The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats

Transcription

1 Review The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats Marta Coll 1,2 *, Chiara Piroddi 3, Jeroen Steenbeek 3, Kristin Kaschner 4, Frida Ben Rais Lasram 5,6, Jacopo Aguzzi 1, Enric Ballesteros 7, Carlo Nike Bianchi 8, Jordi Corbera 9, Thanos Dailianis 10,11, Roberto Danovaro 12, Marta Estrada 1, Carlo Froglia 13, Bella S. Galil 14, Josep M. Gasol 1, Ruthy Gertwagen 15, João Gil 7, François Guilhaumon 5, Kathleen Kesner-Reyes 16, Miltiadis-Spyridon Kitsos 10, Athanasios Koukouras 10, Nikolaos Lampadariou 17, Elijah Laxamana 16, Carlos M. López-Fé de la Cuadra 18, Heike K. Lotze 2, Daniel Martin 7, David Mouillot 5, Daniel Oro 19, Saša Raicevich 20, Josephine Rius-Barile 16, Jose Ignacio Saiz-Salinas 21, Carles San Vicente 22, Samuel Somot 23, José Templado 24, Xavier Turon 7, Dimitris Vafidis 25, Roger Villanueva 1, Eleni Voultsiadou 10 1 Institut de Ciències del Mar, Scientific Spanish Council (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain, 2 Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, 3 Fisheries Center - Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 4 Evolutionary Biology & Ecology Lab, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany, 5 Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR 5119, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France, 6 Laboratoire Ecosystèmes & Ressources Aquatiques UR03AGRO1, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia, 7 Centre d Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Scientific Spanish Council (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain, 8 Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy, 9 Carrer Gran, Argentona, Spain, 10 Department of Zoology, Aristoteleio University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 11 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Heraklion, Greece, 12 Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy, 13 Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, Ancona, Italy, 14 National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel, 15 Haifa University and Oranim Academic College, Haifa, Israel, 16 The WorldFish Center, Philippine Office, Los Baños, Philippines, 17 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, Heraklion, Greece, 18 Laboratorio de Biología Marina - Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain, 19 Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Scientific Spanish Council (IMEDEA-CSIC), Esporles, Spain, 20 Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale, Chioggia, Italy, 21 Zoology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain, 22 Carrer Nou, Creixell, Spain, 23 Météo-France, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Toulouse, France, 24 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Scientific Spanish Council (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain, 25 Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Greece The Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Here we combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa in this marine ecosystem and to revise and update several species lists. We also assessed overall spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity and identified major changes and threats. Our results listed approximately 17,000 marine species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. However, our estimates of marine diversity are still incomplete as yet undescribed species will be added in the future. Diversity for microbes is substantially underestimated, and the deep-sea areas and portions of the southern and eastern region are still poorly known. In addition, the invasion of alien species is a crucial factor that will continue to change the biodiversity of the Mediterranean, mainly in its eastern basin that can spread rapidly northwards and westwards due to the warming of the Mediterranean Sea. Spatial patterns showed a general decrease in biodiversity from northwestern to southeastern regions following a gradient of production, with some exceptions and caution due to gaps in our knowledge of the biota along the southern and eastern rims. Biodiversity was also generally higher in coastal areas and continental shelves, and decreases with depth. Temporal trends indicated that overexploitation and habitat loss have been the main human drivers of historical changes in biodiversity. At present, habitat loss and degradation, followed by fishing impacts, pollution, climate change, eutrophication, and the establishment of alien species are the most important threats and affect the greatest number of taxonomic groups. All these impacts are expected to grow in importance in the future, especially climate change and habitat degradation. The spatial identification of hot spots highlighted the ecological importance of most of the western Mediterranean shelves (and in particular, the Strait of Gibraltar and the adjacent Alboran Sea), western African coast, the Adriatic, and the Aegean Sea, which show high concentrations of endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. The Levantine Basin, severely impacted by the invasion of species, is endangered as well. Citation: Coll M, Piroddi C, Steenbeek J, Kaschner K, Ben Rais Lasram F, et al. (2010) The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats. PLoS O 5(8): e doi: /journal.pone Editor: Steven J. Bograd, NOAA/NMFS/SWFSC, United States of America Received February 24, 2010; Accepted June 10, 2010; Published August 2, 2010 Copyright: ß 2010 Coll et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the European Census of Marine Life, the Total Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. MC was supported financially by the European Commission Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship through the International Outgoing Fellowships (Call FP7-PEOPLE IOF) for the ECOFUN project and by Dalhousie University (Halifax, Canada). EB acknowledges financial support from GRACCIE project C5D funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. BG thanks the support of SESAME funded by the European Commission s Sixth Framework Program on Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystems. JISS acknowledges ECOLIFE (CGL C03-03) funds of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. The present paper is a contribution of JG, DM and XT to the projects 2009SRG665 and 2009SGR484 of the Generalitat de Catalunya, and of DM and XT to project CTM funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. Research by C. N. Bianchi on Mediterranean Sea biodiversity is partly supported by the project The impacts of biological invasions and climate change on the biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea (Italy-Israel co-operation) funded by the Italian Ministry of the Environment. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to published, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * mcoll@icm.csic.es PLoS O 1 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

2 Mediterranean Marine Diversity This abstract has been translated to other languages (File S1). Introduction The Mare medi terraneum (in Latin) describes the Mediterranean as a sea in the middle of the land. This basin is the largest (2,969,000 km 2 ) and deepest (average 1,460 m, maximum 5,267 m) enclosed sea on Earth (Figure 1a). Situated at the crossroads of Africa, Europe, and Asia, the Mediterranean coasts have witnessed the flourishing and decline of many civilizations. The region was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times, allowing for trade and cultural exchange, and today it is notable for contributions to global economy and trade. Its coasts support a high density of inhabitants, distributed in 21 modern states, and it is one of the top tourist destinations in the world, with 200 million tourists per year [1]. The Mediterranean Sea connects through the Strait of Gibraltar to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and through the Dardanelles to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea in the northeast. In the southeast, the Suez Canal links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean (Figure 1a). In the Strait of Sicily, a shallow ridge at 400 m depth separates the island of Sicily from the coast of Tunisia and divides the sea into two main subregions: the western (area = 0.85 million km 2 ) and the eastern (area = 1.65 million km 2 ). General oceanographic conditions in the Mediterranean have been previously described in detail [e.g., 2 5]. It is a concentration basin: evaporation is higher in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase from west to east. The resulting pressure gradient pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the Mediterranean basin. This water warms up to the east, where it becomes saltier and then sinks in the Levantine Sea before circulating west and exiting through the Strait of Gibraltar. The climate in the region is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, humid winters. The annual mean sea surface temperature shows a high seasonality and important gradients from west to east and north to south (Figure 1b) [3]. The basin is generally oligotrophic, but regional features enrich coastal areas through changing wind conditions, temporal thermoclines, currents and river discharges, and municipal sewage [6,7,8] (Figure 1c). The basin is characterized by strong environmental gradients [9], in which the eastern end is more oligotrophic than the western. The biological production decreases from north to south and west to east and is inversely related to the increase in temperature and salinity. The Mediterranean has narrow continental shelves and a large area of open sea. Therefore, a large part of the Mediterranean basin can be classified as deep sea (Figure 1d) and includes some unusual features: (1) high homothermy from m to the bottom, where temperatures vary from 12.8uC 13.5uC in the western basin to 13.5uC 15.5uC in the eastern, and (2) high salinity of psu. Unlike in the Atlantic Ocean, where temperature decreases with depth, there are no thermal boundaries in the deep sea of the Mediterranean [10]. Shelf waters represent 20% of the total Mediterranean waters, compared with the 7.6% of the world oceans, and therefore play a proportionally greater role here than in the world s oceans [4]. Shelves in the south are mainly narrow and steep (e.g., Moroccan, Algerian, and Libyan coasts, with the exception of the Gulf of Gabés), while those in the north are wider (e.g., the north and central Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Gulf of Lions) [4] (Figure 1d). These features influence the morphology and constrain the connections to the Atlantic, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean [3,11]. The enclosed Mediterranean had a varied geological history, including isolation from the world ocean, that led to its near drying out during the Messinian crisis (5.96 million years ago) and to drastic changes in climate, sea level, and salinity [12,13]. The Figure 1. Biogeographic regions and oceanographic features of the Mediterranean Sea. (A) Main biogeographic regions, basins, and administrative divisions of the Mediterranean Sea, (B) Annual mean sea surface temperature (uc) (2003, NOAA), (C) Annual mean relative primary production (2002, Inland and Marine Waters Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, EU Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy), and (D) maximum average depth (m) (NOAA). doi: /journal.pone g001 PLoS O 2 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

3 Mediterranean Marine Diversity geological history, biogeography, ecology, and human history have contributed to the Mediterranean s high cultural and biological diversity [14 17]. The recent marine biota in the Mediterranean Sea is primarily derived from the Atlantic Ocean, but the wide range of climate and hydrology have contributed to the co-occurrence and survival of both temperate and subtropical organisms [18,19]. High percentages of Mediterranean marine species are endemic [16,20]. This sea has as well its own set of emblematic species of conservation concern, such as sea turtles, several cetaceans, and the critically endangered Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus). It is the main spawning grounds of the eastern Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) [e.g., 21 25]. There are several unique and endangered habitats, including the seagrass meadows of the endemic Posidonia oceanica, vermetid reefs built by the endemic gastropod Dendropoma petraeum, coralligenous assemblages [e.g., 26 29], and deep-sea and pelagic habitats that support unique species and ecosystems [e.g., 30 32]. Many sensitive habitats exist within the coastal ecosystems. There are 150 wetlands of international importance for marine and migrating birds, and some 5,000 islands and islets [33 35]. The region has numerous laboratories, universities, and research institutes dedicated to exploring the sea around them [e.g., 36]. In addition to the unique geologic, biogeographic, physical, and ecological features, our current understanding of the high biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea is built on the long tradition of study dating from the times of the Greeks and Romans. Historical documentation began with Aristotle, who contributed to the classification and description of marine biodiversity, and was followed by the work of Plinius (Historia naturalis, liber IX) in the first century B.C., Carl von Linné in the eighteenth century, and many others to the middle of the nineteenth century [e.g., 37 40]. The first deep-sea investigations began at the end of the nineteenth century [e.g., 41 43]. The expeditions of the R.V. Calypso by Jacques-Yves Cousteau in the Mediterranean during the 1950s and 1960s provided as well valuable material that supported many important publications on the Mediterranean diversity. The history of ecological research and species discovery in the region has been thoroughly reviewed by Riedl [44], Margalef [45], and Hofrichter [46], though mostly confined to the western Mediterranean. Numerous detailed taxonomic inventories now exist, most of which are specific to sub-regions or to a range of organisms [e.g., 47 56, among many others]. Efforts continue to provide complete datasets of taxonomic groups for the entire basin [e.g., 57 67], although they need periodic updates. Freely available databases for macroorganism inventory include the Medifaune database [68], the Food and Agriculture Organization Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes [69], the FNAM (Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean) atlas [70], and the ICTIMED database [71]. However, Web-based datasets often lack updates because of limitations in funding or expertise, and in general, the marine biodiversity of the Mediterranean is less known than its terrestrial counterpart [33,72]. There are still important gaps at population, community, habitat, and sub-region levels, as well as in basic information about taxonomy distribution, abundance, and temporal trends of several groups [72,73]. In some areas biodiversity data exist, but it is not easily accessible, because the inventories are not publicly available [74]. Data are also lacking to evaluate the conservation status of many species [34]. The Mediterranean region has been inhabited for millennia, and ecosystems have been altered in many ways [e.g., 5,16,45,75]. Therefore, impacts of human activities are proportionally stronger in the Mediterranean than in any other sea of the world [33]. Therefore, combined natural and anthropogenic events shaped the biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea in the past and are likely to continue to do so. Within this complex framework, our aims were threefold: 1. Review available estimates of Mediterranean marine biodiversity, including new estimates of less conspicuous organisms, updating previous checklists, and incorporating living organisms from microbes to top predators. 2. Describe the main spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity, including innovative ways of describing these patterns. 3. Summarize the main drivers of change and threats to marine biodiversity. We have collated available information, generated coherent patterns, and identified the current state of knowledge and information gaps, challenges, and prospects for future research. We embrace the concept of biodiversity in its broader definition as the variation of life at all levels of biological organization, but we have focused our efforts on documenting species-level diversity. Methods Diversity estimates Total estimates of biodiversity. We used our updated taxonomic estimates of species diversity to revise the total estimate of Mediterranean marine biodiversity and to compare it with previous studies [16,19,68]. We assessed online data availability by comparing these estimates with global and regional datasets that store an important portion of Mediterranean information, including the World Register of Marine Species database (WoRMS), Marbef Data System (European Register of Marine Species, ERMS) and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), FishBase and SeaLifeBase, AquaMaps, and ICTIMED [71,76 81]. We also calculated the percentage that Mediterranean species of macrophytes and metazoans make up of their global counterpart, by comparing our estimates with global number of marine species according to Bouchet [82] and Green and Short [26] for flowering plants, and Groombridge and Jenkins [83] for other Vertebrata species. Estimates by taxonomic group. We combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa and to revise and update several species lists. While most of this information has been incorporated into the supporting materials (File S2), here we present detailed summaries of the diversity of some specific groups inhabiting either the extreme ends of the food web (microbes and predators) or the deep-sea environment that represents the most prevalent habitat type in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, we provide an overview of the newly introduced species. We also identified information gaps by taxonomic group and assessed species discoveries over time for several taxa to visualize the rates of diversity description. Table 1 and File S2 summarize specific information for each taxonomic group for which such analysis is possible, and File S2 lists the experts contributing to this synthesis. File S2 also lists several experts and taxonomic guides by taxa, although it is not an exhaustive list of experts by taxonomic group in the Mediterranean Sea. File S2 provides methodological specifications and the detailed taxonomic review of several groups too, as well as revised checklists, detailed references, and additional information. PLoS O 3 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

4 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Table 1. Taxonomic classification of species reported in the Mediterranean Sea (File S2 for details). Taxonomic group No. species 1 State of knowledge No. introduced species No. experts 2 No. identification guides and key references 3 Domain Archaea Unknown Very limited 3 Domain Bacteria Unknown (165 macroscopically Very limited/2 5 7 identifiable cyanobacteria described) (including Cyanobacteria) Domain Eukarya Protoctista and Chromista Unknown, first Very limited/ estimate approx Dinomastigota (Dinoflagellata) Bacillariophyceae Coccolithophores Foraminifera.600 Benthic and planktonic/3 5 Heterokontophyta File S2 Plantae New species being described File S2 and reclassified/4 Chlorophyta 190 (180 6 ) 4 17 File S2 Rhodophyta File S2 Magnoliophyta File S2 Animalia Porifera 681 Well known except southern 6 5 areas and the Levantine Sea/4 Cnidaria 757 Limited/ File S2 Platyhelminthes 1000 Very limited/3 6 1 Mollusca 2113 Well known, but new species Approx File S2 being described/4 Annelida 1172 New species being described/ File S2 Crustacea 2239 New species being described/ File S2 Bryozoa 388 Limited/ File S2 Echinodermata 154 Lack of data in southern and File S2 deeper areas/5 Tunicata (Ascidiacea) 229 Limited/ File S2 Other invertebrates 2168 Limited/ File S2 Vertebrata (Pisces) 650 Well known, except few rare 116 (91) File S2 species recorded sporadically/5 Other vertebrates 43 Well known for mammals, File S2 reptiles and birds/5 SUBTOTAL TOTAL REGIONAL DIVERSITY * State of knowledge: 5 = very well known (.80% described, identification guides,20 years old, and current taxonomic expertise); 4 = well known (.70% described, identification guides,50 years old, some taxonomic expertise), 3 = poorly known (,50% species described, identification guides old or incomplete, no present expertise within region), 2 = very poorly known (only few species recorded, no identification guides, no expertise), 1 = unknown (no species recorded, no identification guides, no expertise). ND = No data. Number of experts and number of identification guides correspond to the list provided in File S2, listing several experts and taxonomic guides by taxa, although this is not an exhaustive list of experts by taxonomic group in the Mediterranean Sea. (1) Sources: databases, scientific literature, books, field guides, technical reports (see File S2); (2) Nu of experts provided in File S2, listing several experts by taxa, although this is not an exhaustive list of experts by taxonomic group in the Mediterranean Sea; (3) Identification guides cited in File S2; (4) This number is highly uncertain (see text section The biodiversity of the smallest ); (5) corresponding to macrophytobenthos; (6) 10 species reported within the Chlorophyceae (Volvocales) and Prasinophyceae (Chlorodendrales, Pyramimonadales) are unicellular and can be considered to be phytoplanktonic, although they thrive in mediolittoral and supralittoral pools and have been classically included in the checklists of marine macroalgae. *This estimate is continuously increasing and may be as high as 1,000 species if unicellular aliens and foraminiferans are included [e.g., 206,207,208]. doi: /journal.pone t001 To classify the estimates of organisms, we followed the taxonomic classification by WoRMS [76]. This classification is followed in the other regional syntheses of marine diversity of the Census of Marine Life (Census) and enables comparison between regions. We therefore used a practical division of the Eukarya into Plantae, Animalia, Protists, and Chromists even though the current kingdom division in the eukaryotes ranges between 6 and 12 and few coincide with these traditional divisions [84 86]. PLoS O 4 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

5 Mediterranean Marine Diversity However, we placed together Archaea and Bacteria because little information exists for either of these divisions. Our review included only generic information on prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic (Protists) marine microbes and detailed quantification of diversity of a few groups, such as seaweeds and seagrasses (a phylogenetically heterogeneous group of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms) and metazoans (invertebrates and vertebrates). Within Animalia, we especially focused on the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria (with emphasis on benthic forms), Mollusca, Annelida (with emphasis on Polychaeta), Arthropoda (with emphasis on Decapoda, Cumacea, and Mysidacea), Bryozoa, Echinodermata, Sipuncula, some other invertebrates forming part of the meiobenthos (Nematoda, benthic Harpacticoida [Crustacea: Copepoda], benthic Foraminifera, and Gastrotricha), Tunicata (with emphasis on Ascidiacea), and the subphylum Vertebrata. We did not include the Fungi occurring in the Mediterranean Sea (which are reported to be approximately 140 species) [87]. Depiction of patterns Spatial and bathymetric patterns. To describe spatial patterns, we used published available information by region or subregions and by taxonomic group regarding sighting locations, home ranges, or general information on distribution of species in the Mediterranean Sea. We also included information on biodiversity patterns by depth, reviewing data of several taxa available in the literature. Spatial patterns of benthic primary producers and invertebrate species were explored at the scale of large regions or basins. When available, we used detailed spatial data, mostly available in the form of expert-drawn maps or sighting locations, to map spatial patterns of vertebrate species using GIS (geographical information system) software (ArcView by ESRI). For each degree grid cell within the Mediterranean, we estimated the species richness of different taxonomic groups as the sum of the species co-occurring by overlapping expert-drawn distribution maps. We compiled data about exotic fish species from the CIESM (The Mediterannean Science Commission) atlas [88,89] and the paper by Quignard and Tomasini [90]. Data for other fish species were available from the FNAM atlas [70] and data compiled by Ben Rais Lasram et al. [91]. We used maps of species occurrence and sighting locations as point data to draw the distributional ranges of resident marine mammals and turtles, but we excluded nonresident or visiting species from the species richness maps. We represented the latter information as point data showing their sighting locations [22,92 99]. The current distribution of Mediterranean monk seal was drawn by integrating information in recent literature [23, ]. Information on the distribution of seabird colonies around the Mediterranean, and of Audouin s gull Larus audouinii in particular, was collected from different observations [ ]. In our analysis, we considered those regions with uncertain or insufficient data (mainly identified by a question mark in distribution maps) as no occurrence. However, we recognize that the absence of data may well reflect a lack of study effort in a given area rather than actual absence of a species, and thus we used the missing data to identify regions that are insufficiently studied. Moreover, available data have been collected mainly from the 1980s to 2000s. Therefore, species richness maps generated in this study should be considered as cumulative distribution maps rather than current distributions. We also used the global species distribution model AquaMaps [80] to generate standardized range maps of species occurrence. AquaMaps is a modified version of the relative environmental suitability (RES) model developed by Kaschner et al. [112]. This is an environmental envelope model that generates standardized range maps, within which the relative probability of occurrence for marine species is based on the environmental conditions in each degree cell of a global grid (see specifications of Mediterranean AquaMaps in File S2). We produced AquaMaps of predicted patterns of biodiversity for different taxa in the Mediterranean by overlaying the respective subsets of the 685 available distribution maps for Mediterranean species and counting all species predicted to occur in a given cell. We assumed a species to be present in each cell for which the speciesspecific predicted relative probability of occurrence was greater than zero. For the prediction of marine mammal biodiversity, we used a probability threshold of species occurrence of at least 0.4 to define presence in a given area, since there is some evidence that lower probabilities for species in this taxa often describe a species potential rather than its occupied niche [112]. We then used these predictions to visualize species richness patterns by selected latitudinal and longitudinal transects. These results were compared with the maps generated using regional distributions and sighting locations. Temporal patterns. The analysis of temporal changes in Mediterranean marine biodiversity requires the integration of diverse data from paleontological, archaeological, historical, and fisheries data, as well as ecological surveys and monitoring data [e.g., ]. We summarized temporal changes of diversity using studies that dealt with this challenge using available data that informed on changes over past centuries and millennia. We integrated historical records of Mediterranean monk seals and sea turtles around the Mediterranean to explore examples of historical spatial changes [22,23,101,106, ]. For the north Adriatic Sea, we analyzed data from Lotze et al. [113], who used a multidisciplinary approach to assess the ecological changes and overall shift in diversity over historical time scales in 12 estuaries and coastal seas worldwide, including the north Adriatic Sea. They assessed the number of species that became depleted (.50% decline), rare (.90% decline), or extirpated (locally extinct) in the north Adriatic Sea over past centuries and millennia, based on records for 64 species or species groups that used to be of ecological or economic importance in the Adriatic Sea (File S2). These records included marine mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and plants and were grouped into ten distinct cultural periods (File S2). Threats to biodiversity Changes in diversity are partially driven by anthropogenic factors, in addition to natural forces. Therefore, our last aim was to identify and quantify the importance of historical and current human-induced drivers and threats to marine biodiversity. We used the aggregated results presented by Lotze et al. [113] and explicitly separated the data available for the north Adriatic Sea as an example to explore historical threats in the Mediterranean. Those authors evaluated human impacts that caused or contributed to the depletion or extirpation of species in the north Adriatic Sea over historical time scales. We also identified current human threats to diversity using published data on specific taxa and areas of the Mediterranean (File S2) and the opinion of experts. Each expert was asked to (1) list main threats to diversity for their taxonomic expertise group using data available and experience, and (2) rank those threats from 1 to 5, taking into account the relative importance of each threat to the biodiversity (0: no importance, 1: lowest in importance, 5: highest in importance). The experts repeated the ranking exercise considering data available and projecting their results 10 years into the future (File S2). PLoS O 5 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

6 Mediterranean Marine Diversity In addition and to visualize the impacts of climate warming on species diversity, we documented the mean location of February (the coldest month of the year in the Mediterranean) sea surface isotherms (uc) for the period 1985 to 2006, integrating several data sources. We also generated current and projected future temperature maps, which we compared with sea surface temperature (SST) data from the 1980s. First, we compiled weekly SST data from the National Climatic Data Center (National Operational Model Archive and Distribution System Meteorological Data Server, NOMADS, NOAA Satellite and Information Service), and interpolated maps at 0.1u resolution. Next, we averaged weekly SST values from 1981 to 1984 for each 0.1u grid cell. Last, we used the Mediterranean model OPAMED8basedontheA2IPCCscenario[120]tovisualizethe future climate. This model considers main forcing parameters (river runoffs, exchanges with connected seas, and wind regimes) and was used to generate climate data for the middle ( ) and the end of the twenty-first century ( ). Finally, we visualized potential hot spots for conservation efforts by linking predicted species distributions from the AquaMaps model to status information reported by the International Union for Conservation of Nature [ ]. From the available AquaMaps, a total of 110 maps belonged to vertebrate species that had been classified as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, or near threatened in the Mediterranean Sea. This represented the 16% of all species included in the Mediterranean AquaMaps (File S2). We subsequently mapped the richness of these species using a probability threshold of more than 0.4, which usually corresponds to the most frequently used and ecologically most important habitats [112]. Results Diversity estimates in the Mediterranean Our analysis revealed approximately 17,000 species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea (Table 1 and File S2). Of these, at least 26% were prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic (Protists) marine microbes. However, the data available for Bacteria, Archaea, and Protists were very limited, so these estimates have to be treated with caution (see next section), as well as data for several invertebrate groups (such as Chelicerata, Myriapoda, and Insecta). Within the Animalia, the greater proportion of species records were from subphylum Crustacea (13.2%) and phyla Mollusca (12.4%), Annelida (6.6%), Plathyhelminthes (5.9%), Cnidaria (4.5%), the subphylum Vertebrata (4.1%), Porifera (4.0%), Bryozoa (2.3%), the subphylum Tunicata (1.3%), and Echinodermata (0.9%). Other invertebrate groups encompassed 14% of the species, and Plantae included 5%. Detailed biodiversity estimates of main taxonomic groups of benthic macroscopic primary producers and invertebrates are summarized in Table 1 and documented in File S2 in detail. Available information showed that the highest percentage of endemic species was in Porifera (48%), followed by Mysidacea (36%), Ascidiacea (35%), Cumacea (32%), Echinodermata (24%), Bryozoa (23%), seaweeds and seagrasses (22%), Aves (20%), Polychaeta (19%), Pisces (12%), Cephalopoda (10%), and Decapoda (10%) (File S2). The average of the total endemics was 20.2%. In some groups the percentage of endemics was now lower than in the past, partly due to new finding of Mediterranean species in adjacent Atlantic waters (File S2). The biodiversity of the smallest An important bulk of species diversity was attributed to the prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic (Protists) marine microbes. However, the differences in the methodologies and types of studies and the continuously changing state of our knowledge of marine microbial diversity make it difficult to provide species estimates for the Mediterranean (or from anywhere else) and establish comparisons. Current methods cannot yet provide reliable estimates of the microbial richness of a system [e.g., 124] because of (i) our limited capacity to describe morphological variability in these organisms, (ii) the limited development and the biases associated with molecular techniques used to identify them, even with the use of the most powerful of these techniques, and (iii) the uncertainty in determining a microbial species and where to draw the line that differentiates one species from another. Morphological variability is used to describe diversity of some groups of microbes, such as ciliates and microphytoplankton [125], but this is not useful for most nano- and almost all picoplanktonic organisms, including all Archaea and most Bacteria. Therefore, until recently, surveys of microbial diversity were mainly limited to those taxa with enough features to be described under an optical microscope. Among phytoplankton, the best-studied groups included thecate dinoflagellates, diatoms, coccolithophores, and silicoflagellates. Among microzooplankton, groups like tintinnids, foraminifers, or radiolarians attracted most attention. Much less information is available on naked auto- or heterotrophic flagellates and on small picoplankton species. However, researchers have made efforts to obtain estimates of the dominant microbial species in Mediterranean waters. The expansion of electron microscopy in the last decades of the twentieth century helped to untangle inconsistencies in the distribution of some described species and to consolidate the establishment of a biogeography of many protist taxa. More recently, molecular techniques (metagenomics) have been used to enumerate the microorganisms present in a given sample and have completely transformed the field by changing ideas and concepts. These advances have highlighted the problems with the species concept when applied to microbial communities, which may be based on morphology, biology, or phylogeny [125]. Furthermore, different methodologies have biases that give different views of microbial diversity [e.g., 126,127], and now we know that microdiversity is a general characteristic of microbial communities [128], making the delimitation of diversity units difficult. To avoid some of the problems with the species delimitation, some authors prefer to use functional diversity : the amount and types of microbial proteins (e.g., functions) in the sample [e.g., 129], rather than species diversity. According to the compilation published in Hofrichter [87], the number of described protist species in the Mediterranean is approximately 4,400 (Table 1). However, this estimate requires cautious interpretation and it is likely that many morphospecies, more or less well described, will include a number of cryptic or pseudocryptic variants [e.g., 125]. Molecular methods have recently uncovered new sequences that are being associated with the organisms they represent [130]. Fingerprinting techniques [131] have been used to compare microbial communities and establish the scale of variability of these communities. For example, Schauer et al. [132] determined that, along the coastal northwestern Mediterranean, the time of the year was more important than exact location in determining bacterial community structure. Acinas et al. [133] and Ghiglione et al. [134] showed that microbial communities tend to be similar in the horizontal scale and much more variable on the vertical scale, but these techniques are not appropriate to determine the number of species present and usually refer only to the dominant organisms. Recent application of new methodologies (such as metagenomics and 454- PLoS O 6 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

7 Mediterranean Marine Diversity tag sequencing) will in the near future provide more accurate estimates. All studies to date concur in identifying members of the SAR11 group as some of the most abundant Mediterranean bacteria, comprising 25 45% of the reported sequences [e.g., 126,127]. These are followed by other Alphaproteobacteria, which tend to be more common in coastal regions and during algal blooms (such as Roseobacter-like). Cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus), diverse culturable (Alteromonadales) and unculturable Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes form the rest of the diversity with some differences with depth and with distance from land. Several studies have concentrated in the diversity of subgroups of these abundant bacteria in the Mediterranean [e.g., 135,136]. Additionally, the diversity of deep samples and the communities from which they are taken have received considerable attention in the Mediterranean. Specific and likely unique ecotypes of some bacteria appear at certain depths, [e.g., 137], free-living communities appear to be as complex as epipelagic communities [138], and appear to vary seasonally, as do surface communities [139]. The deep-sea Mediterranean maintains several extremely peculiar and interesting ecosystems, such as the deep hypersaline anoxic lakes in the Ionian Sea that are reported to include several new and little-known microbial lineages [e.g., 140]. Some studies have shown that bacterial richness peaks in tropical latitudes [e.g., 141] and concluded that at Mediterranean latitudes the number of detectable operational taxonomic units (OTUs) is between 100 and 150. Zaballos et al. [142] arrived at a similar value that, once extrapolated, indicated a value of approximately 360 OTUs for surface waters. A slightly lower value was estimated for the coastal Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory [e.g., 126] based on a different approach. Archaeal richness is known to be lower than bacterial richness [e.g., 143], and this has been seen in the Mediterranean and in other oceans. Results of these new sequencing techniques suggest that microbial richness in the sea is much higher because of the presence of a rare biosphere composed of very few individuals of many distinct organism types [144,145]. Application of this technique to data from the northwestern Mediterranean indicates that the numbers should be raised to about 1,000 bacterial species per sample [146]. Again, the real magnitude of bacterial richness in the Mediterranean cannot be appreciated with the techniques available. A similar situation to that with prokaryotes occurs with small eukaryotes, which are photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic organisms. These small eukaryotes are found in abundances of ml 21 and have low morphological variability [147]. Thus we must rely on molecular techniques to grasp their diversity. Molecular work has allowed the discovery of new groups of eukaryotes present in this smallest size class [148,149]. The study of Mediterranean protists has benefited from the early establishment of marine laboratories and a number of illustrated books and checklists [e.g., ]. More recent inventories can be found in Velasquez and Cruzado [156] and Velasquez [157] for diatoms, Gómez [158] for dinoflagellates and Cros [159] for coccolithophorids. The compilation of northwestern Mediterranean diatom taxa of Velasquez [157] records 736 species and 96 genera. The checklist of Gómez [158] contains 673 dinoflagellate species in 104 genera. Cros [159] lists 166 species of coccolithophorids of the northwestern Mediterranean and revised the classification of several important taxa [see also 160]. Recently, the discovery of a number of combination coccospheres bearing holo- and heterococcoliths [161] fostered the recognition that holococcolithophores do not belong to a separate family, as previously accepted, but are part of a life cycle that includes holo- and heterococcolithophore stages. The biodiversity of photosynthetic nano- and picoflagellates other than coccolithophores is poorly known for most groups, as may be expected from the difficulties involved in their identification. However, in the last decade, work using optical and electron microscopy, often in combination with molecular and culturing techniques, has considerably increased the taxonomic knowledge of many of these groups and has highlighted the potential existence of much cryptic or unknown diversity [e.g., 162,163]. There are few taxonomic surveys of heterotrophic flagellates [e.g., 164], although many phytoplankton studies based on microscopy also included taxa from these groups. Massana et al. [165] describes a high diversity of picoeukaryotic sequences, belonging to two groups of novel alveolates (I with 36% and II with 5% of clones), dinoflagellates (17%), novel stramenopiles (10%), prasinophytes (5%), and cryptophytes (4%). Later work has shown that these novel stramenopiles are free-living bacterivorous heterotrophic flagellates [130]. Most of the biodiversity work on ciliates has focused on tintinnids or loricate ciliates, while studies involving naked ciliates tend to use groupings based on ecological morphotypes and only rarely include detailed taxonomical work [e.g., 155, ]. Numbers of species ranging from 40 to 68 were recorded in one to several-year surveys of various Mediterranean sites [among others 154]. Other groups, such as the Foraminifera, which have calcium carbonate tests, and the Radiolaria, which produce siliceous or strontium sulfate skeletons, have been the subject of many stratigraphical and paleoceanographical studies. However, biodiversity work on living Foraminifera and Radiolaria in the Mediterranean is scarce [e.g., 155,169,170]. Hofrichter [87] provided a systematic summary of the main groups and species of both autotrophic and heterotrophic protists found in the Mediterranean. The biodiversity at high trophic levels Species that occupy the upper trophic levels, normally beyond the level of secondary consumers, are classified as predators. They have lower diversity than other taxonomic groups, but information available is usually more detailed (Table 1 and File S2). We reviewed data available for fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and turtles in the Mediterranean Sea. Ground-breeding species such as seabirds (gulls and terns) are counted using census bands [171] and monitored by satellite tracking. However, procellariiforms reproduce in caves and burrows in cliffs on remote, inaccessible islets, and census methods to estimate population densities are not totally reliable. Population models, based on demographic parameters, allow researchers to estimate extinction probabilities [172]. A census of marine mammals or turtles normally uses transect data collected from aerial or boat-based sighting surveys developed to assess abundance, while movement patterns are tracked with transmitters and monitored by satellite tracking as well. Fish species are mainly studied using scuba diving or fishing techniques. There is still some discussion about diversity estimates for these taxonomic groups. For fish species, for example, several estimates of Mediterranean diversity exist: Quignard [173] lists a total of 562 fish species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea; Whitehead et al. [70] mention 589; Fredj and Maurin [68] list a total of 612 species (and identified 30 species as uncertain); and Quignard and Tomasini [90] register 664 species. Hofrichter [87] summarizes 648 species, and Golani et al. [89] report a total of 650 fishes (File S2). Fish diversity estimates also change as new species are described or reclassified. The updated list of exotic fish species [88] reveals that the Mediterranean currently contains 116 exotic PLoS O 7 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

8 Mediterranean Marine Diversity species, although more species are likely to be cited. There is also a long-standing controversy regarding genetic differentiation among a few fish populations and sub-basins, especially of commercial species due to management implications (for example for the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus), although results are still under debate [e.g., 174]. Approximately 80 fish species are elasmobranchs, although the status of some is uncertain because of infrequency or uncertain reporting [e.g., 123,175,176]. According to Cavanagh and Gibson [123], nine of these elasmobranch species may not breed in the Mediterranean, while some are rare because the Mediterranean represents the edge of their distribution ranges. Only four batoid species are Mediterranean endemics: the Maltese skate (Leucoraja melitensis), the speckled skate (Raja polystigma), the rough ray (R. radula), and the giant devilray (Mobula mobular) [175]. Nine species of marine mammals are encountered regularly in the Mediterranean (File S2) [92,93,94,97]. Of these species, five belong to the Delphinidae, and one each to the Ziphiidae, Physeteridae, Balaenopteridae, and Phocidae. Other 14 species are sporadically sighted throughout the basin and are considered visitors or non-residents. Of the seven living species of sea turtles, two (the green and the loggerhead Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta - Cheloniidae) commonly occur and nest in the Mediterranean, and one (leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea - Dermochelyidae) is regularly sighted but there is no evidence of nesting sites. The other two (hawksbill and Kemp s riddle turtles Eretmochelys imbricata and Lepidochelys kempi - Cheloniidae) are extremely rare and considered to be vagrants in the Mediterranean (File S2) [22,95,96,98,99]. Seabirds from the Mediterranean have a low diversity (15 species, File S2) and their population densities are small, consistent with a relatively low-productivity ecosystem compared with open oceans, and particularly with upwelling regions. Ten of the Mediterranean species are gulls and terns (Charadriiformes), four are shearwaters and storm petrels (Procellariiformes), and one is a shag (Pelecaniformes). Three of the ten species are endemics [ ]. What is hidden in the deep? Because of the large size of the Mediterranean deep-sea ecosystems (Figure 1d), our knowledge of the benthic deep-sea diversity is incomplete [177]. In the past 20 years, several studies on deep-sea sediment diversity have been undertaken in various oceans [e.g., 178,179] but have been limited to a few taxonomic groups. However, due to technological improvements that render the deep waters more accessible, the deep-sea benthos of the Mediterranean has received increased attention and there is progress toward a more comprehensive view of the levels, patterns, and drivers of deep-sea biodiversity in this semienclosed basin [180]. Its paleoecological, topographic, and environmental characteristics suggest that the Mediterranean Sea is a suitable model for investigating deep-sea biodiversity patterns along longitudinal, bathymetric and energetic gradients across its different regions. There are few areas with depths greater than 3,000 m (Figure 1d), and typically bathyal or abyssal taxonomic groups are limited. Cold-water stenothermal species that elsewhere represent the major part of the deep-sea fauna [181] are also unknown in the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean abyssal macrobenthos comprises a large number of eurybathic species and only true abyssal species. In the western basin, where the depth does not exceed 3,000 m, the abyssal fauna is less abundant than in the deeper eastern basin, where abyssal species are dominant in the Matapan trench, which is more than 5,050 m deep [182]. The close affinity between Mediterranean and Atlantic congeneric deep-water species suggests that the ancestors of the Mediterranean bathyal endemic species moved from the Atlantic when conditions were favorable (i.e. when larvae of deep Atlantic fauna was able to enter in the Western Mediterranean due to hydrodynamic and physico-chemical conditions allowed it). According to Pérès [183], the deep-water fauna of the Mediterranean has a lower degree of endemism than that of the Atlantic at similar depths. So while the Mediterranean basin is recognized as one of the most diverse regions on the planet, the deep sea in the Mediterranean may contain a much lower diversity than deep-sea regions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans [184,185]. The reasons for such a low diversity may be related to (a) the complex paleoecological history characterized by the Messinian salinity crisis and the almost complete desiccation of the basin [186], and (b) the Gibraltar sill that is, potentially, a physical barrier to the colonization of larvae and deep-sea benthic organisms from the richer Atlantic fauna. These factors may explain the composition of the benthos in the deep sea of the Mediterranean [187]. It may also be that the high deep-sea temperatures (about 10uC higher than in the Atlantic Ocean at the same depth) have led to a Mediterranean deep-sea fauna that consists of reproductively sterile pseudopopulations that are constantly derived through larval inflow. These postulates were based on the analysis of the macrobenthos, characterized by life cycles with meroplanktonic larvae that are spread by currents [188]. However, the populations of the most common benthic mollusks in depths greater than 1,000 m off the Israeli coast are composed of both adult and juvenile specimens, and one species, Yoldia micrometrica, the most common and abundant species in the eastern Mediterranean, is unrecorded from the westernmost part of the sea. In addition, and though much reduced in diversity and richness compared with the deep-sea fauna of the western and central basins of the Mediterranean, the Levantine bathybenthos is composed of autochthonous, self-sustaining populations of opportunistic, eurybathic species that have settled there following the last sapropelic event [ ]. Macpherson [192] and Briggs [193] have suggested that within the Atlantic-Mediterranean region, the fauna (including invertebrates and fishes) of the Mediterranean is more diverse than that of the Atlantic and displays considerable endemism. For strictly deepdwelling species (e.g., the deep-water decapod crustacean family Polychelidae), the Gibraltar sill is not an impenetrable barrier for some deep-waters macrobenthic species [194]. Moreover, available hypotheses did not consider meiofauna diversity, which is characterized by direct development [188] but also by a small size, which allows organisms resuspension and drifting over wide regions. This is consistent with information on the most abundant deep-sea phylum, the Nematoda, which often accounts for more than 90% of total meiofauna abundance [9,195]. Nematode diversity has been investigated only in a few areas of the deep sea in the Mediterranean: slopes of the Gulf of Lions, Catalan margin and Corsica, Tyrrhenian basin, and Eastern Mediterranean [e.g., ]. Recent collections from a limited number of sites throughout the Mediterranean basin (at approximately 1,000 m, 3,000 m, and 4,000 m depth), suggest that, conversely to what was expected, the deep-sea nematode fauna of the Mediterranean basin is rather diverse. At bathyal and abyssal depths, levels of nematode genera and species richness are similar to those reported from other deep-sea areas of the world oceans [198]. In the deep sea of the Mediterranean, small-bodied taxa (e.g., meiofauna) can reach a PLoS O 8 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

