa in Iringa. The author shows that these forests have an extremely important role in: (1) watershed protection for rivers such as Pangani, Umba, Sigi, Mkulumuzi, Ruvu, Wami, and Rufiji, (2) biological and gene conservation, and (3) timber supply. The paper describes the distribution of these forests, their biodiversity, the major conservation problems and current activities to deal with them. Finally, priority areas for future consideration are outlined. N.B. For range of mountains see the cover Mbwana S.B The Forest Reserves of Tanzania and The Conservation of Biodiversity. In: Institutional Support for The Protection of East African Biodiversity - Protected Area Planning for Biodiversity Conservation in Tanzania - A Workshop Report Arusha, November FAO Dar es Salaam Tanzania. The report examines the conservation of biological diversity in the Forest Reserve network in Tanzania. The analysis indicates among other things that much of the recorded terrestrial biodiversity (flora and fauna) is located in forest reserves. Most of it occurs within the Eastern Arc forests of the Usambara, Uluguru, Nguru, Ukaguru and Udzungwa Mountains. The Coastal forests have recently been surveyed, indicating that approximately 30% of their plants are endemic. It is further observed that the majority of the rich forest reserves are under severe pressure for agriculture, timber harvesting and wild fires. It is also observed that a high portion of the coastal forest area is still on public land and not yet reserved, making the forests open for many public uses and abuses. Based on this examination, a number of recommendations are made to enhance biodiversity conservation in Forest Reserves McCall, M.K Environmental and Agricultural Impacts of Tanzania Villagization Programme. Resource Planning Implications of Tanzania Villagization Programme. Gwente Univ of Technology. and Devleopment Group Report Tanzania in general, as well as Kilimanjaro, Rungwe, West Lake, Mwanza, Kigoma, Iringa, Mbeya Arusha and Tanga regions Mdendemi, R. and Tolera, T Effect of shade on leaf length, leaf area, stem diameter and coverage of Lantana camara under Maesopsis eminii and Cinnamomum camphora dominated sites in Amani Nature Reserve, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, p Two adjacent sites, one dominated by Maesopsis eminii and the other by

194 187 Cinnamomum camphora were selected for the study. During site selection we found the two site looks a bit different in L. camara distribution and density and this study therefore investigated the effect of shade on leaf area, length, stem diameter and coverage of Lantana camara. Our results show that, shade is not the only limiting factor for L. camara distribution. The effect of shade on leaf area, length and stem diameter was very minimal at the ranges encountered Mdoe, N. & Mvena, Z Impact study. Iringa soil and water conservation project Iringa district, Tanzania HIMA /DANIDA The HIMA impact study covers three target villages and one non-target village from each of the two target divisions, namely Kilolo and Mazombe. On forestry, there has been a shift of emphasis from central nurseries to village-based nurseries e.g. being managed by village or sub-village governments, schools, groups, religious institutions and individuals. There has been an increase in the diversity of tree species. Both the shift to village based nurseries and increase in diversity is a necessary condition for the sustainability of forestry activities. Farmers appear to have a bias towards commercial timber. The other limitation is that of poor tree seedling survival rates of 50 percent and below in some villages due to drought or late planting as this activity competes with agricultural activities for labour at this time of the year. In non-target villages, the lack of seedlings is the main limitation. Most popular tree species are pines for Kilolo division and grevillea for Mazombe division, Eucalyptus are popular in both divisions but planted to a lesser degree partly due to what is reported to be the eucalyptus problem. Woodlots are predominant in Kilolo and managed by firebreaks more than weeding while boundary planting is common in, Mazombe division. In both divisions planting is done mostly through the use of family labour. Pruning especially of pines has been done once for HIMA trees and the prunings are used as fuelwood for those with distant woodlots. Otherwise the whole household benefits from woodlots in form of fuelwood and cash. Again, tree planting is constrained in some areas due to lack of adequate of rented land and for the non-target villages, the lack of seedlings. Wealthier farmers have established larger woodlots than the relatively poorer farmers Meijden, A., Vences, M. and Meyer, A., Novel phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic brevicipitine and scaphiophrynine toads as revealed by sequences from the nuclear Rag-1 gene. Proc. R. Soc. Lond (In press) Owing to a general paucity of characters and an apparently high level of homoplasy, the systematics of frogs have remained disputed. A phylogeny based on the single-copy nuclear Rag-1 gene revealed unexpected placements of scaphiophrynine and brevicipitine toads. The former have usually been considered as sister group to all other extant microhylids or are even classified as a separate family. Their basal position among microhylids was weakly indicated in our analysis; but they clearly are part

195 188 of a strongly supported clade composed of representatives from five other microhylid subfamilies. By contrast, the brevicipitines, a group that hitherto was unanimously considered to belong to the Microhylidae, were highly divergent and placed as a sister group to the arthroleptoid clade. These novel phylogenetic placements are best reflected by a classificatory status of the Scaphiophryninae as a subfamily of the Microhylidae, whereas the brevicipitines may merit recognition as a distinct family.our findings seem to corroborate a high degree of morphological homoplasy in frogs and suggest that even highly derived morphological states, such as the hydrostatic tongue of microhylids, hemisotids and brevicipitines, may be subject to convergent evolution, parallelism or character reversal MEMA/DANIDA, First MEMA review May June, Draft final report. Ref No. 104.Tanz1.Mika.4 It was recommended that. it is important that MEMA clarifies it aims and objectives. It must also explain the limitations of investments to avoid unrealistic expectations by villagers on support for marketing forest products. National consultants and NGO s should play a more active role in supporting implementation. A simple Monitoring and Evaluation system should be established as soon as possible. The Review recommended that MEMA establishes clear objectives and coordinating mechanisms for the management structure and proposes that the DNRO be given the function-through not title of MEMA coordination. Linkages between the two MEMA projects will be improved through the delegation of management responsibilities for the pilot areas in catchment forests to Iringa District Council (IDC) 694. MEMA, West Kilombero Forest Reserve. Agreement, Bylaw & Managament Plan. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/ Danida Menegon, M., Salvidio, S. and Tilbury, C., A New dwarf forest chameleon from the Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania, East Africa, (Squamata: Rhampholeon Gu nther, 1874). Journal of Herpetology 36 (1): A new species of Rhampholeon from the montane and submontane escarpment forests of the Udzungwa mountains is described. This pigmy chameleon has a maximum total length of 64 mm and bears a close morphological resemblance to Rhampholeon uluguruensis, differing mainly by possessing finer cranial scalation and more thornlike hemipenal papillae arranged in two proximal rows of four (occasionally five) and two followed by a single terminal row of four (occasionally five) papillae. The only known populations of this species are found in Udzungwa escarpement forests between 1200 and 2000 m a.s.l. The zoogeography and systematics of related species of the genus Rhampholeon in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Malawi are reviewed and an updated key to the Genus Rhampholeon is presented.

196 Menegon, M. and Salvidio, S. (In press ). Amphibian and reptile diversity in thesouthernudzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, south-eastern Tanzania The Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve is one of the largest forest patches within the Udzungwa mountains in south-central Tanzania. It covers an area of about 200 km 2 on the south eastern slopes of Udzungwa range. Since 1998 five sites in the southern part of the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, ranging from 400 to 1900 m a.s.l., have been surveyed and a list of Reptiles (33 species) and Amphibians (36 species) is given. Among them 21.7% and 53.6% of the species are endemic or near endemic to the Udzungwa mountains and to the Eastern Arc Mountains respectively. Concern is raised for the preservation of this unique highland forestdependent fauna in the light of continuing habitat alteration Menegon, M. and Salvidio, S Amphibian and reptile diversity in the southern Udzungwa scarp forest reserve, south-eastern Tanzania. African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proc. 5th Intern. Symp. Trop. Biol.,Museum Koenig, Bonn (BA Huber, BJ Sinclair, K-H Lampe, eds). Springer Verlag.2005 p The Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve is one of the largest forest patches within the Udzungwa Mountains of South-central Tanzania. It covers an area of about 200 km 2 on the south eastern slopes of Udzungwa range. Since 1998 five sites in the southern part of the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, ranging from 400 to 1900 m a.s.l., have been surveyed and a list of Reptiles (33 species) and Amphibians (36 species) is given. Among them 21.7% and 53.6% of the species are endemic or near endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains and to the Eastern Arc Mountains respectively. Concern is raisedfor the preservation of this unique highland forestdependent fauna in the light of continuing habitat alteration Menegon, M. Salvidio,S. and. Loader, S.P, Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufonidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Tropical Zoology 17: Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 are described from the forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Two of the new species were already recognised as such, but not formally described. Two more were recognised as undescribed in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London. The fifth was collected during a field survey of the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve in early A description of the advertisement call and some ecological information are provided for the latter species. Little is known of the ecology and behaviour of any of the other new species. An updated key to the species of Nectophrynoides is given. The high species diversity and pattern of endemism of Nectophrynoides suggests the genus is closely associated with the

197 190 geological and climatic history of the Eastern Arc Mountains. Given the limited distribution of the new species and continuing habitat loss in the Eastern Arc Mountains (a globally recognised biodiversity hotspot), a rapid conservation assessment of the status of these species is necessary Meshack, C Mradi wa Kuhifadhi Misitu Lulanda katika milima ya Udzungwa: uzoefu kutoka kijiji cha Lulanda, [Lulanda Forest Conservation Project in Udzungwa Mts.: experience from Lulanda village, ] Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, 15 pp.+[48] appendices Meshack, C Ripoti ya ushirikishaji wananchi kwa vitendo, katika mradi wa kuhifadhi misitu Lulanda. Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, Dar es Salaam Meshack, C. & Woodcock, K.A Simulizi kutoka kijiji cha Lulanda: Watu, misitu na miti. Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, Dar es Salaam Mgeni, A.S.M Use of a normal yield table in forecasting increment for understocked stands - a case study at Sao Hill. Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 28. The study investigates Gehrhardt s formula for increment forecasting at Sao Hill Forest Project for understocked stands Mgeni, A.S.M Fuelwood crisis in Tanzania is women s burden. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 78 (4): Mgeni A.S.M.,1985. The complexities of community forestry. Ceres (2): Mgeni, A.S.M.1989.The possibilities of naval stores industry at Sao Hill Tanzania. J. Tanz. Assoc. For. 7: Turpentine and rosin are products which are processable from naval stores. Turpentine has uses in making paints and varnishes while rosin can be used in the manufacture of soap, adhenvives, pringint inks, rubber compounds and paper sizing. Arusha Tyres Limited and Southern Paper Mills Co. Ltd may benefit from the use of these products. It is recommended to make a feasibility study on this proposition Mgeni, A.S. & Malimbwi, R.E Growth and yield modelling in Tanzania tropical high forests.in: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p

198 191 Tanzanian tropical high forests are important as areas of water catchment and soil conservation. They are also a source of timber and genepool of a high diversity of flora and fauna. Information on tree growth and yield is important to effect managerial decisions about treatment, harvesting intensity and timing. No research to this end has been carried out in Tanzanian tropical high forests.the paper explores the possibility of modelling growth and yield in these forests. The establishment of permanent sample plots from which information on growth will be collected over time and analysed using the stand table projection method has been singled out as a feasible approach Mgeni, A.S.M. & Nsolomo, V.R Financial evaluation of social forestry in Tanzania as an aid to forest extension: the Magadu village case study. International Tree Crops Journal 8: A rapid appraisal survey was carried out in Magadu village to identify possible intervention strategies for village forestry. To assiat in species choice for planting,land expectation value, present net worth and benefit cost ratio were tested. These different decision criteria give different rankings. In the final deliberation, people s needs are important determinants. Possible strategies for village forestry in Magadu are identified. The methodology adopted in this study can be useful in assisting forest extensionist in planning village forestry in Tanzania and elsewhere Mhagama, S. and Nyingi, J Sustainable nurseries and tree planting in the Uluguru mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania. Uluguru Slopes Planning Project: Joint Project between GoT, EU, Royal Society for Protection of Birds (RSPB) - UK Minja, R. T.A The role of non timber forest products in parts of Iringa Region, Tanzania. In. Extractivism and potentialities of multiple use forest reserves in Africa. A workshop held in Naro, Moro, Kenya May Minja, T.R.A Nguru South Forest Reserve and adjacent forests: a study. Forest Division, Morogoro, Tanzania Minja, T.R.A. 1991a. A visit report on Kising'a Lugalo Forest Reserve. Catchment Forest Office files Iringa Minja, T.R.A. 1991b. A visit report on New Dabaga/Ulangambi Forest Reserve. Catchment Forest Office files Iringa 713. Minja, R. T.A. 1991c. A visit report on Image Catchment Forest Reserve. Catchment Forestry Iringa 714. Minja, R. T.A Udzungwa Forest Management Project. Five Year Budget Plan. Udzungwa Forest Mangement Project, Forest and

199 192 Beekeeping Division-DANIDA. Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment. Iringa 715. Minja, T.R.A. and Moyer, D.D Catchment Forestry in Iringa region. Paper presented to the Forest Division Catchment Forestry Coordination Workshop, Dar Es Salaam, 26 May Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Gil, P.R. & Mittermeier, C.G Hotspots: earth s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Mexico City: CEMEX. (Location: WSCT Office Morogoro) 717. Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Thompsen, J.B., da Fonesca, G.A.B. & Olivieri, S Global biodiversity Hotspots and Major Tropical Wilderness Areas. Conserv. Biol. 12: Mitzlaff, U.V Managing the catchment forest reserves. Who is to be involved? A socio-economic study prepared for the Catchment Forestry Project, Forest and Bee keeping Division, II + 35 pp. + 9 appendices. Forest management is not an isolated enterprise. It has to take into account the people living in its environment, the negative and positive impact of the forest on them and the impact people have on the forest. It has been observed that their attitude to Forest Reserves is ambivalent. While they clearly see the benefits such as water supply, soil fertility, fuelwood and timber, fruits and nuts, venison and honey, fodder and raw material for all kinds of crafts, all these (traditional) uses are nowadays, strictly speaking, illegal. Although this is ignored and actually not prosecuted, people are aware of not abiding by the law. Hence one of the negative aspects is the legal situation which makes them culprits whatever they do.another negative aspect of the forest is the constant danger for their crops and livestock from wild animals. At the same time the villagers observe the Catchment Forest Officers rarely in their function of protecting the forest but rather as managers of logging activities. They also claim that many of these activities are illegal. As a matter of fact there is no institution which controls the Catchment Forestry personnel in the district. The villagers have been deprived of their rights and hence reject their responsibilities. They see the Reserves under the management of the Government, but as the Government Officers are riot perceived as active protectors of the Reserves the villagers do not feel obliged to respect the property of the Government either. Based on the findings of this report the consultant proposes to reinvest specific rights concerning the Reserves into the villages. Likewise they, have to fulfil certain obligations in protecting the forest. dditionally, a mode of mutual control between District Catchment Forest Office and the villagers has to be agreed upon Mlingwa, C.O.F., Waiyaki, E.M. Bennun, L.A. & Burgess, N.D Birds. In: Burgess, N.D. & G.P. Clarke (eds): The Coastal Forests

200 193 of Eastern Africa. IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, Gland and Cambridge. p The study aims to characterise the coastal Forest avifauna in terms of richness, endemism and threat, identify its biogeographical elements and affinities, and assess its importance, as a whole and for particular Mmari, C. and Mabula, C A botanical survey in Kawemba, Kitemele, and Kiranzi Kitunguri Forest Reserves, Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania. A consultancy Report submitted to HIMA- DANIDA, Iringa. 33 pp A botanical survey was conducted in Kawemba, Kitemele and Kiranzi- Kitunguru forest reserves in Udzungwa mountains using plotless strip transect sampling method. A maximum of 283 plant species of 92 families were recorded. Out of all species, 89 were trees, 110 shrubs, 42 lianes, 30 herbs and 12 epiphytes. The survey revealed two types of vegetation - afromontane rain forest and afromontane undifferentiated forest. the former is found on the windward sides and higher altitudes where wetter climate occurs whereas the latter occurs on the leeward sides of the hills and lower altitudes where dry climate dominates. The dominant species are Albizia gumifera, Polyscias fulva, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Rapanea melanopholoeus and Myrianthus arboreus. Dsylepis integra, Isolana heinsenii, Maygenus acuminata and Psychotria goetzei are common in the wetter areas (windward side) whereas Agauria sacilifolia, Aphloia theiformis, Myrica salicifolia and Halleria lucida are common species in the drier areas (rain shaddow). Species diversity increases with increasing altitude up to ca m.a.s.l. where the diversity drops gradually. 225 species were recorded on drier sites at lower altitude below 1550 m.a.s.l. A maximum of 203 species were recorded on hill tops at altitudes above 1850 m a.s.l., rock habitats and drier ridges. At the range of m a.s.l. 274 species were recorded whereas at m.a.s.l. 244 species were recorded. However, the highest species diversity lies within the range where the afromontane rain forest mixes with the undifferentiated forest i.e m.a.s.l. Similar vegetation occurs in West Africa and in other mountains with afromontane vegetation. This is attributed to the dynamic state of the earth and climatic changes. The relationship with West African elements is believed to be caused by dispersal. On the other hand separation of the West African forests from East African forests which are believed to have been continuous in the past resulted to this particular distribution and species richness. The indegionous conservational methods for biological resources were noted to have been replaced by formal methods which seem to be less adopted and impractical at farmers level. Integration of formal and indigenous conservational methods are suggested of which will enable local people to participate to the best in conservation and sustainable use of the biological resources available. The farming systems in Idete ward is based on poor land use management. The indigenous tree species found regenerating in the croplands are suggested for integration with food crops. Polyscias

201 194 fulva, Erythrina abyssinica, Albizia gumifera and Bridelia micrantha which are nitrogen fixing species are suggested for agroforestry. Other agroforestry species recommended are Schrebera elata, Harangana madagascariensis, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Maesa lanceolata and Allophylus abyssinicus. Four new genera, two belonging to Rubiaceae, one to Liliaceae and one to Polypodiaceae were noted in Kawemba and Kitemele forest reserves respectively. Cynometra longipedicellata and Memecylon greenwayii which are endemic in the East usambaras were recorded from the forest reserves. This suggests the need for more floristic inventory to explore what is still remaining in the forests before some species disappear. Biological studies and research activities are proposed to document what is available. This information will be necessary for management plans of the forest reserves. Agroforestry is suggested as a sustainable land use system in the area surveyed where food crops will be planted with multipurpose tree species with zero grazing animal husbandry. This will facilitate conservation of biological diversity and sustainable productivity of soil and water protection Mnangwone, I Land use patterns in the Morogoro and Kikundi river catchments, Uluguru mountains, Tanzania. MSc.(For.) thesis University of Dar es Salaam. The study seeks to establish the trends and nature of variations in individuals environmental and land use characteristics within the catchments and at identifying interactions between these with chi-square tests Monela G.C., O'Kting'ati, A. & Kiwele, P.M Socioeconomic aspects of charcoal consumption and environmental consequences along the Dar es Salaam- Morogoro highway, Tanzania. Forest Ecology and Management 58: A study done in a miombo woodland area over a one year period covering both rainy and dry season. Charcoal production near a growing city such as Dar es Salaam promotes luctrative business economic impact on households, but this is ealized at the expense of environmental protection. The authors calcualte that the total area of miombo forest cleared for producing charcoal was 4354 ha per annum, or 1524 sq km in 35 years. They state that "Such a huge area is cleared as a consequence that energy from charcoal is the most affordable and efficient fuel for most poor urban dwellers in the area of study". Figures are given as to how much income flows to charcoal makers and traders, yet surprisingly there seems to have been no attempt at calculating what would be the management cost to remove the volume of wood sustainably Monela, G.C. & Solberg, B Cost-benefit and impact assessment of pitsawing: Empirical study from the Nguru mountains, Tanzania.In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (eds.). Proceedings of the First Annual

202 195 Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No This paper presents a benefit cost analysis and ecological impact assessment of pitsawing in rainforests. Through cost-benefit analysis, both legal and illegal pitsawing in rainforests gave favourable economic return to pitsawyers. However, empirical observations showed that, if unproperly supervised, pitsawing may degrade the forest although less severely as compared to mechanical logging. Pitsawyers threaten sustainable forest management through indiscriminate cutting of trees, construction of dwelling huts, setting bush-fires, littering and other undesirable practices causing costs to the forest owner and society. Illegal pitsawing which often goes uncontrolled seem to inflict more damage and is likely to continue as long as its economic rate of return is higher than the alternative rate of return in other economic activities, including the risk of being apprehended. Illegal pitsawing has flourished due to the low chance of apprehending illegal pitsawyers, poor patrolling and low penalties. Higher fines and royalties will reduce pitsawing profit. Increasing forest control, and avoidance costs for illegal pitsawyers are additional measures to control pitsawing. Fines must be charged on the basis of volume apprehended and must be maintained above running timber prices. More studies are still required to determine the behaviour of illegall pitsawyers, patrolling policies and optimal harvest levels by pitsawing Monson, J Canoe building under colonialism in Udzungwa. In: Maddox, G., Giblin, J. & Kimambo, I.N. (eds.). Custodians of the land. Ecology & culture in the history of Tanzania. James Currey, London, p Moreau, R.E A synecological study of Usambara, Tanganyika Territory, with particular reference to birds. J. Ecol. 23: A classic study, one of the first in Tanzania, dealing with birds of the Usambara forests Mosha, J.P.K, 1981 Economics of Agro-Forestry: a case study of Mafiga area. SPFE Faculty of Forestry, Morogoro. Examines costs and revenues obtained by intercropping Leucaena leucocephala with maize and beans and pure monocultures. Recommends agroforestry practices, but notes the need for efficiency and controls Moshi, E.R.F Inventory of Indigenous Agroforestry Systsems in practice in the West Usambaras. MSc.Thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. 172 pp Moyer, C. D Preliminary report of the zoological survey of Kawemba, Kitemele and Kiranzi- Kitunguri forest reserve, Iringa district, Tanzania. 76 pp

203 196 Given the monitoring capacity of foresters from Iringa District and the Forest and Beekeeping Division responsible for these forests, it will not be wise to attempt to institute some sort of supervised sustainable extraction of non-timber forest products. The only realistic alternative is to completely halt hunting and cutting activities in the forests and locate an alternative supply of resources to meet the demand for raw materials and protein. The course of action will require the full support of the local people in order to succeed. The demand of poles to be used in house construction is already being met to a large extent from plantations of exotic trees around the forests. It will be important to assure that the poorest individuals (who appear to be the most responsible for forest destruction and unsustainable hunting) have access to this resource. Restricting hunting activities will probably most affect the poorest families in the surrounding villages. It is often these individuals who may depend to some extent on their hunting and gathering of forest products for sale. The demand for protein and the income lost from the curbed sales of forest products must be met in the development of traditional and non-traditional livestock development programmes. These should be open to all interested parties but should be especially targeted toward the poorest families. The development of a livestock programme is outside the scope of this report, and will require the active participation of the local people. However, from past experience and knowledge of the habitat around the forests. I would recommend an emphasis on micro-livestock development. These include both common domesticated animals and others only recently domesticated in other parts of Africa. A limited number of livestock and poultry species already exist in the colleges, including chickens, muscovy ducks, pigs and goats. Some other options for consideration in a development programme are as follow: Sheep, Rabbits, Guinea pigs, Turkeys,Cane rats (grasscutters) and Giant rats. In case a non-traditional livestock species is chosen, such as grasscutter and giant rat, it may be necessary to send 2-3 extension staff to an experimental grasscutter farm in West Africa for training in management and husbandry techniques Moyer, D.C An inventory, survey of the conservaiton status and quantification of community structure of the forest birds of the Iringa highlands, Tanzania. Report to the Tanzania Commission for Science & Technology. 14 pp. Summarises research at Luhega Forest Reserve, near Uhafiwa village. Total area of reserve is 20,500 ha, 14,000 of which is natural forest. Many of endemic plants of the Eastern arc are found here. Mammals encountered were Red Duiker, Blue Dukker, Bush pig, Tree Hyrax, Black and White Colobus, Sykes monkey and a Bushbaby. Red Colobus and the Sanje Mangebey are also found here. Birds of interest include Dappled Mountain Robin, Pale Breasted Illadopsis, and the Spot throat, all of which were symptoic at 1400 m. Some seasonal absences of species may be due to migration.

204 Moyer, D.C Birds of Ngwazi, Mufindi District, Tanzania. Scopus 14: Moyer, D.C Report on the natural resources consultancy for the Udzungwa Forest Management Project Preparation Mission. Dar es Salaam, FBD and DANIDA. Lists the forests of Iringa and Mufindi districts giving ownership, type and coverage of forest and other habitat such as grassland based on SPOT imagery and fieldwork. Gives an overview of soil, climate, vegetation, catchment, timber, biodiversity values and human impact. Forest activities such as use of natural forests, nurseries and plantations are also discussed. Confusion over the legal status of the local authorities is identified as the major problem in protection and formulation of viable management plans Moyer, D.C A preliminary trial of territory mapping for estimating bird densities in Afromontane forest. Proc. VIII Pan-Afr. Orn, Congr. p Densities of Afromontane forest birds in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve of eastern were estimated by territory-mapping, mist-netting and direct ounts of non-territorial birds. Results indicate that territory mapping is a useful, if labour intensive, method of estimating absolute densities of birds in Afrotropical forests. Overall, densities were similar to figures from other Afromontane forest but densities of Eastern Arc endmics were much higher than previously thought Moyer, D.C. & Lovett, J.C. (In press). Ecology, community structure and conservation status of forest birds in the southern Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania Scopus 734. Moyer, D.C. & Lovett, J.C. (In press). Notes on the conservation status, relative abundance, foraging ecology and habitat use of birds in Nzelela forest, Southern Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 735. Moyer, D.C., J.C. Lovett & de Leyser, E.A Birds of Ngwazi, Mufindi District, Tanzania. Scopus 14: Moyer, D.C Conservation of Biodiveristy in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania, through sustainable use of Non- Timber Forest Products (NTFP). Project document presented HIMA/DANIDA Iringa The Udzungwa Mountans in Southern Tanzania are internationally recognized as an area of high biodiversity and endemism. However, considerable concern exists over what appears to be unsustainable use of natural resources from the Udzungwa forests and the nearby Kilombero Valley. This unsustainable use jeopardizes the long-term cultural, biological and economic value of these forests to people living on the

205 198 Udzungwa plateau and threatens the unique biodiversity of the area. In this document, a proposal is made to assess the uses made of these natural product which form economic, social, cultural, biological and legal perspectives, and to identify acceptable and viable solutions which will enhance future sustainability. Added values in this project include capacity- building through collaboration with researchers and students fro the Danish Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and the University of Dar es Salaam ENRECA project. This will enhance the ability of both Tanzanian and Danish scientists to conduct future studies of this sort. Furthermore, close cooperation, collaboration and training will take place within HIMA further strengthening its research, project development and extension capacity. Phase I will be completed with the submission of a funding proposal for Phase 2 indented to implement the proposed solutions Mowo, J.G., Mwihomeke, S.T., Mzoo, J.B. and Msangi, Managing natural Resources in the West Usambara Mountains: A glimmer of hope in the horizon. Paper presented at the mountains High Summit Conference for Africa- Nairobi May 6-10, Past efforts in the management of natural resources in the West Usambara Mountains have not been successful mainly because the approaches were top-down and did not consider local communities important in natural resource management. Current initiatives show that participatory approaches involving all stakeholders as well as empowering local communities to take charge of natural resource management have more chances of success. Different biophysical, socio-economic, institutional and policy opportunities exist that can be exploited to attain sustainable natural resources management in the area. Scaling up of experiences obtained so far, exploiting indigenous knowledge on conservation, improvement in the information flow and market infrastructure and establishment of appropriate policies and by laws on natural resource management are some of the strategies for the way forward in attaining sustainable natural resource management in the West Usambara Mountains Mrema, A.F., Granhall, U., Forsse, L.S Plant growth, leaf water potential, nitrogenase activity and nodule anatomy in Leucaena leucocephala as affected by water stress and nitrogen availability. Trees 12: The effects of water stress and nitrogen availability on leaf water potential, nitrogenanse activity, and gowth was studied in a pot experiment with Leucaena leucocephala seedlings. Water stress was imposed on fertilized and unfertilized plants after inoculation with Rhizobium. Non-inoculated seedlings were used as control plants. Water stress lowered leaf water potential in all seedlings after 14 days of treatment. In inoculated seedlings, fertilized plants were more sensitive to water stress than unfertilized plants, as shown by a higher leaf water potential in plants of the latter treatment. Uninoculated and fertilized seedlings were most

206 199 affected by water stress. This indicates that Rhizobium might increase stress tolerance in unfertilized seedlings at moderate water stress levels. The combined effects of water stress and applied fertilizers resulted in cessation of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation came to a complete stop after 22 days of water stress in fertilized seedlings. The different treatments were accompanied by anatomical changes of nodule structure. It is hypothesised that the leaf water potential may be used as an indicator to predict changes in nitrogen fixation in legume tree/shrub species during period of water stress Mrema, F.A. & Nummelin, M Stem cracks and decay in Newtonia buchananii trees in the Mazumbai Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: Stem cracks, decay and bark pattern in Newtonia buchananii trees were investigated and compared in a submontane rain forest in the Mazumbai Forest Reserve and adjacent human disturbed forest. One third of the trees growing in the reserve (32%) and more than half of those in the disturbed forest (60%) had stem cracks and/or decay mainly as butt rot, often accompanied by brackets of wood-rotting fungi. One fifth (20%) of the trees growing in the reserve and three quarters (76%) in the disturbed forest showed rough and rugose bark. As N. buchananii is a main climax species in the area, the outcome of the death of the trees will be the formation of big gaps. The gap formation in the Reserve seems to be accelerating and going beyond the normal functions of natural rain forest ecosystem, whereas in the disturbed areas it seems that N. buchananii will be extinct in the future Msangi, T.H. 1990a. Eastern arc forest management programme. Tanzania Forestry Action Plan. Resume of project activities for the coordination seminar held at New Africa Hotel, Dar Es Salaam on 5-7 September Msangi, T.H. 1990b. Management of nature reserves and catchment forests in the Usambaras.In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p The paper discusses the position of the Usambaras in Tanzania, their importance in terms of genetic resources and catchment forestry. The forest assets in the mountains and their current status are indicated. A need for the conservation of ecosystems with biological diversity and catchment area is discussed briefly. Strategies in the management of nature reserves and the catchment forests of the Usambams are outlined. An example is

207 200 given for the management plan of Chambogo in W Usambara as a model in the reservation of other catchment areas in the area Msangi, T.H The medicinal plants of Tanzania as a genetic resources. A survey and assessment of conservation strategies. MSc.Thesis. University of Birmingham, UK, 95 pp. About 40% of, the land area in Tanzania is covered by indigenous vegetation which has a large number of medicinal plants. The population density of Kilimanjaro and Tanga Regions, N.E. Tanzania, is 83 and 48 persons per km, with growth rates of 2.2 and 2.1 respectively. The country has 80 different ethnic groups most of which still use different plant parts for remedies. The traditional healers are estimated to be between 30,000 and 40,000; they are reluctant in releasing information especially for documentation. Information on the medicinal uses, geographical distribution and ecological requirements and classification of medicinal plant species has been gleaned from literature and herbarium specimens at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and collated by computer. A total of 290 indigenous plant species in more than 175 genera in 77 families are used to treat more than 100 different human diseases. The 27 medicinal plants studied here occur in montane and woodland vegetation formations, some of which are reserved. The original management plan for these forests was for the production of timber and protection, not for medicinal values.in-situ and Ex-Situ conservation methods of medicinal Plants are recommended here. The strategies should include intensive surveys, demarcation of strict natural reserves, long-term management plans, introducing medicinal plants germplasm in genebank, renovation of botanical gardens, in-vitro conservation and commercial cultivation of medicinal plants Msangi, T.H Conservation and management of catchment forests in Tanzania. Paper presented at the COSTECH 2 nd. R & D Advisory Committees Annual Seminar, 27 June, 1992 Dar es Salaam. Management of catchment forests in Tanzania started during the German rule; the effort was maintained even after independence to bring up the total catchment areas to about 1.6 million hectares. This is less than 2% of total land area but it supports about 50% of Tanzanian human population with potable water, medicines, timber and food-fruits. All the catchment areas are quite rich in species diversity including high degrees of endemism. There are observed human impacts in most of the catchment forests like those of enroachment uncontrolled harvesting, and general degradation by overgrazing and sometimes bush fires. It is evident that we are not fully aware of the functioning and uniqueness of those natural ecosystems. Thus before we go ahead and advocate for their conservation and management we have to establish basic data and then use them to build up a catchment forest policy and effective management plans.