9 Mediterranean Marine Diversity high diversity, and with the presence of a high prokaryotic diversity in the sediments of the deep-sea Mediterranean [199], this may change the view that the Mediterranean deep-sea biota is impoverished in comparison with its Atlantic counterpart. Endemic macrobenthic species account for approximately 13 15% of total species number at depths from 200 m to 1,000 m, and approximately 20% at 2,000 m [200]. These estimates are similar for each taxon (Table 1) and are further supported by the continuous discovery of new species (both within the highly diverse Nematoda and in rare phyla such as the Loricifera) in different sectors of the deep Mediterranean [180]. Therefore, the general conclusion that the biodiversity is high in coastal systems and low in the deep sea of the Mediterranean might not hold true. Detailed references about the deep Mediterranean can be found in [180]. New biodiversity The biodiversity of the Mediterranean is definitively influenced by the introduction of new species [e.g., 88, ]. Since the first review of exotic species in the Mediterranean [209], the studies in this topic have intensified. Now more than 600 metazoan species have been recorded as alien, these representing 3.3% of the total estimates (Table 1, and File S2 for detailed information by taxonomic group). However, this estimate is continuously increasing and may be as high as 1,000 species if unicellular aliens and foraminiferans are included [e.g., 206,207,208]. Most of these introductions are littoral and sublittoral benthic or demersal species (or their symbionts). Because the shallow coastal zone, and especially the benthos, has been extensively studied and is more accessible than deeper waters, new arrivals probably will be encountered and identified in shallow waters. The species most likely to be introduced by the predominant pathways (the Suez Canal, vessels, and mariculture) are shallow-water species. A taxonomic classification of the alien species showed that the alien phyla most frequently recorded are Mollusca (33%), Arthropoda (18%), Chordata (17%), Rhodophyta (11%), and Annelida (8%). The data are presumably most accurate for large and conspicuous species that are easily distinguished from the native biota and for species that occur along a frequently sampled or fished coast and for which taxonomic expertise is readily available. Data are entirely absent for many of the small members of invertebrate phyla [210]. Thus, the true numbers of alien species are certainly downward biased. The native range of the alien species in the Mediterranean was most commonly the Indo-Pacific Ocean (41%), followed by the Indian Ocean (16%), and the Red Sea (12%), while some species have a pantropical or circumtropical distribution (19%). The actual origins of the Mediterranean populations of a species widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean may be their populations in the Red Sea, both from the Indian or Pacific oceans, or a secondary introduction from already established populations in the Mediterranean itself [e.g., 50]. However, and with few notable exceptions [e.g., 211,212], the source populations of alien species in the Mediterranean have not been assessed by molecular means. Even so, it is clear that most alien species in the Mediterranean are thermophilic and therefore originated in tropical seas (see Figure 2). The exceptions are exotic algae, of which the largest numbers are in the Gulf of Lions and the northern Adriatic [213,214], and a few other examples [e.g., 215]. As far as can be deduced, the majority of aliens in the Mediterranean entered through the Suez Canal (Erythrean aliens) (53%), and an additional 11% were introduced primarily through the Canal and then dispersed by vessels. Introductions from vessels from other parts of the world account for 22% of introduced species, and aquaculture accounts for 10%. A further 2% arrived with the introduction of aquaculture and were secondarily spread by vessels. The means of introduction differ greatly among the phyla: whereas of the alien macrophytes, 41% and 25% were introduced through mariculture and vessels, respectively, the majority of alien crustaceans, mollusks, and fish are Erythrean aliens (59%, 64%, and 86%, respectively), and mariculture introductions are few (4%, 5%, and 4%, respectively) [216, B.S. Galil, personal observation]. The numbers of alien species that have been recorded over the past century have increased in recent decades. The increasing role of the Mediterranean as a hub of international commercial shipping, a surge in the development of marine shellfish farming over the last 25 years, and the continued enlargement of the Suez Canal have contributed to the resurgence of introductions since the 1950s. Many introduced species have established permanent populations and extended their range: 214 alien species have been recorded from three or more peri-mediterranean countries, and 132 have been recorded from four or more countries [216, B.S. Galil, personal observation]. A comparison of the alien species recorded along the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and France and an equivalent length of coast in the Levantine Sea (from Port Said, Egypt, to Marmaris, Turkey) showed marked differences in their numbers, origin, and means of introduction. There are nearly four times as many alien species along the Levantine coast (456 species) as along the western coast of the Mediterranean (111 species). The majority of aliens in the Eastern Mediterranean entered through the Suez Canal (68% of the total, 14% vessel-transported, 2% mariculture), whereas mariculture (42%), vessels (38%), or both (5%) are the main means of introduction in the Western Mediterranean [216, B.S. Galil, in preparation]. Climate change favors the introduction of Red Sea species in the southeastern Mediterranean and their rapid spreading northwards and westwards (see section 4.2c and d). It similarly favors species coming from the African Atlantic coasts to enter the western basin [89,217]. Spatial patterns of Mediterranean biodiversity Longitudinal and latitudinal patterns. Describing the distribution of marine diversity is as important as quantifying it. In the Mediterranean, a northwestern-to-southeastern gradient of species richness was observed in most groups of invertebrate species analyzed here, with a highly heterogeneous distribution of species in the different regions (Table 2, and File S2 for detailed information). We noticed only a few exceptions. For example, while there was the same number of Euphausia species in the western and central basins, estimates for several other invertebrate groups were higher in the Aegean Sea than in central areas of the Mediterranean. These exceptions may be due to different species tolerance to environmental factors (such as temperature and salinity), connectivity between regions, and to the lack of data in some regions. We found similar results for vertebrate species. There was a decreasing gradient from northwest to the southeast, while the sea around Sicily had the highest richness (375 species per degree cell), followed by other northwestern coastal and shelf areas (Figures 2a b). The distribution of elasmobranch species was not homogenous either, showing a higher concentration of species in the west (Figure 2c). The endemic richness gradient of fish species was more pronounced with latitude, the north side exhibiting a greater richness, and the Adriatic appearing as a hot spot of endemism with 45 species per cell (Figure 2d). Spatial patterns also showed how most of Mediterranean coastal waters have been colonized by exotic species (Figure 2e). The highest richness of exotic species occurred along the Israeli coast. PLoS O 9 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

10 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 2. Spatial patterns of fish species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on superimposed expert-drawn maps. (A) All fish species (n = 625), (B) ray-finned fish species (n = 545), (C) elasmobranchs (n = 80), (D) endemic fish species (n = 79), (E) alien fish species (n = 127) [data modified from 91]. Colors express species occurrence from blue (little or no occurrence) to red (highest occurrence). The size of the cell is degree. doi: /journal.pone g002 Marine mammals were concentrated in the Western Mediterranean and Aegean seas (Figure 3a). Of the nine resident marine mammals, eight were found in the western part of the basin. This distribution pattern was also observed for the visiting marine mammals (Figure 3b). Two of the three resident sea turtles (loggerhead, green, and leatherback turtles) occurred in the central Mediterranean and Aegean seas, while the two visiting turtles were absent from the eastern side (Figure 3c). There were fewer seabird colonies and seabird density was lower in the southeast than the northwest (Figure 3d). Spatial patterns of benthic biodiversity in the deep sea are poorly known in comparison with other ecosystems. Available information is scarce and our maps and estimates include only approximations for the deep sea. In this context, metazoan meiofauna and, in particular, nematodes can be used to describe the biodiversity patterns in the deep sea. Deep-sea nematode diversity appears to be related to that of other benthic components such as foraminifers [218], macrofauna [219], and the richness of higher meiofauna taxa in the deep sea [220]. Results for the deep sea of the Mediterranean show a clear longitudinal biodiversity gradient that also occurs along the open slopes, where values decrease eastward, from Catalonia to the margins of southern Crete (Figure 4a). The analysis of the Nematoda indicates that at equally deep sites, nematode diversity decreases from the western to the eastern basin and longitudinal gradients are evident when comparing sites at 3,000 m or 1,000 m depth [195]. Complementary information on spatial patterns of the deep Mediterranean fauna can be found in [180]. Additional information from the literature on spatial patterns of Mediterranean marine diversity suggests that the measurement of local a-diversity is not sufficient to draw a clear picture for the whole Mediterranean basin. Whittaker [221] defined a-diversity as the number of species found in a sample (or within a habitat), b- diversity as the extent of species replacement along environmental gradients (termed turnover diversity by Gray [222]), and c- diversity as the diversity of the whole region. The analysis of b- diversity of Nematoda among different sites in the deep sea of the Mediterranean and across bathymetric and longitudinal gradients reveals an extremely high species turnover. By comparing nematode assemblages at (a) different depths, (b) similar depths in two different basins, and (c) similar depths within the same basin, the dissimilarity of biodiversity among deep-sea samples is always greater than 70% [195,197,198,223]. On average, the dissimilarity of nematode diversity between western and eastern PLoS O 10 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

11 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Table 2. Species richness by taxa and regions of the Mediterranean Sea. W Med 1 E Med 2 NW Med Alboran Sea SW Med Adriatic Sea Central Med Ionian Sea Aegean Sea Tunisian Pl. 3 /Gulf of Sidra Levantine Basin 10 Reference 11 Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) Phaeophyceae (4) (5) 122 (6) 74 [16] Porifera Anthozoa Gastropoda [66] Cephalopoda [435] Polychaeta Harpacticoid copepoda Cumacea (5) Mysidacea (5) Euphausiacea [67] Isopoda [66] Cirripedia [66] Amphipoda [66] Decapoda (1) [66] Decapoda (2) 293 (7) Echinodermata 144 (8) (9) Sipuncula Ascidiacea N: North, S: South, W: West, E: East, Med: Mediterranean. (1) Including NW Med, Alboran Sea, SW Med, Tyrrhenian Sea, and excluding Adriatic Sea; (2) Including Aegean, Ionian, Levantine, and Central Mediterranean; (3) Plateau; (4) North Africa, (5) Tyrrhenian Sea; (6) Mediterranean Greece and Turkey, (7) Italian waters; (8) Including Thyrrenian Sea, Alboran, and SW Mediterranean; (9) Including the Ionian Sea, (10) There are severe gaps in our knowledge of most invertebrate taxa in the Levantine Sea, (11) This contribution (details in supplementary material), except where noted. doi: /journal.pone t002 Mediterranean at about 3,000 m depth is greater than 80% and at similar depths the dissimilarity between Atlantic and Western Mediterranean exceeds 90%. These findings indicate that each region is characterized by the presence of a specific assemblage and species composition. This has important implications for estimating the overall regional diversity (c-diversity) but also suggests the presence of high biogeographic complexity in the Mediterranean. However, these patterns may not hold for all the taxonomic groups [224], and a broader comparison is needed. Spatial patterns predicted with AquaMaps. Predicted patterns of overall species richness based on AquaMaps showed a concentration of species in coastal and continental waters most pronounced in the Western Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aegean seas (Figure 5). Less than half of the species were predicted to occur in the deeper waters of the central Mediterranean, and biodiversity was particularly low in offshore waters at the eastern end. Given the overall proportion of ray-finned fishes in AquaMaps dataset (File S2), overall biodiversity patterns from these figures were largely dominated by Actinopterygii (Figures 5a and b). The concentration in coastal waters was more pronounced in the map focusing on these taxa (Figure 5b). Predicted species richness of elasmobranchs was similar to that for Actinopterygii, but rays and sharks occurred farther offshore, especially in the waters of Tunisia and Libya (Figure 5c). The Aegean Sea, especially its northern sector, also showed high invertebrate species richness, which was otherwise low in most of the remaining central and eastern basin (Figure 5d). Biodiversity patterns for the marine mammals contrasted with patterns for fishes and invertebrates in that many species were also predicted to occur in the offshore western and central basin waters, and particularly in slope waters (Figure 5e). The biodiversity patterns of sea turtles broadly mimic those of the other more species-rich taxa in that there was a concentration in coastal areas and a decline in species richness from the northwest to the southeast (Figure 5f). Therefore, there were similarities and differences between expert-drawn maps (Figures 2 and 4) and modeling results (Figure 5). The pattern describing species richness of ray-finned fish was similar overall (Figures 2b and 5b), but for the elasmobranchs there were some noticeable differences (Figures 2c and 5c). While both methods identified areas around Sicily, the coast of Tunisia, and the Western Mediterranean as high diversity hot spots, the Adriatic and Aegean seas showed up as high in PLoS O 11 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

12 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 3. Spatial patterns of vertebrate species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on superimposed expert-drawn maps (excluding fish species). (A) resident marine mammals (n = 9), (B) nonresident marine mammals (n = 14), and (C) resident sea turtles (n = 3), as well as sighting records (dots) of the two visiting sea turtles. Colors express species occurrence from blue (little or no occurrence) to red (highest occurrence). (D) Seabird colonies (the yellow dots show the distribution and population density of colonies in breeding pairs (bp) of Audouin s gull: Some dots represent the epicenter of several smaller colonies in archipelagos). The size of the cell is degree. doi: /journal.pone g003 species richness only in the predicted maps. Both types of analyses arrived at similar patterns for marine mammals, although the lack of distinction between resident and visitor species in the AquaMaps analysis hampered the direct comparison of diversity patterns for these taxa. Nevertheless, differences could be seen around the Aegean and Alboran seas (Figures 3c and 6e). Maps of sea turtle diversity showed peaks in the western region based on both types of analysis, but there were a few discrepancies regarding the eastern Mediterranean (Figures 3e and 6f). AquaMaps analysis of predicted species richness of invertebrates also showed a geographical gradient (Figure 5d). Latitudinal transects corresponding to cross sections through the species richness map (Figure 5a) highlighted the importance of coastal habitats for fishes and invertebrates. These habitats were represented by peaks in species numbers in areas corresponding to shelf waters (Figure 6a). Cross-section gradients followed a similar pattern for fishes and invertebrates; large variations were mostly determined by depth changes along the respective transects. There was also an overarching trend of decreasing species richness from western to eastern waters, a trend that became particularly pronounced in the southern transects. Marine mammal transects diverged from the general trend in that species richness was less directly linked to depth variation. Changes in fish and invertebrate species richness along three different longitudinal cross sections again followed similar depth contours (Figure 6b). Marine mammal longitudinal biodiversity patterns in the Western Mediterranean followed a different trend with highest numbers predicted to occur in deeper waters, such as the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. There appeared to be a general decrease of diversity from northern to southern regions. Bathymetric patterns. Because seaweeds and seagrasses are photosynthetic organisms, their development is limited to shallow areas where there is enough light for growth. They are distributed between the mediolittoral zone and the deepest limit of the circalittoral zone, situated at 110 m in the clearest waters of the western Mediterranean [225] and a bit deeper in the even more oligotrophic waters of the eastern part [27]. Their growth occurs only on the continental shelves and the uppermost parts of seamounts above 150 m depth. Seaweeds, which have a limited distribution across the whole bathymetric gradient, show an increase in species richness from the highest levels of the mediolittoral rocks down to the lower infralittoral and upper circalittoral communities. There they display the highest species richness, as many as 150 species reported in a surface of 1,600 cm 2 at 18 m depth [226]. Species richness then decreases along the circalittoral zone from the shallowest down to the deepest parts [227], becoming nil at the beginning of the bathyal zone. The pattern of a generally decreasing diversity with increasing depth was also documented here for invertebrate and fish species (Figures 3, 4, 7, and 8) and is consistent with previous studies [e.g., 31,228]. Diversity was concentrated in coastal areas and continental shelves, mainly above 200 m depth. However, patterns did not necessarily show a monotonic decrease with depth. For example, more polychaete species inhabited shallow waters than deep waters, particularly below 1,000 m deep, but this pattern was less clear when looking at maximum ranges of depth (Figure 7a, File S2). It is not clear whether this is a real pattern of lower deepsea diversity or a result of the lack of proper faunistic studies in the Mediterranean at those depths. Larger numbers of cumacean species were found in shallow waters of 0 99 m depth (48 species) and between 200 m and 1,400 m depth, but species richness decreased below this depth (Figure 7b, references in File S2). The highest endemism (43.8%) was found between 0 and 99 m depth. The largest number of mysidaceans (54 species) was also found in shallow waters less than100 m deep. At depths between 100 m and 1,000 m, 27 species were found, and below 1,000 m, 21 PLoS O 12 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

13 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 4. Patterns of benthic biodiversity in the deep sea of the Mediterranean. (A) Longitudinal patterns, and (B) bathymetric patterns of benthic nematodes along the open slopes of the European margins. Benthic biodiversity is estimated as the total number of meiofaunal taxa, and as nematode species richness (expected number of nematode species for a theoretical sample of 51 specimens). doi: /journal.pone g004 species. The level of endemism was also higher in the m depth interval (29 species, 78.4% of total endemism) than in the 100 1,000 m interval (3 species, 8.1%) or below 1,000 m (5 species, 13.5%), in line with results obtained for cumaceans. The circalittoral zone was the region with highest anthozoan species richness (61.8% by numbers of species) followed by the infralittoral (57.6%) and bathyal (40%) zones (File S2). Half of the total number of species were restricted to one of the infra-, circa-, or bathyal zones, and 9.7% were eurybathic, while the remaining species (40%) were intermediate in depth distribution. We also found exceptions to the pattern of decreasing diversity with depth. The bathymetric range of Mediterranean sipunculans was generally quite wide [229]. Most of the Mediterranean records were bathyal, whereas there were few sublittoral records (File S2). Other studies carried out on depth-related distribution of marine biodiversity in the deep sea of the Mediterranean available form the literature suggest a generally unimodal pattern of species richness, the highest values of which are observed at intermediate depths (about 2,000 m) and lower values at upper bathyal (,2,000 m) and abyssal (.2,000 m) plains [230,231]. More recent studies, however, have demonstrated that such patterns are not always recognizable [e.g., ]. In open slope systems, bathymetric gradients of species diversity have been widely documented [e.g., ]. In the Mediterranean, nematode diversity also decreases with depth (Figure 4b), but the degree of species decrease is limited and ample ranges of biodiversity are observed at the same depth. These results suggest that the eurybathy of the Mediterranean fauna (3,613 species) could be lower than previously reported [235]. For example, analysis of all the existing nematode diversity data from the Aegean Sea showed that there is a gradual increase of diversity with depth from the littoral zone down to the bathyal areas (2,000 m) (N. Lampadariou, personal observation). Complementary information on bathymetric patterns of the deep Mediterranean fauna are explored with detail in [180]. Temporal trends Available data from the literature show that environmental factors have led to profound changes in the abundance, distribution, and composition of Mediterranean marine species in the distant past [e.g., 19,33,87]. For example, during the Cretaceous, the Mediterranean Sea (called Tethys) was connected to the Atlantic on its western side and the Indo-Pacific on its eastern side. The two oceans contributed very different faunas to the Tethys. During the Miocene, the Tethys was isolated from the Indo-Pacific Ocean and at the Messinian stage, the connection with the Atlantic Ocean was also closed. During this Messinian salinity crisis, the Mediterranean underwent severe desiccation PLoS O 13 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

14 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 5. Spatial predicted patterns of species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on the AquaMaps model [80, and File S2]. (A) All species (n = 693), (B) ray-finned fishes (n = 397), (C) elasmobranchs (n = 74), (D) invertebrates (n = 193), (E) marine mammals (n = 16), (F) sea turtles (n = 5). All maps were generated without imposing a probability threshold except for marine mammals, for which we used a probability threshold of $0.4. Colors express species occurrence from blue (little or no occurrence) to red (highest occurrence). The size of the cell is degree. doi: /journal.pone g005 that drove most species to extinction. Although some shallow areas remained on the two sides of the Siculo-Tunisian Strait, and there were many allopatric speciations [19,236,237], the reopening of the Strait of Gibraltar 5 million years ago led to restocking of the Mediterranean with fauna and flora from the Atlantic. Up to the nineteenth century, the Mediterranean had been connected with the eastern Atlantic Ocean only. In this section, however, we summarized main changes since the end of the last ice age (approximately 12,000 years ago). During this time there were notable climate-driven fluctuations but also human-induced changes due to the long periods of exploration and exploitation, and more recently the reopening to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal, the globalization of commerce and trade, increasing pollution and eutrophication of coastal areas, habitat modification and loss, and finally the looming climate change. Early evidence of human interaction with marine fauna in the Mediterranean Sea comes from the Paleolithic period and continues through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods (approximately 20, B.C.). Zooarchaeological remains are found in Franchthi Cave in the southern Argolid, Greece [238], Las Cuevas de Nerja in southern Spain [239], Athlit Yam, a submerged site south of Haifa Bay in Israel [240], Cape Andreas Kastros in Cyprus [241], and the Strait of Gibraltar [242]. In Greece, fish bones of large tuna, Sparidae and Mugillidae, were found. Zooarchaeological remains in Spain include 20 taxa and show changes in mean fish size and range over time that have been considered as indication of overfishing. At Cape Andreas Kastros in Cyprus and in Athilit Yam, 90% of the remains are grey trigger fish (Balistes capriscus), which points to intensive fishing regardless of size. In Gibraltar, remains of Mediterranean monk seals and mollusks consumed by humans were found. However, stable isotope analyses of human bones show that between 10,000 and 8000 B.C., the main Mediterranean coastal populations did not rely significantly on marine food [243,244]. Since the fifth century B.C., humans have exploited marine resources. Aristotle, in his zoological works dating to the fourth century B.C., focuses his scientific interest on fish and invertebrates exploited by humans in various ways [245]. Fisheries in the Aegean communities by that period are characterized by variability both in the nature and abundance of the exploited fish and in the manner of their exploitation [246]. Mollusks and other invertebrates are part of the diet of ancient Greeks, and their PLoS O 14 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

15 Mediterranean Marine Diversity PLoS O 15 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

16 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 6. Transects of spatial predicted species richness produced using the AquaMaps model [80, and File S2]. (A) Latitudinal transects, and (B) Longitudinal transects. The contribution of fishes, invertebrates, and marine mammals to geographic gradients in biodiversity is shown. doi: /journal.pone g006 consumption is connected with the treatment or prevention of various health problems and diseases [247]. Bath sponges of the genera Spongia and Hippospongia, collected by skillful divers, are widely exploited for household and personal hygiene purposes, and play a principal role in medical practice [248]. Commercial fishing and fish processing activities play an important role in the Pontic economy. The export of fish and fish products, including salt-fish (tarichos) and fish sauce (garum) mainly from European anchovy to the Aegean Sea, continue into the Roman period [249]. These products are exported from the western Mediterranean, but garum is forgotten in the west by the tenth century, although it is still prepared in Constantinople in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries [250]. Naval trade traffic becomes intense, and invasions of islands from the mainland are already common, and they result in the beginning of the introduction of alien species in those ecosystems. Some of these introductions (rats, carnivores) trigger the extirpation of many seabird colonies, and they have shaped the current distribution of several seabird species [251,252]. Seafood becomes increasingly popular toward the end of Roman domination, probably because of the proximity of, and access to, marine resources. There is historical evidence of Figure 7. Bathymetric patterns of species richness. (A) Bathymetric ranges of distribution for Mediterranean polychaete species at minimum and maximum depths where they have been reported (File S2), and (B) number of Mediterranean cumaceans recorded in each 100 m depth interval (Endemic species are plotted in gray. For nonendemic species only records from the Mediterranean Sea are considered, File S2). doi: /journal.pone g007 PLoS O 16 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

17 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 8. Historical changes and threats of species in the Mediterranean Sea. (A) Historical trends in the proportion of species being depleted (.50% decline), rare (.90% decline), or extirpated (100% decline) in the North Adriatic Sea, based on data for 64 economically and ecologically important species for which long-term records are available. Temporal trends for alien species refer to recorded exotic mollusks in the whole Mediterranean Sea [272]. (B) Shifts in species diversity of the North Adriatic Sea over historical time scales. Species depletions and extirpations occurred mostly in larger species groups, while invasions occurred in smaller and lower trophic-level species [data from 271]. (C) Threats to diversity in the North Adriatic Sea over historical time scales. Shown is the percent of recorded species depletions and extinctions caused by, or attributed to, different human impacts. Also shown is whether human impacts acted as single or multiple causes. Data were adapted from Lotze et al. [113]. doi: /journal.pone g008 overfishing in some parts of the Western Mediterranean in the early Imperial period [253]. Even then, certain fishing techniques are prohibited to manage or counteract the decline in fish stocks (such as fishing by torch lights at night), and efforts are made to boost natural availability with introduced fish and shellfish stocks. For example, the parrot fish (Sparisoma cretense) is captured in the Aegean Sea and released in the Tyrrhenian Sea [253,254]. There are also pictorial remains that show fishing gear and a large variety of targeted species during Roman times. Gastropods [255], the red coral Corallium rubrum [256], and several species of sponges [257] were exploited on an industrial scale. PLoS O 17 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

18 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Fishing, fish processing, industrial exploitation of several marine species, and development of improved fishing gear continue during the Byzantine period [253]. Various literary sources point out that targeted species, among them the currently overfished tuna, are conspicuous. There is a 200-year gap between the Moslem conquest of the Near East and northern Africa and the appearance in the ninth century of the first Arabic written sources [250]. In northern Africa, the first written evidence dates from the tenth century and refers to fishing gear used to catch mullets, Atlantic bluefin tuna (with large spears), and fish in shallow waters [258]. Zooarchaeological material from the Israeli coastline dating from the Byzantine through the Moslem Crusader and Mamluk periods (fourteenth century) points to a high consumption of marine and freshwater fish that are still fished in Israel today, such as the thin-lipped grey mullet (Liza ramada), Sparidae, and the parrot fish [250]. There is noticeable fishing activity dating from the Byzantine, Moslem (tenth century), and later Norman periods (eleventh to thirteenth centuries) in southern Italy and in Sicily, where Atlantic bluefin tuna is the main target species exploited by traps (tonnara) [259]. Harvesting of the gastropods Hexaplex trunculus and Bolinus brandaris is an example of the successive exploitation of marine resources from the Iron Age until the thirteenth century in the Eastern Mediterranean. These species are specifically harvested for the purple pigments extracted from their shells and used to dye clothes. This harvest disappear from the Levantine area in the late twelfth century, and from Greece a century later, although both species are still abundant to this day [250]. Another example of human exploitation of marine resources from historical times is the hunting of seabirds on islands, particularly of shearwaters, which probably constituted the only source of protein in periods of scarcity especially on small islands. In places such as Formentera (Balearic Islands), humans contribute to the depletion, and partial extinction, of Balearic shearwaters (Puffinus mauretanicus), with consequences at the level of the marine trophic web [260]. Human impacts on marine biodiversity grow increasingly stronger as the Mediterranean cities and ports continue to grow and more recent centuries witnessed substantial advances in technology. It is assumed that since the fourteenth century, the adoption of new fishing methods (such as the tonnara, a sort of drift net mainly used for tuna fishing) in the Western Mediterranean, their spread to southern Italy [261,262], and their introduction to the Adriatic in the seventeenth century [261,263] increase fishing catches. Fishing catches increase to an extent that even the early fishermen organizations (sixteenth century), such as Cofradias in Catalonia [262] and the Prud homies in Provence [264], are concerned about possible negative effects on exploited stocks. Such effects are further intensified by the increasing industrialization in the nineteenth century, with an increase in the efficiency of existing fishing gear (e.g., otter trawl) and the introduction of new ones (such as midwater pelagic trawls, hydraulic dredges, and iron-toothed dredges). Industrialized fishing had severe impacts on species, habitats, and ecosystems [265]. Several studies also show historical changes in fish communities of different regions of the basin [e.g., 25,123, ]. These findings point to a general severe depletion of top predators in the basin, including Atlantic bluefin tuna, which is considered critically endangered according to the declining trend observed in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean in the last 50 years. Historical fluctuations in the abundance of this species have been described on the basis of a centuries-long time-series of tuna trap catches, starting in the seventeenth century, and suggested to be linked to climate fluctuations [269]. Despite this comparative wealth of historic information about temporal trends mainly linked to the history of human exploitation of Mediterranean marine biodiversity, many unknowns remain in spatial and chronological gaps from prehistoric periods to the present. Ancient, medieval, and early modern records contain qualitative rather than quantitative data, and it is difficult to depict general diversity trends at either a species or ecosystem level at the scale of the whole Mediterranean. Interesting results do emerge from analyses of specific regions. The overall trends reported by Lotze et al. [113] for the north Adriatic Sea indicated that prehistoric people had no measurable effect on marine resources around this basin (Figure 8a, see File S2 for species included in the analysis). This changed during the Classical period (500 B.C. to A.D. 600) [270], and especially during Roman times, when reports of species depletion and overexploitation in coastal waters increased. It is possible that marine species recovered from heavy exploitation after the collapse of the Roman Empire, as has been documented for terrestrial resources [33]. However, human population increased during the Medieval period (approximately A.D. 600 to 1500), increasing the pressure on marine resources. With the onset of the industrialization in Europe in the nineteenth century, signs of species depletions and rareness increased and accelerated throughout the twentieth century, when the first extirpations of species were also recorded. Biodiversity did not decrease, however, because some species were newly introduced into the Adriatic Sea [271]. No temporal trend is known for alien species in the Adriatic Sea, so we showed (Figure 8a) a timeline of mollusk invasions in the Mediterranean as a whole [272], which started in the late nineteenth century and accelerated during the twentieth century. The depletion of formerly abundant species and the invasion of new species caused a shift in species composition and diversity in the north Adriatic Sea [113]. Local species depletions and extirpations mostly occurred among large species, including marine mammals, birds, reptiles, and commercial fish and invertebrates, while species invasions were mainly by smaller species at lower trophic levels, such as invertebrates and algae (Figure 8b). Such fundamental changes in species composition had effects on the structure and functioning of food webs and ecosystems [113,273]. Population declines have also been noted among marine mammals throughout the Mediterranean. These species include sperm whales, which have been declining since the end of the 1980s [274]; short-beaked common dolphins, which began to decline around the 1970s [93,275]; common bottlenose dolphins, which have decreased by at least 30% over the past 60 years [97,276]; and striped dolphins, which have been in decline since the early 1990s [277]. The Mediterranean monk seal, in particular, was deliberately hunted during the Roman period [278], and it disappeared in the greatest part of the Mediterranean basin during the early 1900s [279,280]. Currently, it mainly occurs in small, isolated areas of the Greek and Turkish coasts, and northwest African coastal waters (Figure 9), but the presence of Mediterranean monk seal in some of these areas is uncertain. There are fewer loggerhead and green turtles throughout the Mediterranean, although historical records were available to determine the severity of their population decline [22,95]. Known nesting sites especially for the loggerhead turtle disappeared in several areas of the basin [22] (Figure 9). Although the population trends for most seabird species are not well known, all reliable long-term information suggests that most seabird species have recovered on the European coasts during the last three decades. This recovery is due to more restrictive conservation policies at national and international levels. With the PLoS O 18 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

19 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 9. Distribution of monk seals and nesting sites of marine turtles in the Mediterranean. Present (red areas) and historical (yellow areas) distribution of the Mediterranean monk seal [22,23,101,106, ], and nesting sites for loggerhead turtle and green turtle [modified from 22]. Green and red triangles, respectively, are the former nesting sites for loggerhead turtle and green turtle; green and red dots are the present sites. Question marks represent sites where one or a few Mediterranean monk seals have been recently seen. doi: /journal.pone g009 exception of shearwaters, seabird species show relatively stable population trends. Gulls and terns, after two decades (1980s and 1990s) of sharp increase in their densities (up to an average 13% annual growth rate in Audouin s gull) [171], are now in dynamic equilibrium [281]. Sparse data on shags suggest a slow recovery in the last two decades. Storm petrel populations are stable at the few long-term monitored sites [282], but many suitable breeding sites have been destroyed since historical times along coastlines. Paleontological records confirm that the distribution of many species was much larger, even occupying habitats in the interior of large islands relatively far from the sea, where recolonization is now impossible [283]. Population recoveries of Mediterranean seabirds must be considered only partial, and only occurring where protection is effective [284]. Threats to diversity and hot spots As shown above, anthropogenic factors have influenced the general patterns and temporal trends of Mediterranean marine diversity with varying degrees of intensity. Quantifying the importance of each threat is essential for future analysis. Lotze et al. [113] provided data to evaluate the human impacts that caused or contributed to the depletion or extirpation of species in the north Adriatic Sea over historical time scales. Exploitation stood out as the most important factor causing or contributing to 93% of depletions and 100% of local extinctions or extirpations (Figure 8c). Habitat loss or destruction was the second-most-important human impact, followed by eutrophication, introduced predators, disease, and general disturbance. While 64% of depletions and 88% of local extinctions were caused by a single human impact, in all other cases the combination of two or several human causes was responsible for the decline or loss. This highlights the importance of cumulative human impacts, especially in coastal ecosystems, with emphasis on species with commercial interest. Recently, anthropogenic drivers and threats to diversity increased and further diversified in the Mediterranean, as observed elsewhere [285]. Published information and the opinion by experts identified and ranked current threats to diversity in the Mediterranean (Figure 10, and File S2). The sum of the ranking (0 5 for each threat) showed that for 13 large taxonomic groups, habitat loss and degradation are considered the primary impact on diversity, followed by exploitation, pollution, climate change, eutrophication and species invasions. These were the most conspicuous threats and also affect the greatest number of taxonomic groups. Other threats to diversity were maritime traffic (collisions with vessels) and aquaculture. Within 10 years from now, habitat degradation and exploitation were predicted to retain the predominant roles, while pollution and climate change will likely increase in importance, followed by eutrophication. Of all current threats to biodiversity in the Mediterranean, climate change was predicted to show the largest growth in importance within the next 10 years (10.8%), followed by habitat degradation (9.2%), exploitation (6.2%), and pollution, eutrophication, and invasion of species (4.6% each) (Figure 10). Figure 11 shows past changes and projected future increases in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Mediterranean Sea. The 15uC isotherm, whose one-century climatological mean crosses the Straits of Sicily, may have moved northward in recent times (Figure 11a). This can imply that a number of tropical Atlantic species that entered the Mediterranean during the last interglacial (125,000 to 110,000 years ago) will reenter the Western Mediterranean in the near future [ ]. In the meantime, in the Western Mediterranean, the 14uC divide [289], the onecentury climatological mean of the surface isotherm for February that coincides with a frontal system created by mesoscale eddies in the Algerian Basin [290] and that may act as a barrier to dispersal, has apparently moved northward in recent times (Figure 11a). The southern sectors of the Mediterranean harbor many native warm- PLoS O 19 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

20 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Figure 10. Current and future threats to biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. We used published data on specific taxa and expert opinion. Threats to diversity were ranked from 0 to 5 for 13 taxonomic groups and results are shown as the percentage of the ranking to the maximum values (File S2). doi: /journal.pone g010 Figure 11. Past changes in seawater temperature and future projections in the Mediterranean Sea. (A) recent northward shifting of February sea surface isotherms (uc) in the Mediterranean Sea (broken lines are the one-century climatological means, solid lines the means for : the 14uC and the 15uC dividers are highlighted by a thicker tract. Data compiled from MEDATLAS, GOS-MED, NOAA-AVHRR data and various other sources. Seawater surface temperature on the continental shelves is shown (B) during the 1980s (according to the NOAA data), (C) by , and (D) by [according to the OPAMED8 model based on the A2 IPCC scenario, 120]. The size of the cell is degree. doi: /journal.pone g011 PLoS O 20 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

21 Mediterranean Marine Diversity water species that do not occur or get much rarer in the northern sectors. These southerners are apparently confined by the 14uC divide. Perhaps not coincidentally, many of these native but meridional warm-water species have colonized the northern sectors, which are thus facing a process of meridionalization [e.g., 286,291,292]. In addition, the mean SST made in early 1980s (Figure 11b) revealed that the warmest area of the Mediterranean was the Levantine Basin, with a mean SST of 21.8uC, and the coolest areas were the Gulf of Lions and the Ligurian Sea, with a mean SST of 16.9uC. Climate models predicted that by , the major part of the Mediterranean will become warmer except the northern Adriatic, which is expected to become cooler (OPAMED8 model based on the A2 IPCC scenario, Figure 11c). By , the Mediterranean is projected to warm by 3.1uC (Figure 11d), the last cool enclaves being the Gulf of Lions and the northern Adriatic, with a mean SST of 18uC. Taking into account data regarding marine biodiversity and threats, we mapped vertebrate endangered species and have tried to locate potential hot spot areas of special concern for conservation in the Mediterranean (Figure 12). The first attempt included fish, marine mammals, and sea turtles, which are considered important sentinels for ocean health. The identified hot spots highlighted the ecological importance of most of the western Mediterranean shelves. The Strait of Gibraltar and adjacent Alboran Sea and African coast were identified as representing important habitat for many threatened or endangered vertebrate species. The most threatened invertebrate species in the Mediterranean, the limpet Patella ferruginea, is also distributed along this area [293]. Both the northern Adriatic and Aegean seas also showed concentrations of endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. Other equally species-rich waters along the northeast African coast, and the southern Adriatic Sea, were of lesser concern for the protection of endangered species. Discussion Estimates and patterns of marine diversity in the Mediterranean Sea Our estimate of 17,000 species for marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean updated and exceeded previous values, which were on the order of 8,000 12,000 species (Table 3). In comparison with the 1992 estimate [15], the total number of recorded species has increased substantially. As a result of recent efforts and improvements in analytical methods and instruments, our estimates of invertebrates and protists, in particular, have undergone an upward revision in recent years. Current estimates of sponges, cnidarians, polychaetes, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, ascidians, and other invertebrates all exceed those dating back to the early 1990s. However, since most microbial diversity is basically unknown, global numbers and their evolution are uncertain. Estimates from global databases that include Mediterranean information up to September 2009 range from 4% and 25% of the total species diversity estimated in our study (Table 3). They covered vertebrate taxa fairly comprehensively, but other taxonomic groups were underrepresented. WoRMS included 8,562 records of Mediterranean marine species, which represented 50% of species registered in this study. Mediterranean databases such as ICTIMED (specialized in fish diversity) included about 70% of fish diversity reported in our study. Total estimates of Mediterranean species of macrophytes and metazoans represented 6.4% of their global counterpart (Table 4). Macrophytes showed the highest percentage of shared species with global estimates, and Heterokontophyta and Magnoliophyta scored the highest (17.2% and 11.7%, respectively). Among metazoans, Mediterranean sponges showed the highest percentage (12.4%), followed by polychaetes (9.4%) and cnidarians (7.7%). Other groups represented much lower percentages of the total, such as echinoderms (2.2%), fish species (4%), and mollusks (4%). Figure 12. Biodiversity hot spots for Mediterranean vertebrate species of special conservation concern. This figure includes 110 critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, or near threatened species. Results are predictions based on AquaMaps model [80, and File S2] and generated using a probability threshold of occurrence of $0.4 to highlight likely areas of critical habitat for each species. Colors express species occurrence from blue (little occurrence) to red (highest occurrence). The size of the cell is degree. doi: /journal.pone g012 PLoS O 21 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

22 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Table 3. Group-specific biodiversity estimates for the Mediterranean marine biota through time [16,19,68], including the current estimate (estimate 2009), and online free-access global databases [71,77 81]. Datasets for the Mediterranean Sea Global datasets** MEDIFAUNA Bianchi and Morri Boudouresque Current FishBase & estimate AquaMaps 5 SeaLifeBase 6 OBIS Benthic primary producers 8 Invertebrates Vertebrates Bacteria, Protists and Approx Fungi Total **Queried July [15]; 2 [19]; 3 [16]; 4 Table 1; 5 [80]; 6 [78]; 7 [77]; 8 Heterokontophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Magnoliophyta. doi: /journal.pone t003 Table 4. Number of Mediterranean species of macrophytes and metazoans, global number of marine species, and percentage of Mediterranean species with respect to their global counterparts. Taxa No. species this work No. species worldwide* % Macrophytes Phaeophyta Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Magnoliophyta Metazoans Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Mollusca Annelida Crustacea Bryozoa Echinodermata Ascidiacea Other invertebrates Vertebrata (Pisces) Other Vertebrata Total *Based on Bouchet [82], Green and Short [26], and Groombridge and Jenkins [83]. doi: /journal.pone t004 Previous studies claim the existence of a gradient of species richness from the northwest to the southeast Mediterranean [e.g., 90,251, ], in agreement with differences in key environmental variables, such as latitude, salinity, temperature, and water circulation, in addition to the distance from the Strait of Gibraltar. Our results confirmed this general decreasing trend and showed that the distribution of marine diversity in the Mediterranean is highly heterogeneous. The Western Mediterranean displays the highest values of species richness, likely owing to the influx of Atlantic species and the wide range of physicochemical conditions. The central Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aegean seas are areas of secondhighest species richness, although with exceptions. The Adriatic Sea sometimes displays lower species numbers because of restricted exchange with the western basin, decreasing depth toward the north, the presence of fresh water, and the larger amplitude of temperature variations [297,298]. However, this basin shows a large number of endemics possibly owing to its higher isolation. The Aegean Sea normally follows the western areas, mainly because of its more direct exchange with the western basin and its higher habitat diversity [297,299,300]. The Levantine Basin and southeastern side have in general the lowest species richness, which is due to the unfavorable conditions prevailing in the area (such as high salinity) as well as the less intensive sampling effort [297,301]. In fact, a lack of data is evident in several eastern and southern regions of the Mediterranean basin. This may have strongly influenced some of our results regarding spatial patterns, so generalizations have to be made carefully. Marine research in the Mediterranean has been regionally biased, reflecting sparse efforts along the southern and easternmost rim. It has even been suggested that the relative species richness of different taxa by sector of the Mediterranean is a better indicator of the level of research effort than of true species richness [302]. Therefore, as new species are assessed in the eastern and southern areas, patterns may be modified. Moreover, the diversity in the eastern end is more influenced by species introductions. The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, has restored the connection between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean [303], and in recent years PLoS O 22 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

23 Mediterranean Marine Diversity we have witnessed an exponential increment in the number of Indo-Pacific species recorded in the Eastern Mediterranean [e.g., 88,304]. This trend will continue to influence the biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, the data used to draw spatial patterns were collected from the 1980s to 2000s, so results may differ from the current situation and may represent potential ranges and values rather than current ones. However, similarities exist between results achieved with distribution maps drawn with expert data and predicted results using AquaMaps models. These similarities indicated that the species richness maps resulting from this study are a useful first attempt to represent comprehensive species richness patterns at the Mediterranean scale. Differences encountered using both methods may be due to limitations of the data. By their nature, expert-drawn maps or sightings often represent underestimates of total species distributions because of the absence or lack of effort in certain areas (in our case the southern shorelines of Mediterranean along the coasts of northern Africa and the eastern sites) and the inability to detect rarer species without sufficient efforts. On the other side, AquaMaps model predictions do not currently factor human impacts or ecological interactions and may be closer to fundamental or historical niche rather than realized niche. Therefore some AquaMaps predictions may represent overestimates (a good example is the Mediterranean monk seal; see Besides, the relative probability of occurrence calculated from AquaMaps does not distinguish between a rare species that might only have been sighted once in a given cell, and a more abundant species that might be sighted every day. AquaMaps rely exclusively on data accessible through OBIS/GBIF, which currently contains few Mediterranean records. Therefore, for many species, occurrence was inferred from habitat use outside of the Mediterranean. Because the Mediterranean environment represents some environmental extremes (such as salinity and temperature records), occurrences in the eastern part may not have been captured adequately by AquaMaps, and this could partially explain the low values in this region. These limitations are extended to our first attempt to depict hot spot areas in the Mediterranean. The eastern region hosts important populations of elasmobranchs and marine mammals that are currently threatened, but their probability of occurrence estimated by AquaMaps model is lower than 0.4. Further studies should be able to reconcile both mapping sources and confirm or correct patterns. Explanations for the observed heterogeneity of species richness in the Mediterranean Sea include the threshold of the Siculo- Tunisian Strait that divides the Mediterranean into two basins, and the paleo-biogeographical history of the Mediterranean Sea. The western basin shows more biological similarity with the Atlantic Ocean, hosting a higher number of cold-temperate species, while the eastern basin shows more biological similarities with the Indo-Pacific, and hosts a larger number of subtropical species. The Siculo-Tunisian Strait still partially acts as a barrier to the dispersal of many species between the two basins and constitutes their meeting point. Diversity differences between areas may also reflect changes in water masses and circulation [305,306] as well as changes in temperature and salinity [307]. The diversity of some groups is definitively influenced by this temperature gradient. For the sipunculans, richness may be linked to the temperature of the water masses during the year [289], which reflects a physiological barrier between cold and warm water for cold- and warm-water species. For example, Golfingia margaritacea is mainly a temperate and boreal species [229], and its presence in the Mediterranean may indicate the prevalence of colder water masses. In contrast, other thermophilic species, such as Phascolion convestitum and Aspidosiphon elegans, have been proposed as Lessepsian migrants [229,308]. Diversity distribution in the Mediterranean is also associated with a productivity gradient. Higher productivity areas show higher diversity partially because they are important feeding and reproductive sites for several taxa. Most of these areas occur in the Western Mediterranean and the northern Adriatic that, for example, host many species of fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and turtles [e.g., 91,110,309]. Their distribution is associated with feeding habits [e.g., 92,93,97,276,280]. Moreover, some fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and mammals show opportunistic feeding behavior, exploiting discards from trawling and purse seines, and to a lesser extent from artisanal long-lining [e.g., ]. In developed Mediterranean countries, discards from trawl fishing can be up to 400% of the commercially valuable catches, and such amounts of food, which may be predictable in space and time, are scavenged by many species. Most Mediterranean marine mammals are predominantly offshore and prefer deep-water habitats, but a few species can venture to inshore waters and scavenge fishery discards [97,309,313]. The three main categories explaining the drivers of biodiversity in the deep Mediterranean are (i) bathymetric gradients, which are associated with increasing pressure and decreasing food availability in deeper sediments; (ii) geographical and physicochemical features, which are responsible for the north-northwest southsoutheast gradient in trophic conditions; and (iii) environmental heterogeneity (e.g., grain size distribution, habitat complexity, distribution of food inputs) [179,180]. Our understanding of the mechanisms driving deep-sea biodiversity patterns is still limited, but some of the factors frequently invoked are (a) sediment grain size and substrate heterogeneity [231]; (b) productivity, organic content, or microbial activity [314]; (c) food resources [233]; (d) oxygen availability [315]; (e) water currents [185]; and (f) occasional catastrophic disturbances [219]. Thus, the spatial distribution of available energy may influence the distribution of benthic abundance, biomass, and biodiversity [9,184,196,219, ]. Food availability depends almost entirely on the supply of energy from the water column and decreases with depth, which may explain most of the variability between the observed spatial patterns of the benthic biodiversity in the deep Mediterranean Sea. Threats to diversity In the past, geological and physical changes lie at the root of the most dramatic changes in biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. Today, human activities are essential elements to consider as well, and several of them threaten marine diversity. The most important threats in this region are habitat loss, degradation and pollution, overexploitation of marine resources, invasion of species, and climate change. Habitat degradation, pollution, and eutrophication. Our results show that habitat degradation and loss is currently the most widespread threat and was also important in the past. Human interventions, such as coastal modification, that can be traced back to before the Roman period [75], have important consequences for diversity. Coastal development, sediment loading, and pollution reduced the extent of important habitats for marine diversity, such as seagrass meadows, oyster reefs, maërl, and macroalgal beds, and affected Mediterranean ecosystem functioning well before the 1900s [ ]. Most species depend strongly on their habitats (such as bryozoans, sponges, echinoderms, benthic decapods, and organisms of the suprabenthos and meiobenthos); hence, its loss and degradation have major effects on marine diversity. PLoS O 23 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

24 Mediterranean Marine Diversity Cultural eutrophication, in particular in semienclosed basins such as the Adriatic Sea, can also be traced back for centuries [322,323]. This phenomenon reached its peak in the late 1980s [323] and, in addition to fishing, may be the cause of the sequence of jellyfish outbreaks, red tides, bottom anoxia events leading to benthic mass mortalities, and mucilage events that have occurred in recent ecological history of the Adriatic Sea [324]. Direct and indirect pollution is generated directly from the coast, or through fluvial contributions, and ends up in the sea [5]. Pollution affects a wide range of marine species [e.g., 110,252, ] and is of primary concern for the conservation of the deep-sea ecosystems [180]. The main threats for most seabirds and marine turtles in the Mediterranean arise from habitat degradation and loss [110,252]. The breeding habitat for seabirds is relatively well protected along the northern Mediterranean shore, but the protection of many seabird colonies and hot spots is less effective along the southern shore because of limited resources. Marine wind farms, which are expected to increase in some countries, may represent a new conservation concern for seabird populations [329]. Marine turtles are also affected primarily by degradation of habitats but also by marine pollution, driftnets, gillnet and longline by-catches, and boat strikes [22,95,330]. The continuing increase of coastal settlements is important for the region s economic activity, but it is also causing intense environmental degradation through excessive coastal development, further pollution, and consumption of natural resources, all of which add pressure to coastal areas and the marine environment [46]. Exploitation of marine species. This study also illustrates that the oldest and one of the most important maritime activities that has become a threat to diversity is human exploitation of marine resources. People around the Mediterranean have exploited marine resources since earliest times. Maybe not surprisingly, negative effects of the exploitation of the Mediterranean marine biodiversity were first reported in the fourth century B.C. by Aristotle. He mentioned that scallops had vanished from their main fishing ground (Gulf of Kalloni, in Lesvos Island) since fishermen began using an instrument that scratched the bottom of the sea [247]. Early records of overfishing and depletion of coastal resources become evident during Roman and medieval times and are driven by human population growth and increasing demand and the increasing commercialization and trade of food and products [113,115]. The current high demand for marine resources continues and has resulted in high levels of fishing or harvesting intensity. Several fish resources are highly exploited or overexploited [e.g., 25, ]. Other organisms that are exploited or affected by exploitation in the Mediterranean include macrophytes, sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms, mollusks, arthropods, polychaetes, ascidians, and other invertebrates (File S2) [e.g., 257, ]. The threats to currently endangered marine mammals and sea turtles include unwanted by-catch [121,265] as well as historical exploitation. For sea turtles, the overall mortality rate caused by entanglement in fishing gear and by habitat degradation is poorly known [95], but for marine mammals the major threats clearly derive from human activities: direct or indirect effects of exploitation, such as prey depletion, direct killing, and fishery by-catch [97,122,275,277, ]. At sea, threats to seabirds mainly come from fisheries [ ], particularly by-catch in longlining [172,348]. Fishing is being expanded toward deeper areas and is threatening several ecosystems [e.g., 265,349,350], while management effectiveness in the Mediterranean is low [351,352]. Fishing activity may also be the cause of ecosystem structural and functional changes and ecosystem degradation [e.g., 273, ]. Bioinvasions. A few Mediterranean invasive aliens have drawn the attention of scientists, managers, and media for the conspicuous impacts on the native biota attributed to them. A pair of coenocytic chlorophytes, Caulerpa taxifolia [356] and C. racemosa var. cylindracea [357], are the most notorious invaders due to their high impact on marine benthic ecosystems, thus the best-studied invasive species in the Mediterranean. Other work [216] has traced the impacts of invasive aliens that entered the Mediterranean from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal and displaced native species. Tropical species have been entering the Mediterranean through either the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration) or the Strait of Gibraltar for decades, and mainly by ship transportation. The Mediterranean is highly susceptible to ship-transported bioinvasions: one-fifth of the alien species recorded in the Mediterranean were first introduced by vessels [216]. In 2006, 13,000 merchant vessels made 252,000 calls at Mediterranean ports, and an additional 10,000 vessels passed through the sea (REMPEC/WG.29/INF.9). The increase in shipping-related invasions may be attributed to the increase in shipping volume throughout the region, changing trade patterns that result in new shipping routes, improved water quality in port environments, augmented opportunities for overlap with other introduction vectors, and increasing awareness and research effort [ ]. The swarms of the vessel-transported American comb jelly (Mnemiopsis leidyi) that spread across the Mediterranean from Israel to Spain in 2009 raise great concern because of their notorious impacts on the ecosystem and fisheries [ansamed.info and 360]. Moreover, with the development of large-scale marine aquaculture (mariculture) in the late twentieth century, the commercially important alien shellfish Crassostrea gigas and Ruditapes philippinarum were intentionally introduced to the Mediterranean. The high permeability of aquaculture facilities, transport, and transplantation of these species have resulted in many unintentional introductions: oyster farms have become veritable gateways into Mediterranean coastal waters for alien macrophytes [213]. The massive official and unofficial importation of foreign spat (young bivalves both before and after they become adherent) in the 1970s and 1980s coincided with a marked increase of alien species around oyster farms, and the aliens were considered to have arrived with the oysters [361]. Segments of the industry may still resort to illegal importation: neither the Turkish authorities nor the UN Food and Agricultural Organization were aware of the importation of the bilaterally ablated female banana prawn (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) that was found in the Bay of Iskenderun, Turkey [362]. Although some aliens are responsible for reducing the population of some native species [363], others have become locally valuable fishery resources [364]. Some Erythrean aliens were exploited commercially almost as soon as they entered the Levantine Sea, and their economic importance was quickly acknowledged [365]. Levantine fisheries statistics record the growing prominence of the Erythrean aliens: the Erythrean prawns are highly prized and, beginning in the 1970s, a shrimp fishery developed in the Levantine Sea. Nearly half of the trawl catches along the Levantine coast consist of Erythrean fish, but the commercially exploitable species were accompanied each summer by swarms of the scyphozoan jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica, washed ashore along the Levantine coast. The shoals of jellyfish adversely affect tourism, fisheries, and coastal installations, and severe jellyfish envenomations require hospitalization. The recent spread of the silver stripe blaasop (Lagocephalus sceleratus) and the striped catfish (Plotosus lineatus) pose severe health hazards. Other work PLoS O 24 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

25 Mediterranean Marine Diversity [216] has traced the impacts of invasive aliens that entered the Mediterranean from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal and displaced native species. Pronounced thermal fluctuations and a significant increase in the average temperature of the waters in the Mediterranean during the past two decades have coincided with an enlarged pool of warm-water alien species that have become established and expanded their distributions (see next section). These thermophilic aliens have a distinct advantage over the native Mediterranean biota. Though no extinction of a native species is yet attributable to invasion of new species, sudden declines in abundance, concurrent with proliferation of aliens, have been recorded [216]. Examination of the profound ecological impacts of some of the most conspicuous invasive alien species underscores their role, among many anthropogenic stressors, in altering the infralittoral benthic communities. Local population losses and niche contraction of native species may not induce immediate extirpation, but they may trigger reduction of genetic diversity and loss of ecosystem functions and processes, and habitat structure. Impacts of climate change. Climate change is exerting a major effect on Mediterranean marine biodiversity through seawater warming [e.g., ]. The increase in seawater temperature has affected the distribution and abundance of native and alien species, and has had both direct and indirect effects on invertebrates and fish [e.g., , see File S2]. The increase in water temperature in the Mediterranean also alters jellyfish population dynamics [e.g., 380] and may act in addition to indirect fishing impacts [e.g., 381]. Seawater of the Mediterranean Sea has been warming since at least the 1970s [382,383]. Rising temperature enlarges the pool of alien species that could establish themselves, enables the warmwater species (native and alien) present in the sea to expand beyond their present distributions, and provides the thermophilic aliens with a distinct advantage over the native Mediterranean biota. The appearance of numerous allochthonous species of tropical origin is leading to what is called the tropicalization of the Mediterranean Sea [384]. Although tropical invaders have been recorded in the northernmost sectors of the Mediterranean [e.g., 385,386], tropicalization is especially obvious in the southern sectors, where species of tropical origin now form a significant portion of the biota. Tropical species have been entering the Mediterranean through either the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration) or the Strait of Gibraltar for decades [201,387], but they used to remain in the eastern or western basin, respectively. Thus it conformed to the traditional physiographic and biogeographic subdivision of the Mediterranean [367]. However, in the last two decades, the number of tropical species that have also spread through the entire basin is growing. Examples of Erythrean aliens that crossed the Strait of Sicily include algae, a seagrass, many invertebrates and fish [e.g., 216, ]. Species coming from the tropical Atlantic have traveled the opposite way to reach the Levantine Sea [e.g., 50,391]. The Strait of Sicily is today a crossroad for species of distinct tropical origins (Atlantic and Indo-Pacific), expanding their range longitudinally within the Mediterranean [370,392]. If the southern sectors of the Mediterranean are being tropicalized (higher occurrence of tropical aliens) and the northern sectors meridionalized (increased proportion of indigenous thermophilic species), it is uncertain what will happen to those species of boreo-atlantic origin, which entered the Mediterranean during glacial periods and have been established in the northern and colder areas of the basin. Because they cannot move farther northward, they may dramatically decrease [393] or even be at risk of extirpation. Although the total extinction of flora and fauna from a basin as wide as the Mediterranean may be unrealistic, the signs of increased rarity or even disappearance of cold-water species deserve further investigation [354, ]. An example is the deep-water white coral, Lophelia pertusa, reefs of which have become rare in the Mediterranean [61]. These coldest parts of the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lions, northern Adriatic) could act as a sanctuary for cold-temperate species, but if warming intensifies, those areas may act as traps without any cooler water for escape [371]. Global warming may cause thermophilic species of the southern Mediterranean to appear more frequently in the northern and colder parts [e.g., 19, ], and an increasing colonization by southern exotic species may be seen [400]. But there may also be habitat fragmentation and local extinction of species unable to undertake migrations. Lack of (evidence of) species extinctions, coupled with establishment of alien species, is apparently leading to an increased species richness of the Mediterranean, a much debated issue [202]. Richness is increasing at the whole-basin scale (c-diversity), but it is difficult to establish what is happening at local scales (a-diversity) in coastal areas. Instances of species replacement [e.g., 202, ,401], and mass mortalities due to high temperature or pathogens [e.g., 374, ] and perhaps aliens [404] have been observed. Climate warming, moving physiological barriers and inducing the spatial overlap between alien and indigenous species, causes biotic homogenization [400] and hence a depression in b-diversity. Thus, the relationship between tropicalization, meridionalization, and biodiversity is not straightforward. In general, the establishment of tropical invasive aliens may cause Mediterranean communities to lose their particular character [405] and to become similar to their tropical analogs, especially in the southern portions of the basin [406]. Cladocora caespitosa, the most important shallow-water zooxanthellate species living in the Mediterranean, was more abundant and built more conspicuous formations during periods of the Quaternary, when the Mediterranean climate was subtropical [407]. However, warming episodes in recent summers coincided with mass-mortality events of this coral [e.g., 408]. Hence, it is unlikely that the Mediterranean in the future will contain significant coral constructions. The overwhelming number of Lessepsian immigrants will move the composition of the biota more and more like that of the Red Sea, but Mediterranean communities will probably look like those that today characterize southern Macaronesia and the Cape Verde region, with scanty coral and abundant algae [e.g., 409], rather than those of the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific. Seawater acidification may also be a threat to Mediterranean marine biodiversity [410]. The most obvious consequence of the increased concentration of CO 2 in seawater is a reduced rate of biogenic calcification in marine organisms [411,412]. This could affect both planktonic and benthic communities. Calcifying phytoplankton (coccolithophores) play a significant role in the primary productivity of the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea, whereas many benthic habitats are engineered by sessile organisms that lay down carbonate crusts. Calcareous red algae are the builders of coralligenous reefs, one of the most important Mediterranean ecosystems, and seawater acidification will probably impair their role [413]. However, noncalcifying photosynthetic plants, such as frondose algae and seagrasses, may take advantage of a greater availability of CO 2. But large, erect species of brown algae as well as Mediterranean seagrass are now in decline because of the environmental degradation, induced primarily by human activities [336,414]. PLoS O 25 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

26 Mediterranean Marine Diversity The unknowns and limitations The study of Mediterranean marine diversity over many years has produced a significant amount of information. Yet this information remains incomplete with the discovery and description of new species, especially of smaller, less conspicuous and cryptic biota (Table 1 and File S2). The biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea may be in fact much higher than is currently known. We do not have credible measures of microbial richness, but development of new technologies will allow us to decide whether this is knowable or not. The description of microbial diversity is probably better approached through the continued study at selected sites, such as the Microbial Observatories, for which data exist on both identification methodologies and the functioning of the ecosystem. Current Mediterranean observatories are at Blanes Bay, Gulf of Naples, Villefranche s Point B, Dyfamed station, and the MOLA and SOLA stations in Banyuls. Sites in the southern and eastern Mediterranean are still to be added. Further exploration and taxonomic work on seaweeds and seagrasses is needed in all the African countries (mainly in Libya and Egypt), the Levantine Sea (Israel, Lebanon, Cyprus, Syria), and the Aegean Sea (Greece and Turkey). Phycological surveys are also required in Croatia, because several species (and even genera) described from the Adriatic have never been found again and require taxonomic reevaluation. We do not expect a significant increase in the rate of description of new species, but the description of new macroalgal species continues [e.g., 415,416]. A large number of species are poorly known, and our checklist includes several taxa inquirenda (see File S2). Accurate morphological studies, and new molecular tools, are required to decipher the taxonomy of several genera, including Ectocarpus, Cystoseira, Acrochaetium, Polysiphonia, and Ulva. A similar situation exists for the invertebrates (see File S2). Most of the small fauna of the Mediterranean are typical of current scientific knowledge: in one of the best-known geographic areas of the world, there are many regions and habitats that remain insufficiently studied, and several taxonomic groups in deep-sea areas and portions of the southern region are still poorly known. The description of new species is still a high priority. As illustrative examples, the accumulation curves for cumaceans, mysids, polychaetes, and ascidians discovered (described or first recorded) (Figure 13) show that no asymptote has been reached, and there has been no slowing in the rate of discovery for less conspicuous species in the Mediterranean, as it is observed when analyzing accumulation curves in other parts of the world [76]. The shortage of taxonomists for many groups is a particularly serious problem worldwide, and it also applies to the Mediterranean Sea. Several of the main invertebrate specialists have retired Figure 13. Cumulative numbers of species discovered (described or first recorded) over time in the Mediterranean Sea. (A) polychaetes, (B) cumaceans, (C) lophogastrids and mysids, and (D) ascidians (File S2). doi: /journal.pone g013 PLoS O 26 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

27 Mediterranean Marine Diversity or are close to retirement and few are being replaced. Many samples are not being properly identified, which leads to a corresponding underestimation of biodiversity [417,418]. The current spread of invasive species requires serious taxonomic attention. Many, if not most, taxonomic groups are subject to anthropogenic threats in one way or another, and researchers must work against time to avoid losing valuable biological information. Undescribed invertebrate species may become extinct before we even know of their existence [419,420]. In addition, and paradoxically, some of the commonest and most accessible ecosystems such as beaches, among other habitats in the Mediterranean, have been poorly studied [421, ]. Sampling biases are another source of uncertainty in the estimation of marine biodiversity. In particular, the threedimensional character of marine ecosystems requires much more study at depths where light penetration is perceived as important but is poorly understood. Light intensity decreases with increasing depth and species perform extensive migrations within the water column or along the seabed. Endobenthic species display rhythms of emergence, including burying or burrowing within the substrate Figure 14. Diel difference in biodiversity estimates obtained with trawling in the Mediterranean Sea. Reported diel differences in estimated biodiversity are obtained by two trawl hauls performed at the autumnal equinox at midday and midnight, in the same sampling location of the western Mediterranean shelf (100 m) and slope (400 m), during October 1999 (RIT survey). (A) Number of fish, crustaceans, and cephalopod species, and Shannon diversity index (H ), and (B) Waveform analysis of four-day time series of data for catches (left) and light intensity variations as photon fluency rate (PFR; right) for representative decapods. Black rectangles depict the temporal limits of significant increases in catches. Shaded gray rectangles indicate the night duration [adapted from 425]. doi: /journal.pone g014 PLoS O 27 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

28 Mediterranean Marine Diversity and sheltering in natural holes [425]. Marine species react to light intensity cycles, which may include movements in and out of our sampling windows [426]. Information gathered without attention to such rhythmicity will affect perceived population distribution, biomass, and estimated biodiversity [425]. These issues have been integral to land ecology since the early twentieth century [427] but have been rarely considered in the marine environment. In the Mediterranean, Sardà et al. [428] considered this problem during day-night sampling at and below the end of the twilight zone (1,000 m depth) and observed day-night fluctuations in their catches. Midday and midnight trawl catches at different depths during October showed great differences in fish, cephalopod, and crustacean species composition and relative abundance in the deeper areas (see Figure 14a). Waveform analysis of crustacean catches showed behavioral rhythms that affected presence or absence from catches made at different times during a 24-hour cycle (Figure 14b). Because trawl surveying is one of the commonest methods of sampling in marine waters [429], and is one of the most used in the Mediterranean Sea, future biodiversity studies should correct for the practice of sampling only during daytime. In addition, observations of important diel variation in the fauna associated with seagrasses include a notable increase of species richness and abundance in nighttime samples [430,431]. This issue brings together the problem of biodiversity and climate change due to expected changes in species migrations and rhythmicity. While Mediterranean vertebrate species are better known than the invertebrates, our understanding is still incomplete and often outdated. The FNAM atlas [70], which contains data collected and edited during the 1980s and 1990s, is based on regional data and expert knowledge and is the only record of geographic ranges for all Mediterranean fish species. Several areas of the southern Mediterranean have never been surveyed scientifically. Long-term monitoring programs are absent or unavailable for many countries. Since vertebrate species may be useful indicators of changes in ocean food webs [432], a major challenge that remains is to achieve time-series sampling of species diversity, abundance, and habitat data. These time series should have large spatial and temporal scales to develop useful indicators of changes in Mediterranean marine ecosystems and provide measures of ecological connections and ecosystem services. A clearer identification of hot spot areas will require the inclusion of new data on macroalgae and seagrasses, invertebrates, and seabirds. Most of the Mediterranean seabird species (with the exception of some large gulls) are protected by European laws because of their small or declining populations or the small number of breeding sites. Nine species are included in Annex II of the EU list of endangered or threatened species. The Balearic shearwater is critically endangered [172], and the monitored colonies of Cory s and Mediterranean shearwaters are slowly declining [433]. Although information is incomplete for macroalgae and invertebrates [293,434], a total of 11 species of macroalgae, 3 of flowering plants, 9 of sponges, 3 of cnidarians, 17 of mollusks, 2 of crustacean decapods, and 3 of echinoderms are now listed as endangered or threatened in the Annex II of the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (1995). A recent proposal (2009) for amendments in the annex II increased to four the number of flowering plants and to 16 plus all the species of the genus Cystoseira (with the exception of C. compressa) the number of endangered species of macroalgae. Conclusions The Mediterranean Sea is a region of high biodiversity that ranks among the best known in the world, although much work remains to be done. The description of new species, especially of invertebrates and protists, undergoes upward revision, and new discoveries continually modify previous estimates. Increased efforts are required in taxonomy and sampling of poorly known ecosystems and on long-term monitoring programs of species and habitats. The invasion of alien species will continue to change the biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea and requires continuous monitoring. The first attempt to integrate the spatial data and temporal trends presented here enables one to visualize macroecological patterns at the Mediterranean scale. These results depict a region of high diversity and heterogeneity, but they also evidence the need for further study of geographical areas that are largely unexplored, mainly the African coasts and certain zones of the southeastern basin and the deep sea. Our study illustrates that the Mediterranean is a complex region where ecological and human influences meet and strongly interact, posing a large and growing potential impact to marine biodiversity. Although much is known about individual threats, knowledge is very limited about how multiple impacts will interact. Therefore, there is the need to develop comprehensive analysis of conservation and management initiatives to preserve Mediterranean biodiversity. Owing to the Mediterranean physically, ecologically, and socioeconomically steep gradients, this region may be seen as a model of the world s oceans and a suitable laboratory to study marine ecosystems and decipher future trends. In addition to further sampling and taxonomic efforts, much of what remains to be done requires free distribution of publicly available data from national and regional research initiatives. This will facilitate database updates and enable scientific discussion. Marine surveys are not always accessible at the regional level and, when available, data coverage is often incomplete. Regional initiatives (such as MedObis) provide promising platforms for the integration of efforts devoted to marine biodiversity within the Mediterranean region, but they must be kept up to date. Individual and collaborative research efforts must continue to advance our knowledge of marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea and narrow down the unknowns. Supporting Information File S1 Abstract translations Found at: doi: /journal.pone s001 (0.08 MB DOC) File S2 Supplementary material Found at: doi: /journal.pone s002 (12.38 MB DOC) Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the European Census of Marine Life, the Census of Marine Life, and the Fisheries Centre (University of British Columbia, Canada). They thank Charles Griffiths, Michele DuRand, Dale Langford, and Iain Taylor for edition and correction of the paper. References 1. NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2009) Large marine ecosystems Web page: The Mediterranean LME. Accessed December, Bethoux JP (1979) Budgets of the Mediterranean Sea - Their dependance on the local climate and on the characteristics of the Atlantic waters. Oceanologica Acta 2: PLoS O 28 August 2010 Volume 5 Issue 8 e11842

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37 Supporting information 1 st file: abstracts translations The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats Marta Coll 1,2, Chiara Piroddi 3, Jeroen Steenbeek 3, Kristin Kaschner 4, Frida Ben Rais Lasram 5,6, Jacopo Aguzzi 1, Enric Ballesteros 7, Carlo Nike Bianchi 8, Jordi Corbera 9, Thanos Dailianis 10,11, Roberto Danovaro 12, Marta Estrada 1, Carlo Froglia 13, Bella S. Galil 14, Josep M. Gasol 1, Ruthy Gertwagen 15, João Gil 7, François Guilhaumon 5, Kathleen Kesner Reyes 16, Miltiadis Spyridon Kitsos 10, Athanasios Koukouras 10, Nikolaos Lampadariou 17, Elijah Laxamana 16, Carlos M. López Fé de la Cuadra 18, Heike K. Lotze 2, Daniel Martin 7, David Mouillot 5, Daniel Oro 19, Saša Raicevich 20, Josephine Rius Barile 16, Jose Ignacio Saiz Salinas 21, Carles San Vicente 22, Samuel Somot 23, José Templado 24, Xavier Turon 7, Dimitris Vafidis 25, Roger Villanueva 1, and Eleni Voultsiadou 10 1 Institut de Ciències del Mar, Scientific Spanish Council (ICM CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; 2 Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; 3 Fisheries Center Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; 4 Evolutionary Biology & Ecology Lab, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; 5 Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR 5119, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; 6 Laboratoire Ecosystèmes & Ressources Aquatiques UR03AGRO1, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia; 7 Centre d Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Scientific Spanish Council (CEAB CSIC), Blanes, Spain; 8 Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy; 9 Carrer Gran, Argentona, Spain; 10 Department of Zoology, Aristoteleio University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 11 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Heraclion, Greece; 12 Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy; 13 Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, Ancona, Italy; 14 National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel; 15 Haifa University & Oranim Academic College, Haifa, Israel; 16 The WorldFish Center, Philippine Office, Los Baños, Philippines; 17 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, Heraklion, Greece; 18 Laboratorio de Biología Marina Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; 19 Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Scientific Spanish Council (IMEDEA CSIC), Esporles, Spain; 20 Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale, Chioggia, Italy; 21 Zoology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain; 22 Carrer Nou, Creixell, Spain; 23 Météo France, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Toulouse Cedex, France; 24 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Scientific Spanish Council (MNCN CSIC), Madrid, Spain; 25 Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Greece. Address for correspondence: mcoll@icm.csic.es, martacoll@dal.ca

38 Abstrac translated to Arabic: : يعتبر البحر الا بيض المتوسط نقطة ساخنة للتنوع البيولوجي البحري. قمنا في هذه الدراسة بدمج تحليل مستفيض للا دب مع معلومات الخبراء قصد تحديث تقديرات الا صناف اع الري يسية في ذلك النظام الا يكولوجي البحري كما قمنا بمراجعة وتحديث قواي م الا نو المختلفة. قمنا كذلك بتقييم الا نماط الزمانية والمكانية للتنوع البيولوجي وتحديد التغيرات الكبرى والتهديدات. ا حصينا ما يقرب من كاي نة بحرية في البحر الا بيض المتوسط. ا ظهرت الا نماط المكانية ي اتجاه الجنوب حسب تواجد انخفاض تدريجي عام في التنوع البيولوجي من الشمال الغربي ف الا نتاج مع بعض الاستثناءات والاحتياطات اللازمة نظرا لوجود نقاي ص في معرفة الكاي نات الحية على طول السواحل الجنوبية والشرقية. بصفة عام ة يكون التنوع البيولوجي ا على في المناطق الساحلية والجرف القاري ويتناقص ا ن الا فراط في استغلال وخسارة المواي ل هما السببان مع العمق. ا ظهرت الاتجاهات الزمنية الري يسيان للتغيرات التاريخية في التنوع البيولوجي. حاليا يمثل ضياع وتدهور المواي ل يليها الاستغلال المفرط والتلوث وتغير المناخ والتخثث وانتشار الا نواع الغريبة المجموعات التصنيفية. كل هذه التا ثيرات التهديدات الري يسية التي تو ثر على ا كبر عدد من من المرجح ا ن تزداد في المستقبل خاصة تغير المناخ وتدهور المواي ل. تحديد النقاط الساخنة يكشف الا همية الا يكولوجية لمعظم جروف غرب البحر الا بيض المتوسط الا درياتيكي خاصة مناطق مضيق جبل طارق وبحر البوران والساحل الا فريقي وشمال البحر وبحر ايجه التي تتميز بتواجد كثيف للكاي نات المهددة بالانقراض. ا ما الحوض الشرقي فهو مهدد بانتشار الكاي نات الغريبة. تقدير ا نماط التنوع البيولوجي البحري لا يزال ناقصا بسبب بعض الا نواع التي لم توصف ت التنوع الميكروبي بعد والتي ستضاف في المستقبل. كما يوجد نقص في تقديرا وكاي نات المناطق العميقة والمناطق الشرقية والجنوبية التي لا تزال غير معروفة. ا ن غزوات الا نواع الغريبة هي من العوامل الحاسمة التي سوف تستمر والتي ستحدث تغييرا ري يسيا للتنوع البيولوجي في الحوض الشرقي للبحر الا بيض المتوسط. 2