208 Msangi, T.H., Hoza, I.S., Katalihwa, M. & Kayega, E.U An overview of biodiversity values, threats and the need for their conservation in Tanzania. Tanzania s country report on the conservation of biodiversity. In: Vokhiwa, Z.M. & Tsoka. E. (eds). Proceedings of the Third Southern African Sub-Regional Forum on the Strategies to Implement the Convention on Biological Diversity, Manzini, Swaziland, 12 th - 15 th January Southern African Development Community. This report briefly describes Tanzania in terms of location, types of ecosystems and richness in biological diversity. The report also emphasizes on the importance of biodiversity to local communities and the rate of depletion of the resource. It is shown that the country has signed the Convention on Biodiversity and is considering already to carry out the enabling activities. The contributions of the report were made from the, forestry research institute (TAFORI), the forest and beekeeping division, wildlife management division and environment division Msangi, T.H. & Mwihomeke, S.T Ethnobotanical survey to recommend and identify suitable tree species for afforestation and agroforestry in Mwanga District - North Pare. A report to the TFAP - North Pare Project. 31 pp. + 3 Appendices Msangi, T.H. & Shoo, M.E Preliminary result of natural forest research in the East Usambara forest reserves. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Trial Plots Rehabilitation Programme 1992/ pp Msangi, T.H. & Wanyancha, J.M The state of indigenous forest research in Tanzania. Paper presented at The special Workshop on the Management and Development of Indigenous Forests in the SADCC Region, Victoria Falls - Zimbabwe, October, This paper discusses the Silviculture research Aspects of Tanzania s Indigenous Forests. Forestry research was started in the East African states (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) under one organisation E.A.A.F.R.O. for matters which concerned the partner states. Silvicultural research of indigenous trees of Tanzania was initiated at a later stage when the forest division had realised the dangers involved in defforestation activities which were going on. It was therefore necessary to evaluate the different vegetation formations and establish how those forests function so that appropriate silvicultural operations could be applied for better productivity. Current status of indigenous forest research is discussed mainly in relation with regeneration effort and phenological studies. New areas of study are intended on conservation of the genetic resources and protective forests. Choice of multipurpose agroforestry - potential indigeneous trees (which will fix nitrogen, provide fodder, grow fairly fast and does not interact with agricultural crops) will also be conducted. Conservation of endangered wild game and establishment of ecological balance either by destocking or by enrichment planting is necessary for

209 202 better wildlife management.possible bottlenecks in the implementation of research programmes are those connected with funding, co-ordination and trained personnel Msuya, T.S Uses and indigenous conservation methods of wild plants. A case of West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. MSc.Thesis (Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture). Centre for International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Agricultural University of Norway, xiii pp. A study to investigate the uses and indigenous conservation methods of wild plants was conducted in August-December 1997 in three villages surrounding Shume-Magamba Forest Reserve and three others bordering public forests in the West Usambara Mountains. Data was collected through households surveys and key informants' interviews, group discussions, and participant observation. Botanical surveys were carried out in forests, traditionally conserved habitats, on farms and grave sites. A total of 242 wild plants representing 73 families were identified from the study area. About 62% of these plants provide consumptive non-timber products, 31 % non consumptive services and only 7% timber products. Non-timber products form part of local people's livelihood and hence are more valued than timber products. A total of 152 non-timber species were identified and categorized by use viz. firewood, building poles, fruits, vegetables, fodder, medicines, insecticides, dyes and stimulants. Most of the identified species (102) are medicinal plants used to treat several diseases including malaria, bookworms, tuberculosis and stomach ache. All households rely solely on firewood as a source of energy and most of the houses in these villages have been built using Manilkara discolor and Juniperus procera poles. There is a substantial variation in the number of wild plants used for various purposes reported in the Forest Reserve zone and those reported in the public forests zone. Uncontrolled harvesting of some plants for medicines, stimulant, cosmetic production, building poles and firewood has had a negative impact on the survival of the species. The impact of harvesting is highest on medicinal plants, Catha edulis and Osyris lanceolata because their products have been commercialized. Thirteen medicinal plant species from the study area are exported to USA. Several indigenous conservation methods of wild plants include: domestication, conservation of sacred plants, sacred forests, cultural forests and plants at grave sites, selective harvesting of plant parts, hiding information on the location and uses of some medicinal plants, collection of dead wood for firewood and use of efficient traditional mud stoves for cooking. Forty three plants found in cultural forests, 35 on farms, 27 sacred plants and 20 plants found in sacred forests are examples of wild plants conserved through indigenous methods. However, villagers bordering the public forests had conserved large number of wild plants through indigenous methods than those close to the Forest Reserve. Therefore, indigenous methods are effective in conserving a large number of wild plants in the West Usambara Mountains. High demand of wild plants at the International market, rapid population growth rate and lack of

210 203 legal protection for activities related to indigenous conservation methods are some of the factors undermining local people's effort to conserve wild plants. It is recommended that the sustainable use of forest plants in the West Usambara Mountains will require more information on the quantity harvested and the regeneration rate of these plants Msuya, T.S., Kideghesho, J.R. & Luoga, E.J Consumption of indigenous fruits in Uluguru North and Ruvu North Forest Reserves, Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation 75: The study was conducted between 1998 and 2000 to compare the number, types and consumption of indigenous fruit species by sex and age classes in the Uluguru North Forest Reserve (UNFR) and Ruvu North Forest Reserve (RNFR). Data were collected through household interviews and forest inventory. A total of 120 households from six villages (3 bordering the RNFR and 3 near the RNFR) were randomly selected for interviews. Plots with the size of 0.1 ha were established along the transects after every 400m during forest inventory for the purpose of identifying fruit plants. A total of 25 indigenous fruit species were identified in the study areas. 20 and 16 species were identified in the UNFR and the RNFR respectively. 9 species were only found in UNFR while 5 were identified in RNFR. 11 species were identified in both study areas responses on consumption by age showed that, in both sites, children consumed more indigenous fruits than any other age group followed by adult women. The consumption of these fruits in UNFR was 64% (children), 47% (adult women) and 25% (adult men) while in RNFR consumption was 46% (children), 39% (adult women) and 23% (adult men). Seasonality and availability of exotic species had effect on consumption of indigenous fruits. The consumption of indigenous fruits appeared to be much higher when the supply of exotic fruits was low and vice versa Msuya; T.S, Mndolwa M.A, Kapinga, C. and Kagosi, P Gender and socio-economic factors affecting domestication of medicinal plants as an indigenous Agroforestry practice in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania Proceedings of the Second National Agroforestry and Environment Workshop p A study to investigate the impact of gender and socio-economic factors on indigenous agroforestry practices with the main focus on domestication of medicinal plants was conducted in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Participatory Rural Appraisal (RPA), questionnaire surveys, Semi-Structured Interviews (SSI), botanical surveys and participant observations were the main methods employed in data collection. It was revealed that, being an important practice in agroforestry, domestication has played fundamental role in conservation of medicinal plants in the study area. Twenty-three (66%) out of 35, and 6 (55%) out of 11 forest plant species domesticated on farms and around homesteads respectively, were medicinal plants. Furthermore, although 89% of the respondents had

211 204 domesticated medicinal plants on their farms and around homesteads, gender and socio-economic factors had influence on the number of domesticated medicinal plants. Male-headed households had significantly domesticated more medicinal plants than female-headed households. Age, education, wealth, farm size, household size and ethnicity had also influence on the number of domesticated medicinal plants. It is concluded that, being a strategy for conservation of threatened medicinal plants in farmlands and around homesteads, domestication has been influenced by gender and socio-economic factors. Therefore, agroforestry research in area of domestication should focus on devising new strategies for better integration of forest resources into farmlands and their related sociocultural, socio-economic and institutional aspects Msuya, T.S., Mndolwa, M.A. & Kapinga, C. (In press). Traditional Biodiversity Management and its Implication on Sustainable Use and Conservation of Medicinal Plants in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology. This paper examines the importance of traditional practices in conservation of medicinal plants in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania by employing interviews, group discussions, participant observation, and botanical survey. Results showed higher wild plants conserved under traditional practices using indigenous methods such as selective harvesting; secrecy; domestication; collection of dead wood for firewood; use of energy saving traditional stoves; beliefs on sacredness of trees and forests, cultural forests and plants protection at the burial sites. These methods enabled conservation of 1518 wild plants distributed in 144 species of which large proportion (84%) had medicinal value. Of the 173 respondents, 82%, 81%, 74%, and 71% believed on sustainable use and conservation of medicinal plants through secrecy, plant protection at burial sites, sacredness of plants and domestication respectively. Also 89% of the respondents practice domestication (at least 5 plants each) and 70% had retained sacred trees (at least one tree each), of which majority had medicinal value. Few respondents were aware of the conservation of medicinal plants in sacred forests and cultural forests (38% and 21% respectively). Promoting traditional practices for efficient utilization and sustainable management of endangered medicinal plants for health improvement of medicinal plants dependant communities is imperative Msuya, T.S., Mndolwa, M.A. & Kapinga, C. (In press). Domestication: An Indigenous Method in Conserving Plant diversity on Farmlands in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology The role of domestication in conserving indigenous plant diversity on farmlands was studied in West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania by structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews; participant observation; literature review and botanical identification in March There was high diversity of indigenous plant species on farmlands (73%)

212 205 compared to exotics (27%). For the number of plants per species, small proportion of indigenous plants (14%) was recorded compared to exotics (86%). Although the number of domesticated indigenous plant species has declined by 8% between 1998 and 2006, still 96% of the respondents practice domestication and they have domesticated at least one indigenous plant species each. Gender equity in domestication is lacking given that male-headed households had domesticated significantly more plant species on farms than female-headed households. Sustainability in domestication is questionable due to increasing number of exotic plants of very few species on farmlands, the phenomenon that encourages monoculture, thus threatening conservation of species diversity in inhabited areas. Suggestions for promoting domestication as an important indigenous method for conserving biodiversity are given, including the need for more studies to explore the biodiversity of other organisms associated with the domesticated indigenous plants Mtahiko, M. G. G. E., Gereta, E., Kajuni, A. R., Chiombola, E. A. T.;Ng umbi, G. Z., Coppolillo, P. and Wolanski, E Towards an ecohydrology-based restoration of the Usangu wetlands and the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania, Wetlands Ecology and Management (in press). An open channel flow model, calibrated against field data, suggests that cattle intrusion in the eastern Usangu wetlands, as well as both dry and wet weather irrigation upstream, are responsible for the seasonal drying out of the Great Ruaha River (GRR) downstream. This human-induced change has severe socio- economic implications downstream, including hindering hydroelectricity production, as well as a devastating impact on the Ruaha National Park (RNP) ecosystem that is now shifting from wet tropics to dry tropics. To ensure sustainable development, governance is urgently needed for the Usangu catchment in a way that is compatible with ecohydrology principles for the sustainable use of water resources. In order to do that, perennial flow must be restored to the GRR. For this to happen this study suggests that all the livestock must be removed from the eastern Usangu wetlands and dry weather irrigators must return at least 25% (4 m 3 /s) of the water to the river Mturi, F.A Ecology of the Zanzibar red Colobus monkey, Colobus badius kirkii (Gray, 1968), in comparison with other red colobines. In:Lovett & Wasser (1993). p Mubi, M.L Epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium infections around the Mtera reservoir, Tanzania. MSc. Thesis, UDSM 756. Mugasha, A.G. 1978a. Preliminary results on the performance of Cinnamomum camphora Nees from a tree increment plot in Tanzania. Tanzania Tech note (New Series) No. 37. Mimeo.(Kitivo Forest Reserve, Lushoto).

213 206 An assessment of DBH and height growth for Cinnamomum camphora Nees and Eberm (Japanese Camphor), over a 10 years period is given. The results show that Japanese Camphor is a fast growing hardwood. In 1977, (age 34 years) a total of 360 stems gave 29.4 m mean dominant height and mean Bbh 34.7 cm this corresponds to about 0.9 cm MAI in height) and over 1.0 cm Dbh MAI (Dbh). Compared with growth data from India, these results are considerably low in magnitude. Because of its high volume production and the good soil protection, the species has a protective and production potential in the mountainous areas of Tanzania. Suggestions for future research for the species are also given Mugasha, A.G. 1978b. Tanzania Natural Forests Silvicultural Research - Review Report. Tanzania Tech. Note (New Series) No. 39. Information about the ecology, natural and artificial regeneration tending, growth and yield; and protection of: Ocotea usambarensis, Cephalosphaera usambarensis, Beilschmedia kweo, Newtonia buchananii, Allanblackia stuhlmanii, Chlorophora excelsa, Antiaris usambarensis, Khaya nyasica, Trichilia roka, Juniperus procera, Olea spp, Prodocarpus spp. Pterocarpus angolensis, Dalbergia melanoxylon, and Brachylaena hutchinsii are discussed in that order Mugasha, A.G. 1978c. The growth of Cephalosphaera usambarensis at Amani and Kwamkoro Tanzania.Tanzania Tech. Note (New Series) No. 36. The growth of Cephalosphaera usambarensis at Amani and Kwamkoro both in natural forest and a plantation is discussed. The species shows faster growth in plantation than in natural forests. This suggests that growing the species in pure stands shortens the rotation. Probable dangers emanating from the implied monoculture practices and establishment problems are discussed and possible solutions suggested Mugasha, A.G. 1978d. A Study of The Relationship Between Crown and Breast Height Diameters, Stand Stocking in Cephalosphaera usambarensis Warb, Including some Establishment Techniques at Amani and Kwamkoro, Tanzania. The study was undertaken to determine initial espacement and a tentative thinning schedule of Cephalosphaera usambarensis after the determination of crown diameter dbh ratio. Crown diameter and dbh measurements were taken on 71 Cephalosphaera usambarensis trees from Experimental plots in natural forest and in a plantation at Amani and Kwamkoro. The data collected was plotted graphically. Regression analysis gave: Y=0.1839X where Y = Crown diameter (m) and X = dbh (cm), (r 2 = 0.69), thus indicating a correlation between the two variables. Within the ranges of ages studied (i.e. beyond 5 years), the crown diameter dbh ratio decreases with increase in tree size. This

214 207 suggests that with increase in tree size crown diameter increases at a decreasing rate. Furthermore, crown diameter dbh ratios are higher for small trees than for big ones. This suggests further that small trees requires more space relative to the bole than big ones. Basing on crown diameter dbh relationship at various stages of crop development, crop espacement, modified establishment techniques and attentive thinning schedule ofcephalosphaera usambarensis and Maesopsis eminii are suggested. It is suggested that Maesopsis eminii which is to be planted as nurse tree have to be thinned out gradually to favour Cephalosphaera usambarensis Mugasha, A.G. 1978e. Effects of Heavy Thinning on the Growth of Ocotea usambarensis Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No.38. The growth of Ocotea usambarensis from two unreplicated experiments is discussed. The results show that heavy thinning results in increased diameter growth, and consequently in basal area. Also, the larger the initial diameter the faster the growth. Continued heavy thinning may reduce a theoretical rotational age of years to 50 years, although wood quality might change considerably. Due to the present and future importance of Ocotea usambarensis, future research work is suggested so as to ensure more productivity per unit area Mugasha, A.G. 1980a. Growth of Maesopsis eminii Engl. in Pure Stands and Under Different Forms of Competition. Tanzania silvic. Technical Note 48 The growth of Maesopsis eminii in pure stands and under different forms of competition are discussed. The species displays early culmination in dbh and height growth - a characteristic of pioneer species. The species shows faster growth in plantation than in natural forest. Also these species growth in Tanzania is comparable to that in other countries where the species in exotic. Being one of the fast growing hardwoods in the country and because it has been performing well in the montane and lowland areas of Tanzania, M. eminii although inferior in strength, density and durability, is considered as one of the best substitutes of the decreasing supply of good quality hardwoods. Thus silvicultural research should be intensified, especially on the species espacement and thinning studies. Extension services should be started in order to enable new future wood users their impressions on this species Mugasha, A.G. 1980b. The relationship between crown diameter and breast height diameter for Ocotea usambarensis Engl. as a guide to a feasible stocking in second regeneration stands. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note pp. Ocotea usambarensis was studied in the montane rain forests of South Kilimanjaro and West Usambara. There was a high correlation between crown diameter and d.b.h. The crown diameter/d.b.h. ratio decreased with age. Because of the uneven distribution of naturally regenerated O.

215 208 usambarensis, traditional thinning practices are difficult to apply. A heavy first thinning at 15 yr in South Kilimanjaro and 20 yr in West Usambara is recommended, reducing the stock to about 700 stems/ha. Subsequent thinnings should be at intervals of 7-10 yr Mugasha, A.G. 1980c. The silviculture of Tanzanian indigenous tree species: Allanblackia stuhlmannii. Tanzania Silviculture Technical Note (New Series) 47: Mugasha, A.G. 1980d. The growth of Maesopsis eminii under different forms of competition. Tanzania Silviculture Technical Note (New Series) 48: Mugasha, A.G Conservation of remnants of Tropical rain Forests in Usambara, with emphasis on Silvicultural Research. Paper presented at Workshop on Forest Conservation, Tanga, Feb Tanzania National Scientific Research Council, Dar es Salaam Mugasha, A.G The Effects Of Planting Season, Different Planting Materials and Weeding Methods on Early Performance of Dalbergia melanoxylon at Kwamarukanga, Korogwe, Tanzania. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No. 43 A 3x2x2 factorial experiment was set up at Kwamarukanga, Korogwe, Tanzania to find out the best time for planting out, suitable planting material and appropriate weeding treatment. The results of this investigation shows that at age of 7.5 years the stock raised from stumps and potted seedlings differ significantly in survival i.e. 88 vs 83 per cent (P<0.05). However, they do not differ significantly in mean height attained i.e vs 3.08m, (P<0.01) and in mean root collar diameter attained i.e vs 6.57cm (P<0.01). Early -and mid - planting, and intensive weeding gave survivals and faster growth in height and root collar diameter. On the other hand, late planting and light weeding depressed growth but not survival. At the age of 7.5 years the mean height of early - and mid - planted D.melanoxylon coupled with clean weeding were respectively 4.08 and 4.18m. On the other hand the mean height of early - and mid - planted D.melanoxylon but subjected to light weeding were respectively 2.99 and 2.35m. The mean height of D.melanoxylon late planted but subjected to clear - and light - weddings were 3.62 and 1.06m respectively. The results also show that at age of 7.5 years the mean root collar diameter of early - and mid - planted D.melanoxylon and exposed to clean weeding were respectively cm and cm. the lightly weeded early - and midplanted D.melanoxylon root collar diameter were 5.23cm and 4.41cm respectively. The root collar diameter of late planted D.melanoxylon but subjected to clean and light weeding were respectively 8.15cm and 1.69cm. it is recommended that 2 year old stumps measuring 14cm (shoot + root together) should be planted during early - or mid - rains and should be subjected to intensive weeding or spot seeding coupled with slashing until when the mean root collar diameter is about 5cm, and subjected to

216 209 slashing until when the mean root collar diameter is about 8 to 10cm. Finally, further silvicultural research is recommended Mugasha, A.G. and Mruma, S.O., Growth of Dalbergia melanoxylon in Natural Woodland and Trial Plots in Tanzania. Tanzania silviculture Technical Note (New Series) No. 59 The growth of D.melanoxylon both in natural woodland and trial plots is discussed. The results from three trial plots show that stumps and seedling are equally good planting materials due to almost similar, and moderate to higher survivals. At Kwamarukanga the survival was 81 per cent for stumps and seedlings at 8 years of age; at Kiangara in Liwale the survival was 52 per cent and 53 per cent for stumps and seedlings respectively at age 4.3 years. The stock raised from root survived poorly i.e. 10 per cent at 4.3 years of age. At Ndimba Forest Reserve the results were varying i.e. at age 6.9 years the survivals were 45 per cent and 28 per cent for stumps and seedlings respectively. Furthermore, the results show that at Kwamarukanga the stock raised from stumps was superior in height growth. the mean height at age of 8 years for stumps and seedlings were respectively 4.7m and 3.48m respectively. The results obtained at Ndimba Forest Reserve shows that there is no difference in height growth between stumps and seedlings i.e. Ndimba Forest Reserve - at age of 6.9 years stock raised from stumps and seedlings were respectively 1.61m and 1.71m., Kiangara at 4.3 years of age the stock raised from stumps and seedlings were 1.28m and 2.3m respectively. On the other hand the stock raised from root cuttings at Kiangara as superior in height i.e. 2.3m at the same age. In a plot located in a woodland, breast height diameter (dbh) periodical mean annual increment is 0.98cm per year; the range is 0.71cm to 1.19cm per year. The mean dbh over the same period increased from 10.7cm to 14.6cm. Being one of the most important tree species in Tanzania, it is suggested that better management practices of natural woodland where D.melanoxylon grows naturally should be adopted. The Silvicultural research should be intensified, especially on the species ecological requirements establishment and tending practices. Extension services should be started in order to enable wood users to put D.melanoxylon to better and appropriate uses Mugasha, A.G. & Msanga, H.P Maesopsis eminii seed coat impermeability is not the cause of sporadic and prolonged seed germination. Forest Ecology Management 22: A factorial experiment was used to evaluate the effect of mechanical scarification, treatment with sulfuric acid, and soaking in water, on the germination of seed of Maesopsis eminii Engl. The highest germination percent (77%) and germination value (0.82) were obtained when scarified seed was soaked in warm water. The germination percent and germination value of seed not subject to scarification and soaking in water were 71 and 0.66 respectively. The lowest germination percent (11 %) and germination value (0.07) were obtained when scarified seed was treated with sulfuric

217 210 acid and then soaked in warm water. The peak value was reached after 8 to 11 weeks from sowing date Muir, A., Anderson, B., and Stephen, I., Characteristics of some Tanganyika soils. J. Soil Sci. 8 (1): ( photos.) 14 refs. 1 map. Analyses, and minerallogical details of red loams, pallid soils, mbuga and black valley soils, derived from lower and Commiphora thicket at Kongwa (Central Province) and Brachystegia/Julbernardia forest, and Pterocarpus/ Ostryoderris/ Combretum with tall grass or Bamboo (Oxytenanthera) at Nachingwea (Southern Province) Munishi, P.K.T., Norden, L.G., Maliondo, S.M.S., Maganga, S.L.S., Chiconikaya, E.E. & Kway, S.E Landslides on Mlali and Kikundi watersheds, Western Ulugurus, Morogoro Tanzania: The need for better soil and water conservation practices. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of griculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record 67. p Soil denudation and location and effects of mass soil erosion (land slide erosion) following heavy rainstorm hitting two small watersheds in the Uluguru mountains are quantified and analyzed. Causes of the damages are discussed, and recommendation on conservation measures to reduce landslide erosion are given. Data collection was based on field observations on location, interviews, actual measurement of the dimensions of the landslide scars, and computation of the amount of soil denuded per unit area. The study revealed that on April3 rd 1996, the amount of rainfall was over 90 mm (average) in less than 2 hours period. This resulted into about 67 landslides of different sizes which displaced an average of 9.95 m 3 m -2. Most of the landslides occurred on roadside/farmland interfaces (80.6%) and in farmlands (16.4%). The remaining were on fallow (3%). This indicates that soil disturbance is one of the major factors encouraging landslide erosion. The landslides seem to have been triggered mainly by frequent cultivation without adequate conservation measures on highly marginal lands, with a high proportion of annual to perennial crops, and frequent bush fires causing high soil disturbance. Soil movement and deposition on the lowerlands, especially the Morogoro and other business centres downtown, caused severe infrastructural destruction with substantial economic losses. Land instability caused by improper land use on marginal lands greatly accelerated the mass under the given amount of rainfall. Tree planting on marginal lands, use of perennial crops e.g. fruit trees, and other related conservation measures can greatly reduce risks of soil erosion movement education services on environmental conservation, watershed management techniques, and the transfer of these into actions on the ground are likely to reduce landslide erosion and general environmental degradation and related socio-economic consequences.

218 Munishi P.K.T., Philipina F. and Temu R.P.C On-farm tree resources and farmer motives for on farm tree retention and management in bumbuli ward, Lushoto District North Western Tanzania. Proceedings of the Second National Agroforestry and Environment Workshop p On farm tree retention has formed the basis for the present day agroforestry systems in many traditions. We assessed species richness and diversity of on farm trees, farmer motives for tree management and contribution of on farm trees to household tree based needs in Lushoto District. About 46 tree species belonging to 25 families were identified. The most dominant species included Albizia gummifera, Parinari excelsa, Newtonia buchananii, Cinchona sp. Syzygium guineense, Ficus capensis, and Caesaria engleri. The Simpson s and Shannon-Wiener indexes of diversity were 0.07 and 2.8 respectively. This shows a high diversity of onfarm tree species comparable to natural forests. The motives for tree retention on farm ranged from supply of timber to edible fruits, medicine and soil erosion control. About 30% of household tree based needs are obtained from on farm sources. There is apparently high species richness and diversity in on farm trees in Lushoto. Most of on farm trees were retained on farm during farm clearing. A relatively high proportion of household wood based needs is still met by on farm sources. Sustainable management of on farm tree resources hinges much on more information and enhancement of indigenous tree management systems with supplements from afforestation efforts using appropriate fast growing tree species Munishi, P.K.T., Norden, L.G., Maliondo, S.M.S., Maganga, S.L.S., Chingonikaya, E.E.and Kway S.E Landslides on Mlali and Kikundi watersheds, western Ulugurus, Morogoro Tanzania: the need for better soil and water conservation practices. Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. pp Soil denudation and location and effects of mass soil erosion (land side erosion) following heavy rainstorm hitting two small watersheds in the Uluguru Mountains are quantified and analyzed. Causes of the damages are discussed, and recommendation on conservation measures to reduce landslide erosion are given. The data collection was based on field observations on location, interviews, actual measurement of the dimension on April 3 rd 1996; the amount of rainfall was over 90 mm (average) in less than 2 hours period. This resulted into about 67 landslides of different sizes, which displaced an average of 9.95-m 3 /m 2. Most of the landslides occurred roadside/farmland interfaces (80.6%) and in farmlands 16.4%). The remaining were on fallow (3%). This indicates that soil disturbances is one of the major factors encouraging landslide erosion. The landslides seems to have been triggered mainly by frequent cultivation without adequate conservation measures on highly margins lands, with a high

219 212 proportion of annual to perennial crops, and frequent bush fires causing high disturbances. Soil movement and deposition on the lower lands, especially the Morogoro market and the business centers downtown, caused severe infrastructure destruction with substantial economic losses. In instability caused by improper land use on marginal lands greatly accelerated the mass movement of soil are under given amount of rainfall. Tree planting on marginal lands, use of perennial crops e.g. fruit trees, and other related conservation measures can greatly reduce risks of soil erosion movement of landslides erosion. Extension and education services on environmental conservation, watershed management techniques, and transfer of these into actions on the ground are likely to reduce landslide erosion and general environment degradation and related socio-economic consequences Munishi, P.K.T., Shear, T.H., Wentworth, T., Temu, R.P.C. & Maliondo, S.M Sparse distribution pattern of some plant species in two afromontane rain forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Tanzania. Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation 75: Mountain forests play major roles in biodiversity; containing many endemics and species of conservation concern. The diversity and distribution patterns of plants in mountain ecosystems are influenced by various environmental and anthropogenic factors that exhibit heterogeneity over space and time. This study anaysed species diversity and distribution patterns on two afromontane rain forests of the eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania in the west Usambaras and Ulugurus to assess any possible threats to biodiversity conservation in this region. A hundred sample plots (0.02 ha) were established on each of the two mountain ranges in such a way as to cover as much variations as possible from valley bottoms to ridge tops. The analysis was based on species importance values computed from the average of the relative basal area and relative density as well as species frequency. Using different diversity indices, the study showed that the mountains have high species diversity. Eighteen endemic species were identified in the Usambara and thirty-two in the Ulugurus. These endemics are fairly shared between the two mountains and other mountain massifs of the Eastern Arc. Based on our analysis of species distribution, it was found that the proportion of sparsely (rarely) distributed species was over 30% and 49% for the woody species and total vascular plants, respectively. These findings are important in alerting on possible decline of biodiversity in the region and prompting the development of policies to address rare, threatened, and endangered plant species, which are non-existence in Tanzania. We suggest further surveys in the forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains to determine whether the apparently sparse distribution of some species may be found in reasonable abundances elsewhere and quantify the manner and type of use of the forest resources by surrounding local communities to determine their possible impacts on species distribution.

220 Munyuku, F.C.N. (undated). A report on the image forest reserve inventory Mazombe Division, Iringa District The inventory assessed the remaining volumes and degree of regeneration of timber species in addition to total tree composition. Based on the results of the assessments the following objectives were to be implimented: To stop forest destruction while organizing sustainable use of forest resources for domestic and industrial use. To maintain and improve the water catchment properties. To conserve endemic flora and fauna in order to increase all branches of forest knowledge Munyuku, F.G.N Image forest reserve inventory. Iringa, Regional Natural Resources Office. 12 pp. The inventory was carried out to assess the standing volume and regeneration rate of commercial timbers in image forest, a central government reserve in Mazombe division. Activities included mapping, field survey and species identification. One of the conclusions of the inventory is that the forest reserve was badly over exploited in the past causing the moist montane forest to become bushy and dominated by pioneer tree species Munyuku, F.C.N Report on an inventory of selected proposed forest reserves in Muheza District, Tanga Region. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 15. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Muller, H., Measey, G.J., Loader, S.P. and Malonza, P.K A new species of Boulengerula Tornier (Amphibia: Gymnophiona:Caeciliidae) from an isolated mountain block of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Zootaxa 1004: A new species of East African caeciliid caecilian, Boulengerula niedeni spec. nov. (Amphibia:Gymnophiona) is described based on a series of 11 specimens from Sagalla Hill, an isolated mountain block of the Taita Hills in southern Kenya. It differs from all other Boulengerula, except B.taitanus (Loveridge), in being pigmented with whitish marked annular grooves and from B. taitanus by its distinctive brownish colouration, an exposed sphenethmoid, a higher mean number of annuli and vertebrae, and different phallus morphology. 778 Murira, K.K Deterioration of creosote treated eucalypt transmission poles in Tanzania. Faculty of Forestry, Record No Muro, A.I.S. & Mziray, N.R Decline in onchocerciasis in the eastern Usambara Mountains, north eastern Tanzania, and its possible relationship to deforestation. Proceedings of the symposium on onchocerciasis, September 1989, Leiden, Netherlands. Acta

221 214 Leidensia 59 (1-2): A survey to establish the extent and possible impact of deforestation and increased farming activities on the prevalence of onchocerciasis, was carried out in all the 17 villages in the eastern Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Results revealed that the disease is widespread. Out of 2968 inhabitants of all ages skin-snipped in the area in 1984, 22.7% were positive for Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae. The infection rates in the under 19 and under 10 age groups were 10.3% and 6.6% respectively. The overall prevalence rose steadily with age, with the mean microfilarial density reaching a plateau at age 24. Of the population studied, 35.4% were found to present with at least one clinical manifestation commonly associated with onchocerciasis. Visual impairment (9.4%) and blindness (0.1%) rates suggest that ocular onchocerciasis is not a health problem in the area at present. Comparison with results obtained in the area during the last survey show that during the past 25 years there has been a significant decline in prevalence of infection. This drop is thought to be due to the effects of extensive deforestation on the vector population. Control of transmission, which is likely to increase as a result of a re-afforestation programme in the area, is discussed Mushi, J.A Growth of 10 year old exotic pines and broadleaved species at Kwamarukanga, Handeni, Tanzania, Silvic. Res. Note. No. 30. Trial plots of twelve species and provenance s were established in 1965 at Kwamarukanga, Tanzania: 5 12 S E. altitude 305 m.a.s.l., mean annual rainfall 1063 mm and mean monthly temperature ranging from 23.2 to 27.8 C. Assessment in 1975 of survival, height, mean dbh, basal area and form showed the following order of volume production:cedrela odorata, Eucalyptus citriodora, Pinus caribaea var hondurensis, P. kesiya (ex Phillippines), Pinus caribaea var bahamensis, Tectona grandis, P. oocarpa var ochoterenai, Terminalia superba, E. camaldulensis, P. elliottii, P. kasiya (ex. Madagascar) and P. massoniana.c. odorata had the highest basal area, 40.3 m 2 /ha, which was more than twice the mean basal area, and P. massoniana had the lowest basal area, 8.1 m 2 /ha. E. citriodora showed the best height growth, 24.4m and also the best form T. superba had the lowest survival, 38 percent followed by E. citriodora and P. elliottii, 48 percent each. Although P. massoniana showed the highest survival rate, 89 percent, it also had the poorest height growth, 10.3 m.there are two varieties of P. elliottii, the better one being P. elliottii var elliottii ex Kwale, Kenya, introduced during beating up in 1966, while the poorer one in the original P. elliottii var densa ex Georgia, U.S.A. he good performance of the former variety justified establishment of progeny trials on the site. Low rainfall in 1965, infrequent tending, and the poor selection of provenance s might have influenced the wide variation in survival percentages.