39 Abstrac translated to Catalan: La biodiversidat de la mar Mediterrània: estimacions, patrons i amenaces Resum La mar Mediterrània és un punt calent de diversitat marina. En aquest treball combinem una extensa anàlisi de la literatura científica amb opinions d experts per tal de posar al dia les estimacions publicades de la diversitat dels principals tàxons existents en aquest ecosistema marí, i per a revisar i actualitzar les diverses llistes d espècies disponibles. També s avaluen els patrons espacio-temporals globals de la diversitat específica i s identifiquen els principals canvis i amenaces que afecten la diversitat de la Mediterrània. Hem quantificat aproximadament espècies que habiten la Mediterrània i hem constatat una disminució general de la biodiversitat des de les regions noroccidentals cap a les sud-orientals, de forma paral lela al gradient de producció primària, però amb algunes excepcions. Cal interpretar aquesta observació amb precaució degut a llacunes en el coneixement de la biota a les vores sud i est. La diversitat és generalment més alta a les àrees costaneres i a les plataformes continentals, i disminueix amb la profunditat. Les tendències temporals indiquen que la sobreexplotació i la pèrdua d hàbitat han estat els principals factors antropogènics que han generat canvis històrics de biodiversitat. Actualment la pèrdua i degradació d hàbitat, seguides per l explotació, la contaminació, el canvi climàtic, l eutrofització i l establiment d espècies invasores són les amenaces més importants i afecten un nombre elevat de grups taxonòmics. Es preveu que tots els impactes augmentin en el futur, especialment el canvi climàtic i la degradació d hàbitat. La identificació de "punts calents" subratlla la importància ecològica de la major part de les plataformes de la Mediterrània occidental i, en particular, de l estret de Gibraltar amb el mar d'alboran i les costes africanes adjacents, conjuntament amb el mar Egeu i el mar Adriàtic, que mostren altes concentracions d espècies en perill, amenaçades o vulnerables. La biodiversitat de la conca Llevantina, greument afectada per la invasió d espècies, es troba també amenaçada. De tota manera, les estimacions presents de la riquesa i els patrons de la diversitat marina són incompletes i cal esperar que en el futur s afegiran noves espècies encara no descrites. La diversitat microbiana està substancialment infravalorada i les zones marines profundes i parts de les regions meridionals i orientals són encara molt poc conegudes. La invasió d espècies alienes és un factor crucial que continuarà canviant la biodiversitat de la Mediterrània, sobretot a la conca oriental. 3

40 Abstrac translated to Dutch: De biodiversiteit van de Middellandse Zee: Schattingen, patronen en bedreigingen Samenvatting De Middellandse Zee is een hotspot voor mariene biodiversiteit. In dit paper combineren we een uitgebreide literatuurstudie met meningen van experts teneinde huidige schatting van prominente taxa in dit ecosysteem te herzien, en verschillende soortenlijsten bij te werken. We beschouwen ruimtelijke trends in soortenrijkdommen, en identificeren grote veranderingen en bedreigingen. Wij kwantificeerden ongeveer mariene soorten die voorkomen in de Middellandse Zee. Ruimtelijke trends toonde een algemene daling in biodiversiteit van de noordwestelijke naar zuidoostelijke regio's, wat grotendeels overeen komt met een verloop van productie, maar met inachtname van lacunes in feitelijke kennis van flora en fauna langs de zuidelijke en oostelijke kusten van de Middellandse Zee. Biodiversiteit is in het algemeen hoger in de kustgebieden en het continentaal plat, en neemt af met diepte. Van oudsherre zijn overbevissing en habitatverlies de voornaamste menselijke factoren geweest die leidden tot veranderingen in biodiversiteit. Op dit moment zijn verlies en afbraak van habitat, gevolgd door overbevissing, vervuiling, klimaatverandering, eutrofiëring en de vestiging van uitheemse soorten de belangrijkste bedreigingen die het grootste aantal taxonomische groepen beinvloedden. Van al deze effecten, maar met name klimaatverandering en aantasting van habitat, is voorspeld dat zij in de toekomst in belang zullen toenemen. De identificatie van "hot spots" benadrukt het ecologische belang van het merendeel van de plateaus in de westelijke Middellandse Zee: de Straat van Gibraltar en de aangrenzende Alboran Zee en de Afrikaanse kust, de noordelijke Adriatische Zee en de Egeïsche Zee, waar hoge concentraties van ernstig bedreigde, bedreigde of kwetsbare soorten zijn aangetroffen. Het Levantijnse Basin, sterk beïnvloed door de invasie van uitheemse soorten, wordt ook bedreigd. Toch zijn onze schatting en patronen van mariene diversiteit onvolledig aangezien vele nog onbeschreven soorten in de nabije toekomst zullen worden toegevoegd. Schattingen van diversiteit voor microben zijn wel degelijk ondervertegenwoordigd, en de diepzee en delen van de zuidelijke en oostelijke regio zijn nog steeds slecht bekend. De invasie van uitheemse soorten is een cruciale factor met blijvende invloed op de biodiversiteit van de Middellandse Zee, met name in haar oostelijk bekken. 4

41 Abstrac translated to French: Biodiversité de la mer Méditerranée: estimations, patrons et menaces Résumé La mer Méditerranée est un hot spot de biodiversité marine. Dans cette étude, nous combinons une analyse extensive de la littérature avec une connaissance d expert afin de mettre à jour les estimations publiques disponibles des principaux taxons dans cet écosystème marin, et afin de réviser et de mettre à jour diverses listes d espèces. De même, nous évaluons les patrons spatiaux et temporaux de la diversité spécifique et nous identifions les principaux changements et menaces. Nous avons dénombré approximativement espèces marines en mer Méditerranée. Les patrons spatiaux ont montré une diminution générale de la biodiversité du nord ouest au sud est suivant un gradient de production avec toutefois quelques exceptions et des précautions dues aux failles de notre connaissance des biotes le long des rives sud et est. La biodiversité est généralement plus élevée au niveau des zones côtières et du plateau continental, et elle décroît avec la profondeur. Les tendances temporelles ont montré que la sur-exploitation et la perte des habitats sont les principaux drivers humains des changements historiques de la biodiversité. Actuellement, la perte des habitats et leur dégradation, suivies par la sur-exploitation, la pollution, les changements climatiques, l eutrophisation et l établissement des espèces exotiques sont les principales menaces qui ont un impact sur le plus grand nombre de groupes taxonomiques. Tous ces impacts sont susceptibles d augmenter dans le futur, particulièrement les changements climatiques et la dégradation des habitats. L identification des hot spots révèle l importance écologique de la plupart des plateaux ouest méditerranéens et particulièrement le détroit de Gibraltar, la mer d Alboran, les côtes africaines, le nord de l Adriatique et la mer Egée qui montrent une forte concentration d espèces en danger, menacées et vulnérables. Le bassin Levantin, sévèrement touché par les invasions d espèces, est aussi menacé. Cependant, nos estimations et les patrons de diversité marine demeurent incomplets puisque certaines espèces non encore décrites s y ajouteront dans le futur. Les estimations de la diversité microbienne sont substantiellement sous représentées et les zones profondes ainsi que les régions est et sud dont encore peu connues. Les invasions d espèces exotiques sont un facteur crucial qui continuera de modifier la biodiversité méditerranéenne principalement dans le bassin est. 5

42 Abstrac translated to German: Die Artenvielfalt des Mittelmeers: Artenanzahl, verteilung und Gefährdung/Bedrohung Zusammenfassung Das Mittelmeer ist ein bekannter Hotspot für marine Biodiversität. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche und unter Berücksichtigung von Expertenwissen stellen wir hier neu berechnete Schätzungen über die Artenanzahl verschiedener Taxa, sowie einige aktualisierte Artenlisten vor. Des weiteren haben wir die allgemeinen zeitlichen und räumlichen Verteilungsmuster der Biodiversität im Mittelmeer untersucht und hier dargestellt, sowie die Hauptursachen für mögliche vergangene und zukünftige Veränderungen identifiziert. Nach unseren Ergebnissen kommen schätzungsweise 17,000 marine Arten im Mittelmeer vor. In Hinblick auf Verteilungsmuster zeigen unsere zusammengetragenen Ergebnisse einen klaren abnehmenden Trend, der dem Hauptprimärproduktionsgradienten folgendend - von nordwestlicher in südöstlicher Richung verläuft. Im allgemeinen ist die Artenvielfalt im Küstenbereich und entlang des Kontinentalshelfs grösser und nimmt mit zunehmender Tiefe ab. Überfischung und Habitatzerstörung waren bisher die hauptsächlichen anthropogenen Ursachen für Veränderungen und Abnahme der Artenvielfalt. Heutzutage spielen neben Habitatverlust, der die Hauptbedrohung mit den größten Auswirkungen auf die meisten Artengruppen darstellt, auch Fischerei, Umweltverschmutzung, Klimawandel, Überdüngung und das Einschleppen invasiver Arten eine Rolle. Nach unseren Vorhersagen wird die Auswirkung aller hier aufgeführten Faktoren in Zukunft noch zunehmen, dies gilt vor allem für Klimawandel und Habitatverlust. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigten eine besondere Konzentration bedrohter Arten entlang der westlichen Shelfgebiete, wobei hier die Strasse von Gibraltar und die daneben liegenden Gebiete des Alboranischen Meer sowie der afrikanische Küstenstreifen und auch die Adria und das Ägäische Meer besonders hervorstechen. Das Levantinische Becken, in welchem die Anzahl invasiver Arten besonders hoch ist, ist ebenfalls bedroht. Die hier gezeigten Daten hinsichtlich der Gesamtartenzahl und Verbreitungsmuster können nur vorläufige Schätzungen darstellen, da vermutlich noch weitere bisher unbekannte Arten dazu kommen werden. Besonders lückenhaft ist unser Wissen über die Mikrobenvielfalt und die mediterranen Tiefseegebiete, sowie über einige Gebiete in den südöstlichen Bereichen des Mittelmeers. Das Einschleppen invasiver Arten ist ein kritischer Faktor, der auch weiterhin grossen Einfluss auf die Artenvielfalt des Mittelmeers haben wird, besonders in den östlichen Becken. 6

43 Abstrac translated to Greek: Η βιοποικιλότητα στη Μεσόγειο θάλασσα: εκτιμήσεις, πρότυπα και απειλές Περίληψη Η Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα αποτελεί πυρήνα θαλάσσιας βιοποικιλότητας. Στην εργασία αυτή γίνεται εκτεταµένη ανάλυση της βιβλιογραφίας σε συνδυασµό µε τις απόψεις ειδικών µε σκοπό την αναθεώρηση των διαθέσιµων εκτιµήσεων µεγέθους της ποικιλότητας των κύριων οµάδων οργανισµών στο θαλάσσιο αυτό οικοσύστηµα, αλλά και την παρουσίαση ενηµερωµένων καταλόγων ειδών. Γίνεται ακόµη εκτίµηση γενικών χωρικών και χρονικών προτύπων της ποικιλότητας των ειδών και προσδιορίζονται σηµαντικές µεταβολές και απειλές. Καταγράφηκε η παρουσία θαλάσσιων ειδών στη Μεσόγειο κατά προσέγγιση. Τα πρότυπα χωροκατανοµής έδειξαν µια γενικευµένη µείωση της βιοποικιλότητας από τις βορειοδυτικές προς τις νοτιοανατολικές περιοχές, η οποία ακολουθεί µια αντίστοιχη διαβάθµιση της πρωτογενούς παραγωγής. Το πρότυπο αυτό γίνεται δεκτό µε ορισµένες εξαιρέσεις κι επιφυλάξεις λόγω ελλιπούς γνώσης για το βιόκοσµο των ανατολικότερων και νοτιότερων περιοχών. Η βιοποικιλότητα είναι γενικά µεγαλύτερη στις παράκτιες περιοχές και την υφαλοκρηπίδα, ενώ µειώνεται αυξανοµένου του βάθους. Οι τάσεις µέσα στο χρόνο δείχνουν ότι η υπεραλίευση και η καταστροφή των ενδιαιτηµάτων αποτελούν τα σηµαντικότερα ανθρωπογενή αίτια των ιστορικών αλλαγών στη βιοποικιλότητα. Σήµερα, η απώλεια και υποβάθµιση των ενδιαιτηµάτων και ακολούθως η εκµετάλλευση, η ρύπανση, η κλιµατική αλλαγή, ο ευτροφισµός και η εγκατάσταση αλλόχθονων ειδών αποτελούν τις σηµαντικότερες απειλές και επηρεάζουν τις περισσότερες ταξινοµικές οµάδες οργανισµών. Όλες αυτές οι επιδράσεις προβλέπεται ότι θα εµφανιστούν περισσότερο έντονες στο µέλλον, κυρίως όσον αφορά την κλιµατική αλλαγή και την υποβάθµιση των ενδιαιτηµάτων. Ιδιαίτερη οικολογική σηµασία ως πυρήνες βιοποικιλότητας µέσα στη Μεσόγειο φαίνεται να έχουν η υφαλοκρηπίδα της Δυτικής λεκάνης στη µεγαλύτερη έκτασή της, µε έµφαση στο στενό του Γιβραλτάρ, τη γειτονική θάλασσα του Αλµποράν και τις αφρικανικές ακτές, η βόρεια Αδριατική θάλασσα και το Αιγαίο πέλαγος. Οι περιοχές αυτές παρουσιάζουν µεγάλες συγκεντρώσεις ειδών που κινδυνεύουν, απειλούνται ή είναι τρωτά. Η Λεβαντίνη, που έχει δεχθεί έντονη εισβολή αλλόχθονων ειδών, βρίσκεται επίσης σε κίνδυνο. Πάντως, η θαλάσσια βιοποικιλότητα και τα πρότυπά της στη Μεσόγειο είναι ακόµη ελλιπώς γνωστά και αναµένεται ότι πρόκειται να γίνουν περιγραφές και προσθήκες νέων ειδών στο µέλλον. Η γνώση για την ποικιλότητα των µικροοργανισµών, καθώς και το βιόκοσµο των µεγάλων βαθών και των νότιων και ανατολικότερων περιοχών αναµένεται να αυξηθεί. Τέλος, η εισβολή αλλόχθονων ειδών αποτελεί αποφασιστικό παράγοντα ο οποίος θα συνεχίσει να µεταβάλλει τη βιοποικιλότητα της Μεσογείου, ιδιαίτερα στην ανατολική λεκάνη. 7

44 Abstrac translated to Hebrew: המגוון הביולוגי של הים התיכון: אמדן, מגמות, ואיומים תקציר הים התיכון הוא בעל מגוון ביולוגי רב. במאמר זה אנו משלבים בחינה מפורטת של הספרות עם דעות מומחים האומדנים המצויים של הקבוצות הטקסונומיות הראשיות במערכת הימית ולתקן מספר רשימות במטרה לעדכן את מינים. בנוסף אנו אומדים מגמות במרחב ובזמן של שונות מינים ומזהים שינויים חשובים ואיומים על המגוון. כ מזרחו, -מערב הים לדרום- 17,000 מינים מצויים בים התיכון. דגמים מרחביים מצביעים על פחיתה במגוון מצפון בעקבות דעיכה הדרגתית ביצור. אך יש להתריע שקביעה זו עשויה להשתנות אם יצומצמו הפערים במידע על הביוטה לאורך החופים הדרומיים והמזרחיים של הים. ן המגוון הביולוגי גבוה יותר בדרך כלל בקרבת החופים ואדני היבשת, ופוחת בעומק. המגמות לאורך ציר הזמ מצביעות שניצול לא מבוקר ואובדן בתי גידול הם הסיבות העיקריות לשינויים מעשי אדם במגוון. בהווה, השחתה והרס בתי גידול, ניצול משאבים, זיהום, שינוי אקלימי, העשרה אורגנית והתבססות מינים זרים הם ת. השפעות אלו צפויות להחמיר האיומים העיקריים המשפיעים על המספר הגדול ביותר של קבוצות טקסונומיו בעתיד, במיוחד שינוי אקלימי והרס בתי גידול. זיהוי אתרים בעלי מגוון מינים גבוה במיוחד מבליט את החשיבות דני היבשת במערב הים התיכון, במיוחד מיצר גיברלטר, ים אלבורן והחוף האפריקאי הסמוך; צפון האקולוגית של א אשר בהם ריכוז של מינים רגישים ובסכנת הכחדה. אגן הלבנט, המושפע באורח חמור הים האדריאטי והאגאי אנו צופים שמינים נוספים מפלישות מינים, נמצא בסכנה גם הוא. האומדנים והדגמים של מגוון ימי אינם שלמים יתוארו ויתווספו למניין בעתיד. אומדני מינים חד תאיים לוקים בחסר, ואזורים בים העמוק, ובדרום ומזרח הים התיכון ידועים אך מעט. פלישה של מינים זרים מהווה גורם מכריע אשר יוסיף וישנה את מגוון המינים, בעיקר באגן המזרחי. 8

45 Abstrac translated to Italian: La biodiversità del Mar Mediterraneo: stime, distribuzione e minacce Riassunto Il Mar Mediterraneo è un hotspot di biodiversità marina. Questo studio integra un ampia analisi della letteratura insieme a opinioni di esperti con l intento di aggiornare pubblicamente le stime disponibili dei maggiori taxa di questo ecosistema marino, e di rivedere e aggiornare le liste delle diverse specie. La nostra ricerca ha valutato anche la distribuzione spaziale e temporale complessiva della diversità delle specie, identificandone i cambiamenti e le minacce più significative: nel Mediterraneo.sono state quantificate circa specie marine. Le distribuzioni spaziali hanno mostrato una generale diminuzione della biodiversità dalle regioni nord-ovest a quelle sud-est, seguendo un gradiente di produzione, con qualche eccezione e cautela dovuta a mancanza di dati sul biota lungo le coste sudorientali. La biodiversità è generalmente più elevata nelle aree costiere e nelle scarpate continentali e diminuisce con la profondità. I trend temporali hanno mostrato come lo sfruttamento eccessivo delle risorse e la perdita degli habitat siano stati i fattori principali di origine umana alla base dei cambiamenti storici nella biodiversità. Attualmente, le minacce più significative e quelle che impattano il maggior numero di gruppi tassonomici sono la perdita di habitat e la sua degradazione, seguiti da sfruttamento, inquinamento, cambiamenti climatici, eutrofizzazione e introduzione di specie aliene. Si prevede che tutte queste minacce diventino sempre più importanti in futuro, specialmente il cambiamento climatico e la degradazione dell habitat. L identificazione di hotspot mette in evidenza l importanza ecologica della maggior parte delle coste occidentali del Mediterraneo, in particolare dello stretto di Gibilterra e delle adiacenti coste del Mare di Alboran e dell Africa, dell Adriatico settentrionale e dell Egeo, aree che mostrano elevate concentrazioni di specie in pericolo, minacciate o vulnerabili. Anche il bacino levantino, gravemente colpito dall invasione di specie, è minacciato. Tuttavia, le nostre stime e la distribuzione della biodiversità marina sono ancora incomplete, essendoci specie non descritte che verranno aggiunte in futuro. Le stime sulla biodiversità dei microbi sono sostanzialmente ancora sottorappresentate, così come sono poco conosciute le aree marine profonde e alcune parti delle regioni meridionali e orientali. L invasione di specie aliene è un fattore cruciale che continuerà a modificare la biodiversità mediterranea, soprattutto nel bacino orientale. 9

46 Abstrac translated to Spanish: La biodiversidad del mar Mediterráneo: estimaciones, patrones y amenazas Resumen El mar Mediterráneo es un hotspot marino de biodiversidad. En este trabajo hemos combinado el análisis de datos bibliográficos con la opinión y el conocimiento de expertos para actualizar las estimaciones de la biodiversidad de especies marinas de los principales taxones en este ecosistema, al mismo tiempo que hemos revisado numerosos listados de especies. También hemos analizado los patrones espaciales y temporales de la diversidad, así como identificado las principales amenazas. Se han cuantificado un total aproximado de especies marinas en el mar Mediterráneo. Los patrones espaciales muestran como esta diversidad decrece desde el noroeste al sudeste siguiendo un gradiente de producción teniendo en cuenta algunas excepciones y precauciones, ya que existen aun áreas con gran escasez de datos, sobretodo en las zonas del sur y del este. La biodiversidad marina es generalmente mayor en las zonas costeras y en las plataformas continentales y desciende con la profundidad. Los patrones temporales indican que la sobreexplotación y la degradación y la pérdida del hábitat han sido en el pasado las actividades humanas con mayor impacto sobre la biodiversidad marina. Actualmente, la degradación y la pérdida del hábitat, seguidas por la explotación, la polución, el cambio climático, la eutrofización y la introducción de especies foráneas, son las principales amenazas que afectan al mayor número de grupos taxonómicos. La importancia de estos impactos muy probablemente crecerá en un futuro, especialmente la de los asociados al cambio climático y a la degradación del hábitat. En este trabajo se identifican una serie de hotspots o zonas con una elevada concentración de especies de gran importancia ecológica, en la parte occidental del mar Mediterráneo, y en particular en el estrecho de Gibraltar, el mar de Alborán y la costa africana asociada, y también en el norte del mar Adriático y del mar Egeo. Estas regiones muestran una alta concentración de especies en peligro, amenazadas o vulnerables. El mar de Levante, impactado notablemente por la invasión de especies foráneas, también se encuentra amenazado. Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre el número total de especies marinas y los patrones de biodiversidad son aun incompletos, ya que existen numerosas especies aún sin describir. Las estimaciones relativas a la comunidad bacteriana están substancialmente infravaloradas, y gran parte del mar profundo y regiones del sur y del este del mar Mediterráneo se encuentran todavía prácticamente inexploradas. La invasión de especies foráneas es también un factor crucial que continuará influyendo en la biodiversidad marina del Mediterráneo, sobretodo en las zonas situadas en la cuenca este. 10

47 Supporting information 2 nd file: supplementary material The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats Marta Coll 1,2, Chiara Piroddi 3, Jeroen Steenbeek 3, Kristin Kaschner 4, Frida Ben Rais Lasram 5,6, Jacopo Aguzzi 1, Enric Ballesteros 7, Carlo Nike Bianchi 8, Jordi Corbera 9, Thanos Dailianis 10,11, Roberto Danovaro 12, Marta Estrada 1, Carlo Froglia 13, Bella S. Galil 14, Josep M. Gasol 1, Ruthy Gertwagen 15, João Gil 7, François Guilhaumon 5, Kathleen Kesner Reyes 16, Miltiadis Spyridon Kitsos 10, Athanasios Koukouras 10, Nikolaos Lampadariou 17, Elijah Laxamana 16, Carlos M. López Fé de la Cuadra 18, Heike K. Lotze 2, Daniel Martin 7, David Mouillot 5, Daniel Oro 19, Saša Raicevich 20, Josephine Rius Barile 16, Jose Ignacio Saiz Salinas 21, Carles San Vicente 22, Samuel Somot 23, José Templado 24, Xavier Turon 7, Dimitris Vafidis 25, Roger Villanueva 1, and Eleni Voultsiadou 10 1 Institut de Ciències del Mar, Scientific Spanish Council (ICM CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; 2 Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; 3 Fisheries Center Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; 4 Evolutionary Biology & Ecology Lab, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; 5 Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR 5119, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; 6 Laboratoire Ecosystèmes & Ressources Aquatiques UR03AGRO1, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia; 7 Centre d Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Scientific Spanish Council (CEAB CSIC), Blanes, Spain; 8 Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy; 9 Carrer Gran, Argentona, Spain; 10 Department of Zoology, Aristoteleio University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 11 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Heraclion, Greece; 12 Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy; 13 Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale dell Ricerche, Ancona, Italy; 14 National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel; 15 Haifa University & Oranim Academic College, Haifa, Israel; 16 The WorldFish Center, Philippine Office, Los Baños, Philippines; 17 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, Heraklion, Greece; 18 Laboratorio de Biología Marina Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; 19 Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Scientific Spanish Council (IMEDEA CSIC), Esporles, Spain; 20 Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale, Chioggia, Italy; 21 Zoology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain; 22 Carrer Nou, Creixell, Spain; 23 Météo France, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Toulouse Cedex, France; 24 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Scientific Spanish Council (MNCN CSIC), Madrid, Spain; 25 Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Greece. Address for correspondence: mcoll@icm.csic.es, martacoll@dal.ca

48 Outline Table S1. Taxonomic classification of species known from the Mediterranean Sea. Table S2. List of co-authors with expertise, specific contribution to the synthesis, and contact information. Text S1. Taxonomic revision and methodological specifications. Mediterranean AquaMaps (by Kristin Kaschner, Kathy Kesner-Reyes, Josephine Barile & Elijah Laxamana) Text S2. Mediterranean AquaMaps specifications. Table S3. Mediterranean native and endemic marine species reported by FishBase/SeaLifeBase by different taxa and current extent of coverage of AquaMaps. Table S4. Proportion of checked or expert-reviewed AquaMaps for different taxa. Table S5. Mediterranean species of special conservation concern covered by AquaMaps. Table S6. Checklist of species included in AquaMaps of the Mediterranean Sea. Seaweeds and Seagrasses (by Enric Ballesteros) Table S7. Mediterranean biodiversity (species/infraspecific taxa, families, orders, classes) for the phyla Heterokontophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Magnoliophyta and all the macrophytobenthos. Total number of species/intraspecific taxa is also split into introduced, endemics and others. Table S8. Percentage of introduced, endemics and other macrophytobenthic species/infraspecific taxa by phylum and totals. Table S9. Checklist of the phylum Heterokontophyta and comments to the checklist. Table S10. Checklist of the phylum Rhodophyta and comments to the checklist. Table S11. Checklist of the phylum Chlorophyta and comments to the checklist. Table S12. Checklist of the phylum Magnoliophyta and comments to the checklist. Sponges (by Eleni Voultsiadou & Thanos Dailianis) Figure S1. Mediterranean percentages of the world sponge families and genera for each demosponge order. Figure S2. Distribution of the recorded demosponge species (outer circle) and genera (inner circle) richness in distinct zoogeographic areas of the Mediterranean. Anthozoans (by Dimitris Vafidis) 2

49 Table S13. Checklist of the class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidaria). Mollusks (by José Templado & Roger Villanueva) Table S14. Checklist of the phylum Mollusca. Table S15. Number of Mediterranean species of each of the eight mollusks classes. Polychaetes (by Daniel Martín & João Gil) Table S16. Checklist of the class Polychaeta (Phylum Annelida). Cumaceans (by Jordi Corbera) Table S17. Checklist of the order Cumacea (Phylum Arthropoda), with enumeration of references in each region of the Mediterranean Sea. Table S18. Species number of cumaceans known in different Mediterranean regions. Mysidaceans (by Carles San Vicente) Table S19. Checklist of the orders Mysida and Lophogastrida (Phylum Arthropoda) known in the different Mediterranean regions considered. Table S20. Species number of mysidaceans known in the world and in the Mediterranean Sea. Endemics and its percentage for each family are also indicated. Figure S3. Number of mysidacean species recorded in each of the main biogeographical zones of the Mediterranean Sea. Decapods (by Carlo Froglia) Table S21. Checklist of the Mediterranean endemic species of the Order Decapoda (Phylum Arthropoda), known geographic distribution and bathymetric range. Bryozoans (Carlos Mª López-Fé de la Cuadra) Text S3. References for Mediterranean bryozoan species. Table S22. Checklist of the phylum Bryozoa. Echinoderms (by Athanasios Koukouras & Miltiadis-Spyridon Kitsos) Text S4. References for Mediterranean Echinoderms diversity. Table S23. Checklist of the phylum Echinodermata, and their distribution in the geographical areas of the Mediterranean with reference to their presence in the Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific Oceans. Figure S4. Distribution of the known species of echinoderms in the main geographical areas of the Mediterranean, as real numbers (parentheses) and percentages of the total Mediterranean species. 3

50 Figure S5. Percentages of the four zoogeographical categories in the Mediterranean territorial areas and the Black Sea. Sipunculans (by José Ignacio Saiz-Salinas) Table S24. Checklist of the phylum Sipuncula. Asterisks indicate unpublished identifications from the author J.I. Saiz. N. sp. cf. flagriferum (43º02.83 N; 9º41.06 E; depth: 454 m). P. turnerae (41º07 N; 2º25 E; depth: 1100 m). Figure S6. Cluster analysis of sipunculan species of the Mediterranean Sea by biogeographic sectors as proposed by Bianchi and Morri (2000). Meiobenthos (by Nikolaos Lampadariou) Text S5. References for Mediterranean Meiobenthos. Ascidians (by Xavier Turon) Table S25. Check-list of the class Ascidiacea (Subphylum Tunicata, Phylum Chordata). Fishes (by Frida Ben Rais Lasram) Table S26. Checklist of the class Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Myxini and Hyperoartia (subphylum Vertebrata, phylum Chordata). Seabirds, marine mammals, and turtles (by Daniel Oro & Chiara Piroddi) Table S27. Checklist of the class Aves (subphylum Vertebrata, phylum Chordata). Table S28. Checklist of the class Mammalia (subphylum Vertebrata, phylum Chordata). Table S29. Checklist of the class Reptilia (subphylum Vertebrata, phylum Chordata). The diversity of the past and temporal patterns (by Heike Lotze) Table S30. Ecologically and economically important species of the Adriatic Sea for which longterm data were available and that were included in historical diversity trends. Table S31. Timing of different cultural periods around the Adriatic Sea (after Haywood 1997; Lotze et al. 2006). Current threats to diversity Table S32. Ranking of current threats for various taxonomic groups in the Mediterranean Sea. Table S33. Ranking of future threats to diversity (considering 10 years from now) for various taxonomic groups in the Mediterranean Sea. 4

51 Table S1. Taxonomic classification of species known from the Mediterranean Sea The total number of species described, as well as the number of endemic and introduced species are given. Here we also provide a list of several experts and taxonomic guides by taxa, although this is not an exhaustive list of experts by taxonomic group in the Mediterranean Sea. Division/ Kingdom Animalia Phylum or Class Class or Order Order or Family Described species State of Knowledge No. endemic species No. undescribed species No. introduce species Taxonomic experts (name) 1 Identification guides and references 2 Chordata Vertebrata 693 Mammalia 23 9 common, 14 visiting. Few data on trends G. Bearzi, G. Notabartolo di Sciara, A. Aguilar, C. Piroddi Aves 15 Well known, trends less known 3 D. Oro, J.S. Aguilar, N. Baccetti, J.M. Arcos Reptilia 5 3 common, 2 visiting. Few data on trends J.A. Camiñas, J. Tomás, J.A. Raga Pisces* (Myxinida, Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyes,Actinopterygia) Tunicata Good resolution, except few rare species recorded sporadically Approx (91*) *marine aliens only F. Ben Rais Lasram, D. Lloris, L.J.V. Compagno, D. Golani, E. Massutí, J. Moranta, F. Serena, J.P. Quignard, J.A. Tomasini, I.K. Fergusson, S.P. Iglésias, E. Macpherson, M. Goren Ascidiacea X. Turon, R. Brunetti, F. Monniot, A. Koukouras, F. Mastrototaro, A. Tursi, N. Shenkar, A.A. Ramos-Esplà [1,2,3,4, Table S28] [5,6,7, Table S27] [8,9,10,11,12, Table S29 ] [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22, Table S26] [23,24,25,26,27,28, Table S25] Thaliacea Appendicularia Unknown Unknown Cephalocordata 1 [19] Mesozoa 31 [19] Dicyemida, Rhomobozoa, Monoblastozoa 17 Orthonectida 14 [19] Echinodermata 154 Lack of data in the south and the deep 37 5 A. Koukouras, M.-S. Kitsos, C. Palacin [29,30, Table S23] 5

52 Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Hemichordata 5 [19] Xenoterubellida Unknown Platyhelminthes Mainly benthic R.A. Patzner, R. Hofrichter, A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. Faubel, C. Noreña Janssen, M. Curini Galletti Acanthocephala Mainly terrestrial Unknown Poor [19] Rotifera (Rotatoria) 59 [19] Nematomorpha 1 [19] [19] Nematoda Meiofauna >703 Poor N.Lampadariou, R. Danovaro, R. Sandulli [19, 31,32,33,34] Priapulida 4-5 [19,35] Loricifera Recently discovered 2-10 [19,35] Kinorhyncha 28 [19] Tardigrada >77 M. Gallo d Addabbo [36] Onychophora Unknown [19] Arthropoda [19,37] Crustacea 2239 Anostraca Unknown Phyllopoda 7 [19] Copepoda Harpacticoida Calanoida, Cyclopoida Benthic, meiofauna G. Gorsky, M. Alcaraz, E. Saiz >254 K. Sevastou, A. Eleftheriou [38,39,40,41,42] Pelagic >150 [19] Mystacocarida 1? [19] Ostracoda 500 N. Pugliese Ascothoracida 1 6

53 Cirripeda >40 A. Koukouras, A. Matsa, G. [43,44] Relini Malacostraca Leptostraca 6 J. Moreira [36,45] Stomatopoda 11 2 P. Abelló, C. Froglia, B.S. Galil [46,47,48]. Bathynellacea 10? [19] Euphausiacea 13 M. Mavidis, L. Guglielmo [49] Decapoda (69*) *marine aliens C. Froglia, A. Koukouras, J. E. Cartes, B. Companys, B.S. Galil, P. Noël, P. Dworschak, C. d Udekem d Acoz, T. Katagan Thermosbaenacea 5 [19] Mysidacea 102 African coasts and eastern sector less studied Cumacea Watersediment interface 99 Adriatic Sea or the Gulf of Gabes unknown % annual increase of new species % annual increase of new species 2 C.Sanvicente, C. Barberá Cebrián, J.E. Cartes, T. Munilla, P. Ariani, K. Wittman 1 J. Corbera, J.E. Cartes, J.C. Sorbe Isopoda 165 [44] Amphipoda 449 D. Bellan-Santini, S. Ruffo, T. Krapp-Schickel Tanaidacea 43 [19] Arachnida Only species related to marine environments 13/450 [19,37] Pantopoda >45 T. Murilla, F. Krapp [19] Chilopoda 6 [19] Myriapoda Only species related to marine environments [44,50,51,52,53, Table S21] [54,55, Table S19] [56, Table S17] [44,57,58,59] 2/10 [19,37] Apterygota 14 [19] Insecta Only species related to marine environments 54/250 [19,37] Chaetognatha >20 [19] Nemertea 172 [19] 7

54 Annelida 1172 D. Martin, J. Gil, C. Arvanitidis, G. San Martín, E. López, R. Capaccioni, M. Aguado, R. Sardá, J. Parapar, F. Aguirrezabalaga, J. Moreira, J.M. Amoureaux, A. Giangrande, C. Gambi, G. Cantone, C. Lardicci, B. Mikac, N. Simboura, M.E. Çinar, Z. Ergen, N. Ben Eliahu, R. Barnich, D. Fiege, F. Pleijel, A. Mackie, A. Castelli Polychaeta species being discovered per year [60,61,62,63, Table S16] Clitellata 44 E. Rota, A. Minelli [36,37] Echiura 6 [35] Sipuncula 34 Poor in southern and deep areas Unknown, but large 2 J.I. Saiz [64,65,66,67,68,69, Table S24] Phoronida 3/5 C.C. Emig [19,70] Brachiopoda 14/15 2 C.C. Emig, F. Álvarez [19,71,72] Mollusca 2113 Poor in southern and deep areas 5-10 species being discovered every year J. Templado, H. Mienis, B. Cesare Aplacophora (Caudofoveata) 9 0 L. Salvini Plaven Aplacophora (Solenogastres) 29 0 L. Salvini Plaven Polyplacophora 31 1 B. Dell Angelo Monoplacophora 1 0 [73,74,75,76, Table S14] Gastropoda B. Sabelli, M. Oliverio, S. Gofass, R. Cattaneo Vietti, M. Ballesteros Bivalvia Scaphopoda 14 0 G. Steiner Cephalopoda G. Bello, P. Belcari, P. [73] Jereb, E. Lefkaditou, A. Quetglas, A. Salman, P. Sánchez, R. Villanueva Gnathostomulida 10 [19] Gastrotricha Meiofauna 165 Poor W.D. Hummon, M.A. Todaro, M. Balsamo [19,77] Cycliophora 1 Poor [78,79] Entoprocta 19 [19,35] Bryozoa Mainly benthic ?? C.M. López de la Cuadra, JA. Álvarez, Y.V. Gautier, [80,81,82,83,84,85,86, Table S22] 8

55 Cyclostomata 53 Poor 17 J.G. Harmelin, J.C. García Gómez, M. Zabala, A. Rosso Ctenostomata 44 Poor 5 Cheilostomata 292 Poor 66 Placozoa 1/2? [19] Ctenophora Mainly pelagic >30 [19] Cnidaria (Coelenterates) 757 [19,87, and references within] Anthozoa D. Vafidis, H. Zibrowius C. Morri, A. Altuna Prados, P.J. López González Scyphozoa 20 F. Boero, B.S. Galil, M. Avian Cubozoa 1 M. Avian Hydrozoa 457 J.M.Gili, F. Boero, J. Bouillon, Á.L. Peña Cantero [44,88,89,90, Table S13] [19] [91] Plantae 3 Myxozoa 115 [19] Porifera 681 Well known except southern areas and the Levantine Sea J. Vacelet, N. Boury- Esnault, M. Pansini, M.J. Uriz, M. Maldonado, E. Voultsiadou Hexactinellida 8 seaweeds (part) and seagrasses Calcarea 44 Demospongiae 629 Approx. 302 Only benthic 854 Limited A. Athanasiadis, A. Gómez-Garreta, A. Meinesz, A. Sfriso, A. Vergés, C. Perrone, C. Rodriguez-Prieto, C.F. Boudouresque, CI Delle Foglie, D. Balata, D. Serio, E. Ballesteros, E. Cecere, F. Boisset, F. Cinelli, F. De Masi, F. Rindi, F. Tripodi, G. Alongi, G. Bressan, G. Furnari, G. Giaccone, G. Sartoni, G.M. Gargiulo, I. Pérez-Ruzafa, J. Rull, L. [92,93,94,95,96] [97] 9

56 Babbini-Benussi, L. Piazzi, M. Altamirano, M. Cormaci, M. Verlaque, M.A. Ribera, M.C. Barceló, N. Sánchez, S. Benhissoune Rhodophyta [98, Table S10] Chlorophyta 4 Macroalgae 190 (180 4 ) [99, Table S11] Magnoliophyta or angiospermae Table S12 Protoctista (Protozoa) & Chromista Chlorophyta Mainly marine and freshwater Microalgae Unknown, first estimate approx Very limited M. Estrada, J.M. Gasol [19,100,101,102,103,104,105, 106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,11 9,120,121,122] Prokaryotes Bacillariophyceae 736 Z.R. Velasquez [113] Coccolithophores 166 L. Cros [114] Dinoflagellata 673 F. Gomez [19,120] Foraminifera Bacteria and Archaea Benthic and pelagic >600 [110,122,123,124,125]. Heterokontophyta A. Athanasiadis, A. Gómez-Garreta, A. Meinesz, A. Sfriso, A. Vergés, C. Perrone, C. Rodriguez-Prieto, C.F. Boudouresque, C.I. Delle Foglie, D. Balata, D. Serio, E. Ballesteros, E. Cecere, F. Boisset, F. Cinelli, F. De Masi, F. Rindi, F. Tripodi, G. Alongi Not Available Not Available Very limited Very limited J. Gasol, C. Pedrós-Alió, R. Massana, K. Linke, W. Petz Large cyanobacteria 165 [19,35] [126, Table S9] [19,127,128,129,130,131,132] (1) Not an exhaustive list; (2) Not an exhaustive list; (3) Includes a part of the Macrophytobenthos (red and green seaweeds and seagrasses); (4) 10 species reported within the Chlorophyceae (Volvocales) and Prasinophyceae (Chlorodendrales, Pyramimonadales) are unicellular and can be considered to be phytoplanktonic although they thrive in mediolittoral and supralittoral pools and have been classically included in the checklists of marine macroalgae; (5) This number is highly uncertain (see text section heading The biodiversity of the smallest ). 10

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64 Table S2. List of co authors with expertise, specific contribution to the synthesis, and contact information Experts Aguzzi, Jacopo Ballesteros, Enric Barile, Josephine Ben Rais Lasram, Frida Bianchi, Carlo Nike Coll, Marta Main contribution to the synthesis Methodology aspects of sampling biodiversity Macroalgae Aquamaps model Fishes and climate change Climate change and global threats Global estimates, patterns, and drivers Contact information Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC). Passeig Maritim E Barcelona. Catalunya. Spain Centre d Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carrer d accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, Blanes (Girona), Catalunya, Spain The WorldFish Center-Philippine Office, Khush Hall, IRRI, College, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR 5119, Université Montpellier 2, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, France & Laboratoire Ecosystèmes et Ressources Aquatiques UR03AGRO1, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 avenue Charles. Tunisie Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse). Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26. I Genova, Italy Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC). Passeig Maritim E Barcelona. Catalunya. Spain & Dalhousie University, Biology Department Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia. B3H 4J1. Canada Corbera, Jordi Cumaceans Carrer Gran, 90, Argentona, Catalonia, Spain Dailianis, Thanos Danovaro, Roberto Sponges Deep-sea biodiversity, patterns, and drivers Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece & Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Thalassocosmos, Herakleio, Crete, Greece Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 0131, Ancona, Italy Estrada, Marta Phytoplankton Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC). Passeig Maritim E Barcelona. Catalunya. Spain Froglia, Carlo Decapods Istituto di Scienze Marine CNR, Sede di Ancona, Largo Fiera della Pesca, Ancona, Italy Galil, Bella S. Aliens National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, POB 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel 18

65 Gasol, Josep Mª Bacteria and Archaea Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC). Passeig Maritim E Barcelona. Catalunya. Spain Gertwagen, Ruthy Gil, João Guilhaumon, François Kaschner, Kristine Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen Kitsos, Miltiadis-Spyridon Koukouras, Athanasios Historical information Polychaetes Fishes and climate change Aquamaps model Aquamaps model Echinoderms Echinoderms HMAP Mediterranean and the Black Sea Project coordinator and Teams Leader; Haifa University and Oranim Academic College, Mount Carmel, Haifa Israel Centre d Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Consejo Superor de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carrer d accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, Blanes (Girona), Catalunya. Spain Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR 5119, Université Montpellier 2, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, France Evolutionary Biology & Ecology Lab, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany The WorldFish Center-Philippine Office, Khush Hall, IRRI, College, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristoteleio University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristoteleio University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Lampadariou, Nikolaos Meiobenthos Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Laxamana, Elijah López-Fé de la Cuadra, Carlos Mª Lotze, Heike K. Martin, Daniel Mouillot, David Oro, Dani Piroddi, Chiara Aquamaps model Bryozoans Historical information Polichaetes Fishes and climate change Seabird diversity and patterns Top predators. Patterns and drivers The WorldFish Center-Philippine Office, Khush Hall, IRRI, College, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología. Facultad de Biología (Universidad de Sevilla). Avda. Reina Mercedes, Sevilla Spain. Dalhousie University, Biology Department Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia. B3H 4J1. Canada Centre d Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Consejo Superor de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carrer d accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, Blanes (Girona), Catalunya. Spain Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR 5119, Université Montpellier 2, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, France IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) Miquel Marques Esporles, Spain Fisheries Center, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory (AERL) Main Mall. The University of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC. Canada V6T 1Z4 19

66 Raicevich, Saša Historical information ISPRA -Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale, Loc. Brondolo, Chioggia (Italy); member of the steering committee HMAP (History of Marine Animal Population) of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea projects Saiz-Salinas, José Ignacio Sipunculans University of the Basque Country. E Bilbao, P.O.Box 644, Spain San Vicente, Carles Mysidacean C/Nou núm Creixell-Tarragona. Spain Somot, Samuel Steenbeek, Jeroen Templado, José Turon, Xavier Vafidis, Dimitris Climate change GIS and spatial patterns Mollusks Tunicates Anthozoans Météo-France, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, 42 avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse Cedex, France Fisheries Center, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory (AERL) Main Mall. The University of British Columbia. Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC. Canada Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2. Madrid Spain Centre d Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Accés a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, Blanes (Girona), Spain University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece Villanueva, Roger Cephalopods Institut de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC). Passeig Maritim E Barcelona. Catalunya. Spain Voultsiadou, Eleni Sponges Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 20

67 Text S1. Taxonomic revision and methodological specifications Here we provide the detailed information for the taxonomic revision of macrophytes (seaweeds and seagrasses), invertebrates and Ascidiacea (subphylum Tunicata, phylum Chordata) in the Mediterranean Sea. This information is summarized in Table 1 in the main body of the study and Table S1, while checklists and specific figures are included in Tables S7-S29 and Figures S1-S6. Seaweeds and seagrasses Here we include a wide array of organisms usually known as seaweeds, and a reduced group of aquatic flowering plants known as seagrasses. They are a phylogenetic heterogeneous group of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. The application of molecular tools to the classification of living organisms has led to a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships between them and has been demonstrated that brown seaweeds are included in the group Chromista while red seaweeds, green seaweeds, and flowering plants belong to Plantae. Here we do not include blue green algae (phylum Cyanobacteria), which, although classically considered in the textbooks of botany, they are prokaryotic. Most of the brown, red and green algae grow usually attached in the sea bottom or the intertidal zone, while blue greens both thrive as a component of the benthos and the plankton. Their taxonomy is being reshaped continuously, and it is hard to know the real diversity of this group at the "species" level. The Mediterranean Sea was probably the first area in the world where SCUBA diving techniques were used in the study and collection of macroalgae [1], which is the main and best methodology currently in use. However, deep waters below 50 meters depth are still usually sampled by indirect methods such as dredging or bottom trawling. Plants thriving in the mediolittoral and upper infralittoral zone can be easily collected by hand with no special equipment or simply with the provision of a face mask and a snorkel. See Tsuda and Abbott [2] for a more detailed description of collection, handling, preservation and identification of macroalgae. Athanasiadis [3] provides a thorough revision of the history of Mediterranean phycology (or algae studies), which began long time ago with the descriptions of several algal species by Theophrastus three centuries B.C., increased during the early Linnean period (Gmelin, Lamarck, Lamouroux, Roth, Bory de Saint Vincent and others), was maintained in the 19 th century (C. Agardh, J. Agardh, Kützing, Meneghini, Ardissone, Montagne, Schmitz, Berthold, Foslie and others) and continued until the end of the 19 th century, when Zanardini published the first Mediterranean illustrated flora, and the start of the 20 th century when Preda published a red algal flora of Italy, Sauvageau his monograph on Cystoseira, and De Toni his monumental "Sylloge Algarum". Afterwards, Hamel, Funk, J. Feldmann, Feldmann-Mazoyer, Dangeard, and Ercegovic made important contributions to the phycology in the mid of the 20 th century. At present, there are several teams working in the taxonomy of Mediterranean seaweeds, mainly in Italy, France and Spain. Several countries or regions have checklists of marine macroalgae: Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Libya, Malta, Alexandria (Egypt), Turkey, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Italy, Sicily, Corsica, eastern Pyrenees (France), and Catalonia and Andalusia (Spain). Moreover, partial checklists of Mediterranean seaweeds have been published since 1992 [4,5,6]. There are also studies focused in introduced species [e.g. 7,8,9,10], a subject that is in constant revision [11]. 21

68 The total number of taxa currently present in the Mediterranean basin is 1131 (see the annotated checklist of every phyla and for the criteria used in making the lists, Table S7). Phaeophyceae (268 taxa), Pelagophyceae (two species), and Xanthophyceae (seven species) are the three classes within the phylum Heterokontophyta with benthic representatives (this class also hosts the Chrysophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Dictyochophyceae, and others with planktonic representatives). The Mediterranean representatives of the phylum Rhodophyta belong to five classes: Bangiophyceae (eight species), Compsopogonophyceae (17 species), Porphyridiophyceae (1 species), Stylonematophyceae (five species), and Florideophyceae (626 taxa). The highly diverse phylum Chlorophyta hosts five classes with Mediterranean benthic representatives: Chlorophyceae (12 species), Prasinophyceae (six species), Trebouxiophyceae (three species), Ulvophyceae (73 taxa) and Bryopsidophyceae (52 taxa). Some (ten) of the species reported within the Chlorophyceae (Volvocales) and Prasinophyceae (Chlorodendrales, Pyramimonadales) are unicellular and can be considered to be phytoplanktonic, although they thrive in mediolittoral and supralittoral pools and have been classically included in the checklists of marine macroalgae. Thus, strictly benthic chlorophytes number 180 instead of the 190 reported in Table 1. We also include in the list of the flowering plants (phylum Magnoliophyta) those that are usually considered as seagrasses (four autochthonous species and one introduced) as well as two other species typical from brackish waters that they can also be collected in extremely shallow lagoons and sheltered bays (Ruppia spp.). The percentage of endemic species at a basin level ranges from approximately 10% in the phylum Chlorophyta to 30% in the phylum Heterokontophyta, with an average of 22.3% for all the macrophytobenthos (see Table S8). The higher number of endemics is found within the Rhodophyceae, which hosts a large number of deep water red algae considered to be endemic. However, this number is decreasing as increasing studies of macroalgae are made in Macaronesian islands and warm-temperate eastern Atlantic Ocean (coasts of Portugal and Spain) using SCUBA. They are reporting a high number of Mediterranean supposed endemics [e.g. 12,13,14,15]. Within the red algae the highest numbers of endemics are found in Polysiphonia (12) and Acrochaetium (nine), but both genus need nomenclatural and taxonomical reinvestigations, and these numbers could decrease significantly. Other genera with a high number of endemics include Peyssonnelia (six), Rodriguezella (four), Osmundea (four), and Kallymenia (three). Ptilophora mediterranea is an interesting endemic of the eastern Mediterranean basin with its closest relatives being found in the Indian Ocean, suggesting that it is a paleoendemic that overcame the Messinian salinity crisis. Within the brown algae, the genus Cystoseira alone accounts for 37 endemic taxa (23 species, and 14 infraspecific entities), which makes this genus a landmark in the marine Mediterranean flora. Most Cystoseira endemic species are considered neoendemic as they have probably evolved from Atlantic taxa entering the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean starting after the Messinian salinity crisis [16]. Moreover species of the genus Cystoseira act as ecosystem engineers in sublitoral Mediterranean communities and are of paramount ecological importance, similar to that played by species of the order Laminariales in other temperate seas and oceans. Also a member of the order Fucales, Fucus virsoides, is a neoendemic restricted to the northern Adriatic and the only true Mediterranean representative of this genus. Another important endemic brown alga is Laminaria rodriguezii, known from the Adriatic and the western basin, with apparently no relationships with other European species of this genus, and considered to be a Tethys relic [17]. Stands of 22

69 Laminaria rodriguezii are restricted to deep waters, usually below 70 meters depth. Other canopy-forming Laminariales and Tilopteridales (e.g. Laminaria ochroleuca, Saccorhiza polyschides) are very uncommon in the Mediterranean and they are only found in the Messinian strait, between Italy and Sicily, and in places subjected to surface water inflow from the Atlantic ocean (southern Spain and Moroccan and Algerian coasts). Amongst the green algae, the highest number of endemics is found in Ulva but, again, this is a genus where nomenclatural and taxonomical reinvestigations are required. Within the flowering plants, Posidonia oceanica is the only endemic, with its closest relatives found again in the Indian Ocean (coasts of southern Australia), suggesting that P. oceanica is a Tethys relic [17]. Moreover, P. oceanica forms extensive meadows in the infralittoral zone, from the surface in sheltered areas to more than 40 m depth in the crystal-clear waters of the eastern Mediterranean, which makes it the most important Mediterranean shallow-water ecosystem. It is only absent in the easternmost area of the Mediterranean, the Moroccan coast and areas of southern Spain situated close to the Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean Sea is a hot spot for marine introduced species and up to 114 introduced macrophytes have been reported, representing the 10% of the known marine flora. At present, the main vector of introduction of marine macrophytes is aquaculture which surpasses the Suez Canal [7]. The highest number of exotic algae is currently found in coastal lagoons from the Gulf of Lions and northern Adriatic and not in the eastern basin, unlike other groups [18]. According to Boudouresque and Verlaque [8], at least eight introduced species merit the category of invasive as they play a conspicuous role in the recipient ecosystems: Sargassum muticum, Stypopodium schimperi, Acrothamnion preissii, Asparagopsis armata, Lophocladia lallemandii, Womersleyella setacea, Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea, Caulerpa taxifolia and Halophila stipulacea. However, sometimes the invasive capacity of these species is not the same in the different sub-basins, geographical areas or environments and we still do not know which are the features of the species and the environment that allow a species to become invasive. There is a gradient of species richness between the western to the eastern basin as it has been observed in most groups of organisms (Table 2). For example of the total number of 263 species of the order Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) reported in the checklist, 94% appear in the western basin, 80% in the border between eastern and western basins (Sicily, Tunisia, Ionian Sea), 75% in the Adriatic, and 73% in the eastern basin. Some seagrass meadows, algal stands, and algal-dominated communities and landscapes are known to be threatened in the Mediterranean [19]. Airoldi and Beck [20] reported coastal development and water quality, followed by destructive fishing, and diseases, pests and predators as the main drivers of the loss of seagrass meadows and macroalgal stands along European coasts, including the Mediterranean. Coastal management, and chemical pollution, as well as trawling, invasive species, increased epiphytism and increased herbivory by sea-urchins are amongst the main causes of the decline of Posidonia oceanica meadows [21]. Overgrazing by sea urchins, out-competition by mussels, habitat destruction related to coastal management, chemical pollution, increased water turbidity, human trampling and direct plant destruction attributed to net fishing and even scientific sampling have been blamed for the local extinction of up to 11 taxa belonging to the genera Cystoseira and Sargassum in the eastern Pyrenees (France) [22]. Colonization by turf algae [23] and global change [24] have also been considered as factors explaining the decrease in Fucales (i.e. brown algae). Increasing abundance of turf-forming, 23

70 filamentous, or ephemeral algae are also reported as the main cause for the decline of macroalgal stands [25,26]. Trawling, alien invasions, waste waters, diving activities and large scale events involving mass-mortalities are reported as the main causes of disturbance affecting deep-water coralline algae-dominated environments (coralligenous and maërl beds) [27]. At present there is no species of macroalgae or seagrass that has became extinct at the basin scale, but there are some reports of extinctions at local scales [e.g. 22], which can result in a total extinction for some endemics with reduced geographical distribution (e.g. some Cystoseira spp.). The only text regarding habitat and species protection at a regional scale that has been signed by all the Mediterranean countries is the Barcelona Convention. Two Action Plans ("Marine Vegetation" and "Coralligenous and other calcareous bioconcretions") specifically deal with the protection of macrophytobenthos and the habitats they constitute. Another Action Plan ("Introduced and Invasive Species") and the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity ("SPA Protocol") deal also in part with marine macroalgae and seagrasses. At present, there are 14 species of macrophytes that are listed in the Annex II of the SPA Protocol but in 2009 a list with 44 species was proposed to the National Focal Points for approval. Engineering species, both fleshy (most Cystoseira spp., Sargassum spp., Laminaria spp., Posidonia oceanica, Zostera spp.) and calcareous (Titanoderma ramosissimum, T. trochanter, Tenarea tortuosa, Lithophyllum byssoides) will all be hopefully included in the Annex II in the near future, as well as some rare and highly threatened deep-water endemics. At a European level there are several EEC Directives that protect marine vegetation: Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and Marine Strategy Directive (2008/56/EC). Within the Habitats Directive, although no marine macrophytes are listed in the Annex II - species whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation -, Posidonia oceanica meadows are a priority natural habitat type and Member States have designated special areas of conservation to ensure its protection. The Water Framework Directive indirectly protects macroalgae and seagrasses as its purpose is to prevent further deterioration and to protect/enhance the ecological status of aquatic coastal (and freshwater) ecosystems, in a similar way that it is stated in the Marine Strategy Directive for all marine ecosystems. Moreover, a Council Regulation (EC 1967/2006, 21 December 2006) concerning management measures for the sustainable exploitation of fishery resources in the Mediterranean Sea, prohibits fishing with trawl nets, dredges, seines or similar nets above seagrass meadows, coralligenous concretions and maërl beds, which, if correctly implemented in all Member States, should be an important measure for protection of these habitats. However, even with all these regulations, and as far as the protection of marine macrophytobenthic diversity is concerned, habitat destruction and degradation, changes in water quality and turbidity associated to pollution, habitat modification due to changes in the food web of anthropogenic origin, and invasive species will continue to be the major threats in the short and mid-term. We already know that the impact of increasing temperatures and decreasing ph associated to climate change will enhance the development of warm water species (and doing so the expansion of Lessepsian migrants), will cause the rarefaction or even extinction of some species of cold water affinities, will enhance the production of fleshy algae, and will inhibit the growth of calcareous algae [e.g. 28,29]. Animalia 24

71 All animal phyla with marine representatives are present in the Mediterranean Sea, including the puzzling phyla discovered in recent times, Loricifera and Cycliphora, by Reinhardt Kristensen in 1983, and R. Kristensen and Peter Funch in 1995, respectively. Loricifera was first recorded in the Mediterranean Sea by Todaro and Kristensen [30] with the description of the new species Nanoloricus khaitatus. Larvae of two additional undescribed species of this phylum have been mentioned by Hofrichter [31]. On the other hand, Baker et al. [32] and Baker and Giribet [33] pointed out the presence of at least two species of Cycliphora in the Mediterraean, Symbium pandora and a undescribed species found in Croatia. In this synthesis, we especially focused our efforts on diversity of the phyla a) Porifera, b) Cnidaria, with emphasis on Anthozoa, c) Mollusca, d) Annelida, with emphasis on Polychaeta, e) Arthropoda, with emphasis on Decapoda, Cumacea and Mysidacea, f) Bryozoa, g) Echinodermata, h) Sipuncula, i) other invertebrates such as nematodes, and less conspicuous species of the meiobenthos, j) Tunicata with emphasis on Ascidiacea, and k) the subphylum Vertebrata (including fish, marine mammals, sea turtles and seabirds). - Porifera Mediterranean sponges are an important component of the sublittoral and circalittoral hard substrata communities. They thrive in sciaphilic habitats such as the coralligenous environment [34], submerged or semi-submerged caves [35,36], living also in the proximity of hydrothermal vents [37]. This phylum has been a subject of interest for humans in the littoral of the Mediterranean Sea since the time of Aristotle (4 th century BC), who reported five different sponge species in his zoological writings [38]. However, systematic investigation of sponge species occurred after the 17 th century. Mediterranean sponge faunal list (at least demosponges which contain 85% of all living sponges) has been recently reviewed and updated by Pansini and Longo [39] and Voultsiadou [40]. Here we updated previous efforts using literature references. The total number of species from the Mediterranean Sea is to date 681, including 629 Demospongiae, 44 Calcarea, and 8 Hexactinellida. Lists of the Porifera species recorded from the Mediterranean are available in the World Porifera Database [41] and the World Register of Marine species [42], and corresponding percentages (calculated according to the Systema Porifera, [43] for each demosponge order separately are illustrated in Figure S1. Due to their sessile habit and their short-lived, current dependant larvae [44], a large number of the Mediterranean demosponges (~48%) are endemic and only 11.5% are cosmopolitan or circumtropical [39]. The strong zoogeographical affinity of the Mediterranean sponge fauna with that of the Atlantic [45] is reflected in species composition, with 37.5% of the Mediterranean sponges being of Atlantic origin, while only few (~3%) are Indo-Pacific [39]. Although several species had been assumed to be Lessepsian migrants [46], recent studies [47] support that their identity with known Red Sea or Indo-Pacific species can be either rejected or remains highly doubtful, and that they are rather thermophilous remnants from an ancient warm period of the Mediterranean. Deep-sea sponges have been studied mostly in the western Mediterranean [48,49]; although bathyal species have been considered as widely distributed [50] and eurybathic [51] recent research revealed several species endemic in the bathyal zone of the eastern Basin [52]. 25

72 The distribution of demosponge species and genera richness in the different regions of the Mediterranean is also uneven (Figure S2). Four major zoogeographic sub-areas have been identified in the Mediterranean according to the affinities of their sponge fauna: the northwestern, north-eastern, the central zone, and the south-eastern areas [40]. A clear prevalence of the north-western basin, which hosts 78% of the total Mediterranean demosponge species and a decline pattern in sponge diversity from the north-western to the south-eastern is observed. The 14 demosponge orders are represented all over the Mediterranean; nevertheless, a gradual decrease in species numbers of Poecillosclerida and an increase of Dictyoceratida, Halichondrida, and Homosclerophorida is observed from the northwest to the southeast Mediterranean [53]. The Mediterranean sponge fauna can be characterized as well studied. However, the knowledge of the distribution of the sponge fauna is far from uniform. While substantial effort has been invested in the study of the northern coastline, investigation in the southern areas and the Levantine has been arguably sporadic and limited [39]. This is especially crucial for environments where sponge diversity is acknowledged to be high, such as sciaphilic habitats, or those which constitute a promising field for discovering new biodiversity, such as deep-sea and extreme environments [37,52,54]. Lately there has been an additional source of new sponge diversity in the form of cryptic species. The difficulties that sponges manifest to the taxonomist are notorious, mostly due to the lack or plasticity of distinguishing morphologic characters that is inherent in several taxa or groups [55]. Molecular data from recent studies have highlighted this concealed biodiversity [56,57,58,59,60]. Sponges demonstrate a wide variety of roles related to the functioning of marine ecosystems, including creation and modification of substrate, benthic-pelagic coupling, as well as a spectrum of interactions and associations with marine organisms [61,62,63]. Although sponges are present in most aquatic environments, the preponderance of their biodiversity occurs in specific habitats, such as coastal hard substrate formations, caves and overhangs, reefs and seamounts, as well as detritic and coralligenous seabeds. These ecosystems are highly vulnerable to degradation both by localized factors such as coastal pollution or industrial fishing [64,65] and global climate change phenomena [66]. The latter can also have a direct effect on sponge diversity, promoting mortality events on several species of the littoral community [67,68]. Thus, the protection of Mediterranean sponge biodiversity is utterly dependant on the protection of those sensitive aquatic environments. Initiations on protection and management plans both in local and global scale will thus have critical effect on the preservation of evidenced or yet unspecified sponge diversity. Sponges also frequently act as ecosystem engineers offering a living substratum to numerous other organisms [69]. Thus, they constitute important biodiversity hotspots in the Mediterranean environment deserving special attention and protection. Sponges can be commercial products, with a commercial interest that has been traditionally restricted to the common high quality bath sponges of the Mediterranean. Five species, Spongia officinalis, S. mollisima, S. zimocca, S. lamella, and Hippospongia communis have been harvested since early historical times and intensively throughout the 20 th century, especially at the eastern and southern part of the basin [70]. The economic and social importance of bath sponges has been significant, as they were, and still are, exported and utilized worldwide [71]. Moreover, the Mediterranean is rich in sponge species with potential bioactive components [72] producing secondary metabolites with anticancer, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or antifouling 26

73 activity [73]. Since production requirements can not be sustainably met by harvesting wild populations, in situ sponge culture is being investigated [74]. Mariculture has been investigated for the production of Mediterranean bath sponges [75], especially after the natural populations faced a dramatic decline due to the combined effect of uncontrolled harvesting and several mass mortality events [76], as well as climate warming [68,77]. Progress towards management and protection measures aiming at species is critical, regarding sponges utilized as biological resources. Those include the Mediterranean bath sponges, as well as species with proved or potential value for the pharmaceutical industry. The lack of control characterizing intensive bath sponge harvesting throughout the 20 th century in the Mediterranean is acknowledged as an apparent cause for the recent decline of natural populations. Sixteen Mediterranean sponge species have been included in the Barcelona (Annex II and III) the Bern Convention (Appendices II and III) as worthy of protection or exploitation regulation. - Cnidaria We summarized available information for the Classes hydrozoans, scyphozoans and cubozoan [31,78], while a special emphasis is put on anthozoans. Anthozoans are common in most marine habitats from shallow to deep oceanic waters. Although most anthozoans occur on hard substrata (Gorgonacea, Scleractinia, etc.), a large number are adapted to life in mud, sand or gravel (Pennatulacea, Ceriantharia) in big range of current velocities but favoring for strong ones [e.g. 79,80]. They feed on nanoeukaryotes, dinoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates, as well as detrital POC and are generally considered microplankton suspension feeder [81]. For some the nutrition comes via their symbiotic relationship with small algae living in their gastrodermis and other are carnivorous [e.g. 82,83,84]. Although Aristotle (4 th century BC) was the first to mention the presence of four anthozoans in the Aegean Sea [38], the knowledge on biodiversity of this group in the Mediterranean Sea rose after 17 th century. Here we revise previous estimates of anthozoan diversity. A total of 757 species of Cnidaria are currently quantified (Table 1 and Table S1). Anthozoa species recorded so far are 164 species including 51 Octocorallia and 113 Hexacorallia (Table S13). Two primary faunal components are recognized: Atlantic-Mediterranean (62.20% of the fauna by numbers of species) and endemic (21.95%). The boreal component contributes only minimally (1.83%), while the remaining fauna is made up of cosmopolitan (8.54%) and Amphi- Atlantic species (4.88%). There is only one confirmed Indo-Pacific component (A. erythraea) in the Mediterranean Sea. Introduced corals into the Mediterranean have been cited due to shipping via the Atlantic: Oculina patagonica and Diadumene cincta [85,86], and in the Red Sea: Acabaria erythraea [87]. The geographical and bathymetric distribution of anthozoan species and genera richness in the different regions of the Mediterranean is rather uneven (Table 2, and Table S13). Three major zoogeographical zones have been identified in the Mediterranean according to the affinities of their anthozoan fauna: a zone of high diversity (Alboran Sea, Western basin, Tyrrhenian basin), a zone of moderate diversity (Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea), and a zone of impoverished diversity (Ionian basin, Levantine basin). The higher species diversity in the western basin can be explained by the occurrence of a number of Atlantic species with eastern boundaries in the Mediterranean, i.e. in various areas of the western basin [88,89,90]. Intensive research effort in the western Mediterranean may also be responsible for this difference in numbers. Another 27

74 reason is the general impoverishment in the diversity of the eastern part biota due to the oligotrophic conditions in the area [91]. Corals have been used since antiquity for jewellery, costume accessories and souvenirs [92], and also produce diverse compounds useful in medicine [93]. Harvesting and ripping out of colonies, as well as chemical pollution, burial and sediments deposition, are harming too many species, particularly permanently attached, erect forms such as gorgonians, antipatharians and scleractinians. Red coral (Corallium rubrum) is a precious coral and has been widely sought after since ancient times in the Mediterranean. Nowadays it is one of the most over-exploited invertebrates in this sea [e.g. 92,94]. Less than 20% of the corals living in the Mediterranean have been included under the annexes of the conventions for the protection of animal life. The most of them (85%) are only protected under Annex II of CITES, which does not extend full protection but rather regulates their commercial trade. Six of them are protected under EC legislation or international conventions and two are included in the lists of maximum protection [95]. - Mollusca Mollusks are important components of marine communities worldwide, making up to 15-25% of the benthic macrofauna. This is one of the few phyla that are routinely taken into consideration in marine biodiversity surveys and are considered to be an appropriate indicator group for rapid assessment of diversity inhabiting a particular area [96]. Their importance did not escape early human settlers who clearly appreciated their value as seafood or the beauty of their shells. The Mediterranean molluscan fauna is one of the most anciently studied. Most malacologist, professional or amateur, are aware of the seminal works of Forbes (1844) for the Aegean Sea, Philippi (1836) for Sicily, or Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus ( ) from the French Mediterranean coast, among others. In the late 19 th century, syntheses of available knowledge on the Mediterranean mollusks were provided by Weinkauff, Monterosato, Carus, among others. General collecting procedures, techniques and gears are used to sample mollusks in the Mediterranean (towed nets to sample planktonic species, fishing gears to sample cephalopods, bottom sledges, dredges, grabs, box samplers or corers to collect members of the infauna, scuba diving sampling for littoral species living of rocky bottoms, and many other specialized methods). A useful and rapid method to give preliminary background information of the mollusks diversity of a particular area is the study of small samples of bioclastic sediments (a sediment type composed of fragments of organic skeletal materials and shells of micromollusks). Empty shells are a biodiversity indicator that points the difficulty of estimating the real magnitude of species richness for taxonomical groups that do not have post mortem remains, such as flatworms, polychaetes, meiofauna, or peracarid crustaceans [96]. One small sample of bioclastic sediment in the Mediterranean may contain more than 100 species of mollusks [97]. In the Mediterranean, 2113 species of marine mollusks are known. Table S14 shows the completed species list of mollusks, including cephalopods, based on Sabelli et al. [98] and Bello [99] and updated from CLEMAM database (Check List of the European Marine Mollusca: The class Gastropoda is the one with higher number of species (74% of all known species in the Mediterranean), followed by Bivalvia (19%), Cephalopoda (3%), Polyplacophora (1.5%), Solenogastres (1.4%), Scaphopoda (0.7%), 28

75 Aplacophora (0.4%), and Monoplacophora (0.05%). In general, mollusks show a decreasing biodiversity from the west to the east, with about 45% of the species in the eastern basin (Table 2 shows data regarding cephalopods and gastropods). Two main hot spots for mollusks are observed in the Alboran Sea and the area around Sicily. A mixture of Mediterranean and Atlantic species are present in the former, where Penas et al. [100] recorded up to 655 species of mollusks in a small area surrounding the Alboran Island. On the other hand, the central zone of the Mediterranean Sea around Sicily is an area with a high degree of endemic species. Moreover, the Mediterranean Sea currently hosts more than 150 exotic species of mollusks, of which about 90 forms established populations [101,102]. The bulk of the introduced species of mollusks in the Mediterranean (about 154) are species of Indo-Pacific origin, mostly as Lessepsian immigrant. Mediterranean mollusks are highly diverse from a morphological and ecological point of view, ranging from minute wormlike interstitial animals (smaller than 1 mm) to giant squids (Architeuthis), and from minute snails (0.7 mm in Retrotortina fuscata) to giant fan shells (up to 90 cm in Pinna nobilis). Within gastropods (the most diverse class of mollusks) almost 35% of the species have an adult size smaller than 5 mm (micro-mollusks). By contrast, species larger than 50 mm account only less than 3%. Nevertheless, faunal surveys and inventories have a tendency to focus on the large species of seashells and neglect the smaller species. While members of most classes of mollusks are adapted to a particular environment or life-stile (caudofoveates, scaphopods, and most of bivalves are members of the infauna of sedimentary bottoms, monoplacophorans and polyplacophorans live on rocky surfaces, solenogastres are epifaunal members that prey upon cnidarians, cephalopods are highly specialized predators), gastropods are present in any marine environment (from hydrothermal vents to the pelagic realm), and they show great disparity in external form and behaviour. All kind of feeding habits (micrograzers, deposit feeders, herbivores, filter feeders, parasites, generalist or specialized predators, and scavengers) can be found within gastropods. All species of the order Acochlidiacea are interstitial animals, and all members of the orders Thecosomata and Gymnosomata and few others are holoplanktonic animals. Within the pelagic realm, cephalopods are the only group of mollusks that have nektonic species, reaching large adult size, are placed as predators competing with fishes. Most of the benthonic mollusks live in littoral areas or in the continental shelf (about 96% of the species) and only about 4% belong to the bathyal fauna. Some groups of mollusks evidence significant degree of endemics, for example, nearly 10% of the Mediterranean cephalopods are considered endemic or quasi-endemic, a characteristic observed in the Family Sepiolidae [99]. Although mollusks have been more intensely studied in the Mediterranean than almost in any other sea since the antiquity, an average of five to ten new marine species of mollusks are still being described each year in this sea. As an example, Penas et al. [100] recently described eight new species of gastropods near the Alboran Island. Currently, large-scale DNA sequencing provides the view of biodiversity being underestimated in all parts of the tree of life due the existence of cryptic species. Therefore, probably many more Mediterranean new species of mollusks will be recognized in the next years [e.g. 103]. Besides, many exotic species are being added to the native species because the global process of bioinvasions is affecting notably the Mediterranean Sea, as it has been commented before. 29

76 Habitat loss and degradation is the main threat that impacts the molluscan diversity in the Mediterranean coasts, following by over-exploitation and fisheries (due to cephalopods and bivalves are important fishing resources for Mediterranean countries), pollution, introduction of new species, climate change and others. These threats are frequently cumulative and cause biotic homogenization and impoverishment. Mass mortalities have also known on some species, for instance the bivalve Spondylus gaederopus suffered widespread mortality in 1981 and 1982 [104] probably because a viral, bacterial or fungal infection. Besides, anchor causes notably damage the populations of the large fan shell Pinna nobilis [105]. In some cases, fishing periods coincide with reproductive seasons for cephalopod species, increasing the impact on their populations [106,107]. Seventeen Mediterranean species of mollusks have been included in the Anex II of the Barcelona Convention (Annex II and III) and Appendix II of the Bern Convention as worthy of protection. One of the species included in these lists is the data mussel Lithophaga lithophaga, because its overfishing by scuba divers causes serious damage along calcareous coasts of the Mediterranean Sea [108,109]. This boring bivalve is harvested by scuba divers, who smash the rocks with chisels or pneumatic hammers to detach the specimens from the walls into which their live. The major consequence is the removal of the biological cover (macroalgae and zoobenthos), which ranges from bare patches to complete desertification of the bottom communities [110]. - Polychaeta Polychaeta are truly segmented worms belonging to the phylum Annelida, among which they represent the class with the largest number of described Mediterranean species. The Mediterranean Polychaeta fauna has always been among the most intensively studied. A wide panoply of sampling and analytical methods are involved in the study of polychaetes [111,112,113,114], while major insights in revealing cryptic species have been obtained, and more are still expected, from the use of fine morphological [e.g. 115], and molecular techniques [e.g. 116]. Based on an extensive taxonomic revision of all known European polychaetes, in which all existing literature up to 2008 has been checked and contrasted, we updated the total estimates for the Mediterranean polychaete species (see Table S16), which is then compared with the respective estimates for geographically restricted areas (western and eastern basins, and the Iberian Mediterranean coasts). Polychaetes have a wide size range, extending from small meiofauna (less than 1 mm long) to big megafaunal (reaching about three m long) organisms, and are among the most common inhabitants of marine benthic bottoms, from shallow-waters to deep-sea and from brackish to hypersaline waters, with well-consolidated incursions into the plankton, as well as in continental environments [117]. They inhabit all types of substrata, from rocky bottoms to muddy sediments, where they may be among the most dominant organisms, both in terms of abundance and biomass, and also often in diversity [118]. Most of them are free-living, showing a variety of feeding strategies [119], but there are numerous cases of more or less specialized symbionts, from parasites to mutualists, living in association with many marine taxa, including other polychaetes [120]. There are numerous works in the Mediterranean Sea comprising different geographical ambits, which include more or less complete taxonomic compilations of polychaete species (see Table 30