222 Muthoka, C.N. and Manaze, S Aspects of the pollination biology of Lantana camara (Berbenaceae). In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve 2 Sep 30 Sept p The research showed that butterflies are the main pollinators of Lantana camara in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. The time of the day and relative humidity had a significant effect on the number of butterflies that visited the flowers. Afternoons had more visitors than mornings suggesting that the butterflies become active as the day warms up. Flower colour and nectar sucrose concentration had a positive influence on the number of visitors. A disturbed forest edge, adjacent to farmland, showed higher pollinator visiting frequencies than a gap in undisturbed forest Muze, E.S Studies on the sex ratio and polymorphism in Hyperolius puncticulatus (Rhacophoridae) at Amani, Tanzania. MSc Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam. The only detailed field study done on an amphibian associated with forests Mvena, Z.S.K The changing perspectives of forestry in Tanzania and their impact on biodiversity. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (eds.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record 67. p The growth of forestry as a specific scientific discipline has strongly been influenced by the increased societal demand for forest products. Initially the forestry's response was in form of regulating the exploitation of the existing forests and the establishment of plantations which were owned and managed by government and private companies. In recent years, community forestry's contribution to enhancing the supply of forest products has been well acknowledged. Apart from protecting forests, both plantation and community forestry have historically relied upon exotic tree species for reasons of superior growth performance, marketability and the fact that these tree species have been better researched than indigenous ones. It is with respect to these selective approaches that exotics have been promoted to the detriment of the indigenous trees and indeed eroding the biodiversity itself. In this paper the changing perspectives of forestry showing how the management and research in forestry has contributed to the erosion of biodiversity and recent attempts to redress the past mistakes are outlined Mwakasonda, J.G.A Values and Attitudes of Peasants in Village Afforestation. SPFE BSc Forestry, UDSM. Lumeno, Mahutunga, Towero, Gongo and Gairo villages in Morogoro region were studied. Interviews indicated that most vilalgers were not fully informed about the village afforestation programme. Some negative

223 216 attitudes expressed were due to preconceived ideas; the village woodlot was an especially senstive issue. Woodlot plans did not take into a ccount local conditions in each area, also there was lack of proper technical advice regarding the species of trees used. Land availability proved to be a constraint. In some places, there was little or no involvement of local people in planning. Lummeno: Most trees in the communal village woodlot died due to poor husbandry, no competent attendants. Muhutunga: Because the woodlot was planted in a low-lying area, it was flooded in the rains, and trees were killed. Also, peasants felt it best for each to plant their trees in their own areas. Towero: The communal ownership of the woodlot caused difficulties over inheritance rights and therefore there was little commitment on the part of the villagers. Gongo: The concept of the woodlot was accepted but the Department did not provide villagers with seedlings despite their requests. Gairo: An afforestation plan met with general acceptance and cooperation and was therefore rather successful. The Anglican Church began planting fruit trees which were uncommon, in the 1970's and villagers purchased seedlings from the church. In 1976/77, the church began planting Eucalyptus, Grevillea, and Cassia siamea. Villagers and peasants followed this initiative, and now the Forestry Division is working with the villagers Mwamba, B.K The ecology and distribution of Ocotea usambarensis in the Uluguru mountains. A special project report. Faculty of Forstry, Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro, Tanzania. Unpublished Mwangangi, M. & P.K. Mwaura Taita Hills Forest Survey Report. Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Programme, Nairobi Mwasha, I.V The invasion of Maesopsis eminii in the natural forests of East Usambaras in relation to the regeneration of Cephalosphaera usambarensis. p In: Mgeni, A.S.M., W.S. Abeli, S.A.O. Chamshama & G.S. Kowero (eds): Proceedings of a Joint Seminar/Workshop on Management of Natural Forest of Tanzania. Faculty of Forestry, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania 788. Mwasha, W.P Traditional agroforestry systems of the West Usambara Mountains. A report of the study conducted for Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Project, Lushoto Tanzania, 15 pp. The study consists of two parts; the first part is literature review on the traditional agroforestry systems of the Usambara. The second part consists of information gathered from the survey. In the survey elders aged 76 years and above were interviewed Mwihomeke, S.T Agroforestry for the densely populated Tanzanian highlands. MSc. Thesis in Environmental Forestry. Department of Forestry and Wood Science, University College of North Wales,

224 217 Bangor, ix pp. This study examined the physical environmental conditions and the existing landuse in the highland areas ( c.1500m) and lower slopes ( 1500m) of the west Usambara mountains, and on slopes of Kilimanjaro and Meru, with the objective of evaluating and characterising a role for agroforestry. The already high and rapidly increasing human population coupled with shortage of land is the main justification for integrating the production of agricultural crops, livestock and fuelwood. The xisting farming systems and the extent of the problem of shortage of land (farm size) are the determinants of the choice of the promising agroforestry interventions to solve general problems of soil erosion, degradation of land, and shortages of fuelwood and fodder. In the west Usambara mountains where, maize-beans-vegetable crop farming dominates agriculture, macrocontour strips and alley-cropping, combined with conscious mulching on croplands, are suggested for soil conservation and provision of fuelwood and fodder. Woodlots and tree groves established with suitable species in unused or derelict sites can effectively complement fuelwood supply from croplands and grazing lands. With adequate mulching and use of farmyard manure the banana-coffee home garden agroforestry system on the slopes of Kilimanjaro and Meru is effective for soil conservation but, additional tree planting is unrealistic in the bananacoffee system. To decrease excessive pressure on the land and over utilization of the remaining trees, resettlement of landless people in less densely populated areas must be the obvious answer. In the dry livestock production areas, mainly on the western and northern slopes of Mount Meru, overstocking in combination with fire damage to vegetation in the main cause of severe soil erosion (by water and wind). Destocking in the area is an essential pre-requisite, this together with increased tree (as multipurpose woodlots, tree groves in degraded sites and shelterbelts and deferred/ rotational grazing) are essential for improved fodder and fuelwood production and soil conservation. The current communal ownership of land, and semi-permanent production, need be refined to promote adoption of the recommended interventions. Complementary sharing of agroforestry research work amongst the existing research institutions who can contribute to agroforestry development in the study area is needed Mwihomeke, S.T Comparative growth and productivity of potential agroforestry tree species (exotic and indigenous) at the Lushoto Arboretum, in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. In: Trees for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, February 20-25, p Data are presented on 13 exotic and 10 indigenous tree species with potential for agroforestry development in the Afromontane rain forest zone of Tanzania. The data include rate of survival, height, stem diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) and the amount of wood produced. Nearly all of

225 218 the 23 species were planted in the Lushoto Arboretum in the form of woodlots, but in addition 11 were also planted along macrocontour strips in the recently established agroforestry research and demonstration plots adjacent to the Arboretum. The average rate of survival of the exotic tree species (92%) was significantly higher than that of the indigenous tree species (81%). Albizia schimperiana [A. schimperana], Cordia abyssinica, Newtonia buchananii and Prunus africanum [P. africana], all indigenous species, had the lowest rates of survival, ranging from 30 to 70%. The 23 tree species were divided into 4 groups based on height growth. Eucalyptus grandis and E. saligna (exotics) were the fastest growing species. The majority of the exotic tree species were fairly fast growing, while most of the indigenous species were in the group of slow growing species. The amount of wood produced was directly proportional to the growth rate (stem diameter and height) and to the survival rate of the different tree species. The 2 Eucalyptus species produced the greatest amounts of wood, some 6x more than the fairly fast growing (exotic) Grevillea robusta. The majority of the farmers in the West Usambara Mountains want only tree species like A. schimperana (a very slow growing indigenous species) and G. robusta, which are compatible with their farming systems. It is concluded that the farmers' interests (which are based on traditional usage) should be considered first when selecting tree species for their farmlands for use in agroforestry practices, followed by ecological considerations (including the promotion of mixed tree species plantings), growth rate, and wood productivity. Research is also required to identify more indigenous tree species and multipurpose shrubs for agroforestry development in all 8 ecological zones (characterized by their different natural forest formations) in this region Mwihomeke, S.T. 1990a. Growth and fuelwood productivity of Casuarina montana Jungh. and its limitation for agroforestry use in the Tanzania highlands. In: El-Lakany, M.H., Turnbull, J.W. & Brewbaker, J.L. (eds.). Advances in Casuarina Research and Utilization. Proceedings of the Second Intrnational Casuarina Workshop, Cairo, Egypt, January 15-20, 1990 p The growth and fuelwood productivity of Casuarina montana and its effect on the yield of a local variety of sugarcane are reported from an agroforestry trial (which included Casuarina montana, Grevillea robusta, Calliandra calothyrsus and Croton megalocarpus) and from a woodlot established at Lushoto in the West Usambara mountains of Tanzania. The woodlot (which was of Casuarina montana only) was planted at a spacing of 2.1 m x 2.1 m and thinnings were done at 4.3 and 8 years old. In the agroforestry trial, trees were planted in 1986 in single strips at 2.5 m spacing along the proximal edge of contour strips, and sugarcane stakes were planted early in July and August [in the same year] on the distal edge of the contour strips (which were 2 m wide), and in front of the trees. The distance between contour strips was 5 m, and a first thinning (removing half the trees) was done at 2 years old with pruning to height 1.5 m. Another pruning was done at 3.5 yr old. The woodlot produced 14.7 m 3 of

226 219 stacked wood at 4.3 yr old, and the Casuarina montana in the agroforestry trial produced 120 kg of oven dry fuelwood per tree at 3.5 yr old. This amount of fuelwood was comparable with that produced by G. robusta, and was associated with a high survival rate, fast growth, and the ability to produce luxuriant regrowth from root suckers and coppice. In the agroforestry trial, all the tree species depressed sugarcane yield relative to the control. The greatest reduction in yield was found with Casuarina montana, with lower reductions occurring with Croton megalocarpus, Calliandra calothyrsus and Grevillea robusta (in that order). This reduction could partly be attributed to root competition for soil nutrients and water; data are tabulated on the relative amounts of roots found for each tree species (and for sugarcane). Further research is recommended to identify suitable C. montana provenances and compatible agricultural crops for the various ecological zones in the highlands Mwihomeke, S.T. 1990b. The progress of agroforestry research and demonstration plots at the silviculture research centre, Lushoto, in the West Usambara mountains. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p A progress report is given of three agroforestry research and demonstration plots established in 1985/86 at the Silviculture Research Centre, Lushoto in the West Usambara Mountains. In these plots, nine exotic and five indigenous tree species are being evaluated of their performance and productivity for fuelwood and fodder, and their influence on yield of agricultural crops. The tree species are planted along contour strips in combination with fodder crops (Tripsacum laxum and Cana edulis) and sugarcane. Grevillea robusta has shown the best growth and wood production among the exotic main tree species. Leucaena diversifolia followed by Calliadra calothyrsus has the best productivity for fodder, fuelwood and/or stakewood. Among the indigenous tree species, Croton megalocarpus and Maesopsis eminii had the best growth which was more or less comparable to that of Grevillea robusta. The climax forest tree species Albizia schimperiana, Newtonia buchananii and Cordia africana show a discouraging low survival and growth especially on microsites with poor soil fertility. The yield of sugarcane, was less affected by Grevillea robusta in comparison to other tree species. In the other trial plot, maize and beans yield was excessively reduced along the first three rows below the above the contour strip. It is concluded that more research is needed on ecological and socio economic aspects regarding the choice and silvicultural management of tree species for agroforestry use in order to enhance the production of wood and other essential products without serious reduction of agricultural crop yield Mwihomeke, S.T A Comparative Study of the Rooting Depth of Grevillea robusta planted with Sugar-Cane Along Contour Strips. Grevillea robusta in agroforestry and forestry. Proceedings of an International working edited Harwood

227 220 A comparative study of the rooting depth of Grevillea robusta and three other agroforestry tree species was conducted along contour strips interplanted with sugar-cane. G. robusta had the fewest roots, and the lowest weight of fine and bigger roots in the top soil (0-20cm) and mineral soil (40-60cm). most of the roots were concentrated at cm depth. The results confirm the general view that G. robusta has a deep root system, which interferes less with shallow-rooted agricultural crops. It is suggested that the rooting habit of G. robusta could be a useful model for selecting other tree species suitable for growing in close association with shallow-rooted agricultural crops Mwihomeke, S. 1994a. A survey of traditional medicinal plants for livestock in West Usambara Mountains. TAFORI, Lushoto Silviculture Research Centre, Tanzania Mwihomeke, S.T. 1994b. Field Evaluation of Agroforestry Species in the West Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. Supporting Capacity Building in Forestry Research in Africa - Proceedings of the First International Symposium Held at ICRAF Headquarters Nairobi, Kenya - 28 June - 1 July. A total of 55 tree species, 80% being indigenous, have been identified by more than 50% of farmers interviewed to be the most preferred for a agroforestry use in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania the majority of these trees are multipurpose, providing fuelwood, medicines, timber, fruits, improving soil fertility, and controlling insect pests of food grains. Evaluation studies were done on the root system; foliar nutrient content and leaf litter decomposition; influence on species diversity and biomass of understorey plants; and influence on yield of selected agricultural crops. The results indicate that Grevillea robusta, Albizzia gummifera, Albizzia schimperana, Milletia dura, Croton megalocarpus, Croton macrostachys and Crotalaria grandibracteata have a high potential improve soil fertility and support growth of a wide diversity of food crops and other useful plants. Further studies on allelopathy, competition for nutrients and other interaction effects with different agricultural crops are recommended for Ocotea usambarensis, Syzygium guinense, Casuarina junghuhniana, Juniperus procera and other preferred tree species which seem to have adverse effects on agricultural and other useful plants. Drying studies were also conducted on 25 mm and 50 mm thick lumber of five wood species. The timber was dried either in the greenhouse solar kiln or stacked under a shed for air drying during the dry season and the wet season. A mean final moisture content of 7% to 13% was attained by solar drying while the corresponding figures for air drying were 12% to 21%. Solar drying times from green to the final air-dried moisture content were about 35% and 32% of the air drying times for lumber of thickness 50mm nd 25mm, respectively. Generally, the quality of the solar-dried lumber was found to the slightly superior to the air-dried lumber.

228 Mwihomeke, S. Mabula,C. Nummelin, M Plant species richness in the traditionally protected forests of the Zigua, Handeni district, Tanzania Silva Carelica 34: The occurrence of plant species within traditionally protected forests and in adjacent similar (but no protected) woodland areas was studied by line transects in the lowlands of Handeni District, northeastern Tanzania. The number of species i0n the traditionally protected forests is significantly higher than in the adjacent areas. Also the species distribution is different. Within the protected areas occur several species which local people are harvesting sometimes intensively. The conservation of these forests has both local and global benefits and should be enhanced Mwihomeke, S.T., Msangi, T.H. & Omari, H Proposed village forest areas on public lands of the western escarpments of North Pare mountains. Report to the Tanzania Forestry Action Plan (TFAP) North Pare. 17 pp Mwihomeke, S.T., Msangi, T.H. & Ylhäisi, J Quantity, distribution and current status of sacred forests in the Zigua ethnic group, Handeni District. The Arc Journal 6: 799. Mwihomeke, S.T., Zilihona, I. J.E.., Hamisy, W.C. and Mwaseba, D Assessment of forest user groups and their relationship to the condition of the natural forests in the uluguru mountains. A collaborative study :TAFORI, UMBCP, NRO and RCPO. The study was done in three villages Tandai, Tegetero na Nyandira located in the Uluguru Mountains, with the aim of gathering information on forest ownership, internal differentiation, forest products harvested, uses, and forest condition. Information on Village committees and other local structures which are related to the management of the forest in the area and groups that do not use the forest, but have an influence on its management was also collected. A number of methods were used to collect the data including transect walks, direct observation, interviews and discussions with key informants.the study revealed that the Uluguru Mountain forest reserve is having a multiple use for various users surrounding it and that is main source of the majority of the species utilised or preferred by the local people. Various species are required for many uses and this affects the condition of the forest as a large number of tree are cut to meet local demand. There are some local initiatives on limited scale to domesticate some of the most useful plant species such as Urera hypeselodendron and Basella alba for vegetables, Maesa lanceolata and Bidens holstii for medicinal use and Khaya anthotheca and Milicia excelsa for timber. Species composition and structure of the forest in terms of diameter class distribution varies in some parts of studied villages due to past timber exploitation There is lack of regeneration for some species such Ocotea usambarensis.to address the above, among others, there is need to work with forest user groups as an entry point for

229 222 developing alternative ways to reduce pressure on the natural forest and avoid conflicting interest on the resources. There is also a need to develop appropriate agroforestry technology within existing farming systems that will provide options for farmers in the area to deal with the problem of soil fertility, continued dependence on natural forest and environmental conservation and involve local communities in the management of forest reserves through village environmental sub-committee that need to be established with roles that are well defined and understood by the villagers Mwihomeke, S.T., Msangi, T.H., Mabula, C.K.,Ylhäisi, J. & Mndeme, K.C.H.1998.Traditionally protected forests and nature conservation in the Northern Pare mountains and Handeni district, Tanzania. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: A total of 920 traditionally protected forests have been found from the sample areas in Handeni district (23 villages) and Mwanga district (Usangi and Ugweno divisions). The size of the forests is to 200 ha. In earlier times sacred forests (one of the seven different types of traditionally protected forests in Handeni) were never abused, and as a result the biodiversity of whole forest ecosystems has been protected. In many parts they are the last remaining natural forests. About 40 percent of the forests are severely destroyed, partly because a fast process of changes in the villages. The abuse of the traditionally protected forests should be discussed publicly. The total need for protection of the forest land could be over 4000 ha in Handeni District and 400 ha in the Northern Pare Mountains. These forests are effective way to save locally the best areas in rich biodiversity Mwihomeke, S., Mtoi, R. & Pfeiffer, R Performance of various tree species planted in Lushoto District to test their sitability for agroforestry farming systems. A Report. [11] pp Mwihomeke, S.T. & Mugasha, A.G Foliar nutrient status and leaf litter decomposition of selected indigenous tree species at Lushoto, west usambara, Tanzania. Silviculture Research centre, Tanzania forestry research Institute, Lushoto, Tanzania. 17 pp. Foliar nutrient concentration and leaf litter decomposition of selected indigenous tree species in the Afromontane ecozone of the West Usambara, Tanzania were used as indicators of soil fertility improvement. Croton macrostachys followed by Croton megalocarpus and Albizia schimperana have a potential for soil fertility improvement due to high foliar N, and P concentration, and high rate of decomposition. These tree species are recommended for agroforestry. On the other hand, Podocarpus

230 223 usambarensis, Juniperus procera and Ocotea usambarensis have low concentration of N and P, and a low rate of decomposition of litter; suggested a low potential for soil fertility improvement. However, these tree species are recommended for planting in woodlots, and/or along farm boundaries for timber production Mwingira, U. M Rural land use and settlement planning. In Tanzania planners, handbook; a guide for regional and rural development planning. (Editors: Roaly H.G.T. van, Dolman, A.J. and Kazi, G.M.). The Hague, Netherlands. Institute of Social Studies, Advisory Service pp The first half of the paper considers rural land use planning whose goal include promoting the quality of the built-environment; quality of the natural environment, a balance and regulation of land use conflicts and security improvements in accessibility. Four land use determinants are examined: physical characteristics, economic determinants, social factors; and public interest. Three land use planning techniques are reviewed as well as the methodology of land use planning. The second section presents some of the salient issues and problems related to settlement with a view to proposing appropriate strategies and planning techniques which can be of use for regional and district planners Mwitagila, A.N., Ngowi, D., Kyavale, P. and Reuben, J Water resource monitoring and water source protection. Annual report Nov1995-october HIMA Iringa 69 pp. For HIMA Project has been practicing soil and water consersation, there was a need for improved knowledge and quantitative documentation of the impact of soil and water consersation practices on the water resources. In 1992 it was decided to establish a Water Resources Monitoring (WRM) component at HIMA (Iringa) and from March 1993 a continuous and detailed monitoring had taken place in four catchments in Kilolo Division. In 1994, HIMA extended the monitoring activity to include quite a number of small sub-catchment where water source protection and soil and water conservation activities are. This study covers period of one year from November 1995 to 31 st October.1996 with following objectives:to analyze the data collected during WRM, with major emphasis in third year. To present the activities related to water source protection in selected subcatchments. To make the staff from Regional Hydrology office and HIMA conversant with checking, processing, analysis and presentation of the collected data Myers, N.,. Lovett, J.C & Burgess, N Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests. Pp In: Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N. Gil, P.R. and Mittermeier, C.G. Hotspots: Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecosystems. CEMEX/ Conservation International.

231 Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Kent, J Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: Mziray, W.R Ethnobotanical research in the Usambaras.In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p This paper examines the ethnobotanical practices of the Usambaramountains communities in Tanzania, their influence on environmental deterioration and the degree to which they have been researched. The general values of exploiting ethnobotanical knowledge and the need to document and preserve it an highlighted. A case is made for continued research in this field, on the Usambaras. The whole question is addressed from the socio-econonomic and conservation perspective. It is observed that the Usambara-mountains communities are a potentially rich source of valuable traditional information on plant uses owing to their long and persistent adherence to ethnic practices and the unique flora surrounding them. In spite of this, precious little scientific research has been conducted to solicit, verify and document that knowledge which could, otherwise, be profitably utilised. It is further suggested that such practices may have inadvertently contributed to the degradation of the ecosystem. Consequently, it is proposed that ethnobotanical research on the Usambaras be focused both on documenting potentially economic plants and the effects of pertinent traditional practices on the vegetation. Emphasis is placed on the urgency of the research and appropriate conservation measures Namwanda, P. and Ngaboyamahina, T A comparative study of Coleoptera diversity and abundance in disturbed and undisturbed forest in Amani Nature Reserve In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, p This study was conducted in disturbed and undisturbed forest of Eastern Usambara Mountains in Amani Nature Reserve. We compared the relative abundance and diversity of Coleopteran families in both habitats. Three methods were used: Pit fall traps, leaf litter extractions and beating tray. Analyses were done using the G-statistic (test of independence) to determine significance of counts. Diversity was measured using Simpson s index of diversity. The results showed that the undisturbed forest had higher abundance and diversity of Coleopteran families as compared to disturbed forest. However, it was also found that relative humidity and % shade did not affect the abundance and diversity of Coleoptera in both habitats Nduwamungu, J., Kajembe, G.C., Malimbwi, R.E., Mbillinyi,

232 225 B.P. & Luoga, E.J Household tree planting in Kilosa district, Tanzania. Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation 75: The objective of this study was to assess household tree planting efforts and to investigate current constraints to afforestation in Kilosa district, Tanzania. The results of the study showed that 77% of farmers in the district have planted trees in their farms, whether by themselves or previous farm owners. The average total number of planted trees was estimated to be (s.e) trees per household. Men headed household tended to have more planted trees { (s.e)} than female-headed households { (s.e)}. Middle age households had planted more trees { (s.e)} than younger { (s.e)} and elder households { (s.e)}. Tree planting appeared to be positively influenced by farm size and education. Fruit trees dominated in the home gardens (53%) while non-fruits trees were more abundant far away from homestead. An investigation of constraints to tree planting and tending revealed that lack of seedlings (32% of respondents), shortage of designated planting sites (24% and uncertainty over land ownership appeared to be the most important obstacles to tree planting in the district. It was surprising that land shortage became as the second leading constraint to tree planting despite the apparent low density of human population (32 people per km2 in 2000). The study concludes by recommending that in order to promote tee planting in the country s rural areas, farmers have to be assisted in production of seedlings. Other necessary prerequisites are effective landuse planning and clear secured tenure over land Nielsen, M.R Underlying Causes of Wildlife Exploitation in the Udzungwa Mountains.. Study funded through the MEMA Biodiversity Research Advisory Group (BRAG). Iringa District Council. Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida Nielsen, M.R., Importance, cause and effect of bushmeat hunting in theudzungwa Mountains, Tanzania: Implications for community based wildlife management. Biological conservation 128: Community Based Wildlife Management (CBWM) has been suggested as a conservation strategy in response to bushmeat hunting in the Udzungwa Mountains within the Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot. The feasibility of CBWM based on meat cropping was therefore evaluated in New Dabaga/Ulangambi Forest Reserve (ND/UFR). Comparison of relative wildlife densities with West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, which is subject to only low hunting pressure, indicate that most relevant populations are severely depleted (Cephalophus monticola, C. harveyi and C. spadix, Potamochoerus larvatus) and hence that sustainable harvesting currently is not possible in ND/UFR. Records of catch from hunters in the villages surrounding ND/UFR indicate that bushmeat is of relatively low importance in terms of use and contribution to protein

233 226 intake. Proximity to ND/UFR and secondarily population size in the different villages is positively correlated with hunting intensity and depletion of wildlife. Comparisons between hunters and non-hunters in terms of wealth measures show that hunting is linked to poverty and low protein intake. An estimation of maximum sustainable harvest in ND/UFR reveals that CBWM only has limited capacity to reduce these causes of hunting, maintain the communities interest and offset the opportunity costs of conservation. Results of this study suggest that conservation efforts in ND/UFR should focus on protecting wildlife against exploitation instead of encouraging use and dependence through CBWM. Supporting efforts should attempt to facilitate a complete shift to domestic sources of meat, by increasing the number of domestic animals in the poorest part of the population Nehmdahl, H The Mgera soil and water conservation trial. Chemistry Derpartment and Derpartment of Agricutural Science. Royal Verterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark. 34 pp. Three soil and water conservation measures (SWCM) were tested 3 growing seasons in a field trial in the sub-humid part of the Southern Highlands, Iringa Region, Tanzania. The tested measures were: Vetiveria zizanioides grass lines on the contour, Calliandra calothyrsus hedgerows on the contour, and tied contour ridges. These plot types were tested against plots with flat cultivation (control plots). Flat cultivation is practised by almost all local farmers. Maize and beans were used as test crop in all 3 seasons. The soil at the trail site was a deeply weathered Ultisol. Classic runoff plots were established on a 29% slope and amount of soil and water lost in erosive rains measured. Laboratory analyses on soil and water samples allowed estimates on plant nutrient loss due to water caused soil erosion. Nutrient loss by leaching and by crop removal were also estimated. Because soil erodibility did change between the seasons and within the seasons, a poor correlation between rain erosivity and soil loss was found. Total average soil loss was 111.2; 27.5; 8.5; and 1.7 tons/ha from control plots, Calliandra plots, ridged plots and Vetiveria plots respectively. The volume of water lost due to surface runoff, and expressed in mm of rainfall, was 180.3; 102.1; 58.3 and 26.0 mm in the same plot type order. All SWCM significantly reduced the amounts of soil and water lost by runoff. Erosive down pours in fast succession during the 3. season though, resulted in high soil and water losses from the Calliandra plots. Large amounts of plant nutrients, organic carbon and clay were lost from the control plots. Nitrogen and phosphorous lost by runoff from the control plots were equivalent to the amounts of N and P in 8-9 tons maize grain. On average 5% of the topsoil was lost from the control plots during the 3 years. There are strong indications for, like in other studies carried out on weathered tropical soils, that a soil loss rate of this magnitude, within short time will lead to a dramatic and often un-recoverable crop yield decline. More plant nutrients were lost by leaching than by surface runoff from Vetiver plots. The soil at the Mgera site does drain rapidly after saturation. Water conserved in

234 227 protected plots will most likely increase the water flow through the root system rather than increase evapotranspiration. There were indications of Vetiver grass lines changing lateral subsurface flow of water Nero, B.F. and Mohamed, M.M.B.2005.Seedling dynamics under maesopsis tree canopy in different forest conditions at Amani Nature Reserve (ANR). In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, pp There is much discussion on the threat of Maesopsis in Amani on native floral diversity. A study was conducted to examine the seedling kinds and seedling diversity and distribution under Maesopsis trees in three forest conditions. Adhoc and systematic sampling, including transects were adopted in collecting data. A total of 59 Forest tree species were existing under the Maesopsis trees. Populations of seedlings under Maesopsis and native trees were not significantly different. About 63% of the seedlings under Maesopsis were climax species. Diversity was highest under Maesopsis trees in the secondary forest. Significantly higher numbers of seedlings existed within the inner 2m-radius of the crown than the outer part Newmark, W.D Tropical forest fragmentation and the local extinction of understory birds in eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Conservation Biology 5: The local extinction of understory forest species in small forest fragments in the Amani area (Karimi, Ngombo tea estates and Amani West Forest Reserve) illustrates the extremely high conservation value of the remaining large blocks of native forest in the East Usambara Mountains. It is probably within these that the species most vulnerable to forest fragmentation-the rare and forest interior species-can be conserved. Given the low density of many forest bird species in the East Usambaras an area much larger than 521 ha would be required to maintain long-term viable populations. Six species of birds, the Usambara Eagle Owl, Dappled Mountain robin, Long-billed Apalis, Amani Sunbird, Banded Green Sunbird, and the Tanzanian Moutnain Weaver found in the East Usambaras are globally threatened. All of these hae been recorded in only one or two other localities outside the East Usambaras, and even there, they all occur at a very low densities. The protection of the remaining ntural forest, particularly in the Amani area is vital to the conservation of these species. Most of the forested areas withn the 18 reserves tends to be in relatively small areas (x = 677 ha, range ) and the largest blocks of protected forest are not in contact with each other. Because many of the forest birds species are found at low density, and are inhibited from crossing major forest gaps, the establishment of protected forest corridors between the existing reserves is probably critical to the conservation of many forest bird species. While research data are not available, it is suggested that corriodors would probaly need to be a minimum of 600 m

235 228 in width in order to ensure the uninhibited movement of understory forest interior species Newmark, W.D Recommendations for wildlife corridors and the extension and management of forest reserves in the East Usambara mountains, Tanzania. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 4. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Newmark, W.D. 1993a. A Progress Report: Impact of Tropical Forest Fragmentaion upon understory bird populations in the Usambara Mountains. 4 pp. Research conducted 30 July-4 September 1993 in East Usambara Mountains at Karimjee Tea Estate at Monga and at Ambangulu Tea Estate in the West Usambara Mountains. 465 birds were captured in the Eastern Usambaras and 790 in the Western Usambars during 8748 net hours. Of these 1255 individuals, about 30% were previously ringed from former years. Results after 7 years of ringing understory birds indicate that forest interior and rare species are the most prone to extinction for both individual forest fragements as well as across the archipelago of forest fragements. About one-fifth of the understory bird species appear incapable of crossing gaps in the forest wider than m. A partial turnover of bird species has occurred during the last seven years on forest fragments in the Usambaras. However, this turnover is restricted primarily to the replacement of one forest edge species by another of the forest edge. Many species show significant temporal variability in numbers and this is probably an important predictor of both local as well as regional probabilities of extinction. Results from the seven years of study indicate that even extremely selective logging of forests in the Usambaras has an adverse impact upon many of the understory bird species. The relative abundance of thrush species decreases signifcantly in areas that have been even slightly disturbed. This may be due to the increase in density of understory vegetation; this denser understory vegetation which results of the opening of the forest canopy is a physical impediment to ground feeding insectivorous birds. Many of the thrushes are also adversely affected by forest fragmentation Newmark, W.D.1993b. The role and design of wildlife corridors with examples from Tanzania. Ambio: 22 (8): Many protected areas (nature reserves representing habitat fragments) worldwide will be too small to maintain long-term viable populations of many of their resident species. However, it may be possible to reduce adverse 'island' effects by linking adjacent protected areas with wildlife corridors. Wildlife corridors are defined here as habitat that permits the movement of organisms between ecological isolates. Corridors should be designed for those species within a protected area that are considered to be most vulnerable to extinction. For these species knowledge about the

236 229 habitat requirements, dispersal, seasonal movements, avoidance behaviour, and learning behaviour are important for the design of corridors. The ability of a species to use a corridor successfully is dependent in part upon the width and length of the corridor. In most cases, the determination of the minimum corridor width will be an empirical calculation. Many of the practical challenges of designing wildlife corridors are examined by presenting examples of proposed wildlife corridors in the Eastern Usambara Mountains and on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. In the East Usambara Mountains deforestation is rapid - only 58% of the original tropical forest at >600 m altitude and 15% of the lowland forest below this altitude remain, and the remaining forest is fragmented into 5 blocks of ha. Understorey birds were used as target species in designing wildlife corridors in this area. At Mount Kilimanjaro (a World Heritage Site) upland and lowland habitats have become separated thus disrupting the movement of many large mammals. Only one natural corridor remains and some species have already become extinct. Protection of this corridor is proposed Newmark, W.D Conserving biological diversity in Tanzanian Eastern Arc forests (Draft). Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism & Forestry and Beekeeping Division, [Dar es Salaam]. iv [8] pp Newmark, W.D. (ed.) Proceedings of the workshop on ecological monitoring for biodiversity in the East Usambaras, from 8-13 July, Department of Zoology and Marine Biology & Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam and East Usambara Catchment Forest Project, Dar es Salaam and Tanga. The proceedings include invited papers on different monitoring techniques, and recommendations and proposals by the workshop on issues that need to be addressed. These are: Identification and location of treatment and control sites; (2)..development of sampling and recording protocols for local technicians; (3) specification of the desired resolution of monitoring; (4) establishment of data storage ands retrieval systems; and (5) clarification of the roles and responsibilities of different parties in the ecological monitoring, 820. Newmark, D.W Forest area, fragmentation, and loss in the eastern arc mountains: implications for the conservation of biological diversity. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87:29-36 An understanding of forest area, fragmentation and loss is central to developing strategies to conserve biological diversity in the Eastern Arc Mountains. Using recent 1:250,000 land cover and use maps (Tanzanian

237 230 Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 1996) and 1:250,000 and 1:500,000 topographic maps, I examine natural forest area, fragmentation, and loss in the Eastern Arc Mountains. I estimate the maximum total area of natural forest, open as well as closed forest, in the Eastern Arc Mountains is 5,340 km 2. The remaining natural forest in the Eastern Arc Mountains is highly fragmented. The median patch size is 10.1 km 2, and the mean patch size is 58.1 km 2. Based upon the estimates of various workers, approximately 1,461 km 2 of closed forest remains in the Eastern Arc Mountains or 27% of the remaining natural forest. Comparisons of the current to prehistoric forest cover suggest that 77% of the original forest has been lost over the last approximately 2,000 years Newmark, W.D., Goodman, S.M. & Stanley, W.T Impact of Tropical Forest Fragmentation on Bird and Small Mammal Populations in the Usambara Mountains. Progress Report. 5 pp. Results from fieldwork carried out between 17 July and 5 September 1992 in the E. and W. Usambaras. Six weeks were spent on the Karimjee Tea Estate at Monga in the East Usambaras and one week at Ambangulu in the West Usambaras. 950 birds were captured in the East Usambaras and 480 in the West Usambaras. About 20% were recaptured of birds which had been ringed during previous studies. Using live and snap traps and pitfall traps, small mammals were sampled. Rodents captured included Praomys delectorum, Hylomyscus denniae, Grammomys sp., Beamys hindei, Graphiurus murinus, Aethomys kaiseri and Lphuromys. Insectivores (shrews) were also caputed and are in the process of being identified. It would appear that the shrews are more forest dependent than the rodents. It is clear that the small mammal faunas of the Eastern Arc mountains are poorly known, even the comparatively better studied Usambaras Newmark, W.D., Leonard, N.L., Sariko, H. & Gamassa, D Conservation Attitudes of Local People Living Adjacent to Five Protected Areas in Tanzania. Bio. Conservation 63: A quetionnaire survey of conservation attitudes of 1190 people living adjacent to Arusha, Tarangire, Lake Manyara and Mikumi National Parks and theselous Game Reserve showed that over 71% were opposed to the suggested abolishment of the adjacent protected areas. They view poachers as law-breakers, but generally do not hold positive attitudes towards protected area employees. The principal focus of extension programmes by protected areas should be to break down the mistrust of protected area employees by local people. Environmental education programmes focussed only on education of local people as to the value of wildlife will not be effective in reducing conflict. Results suggest that attitudes of local people towards protected area managers are strongly influenced not only by past contacts with protected area employees but also by the services and benefits they personally receive. Extension programmes should be designed which not only establish permanent lines of dialogue with park managers but also provide direct and tangible

238 231 benefits to local people. Programmes that provide direct and tangible benefits to local people should be combined with those that ares designed to educate villagers at the role of management in providing the broader, but in most cases less direct, benefits of generating revenue and foreign exchange and protecting wildlife. A secondary focus of programmes should be to reduce the conflict between local people and wildlife. The promotion of land-use practices in Tanzania that maintain low human density on adjacent lands is probably the most desirable long-term strategy. Results suggest that as affluence and resource problems strongly influence attitudes towards conservation, major donors should be encouraged to target rural development programmes at communities living adjacent to protected areas. Such programmes should be linked to the protected area by either integrating them into existing wildlife or park extension programmes or by clearly explaining to local communities that the rural development programmes are intended to reduce conflict between the protected area and adjacent community. This study is of major importance to our understanding of people/parks/forest reserve issues. Similar studies need to be conducted in communities living adjacent to forest reserves. It is important to identify and attempt to quantify the views of villagers before embarking on education as well as development programmes Newmark, W.D., Manyanza, D.N., Gamassa, D.M. & Sariko, H.I The conflict between wildlife and local people living adjacent to protected areas in Tanzania: human density as a predictor. Conservation Biology 8 (1): A questionnaire survey was conducted in Tanzania of 1396 local people living adjacent to Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Tarangire, Lake Manyara, and Mikumi National Parks and the Selous Game Reserve. Over 71 % of local people surveyed reported problems with wildlife. The relative frequency of reported conflict with wildlife was significantly and inversely related to human density on lands adjacent to a protected area. Of those local people who reported having problems with wildlife, 86% reported crop damage, while 10% reported the killing of livestock and poultry. The problematic wildlife species also varied significantly with human density. Large animals were more problematic at low human densities, while small animals were more problematic at high human densities. Local people were generally less effective in controlling small-bodied species than large bodied species. The relative frequency of reported success in controlling wildlife varied significantly with human density and was bimodal: local people were less effective in controlling wildlife at lower and higher human densities. This bimodal relationship suggests that, even if all protected areas in Tanzania were abolished, local people would continue to experience problems with wildlife at high human densities. To minimize the conflict between wildlife and local people, land uses associated with low human diversity that are non-attractive to wildlife should be encouraged on lands adjacent to protected areas in Tanzania.