77 S16). A first attempt to estimate the total number of benthic Mediterranean polychaetes was done by Bellan [121] who reported 950 species. More recently, Arvanitidis et al. [122] extensively analysed the Mediterranean and Black Sea polychaete biodiversity patterns, reporting 1036 species as valid (based on a 1999 inventory). Our analysis reveals that the whole Mediterranean polychaete fauna currently includes 1122 species, grouped in 452 genera belonging to 72 families. According to Arvanitidis et al. [122], the Mediterranean polychaetes are dominated by cosmopolitan species (more than 30% of the total), while the Mediterranean endemics represented 18.8%. However, the former trend (often attributed to the presence of opportunistic species), may be confusing, as many supposed cosmopolitan species revealed to have, after recent accurate morphological and/or genetic studies, more geographically restricted distributions, and the Mediterranean cosmopolites (e.g. Haplosyllis spongicola) are certainly not an exception [see 123]. In turn, a few Mediterranean endemics have to be removed from this category after looking at the adequate habitats in other biogeographical regions, or as a consequence of more precise taxonomic revisions. Haplosyllis chamaeleon (a symbiotic species associated to the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, another Mediterranean endemics), has been recently found to live in association with Paramuricea grayii in the Atlantic coasts of Galicia, Iberian Peninsula [123], while Acanthicolepis costeaui was shown to be a junior synonym of Acanthicolepis asperrima, a species with a wider distribution along the European Atlantic coast [124]. Thus, the number of species known only from the Mediterranean Sea may be currently estimated as 210, taking into account that it is not yet possible to assess how many of them are truly Mediterranean endemics. The western Mediterranean is the richest basin for polychaetes, and most likely the best studied too (Table 2). It is harbouring 85% of the species. The Central Basin, Adriatic Sea and Aegean Sea harboured a 50%, respectively, while the Levantine Basin harboured less than 45%. A total of 946 polychaete species are known from the western Mediterranean, 877 (78%) from the eastern Mediterranean, and 601 (54%) from the Iberian Mediterranean coasts. Therefore, the western basin is a 6% richer than the eastern one, but we have to consider the spectacular increase of the diversity of the polychaete fauna from the eastern basin lately, probably associated with the increasing number of studies in this biogeographic region. The Iberian Mediterranean has a reduced set of species, but its variation in taxonomic distinctness (283.4), shows a significant departure (p = 0.08) from the upper limit of the simulated distribution [125,126,127], indicating that some higher taxa include more species than those expected at random. A possible explanation may be the recent faunistic efforts concentrated in a few families carried out within the frame of the Fauna Iberica project [128,129]. New species are still being described either as a result of studying common habitats using new approaches [e.g. 130], or unexplored environments or regions in any way [e.g. 114], while an additional source of diversity may be invasive species [131] including Lessepsian migrants [e.g. 132], which were estimated to be around 6-7% the known Mediterranean species (i.e known invaders nowadays). The same occurs with a significant part of the southern coasts, and major advances in terms of the knowledge of the diversity of the group may be expected from the exploration of these regions. The average number of polychaete species that have been newly described from Mediterranean waters is 3.8 per year, since the first one described by Linné 31

78 [133]. This rhythm of descriptions was almost four times higher (12.4 new species per year) during the 1860s, with the concurrent works of R. E. Claparède, A. E. Grube and E. H. Ehlers, among others, and was almost twice as high (5.7 new species per year) during the late 1960 s and early 1970 s. In the last five years ( ), there has been an average of 4.2 newly described Mediterranean polychaete species per year (Figure 13a). Although the deep-sea Mediterranean bottoms seem to be less rich that those from the nearby seas (e.g. the Atlantic ones), they are still largely unexplored. The same occurs with a significant part of the southern coasts, both of the western and eastern basins. Major advances in terms of the knowledge of the diversity of the group may be expected from the exploration of these regions. Major threats to polychaete diversity in the Mediterranean Sea may be linked to the increasing anthropogenization of the coasts, the global increase of temperatures, changes in the water quality (e.g. acidification, turbidity), overfishing, or the presence of introduced/invasive species, sometimes in a massive way like in the case of the reef-building serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus [134]. Polychaetes can also play a harmful role as fouling organisms in ship-hulls or harbours and other marine structures, as pests in natural and cultured oyster populations, or as introduced species, with the subsequent economical losses [e.g. 135]. Moreover, some polychaetes are eaten by humans, mainly those known as palolo worms [136], while others have been traditionally used in local pharmacopoeia [e.g. 137]. The presence of toxins or venom glands in some groups (e.g, Amphionomidae, Glycera, Metaxypsamma), and the fact that other groups are chemically defended [e.g. 138], opens the possibility of new investigations and applications in pharmacology and medicine. Polychaetes have also a significant economical relevance, as revealed by the growing commercial activities and the international market for polychaete species that are dug up or farmed, mainly for being used as fishing bait and as a food item in aquaculture, with the implied risk of introducing foreign species and associated pathogens or other non-native organisms in the wild [e.g. 139,140]. Threats to polychaete diversity may be also linked to overfishing. However, polychaetes are ubiquitous and, unless major perturbations occur, the only expected consequences would be the replacement of some species by others locally or regionally. An exception may be species associated with restricted habitats, like coastal lagoons, or with specialized life habits, like the symbiotic Ichthyotomus sanguinarius [an external parasite of eels never found again since its original description, 141]. - Arthropoda This phylum is highly diverse and species can be found all along the Mediterranean Sea and among the most common habitats. The estimation of total number of species is difficult because species vary enormously in size and habitats, as well as they go through metamorphic changes that have confused taxonomists for centuries. Information for this synthesis came from several sources (Table 1 and Table S1). Crustaceans are the dominant group in terms of biodiversity and they include some commercial groups that have been better studied (such as decapods or stomatopods). Estimates for several arthropod groups of the Mediterranean Sea have been listed in regional lists along the basins, and several checklists exist (Table 1 and Table S1). Here we summarize main species estimates and we revised in detail the estimates available for i) cumaceans, ii) mysidaceans and iii) decapods. 32

79 A total of 2244 species of crustaceans have been registered so far in the Mediterranean Sea (Table 1 and Table S1). Cumaceans and mysidaceans are important groups belonging to the suprabenthos communities. Studies in the western Mediterranean showed that they can comprise from 42% of total suprabenthos in deep waters [ m, 163] to 61.8% in shallower areas [1-3 m, 164]. A total of 871 species are listed here to be the principal components of the Mediterranean suprabenthos communities, including Cumacea, Mysida and Lophogastrida, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Tanaidacea, and Euhpausiacea. (i) Cumaceans: Accurately sampling the near-bottom invertebrate swimming species (in the suprabenthic habitat) is a difficult task due to the size of the species and their behaviour. Cumaceans, for example, were considered during long time larval stages of other crustaceans. Adult cumaceans range from 1.5 to 35 mm total length but they grow into small development instars before reaching the adult form. Fractions of a same population are lost if they are sampled or sieved with standard mesh size such in studies of macrofauna [142]. Cumaceans live in the water-sediment interface, they burrow into the sediment, and some littoral species migrate to the water surface during night-time [143]. Studies to quantify their biodiversity use dredges, and when densities are low, as frequently it happens in deep water, suprabenthic or epibenthic sledges that collect animals from the nearest sea floor water layer are used. It was only in 1870 when cumaceans were recognized as an independent order. Since then, the knowledge of this crustacean group has grown slowly and taxonomic effort has varied greatly among biogeographical regions. The Mediterranean Sea, together with the northeast Atlantic Ocean, is likely one of the best-studied regions in the world. Our estimates show that cumaceans from the Mediterranean are composed of 99 species (Table S17). Six of the eight cumacean families are present in the Mediterranean Sea, lacking the family Gynodiastylidae, distributed in the southern Hemisphere and the family Ceratocumidae, the species of which are restricted to deep waters. Nannastacidae is the most specious family (28 species), followed by Bodotriidae and Diastylidae (27 and 23 species respectively). Leuconidae is represented by 13 species while Lampropidae and Pseudocumatidae have only four species each. The level of endemics is relatively high reaching to 32.3% for the whole Mediterranean Sea. In addition to the still unknown cumaceans Mediterranean species, it is also very probable that other foreigners could invade this sea. This fact has been already observed in the Levantine Sea where a Red Sea species was recently found [165]. In the NW Mediterranean there are 78 cumacean species known that account the 91.8% of those recorded for the western basin, and the 78.8% of those in the whole Mediterranean Sea. Conversely, in the Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of Sintra and the Adriatic Sea only few species have been recorded (four and 13, respectively). A total of 85 species are recorded in the western basin versus 74 in the eastern (Table S18). However, high differences in species richness observed in the four regions considered of the western basin are mostly due to the different taxonomical effort instead to an actual difference between the fauna of these seas. Both basins have 15 endemic species in common, while there are 11 endemic species exclusives from the western basin, and seven from the eastern. In terms of percentage, endemics are very similar in both basins (30.6% in the western and 29.7% in the eastern). The taxonomic effort to describe cumaceans diversity varied also greatly among regions and areas such as the Adriatic Sea or the Gulf of Gabés are practically unknown. The accumulation 33

80 curve of cumaceans species discovered (described or first recorded) in the Mediterranean Sea (Figure 13b) shows that no asymptote has been reached so far, and therefore, there has been no slowing in the rate of discovery of Mediterranean cumaceans since late 19 th century. This represents an annual increase of about 0.5% of the known Mediterranean cumaceans. This rate of discovery, despite it seems low, is very similar to observed in most groups of crustaceans [172]. Human activities manly focused on littoral waters such as fishing, coastal engineering, sandy beach restoration, fish farming, etc., are affecting and will affect the area where cumacean diversity and level of endemics of these crustaceans are highest. Cumaceans, and especially those living in shallowest bottoms, are very sensitive with the mean size grain of the sediment [173] and small changes in its composition may lead to the disappearance of certain species. Changes in the cumacean assemblage structure were already observed in the Spanish coast induced by massive influxes of waste water and sludge discharges [174]. Increment in shipping, as well as in water temperature because the global warming, will favour the establishment of aliens that could threaten the autochthonous cumaceans fauna. (ii) Mysidaceans: They are regularly represented in the Mediterranean Sea, from the Alboran Sea to the Marmara Sea and from the coastal lagoons and beaches to the bathyal environments. The majority of the species live as well in the suprabenthic habitat, but some can be found in hard bottoms (or caves) or performing vertical migrations between the bottom and the surface, mainly at night. The studies of Mediterranean mysidacean began in 1837, when the first two species were described by Milne-Edwards. During the decades of several species were described as a result of intensive sampling by diverse authors (G.O. Sars, W. Tattersall, V. Czerniavsky, M. Bacescu). From Bacescu [144] contribution, the knowledge of the mysidacean biodiversity has grown regularly until now. Several methods are used to sample the majority of lophogastrid and mysid species [145,146]. The majority of world species [74%, 147] live in the suprabenthic habitat (or hyperbenthic, composed of near-bottom swimming species), which need specific gears to sample. The most efficient mysidacean samplers, and in general for suprabenthos, are nets mounted on suprabenthic sledges that are towed over the surface of the sediment [148,149]. The choice of a suprabenthos sampling equipment depends largely on local conditions (e.g. depth of the samples, size of the ship, power and capabilities of the lifting gears, bottom conditions, etc.). Coastal mysids, especially in hard bottoms (or caves) can also be sampled by Scuba using diver-operated specially-designed suction bottles or plankton nets. Many mysidaceans species exhibit pelagic phases and perform vertical migrations between the bottom and the surface, mainly at night. Pelagic samples can be taken with plankton nets (such as rectangular mid-water trawl, obliquely Tucker trawl, or vertically plummet net). However, coastal and oceanic strictly pelagic species are relatively few in number. Mediterranean mysidaceans are composed of 38 genera and 102 species. Four of the seven mysidacean families are present in the Mediterranean Sea, lacking the family Petalophthalmidae (order Mysida) whose species are restricted to deep waters. The two families of the order Stygiomysida are a small group of cavernicoulus mysids endemic of caves in Central America and Mediterranean fresh waters caves but without known representation in the Mediterranean marine environment. A complete list of genera and species of the Orders Lophogastrida and Mysida at present known from the Mediterranean marine waters, their geographical distribution, 34

81 and their habitat based on current information are provided in Tables S The Mediterranean mysidacean fauna consist of 37 endemic species, in addition to 48 species that also occur in the north-eastern Atlantic, and 18 cosmopolitan species. At present there are few invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea: the Ponto-Caspian mysid Hemimysis anomala, and the Atlantic species Neomysis integer, both recently detected and confirmed, respectively, in the estuary of the Grand Rhône [166]. There is a decrease in mysidacean species richness from the west to the east basins (90 known species in the western basin versus 55 in the eastern) (Figure S3). Isopoda, Cirripeda, Amphipoda and Decapoda also show a general higher species richness in the western basin (Table 2). The mysidacean fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is also considered one of the best known faunas of the world [145]. However, while the marine mysid fauna of the north-western Mediterranean and the Tyrrhenian Sea (especially the Gulf of Naples) are the best known, various parts of the African coasts and of the eastern sector of the Mediterranean Sea have been little or no studied (Figure S3). The temporal trend of new species descriptions show a climbing curve that suggest that there is still a large number of unknown species to describe in this sea (Figure 13c). The impact of anthropogenic activities in the Mediterranean mysidacean is poorly documented. There are some evidences of significant changes in the mysidacean fauna in areas under strong anthropogenic pressure, thus most Mediterranean coasts. In some areas of the north-western basin there are indications of species substitutions of the genus Hemimysis, probably caused by global climate warming [175]. In the gulf of Naples, as a result of the eutrophication of waters and other anthropogenic coastal pressures, local population extinctions or strong area regressions have been described [176]. Unfortunately, many of the supposed new species could likely become extinct before we even know of their existence [147,176]. Biodiversity of Mediterranean lophogastrids and mysids is therefore immersed in a critical point of knowledge and scientists must work against time with the aim of not loosing such valuable biological information. (iii) Decapods: regarding their diversity, several early regional studies included substantial information [e.g. 150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157]. The first treatise on the whole Mediterranean decapod fauna was published by Heller [158] and listed 154 marine species. In the 20 th century important monographs updated the knowledge of regional faunas [159,160,161]. In the last twenty years our knowledge of the decapod fauna has progressed further, often as a by-product of the fishery surveys carried out to monitor the status of Mediterranean fishery resources that include high valued shrimps. Currently, there is a complete compilation on decapods of the Mediterranean Sea and north east Atlantic Ocean [162]. Overall 383 species, of those 309 autochthonous species in 63 families, have been reported in the Mediterranean Sea for decapods (against 480 species in 79 families in the Ibero-Mauritanian sectors of the Atlantic Ocean). The present autochthonous Mediterranean decapod fauna mirrors that of the temperate east Atlantic, even if it is significantly impoverished. This is due to the main connection of the Mediterranean to the eastern Atlantic Ocean through the Gibraltar Strait and that Mediterranean decapod fauna, after the Messinian salinity crisis, was rebuilt mainly from the east Atlantic stock of species. Forty Mediterranean autochthonous decapod species are endemic, and 12 of these are still known only for the type locality and the original description (Table S21). The cut of the Suez Canal in 1869 has restored the connection with the Indian Ocean, and since then, we have witnessed an exponential increment in the number of Indo- 35

82 pacific decapod species recorded in the eastern Mediterranean [167]. Some of them have become locally valuable fishery resources [168], others are deemed responsible for the reduction of the populations of some autochthonous species [169]. The arrival of a large number of Lessepsian immigrants in the Levantine Sea has significantly modified the biodiversity of its decapod fauna. Currently, the Mediterranean is hosting 74 non indigenous decapod species. The autochthonous decapod species recorded in the Levantine Sea are only 60% of those reported for the whole Mediterranean Sea, even if the intensified research effort in the Aegean and Levantine Seas in the last thirty years has proved the species richness of the autochthonous decapods fauna is higher than previously supposed. Even if decapods of the Mediterranean Sea are also regarded among the best known, new taxa continue to be discovered as a result of revisions of difficult genera, as Anapagurus by García- Gómez [170], or of the use of more appropriate techniques to collect burrowing species that are seldom obtained with traditional sampling gears [171]. Multiple anthropogenic causes, such as over-exploitation of fishery resources, coastal pollution, maritime traffic, etc., threaten the Mediterranean decapod fauna. The joint research effort of taxonomists and ecologists may help to mitigate the losses of the original Mediterranean biodiversity. Global warming may in the next future significantly affect both the distribution of these species living in coastal waters and the arrival of new Lessepsian migrants in the eastern basin. Actually a small population of Ocypode cursor has already been recorded on a Sicilian beach and the stock of Crangon crangon, a fishery commodity, in the northern Adriatic collapsed in the last twenty years. The dramatic decrease of this boreal species has been in parallel by the increment of the penaeid shrimp Melicertus kerathurus a thermophilic species unknown in the area until a century ago [see 158,159]. The changes we witness may be explained also by other factors that act synergistically, and highlight the importance of a continuous monitoring of the biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. - Bryozoa Species of this phylum are abundant and diverse in the sea bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, mainly on hard substrata. However, due to its comparatively small size, they are very often overlooked or misidentified. Bryozoans live in different substratum on which the colonies are settled: rocks, algae or other animals like mollusk shells or corals. Few species live on soft bottoms, where they usually settle on small hard pieces of substratum (small rocks or shells) that lie on the bottom. The relatively well studied western European coast of the Mediterranean has produced an abundant bibliography (Table S22). Bryozoans have been sampled by extraction of the substratum on which the colonies are settled: rocks, algae or other animals like mollusk shells or corals, because the detaching of the colonies often destroy or severely damage them to the point of becoming unrecognizable. The observation and annotation of colonies without extraction, directly or by photography, is suitable for middle to large sized colonies of well known and easily recognizable species, which are not the most. Therefore, the sampling by trawls or dredges that do not include hard substrata tends to underestimate the bryozoans diversity of an area. Most species are determined in the laboratory with a stereomicroscope, because their usually well developed calcareous skeleton is very 36

83 distinctive, but the use of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is necessary in many cases due to the small size of the zooids and the overall similarity of some species. A total of 389 species of bryozoans have been cited in the Mediterranean and 88 species (23%) are endemic (Table S22). Of these ones, 53 species belong to the order Cyclostomata (with 17 endemic species), 44 species belong to Ctenostomata (with five endemic species), and 292 species are of the order Cheilostomata (with 66 endemic species). However, some citations may be doubtful and the taxonomic status of some of the species cited may need updating. In addition, the qualification of endemic is provisional, given that the neighbouring Atlantic waters and a great part of the Mediterranean ones are not well studied. The most extensive works about Spanish bryozoan are those by Zabala [177] and Zabala and Maluquer [178], which, although mainly devoted to Catalonia, suppose a revision and updating of most previous information about the Mediterranean bryozoan. The Straits of Gibraltar and Alboran Sea have been studied in the last 20 years by several authors [179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190]. The French coasts are also well studied, with continuous new descriptions since the 19 th century [191,192,193,194,195,196,197]. The Italian coast has been less studied but there is some noticeable work [198,199,200]. Moreover, the bryozoans of the Adriatic Sea have been recently revised [201]. On the contrary, the African coasts have been scarcely studied, although some works, mainly from French authors were done along these coasts in the first half of the 20 th century [e.g. 202]. The eastern basin has been poorly studied as well, except from some occasional works [203,204]. However, not only a geographical bias exists, but also a taxonomic one, which is not exclusive of the Mediterranean Sea, but extensive to the general studies about bryozoans. The order Cheilostomata is the best studied due to it is the most diverse one, with about 80% of the known species, and species are easier to identify due to their high polymorphy of zooids, which are modified for different uses, and differ greatly between species even when they are closely related. On the contrary, the other two marine orders, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata, have technical difficulties that make them harder to identify. Ctenostomata species are soft and give few external characters. Cyclostomata are well calcified, but the colonies are usually very small and cryptic, and often, if they are not reproductive, they cannot be morphologically identified because some distinctive characters occur only in the gonozooid, which is not present in young specimens or no reproductive colonies. The works on these two orders are thus very valuable, like the worldwide revision of Ctenostomata [205] and the works on Cyclostomes [185,187,188,195]. In addition, some general works such as Zabala [177], Zabala and Maluquer [178], Álvarez [186]; Álvarez [189], and Hayward and McKinney [201] include interesting revisions. Little is known about threats to bryozoans populations in the Mediterranean Sea because many species have been seldom found. The cryptic habitats and small size of most colonies make an evaluation of risks difficult. But they share the fate of their habitats and where the coast is environmentally degraded, the populations of bryozoans may suffer the same effect. A case of massive mortality of invertebrates, including bryozoans, has been documented in the Provence related with a month of high temperature [206]. Besides, some species (i.e. Pentapora fascialis, Retepora spp) are also impacted by diver frequentation [e.g. 207]. However, there are also some species that are favoured by human activities, mainly the fouling ones like Bugula neritina, 37

84 Schizoporella errata or Watersipora subovoidea. These and other ones are usually intertidal or shalow sublitoral species that may settle on artificial substrata and be dispersed by ships and debris. Bugula neritina, for instance, is a currently cosmopolitan species of Indo-Pacific origin which was spread by ships during the 19 th and 20 th centuries, and is now among the most abundant bryozoans in European and Mediterranean shallow-waters, especially well installed in harbours. One species of bryozoan, Hornera lichenoides is included in the Annex II of the Barcelona Convention. - Echinodermata A detailed revision of the relevant literature was carried out and information regarding the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the Mediterranean species of echinoderms was collected (Text S4). Tortonese [208] and Koukouras et al. [209] reviewed the Mediterranean echinoderm fauna. Since then, some additional information on the taxonomy and the geographical distribution of the Mediterranean echinoderm species has been published [210,211,212,213,214]. We also used the data collected from 190 stations in the Aegean Sea and Cyprus (0-1,250 m depth). Samples were obtained using fishing nets, dredges, grabs and by free or SCUBA diving. All echinoderm specimens were identified to species level and deposited at the Museum of the Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece). Based on the literature and sampling data we updated the available checklist and their general distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. Tortonese [208] reviewed the Mediterranean echinoderm fauna and reported 143 species (five Crinoidea, 30 Asteroidea, 34 Ophiuroidea, 26 Echinoidea and 48 Holothuroidea). Koukouras et al. [209], based on new information, raised the number and updated their distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. We estimated that the echinoderm fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is currently composed of 154 valid species (five Crinoidea, 33 Asteroidea, 34 Ophiuroidea, 28 Echinoidea, 54 Holothuroidea) (Table S23 provides with information on their depth distribution and detailed references). Species richness in each one of the main geographical areas of the Mediterranean Sea is given in Table 2 and Figure S4. Differences between areas can be discussed in terms of water masses and circulation [215,216] along with data on temperature and salinity variations [217], and geographical aspects [218,219]. Most of the Mediterranean echinoderm species (67.7% of the total Mediterranean species number) have an Atlantic- Mediterranean distribution, while 37 species (24%) are Mediterranean endemics. The echinoderm fauna of the Levantine is enriched by 5 Lessepsian migrant species, one of which Synaptula reciprocans has expanded its distribution in the Aegean Sea (Figure S4 and S5). Echinoderms richness showed that the western Mediterranean hosted 93.5% of the known Mediterranean species and displayed the highest species richness among all other areas (Figure S5). The Central Mediterranean came fourth in echinoderm species richness among the Mediterranean areas (63.6%). However, it should have had a higher species number compared to the Aegean Sea and the Adriatic due to its direct neighbouring with the western Mediterranean. The rather low number of echinoderm species from this area is attributed to the limited sampling effort. The Adriatic Sea hosts 101 echinoderm species (65.5%). The Aegean Sea, although more distant from Gibraltar, displayed a higher echinoderm species richness in relation to the Adriatic and the Central Mediterranean (69.4% of the species). The Levantine Basin displayed the lowest richness (47.4% of the species). 38

85 In general terms, the Mediterranean echinoderm fauna is well studied, however there is a lack of relevant information from the southern Mediterranean coast due to less intensive sampling effort [219], as well as there is a lack of knowledge concerning the Mediterranean deep-sea echinoderm fauna [212]. The acquisition of a concise, detailed view on the Mediterranean echinoderm fauna is often limited by certain taxonomical problems. The descriptions of certain rare endemic species, such as the ophiuroid Pectinura vestita, are old and incomplete and these species have not been re-collected ever since. Thus, various records of echinoderm species from the Mediterranean should be considered doubtful since the respective identifications have been carried out in the framework of benthic ecological studies and have not been checked by taxonomy experts. In addition, many records in the literature are given under older, invalid names [209]. Climate change is considered a major threat for the Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the entrance rate of the Lessepsian decapod, mollusk and fish species in the Mediterranean has been accelerating as a result of the increase in the mean temperature of the Mediterranean waters, a reflection of the global climate change [220,221,222]. Furthermore, for the same reason, the dispersal rates of the Lessepsian species towards higher geographical latitudes are also increasing. In this context, the Lessepsian holothurians species Synaptula reciprocans seems to be quickly expanding its distribution in the Mediterranean since it has been recently reported from the Dodecanese and Cyclades Islands (south Aegean Sea) [223], while till 2007 it was known up to Rhodos I. [209]. Future research may be focused to study the entrance and dispersal rates of the Lessepsian echinoderms in the Mediterranean and their potential impact on the native fauna. Certain echinoderm species constitute an important fishery resource. The sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis can be usually found in Mediterranean fish markets since their gonads are regularly consumed. Certain holothurians, such as Holothuria tubulosa, are commonly used as fishing bait, while different species of asteroids and echinoids are used for decoration. However, there is no enough information about threats to echinoderm species, although they can have important ecological roles: for example, sea urchins are important in structuring the assemblages in shallow hard-substrate areas through grazing, and they may drive the transition from erect macroalgal assemblages to coralline barrens [224,225, and references therein]. - Sipuncula The phylum Sipuncula is one of the minor worm phyla, closely related to annelids. The last comprehensive revision of the Mediterranean sipunculan fauna was by Pancucci-Papadopoulou et al. [226]. Since then, only a few additions have been published [227,228,229,230,231]. Here we reviewed available information to update the list of sipunculans in the Mediterranean with published and unpublished identifications. A total of 34 species and 4 subspecies of sipunculans arranged in 9 genera and 5 families were recorded in the Mediterranean Sea (Table S24). The more ubiquitous species are Sipunculus nudus, Golfingia elongata, G. vulgaris, Onchnesoma steenstrupii, Phascolosoma granulatum and Aspidosiphon muelleri. By contrast, very rare species are Nephasoma constricticervix, Phascolosoma perlucens, Apionsoma trichocephalus, N. sp. cf. flagriferum, P. turnerae and the subspecies G. vulgaris antonellae. The last subspecies is endemic of the Mediterranean Sea, 39

86 whereas the last species is recorded for the first time for the investigated area by using unpublished material (J.I. Saiz, personal communication, Table S24). Cluster analysis (Figure S6) shows that Mediterranean biogeographical sectors can be placed together into two main groups with a similarity level of 61%. The smallest group includes the three Adriatic areas plus the Gulf of Lyon and Ligurian Sea sector. By contrast, the largest group of the dendrogram comprises the remaining 6 sectors located both at the western and eastern Mediterranean. The main species responsible for this dichotomy are N. diaphanes diaphanes, A. murinae bilobatae, and Thysanocardia procera, which are well represented in the largest group of the dendrogram, whereas G. margaritacea is almost the only species well represented in the smallest group. Mediterranean sipunculans represent almost the 25% of the global sipunculan diversity. This percentage is relatively low, since the large diversity of the phylum corresponds to warm shallow tropical areas [232]. At the level of families, almost all sipunculan families are represented in the Mediterranean, with the exception of Themistidae. Concerning genera, nine of the 17 genera of sipunculans are represented in the Mediterranean. Some of the absent genera are monotypic or very restricted in their global distribution to warm waters [233]. Only two exotic species have been described so far, and there is only one subspecies considered to be endemic: Golfingia (Golfingia) vulgaris antonellae [227]. Regarding species data by region (Table 2) we observed a latitudinal gradient from the north to the south of the Mediterranean and west to east, linked to the temperature of the water masses along the year [234]. Thus, the dendrogram obtained (Figure S6) may be reflecting a physiological barrier for sipunculans with cold versus warm species. In fact, G. margaritacea is mainly a temperate and boreal species [226] and its presence in the Mediterranean may be indicating the prevalence of colder water masses. By contrast, other termophilic species, such as Ph. convestitum and A. elegans have been proposed as Lessepian migrants [226,230]. In this way, some other rare records of Phascolosoma and Apionsoma could be further candidates to migrants. The spatial analysis of sipunculan diversity shows that African coast is especially undersampled. This also applies to the abyssal zone (> 3,000 m) where only three single records (N. diaphanes corrugatum, Ph. tuberculosum and A. murinae murinae) are published [235,236]. The only reported endangered sipunculan species is Sipunculus nudus, which is collected massively along the Spanish littoral as bait for fishing [237]. - Meiobenthos Marine sediments hold an abundance of microscopic life, the smallest of which attach to individual sand grains or live in the interstices between grains. A variety of bacteria, archaea, and protists share this habitat with minute metazoans, the meiofauna, a major component of seabed ecosystems, particularly in the deep-sea. About half of the animal phyla are represented in the meiofauna, and some (e.g., Loricifera, Kinorhyncha) are confined to it. Nematodes are typically the most numerous component, with harpacticoid copepods, and foraminiferans also important. The study of the diversity of main species in the large meiobenthos group (mainly composed of small benthic invertebrates that that can pass through a 0.5 mm mesh but will be retained by a 32 40

87 µm mesh and live mainly in the sediment) is a difficult and time consuming tack and therefore most studies have been dealt with higher taxonomic levels [238]. The Mediterranean Sea is not an exception, and species or genus level ecological data are scarce. In this study, nematodes and benthic (Harpacticoida) copepods were investigated, since these two groups are the dominant ones in the most of the cases (Text S5). In addition, among the various meiobenthic organisms, living soft and hard shelled benthic Foraminifera are usually equally important with nematodes, and these two taxa together usually account for over 90% of the meiobenthic community [239]. We therefore include some sparse information available about Foraminifera, as well as about Gastrotricha. Most of the early qualitative work on free-living marine nematodes in the Mediterranean was summarized by Allgen [240] and Schuurmans Stekhoven Jr [241]. Schuurmans Stekhoven Jr [242] compiled a list of all the species found to the date from the Mediterranean and reported 143 species, 106 of which were new to science. Significant work in the past provided a series of taxonomic works on nematodes, which contributed to the knowledge of nematode biodiversity [e.g. 243,244,245]. De Bovée [246] studied the nematode populations in sublittoral terrigeneous muds off Banyuls-sur-Mer during an annual cycle, and reported a much higher number of species (184). More recently, Danovaro and Gambi [247] investigated the nematode assemblages in a Posidonia oceanica bed of the north-western Mediterranean over an annual cycle. High diversity values were correlated with high concentration and high heterogeneity of the food sources indicating that biodiversity is closely coupled with changes in food availability. In the eastern Mediterranean, only few studies have dealt with the lower taxonomic composition of nematodes (family, genus, or species), and several are yet to be published. Wieser [248] studied the meiobenthic nematodes of the Piraeus harbour area (south Aegean Sea) and identified 44 different species of which nine were new to science. Lampadariou [249] studied the nematodes of the continental shelf of the Cretan Sea and some deep-sea areas of the north and south Aegean Sea and found approximately 280 different species, many of which were undescribed. Nematodes currently listed more than 700 species in the Mediterranean Sea [31], and the most important taxonomic papers that contributed to the knowledge of nematode biodiversity are listed in Text S5. Regarding harpacticoid copepods, there is no clear picture on their actual biodiversity since most studies have been mainly of taxonomic nature [e.g. 250,251,252]. However, the taxonomic studies from the Mediterranean suggest that copepod diversity might actually be high and that many new species are yet to be described. Steuer [253] investigated five different stations near El Shatby in Alexandria. Mitwally and Montagna [254] also studied the harpacticoid copepods along three sandy beaches in Alexandria and found nine species, among which, two members of the Ectinosomatidae, were new to science (Arenosetella bassantae and Noodtiella toukae). In the western Mediterranean, Soyer [255] studied the populations of harpacticoid copepods on the continental shelf off the coast of Albères between t and 130 m depth and found 254 species. In a study on the harpacticoid copepod populations from the eulittoral zone of a sandy beach on Crete, Stobbe [256] found 12 species. The community was dominated by Psammotopa phyllosetosa. Sevastou [257] also studied the harpacticoid copepod populations from two geographically spaced sandy beaches in Crete applying a 13-month sampling design and found 96 species, which outreached by far any species richness recorded in previous studies of comparable habitats. 41

88 Until the late 1990s, the study of benthic foraminifera in the Mediterranean has been restricted to a small number of samples collected from specific sites [258,259]. More recently, a larger number of investigations have considered the importance of living benthic foraminifera in ecological studies [e.g. 260,261,262], however they are still far from being well studied. The knowledge recently gained indicated that in the Mediterranean the foraminifera are highly diverse and consist with more than 600 species. A large number of these species belong to Lessepsian invaders [11], which is however still a matter under debate since data on the biogeography, diversity and ecology of autochthonous shallow-water faunas from various carbonate environments of the Mediterranean Sea are limited [263]. In addition, the studies on marine gastrotrichs in the Mediterranean were conducted mainly through a programme of faunistic and taxonomic research of the Italian seas [264,265,266,267,268,269,270] and in Crete [271]. All these studies revealed approximately 150 species from the Mediterranean from a total of 280 and 580 which are known from Europe and world wide, respectively. Hofrichter [31] mentioned 165 species in the Mediterranean Sea. A small number of pollution studies in the Mediterranean Sea considered the use of meiofauna as potential indicators of anthropogenic disturbance. These studies concerned mostly domestic sewage discharges, pollution in harbours, and fish farm impacts. Marcotte and Coull [272] identified copepod species from five stations placed on transect in the northern Adriatic Sea along a gradient of municipal raw sewage discharge and showed that diversity was very low near the outfall and increased with increasing distance from the source of pollution. Keller [273] investigated the meiofauna communities in a marine area which was highly polluted by the sewage outfall of Marseille. Lampadariou et al. [274] investigated the nematode and copepod community structure along a grid of seventeen stations covering an area from the innermost polluted to the outer clean area of Heraklion harbour, and showed that the nematode community showed a clear zonation according to the degree of pollution and physical disturbance from shipping activities. They concluded that, besides physical factors such as depth, the high level of organic carbon or pollutants such as copper and cadmium played an important role in structuring the nematode communities. A decline in diversity as a result of disturbance caused by fish farming activities was also reported by Mirto et al. [275] from the Gulf of Gaeta in the NW Mediterranean. Setosabatieria, which was the dominant genus, was found to be highly sensitive to organic disturbance as it disappeared completely three months after the deployment of cages. In contrast, other nematode genera, such as Dorylaimopsis, Sabatieria, and Oxystomina, proved to be tolerant and benefited from the new organically enriched conditions. Information on other marine invertebrates is summarized in Table 1 and Table S1. Total updated registries for the other invertebrate species are of 2168 species (1393 species, excluding Arthropoda). - Ascidiacea Ascidiacea comprises the largest Class of the Subphylum Tunicata, a part of the phylum Chordata. Although most abundant at sublittoral rocky communities, they are also adapted to live in abyssal plains [276], and few species are intertidal [277]. The Mediterranean fauna is an important part of the global ascidian fauna of the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, which totals approximately 500 species [278]. The ascidians of the Mediterranean Sea have been explored 42

89 since the second half of the 19 th century [e.g. 279,280]. In the first half of the 20 th century, important taxonomic works were published [e.g. 281,282,283] that improved the knowledge of Mediterranean ascidian diversity. Pérès [284] listed 130 species in the Mediterranean Sea (although since then some species have been synonymised or have split in several species). Later faunistic and taxonomic studies analysed the diversity of the ascidian fauna in particular areas, especially in the western Mediterranean. In this revision we build on Pérès work and updated the records of ascidian species in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as their distribution and affinities. Fiala-Medioni [285] reported 77 species from the SE of France. Turon [286] found 107 species in the Spanish littoral. Ramos-Esplá [287], similarly, listed 117 species in the Mediterranean shores of Spain. Naranjo [288] found 84 species in the area around the Gibraltar Straits, 79 of which were present in the Mediterranean side. Koukouras et al. [289] first reviewed the longneglected ascidian fauna of the eastern Mediterranean, providing a check-list of 86 species in this basin, out of an estimate number of 187 for the whole Mediterranean. Mastrototaro and Tursi [290] provided a check-list of the Italian fauna of ascidians, including 128 species. Aside from these authors, most recent work on ascidian diversity in the Mediterranean has been done by specialists such as Jean-Marie Pérès, Claude and Françoise Monniot, Françoise Lafargue, and Riccardo Brunetti, among others. Building on the work by Pérès [284], and exhaustively searching all posterior reports, we listed 229 ascidian species for the Mediterranean Sea. Although some of the records are dubious, we have eliminated from our list only those species that were clearly invalid or synonyms of other species (Table S25). Overall, the number of new citations incorporated to the database since 1960 is 22.4 species per decade (Figure 13d). Of these, 52 species (46.8% of additions) corresponded to newly described species, not just new reports. From a biogeographic point of view, Pérès [284] reported a major contribution of endemic Mediterranean species (50%). The second major component consisted of species of Atlantic- Mediterranean distribution (37.7%). A further 11.5% of the species were cosmopolitan or had a circumtropical range. Only one species (Herdmania momus) was detected as possible Lessepsian migrant at that time. In the area close to the Straits of Gibraltar, the number of Mediterranean endemics falls to 22% of species, while those of Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution rise to 60% [278]. We currently estimated that the endemic ascidians accounted for 34.9% of the species (Table S25). The species with an Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution accounted for another 46.7% (of which 12.2% were found in the Mediterranean only in the western basin); cosmopolitan and circumtropical species made up 14.4% of the total, and nine species (3.9%) were identified as probable Lessepsian migrants. Izquierdo-Muñoz et al. [291] reviewed introduced ascidian species in the Mediterranean, listing 14 species, and Shenkar and Loya [292] reported the occurrence of seven non indigenous ascidian species in the Mediterranean coasts of Israel, many of which are most likely Lessepsian migrants. Particularly worrisome is the recent report of the clubbed tunicate Styela clava in the lagoon of Thau, France [293], given the problems that this species has posed to shellfish industry elsewhere [294]. Although not generally recognized as such, many forms adapted to live in man-made structures, even if they have been present for long times in the Mediterranean, are probably introduced, e.g. Styela plicata and Botryllus schlosseri [295,296]. 43

90 The composition of the ascidian fauna of the Mediterranean, with species of temperate and subtropical affinities, makes it sensitive to ongoing global warming [77], and a displacement of species of cold-water affinities in favour of termophilic species [297] is expectable. The arrival of introduced ascidian species to the Mediterranean has received considerable attention in recent years. Many introduced species are confined to artificial environments, but other spread outside and colonize natural substratum, turning into invasive forms. One clear instance is the solitary ascidian Microcosmus squamiger, which can reach high densities and carpet natural substrates [298]. This species is now common in western Mediterranean [299], and Streftaris and Zenetos [300] listed this species (as M. exasperatus) within the 100 worst marine invasive in the Mediterranean. The trends observed in the known distribution of ascidians from the sixties on indicate that the percentage of endemics is now considerably lower (from 50% to ca. 35%), which is partly caused by the finding of Mediterranean species in adjacent Atlantic waters [e.g. 301]. The number of species known only from one or another basin, which was high and highly skewed towards the western basin, is now much lower and more balanced between basins (Table 2). This is the result of increased knowledge of intra-mediterranean distribution of many species and, particularly, the rise of studies performed in the eastern basin, which is compensating the previous neglect of this area [e.g. 289,290,302]. Endemic ascidians present at both basins represented 16.9% of Mediterranean ascidians, while 11.3% and 7.4% were endemics reported only in the western and eastern basin, respectively (Table S25). Ascidian diversity is underreported due to sampling effects, the lack of taxonomists, and inherent difficulties in the taxonomy of the group. Rocky shores in the northern Mediterranean can be considered reasonably well studied, but the Mediterranean African shores still present few studies available [e.g. 303], and may be a hotspot of ascidian biodiversity. This is because this region acts as a refuge for Atlantic-Mediterranean species of tropical affinities, while the northern region of the Mediterranean harbours species with temperate and even boreal affinities. Moreover, much remains to be known about the ascidian fauna in deep waters, or in soft-bottom communities. The ascidians themselves pose important problems for identification, due to the lack of distinctive features in some groups, overlapping of characters between species and, particularly, because observation of characters requires specimens adequately preserved in a relaxed state and ripe, which are hardly available. It is a group where molecular tools can substantially contribute to help taxonomic work. Available studies that have incorporated genetic markers to the research on Mediterranean ascidians showed that cryptic speciation may be much commoner than usually recognized [e.g. 304,305,306]. Ascidians are subjected to different threats such as habitat destruction, degradation, and pollution, as well as global warming, arrival of invasive species, exploitation and other factors [e.g. 307,308]. Mass mortalities have also occurred at some occasions; for instance, an undescribed illness devastated the populations of Microcosmus sabatieri in the early 1990s at least along Spanish and French shores. This species was once the most abundant solitary form in the shallow sublittoral and reached abundances of approximately one individual per square meter in Spain (X. Turon, personal communication). It is nowadays extremely rare. This is significant because in the Mediterranean, large pyurid species such as M. polymorphus, M. sabatieri and M. vulgaris have been consumed since the 1 st century AD [309]. M. sabatieri is still abundant in the eastern Mediterranean, where it sustains a small-scale fishery [309,310]. 44

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108 Mediterranean AquaMaps (by Kristin Kaschner, Kathy Kesner Reyes, Josephine Barile & Elijah Laxamana) Text S2. Mediterranean AquaMaps specifications AquaMaps model represents a modified version of the relative environmental suitability model (RES) developed by Kaschner et al. [1]. It is an environmental envelope model that generates standardized range maps and the relative probability of occurrence within that range for marine species based on the environmental conditions in each 0.5 degree latitude by 0.5 degree longitude cell of global grid. The model was developed specifically to deal with the sampling biases, such as heterogeneous sampling effort and species misidentifications, affecting most of the large-scale data sets that are currently available for species distribution modelling in the marine realm [2,3]. The model currently includes more than 9,000 fishes, marine mammals, reptiles and invertebrate species. Predictions are generated based on species-specific environmental tolerances computed using available point occurrences, which are obtained from online databases such as OBIS, or the Global Biodiversity Information Facility [4], but which are then supplemented with other types of habitat usage information obtained directly from online species databases such as FishBase and SeaLifeBase [2,3]. Moreover, an expert-review function in the AquaMaps algorithm explicitly allows for the incorporation of expert knowledge about species occurrence to counteract or compensate known sampling biases. AquaMaps outputs have been successfully validated using independent, effort-corrected survey data and, in the face of the existing sub-optimal input data sets, AquaMaps model performance compares well with that of other presence-only habitat prediction models, such as GARP, Maxent or GAMs [3]. Species richness maps for the Mediterranean Sea were generated by superimposing generated range maps of all individual species and then counting the number of species predicted to be present in each half degree cell. A summary of the number of species, by different taxa, which are known to occur in and/or are endemic to the Mediterranean Sea based on the data provided by online species databases such as FishBase and SeaLifeBase can be found in Table S3 and Table S4. The appendix also shows the proportion of species currently covered by AquaMaps. Based on the comparison with FishBase and SeaLifeBase data, AquaMaps coverage of higher vertebrate and fish taxa is either complete or relatively comprehensive (Table S5-S6). In contrast, most invertebrate groups are much less well represented and other groups, such as plants, fungi, bacteria, but also seabirds, have not yet been incorporated at all. Of those species covered by AquaMaps and included in this analysis, more than half are ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), and roughly a third are invertebrates, and only a very small percentage are higher vertebrates such as cetaceans, pinnipeds or marine turtles. Based on the information available from FishBase and SeaLifeBase, only a relatively small proportion of all species that are native in the Mediterranean Sea are also endemic. At the moment, most AquaMaps available for the Mediterranean species represent the computer-generated default maps, which have not been checked explicitly for consistency with published range maps or fully reviewed by experts. In general, though, a relative high proportion of species in taxa that are often the focus of conservation efforts, such as marine mammals, marine turtles and elasmobranch, have already been reviewed. On average, approximately 16% of all species included in this analysis are listed by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable or threatened, thus 62

109 requiring special protection and conservation measures. However, while less than one percent of the ray-finned fishes is considered endangered, 30% and more of the Mediterranean marine mammal species and elasmobranches, and all marine turtles and Holocephali species occurring in this ocean basin are threatened or endangered. The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) lists 8,470 species records for the Mediterranean Sea [5] which is surpassed by an even higher estimate of up to 17,000 marine Mediterranean species based on the information provided in the main part of this paper. Thus, the approximately 700 Mediterranean species currently covered by AquaMaps, which formed the basis for our biodiversity maps, represent only a fraction of all species known to occur in this ocean basin. However, the species list provided by WoRMS also includes all non-animalia species that are, at the moment, mostly not represented by any of the existing online species databases and for which there are mostly few if any occurrence records available [6]. In terms of predicted patterns of species richness, AquaMaps outputs are probably relatively representative for fishes and marine mammals, although increasing the number of expert-reviews for Mediterranean Actinopterygii species would increase confidence in biodiversity maps for this taxonomic group. Similarly, while the selected presence threshold and the resulting species richness predictions for marine mammals have successfully been validated [7], this type of analysis still remains to be carried out for other taxa. For most taxa, the maps showing biodiversity patterns of endangered species in the Mediterranean Sea, however, can be regarded as reliable and representative, since more than 70% of all underlying species maps have been reviewed by experts. References 1. Kaschner K, Watson R, Trites AW, Pauly D (2006) Mapping worldwide distributions of marine mammals using a Relative Environmental Suitability (RES) model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 316: Kaschner K, Ready JS, Agbayani E, Rius J, Kesner-Reyes K, et al. (2007) About AquaMaps: Creating standardized range maps of marine species (Version of May 2007) Ready JS, Kaschner K, South AB, Eastwood PD, Rees T, et al. (in press) Predicting the distributions of marine organisms at the global scale. Ecological Modelling: doi: /j.ecolmodel GBIF (2009) Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): 5. SMEBD (2009) World Register of Marine Species: Accessed htttp:// on [ ]. 6. OBIS (2009) Ocean Biogeographic Information System: 7. Kaschner K, Tittensor D, Ready J, Gerodette T, Worm B (in preparation) Predicting the impact of climate change on global hotspots of marine mammal biodiversity. 63

110 Table S3. Mediterranean native and endemic marine species reported by FishBase/SeaLifeBase by different taxa and current extent of coverage of AquaMaps Fishes Mammals Native and Endemic Species Reported from the Mediterranean Sea Native Endemic Native & Endemic FB/SLB AquaMaps % FB/SLB AquaMaps % FB/SLB AquaMaps % Actinopterygii % % % Elasmobranchii % % % Holocephali % % Myxini % % Cephalaspidomorphi % % Subtotal Fish % % Balaenopteridae % % Delphinidae % % Kogiidae % % Phocidae % % Phocoenidae % % Physeteridae % % Ziphiidae % % Subtotal Mammals % % % Turtles Cheloniidae % % Dermochelyidae % % Subtotal Turtles % % Invertebrat es Anopla 6 0% 6 0 0% Anthozoa % 1 0% % Aplacophora 30 0% % Appendicularia 39 0% % 64

111 Articulata % % Ascidiacea % % Asteroidea 2 0% 2 0 0% Bivalvia % 1 0% % Bryopsidophyceae 2 0% 2 0 0% Calcarea 33 0% % Cephalopoda % 2 0% % Demospongiae % % Echinoidea 3 0% 3 0 0% Enopla 4 0% 4 0 0% Enteropneusta 7 0% 7 0 0% Eoacanthocephala 1 0% 1 0 0% Gastropoda % % Gymnolaemata % % Holothuroidea % % Hydrozoa % 10 0% % Inarticulata 1 0% 1 0 0% Kinorhyncha 19 0% % Loricifera 2 0% 2 0 0% Malacostraca % % Maxillopoda % % Nematomorpha 1 0% 1 0 0% Not assigned 213 0% % Nuda 3 0% 3 0 0% Orthonectida 1 0% 1 0 0% Ostracoda 2 0% 2 0 0% Palaeacanthocephala 6 0% 6 0 0% Phascolosomatidea % % Pogonophora 1 0% 1 0 0% Polychaeta % % Polyplacophora % % Priapulida 3 0% 3 0 0% Pterobranchia 1 0% 1 0 0% Pycnogonida % % 65

112 Rhombozoa 17 0% % Scaphopoda % % Scyphozoa % 1 0% % Sipunculidae % % Stenolaemata 3 0% 3 0 0% Tentaculata % % Thaliacea 23 0% % Trematoda 4 0% 4 0 0% Turbellaria 23 0% % Ulvophyceae 2 0% 2 0 0% Subtotal Inverts % % % Total % % % 66

113 Table S4. Proportion of checked or expert reviewed AquaMaps for different taxa Invertebrates Turtles Mammals Fishes AquaMaps Expert-reviewed/ checked % checked Actinopterygii % Elasmobranchii % Holocephali % Myxini % Cephalaspidomorphi % Subtotal Fish % Balaenopteridae % Delphinidae % Kogiidae % Phocidae % Phocoenidae % Physeteridae % Ziphiidae % Subtotal Mammals % Cheloniidae % Dermochelyidae % Subtotal Turtles % Anopla % Anthozoa % Aplacophora % Appendicularia % Articulata % Ascidiacea % Asteroidea % Bivalvia % Bryopsidophyceae % Calcarea % Cephalopoda % Demospongiae % Echinoidea % Enopla % Enteropneusta % Eoacanthocephala % Gastropoda % Gymnolaemata % Holothuroidea % Hydrozoa % Inarticulata % Kinorhyncha % Loricifera % 67

114 Malacostraca % Maxillopoda % Nematomorpha % Not assigned % Nuda % Orthonectida % Ostracoda % Palaeacanthocephala % Phascolosomatidea % Pogonophora % Polychaeta % Polyplacophora % Priapulida % Pterobranchia % Pycnogonida % Rhombozoa % Scaphopoda % Scyphozoa % Sipunculidae % Stenolaemata % Tentaculata % Thaliacea % Trematoda % Turbellaria % Ulvophyceae % Subtotal Invert % Total % 68

115 Table S5. Mediterranean species of special conservation concern covered by AquaMaps Fishes IUCN status No of species % Endangered AquaMaps Actinopterygii CR Actinopterygii EN 2 Actinopterygii VU 2 Actinopterygii NT 1 Subtotal Actinopterygii % Elasmobranchii CR Elasmobranchii EN 8 Elasmobranchii VU 10 Elasmobranchii NT 11 Subtotal Elasmobranchii % Holocephali NT % 1 Subtotal Fish % 468 Mammals Turtles Balaenopteridae EN 2 20 Balaenopteridae VU 1 Delphinidae EN 1 Delphinidae VU 1 Phocidae CR 1 Phocoenidae VU 1 Physeteridae VU 1 Subtotal Mammals % Cheloniidae EN 2 5 Cheloniidae CR 2 Dermochelyidae CR 1 Subtotal Turtles 5 Total % 69

116 Table S6. Checklist of species included in AquaMaps of the Mediterranean Sea Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Mean probability of Occurrence Annelida Polychaeta Canalipalpata Oweniidae Owenia fusiformis 0.16 NL 0 Annelida Polychaeta Canalipalpata Serpulidae Pomatoceros triqueter 0.45 NL 0 Annelida Polychaeta Canalipalpata Trichobranchidae Trichobranchus glacialis 0.35 NL 0 Annelida Polychaeta Not assigned Capitellidae Heteromastus filiformis 0.2 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Ampeliscidae Ampelisca brevicornis 0.21 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Dexaminidae Atylus vedlomensis 0.02 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Aristeidae Aristaeomorpha foliacea 0.28 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Aristeidae Aristeus antennatus 0.65 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Cancridae Cancer pagurus 0.05 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Diogenidae Dardanus arrosor 0.62 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Majidae Maja squinado 0.29 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Nephropidae Homarus gammarus 0.05 NL 1 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Nephropidae Nephrops norvegicus 0.53 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Palinuridae Palinurus elephas 0.65 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Pandalidae Chlorotocus crassicornis 0.9 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Pandalidae Plesionika martia 0.79 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Pasiphaeidae Pasiphaea multidentata 0.19 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Penaeidae Funchalia villosa 0.61 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Penaeidae Funchalia woodwardi 0.32 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Penaeidae Parapenaeus longirostris 0.59 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Portunidae Callinectes sapidus 0.3 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Portunidae Carcinus aestuarii 0.73 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Portunidae Liocarcinus depurator 0.04 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Portunidae Necora puber 0.03 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Sergestidae Sergestes atlanticus 0.24 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Solenoceridae Solenocera membranacea 0.75 NL 0 IUCN Code Expert Reviewed 70

117 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Anthuridae Cyathura carinata 0.5 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Cirolanidae Natatolana borealis 0.23 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Cirolanidae Natatolana neglecta 0.48 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Gnathiidae Gnathia vorax 0.43 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Idoteidae Synisoma capito 0.75 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Janiridae Janira maculosa 0.19 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Dynamene torelliae 0.54 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Sphaeroma serratum 0.71 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Mysida Mysidae Gastrosaccus sanctus 0.18 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Stomatopoda Squillidae Squilla mantis 0.55 NL 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Tanaidacea Tanaidae Tanais dulongii 0.85 NL 0 Arthropoda Maxillopoda Pedunculata Scalpellidae Scalpellum scalpellum 0.06 NL 0 Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Balanidae Balanus crenatus 0.04 NL 0 Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Balanidae Balanus improvisus 0.91 NL 0 Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Chthamalidae Chthamalus stellatus 0.83 NL 0 Arthropoda Maxillopoda Sessilia Verrucidae Verruca stroemia 0.01 NL 0 Arthropoda Pycnogonida Pantopoda Endeididae Endeis spinosa 0.39 NL 0 Arthropoda Pycnogonida Pantopoda Phoxichilidiidae Anoplodactylus petiolatus 0.14 NL 0 Brachiopoda Articulata Terebratulida Cancellothyrididae Terebratulina retusa 0.43 NL 0 Brachiopoda Articulata Terebratulida Platidiidae Platidia anomioides 0.21 NL 0 Bryozoa Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Hippothoidae Chorizopora brongniartii 0.03 NL 0 Bryozoa Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Microporellidae Microporella ciliata 0.35 NL 0 Bryozoa Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Scrupocellariidae Scrupocellaria scrupea 0.9 NL 0 Bryozoa Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Scrupocellariidae Scrupocellaria scruposa 0.79 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser naccarii 0.49 VU 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser sturio 0.27 CR 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla 0.52 CR 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Chlopsidae Chlopsis bicolor 0.55 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Congridae Ariosoma balearicum 0.38 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Congridae Conger conger 0.48 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Congridae Gnathophis mystax 0.76 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Heterenchelyidae Panturichthys fowleri 0.68 NL 0 71

118 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Gymnothorax unicolor 0.84 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Muraenidae Muraena helena 0.86 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Nemichthyidae Nemichthys scolopaceus 0.37 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Nettastomatidae Facciolella oxyrhyncha 0.55 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Nettastomatidae Nettastoma melanurum 0.54 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Dalophis imberbis 0.71 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Echelus myrus 0.72 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Mystriophis crosnieri 0.01 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ophichthus ophis 0.32 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ophichthus rufus 0.71 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Ophichthidae Ophisurus serpens 0.75 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Serrivomeridae Serrivomer brevidentatus 0.35 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina boyeri 0.86 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina hepsetus 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina presbyter 0.86 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Alepisauridae Alepisaurus ferox 0.39 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Aulopidae Aulopus filamentosus 0.36 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Chlorophthalmidae Chlorophthalmus agassizi 0.46 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Evermannellidae Evermannella balbo 0.37 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Ipnopidae Bathypterois dubius 0.43 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Paralepididae Arctozenus risso 0.33 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops jayakari jayakari 0.18 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops jayakari pseudosphyraenoides 0.91 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidiops sphyrenoides 0.59 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Paralepididae Lestidium atlanticum 0.26 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Paralepididae Paralepis coregonoides 0.82 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Aulopiformes Paralepididae Sudis hyalina 0.45 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Halobatrachus didactylus 0.02 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Belonidae Belone belone 0.79 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Belonidae Tylosurus acus acus 0.07 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Exocoetidae Cheilopogon heterurus 0.36 NL 0 72

119 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Exocoetidae Exocoetus obtusirostris 0.33 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Exocoetidae Exocoetus volitans 0.26 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Exocoetidae Hirundichthys rondeletii 0.48 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Exocoetidae Hirundichthys speculiger 0.29 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus picarti 0.83 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beloniformes Scomberesocidae Scomberesox saurus saurus 0.51 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beryciformes Berycidae Beryx decadactylus 0.2 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Beryciformes Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus mediterraneus mediterraneus 0.42 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Alosa alosa 0.58 LC 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Alosa fallax 0.58 LC 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardina pilchardus 0.75 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardinella aurita 0.53 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardinella maderensis 0.05 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sprattus sprattus sprattus 0.44 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Clupeiformes Engraulidae Engraulis encrasicolus 0.55 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae Aphanius fasciatus 0.86 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Gadidae Gadiculus argenteus argenteus 0.7 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Gadidae Merlangius merlangus 0.05 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Gadidae Micromesistius poutassou 0.58 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Gadidae Trisopterus luscus 0.07 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Gadidae Trisopterus minutus 0.5 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Lotidae Gaidropsarus biscayensis 0.58 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Lotidae Gaidropsarus mediterraneus 0.61 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Lotidae Gaidropsarus vulgaris 0.38 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Lotidae Molva dypterygia 0.62 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Lotidae Molva molva 0.04 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Macrouridae Hymenocephalus italicus 0.46 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia aequalis 0.36 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia sclerorhynchus 0.34 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Macrouridae Trachyrincus scabrus 0.48 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Merlucciidae Merluccius merluccius 0.65 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Moridae Gadella maraldi 0.27 NL 0 73

120 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Moridae Guttigadus latifrons 0.01 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Moridae Lepidion lepidion 0.78 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Moridae Mora moro 0.07 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Moridae Physiculus dalwigki 0.15 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Moridae Rhynchogadus hepaticus 0.6 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Phycidae Phycis blennoides 0.68 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gadiformes Phycidae Phycis phycis 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus 0.11 LC 1 bimaculata Chordata Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Diplecogaster bimaculata 0.14 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Lepadogaster candolii 0.98 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Lepadogaster lepadogaster 0.67 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Opeatogenys gracilis 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Lampriformes Lampridae Lampris guttatus 0.18 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Lampriformes Lophotidae Lophotus lacepede 0.68 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Lampriformes Regalecidae Regalecus glesne 0.33 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Lampriformes Trachipteridae Trachipterus arcticus 0.35 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Lampriformes Trachipteridae Trachipterus trachypterus 0.54 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Lophiiformes Lophiidae Lophius budegassa 0.51 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Lophiiformes Lophiidae Lophius piscatorius 0.49 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Chelon labrosus 0.69 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza aurata 0.83 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza ramado 0.84 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza saliens 0.86 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil cephalus 0.37 LC 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Oedalechilus labeo 0.83 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Benthosema glaciale 0.4 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Ceratoscopelus maderensis 0.61 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus holti 0.68 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus metopoclampus 0.37 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diaphus rafinesquii 0.53 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Diogenichthys atlanticus 0.31 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Electrona risso 0.37 NL 0 74

121 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Gonichthys cocco 0.38 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Hygophum benoiti 0.49 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Hygophum hygomii 0.42 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus crocodilus 0.56 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lampanyctus pusillus 0.39 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lobianchia dofleini 0.37 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lobianchia gemellarii 0.38 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Myctophum punctatum 0.58 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Notoscopelus bolini 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Notoscopelus elongatus 0.78 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Notoscopelus kroyeri 0.26 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Myctophiformes Myctophidae Symbolophorus veranyi 0.6 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Notacanthiformes Notacanthidae Notacanthus bonaparte 0.8 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Notacanthiformes Notacanthidae Polyacanthonotus rissoanus 0.01 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Cataetyx alleni 0.87 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Bythitidae Cataetyx laticeps 0.07 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Carapidae Carapus acus 0.68 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Carapidae Echiodon dentatus 0.6 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Benthocometes robustus 0.54 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Ophidion barbatum 0.56 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Osmeriformes Alepocephalidae Alepocephalus rostratus 0.62 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Osmeriformes Argentinidae Argentina sphyraena 0.58 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Osmeriformes Argentinidae Glossanodon leioglossus 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Osmeriformes Microstomatidae Microstoma microstoma 0.36 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Osmeriformes Microstomatidae Nansenia oblita 0.96 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Ammodytidae Ammodytes tobianus 0.07 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Ammodytidae Gymnammodytes cicerelus 0.67 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Apogonidae Apogon imberbis 0.69 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Aidablennius sphynx 0.85 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Blennius ocellaris 0.65 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Coryphoblennius galerita 0.83 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Lipophrys canevae 0.62 NL 0 75

122 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Lipophrys pholis 0.39 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius gattorugine 0.63 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius incognitus 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius pilicornis 0.57 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius rouxi 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius sanguinolentus 0.78 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius tentacularis 0.89 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Parablennius zvonimiri 0.76 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Paralipophrys trigloides 0.76 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Salaria pavo 0.88 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Blenniidae Scartella cristata 0.67 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Bramidae Brama brama 0.27 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Callanthiidae Callanthias ruber 0.82 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus lyra 0.22 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus maculatus 0.53 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus pusillus 0.81 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus reticulatus 0.83 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Callionymidae Callionymus risso 0.84 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Callionymidae Synchiropus phaeton 0.6 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Caproidae Capros aper 0.6 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Campogramma glaycos 0.78 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Caranx crysos 0.17 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Caranx hippos 0.31 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Caranx rhonchus 0.19 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Decapterus macarellus 0.38 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Decapterus punctatus 0.34 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Elagatis bipinnulata 0.11 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Lichia amia 0.58 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Naucrates ductor 0.28 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Pseudocaranx dentex 0.32 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Seriola dumerili 0.36 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Trachinotus ovatus 0.57 NL 0 76

123 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus mediterraneus 0.68 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus picturatus 0.89 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Carangidae Trachurus trachurus 0.42 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centracanthidae Spicara maena 0.74 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centracanthidae Spicara smaris 0.73 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrolophidae Centrolophus niger 0.2 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrolophidae Hyperoglyphe perciformis 0.74 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrolophidae Schedophilus medusophagus 0.33 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Centrolophidae Schedophilus ovalis 0.49 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Cepolidae Cepola macrophthalma 0.69 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melannotus 0.01 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Clinidae Clinitrachus argentatus 0.71 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Coryphaenidae Coryphaena equiselis 0.25 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus 0.19 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates 0.26 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Echeneidae Remora australis 0.13 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Echeneidae Remora brachyptera 0.32 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Echeneidae Remora osteochir 0.35 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Echeneidae Remora remora 0.33 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Epigonidae Epigonus constanciae 0.28 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Epigonidae Epigonus denticulatus 0.58 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Epigonidae Epigonus telescopus 0.26 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Epigonidae Microichthys coccoi 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gempylidae Ruvettus pretiosus 0.2 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Aphia minuta 0.64 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Corcyrogobius liechtensteini 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Crystallogobius linearis 0.78 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Didogobius bentuvii 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gammogobius steinitzi 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius cobitis 0.74 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius cruentatus 0.77 NL 0 77

124 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius geniporus 0.8 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius niger 0.68 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Gobius paganellus 0.74 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Lesueurigobius friesii 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Lesueurigobius sanzi 0.94 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Lesueurigobius suerii 0.71 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Millerigobius macrocephalus 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Odondebuenia balearica 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Pomatoschistus bathi 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Pomatoschistus marmoratus 0.8 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Pomatoschistus microps 0.27 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Pomatoschistus minutus 0.06 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Pomatoschistus pictus 0.08 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Thorogobius ephippiatus 0.03 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Gobiidae Zosterisessor ophiocephalus 0.78 DD 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Haemulidae Plectorhinchus mediterraneus 0.06 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Haemulidae Pomadasys incisus 0.18 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Istiophoridae Makaira nigricans 0.32 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Istiophoridae Tetrapturus albidus 0.47 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Istiophoridae Tetrapturus belone 1 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Kyphosidae Kyphosus sectator 0.41 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Acantholabrus palloni 0.88 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Coris julis 0.81 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Ctenolabrus rupestris 0.06 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Labrus merula 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Labrus mixtus 0.08 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Labrus viridis 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus bailloni 0.5 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus cinereus 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus doderleini 0.75 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus mediterraneus 0.79 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus melanocercus 0.59 NL 0 78

125 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus ocellatus 0.75 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus roissali 0.74 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus rostratus 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Symphodus tinca 0.9 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Thalassoma pavo 0.76 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Xyrichtys novacula 0.28 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Lobotidae Lobotes surinamensis 0.36 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Luvaridae Luvarus imperialis 0.32 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Moronidae Dicentrarchus labrax 0.35 LC 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Moronidae Dicentrarchus punctatus 0.79 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Mullus barbatus barbatus 0.94 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Mullus surmuletus 0.73 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Mullidae Pseudupeneus prayensis 0.12 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Nomeidae Cubiceps gracilis 0.51 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Polynemidae Galeoides decadactylus 0.12 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Polyprionidae Polyprion americanus 0.24 DD 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomacentridae Chromis chromis 0.78 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix 0.28 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Priacanthidae Priacanthus arenatus 0.36 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scaridae Sparisoma cretense 0.25 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sciaenidae Argyrosomus regius 0.58 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sciaenidae Sciaena umbra 0.54 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sciaenidae Umbrina canariensis 0.38 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sciaenidae Umbrina cirrosa 0.49 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sciaenidae Umbrina ronchus 0.65 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri 0.28 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Auxis rochei rochei 0.65 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Auxis thazard thazard 0.28 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Euthynnus alletteratus 0.38 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis 0.43 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Orcynopsis unicolor 0.15 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Sarda sarda 0.43 NL 0 79

126 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Scomber scombrus 0.35 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus alalunga 0.31 DD 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Scombridae Thunnus thynnus 0.66 DD 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Anthias anthias 0.74 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus aeneus 0.09 NT 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus caninus 0.03 DD 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus marginatus 0.41 EN 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Mycteroperca rubra 0.89 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Serranus atricauda 0.58 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Serranus cabrilla 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Serranus hepatus 0.74 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Serranidae Serranus scriba 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Boops boops 0.64 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Dentex dentex 0.82 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Dentex gibbosus 0.06 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Dentex macrophthalmus 0.45 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Dentex maroccanus 0.62 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus annularis 0.69 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus cervinus cervinus 0.64 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus puntazzo 0.84 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus sargus sargus 0.77 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Diplodus vulgaris 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Lithognathus mormyrus 0.69 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Oblada melanura 0.79 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus acarne 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus bellottii 0.18 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus bogaraveo 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagellus erythrinus 0.73 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagrus auriga 0.07 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagrus caeruleostictus 0.23 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagrus pagrus 0.58 EN 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Sarpa salpa 0.79 NL 0 80

127 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Sparus aurata 0.78 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Spondyliosoma cantharus 0.72 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sphyraenidae Sphyraena sphyraena 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Stromateidae Pampus argenteus 0.13 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Stromateidae Stromateus fiatola 0.44 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Tetragonuridae Tetragonurus cuvieri 0.32 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Trachinidae Echiichthys vipera 0.15 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus draco 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Trachinidae Trachinus radiatus 0.35 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Trichiuridae Lepidopus caudatus 0.37 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus 0.3 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Tripterygion delaisi 0.86 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Tripterygion tripteronotus 0.81 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Uranoscopidae Uranoscopus scaber 0.79 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius 0.33 DD 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Zoarcidae Melanostigma atlanticum 0.01 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus imperialis 0.29 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus laterna 0.67 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus rueppelii 0.87 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Arnoglossus thori 0.73 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Bothidae Bothus podas 0.6 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Citharidae Citharus linguatula 0.62 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Cynoglossidae Symphurus nigrescens 0.56 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Pleuronectidae Platichthys flesus 0.05 LC 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Pleuronectidae Pleuronectes platessa 0.19 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Scophthalmidae Lepidorhombus boscii 0.61 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Scophthalmidae Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis 0.32 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Scophthalmidae Psetta maxima 0.57 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Scophthalmidae Scophthalmus rhombus 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Scophthalmidae Zeugopterus regius 0.45 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Bathysolea profundicola 0.63 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Buglossidium luteum 0.43 NL 1 81

128 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Dicologlossa cuneata 0.52 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus azevia 0.65 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus boscanion 0.24 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus ocellatus 0.41 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Microchirus variegatus 0.59 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Monochirus hispidus 0.5 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Pegusa lascaris 0.24 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Solea solea 0.37 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Soleidae Synapturichthys kleinii 0.77 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salmo salar 0.32 LR/lc 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salmo trutta trutta 0.04 LC 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Cottidae Taurulus bubalis 0.08 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Dactylopteridae Dactylopterus volitans 0.37 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Liparidae Eutelichthys leptochirus 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Peristediidae Peristedion cataphractum 0.58 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Pontinus kuhlii 0.24 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena elongata 0.43 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena loppei 0.8 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena maderensis 0.81 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena notata 0.69 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena porcus 0.75 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena scrofa 0.7 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Scorpaenidae Scorpaena stephanica 0.56 NL 0 dactylopterus Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Sebastidae Helicolenus dactylopterus 0.42 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Aspitrigla cuculus 0.69 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Chelidonichthys lucerna 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Chelidonichthys obscurus 0.66 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Eutrigla gurnardus 0.57 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Lepidotrigla cavillone 0.71 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei 0.76 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Trigla lyra 0.54 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Scorpaeniformes Triglidae Trigloporus lastoviza 0.66 NL 0 82

129 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone braueri 0.57 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone microdon 0.35 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Cyclothone pygmaea 0.9 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Gonostomatidae Gonostoma denudatum 0.73 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Ichthyococcus ovatus 0.44 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Vinciguerria attenuata 0.45 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Phosichthyidae Vinciguerria poweriae 0.47 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus hemigymnus 0.38 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus olfersii 0.24 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Maurolicus muelleri 0.29 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae Valenciennellus tripunctulatus 0.35 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus nigerrimus 0.6 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Stomiidae Bathophilus vaillanti 0.33 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Stomiidae Borostomias antarcticus 0.01 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Stomiidae Chauliodus sloani 0.35 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Stomiiformes Stomiidae Stomias boa boa 0.39 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Centriscidae Macroramphosus scolopax 0.63 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Entelurus aequoreus 0.01 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus guttulatus 0.86 DD 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus hippocampus 0.83 DD 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Nerophis ophidion 0.41 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus abaster 0.84 LC 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus acus 0.68 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus typhle 0.85 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistes capriscus 0.18 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Molidae Mola mola 0.41 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Molidae Ranzania laevis 0.46 NL 1 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Ostraciidae Acanthostracion quadricornis 0.24 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Ostraciidae Lactophrys trigonus 0.31 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Arothron hispidus 0.17 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Ephippion guttifer 0.02 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides pachygaster 0.23 VU 0 83

130 Chordata Actinopterygii Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Torquigener flavimaculosus 0.69 NL 0 Chordata Actinopterygii Zeiformes Zeidae Zeus faber 0.5 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Ascidiidae Ascidia conchilega 0.05 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Ascidiidae Ascidia mentula 0.62 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Ascidiidae Ascidia virginea 0.46 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Ascidiidae Ascidiella aspersa 0.49 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Ascidiidae Phallusia mammillata 0.8 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Cionidae Ciona intestinalis 0.06 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Clavelinidae Clavelina lepadiformis 0.04 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Corellidae Corella parallelogramma 0.04 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Didemnidae Didemnum maculosum 0.48 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Didemnidae Diplosoma listerianum 0.17 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Polycitoridae Cystodytes dellechiajei 0.24 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Polyclinidae Polyclinum aurantium 0.25 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Enterogona Polyclinidae Sidnyum turbinatum 0.17 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Molgulidae Molgula manhattensis 0.13 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Molgulidae Molgula occulta 0.18 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Pyuridae Pyura microcosmus 0.72 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Pyuridae Pyura tessellata 0.84 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Styelidae Botrylloides violaceus 0.03 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Styelidae Botryllus schlosseri 0.15 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Styelidae Polycarpa pomaria 0.1 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Styelidae Styela canopus 0.41 NL 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Styelidae Styela plicata 0.41 NL 0 Chordata Cephalaspidomorphi Petromyzontiformes Petromyzontidae Lampetra fluviatilis 0.06 LC 0 Chordata Cephalaspidomorphi Petromyzontiformes Petromyzontidae Petromyzon marinus 0.24 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus brachyurus 0.23 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus brevipinna 0.03 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus falciformis 0.13 LR/lc 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus limbatus 0.27 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus longimanus 0.39 VU 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus melanopterus 0.22 LR/nt 1 84

131 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus obscurus 0.28 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus plumbeus 0.31 EN 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Prionace glauca 0.23 VU 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Galeus melastomus 0.63 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Scyliorhinus canicula 0.57 LC 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Scyliorhinus stellaris 0.34 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna lewini 0.36 LR/nt 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna mokarran 0.15 EN 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tudes 0.15 VU 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Sphyrnidae Sphyrna zygaena 0.23 VU 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Galeorhinus galeus 0.39 VU 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus asterias 0.16 LR/lc 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Carcharhiniformes Triakidae Mustelus mustelus 0.49 VU 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Hexanchiformes Hexanchidae Heptranchias perlo 0.26 VU 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Hexanchiformes Hexanchidae Hexanchus griseus 0.19 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Hexanchiformes Hexanchidae Hexanchus nakamurai 0.46 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias superciliosus 0.15 DD 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Cetorhinidae Cetorhinus maximus 0.28 VU 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Lamnidae Carcharodon carcharias 0.32 EN 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus 0.12 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Lamnidae Isurus paucus 0.32 VU 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Lamnidae Lamna nasus 0.46 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus 0.21 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Odontaspididae Odontaspis ferox 0.25 EN 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Pristiformes Pristidae Pristis pectinata 0.21 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Dasyatidae Dasyatis centroura 0.45 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Dasyatidae Dasyatis pastinaca 0.79 NT 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Dasyatidae Dasyatis tortonesei 1 N.E. 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Dasyatidae Pteroplatytrygon violacea 0.22 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Dasyatidae Taeniura grabata 0.01 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela 0.21 CR 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Myliobatidae Myliobatis aquila 0.93 NT 0 85

132 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Myliobatidae Pteromylaeus bovinus 0.19 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Myliobatidae Rhinoptera marginata 0.03 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Dipturus batis 0.42 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Dipturus oxyrinchus 0.59 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja circularis 0.82 EN 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja fullonica 0.44 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja melitensis 1 CR 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Leucoraja naevus 0.59 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja asterias 0.75 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja brachyura 0.36 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja clavata 0.63 NT 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja miraletus 0.55 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja montagui 0.62 LC 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja polystigma 0.63 NT 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja radula 0.42 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja rondeleti 1 N.E. 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Raja undulata 0.69 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rajidae Rostroraja alba 0.78 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rhinobatidae Rhinobatos cemiculus 0.11 EN 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Rajiformes Rhinobatidae Rhinobatos rhinobatos 0.11 EN 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Centrophoridae Centrophorus granulosus 0.07 VU 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Dalatiidae Dalatias licha 0.18 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Echinorhinidae Echinorhinus brucus 0.22 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Etmopteridae Etmopterus spinax 0.54 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Oxynotidae Oxynotus centrina 0.23 CR 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Somniosidae Centroscymnus coelolepis 0.25 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Somniosidae Somniosus rostratus 0.76 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Squalidae Squalus acanthias 0.15 EN 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Squalidae Squalus blainville 0.53 N.E. 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squaliformes Squalidae Squalus uyato 0.17 N.E. 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squatiniformes Squatinidae Squatina aculeata 0.04 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squatiniformes Squatinidae Squatina oculata 0.05 CR 1 86