239 Ngaga, Y.N., Consumption of sawnwood, poles and wood based panel products in Iringa region and consumption of woodfuel in Dabaga village. Working paper No.3. HIMA/DANIDA Iringa. 13 pp. Estimates of present consumption of sawnwood, poles and wood based panel products in Iringa region, and present consumption of woodfuel in Dabaga village in 1990 are made. Survey of traders and sources of these products was conducted in August September Consumption of sawnwood in Iringa Region in 1990 is estimated to be 9,430 m 3. This gives a per 1000 capital sawnwood consumption of 59m 3. About 55% of the total sawnwood consumed in the regions is softwoods while 45% as hardwoods. On the other hand, estimated consumption of poles are 1.2 million running metres (r.m) giving a per 1000 capital consumption of r.m. Consumption of wood based panels is 11, 920 sheets or 120 m 3. The average domestic sawnwood prices in 1990 are TAS 63,000/m 3 TAS 29,750/m 3 and TAS 17,500/m 3 for find hardwoods, general utility hardwoods and softwoods respectively. The average price of poles in 1990 was TAS 25/r.m. in Iringa municipality and TAS 17.50/r.m. in other districts whereas the price of hardboards in 1990 is TAS 920/sheet or TAS 92,000/m 3. The per capital consumption of fuelwood and charcoal in Dabaga village in 1990 are 1.3 m 3 and 0.07m 3 respectively giving an overall per capital woodfuel consumption of 1.4 m Ngatunga, E.L Soil erosion studies at Mlingano on the Eastern Usambara uplands. [MSc.(Agric.) Thesis]. University of Dar es Salaam This study was an attempt to monitor erosion rates and factors influencing it in the Usambara uplands Nicholson, S.E Recent rainfall fluctuations in Africa and their relationships to past conditions over the continent. The Holocene 4: Nicoll, M. & Rathbun, G African Insectivora and Elephantshrews: an Action Plan for their Conservation. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge Nkunya, M.H.H., Weenen, H., Renner, C., Waibel, R. & Achenbach, H Benzylated dihydrochalcones from Uvaria leptocladon. Phytochemistry 32 (5): U. leptocladon, a shrub which grows in the West Usambara Mountains, is traditionally used to treat cerebral malaria. Two new C-benzylated dihydrochalcones (which exhibit antimicrobial activities), triuvaretin and isotriuvaretin, and four known compounds, (uvaretin and isouvaretin, which xhibit cytotoxic properties, and diuvaretin and angoluvarin) were isolated from the EtOH extract of the root bark (collected from Tanzania).

240 233 Their structures were established from spectral data Noah, L.G Tree nurseries. Uluguru Slopes Planning Project GoT, EU, Royal Society for Protection of Birds (RSPB), report No NORAD, Evaluation of Sao Hill Sawmill report, 383. Oslo, NORAD, 73 pp. The report is divided into 2 parts: Main report and technical appendices. The main report describes the history of the Sawmill ;its activities; its relationship to the Forest Division Afforestation Programme and the Southern Paper Mill; its role in the Tanzanian economy and the socioeconomic impact of the project on the surrounding area. There is a very brief evaluation of the environmental impact of the mill. The plantation of pine species in a monoculture is not as beneficial for the environment as a well stocked indigenous forest or a mixed species. It is, however, a far better land use than what was replaced: grassland where destructive annual fires were raging or slash-and-burn cultivation, both uses having serious ecological consequences Nordeco Community Based Monitoring of Natural Forest Use and Forest Quality. Preliminary Manual. Iringa District Council, Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida Nordeco, Community Based Monitoring of Natural Forest Use and Foresters Notes. Iringa District Council. Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida Nordeco, Ufuatiliaji shirikishi wa matumizi ya mali asili na uboreshaji msitu. Mwongozo wa awali. Iringa District Council. Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida Nordeco, Short-term Consultancy to develop Biodiversity Monitoring for the MEMA Projects. Final Report. Iringa District Council. Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida Norton-Griffiths, M The numbers and distribution of large mammals in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. East African Wildlife Journal 13: The study establishes the numbers and distribution of large mammals such as elephant, and buffalo in the Ruaha National Park by carrying out two aerial sample counts in the park during the dry season of 1972 and a wet season of Population estimates of elephant, buffalo and other large mammals were made, and trend surface analysis was used to identify the basic gradients and contours of density, diversity and biomass within the park. A cluster analysis, based on similarities between principal component scores and validated by multiple discriminant analysis, produced a classification of the park into three regions which differed significantly in

241 234 densities, diversity and biomass. Ruaha Park carries year round a high density of elephants (1.7 km -2 ). Seasonal movements into and out of the park were not found, although movements within and between regions could be detected Norton,G. & Hawkins, D Vegetation monitoring programme.60, Fen Road, Cambridge, CB4 1 TX, England. A brief report of phase one. Mikumi National Park is centred on the Mkata Flood Plain, 300km west of the Tanzanian capital, Dar es Salaam. Mikumi has a striking variety of vegetation types within a relatively small area. This creates a rich mosaic of habitats for park fauna. It is an area of high biological diversity and therefore of great conservation importance. Effective management to maintain this diversity must be based on an understanding of the determinants of vegetation patterns of Mikumi National Park. The aim of this programme is to help such an understanding to be attained Norton,W., Rhine, R.J., Wynn, G.W., Wynn, R.D., Baboon Diet: A Five-Year Study of Stability and Variability in the Plant Feeding and Habitat of the Yellow Baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Folia primatol. 48: The habitat and plant feeding of 64 well-habituated, individually identified adult male and female yellow baboons was studied for 5 years at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Variation across the years showed that a study of only one or two years would have been incomplete and misleading. The list of baboon food species obtained from Mikumi is considerably larger and more diverse than any previously reported. One to six plant parts were eaten from each of more than 180 species. The 25 most common tree general all contained species used for food. Of the 50 most common grass, shrub and herb genera, 93% included plant foods. Using months in which a species was eaten during at least one year of the study, 21 staple species were eaten during a mean of 8.86 months and 7 were eaten in all 12 months. Although many foods were from commonly available plant species, 15 such species were only rarely eaten. The number of parts of a species eaten per month and an estimate of the amounts eaten per month both varied with temperature and rainfall, being lowest near the end of the cool, dry season. There were substantial differences from year to year in the timing and amount of food production of many species; nevertheless, the same broad feeding pattern was repeated in each of the 5 years of the study. Despite yearly variation in food availability, 14 or more staples and other common foods were eaten in any given month. If crops of many of these foods were to fail, a large number of less commonly eaten species could be substituted. Baboons are electric feeders that appear to be optimizing their diet by selective feeding from among a wide array of available foods in an ever-changing floristic environment.

242 Nottmeyer, O Die Glimmer-Pegmatit-Vorkommen der Tschensema-Syndicate Limited in Ulugurugebirge und die Aussischten einer bergmannischen Gewinnung von Ntuzglimmer. Unpublished Report of the Uluguru Mica Company, Tschensema Nshubemuki, L. & Mugasha, A.G Chance discoveries and germ-plasm conservation in Tanzania: some observations on 'reserved' trees. Environmental Conservation 22(1): The concept of chance discoveries (serendipity) has been examined with respect to ex-situ conservation of 'reserved' trees in Tanzania, where selection has little regard to climatic matching. There are 18 such 'reserved' species in Tanzania, designated as such because they are subject to excessive exploitation. The use of serendipity in conservation is a departure from traditional practice, support for which is offered by 2 examples: the introduction, and subsequent growth, of Maesopsis eminii into the East Usambaras (914 m altitude, mean annual rainfall 1750 mm), a very different climatic region from its usual wet tropical/montane area (altitude>240 m); and the growth of the dry-savanna species Acacia sieberiana var. sieberiana and A. seyal at Lushoto, in a wetter and cooler ecozone than normal. Some shortcomings of the concept of serendipity with regard to medicinal uses are outlined. It is urged that the concept be tested where ecosystems replace one another through successions. Five constituent steps of such tests are: exploration and listing of the species that are most endangered, bearing in mind the extent of their foreseen danger, conservation goals, and conservation urgency; establishing the successional status of the species that are endangered; collection of germplasm/regeneration material; introduction to a new ecozone; and evaluation of resulting material in the light of conservation goals Nsolomo V.R., Development of a wood production programme for the Magadu Village. Special project in B.Sc. (Foresty). Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Nsolomo, V. & Chamshama, S.A.O Human Impacts on some Catchment Forest Reserves in Morogoro Region. p in Mgeni, A.S.M., W.S. Abeli, S.A.O. Chamshama & G.S. Kowero (eds): Proceedings of a Joint Seminar/Workshop on Management of Natural Forests of Tanzania. Faculty of Forestry, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, Faculty of Forestry Record No Nsolomo, V.R. & Venn, K Forest fungal diseases of Tanzania: background and current status. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 8: A review of the background and current status of forest diseases in Tanzania is presented in this article. Outbreaks of the most destructive exotic and indigenous diseases are addressed and currently known diseases of both indigenous and exotic trees, including ornamental and

243 236 agroforestry trees, are tabulated to form a preliminary checklist. It is concluded that more knowledge on forest diseases is still required and therefore further research is necessary to reveal the full extent of the diseases in both natural and plantation forests Nsolomo, V.R. & Venn, K Decay fungi of O. usambarensis Engl. tree in the Usambara and Kilimanjaro mountain rain forests. In: Fungal diseases of trees in Tanzania with emphasis on stem decay of the East African camphor tree, Ocotea usambarensis Engl. V. R. Nsolomo. Agricultural University of Norway. Doctor Scientiarum Theses 1996: Nsolomo, V.R. & Venn, K Heartrot of the East African camphor tree, Ocotea usambarensis, in the Usambara and Kilimanjaro mountain rain forests, Tanzania. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record 67. p Results of a diagnostic survey of the heartrot of Ocotea usambarensis Engl.in the Usambara and Kilimanjaro mountain rain forests are reported in this review. The symptoms, signs, infection courts and the ways by which the decay is transmitted from mother to young trees are also outlined. The succession of fungi in standing trees during infection and colonization was described and defined by the niches available in the decaying stems and by the roles of the fungi in such niches. Pathogenicity tests using the fungi from the tree were carried out on living trees in the forests while the decay ability of the fungi, their temperature and ph requirements and the effect of oxygen stress on the fungi were investigated under in vitro conditions. The heartrot, characterized by butt rot and main stem decay, attacks both the heart wood and sapwood. Trees of different age and sizes are susceptible to the decay which is commonly referred to as the heartrot of 0. usambarensis. A total of 72 species of fungi were isolated from decay of standing trees, 12 of which were basidiomycetes and 60 were non-basidiomycetes. Some fungi were only able to attack and decompose dead wood of the tree species but not wood of living trees. These included 14 larger fungi which were collected from dead wood of the tree species and belonged to six families namely the Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, Ganodermataceae, Schizophylaceae, Corticiaceae and Xylariaceae. About 70 percent of the fungi tested were white rot fungi which possessed enzymes capable of digesting lignin and this explains why infected trees later developed hollow stems. These results summarize the diagnosis and clarify the processes involved in the decay of this important timber tree species which has been a subject of concern throughout the East African region Ntumbo, E.M The spread and establishment of Pterocarpus angolensis DC in the Mindu area, Morogoro. MSc.(For) Theses. University of Dar es Salaam.

244 Nummelin, M. & Nshubemuki, L.N Seasonality and structure of the arthropod community in a forested valley in the uluguru mountains, eastern Tanzania. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: The structure of an arthropod community in the forest floor vegetation was studied in a low altitude (about 700 m a.s.l) forest valley in the Uluguru Mountains near Morogoro, Tanzania, by monthly sweep net sampling during one year (December November 1997). The community structure of arthropods changed relatively little during the study period. Eight groups (Araneae, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera) made up over 95% of all the arthropod individuals caught. There were seasonal peaks in the abundances. The highest numbers of arthropods per sample were found during the late rainy season and early dry season (May-August). Arthropod groups generally follow the rainfall pattern, in particular the abundance of Diptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera increases with rains Nussbaum, R.A. & H. Hinel Revision of East African caecilians of the genera Arocaecilia Taylor and Boulengerula Tornier (Amphibia, Gymnophiona, Caecilidae). Copeia 1994: Nyandat, E.; Rwekika, E.; Galeffi, C., Palazzino, G. and Nicoletti, M Olinioside, 5-(4-0-B-D-glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyloxy- 5, 6-dihydro-4-methyl-(2h)-pyran-2-one from Olinia usambarensis. Phytochemistry. 33 (6): From an extract of root bark of Olinia usambarensis, which showed antifeedant activity, 5-(4-0 B-D- glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyloxy-5,6- dihydro-4-methyl-(2h)-pyran-2-one, named olinioside, caffeic acid, and 4-0-B-D glucopyranosylcaffeic acid were isolated. The structure of olinioside was assigned by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The genus Olinia, including eight to ten African species, constitutes the family Oliniaceae (Myrtales). The occurence of prunasin and tannins in some south African species is reported. Olinia usambarensis is a bush, whose bitter bark is used as a digestion coadjuvant and the root as a ebrifuge and an emetic in the traditional medicine of eastern Africa Nyika, J.A Forests as A Resource in Pare District. Journal Geographical Association of Tanzania 6: Forests cover about 4% of district. Forests are important for a number of uses: sacred sites, catchment, hunting, poles, protection against soil erosion; grazing. Notes absence of studies and research on these forests.

245 Nykvist, N Meteorological data for Sao Hill-Mufindi Area. Tanzania Technical Note (New Series) No. 26. All meteorological data found in the publication from the meteorological Department and estimated to be of importance for the 70,000 hectare (700 Km2) Sao Hill project are summarised. Rainfall data suggest that in a period of 20 years, there are mostly one or two remarkably dry years. Temperature, evaporation, Humidity, Wind speed, and water use by pines, are also discussed. Histograms are extensively used, to illustrate the variation of the climatic elements Nzunda, E.F & Nhemati, S.A Assessment of vegetative diversity of forest management zones and their contribution to meet the needs of forest adjacent communities around Udzungwa Mountains Forests. Final DRAFT. Study funded through the MEMA Biodiversity Research Advisory Group (BRAG). Iringa District Council. Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida O Shea, B. (1995). Checklist of the mosses of sub-saharan Africa. Tropical Bryology 10: There is an updated electronic version 2 distributed through Internet: BBS home page main menu ( document Ochyra, R., Bednarek-Ochyra, H., Pócs, T. & Crosby, M.R The Moss Adelothecium bogotense in Continental Africa, with a review of its world range. The Bryologist 95 (3): Adelothecium bogotense (Hampe) Mitt. is reported for the first time from continental Africa, where it was collected in the Uluguru Mountains in eastern Tanzania. The African material is described and illustrated, and the world distribution of the species is reviewed and mapped. The African record represents a significant disjunct extension in the range of A. bogotense, and it is suggested that the occurrence of the species in Africa and Madagascar has a long historical foundation Ogrzewalska, M.and Awoyemi, S Investigating the activity patterns of a land slug species of Amani Nature Reserve, East usambara mountains, and Tanzania. In Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.p There is little background information on ecology of land slugs in Amani Nature Reserve. The study focused on the activity patterns of a common species of slug at two sites 3 days each. We sought to find out if relationships existed between parameters such as weight, location, time of day, weather, and activity patterns. It was observed that there appeared to be a pattern of activity. Individuals A and B suggested a six-hour periodicity. And there tends to be a relationship between weight and activity as smaller slugs were more active.

246 Ole-Meiludie, R.E.L Skidding by farm tractors at Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania. M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. of Dar es Salaam. This study was conducted between September 1978 and March 1979 at the Sao Hill where there is an established sawmill. The study was aimed at assessing the potential use of two types of farm tractors in the skidding operation ford county (four wheel drive) and Ford 6600 (rear-wheel drive). The data obtained were for clear felling stands of years old Pinus patula in which the standing volume was approximately 50 m 3 /ha. Time studies, productivity, costs and tractive forces for log-length and tree length skidding were recorded to ascertain the most suitable skidding methods. The results of this study are then provided O kting ati, A. Monela, G. and Dale, T The potential of Tectona grandis at Mtibwa to act as a carbon sink: In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67. p The field work took place at Mtibwa Teak Project, Morogoro, Tanzania. Two compartments were dealt with. Six trees from each compartment were selected, representing the diameter range between cm dbh. The trees were felled and divided into stem and branches. The leaves were gathered and the root system excavated. Total fresh weights were measured. Sub samples of the components were weighed fresh in the field and brought to laboratory for moisture content determination. Total dry weights of the components were calculated, using the dry to fresh weight ratio. It was found that the dry weight increased with increasing dbh for all components. This was not true when height was included. Stemwood density was found to be and g/cm 3 on average for compartments No. 1 and 2 respectively. The share of biomass in the different tree components did not vary significantly with a change in tree size. The stem to total biomass ratio was rather constant within te diameter range of the sample trees. Thus, stem biomass was used as a basis for calculating total biomass. A simple regression equation for total biomass TOB= DBH was performed for the material. The equation explained 87% of the variation in total biomass, and a test of significance showed that both coefficients had proved useful in determining the association. Priority was given to calculate the net fixation of carbon dioxide per hectare during a rotation period. Stem volume increment data were converted to biomass using he basic density of teak of g/cm 3 cited in the literature and 37% were added as the contribution of branches and roots to the total and about 50% of the dry weight was assumed to be carbon. Conversation from carbon to carbon dioxide was done by multiplying the molecular weights in the relation CO 2 /C. The alternatives of fixation for a rotation period of 60 years with regards to growth and yield patters were calculated. One corresponded to best site quality teak plantation yield and stand table for India. The other was

247 240 synthesized from present thinning schedule and previous growth performance studies, indicating vigorous growth is early stages for Tanzanian plantations. Different average time in use and decay rates for tree components and products were incorporated. No decay while in use was assumed, and a lincar decomposition pattern was adopted. The alternative following Indian stand and yield table sequestered a total of 595 ton CO 2 /ha after 60 years, which give an average annual fixation of 10 ton CO 2 /ha. The alternative adopting modified extraction schedule and growth for Tanzania, sequestered a total of 844 ton CO 2 /ha, leading to an annual average fixation of 14 ton CO 2 /ha. Different growth development, thinning and assortment percentages contributed to the variation in the results Olson, D.& Dinerstein, E The Global 200: a representation approach to conserving the Earth s most biologically valuable eco-regions. Conserv. Biol. 12: Openshaw, K Forest industries development planning, Tanzania. Present consumption and future requirements of wood in Tanzania. (FAO Report) No. FO: SF/TAN 15, Technical Report 3, vii + 93 pp Openshaw, K. sd Woodfuel Survey: Measurement problems and solutions to these problems: paper for FAO Guidelines for fuelwood Survey, Division of Forestry, Morogoro, University of Dar es Salaam (unpublished) Owen, M East Usambaras Conservation and Development Project. Forest products survey. Bellettin Foundation, Nairobi Parry, M.S Progress with hardwood replacement in Tanganyika. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. 12p. Paper presented at the 7 th British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 1957, on the artificial regeneration of Chlorophora excelsa, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea welwitschii, and Pterocarpus angolensis Parry, M.S., and Willan, R.L Tanganyika: exotic forest trees in the British Commonwealth. Statement prepared for the Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam,. 25 p Pedersen, E.M Snakes. pp In: The Study Tour to East Africa The Natural History-Geographical Subject Group, University of Copenhagen. Brief notes on snakes from Kilimanjaro and Amani Pegler D.N A preliminary agaric flora of East Africa. Kew Bull., Add. Series 6:1-615.

248 Perdue Jr., R. E Systematic botany in the development of Vernonia glamensis as a new industrial oilseed crop for the semi-arid tropics. Acta Univ.Ups. symb.bot. Ups. XXVIII (3): Vernonia glamensis seed are a good source of epoxy (vernolic) acid; this species is a promising new industrial oilseed crop for the semi-arid tropics and subtropics. Current taxonomic knowledge provides guidance to develop a strategy for exploration for germplasm to provide greater seedling vigor, increased drought resistance and other desirable characteristics Perkin, A., Bearder, S., Butynski, T. M., Agwanda, B. and Bytebier, B., The Taita mountain dwarf galago Galagoides sp: a new primate for Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History 91: 1 13 Surveys in the forests of the Taita Hills yielded a new primate record for Kenya. Basedon direct observations and tape recordings of its vocalizations, this primate is identified as a dwarf galago Galagoides sp. Identification to the species level is not possible at this stage as molecular data are not available, and more morphological and vocalization data are required. The vocal repertoire of the Taita mountain dwarf galago is qualitatively different from other known populations of dwarf galagos, including the mountain dwarf galago Galagoides orinus and the Zanzibar galago Galagoides zanzibaricus cocos. The Taita mountain dwarf galago might represent a hitherto unknown subspecies, or even species. The possible identity of the Taita mountain dwarf galago is briefly discussed in terms of biogeography. We also confirmed the presence of Garnett s small-eared galago Otolemur garnettii lasiotis and present biometric measurements from trapped animals Perret, J.-L Les espèces du genre Nectophrynoides d Afrique (Batraciens, Bufonides) Ann. Fac. Sci. Cameroun 6: Perret, J. L Les espe'ces des genres Wolterstorffina et Nectophrynoides d'afrique (Amphibia Bufonidae). Ann. Fac. Sci. Cameroun 1972 (11): Perret, J.L Revision des especes africaine du genre Cnemaspis Strauch, sous-genre Ancylodacrylus Muller (Lacertilia, Gekkonidae) avec la description de quatre especes nouvelle. Revue suisse Zoologie 93: Describes new species of forest geckos from the Eastern Arc.

249 Persson, A. 1971a. Growing trees for fuel and Poles at Mombo, Tanga Region. Tanzania Tech. Note (New Series) No. 17. A comparison between six fuelwood species when grown in a dry area on a clay soil. The design of the experiment was a Latin Square with six treatment and consequently six replication. Each subplot was planted with 5 x 5 trees the spacing used was 4.44 x 4.44 m. The species tried were Azadirachta indica, Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus C Zanzibar, Eucalyptus saligna and Gmelina arborea. Evaluation was done by clear cutting at the age of seven years, classifying and pricing the poles according to the Forest Rules 1959 as class I II or III. The values of the different species were discounted at 5 per cent compound interest over seven years. Analysis of variance was carried out for yield of firewood and economic value using a Q test (one treatment failed) - a comparison between all pairs of means was used. Eucalyptus saligna was a complete failure, while there were no significant differences between the other species concerning the yield of stacked firewood. When also the yield of poles was taken into account and the value calculated, Eucalyptus C Zanzibar was superior, closely followed by Cassia siamea - Shs and 2380 per hectare respectively Persson, A. 1971b. Observations from a Provenance Trial of Tectona grandis Linn. F. at Longuza, Tanga Region. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note (New Series) 22. In a five year old provenance trial with 11 provenances of Tectona grandis Linn.f. at Longuza, Tanga region, the following traits were studied: Height, basal area, mean diameter, height to the base of the first living branch, straightness, fluting, forking, flowering and survival. Analysis of variance gave highly significant provenance differences for height, straightness and fluting, nearly significant differences for basal area. A ranking of provenances according to their performance in regard of the observed traits except flowering and survival gave a provenance from a plantation in S. Coimbatore, India, as the best, followed by two provenances from Tanzania plantations, Mtibwa as the second and Kihuhwi as the third. Poorest were two provenances from Central India Persson, A Performance of Cupressus lusitanica progenies Tanzania Tech. Note (New Series) No. 19 Height, diameter, straightness and canker attacks were studied in two progeny trials of cupressus lusitanica raised from seed of 31 open pollinated plus trees and one control. Analyses of variance gave significant differences between progenies for all traits. Significant coefficient of correlation, between the experiments were observed for all traits except canker attacked trees. In a seed orchard containing grafts of 14 of these plus trees, height, diameter and straightness were studied. Significant of correlation, between clones and seed progenies were observed for diameter (r = 0.64) and for straightness (r = 0.81).

250 Persson, A Observations from a Progeny Trial of Tectona grandis Linn. f. at Longuza, Tanga Region Tanzania Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No.24. In a four years old progeny trial with Tectona grandis Linn. f. at Longuza, Tanga Region, the following traits were studied: Height, basal area, mean diameter, height to the base of the first living branch, straightness, fluting, forking, flowering and survival. The progenies had been obtained after open pollination from 28 mother trees, selected in three mature plantations in Tanzania. Analysis of variance gave highly significant progeny differences in basal area and fluting and significant differences in height. Analyses of differences between the three groups of origin have been carried out. Based on their performance in regard of the observed traits except flowering and survival, a ranking of the progenies has been carried out. Possible methods how to improve the genetical quality to the planting material used in Tanzania are discussed Peters, J.L. & A. Loveridge New birds from Kenya Colony. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 48: Pfeiffer, R Investigating possibilities of combining fodder production with erosion control and agroforestry in the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. Manuscript, 21+[2] pp Pfeiffer, R Sustainable agriculture in practice. The production potential and the environmental effects of macrocontourlines in the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. Results from field trials:- Lushoto. [19] pp Philip, M.S.,Chamshama, S.A.O, Enyola, M.K.L.and Zimba, S.C Studies of volume estimation of Pinus patula in Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam. Faculty of Agric., Forestry and Vet. Science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 11 Presents methods of estimating standing volume. The study was carried out at Sao Hill, Meru and North Kilimanjaro (Rongai) Forest projects. Local volume tables were constructed Pirttilä, I The discharge of Sigi River as an indicator of water catchment value of the East Usambara mountains in Tanzania. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper Series No Pitt-Schenkel, C.J.W Some important communities of warm temperate rain forest at Magamba, West Usambara, Tanganyika Territory, Journal of Ecology, 26:

251 Plana, V., Phylogenetic Relationships of the Afro-Malagasy Members of the Large Genus Begonia Inferred from trnl intron Sequences Systematic Botany 28 (4): The first extensive cpdna phylogeny of African Begonia was estimated with chloroplast trnl intron DNA sequences. A total of 81 Begonia species was sampled and analyzed using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Analyses showed well-resolved sectional relationships, but little resolution at the base of the phylogeny. Malagasy species of Begonia formed a monophyletic group, as were the mainland African wingless fleshy-fruited species with the exception of section Mezierea. Species in section Mezierea are not as closely related to other wingless fleshy-fruited species as once thought. The section is polyphyletic, with the Malagasy members of the section nested within the Malagasy clade. The phylogenetic position of species in section Mezierea demonstrates that fleshy fruits have evolved at least twice in African Begonia. The terrestrial, 2-tepaled, West and Central African yellowflowered begonias and their related species are also monophyletic, with the monotypic section Cristasemen and B. iucunda holding a solitary, basal position. The predominantly East and South African species in sections Rostrobegonia, Augustia, Sexalaria, and Peltaugustia show greater affinity with Asian and American, rather than other African begonias, and are interdigitated among them; therefore African Begonia are not monophyletic. The trnl intron is a useful region for identifying monophyletic groups across the whole genus and breaking up the genus into workable units. This demonstrates the value of reconstructing phylogenies of large genera in order to achieve more stable classifications Pócs, T a. Correlation between orography: climate and vegetation. in the Uluguru mountains, Tanzania, East africa. UDSM, Faculty of Agriculture Morogoro. Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hangariacae Pócs, T Bioclimatic studies in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20 (1-2): The microclimate of 4 natural plant communities on the N.N.W. slope of Mt. Bondwa is described and compared with that of neighbouring secondary vegetation, mainly maize crops. The negative effects of removal of a protective vegetation cover included soil erosion, strong insolation, winds and increased evaporation. It was concluded that well-designed reforestation, i.e. windbreaks or use of shade trees, would save large amounts of irrigation water Pócs, T Affinities between the bryoflora of East Africa and Madagascar. In: Miege, J. & A. Stork (eds): Origines des flores Africaines et Malgaches. Nature, spéciation. Comptus rendus de la VIIIe réunion de

252 245 l'aetfat, 1. Boissiera 24a: Pócs, T. 1976a. Bioclimatic studies in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). II. Correlations between orography, climate and vegetation. ActaBotanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 22(1-2): Six climatically-induced altitudinal zones of vegetation were recognized, passing from low-altitude (below 600 m) dry forest and savanna woodland to an upper montane or lower subalpine zone (above m alt.), with elfin woodlands, bamboo thickets and peat bogs with secondary grasslands. The different vegetation types are illustrated in photographs, and their distribution is shown on transect diagrams, with associated Gaussen-Walter climatic diagrams. The vegetational zonation is compared with that in other African mountain areas Pócs, T. 1976b. New or little known epiphyllous liverworts I. Cololejeunea from tropical Africa. Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 22: Pócs, T. 1976c. Vegetation mapping in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). Boissiera 24: map. The author presents vegetation maps of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. 35 different vegetation units are described. Maps showing the topography, geology, main annual rainfall, duration of the dry season, and potential agricultural land are also given Pócs, T. 1976d. The role of the epiphytic vegetation in the water balance and humus production of the rain forests of the Uluguru Mts. Boissiere 24: Pócs, T The epiphytic biomass and its effect on the water balance of two rain forest types in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 26 (1-2): The epiphytic biomass of a submontane rain forest was estimated to be 2130 kg/ha dry matter, while its rain intercepting capacity around 15,000 1/ha. On the other hand the epiphytue biomass of a mossy elfin forest at 2120 maltitude is near kg.,ha and its intercepting capacity is near /ha during one rainfall. The aerial bumus accumulations much higher (ca 4700 kg/ha) in the elfin forest than in the submontane rain forest (eg.375 kg/ha). There is a positive correlation between the amount of surplus rainfall (the rainfall above 100 mm/month) and that of the biomass of epiphytic vegetation in rain forest climates.

253 Pócs, T East African Bryophytes, VII. The Hepaticae of the Usambara Rain Forest Project Expedition, Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 31: Pócs, T. 1988a. Check-list. Bryophyta of the Usambara Mountains. In: The SAREC supported Integrated Usambara Rain Forest Project, Tanzania. Report for the period Uppsala.14 pp Pocs, T Two new phanerogam species from the Nguru Mountains of Tanzania, East Africa Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 35 (1-2): Cincinnobotrys ranarum Pocs (Melastomataceae) and Streptocarpus burttianus Pocs (Gesneriaceae) are described as new species from the upland rainforests of the Nguru Mountains in the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. These mountains are notorius for their richness in endemic and relic species, which are members of the Precambrain crystaline Eastern Arc mountain chain of Tanzania. Additionally, a new nothospecies Cincinnobotrys oreophila Gilg. x C. ranarum Pocs is destinguished Pocs, T Plagiochila rudolfii sp. nov., from Tanzania, East Africa. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 90: A new species, Plagiochila rudolfii, is described from the West Usambara Mountains, characterized by the exaltate due to undulate, spinose, densely imbricate leaves. Its nearest relative seems to be P. rodriguezii Steph. From Madagascar. The type speciment was collected in a mossy cloud forest of the Shagein summit, during the second Usambara Rainforest Expedition, in The new taxon seems to be endemic to the Usambara Mts Pocs, T New or little known epiphyllous liverworts, II.. Three new cololejeuneafrom E.Africa Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. 48: Similarly to the first paper of this series (Poc s 1975), the second one contains the description of three new Cololejeunea from East Africa, collected by the author during his stay in Tanzania from 1969 to 1973.The first two, Cololejeunea borhidiana and Cololejeunea grolleana, spp. Nov. seem to be endemic in the upper montane forests and elfin woodland of theuluguru Mts., while the third, Cololejeunea tanzaniae sp. nov. is more widespread in Tanzania abd occurs even in Madagascar Pócs, T. 1988b. The importance of catchment forests to Tanzania. Professorial inaugural lecture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro Pócs, T A preliminary study of the undergrowth of primary and secondary submontane rainforests in the east Usambara mountains,

254 247 with notes on epiphytes. p In Hamilton & Bensted-Smith, Study area in Amani West Forest Reserve. The undergrowth of submontane forest varies with human disturbance. Some species, many of whicy are endemic, are restricted to undisturbed forest. Some seem indifferent to disturbance, while other prefer disturbed forest. he latter include many introduced species. Epiphytes are much rarer in disturbed than undisturbed forest. Those which do occur in disturbed forest are chiefly heliophytes found on the lower parts of Maesopsis trunks. In undisturbed forest,these same epiphytes species occur at canopy level. Epiphytes in natural forest have declined in luxuriance since 1970, probably because of adrying in climate Pócs, T. 1990a. Excursions to the East Usambara Mountains, near Amani. University of Helsinki, Department of Botany, Publications 16: Pócs, T. 1990b. Geography and ecology of Usambara's bryophytes.in: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p liverwort and hornwort and 301 moss species are known from the Usambara mountains in NE Tanzania. The analysis of distribution patterns shows a high rate of endemism compared to other bryophyte floras (8.91%). Other important groups: East African montane species (16.38%), East African + Lemurian species (14.87%), Tropical African species (17.67%) and the bicontinental species (Afro-American 5.39, Afro-Asian 6.47%). The insularity index of Usambaran bryoflora is 2.64 shows a high rate of isolation. Indexes to express the humidity requirements of Usambaran bryoflora are comparable with those of Vietnam, Cuba and the Mascarene Islands. Concerning the altitudinal range of species, the ratio of lowland and montane elements in East Usambaras is 135:54, while in the much higher West Usambaras it is 45:246, including the 4 afroalpine species. The more widespread bryophyte communities are described Pócs, T. 1990c. The Gene Pool Values and their Conservation in the Natural Forest. p In: Mgeni et al, Pócs, T Bryophyte diversity along the Eastern Arc. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: The Eastern Arc mountains has a bryoflora of high species diversity (with about 700 species more than that of Uganda). The proportion of endemism (altogether 32 species, 4.57%) is not high compared to

255 248 phanerogams, but high enough among the bryofloras of similar areas. Other interesting feature is the high number (45 species, 6.43%) of Lemurian (Madagascan) species, which latter phenomenon is the most apparent in the Uluguru Mountains (40 species, 8.16%). Monotypic endemic genera are Cladolejeunea and Neorutenbergia. Cladolejeunea aberrans (Steph.) Zwickel occurs in the Usambaras and Neorutenbergia usagarae (Dix.) Biz. et Pócs, distributed throughout the Eastern Arc. The latter is a representative of Rutenbergiaceae family with its other members living in Madagascar and on the Mascarene islands. The bryoflora of the Usambara and Uluguru Mountains is quite well known. We know much less about the Pare, Nguru and Ukaguru Mountains and the bryoflora of Udzungwa Mountains is practically unexplored Pócs, T., Temu, R.P.C. & Minja, T.R.A Survey of the natural vegetation and flora of the Nguru mountains. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p The Nguru mountains in Morogoro Region are part of the Eastern Arc of Precambrian crystalline block mountains of Tanzania. These mountains enjoyed favourable climatic conditions since their uplift in the Cretaceous and on the rainy slopes forest vegetation could persist continuously. Up to the present, almost 40,000 ha catchment forest is protected in three major and several minor state reserves. The area streches about 60 km in NNE- SSW direction and 30 km across. The massif is divided in four major groups of mountains: Messumbwa (Messumbi), Mafulumula, Manyangu and Kanga, divided from each other by deep, rocky valleys, which carry their water to the Wami river on the Mkata Plains. The annual rainfall, varies between mm on the rainy slopes and between mm on the lee side. The following vegetation belts were observed: 1) Bamboo forests and thickets on Mafulumula summit area at 2000m altitude. 2) Altimontane elfin forests and ericaceous heaths at m on the more rainy southeastern side. 3) Montane evergreen forests at m, on the rainy side rainforest, above 1800 m mossy forest character with many epiphytes. 4) Submontane (intermediate) rainforests on the E slopes, mesic forests on the W slopes at 800 (900)-1400 (1500) m. 5) Lowland rainforests in the E facing valley, miombo woodland and dry semi-evergreen forest on the drier and more open slopes between 300 and 800 (on the W up to 1200 m). Among edaphic communities, there exists rich rock vegetation on the granitic cliffs and evergreen riverine forests rich in rainforest elements along Mjonga, Diwale, Divue, and Mkindo rivers. On the alluvial Mkata Plains Acacia wooded grassland dominates on mbuga (black cotton soil, vertisoil) alternating with permanently waterlogged Papyrus swamps and groundwater forests and with miombo woodland on the clayey and with Combretum woodland on the sandy projections. The flora of the area is still quite unexplored, due to its difficult accessibility, especially the central plateau. Recent explorations resulted in many discoveries of undescribed new species or endemics

256 249 previously known only form the Usambara, Uluguru or Ukaguru mountains. We know several strict endemics of the Nguru mountains mainly from the exploration. The Nguru mountains, together with the Ulugurus, Ukagurus and Usagaras, can be considered, as the core area of the crystalline arc mountains in eastern Tanzania Polhill, R. M Conservation of vegetation in Tanzania. In: Conservation of vegetation in Africa south of Sahara, eds I&O Hedberg. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 54: Polhill, R.M East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda). In Floristic Inventory of Tropical Countries (Campbell, D.G. and Hammond, D. eds.), p New York Botanical Garden, New York Polhill, R.M. & Lovett, J.C A new species of Ormocarpum Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) from the moist forest of eastern Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 50 (2): Poku, N.A.P. and Ndunguru, T The distribution pattern of Nasutiterme sp. nests in Amani Nature Reserve: In Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.pp The distribution pattern of Nasutitermes sp. Nests in diverse forest patches in Amani Nature Reserve was studied to find out whether some tree species preference could be related with nesting by Nasutitermes sp. The Diameter at breast height (Dbh) of nest tree, soil ph, and density, number of nests were recorded in order to test whether they could have any significant influence on their distribution. Three main sites namely, semi natural, disturbed and very disturbed forests were chosen from each site, and five plots of 10 mx 10m were randomly selected. A plotless sampling along a transect were made. Data indicate that, in general Nasutitermes were indifferent with regard to tree species preference, but the distribution of Nasutitermess nest is highly influenced by the degree of forest disturbance Poynthon, J.C Amphibians of southeastern Tanzania, with special reference to Stephopaedes and Mertensophryne (Bufonidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 152: Describes new species of Stephopaedes toad from Mahenge and lists other parts of Morogoro region Poynton, J.C., Menegon, M. and Salvidio, S Bufo uzunguensis of southern Tanzania (Amphibia:Anura): a history of confusion. African Journal of Herpetology 54 (2):??-??. Type and more recently-collected material of Bufo uzunguensis Loveridge is compared with members of the B. lonnbergi complex of

257 250 east African highland dwarf toads. It is concluded that B. uzunguensis is not a member of this complex despite many similarities. Its systematic position is not clear. A new diagnosis of the species is given, together with a key to dwarf toads known to occur in Tanzania and northern Malawi Poynton, J.C Tanzania Bufonid diversity: preliminary findings. Herpetological Journal 8: Poynton, J.C Amphibians. In Burgess, N.D. & G.P. Clarke (eds): The Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa. IUCN Forest Conservation Programme, Gland and Cambridge Poynton, J.C., Howell, K.M., Clarke, B.T. & Lovett, J.C A critically endangered new species of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology 47 (2): Poynton, J.C., Loader, S.P., Sherratt, E. and Clarke, B.T (?).Amphibian diversity in an East African biodiversity hotspot: altitudinal and latitudinal patterns. The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD btc@nhm.ac.uk; phone ; fax Eastern Arc mountain chain and adjoining coastal forests of Tanzania and Kenya have been listed as one of the world s biodiversity hotspots. We report on an ongoing attempt to estimate amphibian diversity in eastern Tanzania, which proves to be particularly difficult and complex, and which introduces a note of caution into evaluating global biodiversity estimates. Most amphibian species in eastern Tanzania occur on the coastal lowlands and are widely distributed, extending at least north or south of Tanzania and, to a variable extent, westwards to the elevated interior. Diversity patterns along the length of the lowlands are complex, with the presence of a Sahelian element in the extreme north. On the Eastern Arc chain, species turnover associated with rising altitude are greater than turnover associated with latitudinal distance between mountain blocks, leading to greater altitudinal than latitudinal diversity. This is evident from comparisons of the assemblages on the isolated East Usambara, Uluguru and Udzungwa mountains both between themselves and with the lowland fauna. A long-standing divergence is indicated between montane and lowland faunas, broadly characterised respectively by cool temperate relicts and lowland tropical generalists. Although forest associated species are not the largest contributor to the eastern Tanzanian total species diversity, the uniqueness of these species both in lowland and montane forests, combined with their evident vulnerability to disturbance, makes them a subject for particular conservation concern, and justifies hotspot status for both montane and lowland forests.

258 Poynton, J.C., Menegon, M., and Salvidio, S Bufo uzunguensis of southern Tanzania (Amphibia: Anura): a history of confusion. African Journal of Herpetology. 54 (2) Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;poynton@ukonline.co.uk Type and more recently-collected material of Bufo uzunguensis Loveridge is compared with members of the B. lonnbergi complex of east African highland dwarf toads. It is concluded that B.uzunguensis is not a member of this complex despite many similarities. Its systematic position is not clear. A new diagnosis of the species is given, together with a key to dwarf toads known to occur in Tanzania and northern Malawi Prell, W.L., W.H. Hutson, D.F. Williams, A. Be, K. Geitzenauer & B. Molfino Surface circulation of the Indian Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum, approximately 18,000 yr BP. Quaternary Research 14: Procter, J.E.A Nursery practice in the Southern Highlands. Tanzania Tech. Note (Silvic.) No. 32. Nursery practice is discussed, timing of operations, amount of stock required, ordering of Seed, transplant bed layout in the nursery, sowing, pricking out, transplant beds, root pruning, watering, pests and diseases, shade, avoidance of Frost and hardening off 914. Procter, J.E.A The growth of Brachylaena hutchinsii hutch. In: Tanzania. Silvic. Res. note No. 3 3pp Experimental results (provisional) from Mombo and Longuza arboreta show that there are few difficulties in planting this species. Seedlings require one year in the nursery. Thus planting this species on suitable sites should be given more attention Punter, R.E A search for African violets on the Sigi River. African Violet Magazine 12: Rakotondrainy, R. Suinyuy, T. and Lee.K Drosophilids as indicators of the level of environmental changes. a case study at Amani, in East Usambara Mountains. In:Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.pp Drosophilids are highly diversified and most often habitat specific, but poor attention has been given so far to their relation to habitat modifications. Here we tested the hypothesis whether fruit flies can be used to reliably assess the extent of the habitat changes. A comparison of the species composition and abundance was made on a mosaic of five adjacent habitats at the Amani Nature Reserve in East Usambara Mts. A total of 6 genera and 44 species were recorded. Using species-specific

259 252 abundance profiles, the relative frequency of an invading species (Zaprionus tubercalatus) and endemic species (Drosophila baucipyga), and an index reflecting the ratio of two sister species of Drosophila (D. teissieri and D.yakuba), we provided multiple consistent evidence that these insects are among the most informative indicators of forest disturbance Ragge, D.R A Review of the African Phaneropterinae with Open Tympana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. nat. Hist. 40: Describes Phaneropterinae with Open Tympana from Mazumbai Rahner, M.C Kihansi Hydropower Project, Udzungwa mountains. Environmental Impact Assessment. In: Lower Kihansi hydropower project, environmental impact assesment. NORPLAN, Dar es Salaam Ramahery,V. McOsano, P Plant-insect interactions in a liana species: a case study of Thunbergia alata at the Amani Nature Reserve in East Usambara, Tanzania. In: Tropical Biology Association, field course project report 2 nd September 30 th September 2002.p Flowers attract insects for a multiplicity of reasons. In this study, we sought to establish the insect orders that visit flowers of Thunbergia alata to determine the potential pollinators, investigate the relationship in number of insects visiting to the time of day and temperature and to analyse flower use differentiation by the visitors. The results indicate that temperature has a positive relationship to visitation by Hymenoptera and an inverse relationship to visitation by Diptera and Mollusca. Variation in use of flower by the different insect Orders ranging from breeding, nectar collection to herbivory were observed. Evidence from the study suggests that Hymenoptera is the likely potential pollinator of T. alata plant. Special attention was paid to the close relationship between highly specialized flowers breeding Drosophila (Sub-genus Hirtodrosophila), which appeared to exploit T. alata flowers as a main breeding site. Four levels of adaptive changes were observed as compared to fruit breeding Drosophila: (i). Special tarsal features in both males and females; (ii). Modified egg morphology (lack of respiratory filaments); (iii). Modified ovipositor morphology in females; and (iv). Modified pharyngeal structure in larvae Rapp, A., Axelsson, V., Berry, L. & Murray-Rust, D.H Soil erosion and sediment transport in the Morogoro river catchment, Tanzania. Geografiska Annaler 54 (3-4):

260 253 The catchment covers an ara of 19.1 km 2. It has a range of altitude from 550 m to 2138 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes of the Uluguru mountains. The uppermost 49% of the catchment is covered by a rainforest reserve. On aerial photos from June 1970 cleared land with grass or bush fallow covered 44%, and cultivation 10% on slopes as steep as The soils are sandy loams, derived from weathering of the Precambrian metamorphic bedrock. The annual rainfall is 2400 mm at 1450 m a.s.l., and 890 mm at 530 m a.s.l., where June-October are dry months with less than 50 mm rainfall.suspended sediments in the Morogoro river were sampled during three rainy seasons; March-May 1969, 1970 and The flow is flashy with very rapid rises and short-lasting peaks, which make manual sampling difficult. Highest concentration of suspended sediments measured was 10.6 g/lit. Mean annual sediment transport in was calculated as 7500 tons based on streamflow data and sediment rating curve from the sampling period. It corresponds to about 390 tons or 260 m 3 of annual sediment yield per km2 of drainage area. The steep slopes and stream channels make it likely that the suspended material sampled in the river mainly consists of soil particles eroded and brought directly from the slopes by the same flood water.street wash from the cultivated 10% of the catchment is thought to supply the main flow of sediments, occasionally increased by small landslides and mudflows. Rills occur only to a minor extent and steep-sided gullies not at all in these valleys. The absence of gullies is probably due to a high infiltration rate and thin soils. The main hazard of cultivating such steep slopes, beside the rapid exhaustion of the soils, is the danger of catastrophic erosion during extremely intensive rains with several years interval. See Temple & Rapp 1972 (this volume). A programme of chemical analysis of soils, runoff water and sediments was planned but could not be carried out. Continued research in this catchment should give high priority to analyses of the role played by solution losses. The considerable losses of soil and water documented in our studies of the Morogoro river catchment can probably be reduced to acceptable proportions by simple conservation measures such as the following. Planting of tree belts on critical slope sections to reduce the danger of landsliding (ef. Temple & Rapp 1972). Extended use of grass barriers, trash bunds and mulching on bare fields to reduce splash and sheet wash (CF. Temple & Murray-Rust 1972). Manuring of fields to permit longer periods of cultivation and hence longer periods of grass and bush fallow on a larger proportion of the cleared slopes Räsänen, P.K Outline of a research planning programme for the East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper Series No.1.

261 Rasmussen, J.B The snakes from the rain forest of the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania: a checklist and key. Salamandra 17: The only key dealing specifically with the snakes of the Usambaras; see Broadly & Howell, 1991 for more general key and list Rasmussen, J.B. 1993a. A taxonomic review of the Dipsadoboa unicolor complex, including a phylogenetic analysis of the genus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Boiginae). Steenstrupia 19: Rasmussen, J.B. 1993b. Maxillary tooth number in the tree-snakes Dipsadoboa. In: Abstracts, Second World Congress of Herpetology; Davies, M., Norris, R.M. (eds.). Adelaide: University of Adelaide Rasmussen, J.B. 1993c. The current taxonomic status of Tornier's cat-snake (Crotaphopeltis tornieri). Amphibia-Reptilia 14: Rasmussen, J.B., Howell, K.M The current status of the rare Usambara Mountain Forest Viper, Atheris ceratophorus probably new record of A. nitchsei rungweensis Bogert, 1940, and its validity (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 3: Rasmussen, J.B., Howell, K.M. & M. Andersen A review of the Usambara forest snake Geodipsas vauerocegae and the Uluguru forest snake G. procterae of Tanzania. Amphibia-Reptilia 16: Raunio, A.L Clean weeding improves the growth of teak in Longuza Tanzania Tech. Note (New series) No. 25. A weed control experiment of newly planted teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) was laid down in a randomised block design at Longuza in 1971 and maintained for 3.7 years. The 8 treatments were mechanical clean weeding (2 intensities) 3 partial weedings (Sahani weedings and 2 intensities of slashing), 2 chemical weedings and 2 intensities of slashing), 2 chemical weedings (Gramoxone and Dowpon), and an unweeded control. For cost studies, 3 treatments were applied on 0.5 ha plots. The results showed that the higher the intensity of weeding the better the height growth (survival differences were small) and that the differences between the mechanical clean weeding and Gramoxone chemical weeding are negligible. Cost wise, inconclusive results suggest that Gramoxone chemical weeding would be the most economical method, but more investigations into the economics of weed control is recommended, particularly into whether or not the growth increment gain justified the outlay.

262 Rauri, C., Bowie, K., Fjeldsa, J., Hacket, S.J. and Crowe, T.M Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains, Tanzania. The Auk 121(3): The double-collared sunbirds of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and southeastern Kenya are characterized by regional variation in morphology and plumage. That variation has resulted in considerable dispute over their taxonomic status and delineation of range boundaries. It has been suggested that Moreau s Sunbird (Nectarinia moreaui) is an atypical phenotype that has arisen from a hybridization event between the more widely distributed Eastern Double-collared Sunbird (N. mediocris) and the narrowly distributed Loveridge s Sunbird (N. loveridgei). A discriminant analysis of six standard morphological characters indicates that Moreau s Sunbird is intermediate in shape and size between the Eastern Double-collared and Loveridge s sunbirds. There is greater overlap between female Moreau s and Eastern Double-collared sunbirds than between males; Loveridge s Sunbird shows li_ le overlap with the other taxa. Discrete plumage characters separate all three taxa. Molecular analyses of 728 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (NADH3 and control region) suggest that Moreau s Sunbird is a valid taxon and the sister species to Loveridge s Sunbird. Eastern Double-collared Sunbird haplotypes can be divided into three distinct clades, separated from each other by substantial genetic divergence (approximately 8 10% sequence divergence). We propose species status for each of those clades and suggest the following three taxa: N. mediocris Shelley 1855, N. usambarica Gröte 1922, and N. fuelleborni Reichenow Finally, we propose a biogeographical hypothesis of speciation events within the N. mediocris species complex Redhead, J.F The Mazumbai forest: an island of lower montane rain forest in the west Usambaras. African Journal of Ecology 19: Regional Catchments Office - Morogoro Baseline survey on Off farm income generating activities. Forestry and Beekeeping Division. 13 pp The baseline survey aimed at finding out the existing and potential income generating activities around FR under JFM. Field visits, Consultative village assembly meetings, reports and semi-structured questionnaire were the methodologies used to collect data. Beekeeping, fish farming and weaving products were identified as the main Income Generating Activities in the project area that to some extent, contributed to an increased household income. Other income generating activities (IGA) include commercial tree/fruit nurseries and selling of tree/ poles. About Tshs.28, were realized, as recorded collection that account for about 6.4% of the expected collections. Insufficient information on IGAs was the factor behind this low figure. Most of the potential IGAs were diverted to agriculture and livestock sectors, to improve home garden and

263 256 livestock keeping (hybrids), including poultry. The project concentrated, mainly on forestry related activities. It was observed that IGAs are site specific; depend on environment, market, social and economic activities of the people. While beekeeping was practiced at a wide range, fish farming was limited to few areas with permanent water supply. To some villagers beekeeping was quite a new activity attached with culture and as such the adoption was slow. However results from the survey clearly indicate that income and employment generating activities undertaken in some parts of Morogoro Region have a high potential to contribute to poverty alleviation while conserving reserved forests. The study recommends transparency in revealing available records like revenue through IGA among villagers, continual support of forest adjacent community in expending source of income and employment generating activities both short and long-term opportunities. Given on-going decline in forest cover especially in areas outside the protected area, tree planting in farms (agro forestry) and woodlots is recommended Reid, C.M Storm damage and deforestation in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania: a study using GIS. Tropical Environmental Science, Aberdeen Unviersity Renvall, P. & T. Niemela,T.,1993. Ocotea usambarensis and its fungal decayers in Natural stands. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Belgigue 62: Ocotea usambarensis Engl., is a valuable indigenous tree in Tanzania, and is confined to the high mountains of Africa. In this paper tenpolypore species (Basidiomycetes) are reported from the West Usambara Mountains, northeastern Tanzania:Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat., Loweporus inflexibilis (Berk.) Ryv., L. rosealbus (Jungh.) Ryv., Phellinus allardii (Bres.) Ryv., P. apiahynus (Speg.) Rajchenb. & Wright, P. givus (Schw.) Pat., P. senex (Nees & Mont.) Imaz., Spongipellis pachyodon (Pers.) Kotl. & Pouz., Trametes versicolor (Fr.) Pilat and Wrightoporia avellanea (Bres.) Pouz. They were growing either on old, living camphor trees, on stumps, or on dead, fallen trunks. These fungi are here reported for the first time on Ocotea usamberensis. Some ecological and pathological notes are given. Spongipellis pachyodon and Phellinus apiahynus are new to Africa. Loweporus inflexibilis and Phellinus apiahynus are the most harmful decay-causing polypores of Ocotea usamberensis Ringo, W.N. and Klem, G.S Basic density and heartwood content in the wood of Pinus patula from Sao Hill. University of Dar es Salaam. Faculty of Agriculture. Forestry and Vet. Science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 14.

264 257 Presents the results of a study on basic density variations and heartwood contents of Pinus trees aged between years from Sao Hill Forest Project in Southern Tanzania Rodgers, W. A Post Wangindo settlement in the Eastern Selous Game Reserve. Tanzania Notes and Records,, 1977/78, p A large portion of what is now the Eastern Selous Game Geserve in Rufiji, Kilwa and Nachingwea districts was settled by the Wangindo people prior to a sleeping sickness epidemic. Their settlement has left considerable effect on the vegetation Rodgers, W.A The distribution and conservation status of Colobus Monkeys in Tanzania. Primates 22: Rodgers, W.A The conservation of the forest resources of eastern Africa: past influences, present practices and future needs. In: Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa (Lovett, J.C. and S.K. Wasser, S.K eds.), p Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Rodgers, W.A The Kitulo Plateau conservation consideration for small areas. In: Protected area planning for biodiversity conservation in Tanzania. A Workshop Report, Arusha, December UNO/RAF/006/GEF Field Document 4. FAO, Dar es Salaam. The values are largely for grassland plants and birds andis a source of the Ruaha river catchment. There is a strong grassland bird community with several rare species, including the Show Pipit and Denham's Bustard, but the plants are the main attraction Rodgers, W.A An introduction to the conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: Rodgers, W.A. & Hall, J.B. 1985a. Tree planting programs for Mwanihana Forest Reserve Villages. A draft project proposal for EEC village projct funding. Forestry Division. Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Rodgers, W.A., Hall, J. B., Mwasumbi, L. B., Griffiths, C. J. and Vollesen, K The conservation values and status of Kimboza forest reserve, Tanzania.

265 Rodgers, W.A. & Homewood, K.M The conservation of the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. A review of biological values and land use pressures. Zoology department, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. [2]+45+[56] pp Rodgers, W.A. & Homewood, K.M Species richness and endemism in the Usambara mountain forests, Tanzania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 18 (3): The major part of the paper describes the flora and fauna (vertebrates and invertebrates) of the area with detailed data supplied in 9 appendices covering forest trees, millipedes, Sphecidae (Hymenoptera), terrestrial molluscs, forest amphibian distribution, lizards, snakes, forest birds and mammals. Brief accounts are also given of the geology, soils, climate and land use of the Usambaras. The land use section describes forest resources and operations, tea growing, subsistence cultivation and cardamom plantations within forest lands. The levels of diversity and endemism, and conservation status (with recommendations for improving this), are discussed. The species richness of the area is considered to be due to long periods of isolation and geological stability coupled with periods of species immigration, but forests are now subject to increasing pressure from agricultural and logging operations Rodgers, W.A. & Homewood, K.M Biological values and conservation prospects for the forests and primate populations of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Biological Conservation 24 (4): Vegetation structure and species composition at different altitudes are described for three forests of particular biological interest and conservation importance. Population densities of the red colobus (Colobus badius gordonorum), black-and-white colobus (C. angolensis palliatus), Sykes' monkey (Cercopithecus mitis monoides) and mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus) were estimated, with particular emphasis on C. badius, which was used as an indicator of conservation value. Proposals are made for future conservation and management Rodgers, W.A., Homewood K.M. & Hall, J.B Magombera Forest Reserve and the Iringa Red Colobus, Tanzania. Report to the Ministry of Natural Resources, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Rodgers, W. A. & Muheto, R Protected area planning for biodiversity conservation in Tanzania. A Workshop report, Arusha, December Field Document 4, UNO/RAF/006/GEF. Dar es Salaam: FAO.

266 Rodgers, W.A., Owen, C.F. & Homewood, K.M Biogeography of East African forest mammals. Journal of Biogeography 9: The paper analyses the distribution of seventy-three mammal species in seventeen East African forest sites of differing geological history (recent volcanic, ancient block faulted and lowland alluvial). Association analysis and principal coordinate analysis indicate four groupings (West, North, South and Coast) based on species presence. The levels of similarity between these groups are used to test previous ideas on spread of forest mammals through East Africa. The western sites have the highest richness and endemism and represent the main refuge and colonization source. The North group show overall impoverishment, low endemism and high dependence on the western fauna. The South group shows higher endemism; the Coast fauna is the most impoverished, and highly dependent on South group elements. These findings are discussed with respect to current interpretations of bioclimatic events and forest environments in the East African Pleistocene and are used to investigate a specific example concerning the distribution of a recently discovered rare forest primate Rodger, W.A. & Swai, I Tanzania, p In: East, R, (ed.) Antelopes, Globa Survey and Regional Action Plans. Part-I, East and North East AFrica. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland. Describes the conservation status of antelopes, including forest species, in Tanzania Romdal, T.S Species diversity and distribution of forest birds on elevational gradients in the Estern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. MSc.thesis.Zoological Meseum, University of Copenhagen. 68 pp. The study uses species diversity measures to compare forest bird communities between four mountain groups in the Eastern Arc of Tanzania. Subsequently abundance figures of individual species are used to analyse patterns of distributing among all Eastern Arc mountains. The underlying hypothesis is that species with broad altitudinal range can be lost from mountains with only partial forest cover, because the productive (source) part of the population vanishes, and only non-viable (sink) population remains. On the longest gradients species richness is seen to peak at intermediate altitudes in correlation with avian density. The richness amplitude is located in the cloud-forest zone, where constant humidity supports high primary production and structural heterogeneity, but the peak is also a product of overlapping of montane and lowland species. Richness patterns are not reflected in proportions of common and rare species, as these are homogenous among the 20 localities. There are few cases of single-species dominance. The largest forest area, with the longest forest-covered gradient, is clearly the most diverse. The source-

267 260 sink hypothesis is confirmed in 28 of 44 cases (64%). Lack of predicted source habitat means that some species are missing, but the analysis is too arbitrary to differentiate species response. No doubt source-sink dynamics are responsible for the local extinction of species when submontane forest is cleared. When selecting sites for conservation it is recommended to use qualitative criteria rather than rigid biodiversity measures. The identification of source and sink populations may have great conservational significance, as the source habitat of threatened should be targeted Rovero, F., Jones, T. and Sanderson, J., Notes on Abbott s duiker (Cephalophus spadix True 1890) and other forest antelopes of Mwanihana Forest, Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania, as revealed by camera-trapping and direct observations. Tropical Zoology 18: The Udzungwa Mountains of south-central Tanzania are part of an internationally outstanding area for biodiversity. This is reflected in the mammalian fauna and particularly in the forest antelopes: at least five species co-exist, including the Tanzanian endemic Abbott s duiker (Cephalophus spadix True 1890). Information on forest antelopes from Mwanihana Forest, one of the largest forest blocks within the Udzungwa Mountains, was collected by means of camera-traps and field observations. Eighty photographs of four antelope species were collected during 197 trap-days from four camera-trap sites. Seventy-one sightings were recorded during systematic counts and random survey walks for a total of 150 days of fieldwork. Results include the first photographs in the wild of Abbott s duiker, with one individual caught while holding what appears to be a frog in its mouth. The most photographed and sighted species was the Harvey s duiker (Cephalophus natalensis harveyi Thomas 1893), followed by the suni (Neotragus moschatus von Dueben 1846). Least photographed were Abbott s duiker and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas 1766). The study shows the usefulness and potential of camera-traps to collect information on the presence, relative abundance and habits of antelopes in densely forested areas Rovero, R., Doggart, N. Bowkett, A. and Burgess, N. D New records for Lowe s servaline genet from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Oryx, 40 (2), The Eastern Arc Mountains, stretching from southern Kenya to southcentral Tanzania, are of outstanding biological value due to the high concentrations of endemic and threatened species. Surveys in these mountains continue to document new species and to extend the known ranges of other species. Recent surveys in the Udzungwa mountains have documented a new primate and shrew species as well as the presence of Jackson s mongoose Bdeogale jacksoni, previously only known from Kenya. The carnivore Lowe s servaline genet Genetta servalina lowei was previously only recorded from the Udzungwa Mountains. Here we report two first records of this subspecies from two other Eastern Arc Mountain

268 261 blocks, the South Nguru Mountains and the Uluguru Mountains. These records considerably expand the known distribution of this cryptic carnivore. Servaline genets are forest dependent and nocturnal Viverridae that are predominantly confined to the forest belt of central and west Africa. Lowe s servaline genet was described from an incomplete skin found in 1932 in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. It was described as a separate subspecies because of its distinct pelage markings and provenance. Sixty-eight years later, in 2000 it was rediscovered during a live trapping study and finally photo-trapped for the first time in With the possible exception of a recently described subspecies from Zanzibar (G. servalina archeri), Lowe s servaline genet is the most isolated and least known of the servaline genets. Its distinctness and localized range are of conservation interest. We conducted camera trapping surveys of Kanga and Nguru South Forest Reserves (in the South Nguru Mountains) and of Uluguru North Forest Reserve (in the Uluguru Mountains) during July December The South Nguru Mountains include c. 250 km 2 of moist forest at 500 2,400 m altitude. There were a total of 11,040 trap hours (460 trap days) across 14 trap sites (7 in each of the two Forest Reserves). Cameras were placed in submontane moist forest at 950 1,400 m. Lowe s servaline genet was photographed once, in Kanga Forest Reserve (5º57.74 S, 37º41.99 E) at 1,180 m at The trap site was in a valley bottom near a permanent stream with discontinuous canopy cover but dense understorey and forest floor layers. Uluguru North Forest Reserve comprises 85 km2 of moist forest at 800 2,340 m. We deployed 10 cameras for 9,816 trap hours (409 trap days). Cameras were placed in submontane and montane moist forest at 1,200 1,700 m. Lowe s servaline genet was photographed twice, on the same site, at 1,310 m (6º56.15 S, 37º42.36 E) at and on different days. The camera site had dense canopy cover and was near a permanent stream. The new records for Lowe s servaline genet are over 220 km to the north-east and c. 140 km to the north north-east, for Nguru South and Uluguru Mountains, respectively, from the nearest known location for this subspecies in Mwanihana Forest (Udzungwa Mountains National Park). The new records have conservation and biogeographical implications. More research is necessary to determine whether this subspecies is present in other Eastern Arc Mountains, particularly the Rubeho and Ukaguru Mountains that lie between the Udzungwa and South Nguru Mountains. An analysis of the phylogeny of the species to determine the genetic distance between the three Eastern Arc populations and between these and the central Africa subspecies would also have considerable conservation relevance Rovero, F. and. Marshall. A.R., Estimating the abundance of forest antelopes by line transect techniques:a case from the Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania. Tropical Zoology 17: We used line transect counts to collect data on population abundance of forest antelopes from three moist forest sites in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. The habitat quality of these forests differs in forest size,

269 262 vegetation type, human impact and level of protection. The red duiker (Cephalophus natalensis harveyi Thomas 1893) was the only species regularly seen (mean of 0.16 animals seen per km walked) at one of the three sites, Mwanihana Forest, a large forest block within the Udzungwa Mountains National Park ranging in altitude from m. Counts of antelope tracks and dung piles were used to supplement information from areas where no direct observations were scored. This study provides the first account of the abundance of forest antelopes in the Udzungwa mountains and confirms that methodological problems such as poor antelope detectability due to understorey vegetation and difficulties in identifying antelope species are inherent in estimations of forest antelope density by line transect counts. Combining counts of indirect signs with direct counts increases the information for some species and comparable data show that camera-trapping can also greatly supplement the information, especially for more elusive and/or more nocturnal species Rovero, F. and Marshall, A.R., Diversity and abundance of diurnal primates and forest antelopes in relation to habitat quality: a case study from the Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania. African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proc. 5th Intern. Symp. Trop. Biol.,Museum Koenig, Bonn (BA Huber, BJ Sinclair, K-H Lampe, eds). Springer Verlag Line transect counts to collect data on population abundance of primates and small antelopes from three different moist forest blocks within the Udzungwa mountains of south-central Tanzania was used. Results show that both diversity and relative abundance (number of primate groups/individual antelopes seen per km walked) are generally higher in the lower part ( m a.s.l.) of Mwanihana Forest (Udzungwa mountains National Park), than in medium to high altitude and less protected forests (Ndundulu Forest, m a.s.l., and New Dabaga/Ulangambi Forest Reserve, m a.s.l.). The latter, in particular, is the most degraded and encroached forest patch, and presents the most impoverished community. The combined effects of altitude, hunting and human-induced alteration of forest cover might account for the differences observed Rovero, F., Jones, T. and Sanderson, J Notes on Abbott s duiker (Cephalophus spadix True 1890) and other forest antelopes of Mwanihana Forest, Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania, as revealed by camera-trapping and direct observations. Tropical Zoology 18: The Udzungwa Mountains of south-central Tanzania are part of an internationally outstanding area for biodiversity. This is reflected in the mammalian fauna and particularly in the forest antelopes: at least five species co-exist, including the Tanzanian endemic Abbott s duiker (Cephalophus spadix True 1890). Information on forest antelopes from Mwanihana Forest, one of the largest forest blocks within the Udzungwa

270 263 mountains, was collected by means of camera-traps and field observations. Eighty photographs of four antelope species were collected during 197 trap-days from four camera-trap sites. Seventy-one sightings were recorded during systematic counts and random survey walks for a total of 150 days of fieldwork. Results include the first photographs in the wild of Abbott s duiker, with one individual caught while holding what appears to be a frog in its mouth. The most photographed and sighted species was the Harvey s duiker (Cephalophus natalensis harveyi Thomas 1893), followed by the suni (Neotragus moschatus von Dueben 1846). Least photographed were Abbott s duiker and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas 1766). The study shows the usefulness and potential of camera-traps to collect information on the presence, relative abundance and habits of antelopes in densely forested areas Rovero, F. and. Marshall, A.R.,2004. Estimating the abundance of forest antelopes by line transect techniques: a case from the Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania. Tropical Zoology 17: , We used line transect counts to collect data on population abundance of forest antelopes from three moist forest sites in the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania. The habitat quality of these forests differs in forest size, vegetation type,human impact and level of protection. The red duiker (Cephalophus natalensis harveyi Thomas 1893) was the only species regularly seen (mean of 0.16 animals seen per km walked) at one of the three sites, Mwanihana Forest, a large forest block within the Udzungwa Mountains National Park ranging in altitude from m. Counts of antelope tracks and dung piles were used to supplement information from areas where no direct observations were scored. This study provides the first account of the abundance of forest antelopes in the Udzungwa mountains and confirms that methodological problems such as poor antelope detectability due to understorey vegetation and difficulties in identifying antelope species are inherent in estimations of forest antelope density by line transect counts. Combining counts of indirect signs with direct counts increases the information for some species and comparable data show that camera-trapping can also greatly supplement the information, especially for more elusive and/or more nocturnal species Rovero, F. and Marshall, A.R Diversity and abundance of diurnal primates and forest antelopes in relation to habitat quality: A case study from the udzungwa mountains of Tanzania. African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proc. 5th Intern. Symp. Trop. Biol.,Museum Koenig, Bonn (BA Huber, BJ Sinclair, K-H Lampe, eds). Springer Verlag A line transect counts to collect data on population abundance of primates and small antelopes from three different moist forest blocks within the Udzungwa Mountains of south-central Tanzania was used. Results show that both diversity and relative abundance (number of primate

271 264 groups/individual antelopes seen per km walked) are generally higher in the lower part ( m a.s.l.) of Mwanihana Forest (Udzungwa Mountains National Park), than in medium to high altitude and less protected forests (Ndundulu Forest, m a.s.l., and New Dabaga/Ulangambi Forest Reserve, m a.s.l.). The latter, in particular, is the most degraded and encroached forest patch, and presents the most impoverished community. The combined effects of altitude, hunting and human-induced alteration of forest cover might account for the differences observed Roy, M.S Recent diversification in African greenbuls (Pycnonotidae: Andropadus) supports a montane speciation model. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264: (Uluguru study) Roy, M.S., Arctander, P. & Fjeldså, J Speciation and taxonomy of montane greenbuls of the genus Andropadus (Aves: Pycnonotidae). Steenstrupia 24: (Uluguru study) 959. Roy, M. S., da Silva, J.C., Arctander, P., Carcia-Moreno, J. & Fjeldså, J The role of montane regions in the speciation of South American and African birds. In D. P. Mindell (ed.) Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics: Acad. Press Ruffo K., Mmari, C., Kibuwa, S.P., Lovett, J., CIversen. S. & Hamilton, A.C A preliminary list of the plant species recorded from the East Usambara forests. p In: Hamilton, A.C. & R. Bensted-Smith (eds.). Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland Ruffo, C.K Some useful plants of the East Usambara. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.) Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, p Ruffo, C.K A report on the identification of species for Image Forest Inventory, Iringa Region Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Ruffo, C.K., Mmari, C., Kibuwa, S.P., Lovett, J., Iversen, S. & Hamilton, A.C A preliminary list of plant species recorded from the East Usambara forests. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.) Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, p Ruffo, C.K., Mwasha, I.V. & Mmari, C The use of medicinal plants in the East Usambara. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted- Smith, R. (eds.) Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, p

272 Sabuni, F.B.N HIMA efforts in managing the Udzungwa Mountain rainforests, Iringa District, Tanzania. The Arc Journal 5: Sabuni, M.W.H Mitigating the effects of soil erosion in Tanzania: the case of Lushoto District. Submitted to the Development and Project Planning Centre, University of Bradford in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the award of the MSc. in National Development and Project Planning, [5]+48 pp Sabuni, F.B.N Managing Forests With a Human Face - A Case of Udzungwa Mountain Forests, Iringa District - Tanzania. A paper presented at an International Workshop on Watershed Management, 25/5-6/6/1997. The paper was been prepared for the purpose of presentation to an international workshop on Watershed Management which took place in Iringa town, Tanzania. The paper informs what HIMA Iringa Project is trying to do in managing water catchment forests of the Udzungwa mountains through a joint forest management strategy. The project hopes to secure this through inculcation of sense of responsibility to the farmers gained as a result of an incentive package offered to them. Among other things and depending on the farmers views, wishes, needs and feelings, the incentive package will include, provision of limited access to sustainable utilization of the forest resources inside the forests and provision of support to community activities outside the reserves aimed at providing alternative sources of supply for basic needs at the local level e.g. household energy, protein sources, building materials, etc. soil and water conservation activities as well as economic activities will be given high priority in supporting adjacert local communities Saidi, Z.R An economic impact of Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Project (SECAP) on farmers in Lushoto District. The case of Ubiri, Lukozi and Viti villages. A Thesis. The Institute of Rural Development Planning, Dodoma, vii+45 pp. Measuring of project impact relates to measure or determine changes in production and productivity and actual living conditions of the beneficiaries flowing from and attributed to the project, ie. One measures certain elements in the project components to determine whether conditions have changed or improved and if there is change which can be considered in part or total to the project. Experience shows that to measure such elements as living condition takes long time and it is to the greater waste if the project has not achieved the planned impact. In practice then, one concentrates on the project effects whose total result is the project impact. The out come of the project output e.g. increased productivity per area of land or per cow for the case of SECAP. This implies that project, induced changes in target group and other social income groups on the basis of before and after the project intervention. In light to this view, only one area has been looked into: that is the economic

273 266 impact of the project on farmers which resulted from the implementation of the project activities. The study is presented in 4 chapters. Chapter one is about the Area profile of the study area whereby a general characteristics of the study area has been looked into. There is also a background to the study which led to the statement of the problem. The study objectives, hypotheses and research methodology are included in this chapter. Closing the chapter is the significance of the study. Chapter two reviews the theories and practices of soil conservation activities world wide. The review had a narrowing tendency i.e. looked at global, then continental levels, countrywise and lastly at local level, focussing to the study area. Chapter three carries the main discussion of the work. It looked on the environmental degradation in Lushoto district and shows the efforts being done by the SECAP to the one hand and those done by the farmers to the other. The findings of the research are presented in this chapter after testing the hypotheses in the field. Data analysis and the nterpretation have been made. Last chapter 4 concentrated on conclusion rematks and the recommendations of the researcher which have been drawn from the findings, and intend to improve the implementation of the project activities in the district Salvidio, S., Menegon, M., Sindaco, R. and Moyer, D A new species of elongate seps from Udzungwa grasslands, southern Tanzania (Reptilia, errhosauridae, Tetradactylus Merrem, 1820). Amphibia-Reptilia 25: A new Tetradactylus from Udzungwa Mountains is described on the basis of one adult male and one adult female. The species has tridactyle forelimbs with the longest toes bearing four scales, didactyle hind limbs, 14 dorsal longitudinal row scales, four femoral pores and frontoparietals in broad contact. This combination of morphological characters distinguishes the species from the similar T. eastwoodae, a South African endemic. The new species has smooth head scales, six ventral rows, and the male possess on either side of the vent a prominent claw-like scale lacking in the female. The species has been found in swampy montane grasslands at about 1880 m. It is syntopic with three other specialised grass lizards: Ellenberger s long-tailed Seps (Tetradactylus ellenbergeri), Zambian grass lizard (Cordylus macrolepis), and the Grass-top skink (Mabuya megalura) Sampson, D.N. & Wright, A.E The geology of the Uluguru Mountains. Bull. geol. Surv. No Sandy, R.F., Boniface, G. & Rajabu, I A survey and inventory of the Amani Botanical Garden. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 38. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa.

274 Sangai, G.R.W Dictionary of Native Plant Names in the Bondei, Shambaa and Zigua Languages with their English and Botanical Equivalents. East African Herbarium, Nairobi. Cyclostyled 973. Sangster, R.G Weeding experiments with Eucalyptus maidenii. Tanzania Tech. Note No. 3, of Before applying the treatments, the area was slashed and burnt. The treatments were replicated 5 times giving 25 plots in a Latin square layout each plot containing 81 trees. The treatments are summarised below: a) Small 20 cm pits; b) Spot weeding, c) Small pits in a 80 cm hoed Circles; Spot weeding.d) Large 30 cm pits in 80 cm hoed circle; Spot weeding. E) Complete hoeing; large pits; Clean weeding. F) Complete hoeing; tieridged; large pits at intersections of the ridges; clean weeding. The height growth of D and E is significantly better than A, B, and C. survival in D plots is significantly lower than in others, possibly because the removal of weeds caused the termites to attack trees instead. But in the E plots tieridging seems to counterbalance this Sawe, C.T The regeneration status of indigenous tree species in the forests of East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Faculty of Forestry, Sokoine University of Agriculture Schabel, H.G., Schabel, A. & Msanga, H.P Bioecological Aspects of the Mahogany Defoliator Heteronygmia dissimilis in Morogoro, Tanzania. Insect Sci. Applic. 9: African mahogany Khaya nyasica is one of the most valuable indigenous hardwood trees of Tanzania, yet little is known about its pests. Such information is important, especially if the tree is to be used in agroforestry, village afforestation and cash crop schemes. The life cycle of the Mahogany Defoliator, a Lymantriid moth, is described. This insect seems to be the only defoliator of consequence to K. nyasica in the study area. Although a species with a huge reproductive potential, the month apparently is inactive during the hot season, which it apparently spends in pupal estivation. Further, it has a number of natural enemies, and pupae are vulnerable to the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus. While overall Khaya seemed to tolerate defoliation by the insect, the defoliator may still be considered a complicating factor wherever largescale culture of Khaya is contemplated, and it thus deservs to be known better Scharff, N Spiders of the family Linyphiidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplementum 36: Scharff, N The linyphiid fauna of eastern Africa (Araneae: Linyphiidae) distribution patterns, diversity and endemism. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 45:

275 Scharff, N The linyphiid spider fauna (Araneae: Linyphiidae) of mountain forests in the Eastern Arc Mountains. Pp In: Lovett, J.C. &Wasser, S.K.(eds.).Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Scharff, N., M. Stoltze & F.P. Jensen The Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: Report of a Study-Tour, Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Scheinman, D Caring for the land of the Usambaras. A guide to preserving the environment through agriculture, agroforestry and zero grazing. TIRDEP and SECAP Lushoto, Tanzania. Published by GTZ- Eschborn, West Germany, xviii+287 pp Schiøtz, A Amphibians. pp In: The Study Tour to East Africa The Natural History-Geographical Subject Group, University of Copenhagen. Notes the presence of an endemic subspecies of Rana merumontana on Mt. Meru, and a number of other Hyperoliid species from Amani and Arusha National Park Schiøtz, A The tree frogs of Eastern Africa. Steentrupia, Copenhagen. p.232 (EUCFP). Description of the collections of tree frogs of which several were collected in Amani and the East Usambara mountains Schiøtz, A Zoogeographical patterns in the distribution of East African treefrogs (Anura: Ranidae). Zoologie Africaine 11: Schiøtz, A The Amphibia in the forested basement hills of Tanzania: a biogeographical indicator group. African Journal of Ecology 19: Schiøtz, A The Treefrogs of Africa. Chimaira, Frankfurt Schlieben, H. J Das Biologisch-Landwirtschaftliche Institut in Amani (D.O.A.). Kol. Mitt. Zeitschr. Weltforstw. 2(4): An account of a visit of the author to East African Forestry Research Station at Amani. It includes a brief history of the establishment of the Amani institute, and account of the activities and plantations, as well as observations of the performance of selected species. It also includes seven photographs from Amani, including the Stuhlmannhaus, nurseries and greenhouses and forested landscapes in Amani and Mbomole.

276 Schlitter, D.A. & McLaren, S.B An Additional Record of Myonycteris relicta Bergmans, 1980 from Tanzania (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Annals of Carnegie Museum 50: Describes the fourth specimen of this bat from the Nguru Mts. at 3000 ft. Unfortunately, no more precise information is available regarding the exact locality. Previously the species was known only from the Shimba Hills in Kenya and Ambangulu, W. Usambaras Schmidt, P.R Early Exploitaiton and Settlement in the Usambara. Mountains. In: A.C. Hamilton & R. Bensted- Smith (eds.). Forest conservation in the East Usambara mountains, Tanzania.p Early Iron Age (EIA) peoples encroached upon the forests of East Africa between 500 BC and 500 AD and their effects can be characterized as severe. In the West Usambaras, these EIA populations had cleared forested areas in the itermontane valleys to the south of Lushoto town and were also living along and practicing agriculture on the higher ridges overlooking the Maasai steppe to the west. They were not isolated, and there are strong resemblances with the material culture of other such populations in the Pare Mts, the Taita Hills of Kenya, and on he slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro.It is particularly important to recognise that Kilimanjaro and Pare have been continuosly occupied during the last 2000 years by settled agricultural peoples. This accounts for the significantly altered landscapes and the almost total forest clearance on the lower slopes of Kilimanjaro and in all of the Pare Mts. The author believes that a similar, but less continuous history of occupation was the case for the Usambaras. Research in the Kagera region demonstrates that once the poor forest soils of a high rainfall zone are opened, they are occupied-given various conservation practices-until the forest resources necessary for a productive economy are depleted. When the technological system experienced stress because of scarce fuel, then such devleopments appear to have caused the demise of the industry, abandonment of the land, and the re- establishment of the forests. The forests of the Usambaras were being utilised for industrial and agricultural purposes some 1800 years ago. Notes that such a settlement history is suggested by pottery and charcoal found in soils beneath apparently little disturbed or undisturbed forest at both low (Kwamgumi) and high (Kwamsambia) altitudes Schiabel, H.G Tanganyika forestry under German colonial administration Forest & Conservation History 1: Schonmeier, H.W., Agriculture in conflict - the Shambaa case. Kubelstiftung, Benscheim, Schultz & Co Indigenous forest inventory of five areas of the United Republic of Tanznai: Kilombero Block. Tanzania, Report to the Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism.

277 Scott-Manga, J. and Beeuwkes, J Vegetation and height preference of juvenile frogs (Herolius) in the Amani pond, Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, 2 Sept 30 Sept p Like other amphibians, anurans (frogs and toads) are usually restricted to moist of humid areas. Hyperoliidae, a common frog family of East Africa needs emergent vegetation as well. In this study the frog abundance on vegetation in Amani pond, situated in Amani Nature Reserve was investigated. Therefore transect were analysed and two cage set-ups were build in the Amani pond. It was found that a high diversity of plants, increased frog abundance. Another finding was that Myriophllum aquaticum, an invasive waterweed can become a problem, since it reduces habitat for the juvenile frogs. 993.Seddon,N., Ekstrom J.M.M.,. Capper D.R., Isherwood I.S., Muna R., Pople R. G., Tarimo E., and Timothy J The important of the Nilo and Nguu North Forest Reserves for the conservation of montane forest birds in Tanzania.Biological Conservation 87: In July to October 1995 a survey was conducted bird in two forest reserves (FRs) in Tanzania: Nilo FR in the East Usambara Mountains and Nguu North FR in the Nguu Mountains. The survey results were used to assess the importance of the two FRs for the conservation of threatened, near-threatened and restricted range montane bird species, and threats to the forest in these areas were identified. The conservation importance of the East Usambaras and the Nguu relative to other forested mountain ranges in Tanzania was assessed. It was found that Nilo FR and the adjacent forested public land is an important site for the conservation of Usambara weaver and long-billed tailorbird, and Nguu North FR for east coast akalat. Both FRs harbour other forest-dependent species of conservation interest whose survival prospects would be enhanced by improved protection of the reserves. Both FRs are subject to degradation, predominantly through pit-sawing and cultivation. There is an urgent need for a long-term conservation programme in these FRs and we make practical recommendations for their future management Seddon, N., D.R. Capper, J.M. Ekstrom, I.S. Isherwood, R. Muna, R.G. Pople, E. Tarimo & J. Timothy Project Mount Nilo 95: a bird conservation project to the East Usambara and Nguu Mountains, northern Tanzania. Cambridge University Expedition Reports, Cambridge. 995.Seddon, N., Capper, D.R., Ekström, J.M., Isherwood, I.S., Muna, R., Pople,R.G., Tarimo, E. & Timothy, J Project Mount Nilo '95. Discoveries in the East Usambara and Nguu Mountains, Northern Tanzania. Bulletin of the African Bird Club 3:

278 Seddon, M. B.,Tattersfield, P., Herbert, D.G., Rowson, B., Lange, C.N., Ngereza, C., Warui, C.M. and Allen, J.A., Diversity of African forest mollusc faunas: what we have learned since Solem (1984) Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 68: We report on studies in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and South Africa over the past 22 years that have yielded estimates of land-snail diversity in the main forest types occurring in East and eastern southern Africa. When supplemented with the results of similar research in Madagascar and West Africa by other workers, the information provides a more detailed picture of the patterns of land-snail diversity on the continent than was available to Solem (1984). We describe our field methods, re-examine Solem s (1984) assessments of sympatric, allopatric and mosaic diversity patterns in African forests and provide a review of overall species number at continental, regional and country-wide scales, and in the main African forest biomes that have been studied Sender, J Some preliminary notes on the political economy of rural development in Tanzania, based on a case study in the Western Usambaras. Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam. E.S.B. paper pp Sengoe, K.C The assessment of impact of cardamon production on the land and forest resources in the Eastern Usambara mountains, Muheza District, Tanga Region, Tanzania. MSc.Thesis, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor Senkondo, E.M.M. & Kihiyo, V.B Are smallholder agroforestry systems profitable? A case study of Uluguru mountains area in Tanzania. Agricultural Economics Analysis and Rural Development 4 (1): Efforts towards soil conservation have proved inadequate to sustain the increasing population pressure on the land. Agroforestry as a multipurpose land use system is suggested as a solution to attaining sustainability in land use, and as a complement to existing land management. Since the main beneficiaries are individual farmers, the study examines the financial (benefits to the individual) rather than the economic profitability of the selected agroforestry systems in the Uluguru mountain area of Morogoro, Tanzania. This area has been experiencing land degradationproblems since the colonial period. A survey of 80 smallholder agroforestry farmers in the eastern and western parts of Uluguru Mountains were used in generating the information base for the study. The results indicate that agroforestry practices are financially profitable and have remained viable over a wide range of increasing costs and declining benefits. The livestock component was found to increase the financial profitability of the systems.

279 272 Improved technology, crop husbandry practices and appropriate intensification is required to help improve productivity. The use of animal manure combined with chemical fertilizers are advocated to restore soil fertility. 1000(a). Seppänen, M Change in land use in the East Usambaras, Tanzania. MSc.Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Helsinki. The study aimed at mapping changes in land use based on two SPOT satellite images from 1986 and 1993, and field interviews. Land use had changed on 3.4% of the study area, mainly as a decline in natural vegetation in the public lands. Little change was observed in the forest reserves. Most changes (73%) took place in the northern part. 1000(b). Seymour, M Manual harvesting of Maesopsis eminii in the East Usambara mountains, Tanzania. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 3. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Shaka, J.M., Kabushemera, W. & Msangi, A Soils and vegetation of Kambai Forest Reserve, Bombwera Division, Muheza District, Tanga. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 26. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Shaka, J.M., Kabushemera, W. & Msangi, A Soils and vegetation of Semdoe proposed forest reserve, Bombwera Division, Muheza District, Tanga. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 36. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Shaka J.M. and A. Msangi, A. 1996a. Soils and Vegetation of Bamba Forest Reserve, Maramba Division, Muheza District, Tanga. Technical Report 23. The C/N raito generally show goodquality organic matter. The exchangeable calcium varies from high to very high hile the exchangeable magnesium ranges from low to medium. Potassium levels are medium to low or very low. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is generally medium. Vegetation density varies from open forest mainly for the areas which have been under human influence to dense forest. in some of the plots one or two tree species are dominant while in others there is no tree dominance. The common tree species in the area include Scorodophloeus fischeri, Manilkara sulcata, Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolus, Markhamia lutea, Cussonia zimmermanii, Pandanus rabaiensis, Julbernadia magnistipulata, Combretum schumannii, Julbernadia magnistipulata, Combretum schumannii, Diospyros kabuyeana, Diospyros natalensis, Vincentella passargei, Fernandoa magnifica, Antiaris toxicaria, Dombeya shupangae, Stereospermus kunthianum, Ricinodendron

280 273 heudelotii, Xylopia parviflora, Millicia excelsa, Cynometra fischeri, Cynometra webberi, dialium holtsii, and Bombax rhodognaphalon Shaka, J.M. & Msangi, A. 1996b. Soils and vegetation of Kwamarimba and North Longuza forest reserves, Bombwera Division, Muheza District, Tanga. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 25. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Shangali, C.F., Mabula, C.K. & Mmari, C Biodiversity and human activities in the udzungwa mountain forests, tanzania. 1. ethnobotanical survey in the udzungwa scarp forest reserve. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between March and September 1997 in the northwestern and southern parts of the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve using strip transects. Altogether 489 plant species from 107 families were recorded, most of them being trees (37%) and shrubs (27%). Others were lianas, herbs, ferns and parasites. Endemic plants restricted to the Udzungwa Mountains along with other Eastern Arc endemics were present. It was established that local communities around the forest highly depend on the natural forests for forest products. Most human uses were for traditional medicine, fuelwood and building materials. Quality hardwoods Khaya nyasica, Afzelia quanzensis, Milicia excelsa, and Ocotea usambarensis were noted. To reduce the pressure on the natural forest, agroforestry is recommended to the area to meet some of the needs for forest products thereby contributing to the conservation of biodiversity. It is also important to do more intensive surveys in the area and document the valuable indigenous knowledge of useful plants for improved management Shehaghilo, I.M A guide of Seed Collection of the more common species at Lushoto and Mombo arboreta.tanzania Tech. Note (New Series) No. 34. A list of seed (by species) which can be collected at the two arboreta, the expected viability and the time of the year (quarterly basis) when they can be collected are given. The paper gives readers a knowledge of what seeds are available and how much can be expected, and when ordering could be done Shehaghilo, I.M Storability of some tree seeds under Lushoto conditions. Tanzania Tech. Note (New Series) No. 42.

281 274 Tree seeds are categorised in four lists according to their longevity when stored under normal room temperature conditions at Lushoto. Suggestions are given for the successful storage of these seeds Shehaghilo, I.M Grevillea robusta seed collection and storage in Tanzania -past experience and future prospects. In: Harwood C.E. (ed). Grevillea robusta in Agroforestry and Forestry. Proceedings of an International Workshop. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi. p [Usambaras Mountains]. This paper outlines collection of Grevillea robusta seed during the main collection season in two localities of the highlands of northern Tanzania, for a twenty-five year period. Seed viability as a function of storage time shows that the seeds should not be stored for more than six months. Plans are under way to satisfy future seed demand Sheil, D Naturalized and invasive plant species in the evergreen forests of the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 32(1): The threat posed to natural habitats by invasive plants is discussed in the context of nature conservation and the evergreen forests of the Usambara Mountains, an area that has been extensively used for crop and forest species trials. An annotated list of 48 species of naturalized plants found in the area is presented Shemwetta, D.T.K., Ole-Meiludie, R.E.L., Migunga., G.A., Abeli, W.S. and Silayo, D.A System balance in multi-stage timber transportation: a case of Mkumbara skyline, Tanzania.Tanzania Journal of Forestry and Nature Conservation Timber transportation is known to be the most important and expensive single component in timber harvesting. It is a crucial part in harvesting planning especially where difficulty terrain and long distances are involved. This paper presents a study of a skyline logging system, Mkumbara, Northeast Tanzania, where difficult terrain and distances cause concern for system balance in a multistage transport system. The stages were forest to upper landing by trucks and tractor, upper to lower landing by skyline, and eventually lower landing to the mill by other log-hauling units. This study identified the situation and workplace factors influencing productivity and costs; assessed the coordination of the different harvesting activities, and determined the presence of system balancing required for efficiency. The study involved assessment of productivity and costs of timber harvesting for the skyline system from gross and detailed work-studies. The operations assessed include: timber cutting, log transport to the skyline upper landing, terminal operations, skyline operation, and log hauling to the processing mills.

282 275 The study revealed that although the potential of the skyline stage was not achieved, log hauling by tractors from the forest to the upper landing was the major bottleneck. Log transportation from the lower landing to the mill need to be improved. The mill demanded 60 m 3 of logs per day while log hauling to the upper landing was 38.8m 3 per day. Unit cost at the mill amounted to Tanzania Shillings 6,550/-, with the hauling from forest to the upper landing being the highest, contributing 30% of the unit cost. The daily productivity and costs were imbalanced between all subsequent stages, however, it is recommended that improvement of the forest to upper landing stage could greatly increase productivity, and decrease unit cost, even without large capital investment Shenkalwa, E.M. (undated). Effects of the establishment of macro contour lines on the sloping lands of the West Usambara Mountain range Tanzania. 8 pp. The Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Project (SECAP) at Lushoto is controlling erosion through the establishment of macrocontourlines (MCL). So far, the effects of MCL on soil properties have received little attention. This paper analyses some of these effects through a study of the top soil physico-chemical properties. The establishment of the macrocontour lines on the sloping land of the west Usambara mountains prevented organic matter from being eroded. This is evidenced by its accumulation just above the macrocontour lines. In these places organic matter improves the soil porosity as evidenced by the reduction in soil bulk density. The macrocontour lines also affect directly crops planted close to them through competition for moisture, nutrients as well as through shading. This is shown by the reduced yield of bean rows close to the macrocontour lines. Effects of the MCL on individual exchangeable cations were not conclusive, but the amounts of total exchangeable cations are highest at the lower parts of the plots at the macrocontour lines Shoo, M.E Phenological study of indigenous trees in the West Usambaras, Tanzania. I. Methods and interim results. Tanzania Silviculture Technical Note (New Series) pp Shoo, M.E List of Experiments by Type and Species. Natural Forest Subsection (Not Published). Silviculture Research Centre, Lushoto Sims, R.W Revision of the eastern Africa earthworm genus Polytoreutus (Eudrilidae: Oligochaeta). Bull Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 43: Includes a key and escriptions to species from Mt. Metu, West Usambara, Nguelo, Amani, East Usambaras, Nguru, Bagilo in the Ulugurus, and a new species from Baga I and Baga II Forest Reserves.

283 Smith, F.G Apis sp. Origins and functions of the Beekeeping Division of the Forest department, Tanganyika. Emp. For. Rev.37 (2): Soil erosion control and Agroforestry Project (SECAP),1996. General Management Plan for the Chambogo Community Forest. The paper describes the management plan of Chambogo Forest reserve. The plan had been prepared by SECAP staff, district authourity and villagers [16 pp] Soli, G New East African Species of Manota (Diptera, Myctophilidae). J. Afr. Zool. 107: Describes 8 new species of these flies new to science form Mazumbai and Mponde forests, W. Usambaras, thus increasing the number of African species from 10 to Somi, F.G.R. and Nshubemuki, L An annotated list of reserch reports issued by the Silviculture Research Section from Jan 1951-April1980. Tanzania Silvicuture Technical Note (New Series) No. 35. Gives among others summaries of research conducted at Amani, Lushoto, Kwamkoro, Handeni, Ukaguru, and Kigogo Sørensen, L Section 7 Invertebrates, with the main emphasis placed on millepedes. Pp In. Svendsen, J. & L. Hansen (1995). Report on the Uluguru Biodiversity Survey USPP Report No. 1, RSPB, Sandy Sørensen, L.L, Coddington, J.A. and Scharff, N, Inventorying and Estimating Subcanopy Spider Diversity Using Semiquantitative Sampling Methods in an Afromontane Forest. Environ. Entomol. 31(2): We investigated the effect of plot-based and unrestricted (plot-less) sampling on an inventory of a megadiverse taxon, spiders, in an Afrotropical forest for the purpose of species richnessestimates. We also investigated the efþciency of human-based sampling methods and the effect of allocation of sampling effort to different sampling methodsto cover asmany microhabitatsaspos sible. In the 10-d sampling period in the montane forest of the Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve in Tanzania, eight collectors sampled spiders for 350 h and 800 pitfall trap-days. Two hundred hoursof sampling were restricted to a 1-ha plot and 150 h of sampling took place outside the plot. The sampling team included both experienced and inexperienced collectorsus ing Þve different hand collecting methods during day and night sampling periods. Sampling yielded 9,096 adult spiders representing 170 species in total. Number of

284 277 species and adult spiders per sample and overall species composition depended mainly on the sampling methods used and time of day. Whether the sampling took place within or at random outside the plot did not affect species composition or number of species per sample. Collector experience did affect the number of species collected per hour and thereby overall species composition of the sample but was less important than sampling methods used and time of day Spawls, S., Howell, K.,Drewes, R. and Ashe, J A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. African Journal of Herpetology 51(2): Academic Press, London & San Diego. Hardback book, 543 pp. This a long comprehensive guide to the reptiles of East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi) is the result of a fruitful collaboration between fiveherpetologists with many years of field experience in East Africa. The book is a pocket field guide, it is essential reference for anyone seeking to identify East African reptiles in the field. The first 32 pages are devoted to the Preface, Sources and Acknowledgements, Further Reading on East African Reptiles, and severalintroductory essays, including an illuminating one on the Zoogeography of the East African Reptile Fauna, and others on Reptiles in the East African Environment; observing and collecting reptiles; Reptile Conservation the role of National Parks and Museums; Identifying Reptiles; Common Names; Photographing Reptiles; Notes on the Husbandry of East African Reptiles, and What are Reptiles? The Species Accounts are divided into five sections covering: 1. Chelonians (p ); 2. Lizards (p ); 3. WormLizards (p ); 4. Crocodiles ( ) and 5. Snakes (p ), with keys to families, genera and species. Each species account provides the available information on Identification, Habitat & Distribution, Natural History and Venom (where relevant for snakes) and is illustrated with excellent colour photographs by numerous contributors. A small distribution map gives the approximate range of each species in East Africa. At the end of the book is a series of colour photos showing reptile biology and habitats; Appendix 1: very comprehensive Notes on Snakebite and its treatment by Stephen Spawls; Appendix 2: Local Names in Swahili and 20 tribal languages; Appendix 3: a comprehensive Gazetteer, with full coordinates; Appendix 4: an excellent Glossary of herpetological terms and Appendix 5: references. Indices of scientific and common names complete the text. As the authors have pointed out, this book is not the last word on East African reptiles, as new species are still being described and the taxonomy of many groups is being drastically revised in the light of new data provided by molecular taxonomy. The corrigenda and addenda has been compiled mainly for the species accounts Spooner, R. J., & Jenkin, R.N The development of the lower Mgeta river area of the United Republic of Tanzania. U.K. Ministry of Overseas development surveys. Land resource study No. 1.

285 278 A detailed survey of the soils, vegetation and present land use of each of these areas is described Stanley, W.T., Goodman, S.M. & Hutterer, R Notes on the insectivores and elephant shrews of the Chome Forest, South Pare Mountains, Tanzania (Mammalia: Insectivora et Macroscelidea). Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden 49 (8): Results of a survey of the insectivores and elephant shrews at m altitude in the Chome Forest, South Pare Mountains, Tanzania. Crocidura usambarae, may be endemic to the Eastern Arc. Ecological and natural history notes are presented for all species collected, including notes relating to East Usambara Stanley, T.W Results of a preliminary small mammal survey of Malundwe mountain, Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): Small mammals were sampled on Mount Malundwe in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, duringn July Nine species, representing seven genera were recorded for three mammalian orders; Insectivora, Chiroptera and Rodentia. Species documented included those common in other montane aras of Tanzania as well as inhabitants of drier habitats. Identifications and natural history information are presented for this poorly known fauna from a unique Eastern Arc habitat Stanley, T. W. and Rogers, M. A., Howell, K.M.and Msuya, C.A Results of a survey of small mammals in the Kwamgumi Forest Reserve, East Usambara mountains, Tanzania Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): The small mammals of Kwamgumi Forest Reserve, a habitat representing transition between coastal and Eastern Arc forest types, and one of the lower forest reserves of the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, were sampled to gain a preliminary perspective on the diversity and abundance of the shrews, bats and rodents of this unique forest. While the species documented are reminiscent of those found at higher elevations in the East and West Usambara Mountains, the abundance of shrews and rodents, based on trap success, was much lower than in the montane forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains Stanley,W.T., Kihaule, P.M., Kim M. Howell,K.M. & Hutterer,R Small mammals of the Eastern Arc mountains, Tanzania. In: Burgess, N.D.,Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87:

286 279 The Eastern Arc mountains (EAM) contain some of the most biologically diverse and endemic-rich montane ecosystems in all of Africa. Because of the staggering degree of biodiversity, how little we know about the biota of the EAM and the rapid degradation of the remaining montane forests of these mountains, we are studying the natural history and biogeography of the small mammals (shrews and rodents) of this archipelago. We are also interested in specific questions such as the effects of forest fragmentation on and elevational distribution of EAM small mammals. To date we have surveyed the South Pare, East Usambara, West Usambara, Nguru, Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains. We have documented a rodent fauna that is widespread across the archipelago, although restricted to montane and submontane habitats. Shrew species are much more patchy in distribution with each EAM or subset of mountains holding at least one seemingly endemic species, suggesting that speciation has contributed to the current pattern of species richness in insectivores. However, further analysis is required to discern how dispersal, extinctions and/or speciation have contributed to this pattern. Importantly, we have found very few introduced, exotic or savanna dwelling species in our surveys of undisturbed forests even when these forests are in close proximity to disturbed areas or human habitation Stanley,W.T., Nikundiwe, A. M., Mturi, F.A., Kihaule, P.M. and Moehlman, P.D Small mammals collected in the Udzungwa mountains national park, Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural History 94 (1): Small mammals were sampled in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania, during 1995 and Twenty-four species, representing 16 genera were recorded for three orders: Insectivora, Chiroptera and Rodentia. Identifications and natural history information are presented for this poorly known fauna from a unique Eastern Arc Mountains habitat Stanley, W.T. and Olson, L.E, Phylogeny, phylogeography, and geographic variation of Sylvisorex howelli (Soricidae), an endemic shrew of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. J. Zool., Lond. 266: The Eastern Arc Mountains of eastern Africa are notable for the high levels of endemism exhibited by various forestdwelling organisms of this ancient montane archipelago. There has been virtually no assessment of the variation among populations of small mammal species living on these unique mountains, but recent faunal surveys have produced sufficient material to initiate such studies. Cranial morphometric and DNA sequence data were examined from six populations of Sylvisorex howelli Jenkins, 1984, an endemic shrew found in several different massifs of the Eastern Arc Mountains, to assess variation across the archipelago in the context of various hypotheses of historical biogeography. Twenty-two

287 280 cranial measurements were analysed using principal components analysis. Age classes (based on tooth wear) and sex had little effect on the variation exhibited by the variables studied. Overall, specimens of S. howelli from the East Usambara Mountains are smaller than specimens from other known populations. The mitochondrial ND2 and 12S rrna genes from representatives of each montane population of S. howelli in addition to several crocidurine taxa from eastern Africa and three soricine outgroup species were sequenced to assess phylogenetic relationships among these taxa. Neither maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, nor Bayesiananalyses support monophyly of the genus Sylvisorex, but S. howelli populations were consistently recovered as a well-supported clade. Over 40 individuals of S. howelli from six disjunct montane ranges, comprising the entire known distribution of the species,were sequenced for 504 base pairs of ND2 to investigate phylogeographic patterns. Phylogenetic analysis recovered six reciprocally monophyletic haplotype clades grouped by locality. Branch lengths are consistent with relatively long periods of isolation among populations from the Uluguru, Ukaguru, Nguru, Nguu, East Usambara and West Usambara Mountains, with low levels of diversity observed within each population. These results are interpreted within the historical context of the Eastern Arc Mountains Stanley, W.T., Rogers. M. A. and R. Hutterer, R., A new species of Congosorex from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, with significant biogeographical implications J. Zool., Lond. 265: A new species of Congosorex is described. The new species occurs in Tanzania and is larger in external characteristics than the other two known species in the genus, with the longer tail being especially distinctive. The skull of the new species is wider, on average, than other Congosorex, but intermediate in greatest length. Previously undocumented characteristics that differentiate Congosorex from Myosorex are described. The presence of Congosorex in the Eastern Arc Mountains supports the theory that these mountains are refuges of ancient lineages of organisms with ties to the Guineo-Congolian region of Africa and that there was once a continuous swath of forest connecting these two areas Stanley, W.T., S.M. Goodman & P.H. Kihaule (in press). Results of two surveys of rodents in the Chome Forest Reserve, South Pare Mountains, Tanzania. Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden Stanley,W.T., Gunn, J. Kihaule, P.M., Results of preliminary small mammal survey of Malundwe mountain, Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Journal of East African History 94 (1): Small mammals were sampled on mount Malundwe in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, during July, Nine species representing seven genera were recorded for three mammalian orders: Insectivora, Chiropetra and

288 281 Rodentia. Species documented included those common in other montaine areas of Tanzania as well as inhitants of drier habitats. Identification and natural history information are presented for this poorly known fauna from a unique Eastern Arc habitat Stanley, W.T., Rogers, M. A., Howell, K. M. & Msuya, C.A., 2005.The small mammals of Kwamgumi Forest Reserve, a habitat representing transition between coastal and Eastern Arc forest types Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long & D.C. Wege, Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife International, Cambridge Steiner, M The endemism in Usambaras Acanthaceae. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p There are 107 taxa of Acanthaceae in the Usambara Mts. of which 9.3% are strictly endemic. A further 15 % are here assigned as afromontane near-endemics and 9.3% as coastal near-endemics. The main part of these species are dependent on the threatened forest cover on the mountains. A specia1 flower morphology probably adapted to bird pollination is found among the endemics Stephenson, P.J The conservation and management of the Udzungwa Mountains National Park. The Arc Journal 5: Stoltze, M The Afrotropical caddisfly family Pisuliidae. Systematics, Zoogeography and Biology. (Trichoptera: Pisuliidae). Steenstrupia 15: A detailed study with descriptions of new species from Chita and Mwihana forests. Keys are provided, and there is a discussion of the biology of the family as well as its phylogeny and zoogeography Struhsaker, T. T Conservation of Red Colobus and Their Habitats. International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 26, No. 3 A review of the conservation status of red colobus indicates that 38.9% of the taxa are threatened with extinction in the near future. Although no taxon of red colobus appears to have gone extinct, many of their populations have. The major threats are hunting and habitat loss and degradation, but in some cases intrinsic biotic factors, such as predatorprey imbalance, are leading to serious declines in populations. I propose a

289 282 general framework for evaluating conservation problems and possible solutions, with an emphasis on distinguishing between proximate and ultimate variables and the time scales involved. In general, most viable populations of red colobus occur in wellprotected forests; usually national parks. I proffer recommendations to improve the conservation status of the parks, which will benefit red colobus and most other tropical forest species Stuart, S.N Biogeographic and ecological aspects of forest bird communities in eastern Tanzania. Ph.D thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge. The most detailed study of forest bird communities available for Tanzania, and indeed, eastern Africa. In addition to the biological information provided, and especially useful chapter is eight, The Vulnerability of Forest Birds to Habitat Change. It is noted that the Usambara forest avifauna is one of the richest in eastern East Africa. This rich avifauna is zoned altitudinally and many of its birds make seasonal altitudinal migrations. Consequently a complete altitudinal spectrum of forest should be preservd if the Usambara forest avifauna is to survive. 84/122 species living in the Usambara forests are dependent upon the future survival of the forests, and all of the rare and endangered species are forest dependent. Chapter Nine, A Forest Conservation Plan for the Usambara Mountains, first examines the distribution of forest in the Usambaras, including results of forest mapping schemes. A number of maps and tables are presented. It discusses the complexities of multiple ownership of various forest blocks. Proposed changes include the establishment of National Nature Reserves, National Forest Reserve. A number of National Nature Reserves are suggested, which would include a complete attitudinal span of forest in the Usambaras. These are in the West Usambara: Shagayu, Manolo, Magamba, Baga-Mazumbai, Mahezangulu, Kwenhondwe, and Ambangulu. National Nature Reserve suggested for the East Usambara are Hundu, Amani, Sigi and Mwarimba. National Forest Reserves suggested for the West Usambaras are Shume, Mkussu, Kisima- Gonja, Mweningombero, Ndelemai, Balangai, Mali and Kileta-Maluda. National Forest Reserves suggested for the East Usambaras are Kisiwani, Monga, Kwamkoro, Mhinduro and Mtai Stuart, S.N. 1985: Rare Forest birds and Their Conservation in Eastern Africa. ICBP Technical Publication No.4, ICBP. Discusses the Eastern Tanzania/Coastal Kenya rare bird group, consisting of 18 Critical Species. The forests of northern Mozambique are considered part of this Eastern Refugium. The Ulugurus, Usambaras and Uzungwas are mentioned specifically and maps are provided Stuart, S The forest bird fauna of the East Usambara mountains. In: Hamilton, A.C. & Bensted-Smith, R. (eds.) Forest

290 283 conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. IUCN, Gland, p Stuart, S.N. & Hutton, J.M The avifauna of the East Usambara mountains, Tanzania. Report of Cambridge ornithological expedition to East Africa, Cambridge University Stuart, S.N. & Jensen, F.P Further range extensions and other notable records of forest birds from Tanzania. Scopus 5: Specific records for Shagayu, Shume Jinperus forest, Shume-Magamba forest, Mazumbai Balangai, Mahezangulu, Dindira, Kwenhondwe Forest, Ambangulu, Amani, Amani-Sigi Forest, Kihuhwi-Sigi Forest, Kiwanda, and Magrotto Eastates in the Usambaras; Also, Lupanga, Kinole Forest, Bagilo Forest, Morningside, Bunduki, and Lukwangule Plateau, Ulugurus. A list of birds from Mwanihana forest up to September 1981 is also included Stuart, S.N. & Jensen, F.P The avifauna of the Uluguru Mountains. Gerf. 75: The avifauna of these two sites is of great interest because of the large number of rare and threatened species present. The altitudinal zonation of the 101 forest species is described. There is shown to be a broad altitudinal overlap between lowland and montane species. As in the Usambara and Ulugurus, many montane species occur, at least seasonally at remarkably low altitudes. The importance of Mwanihana Forest for bird conservation is emphasized. The forest avifauna of Mwinihana is very different from that found in the dry forest on the Uzungwa plateau, but the nature of the intergradation of the bird communities of the escarpment and plateau forests is not yet understood Stuart, S.N. & Turner, D.A Some range extensions and other notable records of forest birds from eastern and northeastern Tanzania. Scopus 4: Records fromthe Usambaras, Bumbuli, Ambangulu, Mazumbai, Amani, Shume-Magamba; Ulugurus; Mandge, Ukagurus; Ngurs; and the Uzungwa mts, Mufindi Stuart, S.N. & van der Willigen, T.A. (eds.) Report of the Cambridge Ecological Expedition to Tanzania, Describes bird studies and forest mapping in the East Usambaras at Amani, the West Usambaras at Mazumbai and Baga II Forests, and the Ukagurus (Mandege), and Nguru forests Stuart, S.N., Jensen, F.P., Brøgger-Jensen S. & Miller, R.I The zoogeography of the montane forest avifauna of Eastern Africa.

291 284 p In: Lovett, J.C. &. Wasser, S.K(eds): Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Stuart, S.N., Jensen, F.P. & Brogger-Jensen, S Altitudinal zonation of the Avifauna in Mwanihana and Magombera forests, Eastern Tanzania. Le Gerfaut 77: The altitudinal zonation of the 101 forest species is described. There is shown to be a broad altitudinal overlap between the avifauna of Mwanihana and Udzungwa forest are also described and the importance of these forests for bird conservation is emphasised vendsen, J. O.;Rahner, M. R.;Jon Fjeldsa, J. and Burgess, N.D,.1995 Conservation of the uluguru mountain forests. Report on the Uluguru Biodiversity Survey 1993 pp In this paper the Uluguru forests and their threats are assessed briefly. The present conservation status of the forests on the Uluguru mountains is also reviewed. The results of the current investigation on biodiversity allied with those of recent land use studies (Lyamuya et al. 1994) and out own observations of land use are used to draw up some conservation recommendations for the area. The main focus in this report is on biodiversity protection and maintenance of ecosystem services Svendsen, J. & Hansen, L. (eds.) Report on the Uluguru Biodiversity Survey USPP Report No. 1, RSPB, Sandy Stuart, S.N., Howell, K.M., van der Willigen, T.A. & Geertsema, A. A Some additions to the avifauna of the Uzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Scopus 5: Sun, J. Kirkegaard, N Differential tadpole response to pond and stream predators. In: Tropical Biology Association. Field course report at Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. 2 Sept 30 Sept. 2005, p Tadpoles have adopted different strategies to escape predators. In this study we examine tadpole response to predators. Hyerolius spinigularis was found in a pond a Rana angolensis and Bufo brauni were collected from a stream. All tadpoles were exposed to a pond predator (water scorpion) and a stream and pond predator (dragonfly larvae). H. spinigularis reacted to the water scorpion by lowering its activity level whereas B. brauni reacted by raising its activity level. R. angolensis did not respond to the water scorpion. H. spinigularis and B. brauni are both found in ponds with water scorpions and it is therefore no surprise that both species react to this predator. R. angolensis is never found in ponds and has no adaptations to the predator. No tadpoles changes their activity

292 285 level in the presence of the dragonfly larvae. It is possible that dragonflies are too common or too rare for the tadpoles to evolve any specific adaptation to this predator Svendsen, J.O., Rahner, M.C. Fjeldså J. & Burgess, N.D Conservation of the Uluguru Mountain Forests. Report on The Uluguru Biodiversity Survey 1993 Part A. Danish Centre for Tropical Biodiversity, Copenhagen and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy Swai, C.M.S The role of Bamboo in Rural Development. SPFE Dept of Forestry, Morogoro, UDSM. Examines uses of Oxytenanthera braunii and Arundinaria alpina in Kilolo and Mgama villages, Iringa District. Bamboos species are also found in Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Ruvuma, Mbeya, Iringa and Kigoma regions. Uses include basketry, grain sifters, house and silo construction, production of an alcoholic beverage, and water pipes. Ulanzi, an alcoholic beverage, does not depend on the use of food cereals for its production, and this is a positive point in its favour. Its production period is from Nov.-May. Profit from its sale is an important source of income for the families. Bamboo pipes are shown to be suitable technically and economically for a project of life of about 15 yrs. More research is needed on its treatment with preservatives, as the effects of these are unknown Swynnerton, G.H. & Hayman, R.W A checklist of the land mammals of Tanganyika Territory and the Zanzibar Protecorate. J.E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 20: TANAPA, Udzungwa Mountains National Park management plan. TANAPA Planning Unit. 89 pp To protect water, geology, natural and scenic resources and provide water to local populations, the Kilombero valley, hydroelectric power and preserve biological diversity of endemic threatened and endangered species of fauna and flora for the benefit of mankind. Thus only those recreational activities that contribute to the understanding and appreciation of park resources to the extent that natural, cultural and scenic values are not impaired will be allowed; Stabilise, harden and provide necessary facilities along each of the existing and proposed nature trails that can sustain the highest limits of acceptable use with the least amount of damage to resources. Improve security and safety for all visitors in the park. Gradually reduce the collection and use of firewood by encouraging alternative sources of energy. Ensure that all the hotels and other private developments are located on lands outside the park boundary. Ensure that local communities derive shared benefits from the park and that they participate fully in the conservation activities of the park Tairo, V.E The Role of Community Institutions In Regulating Resource Use Conflicts Around Udzungwa Mountain Forest

293 286 Reserves: Case Study Of the New Dabaga Ulangambi Forest Reserve, Final DRAFT. Study funded through the MEMA Biodiversity Research Advisory Group (BRAG). Iringa District Council. Forest & Beekeeping Division & MEMA/Danida Tallents, L.A., Lovett, J. C., Hall, J. B. and Hamilton, A. C., 2005 Phylogenetic diversity of forest trees in the Usambara mountains of Tanzania: correlations with altitude. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 149: The relationship between diversity of large trees and altitude was investigated in a Tanzanian tropical rain forest. In total, 231 samples of 20 trees of 20 cm dbh. from the East and West Usambara mountains, covering an elevation range from 280 m to 2180 m a.s.l., were analysed. An ordination demonstrated a constant turnover of species, genera, family and orders with elevation. There were no obvious zones or discontinuities. There was no decline in plot richness with respect to altitude for species, genera or orders. Family richness was shown to increase with altitude. A measure of genetic diversity, the avalanche index, was calculated for each plot to investigate the effect of incorporating phylogenetic relatedness of individuals into the diversity measure. Distances between taxa were extracted from a recent molecular phylogeny of the angiosperms. Incorporation of phylogenetic diversity at family level enhanced the positive correlation between plot diversity and altitude TANESCO, Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project, Environmental Impact Assessment. Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited and Norplan, Dar es Salaam Tangwa, J.L., Chamshama, S.A.O. &. Nsolomo, V.R Dieback disorder in Pinus patula, P. elliottii and P. caribaea at Sao Hill, southern Tanzania. Commonwealth Forestry Review. 67 (3): Tanzania, United Republic, Feasibility study on Kihansi Hydroelectric Power Development Project. Final Report Summary, October Japan International Co-operation Agency, JICA Tattersfield, P Biodiversity and conservation of land molluscs (snails and slugs) of forests of Tanzania. Contribution No. 1. Studies in forests of the coastal zone and near Amani, East Usambaras. Report for Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH Permit CC) Taylor, C.M., Gereau, R. E. and Walters, G. M., Revision of Ancistrocladus wall. (ancistrocladaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot.Gard. 92:

294 287 The genus Ancistrocladus Wall. ranges from Africa to southeastern Asia and comprises 16 species found in evergreen tropical forests. Unusual morphological features include its dimorphic juvenile and adult habits; an adult sympodial liana habit, climbing by hooks formed from modified stem apices; epidermal pits each containing a single trichome that secretes wax; glands of various forms found on both vegetative and reproductive structures; variously convolute or imbricate corolla aestivation; nutlike fruits with enlarged accrescent sepals; and deeply ruminate seeds. This is the only genus of the Ancistrocladaceae; the family is currently classified in Caryophyllales together with the closely related Dioncophyllaceae. Eleven species are found in Africa, and five in Asia. No infrageneric classi-fication is recognized here. Ancistrocladus abbreviatus Airy Shaw subsp. lateralis Gereau of Nigeria is newly described herein based on its pedunculate inflorescences that are borne well below the stem apex and its geographic distribution that is disjunct from A. abbreviatus subsp. abbreviatus. The occurrence of four sepals and petals in the family is reported here for the first time, in A. grandiflorus Cheek, as are an additional type of gland found on the leaves, continuous variation from convolute to imbricate corolla aestivation, and the possible occurrence of stipules. Lectotypes are newly designated for Ancistrocladus stelligerus Wall. ex DC. and Bigamea thwaitesii Tiegh., and a neotype is designated for A. hainanensis Hayata. Ancistrocladus pachyrrhachis Airy Shaw is reduced to taxonomic synonymy under A. barteri Scott-Elliot; A. uncinatus Hutch. & Dalziel is reduced to taxonomic synonymy under A. guineensis Oliv.; and A. carallioides Craib, A. cochinchinensis Gagnep., and A. harmandii Gagnep. are reduced to taxonomic synonymy under A. tectorius (Lour.) Merr Taylor, D Root distribution in relation to vegetation and soil type in the forests of the East Usambaras. p In Hamilton & Bensted-Smith, Results from studies in semi-natural forests at Kwamkoro and Kwamgumi and an old Maesopsis plantation near Amani refute the idea that tropical forest trees are characteristically 'shallowrooters'. Some variations in root density may be due to differences in soil fertility. Maesopsis plantations may have affected soil conditions, and this might explain some of the success of Maesopsis in natural forest Telford, S.R. Jr Studies on African saurian malarias: Plasmodium holaspi n. sp. from the Flying Lacertid Holaspis guentheri. J. Parasit. 72: Describes a new species of malaria from the Uluguru and Eastern Usambara mountains Telford, S.R. Jr Studies on African saurian malarias: Five Plasmodium species from Chamaeleons of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. International Journal for Parasitology 18:

295 Temple, P.H Soil and water conservation policies in the Uluguru mountains, Tanzania. Geografiska annaler 54 A (3-4): Proper use of soil and water resources in major stream source areas is vital both for the short-term advantage of the local economy and for the longterm advantage of the whole community. The paper is a case study of conservation policies and their impact on the partly deforested and densely settled stream-source area of the Uluguru mountains of Tanzania.Conservation policy in this area has been marked by radical shifts of emphasis and direction. These are described and analysed. Such a review of past experiences, together with newly available technical data presented in papers form a basis for comment concerning the future conservation measures in this area Temple, P. and Rapp, A Landslides in the Mgeta area, Western Uluguru mountains, Tanzania Geografiska annaler 54 A (3-4): Landsliding triggered by intense rainstorms is a major erosional process affecting steep, soil- covered slopes in a variety of climatic zones. The paper is a case study of the geomorphological and economic effects of one such intense rainstorm in a tropical mountain area, the western Uluguru mountains in Tanzania. On February, , more than 100 mm of rainfall were recorded in less than three hours in the Mgeta area. This storm caused slope failures and landslides fluvial erosion and deposition over a greater area beyond. Minimum economic losses from the direct and indirect results of this storm are assessed as well over E.A.shs. 600,000 (U.S.$90,000). The storm initiated more than 1000 landslides, predominantly as small debris slides which quickly turned into mudflows and joined the stream at base of the slope. Observations were made of locations, dimensions, slope positions, slope angle and forms of slide scars. 65 per cent of the scars were between 5 and 20 m wide and most averaged 1 to 1.5m deep. 47 per cent originated in cultivated fields, 46 per cent in grassland but less than 1 per cent in woodland covered areas. Characteristic landslide sub- types are unidentified on the basis of detailed field surveys.a sample of 840 landslides displaced 270,000 m 3 of debris over an area of 20 km 2 within the main area of damage. This approximates to a soil denudation rate of 14 mm. The major mechanism of slide initiation probably was high pore water pressure causing water blowouts. This hypothesis is examined in some detail Temu, A.B Estimation of millable timber volume in Miombo woodlands. Dar es Salaam University. Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Vet. Science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 7.

296 289 In forests of low density and high variation in species and tree distribution, like the Miombo woodlands, few products can be extracted economically. In Tanzania, the Miombo woodlands supply logs to one major industry, sawmilling. Direct estimation of available sawlog can be made I the field from point samples, using the sampling with conventional plot sampling. Recommends the adoption of the point sample method for use in miombo woodlands Temu, R.P.C. 1990a. A new species of Zenkerella (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) from Tanzania. Nordic Journal of Botany 10 (4): Zenkerella perplexa sp. nov. from the Uluguru Mountains is described and illustrated. Differences from Z. egregia are noted. To date only a single mature tree (about 12 m tall) has been seen Temu, R.P.C. 1990b. Extension services and public awareness about the importance of the Usambara forests. In: Hedberg, I. & Persson, E. (eds.) Research for conservation of Tanzanian catchment forests. Proceedings from a workshop held in Morogoro, Tanzania, March , p During the last 30 years the forested areas of the Usambara Mts has been reduced by ca 700%. The great importance of the forests as water catchment for the region,as a source for food and other useful plants and their scientific value urgently call for conservation measures. Some of the reasons for the destruction are discussed and proposals are made on extension services needed in order to ease the way for conservation planning and implementation Temu, R.P.C. 1990c. Taxonomy and biogeography of woody plants in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Case studies in Zenkerella, Scorodophloeus and Peddiea. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 286: Temu, R.C. and Nsolomo, V List of the Uluguru Mountains endemic vascular plants. Uluguru mountains biodiversity conservation Project. Consultancy Report. The work was accomplished by making use of the Flora of Tropical East Africa and other published and unpublished data sources. Records were also checked in various herbaria in Tanzania.Strict endemic and near endemic species of the Uluguru Mountains are listed and their habits, habitats and altitudinal ranges indicated. It has been found that there are about 108 strict endemic species in the Uluguru Mountains. Most of the endemic species are shrubs followed by herbs, trees and lastly climbers. Most of the endemic species are confined to the families Rubaceae (38 species in 11 genera), Orchidaceae (13 species in 7 genera) and Balsaminacease (11 species in 1 genus). The most preferred habitat by

297 290 endemics is the mountain rain forest. The major area where the uluguru endemics are concentrated are the forests of Bondwa/Lupanga, followed by Lukwangaule/Chenzema and then Bunduki and Mgeata. These areas are therefore the major hotspots for endemism in the Uluguru Mountains Tetlow, S.L Cambridge Conservation Study 1985 Taita Hills, Kenya. ICBP Study Report No. 18. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge Thomas, I.D. 1970a. Some Notes on Population and Land Use in the more densely populated parts of the Uluguru Mountains of Morogoro District. BRALUP Research Notes No population census data are used to characterise the population distribution and to provide sampling frame for a land use and household survey. Measures of agrarian population density are also indicated. Maps are provided showing population distribution and sample study areas. Tables present basic population and land used data. Especially useful are the appendices describing the methods of survey used, including questionnaire and transect forms Thomas, I.D. 1970b. Some Notes on Population and Land Use in the North Pare Mountains. BRALUP Research Notes No.9. +cf kili Thulin, M A new giant Lobelia from Tanzania. Kew Bulletin 34: Describes a new species of Lobelia from Catchment Forest Reserve. Mamiwa-Kisara (North) Tibaijuka, A.K The Impact of Economic Adjustment on the Environment: Case of Deforestation in the East Usambara Catchment Area, Tanzania. A Research Report of the Swedish International Development Agency, March TIRDEP Change in forestation between 1954 and 1976 in the West Usambaras. Map by TIRDEP air-photo interpretation project. TIRDEP, Tanga TFCG (draft). Threats to Eastern Arc Forests and solutions to those threats as defined by stakeholders in Eastern Arc Districts. Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests Project. Ministry of Natural Resources and TourismForest and Beekeeping Division Topp-Jorgensen, E., Poulsen, M.K., Lund, J.F. and Massao, J.F., Community-based monitoring of natural resource use and

298 291 forest quality in montane forests and miombo woodlands of Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: A community-based monitoring systems that focuses on natural resource use and forest quality in montane evergreen forest and miombo woodland areas was developed and implemented in 23 villages in 2002 as part of a participatory forest management regime in Iringa District, Tanzania. The scheme was developed to suit the needs and capacities of locally-elected natural resource committees managing and monitoring natural forests. Rather than measuring biodiversity, the monitoring is focused on resource extraction and disturbance. High levels of commitment to the monitoring were displayed by village level managers, and the preliminary feed-back indicates that the monitoring scheme provides them with the relevant information needed to suggest appropriate management interventions. While external support has been essential to cover development costs, natural resources revenue generated at village level can provide most of the running costs. Once developed, the scheme can, however, be transferred to similar areas at significantly lower costs that can be met by Tanzania District budgets. Natural resource revenue generated from montane forests is generally much lower than in woodland areas due to restrictions on resource extraction imposed as a consequence of national and international interests. Opportunities to provide economic incentives for montane forest managers through direct utilisation of the resource are limited and it remains to be seen whether other non-economic incentives can sustain long term commitment in these biodiversity rich areas. Findings indicate that the key elements of this local resource utilisation monitoring scheme are simplicity, incentive mechanisms, transparency and accountability, and autonomy for local managers. However, the methods may not provide sufficient data on changes in biodiversity values in the high value forests and may need to be augmented by conventional monitoring by scientists funded by national or international institutions. Elements of the scheme are now being institutionalised within the forestry sector in Tanzania Tottrup, A. P., Larsen, J. L. and Burgess, N.D A first estimate of the population size of Loveridge s sunbird Nectarinia loveridgei, endemic to the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Bird Conservation International, 14: The Eastern Arc Mountains of East Africa are known for an exceptionally rich flora and fauna with very high endemism. For the conservation of rare forest birds these mountains are of the utmost importance in Africa. The first population estimate of the endemic Loveridge s Sunbird Nectarinia loveridgei in the Ulugugu Mountains of eastern Tanzania are provided. The study was conducted between September and December Capture-recapture using mistnets was used to gather data at eleven study sites between 1,300 2,600 m altitude in four different areas of the Ulugurus. The program CAPTURE was used to estimate the population

299 292 at each study site. Since the home range of loveridge s sunbird is unknown, the density of the potential population was calculated by assuming home ranges ranging from 0 km 2 through to 3 km 2. When combined with data on the species at 0.1km 2 and 0.8 km 2, an estimated total population ranging from 21,000 to 166,000 individuals was obtained. A median home range of 0.45 km 2 estimates the population close to 37,000 individuals. The species does not seem threatened but its long-term survival will depend on the survival of the forest, and in particular on how well the forest reserves on the Ulugurus are managed in the future Tøttrup, A. P. and Larsen, J.L., First description of the egg with other notes on the biology of Loveridge s sunbird Nectarinia loveridgei. Scopus 25: One eggs measures1.2 x 1.6 cm. The egg is shiny dark olive-green with an irregular dark pattern. In some areas the dark spots were clustered to form dark shapes, concealing the otherwise dark olive background. The female seems to incubate the eggs alone, as no male was seen entering the nest during observation periods. The male was only observed for short periods around the nest with eggs. The nest containing nestlings was visited mostly by the female. The male was observed bringing food to the nestlings through the entrance hole Tuominen, V Marking of the Forest Reserve boundaries in the East Usambara mountains. East Usambara Conservation Area Management Programme Technical Paper Series No.8 Composing this study has its origin in the poor condition of the border lines of the forest reserves in the East usambara mountains of Tanzania. The study deals with the present way of boundary marking, planting, and the most promising alternative for planting, boundary painting. Some ideas of other ways to strengthen the boundary marking are given too. Activities and timetables for the marking methods were compiled in order to prevent failures in boundary marking. The labour demand and the costs of boundary planting and painting were calculated for each way to mark the boundaries. Two tree species were used in calculating the costs of boundary planting, Tectona grandis (Teak) and Eucalyptus saligna. Boundary planting has very high establishing costs. The establishing and maintaining of the double line boundary planting will cost TAS/ km (670 FIM /km) with Teak and TAS/ KM (810 FIM/km) with eucalyptus in the first year, when using the cost level of the year The corresponding costs for the painted border line are 9140 TAS/km (320 FIM/km) in the first year. However planting will need less maintaining than painting in the long run. Thus planting will become 12-17% cheaper during twenty - year period.

300 293 This study can be used as a guidance when planning the boundary marking in the East Usambara mountains Turner, D.A Status and distribution of the East African endemic species. Scopus 1: 1-II. Deals with the endemic birds of East Africa, many of which are restricted in distribution to the forests of Tanzania Turner, D.A A preliminary check list of the birds of Mazumbai. Unpublished manuscript Tye, A. 1993a Forest and bird conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, north-east Tanzania. Proc.VIII Pan-Afr.Orn.Congr. p The forests of the East Usambaras are perhaps the richest in East Africa in terms of species diversity and endemicity. Some 80 bird species are forestdependent, including all 11 threatened or near-threatened species and several endemic subspecies. The lowland forests were reduced in area by the early 20 th century but the highland have been seriously affected only recently, with a loss of about 50% of the forest since The Tanzanian Mountain Weaver Ploceus nicolli may already be extinct in the area and other species could become so if the forests remain in their present fragmented and degraded state. Approaches to overcoming this problem include promotion of sustainable agricultural systems to replace shifting cultivation, provision of alternative sources of forest products, improved protection for Forest Reserves, and reconnection of isolated forest blocks by creation of forest corridors. The potential benefits and practical problems of each approach are discussed Tye, A. 1993b. Establishment of forest corridors and other protected forest areas in the East Usambara. Conclusions of a workshop held in Tanga, 15 July 1993, and action plan. East Usambara Conservation and Agricultural Development Project Tye, A. & Kimaro, N Report on pitsawing activities in Amani Division. Unpublished report, 7 April pp. Details a huge amount of illegal felling which is occurring largely as a result of concession allowed for pitsawing dead logs for school desks. The major conclusion of the report is that the scale and variety of abuses are so great that it is considered essential to reintroduce a pre-existing complete ban on pitsawing in Amani Division. The concession is not providing school desks and is contributing greatly to deforestation in the area. Following widespread forest loss, a ban on mechanical logging in the East Usambaras was imposed in 1986, and another on pitsawing in Amani Division was put in place in However, a School Desk Concession which permitted pitsawing of tees which had been felled before the bans

301 294 came into force was given on 12 Dec Although a procedure for regulating the concession was in place, during the first year of its operation widespread abuses and illegal activities occurred. These are listed and discussed in great detail and include: felling of live trees, felling of Reserved species, licenses are used in areas other than those specified; sawyers and Forest Officers ignore the wishes of Village Governments; sawing licenses are granted to individuals, not village governments; felling was done without license; conditions of the license when issued were not obeyed; selling timber privately rather than making desks; transporting timber outside village boundaries, selling timber without paying royalties; illegal stamping of timber at landing sites; irregular stamping by Offices other than the relevant Ward Forester; failure to impose proper punishment for reported offenses; purchase of illegal timber by major buyers; contravention of general forestry regulations. Most trees are felled live, most timber is sold for profit rather than used for making desks, and the profits go mostly to a few businessmen. The majority of the local population does not gain from the loss of their trees; in many villages, no desks at all have been received, although extensive felling has taken place. Other villages receive far less than they should, often with the connivance of Village Governments. Because the abuse of the Concession is high and the variety of illegal practices taking place is enormous, it would be difficult to introduce the many and costly measures required to control the situation adequately. It has proved impossible to bring the system under control and make it work as intended. Thus, the only feasbile way to reduce illegal acitivity is to close the loophole which enables it to take place. It is recommended that the School Desk Concession should be revoked entirely and a total ban on pitsawing in Amani Division should be reintroduced. Such an action would not significantly disadvantage schools, since they have hardly benefitted form the Concession. However, if properly enforced it would have the effect of stopping the large-scale destruction of important catchment forests and the loss of valuable stocks of tree species. This report is important because it illustrates with specific details the problems involved in attempting village participation in pitsawing, and it demonstrates a very poor level of control over the pitsawing operation Ukkola, T. 1998a. Key to the Tanzanian Myxomycetes. Appendix V In: Ukkola, T. Tanzanian Myxomycetes to the end of Dissertation. Department of Ecology and Systematics, University of Helsinki.[Area of Study: East Usambara]. A key compiled of all the Myxomycete species reported from Tanzania to the end of It includes 120 species, each of them with references to the respective publications Ukkola, T. 1998b. Myxomycetes of the Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania. Acta Botanica Fennica 160: 1-37.

302 295 Seventy-five identified species of myxomycetes are reported from the Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania. A new species, Linea poculiformis Ukkola, is described with illustrations. Eight species are reported from Africa for the first time, and 23 are new to Tanzania. All of these are described in detail. One species each of Cribraria Pers., Diderma Pers., Licea Schrad., Macbrideola H. C. Gilbert and Perichaena Fr. are described with illustrations, but not named, as the specimens obtained from moist chamber cultures are scanty or may represent poorly developed fructifications of known species. A total of 354 specimens are listed, including 186 specimens developed in moist chamber cultures from bark of living trees, decayed wood or litter. A total of 120 identified species of myxomycetes are now reported from Tanzania. Distribution of myxomycetes is recorded by vegetation belts and by different substrata. Submontane rain forest proved to be rich in corticolous myxomycetes. The most common substratum was decayed wood Ukkola, T. 1998c. Tanzanian myxomycetes to the end of Dissertation. Department of Ecology and Systematics, University of Helsinki, 45 pp.+5 Appendices. This paper is a summary of five original papers concerning plasmodial slime moulds, class Myxomycetes Link, in Tanzania, East Africa. The papers contained reports on one hundred and four identified species of myxomycetes in 31 genera. Of these, 57 species are reported for the first time from Tanzania and 16 are new records for Africa. Two new species are described from Usambara Mountains: Licea poculiformis Ukkola and Licea tanzanica Ukkola, Härk. & Gilert Ukkola, T., Härkönen, M. & Saarimäki, T Tanzanian Myxomycetes: second survey. Karstenia 36: [Area of Study: East and West Usambaras Mountains, Lushoto, Mazumbai and Amani forest reserves and Uluguru Mountains]. This work compiles the results obtained by moist chamber cultures of bark material collected in and field collections made in 1990 and The collections represent 59 species, 30 of which are new to Tanzania, including Licea tanzanica Ukkola, Härk. & Gilert which is new to science. The following five are new to Africa: Ceratiomyxa sphaerosperma Boedijn, Cribraria minutissima Schw., Leptoderma iridescens G. Lister, Licea bulbosa Nann.-Brem. & Y. Yamam. and Physarum perfectum M. E. Peck. Altogether 91 species of Myxomycetes are now reported from Tanzania, the majority of them collected in montane forest belt. Decay wood, litter, bark of living trees and living herbaceous plants served as substrata. The members of the orders Stemonitales and Physarales were most undemanding in their selection of substrata, and Physarales was the only order that prefered litter to other substratum.

303 Ulvila, M Learning with the villagers. An account of a participatory research in the Uluguru mountains, Tanzania. Sociologian ja sosiaalipsykologian tutkimuksia Sarja A. Nro 26, Tampereen Yliopisto, Finland 87 pp United Republic of Tanzania, Tanzania country study on biological diversity. xxii pages of Appendices Util. Div.For.Dep Timbers of Tanganyika. Flooring timbers. Utilization Division, Forest Department, Moshi, Tanganyika.17 pp. Includes factors affecting choice, movement and moisture content, method of sawing and notes on grain, colour and texture of 27 suitable species, classified for pedestrian traffic (25), industrial use (15), decorative qualities (12), small movement (10), resistance to chemicals (4), resilience (4) Util. Div.For.Dep A code of practice for wood preservation in Tanzania. Utilization Section, Forest Division, Moshi, 8 pp. Includes rules for the selection of building timbers, list of durable, nondurable and treatable, and untreatable timbers, and details of preservatives and preservation processes suitable for Tanzania conditions Util. Div.For.Dep Timbers of Tanganyika: flooring timbers. Utilization Section, Forest Division, Moshi. Tanzania. Rev.ed. 7 pp Util. Div.For.Dep The weights and shrinkage of some local timbers. Tech. Note Util. Sect. For. Div., Moshi No. 25 (rev.) 5 pp. This edition covers 100 species Vaclav, E Problems of tree breeding in Tanzania. (Pap) 2 nd FAO/IUFRO World Consult. For. Tree Breed., Washington No FO-FTB- 69-9/14, pp A report on the progress of breeding studies and provenance trials on native and exotic species up to 1967, with an outline programme for Vainio-Mattila, K., Mwasumbi, L. & Lahti, L Traditional use of wild vegetables in the East Usambara mountains. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper No. 37. Forestry and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa Vanden Spiegel, D Taitastreptus flavipes, a new genus and new species for an arboreal millipede from Kenya (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 32:

304 VandenSpiegel, D. and Enghoff, H.. A review of the genus Obelostreptus with the description of two new species from Kenya (Taita). Insect Systematics and Evolution (submitted) VandenSpiegel, D. (in press). The genus Elassystremma: key to the species and description of three new species from the Taita Hills (Kenya). Annals du Musée Royal de l Afrique Centrale (Sciences Zoologiques) 207 : Van der Willigen, T.A. & Lovett, J. (eds.) Report of the Oxford Expedition to Tanzania, 1979 Describes work in Lushoto at Shume forest (2135 m) and 1830 m. Studies included those on birds, forest mapping and forest trees; other sites in the West Usambaras were Bumbuli and Ambangulu. Work was also carried out at forests in Mufindi, in the vicinity of the Brooke Bond Estates, and Bunduki in the Ulugurus. Results are presented for the mapping project. These are important because they differ significantly in places form the maps as presented by TIRDEP. Details are given for Shume-Magmag, Shagayu, Mkussu, Baga-Mazumbai, Kisima Gonja, Ndelemai, Balangai, Ambangulu, which account for about 90% of the total forest areas of the West Usambaras. Also mentioned as small but of importance are: Kitivo South, which is the only surviving area of intermediate dry forest in the Usambaras; Mahezangulu, one of the lowest forests in the West Usambaras and which accounts for 44% of the forest udner 15m; Bumba- Gombelo. In the East Usambaras, data are presented for Hundu-Kisiwani, Sigi, Monga-Amani, Amani- Tea, etc. Land use data is also presented for the Usambaras and the Mufindi area. An important aspect of the botanical research was to characterise the study sites of the ornithologists using 50 x 10 m sample plots. Species lists and descriptions are given, as are soil data, for each plot. For bird studies, species lists and details of measurements are given, species ringed are listed, and a detailed list of critical species of endangered birds is given Vences, M., Kosuch, J., Ro del, M., Lo tters, S., Channing, A., Glaw, F. and Bo hme, W Phylogeography of Ptychadena mascareniensis suggests transoceanic dispersal in a widespread African- Malagasy frog lineage. Journal of Biogeography 31: The Mascarene ridged frog, Ptychadena mascareniensis, is the only African amphibian species thought to occur on Madagascar and on the Seychelles and also Mascarene islands. We explored its phylogenetic relationships and intraspecific genetic differentiation to contribute to the understanding of transoceanic dispersal in amphibians. Fragments of the mitochondrial 16S rrna gene were sequenced from specimens collected over most of the distribution area of P. mascareniensis, including populations from Madagascar, Mascarenes and Seychelles. We identified five deeply divergent clades having pairwise divergences >5%, which probably all represent cryptic species in a P. mascareniensis complex.

305 298 One of these seems to be restricted to Madagascar, the Mascarenes and the Seychelles. Sequences obtained from topotypic material (Re union) were identical to the most widespread haplotype from Madagascar. The single Mauritian/ Seychellean haplotype differed by only one mutation from a Malagasy haplotype. It is likely that the Mascarene and Seychellean populations were introduced from Madagascar by humans. In contrast, the absence of the Malagasy haplotypes from Africa and the distinct divergences among Malagasy populations (16 mutations in one divergent hapolotype from northern Madagascar) suggest that Madagascar was populated by Ptychadena before the arrival of humans c years ago. Because Madagascar has been separated from Africa since the Jurassic, this colonization must have taken place by overseas rafting, which may be a more widespread dispersal mode in amphibians than commonly thought Vences, M., Kosuch, J., Glaw, F., Bo hme, W. and Veith, M., Molecular phylogeny of hyperoliid treefrogs: biogeographic origin of Malagasy and Seychellean taxa and re-analysis of familial paraphyly. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research 41: Treefrogs of the family Hyperoliidae are distributed in Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles. In this study, their phylogeny was studied using sequences of fragments of the mitochondrial 16S and 12S rrna and cytochrome b genes. The molecular data strongly confirmed monophyly of the subfamily Hyperoliinae but indicated that the genus Leptopelis (subfamily Leptopelinae) is more closely related to species of the African family Astylosternidae. The Seychellean genus Tachycnemis was the sister group of the Malagasy Heterixalus in all molecular analyses; this clade was deeply nested within the Hyperoliinae. A re-evaluation of the morphological data did not contradict the sister group relationships of these two genera. The subfamily achycneminae is therefore considered as junior synonym of the Hyperoliinae. In addition, the molecular analysis did not reveal justification for a subfamily Kassininae. Biogeographically, the origin of Malagasy hyperoliids may not be well explained by Mesozoic vicariance in the context of Gondwana breakup, as indicated by the low differentiation of Malagasy hyperoliids to their African and Seychellean relatives and by analysis of current distribution patterns Vences, M., Kosuch, J., Lo tters, S., Widmer, A., Jungfer, K. Jo rn Ko hler and Michael Veith, M., Phylogeny and Classification of Poison Frogs (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae), Based on Mitochondrial 16S and 12S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15 (1): 34 40, 2000 An analysis of partial sequences of the 16S ribosomal rrna gene (582 bp) of 20 poison frog species (Dendrobatidae) confirmed their phylogenetic relationships tobufonid and leptodactylid frogs. Representatives of the ranoid families and subfamilies Raninae, Mantellinae, Petropedetinae, Cacosterninae, Arthroleptidae,

306 299 Astylosternidae, and Microhylidae did not cluster as sister group of the Dendrobatidae. Similar resultswere obtained in an analysis using a partial sequence of the 12S gene (350 bp) in a reduced set of taxa and in a combined analysis.within the Dendrobatidae, our data supported monophyly of the genus Phyllobates but indicated paraphyly of Epipedobates and Colostethus.Minyobates clustered within Dendrobates, contradicting its previously assumed phylogenetic position. Phobobates species clustered as a monophyletic unit within Epipedobates. Allobates was positioned in a group containing two Colostethus species, indicating that lack of amplexus, presence of skin alkaloids, and aposematic coloration evolved independently in Allobates and the remaining aposematic dendrobatids Verdcourt, B The Gulellae (Moll. Streptaxidae) of the Usambara mountains, N.E. Tanganyika. Tanzanian Notes and Records 47 & 48: Presents a description and key, including illustrations, of the mollusc genus Gulella found in the Usambara mountains, with a short analysis of its distribution. Of the species and sub-species nine are endemic to the East Usambaras and nine to the West Usambaras. Five are known from the East and West Usambaras only. The author, however, points out that only limited collections have been made in relatively few areas Verdcourt, B A new species of Gulella Pfeffer from the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (Mollusca: Streptaxidae), name Gulella alleni n. sp. Arch. Moll. 104: New species of terrestrial mollusc from Mazumbai Vestergaard, M An annotated and illustrated checklist of the amphibians of the Usambara Mountains; with a tentative key and the description of two new taxa. Unpubl. Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen Vezda, A Foliicole Flechten aus Tanznaia. Folia Geobot. Phytotax 18: Incudes records of foliicolous lichens from the East and West Usambars Vezda, A. & Farkas, E Neue foliicole Arten der Flechtengattung Dimerella Trevisan (Gyalectaceae) aus Tanznaia. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 23: Five new foliicolous species are reported. Collecting localities include: from the Usambaras, E. Usambara: Kihuhwi Forest Reserve; Mtai Fores Reserve, former Marvera Forest Reserve, of Mervera Tea Estate; 6 km NE of Amani; Amani area, along Derema Road,. W. Usambaras are Balangai East Forst Reserve; on summit of Mt. Mali; Mazumbai, near

307 300 Kambi Falls; Baga II Forest Reserge and Mafi Mts, southwest of the W. Usambaras. Others are the Ulugurus near Bunduki, also Kikidodo Forest above Bunduki Forest Station; Ukaguru Mts; and Mt. Kilimanjaro Viskanic, P Biodiversity database development in the East Usambara Catchment Forest Project. Report of a visit by the Ugandan Forest Department Database Coordinator. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Miscellaneous Reports 9. ii + 6 pp. + Appendices. Describes the method of constructing biodiversity database using IDRISI software Vollesen, K.A.J Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of the Selous game reserve, Tanzania. Opera Botanica 59 This is the first checklist covering the flora of the entire Selous game reserve, the largest in Africa, covering some 45,000 sq. km. The list comprises of 2045 taxa of which 69 are recorded for the first time from Tanzania. Three of these are new to the African continent. New combinations are proposed. Taxonomic notes are given on a great number of taxa. There are introductory chapters on: history, geography, geology, vegetation, phytogeography and collectors as well as a list of vernacular names used by the Wangindo people Walker, I Report on the collection and observation of animals in the natural forest reserve Mazumbai, University College, Dar es Salaam, Department of Zoology Wanyancha, J.M Local seed collection guideline Tanzania SilvicultureTech. Note (New Series) No. 29. An outline of seed collection and handling stages is given. Reference is made to the procedure which the central seed store at Lushoto takes after receiving bulk seed indents from all over the country. It is stated that orders should preferably be done a year before the seed is to be sown in the nursery. The set up of the principal local seed collection sources (i.e. registered: Seed Orchards, stands and unregistered Seed Sources) are noted. Seed crop estimation time and method of collection, extraction, storing, documentation, sampling and seed expedition are noted as important collection and handling stages. A check list of seed forms is presented in a series of Appendices Wardell, D.A Community participation in the management and conservation of the forest resources of the East Usambara Mountains. TFAP Coordination Seminar for Eastern Arc Forest Management Programme, Dar es Salaam, September Ministry of Natural Resources.

308 Wardell, D.A Proposal for a natural forest conservation and management programme in the North Pare mountains, Mwanga District, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. TFAP, BAFMP, GTZ/IBD The only currenly available study of the North Pare mountains which emphasises conservation as well as management Wardell, D.A Forest boundary planting in forestry management and conservation: a case study from Tanzania's East Usambara Mountains. ODI, London, Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 13E: An outline of ways in which community participation in the management and conservation of the forest resources of the East Usambara Mountains has been fostered, focusing on boundary planting as part of the strategy. The paper has been taken from a longer document presented at the Coordination Seminar, Tanzania Forestry Action Plan Programme Formulation Mission for Eastern Arc Forest Management Programme, 5-7 September 1990, Dar-es-Salaam Waring, H.D Dieback in Pines and Eucalyptus. Sao Hill Forest Protection. Technical Cooperation Programme, United Republic of Tanzania, FAO, Rome. Document No Wasser, S.K. & Lovett. J.C Introduction to the biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of Eastern Africa. p In: Lovett J.C. &Wasser S.K.(editors) Biogeography and Ecology of the Rainforests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press Wasser, S.K The socioecology of interspecifi association among the monkeys of the Mwanihana rain forest, Tanzania: a biogeographic perspective. Ch. 13.p In: Lovett & Wasser (1993) Watkins, G Trees and shrubs for planting in Tanganyika. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. p. 158 Covers for ca. 150 species their range, soil requirements, climate, method of establishment; seed weight, collection, germination, longevity of seed, natural regeneration; pests, uses, durability, rotation. Exotics include Eucalypts and Pines Watson, J.R Conservation problems, policies and the origins of the Mlalo basin rehebilitation scheme, Usambara mountains, Tanzania Geografiska annaler 54 A (3-4): Between 1946 and 1949 a pilot scheme in the Usambara mountains in Tanzania was responsible for the development of a viable conservationbased farming system. The methods tested and adopted by the scheme, as

309 302 well as the orientation of the survey, were drawn from existing policies and problem perception. The commitment to research reflected the uncertainty apparent in the early decision making Wedderkinch, E The Lizard Fauna of the Usambara Mountains. p In: Rodgers, W.A. & Homewood, K.M. Species richness and endemism in the Usambara mountain forests, Tanzania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 18: Welch, J.R Observations on deciduous woodland in the Eastern Province of Tanganyika. J.Ecol. 4 (3), Analysis of the vegetation of an area of ca. 6 sq-miles N.E, of Kingolwira, Morogoro, covering topography, soils, climate, seasonal changes in vegetation, survey methods, and plant associaties and succession, with particular emphasis on trees and other woody species. Woody, grass and herbaceous species are listed and referred to their associes Wells, S.M., Pyle, R. & Collins, N.M Threatened Community, Tropical Forests: the Usambara mountains. p In The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland. A concise summary of what is known about the plant and animal biodiversity (invertebrates) of the Usambaras. Conservation measures proposed include protection of all forests on slopes with a gradient of over 60% or within 50 m of streams, and those around stream heads. Notes that while more research is needed, the following types of forest in the East Usambaras require conservation: 1. Higher altitude forest (900 m and higher ) in the north portion of the E. Usambaras, ie, Mtai and Lutindi Reserves) 2. Medium altitude forests, the large block composed of the contiguous Kihuhwi, Kwamsambia, Kwamkoro and Amani-Sigi reserves 3. Low altitude forests at the eastern foot of the Usambaras, such as Mwarimba, which is particularly important as it contains a high species diversity, but is a very small area and is currently extremely vulnerable. 4. Amani West Forest Reserve, which despite its small size of 99 ha, is of extreme importance as the reserve most accessible from the Amani Research Station and the site of most ecological research in the past. In addition the Arboretum and Institute grounds should receive protection. In the West Usambaras, those areas of top priority are Shume-Magamba, Shagayu, Ambangulu, Mazumbai and Kitivo South. Mazumbai and its adjacent forests is in particular need of protection. It is suggested that improved management of forestry, tea and subsitence agriculture would lead to greater production with higher yields and economic returns, and thus reduce pressure on natural forests Welsh, R.P.H. & Denny, P The vegetation of Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir, Tanzania. Biol. Journal Linn. Soc 19: 67-92

310 303 A baseline study which will permit monitoring of change over time,including effects of changes in the catchment area Westergaard, M.M Anura: Their Diversity and Methods for Studying them. Specialerapport, Department for Population Biology, Unpubl. MSc. Thesis. University of Copenhagen White R. (1981) The history of the Afromontane archipelago and the scientific need for its conservation. Afr. J. Ecol. 19, White, F The Vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris White, G.B Rarest eagle owl in trouble. Oryx 12: Provides information on the Usambara Eagle Owl, an endemic species Wiersum, K.F., Anspach, P.C.L., Boerboom, J.H.A., Oxby, C., Rouw, A. & de Veer, C.P Forestry aspects of stabilizing shifting cultivation in Africa. Forestry Departments Hinkeloord, Wageningen. iii pp. A report prepared for the Forestry Department, FAO, as background material for FAO Forestry Paper No. 50 'Changes in shifting cultivation in Africa (1984), including 4 case studies Integrated agricultural development project, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone; Development of ecological methods of upland farming in West Usambara mountains, Tanzania; Smallholder plantation agriculture of immigrant Baoule farmers in southwest Ivory Coast; and Alternatives and improvements to shifting cultivation on the East Coast of Madagascar Wieczorek, A.M., A. Channing & R.C. Drewes A review of The Taxonomy of the Hyperolius viridiflavus complex. Herpetol. J. 8: Wigg, L Food of the rainbow trout in the Mgeta river at Bunduki, Morogoro District. Tanganyika Notes and Records 31: Letter describing in detail the aquatic invertebrate food of this introduced species of fish Wigg, L.T Problems of dry forest silviculture in Tanganyika. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam 12 pp. (6 th British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Canada, 1953.). Describes the ecological features of the Brachystegia woodland in Tanganyika, and enumerates the outstanding subjects for ecological silvicultural, and and utilization research with a view to deciding on the right silvicultural treatment for this type.

311 Wilder, C., Brooks, T. & Lens, L Vegetation structure and composition of the taita hills forests In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: The structure and composition of the indigenous forest fragments of the Taita Hills of south-east Kenya were analyzed. We collected data in all of the large forest fragments using Point Centred Quarter extensive surveys, supplementing these data with intensive surveys of 20 x 20 m plots. Our structural data on basal area per unit area, stem density, canopy cover, shrub density, stratification and extent of herbaceous ground cover clearly show that the largest fragment, Mbololo, is also the least disturbed. The next largest fragment, Ngangao, has suffered from intermediate levels of disturbance, and all other fragments have been very heavily impacted. Tree size class distributions show that nearly all of the large circumference trees have been lost from the smallest fragments while the Chawia forest is selectively losing its small, easily-cut trees. Finally, we mapped the Importance Values (combined standard measures of abundance, biomass and dispersion) of each forest s tree species. The map indicates the forest biogeography of the region but also shows the extent to which all of the fragments except Mbololo and Ngangao are dominated by a very few secondary successional subcanopy species. Only Mbololo and Ngangao may be viable forests in the long term Wildlife in Iringa region, Prepared for Environment Data Bank (EDB), Iringa. Gives the name of the wildlife area, size (in square kilometres), main species and the district in which it is located Willan, R.L Natural regeneration in Kwamkoro forest (E. Usambaras) interim report. Technical Note, Silviculture Section, Forest Division, Lushoto No. 36. The note includes provisional conclusions on seedling, sapling, and large pole regeneration of the main desirables Cephalosphaera usambarensis, Newtonia buchananii, Beilschmiedia kweo, and Allanblackia stuhlmannii, on the damage done by fellings, on the mortality and height- growth of young regeneration in unexploited forest, and on the results of weed- tree poisoning by frilling and Na arsenite Willan, R.L Lushoto Arboretum. Tanzania Technical Note, Silviculture No. 25. Details of the growth in 156 plots of 1/9 acre planted between 1955 and 1962.

312 Willan, R.L. 1963a. Olea capensis. Tanzania Silviculture Tech. Note No Willan, R.L. 1963b. Artificial regeneration in Kwamkoro Forest. Interim report Tanzania Silviculture Tech. Note No. 35. Four hectares of mature high forest were divided into 100 plots, for the purpose of investigating artificial and natural regeneration), in the exploited forest. An additional two hectares was also demarcated. The two blocks respectively received heavy and light felling. The main conclusions drawn from the experiment are: Unfenced close planting of Cephalosphaera in heavily exploited forest is likely to be impracticable due to bark stripling by buck-large plants are equally badly attached. First year height growth in Terminalia ivorensis is similar in both large and small plants raised in polythene tubes. The larger plants maintain but do not increase their lead. Both large and small plants are equally liable to stem canker. Normal plants of Maesopsis eminii in polythene tubes (27-38 cm, 4-5 months from sowing), close - planted, are capable of faster initial growth that either larger whole plants in tubes or cut-back striplings. Stump planting of Maesoopsis is practicable at Kwamkoro, but the stumps grow more slowly than normal whole plants. Cut-back striplings of Cedrela odorata give a high first year survival, stumps are liable to heavier casualties than either cut-back striplings or whole plants in tubes, and do not grow any faster Willan, R.L. 1963c. Gap planting. Kihuhwi-Sigi Forest Reserve (expt. 308), Shagayu and Mkusu Forest Reserve (Expt. 499), Kwamkoro Forest Reserve (Expt. 323) and Meru Forest Reserve). Tanzania Technical note (Silvic.) No. 54. The gap planting technique is viewed as a possible means of low cost enrichment of exploited forest where natural regeneration of desirable species is inadequate. The technique has been tried experimentally in several different areas e.g. (a) Low altitude - Chlorophora/Antiaris forest in East Usambara.(b) Sub-montane Cephalosphaera rainforest (c) Montane Ocotea rain forest and (d) Montane Olea forest. In the higher rainfall areas of Kihuhwi-Sigi and Kwamkoro, the technique shows great promise on an experimental scale, but its application on a field scale is more difficult. But at Manyangu (Nguru mountains) more successful results from field scale planting are reported. It is observed that provided large gaps are made by sawmillers during exploitation, and provided planting follows closely behind, establishment is possible. It is also observed that the use of Vitex in West Usambaras is promising, but it is stressed that the method should not be used on a large scale until when the pattern of distribution of Camphor roof suckers is known - i.e. avoid unnecessary planting of areas capable of regenerating adequately to camphor.

313 Willan, R.L. 1963d. Natural regeneration in Kwamkoro forest (E. Usambaras) interim report. Tanzania Technical Note, Silviculture No. 36, p.20. Includes provisional conclusions, with data from 3 experiments on seedling, sapling, and large pole regeneration of the main desirables Cephalosphaera usambaransis, Newtonia buchananii, Beilschmiedia kweo, and Allanblackia stuhlmannii, on the damage done by fellings, on the mortality and height-growth of young regeneration in unexploited forest, and on the results of weed-tree poisoning by frilling and Na arsenite Willan, R.L. 1963e. Protection of young Mvule (Rondo and Mombo). Tanzania Technical note (Silvic.) No. 39. Describes methods which were introduced to curb Achatina and Phytolyma spp. with no success Willan, R.L. 1963f. Nest-planting of Chloroophora excelsa,welw (Mvule) (Longuza, Mombo, Rondo).Tanzania Tech. Note (Silvic) No. 38. The species used were Maesopsis eminii, Terminalia superba/ivorensis, Gmelina arborea, Cedrela odorata and Trema. The results generally show that Mvule established by the nest-planting technique can be expected to grow 2.1m in the first two years and to 3.6 at four to five years. One cm M.A.I. in d.b.h. was recorded in five years. Recommended tending is (a) Clean weed nests for about two years or to 2.1 m in height. (b) Leave nests unweeded and unsingled from age two to age four to five. (Height 3.6m). ( c ) At age four to five, single nests to the best Mvule in each, remove any competing matrix trees and cut any climbers impending the Mvule. This is because both height and d.b.h. increment are liable to decreases appreciably at about five years old-hence a freeing operation. Most successful results have been obtained on lighter soils, the above method may not be as successful on heavy clays Willan, R.L.1964a. Trial plots - Sao Hill. Tanzania Tech. Note (Silvic) No. 66. The note gives the summaries of the species performance in Theka farm, Irundi (Kilimani), Kibidula, Matanana, Mkewe, Southern Highlands School, Tuferu farm. It was observed that: the grasslands of the Sao-Hill is suitable for softwood afforestation, although growth is not spectacular, it is satisfactory for the species tried. Pinus radiata is not a suitable species for large scale work in this area, but Pinus elliottii and P. patula area suitable Willan, R.L. 1964b. Growth of Chlorophora excelsa,welw. (Mvule).( Longuza, Mombo and Rondo). Tanzania Technical note (Silvic.) No.61

314 307 Growth rates of Mvule recorded from several different increment plots are summarised. All increment plots are either in natural Mvule crops or in plantations sites within the natural range of Mvule. The results provisionally indicated that early height growth in line with planted Mvule varies from 0.30m a year, and 0.45m a year for dominants. The growth of this order was obtained at Rondo - when planting was done under high canopy after partial clearing and either light or no burning, and was followed by vigorous regrowth of thickets (Expt. 14 and 124); In these conditions a high proportion of the trees have either crooked stems or died back leaders. Faster growth rates can be expected from (Expt. 306, 307), irrigation (Expt. 97), complete clearing and burning (Expt. 87, 307, Mombo arboretum) and meticulous clean weeding for the first three years (Expt. 97, 307, Mombo arboretum). In optimum conditions m a year can be achieved by the dominants for the first five or six years, and 0.9m a year for the first 15 years. Early d.b.h. increment in optimum conditions may average 5-13 cm a year to age 15 (Exp. 97). Under severe competition increment is only 4 cm a year even on the dominants (Expt. 14 and 124). D.b.h. increment in natural pole size Mvule can be expected to average between 8 and 16 cm a year. But the range between individual trees is enormous (e.g. 6:1 expt 467, 30:1 in expt 395). Experiment 266 shows that increment is closely correlated with the degree of crown freed. But in overstocked and over mature forest, complete stagnation revails, irrespective of the apparent poisoning of weed trees is barely detectable in the first five years Willan, R.L Natural regeneration of high forest in Tanganyika. E. A. Agric. For. J. 31: Willigen, T. van der & Lovett, J Report of the Oxford Expedition to Tanzania, pp. (East Usambara Project) Reports bird studies, mapping and vegeatation studies in the Usambaras at Lushoto, Shume, Ambangulu, Mufindi, and Bunduki in the Ulugurus. Provides map of forest areas at Kibao-Mufindi on Uzungwa Ridge as of 1979; comments on need for larger forest patches to have a more clearlydefined conservation status to help reduce encroachment. Lovett characterised the forests where ornithological surveys were conducted using sample plots. In Uzungwas, only such plot was at Mufindi on Luisenga stream at 1830 m a.s.l. Detailed analysis is provided graphically and species lists are given Von Pelt, W. H The complete book on African violets. New York Wingfield, R. 1975a. A first list (critical and annotated) of the plants of the Dar es Salaam University forest reserve at Mazumbai in the West Usambara Mountains Publ. No. 3, Botany Department, Herbarium, University of Dar es Salaam.

315 Wilder, C. M., Brooks, T. M. & Lens, L Vegetation structure and composition of the Taita Hills forests. J. E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 87: Wingfield, R. 1975b. Mazumbai Forest plant list, Supplement to Publ. No. 3. Botany Department Herbarium, University of Dar es Salaam Wood, P.J Storing and Handling Tree Seed. Tanzania Tech. Note (New Series) No.1 The note outlines cheap and easy ways of preserving seed by observing that: The way seed is stored is much more important than its age. Moisture content is more important than temperature. Storage conditions at Lushoto are discussed, and the procedure to be followed prior to sending the seed to Lushoto for storage is also discussed Wood, P.J A guide to some German Forestry plantations in Tanga Region. Tanzania Notes Rec. 16: Wood, P.J Growth of Antiaris and Mvule. Tanzania Silviculture Technical note (New Series) No. 4. (Kihuhwi-Sigi Forest Reserve (Experiment no. 592) and Longuza arboretum plots (Experiment no. 307.)). Increment plots of Antriaris toxicaria (Rumph. Ex Pers.) and Chloroophora excelsa (Welw) were laid down in Each plot had 25 trees. The P.M.A.I. ( ) for the two plots were 0.4 cm (Chlorophora excelsa) and 0.5cm for Antiaris toxicaria. Arboretum plots for these species were planted 1964 one plot planted with polythene potted plants and one with stumped plants. At 11/1 years the dominant height was 5m and the dominant diameter at breast height 8.4 cm. These figures correspond to MAI of 2m and 3cm respectively Woodcock, K Local utilisation and indigenous knowledge - two case studies on forest resources use in the East Usambaras. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper 22. Forest and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa. Report of a study investigating the resource use patterns of forest adjacent communities in the lowland and submontane forests of the East Usambaras. The study used a multi-disciplinary, case study approach which reveals how livelihood strategies respond to changing environmental and social circumstances. Variations in strategies and coping mechanisms between those adjacent to reserved and non- reserved forest and response to declining resource availability are discussed. Forest adjacent communities have traditionally depended on the forest resource for agricultural land and a range of forest products. Present day farming is

316 309 still based on shifting cultivation practices and farmers look to the forest for the next generation s farm land. Livelihood strategies are demonstrated to depend primarily on agriculture. Availability of land and good quality forest products is reduced by population increase and immigrants, new forest reserves, and reduced forest product availability due to human disturbance and overuse. Utilisation of some products, such as firewood and edible plants collection is a function of preference and access rather than need. Wild food collection may be regarded as a socio-economic buffer for rural poor who are living in remote areas and who may be unable to obtain alternatives. Other forest products, such as polewood, appear to be based more on need. In identifying ways to minimise the negative social costs of conservation whilst maintaining and strengthening local peoples entitlements, there is a need to understand the decisions made by local people in respect to their daily subsistence. Local people have a wealth of indigenous knowledge which they utilise on a daily basis. They are also highly adaptive in many ways to their changing environment, such as changing their reliance from forest derived foods to shamba and bushland derived foods when access to forest resources are prevented Woodcock, K.A Indigenous knowledge and forest use: Two case studies from the East Usambaras, Tanzania. East Usambara Catchment Forest Project Technical Paper No. 22. Forestry and Beekeeping Division & Finnish Forest and Park Service, Dar es Salaam & Vantaa (EUCFP) Woodcock, K.A Learning from farmers tools booklet: experiences from Kambai Forest Conservation Project. Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, Dar es Salaam. A brief paper on methods and approaches to use when working with farmers on issues such as meetings, mapping and farmer interviews, retrospective mapping, resource matrices, flow models, questionnaires, environmental education, historical tales and stories. All are based on the work of Kambai Forest Conservation Programme in Kambai village in the East Usambaras Woodcock, K.A Kambai forest conservation project in the East Usambaras, Tanzania: experiences from field work and studies TFCG Technical Report. This report summarises the experiences and lessons of the Kambai Forest Conservation Project between 1994 and It makes the most important results, ideas and suggestions that have emerged from the project easily available to others interested in community forestry Woodcock, K.A Changing roles in natural forest management: a case study from the udzungwa mountains. In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K.,

317 310 Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: The new Tanzanian forest policy was cleared in early 1998, and empowers community groups to own and manage forest resources. The Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG), is now in a position to re-think its role and move towards facilitating the balancing of local peoples rights, responsibilities, returns from forest resources and relationship to forest maintenance. The article tracks changes in Lulanda Forest, in the Udzungwa, Eastern Arc Mountains, and analyses the evolution of local control over forest management Woytek, R., Bähring, A., Dersch, D., Habermehl, J., Kaufmann, P., Könemund, G. & Weitz, M Soil erosion control and agroforestry in the West Usambara Mountains. Evaluation of an extension approach. Centre for Advanced Training in Agricultural Development, Technical University of Berlin, XV pp Ylhaisi, J The significance of the traditional forests and rituals in Tanzania: a case study of Zigua, Gweno and Nyamwezi ethnic groups Silva carelica 34: The purpose of this study is to assess the significance of the traditional forests and rituals for the local people in Tanzania villages where e.g. land ownership, business opportunities and religious life are undergoing profound changes. Ten different categories of traditionally protected forests were determined, the most important one of which being the sacred forest as the abode for ancestral spirits and the site for communal rituals like rain making. The study was conducted among three different ethnic groups, the Zigua in Handeni, the Gweno in Pare, and the Nyamwezi in Tabora. Participatory methods like semi structured interviews and conversations during visits to the forests transect walks, scoring and ranking were used. According to this study the people still value traditional rituals and traditionally protected forests even in villages where new Christian and Islamic religions have got a strong hold. From the point of view of environmental conservation, it is encouraging that in all villages visited a large number of people still take care of the forests within the limits of their resources. It is also significant that persons who do not value the original use of the forests and longer, still value the conservation of these forests Young, R. & Fosbrooke, H.,1960. Land and politics among the Lugulu of Tanganyika. Smoke on the Hills, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. 212 pp Zahabu, E. and Mlimbwi, R.E Structure and composition of tree species in Amani Nature Reserve, East Usambara, Tanzania. In:

318 311 Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No. 67.p Approximately 250 ha of undisturbed part of Kwamkoro forest reserve, one of the Amani Nature Reserve zones was studied. Sample plots were laid systematically over the area at a sampling intensity of 1%. To ease the enumeration work, each sample plot was subdivided into three levels and measurements of dbh (diameter at breast height) and total height (height of only sample trees) was taken within; for 5 m radius all trees with dbh > 5 cm, for 10 m radius all trees with dbh > 10 cm and for 15 m radius all trees with dbh > 20 cm. For each species; volume, total and relative density, dominance, frequency and hence important value index (IVI) were calculated. A total of 468 stems per ha were recorded consisting of 46 different tree specieis with a basal area of 59 m 2 /ha and average volume of 655 m 3 /ha. Thhe stocking distribution follow the reversed J-shaped trend as expected in natural mixed forests. The emergent trees were m tall and comprised of Isoberlinia scheffleri, Newtonia buchananii, Trichilia roka, Afrosersalisia, Allanblackia stuhlmannii and Cephalosphaera usambarensis.the closed top canopy with height of m was comprised of Myrianthus holstii, Greenwayodendron suaveolens spp. Usambaricum,Aningeria adolfifriedericii and small I. Scheffkeri together with A. stuhlmannii. The subdominant class, m height, consisted of Sorindeia madagascariensis, Cynometra engleri and small Parinari excelsa and M. holstii. The lower straum up to the height of 15 m comprised of Leptonychia usambarensis, Mesogyne insignis, and Cyathea manniana. N. buchananii, I. SchefflerI, O.usambarensis, and A.adolfi-friedericii were found to have 27.8%, 14.9%, 6.7%, and 5.7% of total volume respectively representing more than 50% of the total volume. All these species with the exception of C. usambarensis were the most important in terms of importance ValueIndex (IVI) with values between and 36 of 300 possible. A. stulhmannii, M.holstii, S. madagascariensis and climbers were also found to be important with IVI scores greater than two: Tarenna sp, Cylicomorpha parviflora together with one of unidentified species (unknown 5) were found to be of lower importance wtih IVI scores of less than Zilihona, I.J.E, Niemela, J. and Nummelin, M Effects of a hydropower plant on Coleopteran diversity and abundance in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: The effects of river flow diversion on biodiversity were assessed using Coleoptera as an indicator group in three habitats of the Kihansi Gorge (Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania), before and after commissioning of a hydropower plant. Data collected using sweep netting and pitfall traps showed that the effect of diversion of the river flow was site-specific, affecting particularly the spray habitat. Rarefaction analysis of both sweep

319 312 netting and pitfall samples indicated that the expected richness of Coleoptera declined significantly in all habitats after commissioning of the power plant. Sweep netting and pitfall samples showed that the highest Shannon Wiener diversity index value before the diversion of the river flow was in the spray zone, but the index value decreased after diversion. Changes in the other two habitats were less prominent. Analysis of variance using diversity index values from five pitfall samples in each habitat type before and after commissioning indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the diversity index between the two sampling periods or among the three habitat types. Renkonen s similarity index between habitats showed that pitfall samples had higher similarity (87%) than did samples from sweep netting (69%). It is suggested that for mitigation purposes, artificial spray systems, which have been installed in other wetlands of the Kihansi Gorge, also be installed to cover the whole Lower Wetland in which this study was undertaken. In order to maintain overall biodiversity in the Kihansi Gorge, it is suggested that the ecosystem conservation approach be prioritised Zilihona, I. Heinonen, J. & Nummelin, M Arthropod diversity and abundance along the Kihansi gorge (Kihansi river) in the Southern Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: Arthropod diversity and abundance on the order level was investigated along the Kihansi Gorge in the Southern Udzungwa Mountains between May and August 1997, by using sweep-netting, timed Lepidoptera counts, malaise-traps, solar powered light-traps, baited pitfall-traps, sticky-traps and baited butterfly traps. The study was undertaken to predict the possible effects of damming the Kihansi River above the fierce waterfall in the gorge. The gorge was divided into four micro-habitats, two of which are affected by waterfall spray (open spray, forest spray), and two of which were not affected directly by the waterfall (forest and riverine sites). The highest arthropod diversity was found in the forest spray whereas the open spray contained the least. The forest spray area harboured the rarest arthropod orders. Arthropods are most abundant in the riverine site where 31% of all sampled arthropods were recorded. The forest spray channel, forest site and open spray channel follow by possessing 28%, 23% and 18%, respectively. It is suggested that the Mhalala stream should be diverted to the gorge to replace the dammed Kihansi river. This would maintain at least partially the extraordinary micro-climate of the gorge and possibly retain the specialised arthropod community Zilihona, I., Shangali, C., Mabula, C.K. & Hamisy, C Human activities threatening the biodiversity of the Udzungwa scarp Forest Reserve - Tanzania In: Burgess, N.D., Nummelin, M., Fjeldså, J., Howell, K.M., Lukumbuzya, K., Mhando, L.,Phillipson, P. and Vanden

320 313 Berghe, E. (eds.). Biodiversity and conservation of the Eastern arc mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Special Issue. Journal of East African Natural History. 87: Studies on human activities in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve was conducted in March-April and September, 1997, in the western and southern parts of the forest. Different human activities like timber and pole cutting and withies harvesting as well as collecting of non- timber forest products were studied. Footpaths in forest interior past settlements and encroached areas were identified as well as evidence of poaching. Due to human activities, some timber specie Ocotea usambarensis, Milicia excelsa and Afzelia quanzensis are almost exhausted. It was established that the main causes of the pressure in the reserve is the lack of alternative sources of forest products and other income generating activities. It is suggested that the people living around the reserve should be allowed to use traditional forest products under agreed regulations. Agroforestry involving planting of some desirable indigenous tree and domestication of wild fruit trees species are recommended. Other income generating activities should also be encouraged. This is likely to reduce the pressure on the natural forest thus contributing to conservation biodiversity. Subject index History of Eastern Arc Land use, law and policy Land use a Law Policy Environmental studies Climate Soil Minerals Hydrology Soil and water

321 314 conservation Biodiversity survey Impact assessment Ethno-botany studies Biological studies Invertebrata Mollusca 1109 Myriapods Centipedes/millipedes Insecta Invertebrata general Vertebrata Aphibians Reptles Birds (Aves)

322 Mammals Vertebrata general Plants Lichens Mycomycetes Bryophyta 131 Mosses Liverworts Pteridophyta (ferns) 615 Angiospermae Sociological studies Silviculture Natural regeneration Artificial regeneration Tending Agroforestry

323 316 Arboreta Forest protection Silviculture general Forest mensuration Inventory Growth of trees Forest management plans Research trials Project and research reports Project reports Research reports Aquatic biodiversity Biodiversity conservation programmes Status of biodiversity

324 Conservation of biodiversity Non timber products Utilization of biodiversity b Threats of biodiversity a 1000b Miscellaneous publications

325 Appendix 1 Biodiversity studies for period of History of Eastern Arc 2. Land use; Law and Policy 3. Environmental studies (climate, soil, minerals hydrology soil & water conservation) 4. Biodiversity survey 5. Impact of human activities on biodiversity 6. Ethno-botany studies 7. Biological studies flora (cryptogam& angiospemae) 8. Fauna (Amphibians, Reptiles, birds, mammals) 9. Sociological studies 10. Silviculture 11. Forestry survey (inventory &growth rate) 12. Status of biodiversity 13. Conservation of biodiversity 14. Non timber forest product (NTFP) 15. Utilization of biodiversity 16. Threats of biodiversity 17. Crosscutting studies No studies Studies % 2% 2% 6% 3% 1% 1% 6% 20% 3% 7% 5% 12% 15% 3% 4% 5% 7% Total %

326 319 New species of African monkey Lophocebus kipunji

327 320 The spotted Lophocebus kipunji in Udzungwa block of Eastern Arc Mountains is already threatened