133 Chordata Elasmobranchii Squatiniformes Squatinidae Squatina squatina 0.67 CR 1 Chordata Elasmobranchii Torpediniformes Torpedinidae Torpedo marmorata 0.56 LC 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Torpediniformes Torpedinidae Torpedo nobiliana 0.22 DD 0 Chordata Elasmobranchii Torpediniformes Torpedinidae Torpedo torpedo 0.37 LC 0 Chordata Holocephali Chimaeriformes Chimaeridae Chimaera monstrosa 0.44 NT 1 Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Phocidae Monachus monachus 0.81 CR 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera acutorostrata 0.24 LR/nt 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera borealis 0 EN 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera physalus 0.17 EN 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Megaptera novaeangliae 0.2 VU 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Delphinus delphis 0.22 LR/lc 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Globicephala melas 0.16 LR/lc 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Grampus griseus 0.32 DD 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Orcinus orca 0.3 LR/cd 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Pseudorca crassidens 0.25 LR/lc 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Stenella coeruleoalba 0.64 LR/cd 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Steno bredanensis 0.19 DD 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Tursiops truncatus 0.39 DD 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Kogiidae Kogia sima 0.09 LR/lc 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Phocoenidae Phocoena phocoena 0.05 VU 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Physeteridae Physeter catodon 0.26 VU 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Ziphiidae Hyperoodon ampullatus 0 LR/cd 1 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Ziphiidae Mesoplodon bidens 0.02 DD 0 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Ziphiidae Mesoplodon densirostris 0.09 DD 0 Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Ziphiidae Ziphius cavirostris 0.24 DD 1 Chordata Myxini Myxiniformes Myxinidae Myxine glutinosa 0.36 NL 0 Chordata Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta 0.49 EN 1 Chordata Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas 0.36 EN 1 Chordata Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Eretmochelys imbricata 0.18 CR 1 Chordata Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Lepidochelys kempii 0.22 CR 1 Chordata Reptilia Testudines Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea 0.26 CR 1 Cnidaria Anthozoa Actiniaria Aiptasiidae Aiptasia mutabilis 0.53 NL 0 87

134 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Caryophylliidae Cladocora caespitosa 0.61 NL 0 Cnidaria Anthozoa Scleractinia Caryophylliidae Lophelia pertusa 0.25 NL 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Eudendriidae Eudendrium capillare 0.51 NL 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Eudendriidae Eudendrium carneum 0.33 NL 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Anthoathecata Eudendriidae Eudendrium rameum 0.21 NL 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Leptothecata Lafoeidae Lafoea dumosa 0.07 NL 0 Cnidaria Scyphozoa Semaeostomeae Ulmaridae Aurelia aurita 0.17 NL 0 Ctenophora Tentaculata Cydippida Pleurobrachiidae Pleurobrachia pileus 0.07 NL 0 Echinodermata Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Stichopodidae Stichopus regalis 0.55 NL 0 Echinodermata Holothuroidea Dendrochirotida Cucumariidae Leptopentacta elongata 0.58 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Arcidae Arca noae 0.94 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Arcidae Arca tetragona 0.79 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Arcidae Barbatia barbata 0.85 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Glycymerididae Glycymeris bimaculata 0.88 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Arcoida Noetiidae Striarca lactea 0.78 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Limoida Limidae Lima lima 0.81 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Limoida Limidae Limatula subauriculata 0.31 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida Corbulidae Corbula gibba 0.21 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida Teredinidae Teredo navalis 0.47 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Gregariella petagnae 0.81 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Lithophaga lithophaga 0.83 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolula phaseolina 0.75 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolus adriaticus 0.78 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolus barbatus 0.81 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Musculus costulatus 0.92 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Mytilus galloprovincialis 0.77 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula hanleyi 0.17 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula nucleus 0.32 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula sulcata 0.43 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Anomiidae Anomia ephippium 0.69 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Anomiidae Pododesmus patelliformis 0.42 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Ostreidae Crassostrea gigas 0.21 NL 0 88

135 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Ostreidae Ostrea edulis 0.28 NL 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Aequipecten opercularis 0.51 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Chlamys glabra 0.88 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Chlamys pesfelis 0.73 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Chlamys varia 0.66 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Delectopecten vitreus 0.04 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Spondylidae Spondylus gaederopus 0.79 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pholadomyoida Pandoridae Pandora inaequivalvis 0.66 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pinnidae Atrina pectinata 0.32 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pinnidae Pinna nobilis 0.86 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Astartidae Digitaria digitaria 0.8 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Acanthocardia aculeata 0.88 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Acanthocardia paucicostata 0.73 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Acanthocardia tuberculata 0.75 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Cerastoderma edule 0.01 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Cerastoderma glaucum 0.52 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Laevicardium crassum 0.05 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Donacidae Donax semistriatus 0.88 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Donacidae Donax trunculus 0.82 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Donacidae Donax vittatus 0.03 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Anodontia fragilis 0.83 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Ctena decussata 0.8 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Loripes lacteus 0.94 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Lucinella divaricata 0.82 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lucinidae Myrtea spinifera 0.85 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Mesodesmatidae Paphies australis 0.08 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Petricolidae Mysia undata 0.07 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Pharidae Ensis siliqua 0.1 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Psammobiidae Gari depressa 0.85 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Scrobicularia plana 0.29 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Tellina tenuis 0.68 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Callista chione 0.77 NL 0 89

136 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Chamelea gallina 0.45 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Clausinella fasciata 0.62 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Dosinia exoleta 0.49 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Dosinia lupinus 0.57 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Ruditapes decussatus 0.87 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Tapes decussata 0.79 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Venerupis pullastra 0.66 NL 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Venus verrucosa 0.7 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopoda Octopodidae Eledone cirrhosa 0.39 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopoda Octopodidae Eledone moschata 0.56 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopoda Octopodidae Illex coindetii 0.63 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopoda Octopodidae Octopus vulgaris 0.59 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Sepiida Sepiidae Sepia orbignyana 0.64 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Sepiolida Sepiolidae Heteroteuthis dispar 0.69 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Sepiolida Sepiolidae Rossia macrosoma 0.03 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Sepiolida Sepiolidae Stoloteuthis leucoptera 0.06 NL 1 Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Brachioteuthidae Brachioteuthis riisei 0.53 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Loliginidae Loligo forbesii 0.33 NL 1 Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Loliginidae Loligo vulgaris 0.65 NL 1 Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Ommastrephidae Ornithoteuthis antillarum 0.25 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Ommastrephidae Todarodes sagittatus 0.57 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Ommastrephidae Todaropsis eblanae 0.13 NL 0 Mollusca Cephalopoda Teuthida Pyroteuthidae Pterygioteuthis giardi 0.19 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda Haliotididae Haliotis tuberculata 0.78 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda Patellidae Patella ulyssiponensis 0.6 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda Trochidae Gibbula magus 0.49 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Cephalaspidea Cylichnidae Cylichna cylindracea 0.28 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Cephalaspidea Philinidae Philine aperta 0.59 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Bolinus brandaris 0.77 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Stramonita haemastoma 0.67 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Eulimidae Eulima glabra 0.72 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Ranellidae Charonia lampas 0.52 NL 0 90

137 Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Turritellidae Turritella communis 0.43 NL 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Berthella plumula 0.78 NL 0 Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona fascicularis 0.89 NL 0 Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Callochitonidae Callochiton septemvalvis 0.02 NL 0 Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Hanleyidae Hanleya hanleyi 0.05 NL 0 Mollusca Scaphopoda Dentaliida Dentaliidae Antalis vulgaris 0.69 NL 0 Mollusca Scaphopoda Dentaliida Fustiariidae Fustiaria rubescens 0.82 NL 0 Mollusca Scaphopoda Gadilida Entalinidae Entalina tetragona 0.51 NL 0 Mollusca Scaphopoda Gadilida Gadilidae Cadulus jeffreysi 0.68 NL 0 Mollusca Scaphopoda Gadilida Gadilidae Cadulus propinquus 0.58 NL 0 Mollusca Scaphopoda Gadilida Gadilidae Dischides politus 0.8 NL 0 Mollusca Scaphopoda Gadilida Pulsellidae Pulsellum lofotense 0.52 NL 0 Porifera Demospongiae Dictyoceratida Spongiidae Spongia officinalis 0.6 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Aspidosiphonidae Aspidosiphon muelleri 0.28 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Golfingiidae Golfingia elongata 0.31 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Golfingiidae Golfingia margaritacea 0.16 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Golfingiidae Golfingia vulgaris 0.31 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Golfingiidae Nephasoma abyssorum 0.29 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Golfingiidae Nephasoma constricticervix 0.08 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Golfingiidae Nephasoma constrictum 0.38 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Golfingiidae Thysanocardia procera 0.52 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Phascolionidae Phascolion strombus 0.45 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Phascolionidae Phascolion tuberculosum 0.22 NL 0 Sipuncula Not assigned Not assigned Sipunculidae Sipunculus nudus 0.27 NL 0 91

138 Seaweeds and seagrasses (by Enric Ballesteros) Table S7. Mediterranean biodiversity (species/infraspecific taxa, families, orders, classes) for the phyla Heterokontophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Magnoliophyta and all the macrophytobenthos Total number of species/intraspecific taxa is also split into introduced, endemics and others. Table S8. Percentage of introduced, endemics and other macrophytobenthic species/infraspecific taxa by phylum and totals Table S9. Checklist of the phylum Heterokontophyta and comments to the checklist Algae belonging to the phylum Heterokontophyta (Kingdom Chromista) have been classified by Classes, Orders, Families, Species and other infraspecific levels (subspecies, varieties and forms). Ordination is alphabetical. When no infraspecific level is indicated the taxa corresponds to the type variety. This list is based in the check-list by Ribera et al. (1992), with some updates and modifications. Particular attention has been devoted to local checklists published after the revision by Ribera et al. (1992): Puglia (Southern Italy) (Cormaci et al. 2001), Tuscany (Northwestern Italy) (Rindi et al. 2002), Morocco (Benhissoune et al. 2002) and Italian coasts (Furnari et al. 2003). Lists of Mediterranean introduced species have also been considered (e.g. Boudouresque & Verlaque 2002; Zenetos et al. 2005, 2008; Verlaque et al. in press) as well as some specific papers (e.g. 92

139 Cormaci et al. 1994; Ramon 2000; Ribera et al. 2005; Alongi et al. 2007; Taskin et al. 2010). Black Sea is not included. Taxonomy follows Algaebase ( if not otherwise indicated. Endemic species (found only in the Mediterranean basin, Black Sea included) are preceded by the symbol *. A careful and critical examination of the existing records of every species from the available literature has been performed in order to consider a species as endemic. Introduced species are preceded by the symbol #. As it is not always easy to detect introduced species from the distributional records, we mainly follow the criteria by other authors specialized in this issue. Superscript numbers refer to notes. Some of the commonest synonyms found in Mediterranean literature (if any) are sometimes placed after the currently accepted name. Other synonyms can be found at Algaebase. A list of taxa inquirenda as well as a list of taxa excludenda is also given at the end of the list; species considered in Ribera et al. (1992) are not stated again. Kingdom Chromista Phylum Heterokontophyta Class Pelagophyceae Order Sarcinochrysidales Family Sarcinochrysidaceae Chrysonephos lewisii (Taylor) Taylor Nematochrysopsis marina (J. Feldmann) Billard (=Tribonema marinum J. Feldmann) Class Xanthophyceae Order Vaucheriales Family Vaucheriaceae Vaucheria dichotoma (Linnaeus) Martius Vaucheria piloboloides Thuret Vaucheria sescuplicaria Christensen Vaucheria submarina (Lyngbye) Berkeley Vaucheria synandra Woronin Vaucheria velutina C. Agardh (=Vaucheria thuretii Woronin) Vaucheria woroniniana Heering Class Phaeophyceae Order Cutleriales Family Cutleriaceae Cutleria adspersa (Mertens ex Roth) De Notaris (=Aglaozonia melanoidea Sauvageau) Cutleria chilosa (Falkenberg) Silva (=Aglaozonia chilosa Falkenberg; =Cutleria monoica Ollivier) Cutleria multifida (Turner) Greville [=Aglaozonia parvula (Greville) Zanardini] Zanardinia typus (Nardo) Silva [=Zanardinia prototypus (Nardo) Nardo] Order Desmarestiales 93

140 Family Arthrocladiaceae Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby Family Desmarestiaceae Desmarestia aculeata (Linnaeus) Lamouroux Desmarestia dresnayi Lamouroux ex Leman Desmarestia ligulata (Stackhouse) Lamouroux (=Desmarestia adriatica Ercegovic) #Desmarestia viridis (O.F. Müller) Lamouroux Order Dictyotales Family Dictyotaceae Dictyopteris lucida Ribera, Gómez-Garreta, Pérez-Ruzafa, Barceló & Rull Dictyopteris polypodioides (De Candolle) Lamouroux [=Dictyopteris membranacea (Stackhouse) Batters] Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata (C. Agardh) Greville [=var. implexa (Desfontaines) Gray] Dictyota fasciola (Roth) Lamouroux [=Dilophus fasciola (Roth) Howe] Dictyota fasciola var. repens (J. Agardh) Ardissone Dictyota linearis (C. Agardh) Greville *Dictyota mediterranea (Schiffner) Furnari (=Dilophus mediterraneus Schiffner) #Dictyota sp. 1 Dictyota spiralis Montagne [=Dilophus ligulatus (Kützing) J. Feldmann] Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley ex Oliveira #Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft #Padina boryana Thivy (=Padina tenuis Bory) Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy #Rugulopteryx okamurae (Dawson) Hwang, Lee & Kim [=Dictyota okamurae (Dawson) Hörnig, Schnetter & Prud'homme van Reine] Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) Kützing Spatoglossum solierii (Chauvin ex Montagne) Kützing #Spatoglossum variabile Figari & De Notaris #Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger ex Kützing) Verlaque & Boudouresque Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J. Agardh *Taonia atomaria f. ciliata (C. Agardh) Nizamuddin *Taonia lacheana Cormaci, Furnari & Pizzuto Zonaria tournefortii (Lamouroux) Montagne Order Ectocarpales Family Acinetosporaceae Acinetospora crinita (Carmichael ex Harvey) Sauvageau [=Acinetospora vidovichii (Meneghini) Sauvageau] *Feldmannia battersiides (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) Hamel Feldmannia lebelii (Areschoug ex P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Hamel [=Feldmannia caespitula (J. Agardh) Knoepffler-Péguy] Feldmannia padinae (Buffham) Hamel Feldmannia paradoxa (Montagne) Hamel [=Feldmannia globifera (Kützing) Hamel] *Feldmannia paradoxoides (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari Feldmannia simplex (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Hamel *Hincksia dalmatica (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari 94

141 Hincksia fuscata (Zanardini) Silva *Hincksia geniculata (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari Hincksia granulosa (Smith) Silva *Hincksia hauckii (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari Hincksia hincksiae (Harvey) Silva Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) Silva Hincksia ovata (Kjellman) Silva Hincksia sandriana (Zanardini) Silva Hincksia secunda (Kützing) Silva Family Chordariaceae *Acrospongium ralfsioides Schiffner #Acrothrix gracilis Kylin Ascocyclus orbicularis (J. Agardh) Kjellman 2 Asperococcus bullosus Lamouroux [=Asperococcus turneri (Smith) Hooker] *Asperococcus bullosus f. profundus J. Feldmann Asperococcus ensiformis (Chiaje) Wynne (=Asperococcus compressus Griffiths ex Hooker) Asperococcus fistulosus (Hudson) Hooker Asperococcus scaber Kuckuck Botrytella micromora Bory #Botrytella parva (Takamatsu) Kim Chilionema hispanicum (Sauvageau) Fletcher Cladosiphon contortus (Thuret) Kylin *Cladosiphon cylindricus (Sauvageau) Kylin (=Castagnea cylindrica Sauvageau) *Cladosiphon irregularis (Sauvageau) Kylin (=Castagnea irregularis Sauvageau) *Cladosiphon mediterraneus Kützing (=Castagnea mediterranea (Kützing) Hauck) #Cladosiphon zosterae (J. Agardh) Kylin Climacosorus mediterraneus Sauvageau Corynophlaea crispa (Harvey) Kuckuck *Corynophlaea flaccida (C. Agardh) Kützing *Corynophlaea hamelii J. Feldmann *Corynophlaea umbellata (C. Agardh) Kützing *Cylindrocarpus kuckuckii Taskin, Wynne & Özturk Cylindrocarpus microscopicus P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan Elachista flaccida (Dillwyn) Fries Elachista fucicola (Velley) Areschoug Elachista intermedia P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan *Elachista intermedia var. clavaeformis Ercegovic *Elachista jabukae Ercegovic *Elachista neglecta Kuckuck Elachista stellaris Areschoug Eudesme virescens (Carmichael ex Berkeley) J. Agardh Giraudia sphacelarioides Derbès & Solier *Gontrania lubrica Sauvageau #Halothrix lumbricalis (Kützing) Reinke *Hecatonema liagorae (J. Feldmann) Hamel Hecatonema terminale (Kützing) Kylin [=Hecatonema maculans (Collins) Sauvageau] *Herponema graniferum Kuckuck Herponema solitarium (Sauvageau) Hamel Herponema valiantei (Bornet ex Sauvageau) Hamel Herponema velutinum (Greville) J. Agardh Kuetzingiella battersii (Bornet ex Sauvageau) Kornmann *Kuetzingiella battersii var. mediterranea (Sauvageau) Gómez & Ribera 95

142 #Leathesia marina (Lyngbye) Decaisne (=Leathesia difformis Areschoug) *Leathesia mucosa J. Feldmann *Leathesia mucosa var. condensata J. Feldmann Leptonematella fasciculata (Reinke) Silva *Leptonematella neapolitana (Schussnig) Cormaci & Furnari Liebmannia leveillei J. Agardh Lithosiphon laminariae (Lyngbye) Harvey (=Streblonema oligosporum Strömfelt; =Streblonema thuretii Sauvageau) Mesogloia lanosa P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan Mesogloia vermiculata (Smith) Gray Microcoryne ocellata Strömfelt Microspongium gelatinosum Reinke Microspongium tenuissimum (Hauck) A.F. Peters (=Streblonema tenuissimum Hauck) Mikrosyphar polysiphoniae Kuckuck Myriactula arabica (Kützing) J. Feldmann *Myriactula elongata (Sauvageau) Hamel *Myriactula gracilis van der Ben *Myriactula rigida (Sauvageau) Hamel Myriactula rivulariae (Suhr) J. Feldmann Myriactula stellulata (Harvey) Levring #Myriogloea sciurus (Harvey) Kuckuck ex Oltmanns *Myrionema conchicola (J. Feldmann) Boudouresque Myrionema liechtensternii Hauck Myrionema magnusii (Sauvageau) Loiseaux Myrionema strangulans Greville Myriotrichia adriatica Hauck Myriotrichia repens Hauck (=Myriotrichia clavaeformis Harvey?) *Nemacystus flexuosus (C. Agardh) Kylin var. giraudyi (J. Agardh) De Jong (=Nemacystus ramulosus Derbès & Solier) Nemacystus hispanicus (Sauvageau) Kylin Petrospongium berkeleyi (Greville) Nägeli ex Kützing *Phaeostroma bertholdii Kuckuck *Protasperococcus myriotrichiiformis Sauvageau Protectocarpus speciosus (Boergesen) Kornmann Punctaria latifolia Greville #Punctaria tenuissima (C. Agardh) Greville (=Streblonema effusum Kylin) Sauvageaugloia griffithsiana (Griffiths & Harvey) Hamel & Kylin (=Myriocladia chordariaeformis P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan; =Cladosiphon chordariaeformis P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Spermatochnus paradoxus (Roth) Kützing Spongonema tomentosum Hudson) Kützing Stictyosiphon adriaticus Kützing Stictyosiphon soriferus (Reinke) Rosenvinge Stictyosiphon tortilis (Gobi) Reinke Stilophora tenella (Esper) Silva [=Stilophora rhizodes (C. Agardh) J. Agardh] Streblonema infestans (Gran) Batters Streblonema parasiticum (Sauvageau) De Toni Streblonema sphaericum (Derbès & Solier) Thuret Streblonema stilophorae (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Kylin *Streblonemopsis irritans Valiante Sphaerotrichia divaricata (C. Agardh) Kylin #Sphaerotrichia firma (Gepp) Zinova Strepsithalia liagorae Sauvageau Strepsithalia liebmanniae Miranda 96

143 Striaria attenuata (Greville) Greville [=Striaria attenuata f. crinita (J. Agardh) Hauck; =Striaria attenuata f. ramosissima (Kützing) Hauck] *Zosterocarpus oedogonium (Meneghini) Bornet Family Ectocarpaceae Asterocladon rhodochortonoides (Boergesen) Uwai, Nagasato, Motomura & Kogame (=Ectocarpus rhodochortonoides Boergesen) Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harvey Ectocarpus fasciculatus var. abbreviatus (Kützing) Sauvageau Ectocarpus fasciculatus var. pycnocarpus (Rosenvinge) Cardinal Ectocarpus commensalis Setchell & Gardner [=Ectocarpus parvus (Saunders) Hollenberg] Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye (=Ectocarpus confervoides Le Jolis; =Ectocarpus siliculosus var. penicillatus C. Agardh) *Ectocarpus siliculosus var. adriaticus (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari Ectocarpus siliculosus var. arctus (Kützing) Gallardo Ectocarpus siliculosus var. crouaniorum (Thuret) Gallardo Ectocarpus siliculosus var. dasycarpus (Kuckuck) Gallardo [=var. crassus (Kjellman) Gallardo] #Ectocarpus siliculosus var. hiemalis (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan ex Kjellman) Gallardo Ectocarpus siliculosus var. pygmaeus (Areschoug) G. Russell Ectocarpus siliculosus var. subulatus (Kützing) Gallardo *Ectocarpus siliculosus var. venetus (Kützing) Gallardo Ectocarpus virescens Thuret ex Sauvageau Kuckuckia spinosa (Kützing) Kornmann (=Kuckuckia kylinii Cardinal) Pilinia rimosa Kützing Family Pylaiellaceae Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff #Pylaiella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman Order Fucales Family Cystoseiraceae Cystoseira abies-marina (Gmelin) C. Agardh *Cystoseira algeriensis J. Feldmann *Cystoseira amentacea (C. Agardh) Bory *Cystoseira amentacea var. spicata (Ercegovic) Giaccone (=Cystoseira spicata Ercegovic) *Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta Montagne [=Cystoseira stricta (Montagne) Sauvageau] Cystoseira baccata (Gmelin) Silva *Cystoseira balearica Sauvageau [=Cystoseira brachycarpa J. Agardh var. balearica (Sauvageau) Giaccone] 3 *Cystoseira balearica var. claudiae Giaccone Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh *Cystoseira barbata f. repens Zinova & Kalugina *Cystoseira barbata f. insularum Ercegovic *Cystoseira barbata var. tophuloidea (Ercegovic) Giaccone *Cystoseira barbatula Kützing (=Cystoseira graeca Schiffner ex Gerloff & Nizamuddin) *Cystoseira brachycarpa J. Agardh *Cystoseira caespitosa Sauvageau 4 Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin [=Cystoseira compressa f. rosetta (Ercegovic) Cormaci, Furnari, Scammacca & Serio] *Cystoseira compressa f. plana (Ercegovic) Cormaci, Furnari, Scammacca & Serio *Cystoseira compressa var. pustulata Ercegovic 5 *Cystoseira corniculata (Turner) Zanardini 6 97

144 *Cystoseira crinita Duby *Cystoseira crinitophylla Ercegovic *Cystoseira dubia Valiante *Cystoseira elegans Sauvageau Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville [=Cystoseira ercegovicii Giaccone; =Cystoseira discors (Linnaeus) C. Agardh] *Cystoseira foeniculacea f. latiramosa (Ercegovic) Gómez-Garreta, Barceló, Ribera & Rull *Cystoseira foeniculacea f. tenuiramosa (Ercegovic) Gómez-Garreta, Barceló, Ribera & Rull *Cystoseira foeniculacea f. schiffneri (Hamel) Gómez-Garreta, Barceló, Ribera & Rull *Cystoseira funkii Schiffner ex Gerloff & Nizamuddin 7 Cystoseira humilis Schousboe ex Kützing Cystoseira humilis var. myriophylloides (Sauvageau) Price & John *Cystoseira hyblaea Giaccone *Cystoseira jabukae Ercegovic *Cystoseira jabukae f. tenuissima (Ercegovic) Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone, Scammacca & Serio Cystoseira mauritanica Sauvageau [=Cystoseira gibraltarica (Sauvageau) Dangeard?] 8 *Cystoseira mediterranea Sauvageau Cystoseira nodicaulis (Withering) Roberts *Cystoseira pelagosae Ercegovic *Cystoseira rayssiae Ramon *Cystoseira sauvageauana Hamel 9 *Cystoseira sedoides (Desfontaines) C. Agardh *Cystoseira spinosa Sauvageau (=Cystoseira adriatica Sauvageau) *Cystoseira spinosa var. compressa (Ercegovic) Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone, Scammacca & Serio (=Cystoseira platyramosa Ercegovic) *Cystoseira spinosa var. tenuior (Ercegovic) Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone, Scammacca & Serio *Cystoseira squarrosa De Notaris *Cystoseira susanensis Nizamuddin Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss Cystoseira usneoides (Linnaeus) Roberts *Cystoseira zosteroides (Turner) C. Agardh (=Cystoseira opuntioides Bory ex Montagne) 10 Family Fucaceae Fucus spiralis Linnaeus Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus *Fucus virsoides J. Agardh Family Sargassaceae Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) Setchell Sargassum desfontainesii (Turner) C. Agardh Sargassum flavifolium Kützing Sargassum furcatum Kützing *Sargassum hornschuchii C. Agardh #Sargassum muticum (Fensholt) Yendo *Sargassum trichocarpum J. Agardh Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh Order Laminariales Family Alariaceae #Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar 98

145 Family Chordaceae #Chorda filum (Linnaeus) Stackhouse Family Laminariaceae Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie *Laminaria rodriguezii Bornet #Saccharina japonica (Areschoug) Lane, Mayes, Druehl & Saunders (=Laminaria japonica Areschoug) Order Nemodermatales Family Nemodermataceae Nemoderma tingitanum Schousboe ex Bornet Order Onslowiales Family Onslowiaceae *Verosphacela silvae Alongi, Cormaci & Furnari Order Ralfsiales Family Ralfsiaceae Hapalospongidion macrocarpum (J. Feldmann) León Álvarez & González (=Mesospora mediterranea J. Feldmann) Pseudolithoderma adriaticum (Hauck) Verlaque (=Lithoderma adriaticum Hauck) Pseudolithoderma extensum (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Lund Ralfsia verrucosa (Areschoug) Areschoug Family Neoralfsiaceae Neoralfsia expansa (J. Agardh) Lim & Kawai [=Ralfsia expansa (J. Agardh) J. Agardh] Order Scytosiphonales Family Scytosiphonaceae #Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier Compsonema gracile Kuckuck Compsonema minutum (C. Agardh) Kornmann Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) Howe Petalonia fascia (O.F. Müller) Kuntze Petalonia zosterifolia (Reinke) Kuntze Rosenvingea intricata (J. Agardh) Boergesen #Scytosiphon dotyi Wynne Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link Stragularia clavata (Harvey) Hamel (=Ralfsia disciformis P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Order Sphacelariales Family Choristocarpaceae *Choristocarpus tenellus Zanardini Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum (Meneghini) Hauck Family Sphacelariaceae Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) C. Agardh 99

146 Cladostephus spongiosus f. verticillatus (Lightfoot) Prud'homme van Reine [=Cladostephus hirsutus (Linnaeus) Boudouresque & Perret-Boudouresque] Sphacelaria brachygonia Montagne Sphacelaria cirrosa (Roth) C. Agardh (=Sphacelaria hystrix Suhr ex Reinke) Sphacelaria fusca (Hudson) Gray Sphacelaria nana Nägeli ex Kützing Sphacelaria plumula Zanardini Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini Sphacella subtilissima Reinke Family Stypocaulaceae Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing Order Sporochnales Family Sporochnaceae Carpomitra costata (Stackhouse) Batters *Carpomitra costata var. mediterranea J. Feldmann Nereia filiformis (J. Agardh) Zanardini Sporochnus gaertnera (Gmelin) C. Agardh Sporochnus pedunculatus (Hudson) C. Agardh Stilopsis lejolisii (Thuret) Kuckuck & Nienburg ex Hamel Order Tilopteridales Family Phyllariaceae Phyllariopsis brevipes (C. Agardh) Henry & South [=Phyllaria reniformis (Lamouroux) Rostafinsky] Phyllariopsis purpurascens (C. Agardh) Henry & South Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters Notes 1. Rull et al. (2007) reported Dictyota ciliolata Sonder ex Kützing from the Northwestern Mediterranean but recent molecular examination of the collected specimens suggests that it is another, still unidentified, species. 2. We follow Algaebase in not considering Ascocyclus orbicularis (J. Agardh) Kjellman as synonym of Myrionema magnusii (Sauvageau) Loiseaux. 3. We prefer to maintain the specific category of Cystoseira balearica Sauvageau awaiting molecular evidences for its inclusion within Cystoseira brachycarpa J. Agardh. 4. We prefer to maintain the specific category of Cystoseira caespitosa Sauvageau awaiting molecular evidences indicating its identity with Cystoseira balearica Sauvageau. 5. Awaiting molecular evidences, we consider Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin var. pustulata Ercegovic (=Cystoseira epiphytica Schiffner ex Gerloff & Nizamuddin) to be a different taxa from Cystoseira humilis Kützing var. humilis. 6. This species is considered here to be a Mediterranean endemics. In our opinion, records from the Indian Ocean (Silva et al. 1996) need reexamination. 7. See Verlaque et al. (1999) for the differences between this species and Cystoseira jabukae Ercegovic. 100

147 8. Synonymy between Cystoseira mauritanica Sauvageau and Cystoseira gibraltarica (Sauvageau) Dangeard needs reexamination. 9. Includes Cystoseira sauvageauana var. polyoedematis (Sauvageau) Hamel. C. sauvageauana is considered here as endemic. In our opinion, records from the Atlantic Ocean (Prud'homme van Reine et al. 2005) need reexamination. 10. This species is considered here to be a Mediterranean endemic. In our opinion, records from the Indian Ocean (Silva et al. 1996) need reexamination. Taxa inquirenda (see also Ribera et al. 1992) Cystoseira mediterranea var. valiantei Sauvageau: see Verlaque et al. (1999). Ectocarpus elegans Meneghini ex Ardissone: see Furnari et al. (2003). Leathesia cervicornis Berthold: see Furnari et al. (2003). Sphacelaria olivacea (Smith) C. Agardh: see Furnari et al. (2003). Taxa excludenda (see also Ribera et al. 1992) Cystoseira myrica (Gmelin) C. Agardh: see Zenetos et al. (2005). Dictyota ciliolata Sonder ex Kützing: Molecular examination of specimens identified as Dictyota ciliolata in the Northwestern Mediterranean (Rull et al. 2007) suggest that they do not belong to this species (J. Rull, pers. comm.). Sargassum latifolium (Turner) C. Agardh: unsupported records (Zenetos et al. 2008). Sorocarpus sp.: Specimens tentatively identified as Sorocarpus sp. correspond to Botrytella parva (Takamatsu) Kim (Zenetos et al. 2008). Spatoglossum asperum J. Agardh: see Zenetos et al. (2005) References Alongi G, Cormaci M, Furnari G Verosphacela silvae sp. nov. (Onslowiaceae, Phaeophyceae) from the Mediterranean Sea. Phycological Research 55: Benhissoune S, Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M A checklist of the seaweeds of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Morocco. II. Phaeophyceae. Botanica Marina 45: Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: Cormaci M, Furnari G, Alongi G, Serio D, Petrocelli A, Cecere E Censimento delle macroalghe marine bentoniche delle coste pugliesi. Thalassia Salentina 25: Cormaci M, Furnari G, Pizzuto F Taonia lacheana sp. nov. (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta), from the Mediterranean Sea. Nordic Journal of Botany 14: Furnari G, Giaccone G, Cormaci M, Alongi G, Serio D Biodiversità marina delle coste italiane: catalogo del macrofitobentos. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 10(1): Prud'homme van Reine WF, Haroun RJ, Kostermans LBT Checklists on seaweeds in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Cape Verde Archipelago. In: IV Simposio Fauna e Flora das Ilhas Atlanticas, Praia 9-13 setembro 2002: Ministério do Ambiente, Agricultura e Pescas, República de Cabo Verde. Ramon E Cystoseira rayssiae: a new Cystoseira (Cystoseiraceae, Fucophyceae) from the shores of Israel, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 48:

148 Ribera MA, Gómez-Garreta AM, Gallardo T, Cormaci M, Furnari G, Giaccone G Checklist of Mediterranean seaweeds I. Fucophyceae (Warming, 1884). Botanica Marina 35: Ribera MA, Gómez-Garreta A, Pérez-Ruzafa I, Barceló MC, Rull J A new species of Dictyopteris (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) from the Iberian Peninsula: Dictyopteris lucida sp. nov. Phycologia 44: Rindi F, Sartoni G, Cinelli F A floristic account of the benthic marine algae of Tuscany (Western Mediterranean Sea). Nova Hedwigia 74: Rull J, Ballesteros E, Barceló MC, Gómez-Garreta A, Ribera MA Dictyota ciliolata Sonder ex Kützing (Phaeophyceae, Dictyotales) in the Mediterraean Sea. Cryptogamie Algologie 28: Silva PC, Basson PW, Moe RL Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79: Taskin E, Wynne MJ, Özturk M Cylindrocarpus kuckuckii sp. nov. (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyceae), a newly recognized species from the Aegean Sea (Turkey). Nova Hedwigia 90: Verlaque M, Ballesteros E, Sala E, Garrabou J Cystoseira jabukae (Cystoseiraceae, Fucophyceae) from Corsica (Mediterranean) with notes on the previously misunderstood species C. funkii. Phycologia 38: Verlaque M, Ruitton S, Mineur F, Boudouresque CF. in press. 4. Macrophytes. In: Briand F (ed), CIESM Atlas of Exotic species in the Mediterranean. CIESM Publishers. Monaco. Zenetos A, Çinar ME, Pancucci-Papadopoulou MA, Harmelin JG, Furnari G, Andaloro F, Bellou N, Streftaris N, Zibrowius H Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. Mediterranean Marine Science 6: Zenetos A, Meriç E, Verlaque M, Galil P, Boudouresque CF, Giangrande A, Çinar ME, Bilecenoglu M Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites. Mediterranean Marine Science 9: Table S10. Checklist of the phylum Rhodophyta and comments to the checklist Algae belonging to the phylum Rhodophyta (Kingdom Plantae) have been classified by Classes, Orders, Families, Species and other infraspecific levels (subspecies, varieties and forms). Ordination is alphabetical. When no infraspecific level is indicated the taxa corresponds to the type variety. This list has been made using local checklists from Morocco (Benhissoune et al. 2002, 2003), Algeria (Perret-Boudouresque & Seridi 1989), Tunisia (Ben Maiz et al. 1987), Libya (Nizamuddin et al. 1979), Syria (Mayhoub 1976), Aegean Sea (Athanasiadis 1987), Italy (Furnari et al. 2003), Adriatic Sea (Giaccone 1978; Furnari et al. 1999), Corsica (Boudouresque & Perret-Boudouresque 1987), Albères coast (France) (Boudouresque et al. 1984; Knoepffler et al. 1990), Catalonia (Ballesteros 1990), Andalusia (Conde et al. 1996) and Spain (Gallardo et al. 1985), as well as a large number of smaller contributions. When Mediterranean revisions were already available for some taxonomic groups they have been used with some updates and 102

149 modifications: Ceramiales (Gómez-Garreta et al. 2001), Corallinales (Bressan & Babbini- Benussi 1996, 2003), Acrochaetiaceae (Conde 1991), Laurencia-complex (Furnari et al. 2001; Furnari et al. 2002; Serio et al. 2004, 2008, 2010), Gracilaria (Gargiulo et al. 1992), and Nemastoma (Rodriguez et al. 2004). Lists of Mediterranean introduced species have also been considered (e.g. Boudouresque & Verlaque 2002; Zenetos et al. 2005, 2008; Verlaque 2001; Verlaque et al. in press) as well as some specific papers (e.g. Alongi et al. 2007, 2008; Athanasiadis 1999, 2002; Cormaci et al. 1993; Gargiulo et al. 1986, 1990; Perrone & Delle Foglie 2006; Rodriguez-Prieto & De Clerck 2009). Black Sea is not included. Taxonomy follows Algaebase ( if not otherwise indicated. Endemic species (found only in the Mediterranean basin, Black Sea included) are preceded by the symbol *. A careful and critical examination of the existing records of every species from the available literature has been performed in order to consider a species as endemic. Introduced species are preceded by the symbol #. As it is not always easy to detect introduced species from the distributional records, we mainly follow the criteria by other authors specialized in this issue. Superscript numbers refer to notes. Some of the commonest synonyms found in Mediterranean literature (if any) are sometimes placed after the currently accepted name. Other synonyms can be found at Algaebase. A list of taxa inquirenda as well as a list of taxa excludenda is also given at the end of the list; species of the Order Ceramiales considered as taxa inquirenda or taxa excludenda in Gómez-Garreta et al. (2001) are not stated again. Kingdom Plantae Phylum Rhodophyta Class Bangiophyceae Order Bangiales Family Bangiaceae 1 Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye Porphyra atropurpurea (Olivi) De Toni Porphyra dioica Brodie & Irvine Porphyra leucosticta Thuret Porphyra linearis Greville Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing #Porphyra yezoensis Ueda Class Compsopogonophyceae Order Compsopogonales Family Compsopogonaceae *Comsopogon aegyptiacus Aleem Compsopogon coeruleus (Balbis ex C. Agardh) Montagne Order Erythropeltidales 103

150 Family Erythrotrichiaceae 2 Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge Erythrocladia polystromatica Dangeard Erythrocladia violacea Dangeard Erythropeltis discigera (Berthold) Schmitz Erythrotrichia bertholdii Batters Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh [=Erythrotrichia biseriata Tanaka; =Erythrotrichia ceramicola (Lyngbye) Areschoug] Erythrotrichia investiens (Zanardini) Bornet Erythrotrichia reflexa (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Thuret ex De Toni *Erythrotrichia rosea Dangeard Erythrotrichia simplex Dangeard Porphyrostromium boryanum (Montagne) Silva [=Erythrotrichia boryana (Montagne) Berthold] Porphyrostromium ciliare (Carmichael) Wynne [= Erythrotrichia ciliaris (Carmichael) Thuret; =Erythrotrichia obscura Berthold] Porphyrostromium obscurum (Berthold) Kornmann (=Erythrocladia grisea Dangeard) Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann Order Rhodochaetales Family Rhodochaetaceae Rhodochaete pulchella Thuret ex Bornet (=Rhodochaete parvula Thuret) Class Florideophyceae Order Acrochaetiales Family Acrochaetiaceae 2 Acrochaetium alariae (Jónsson) Bornet *Acrochaetium boergesenii Schiffner *Acrochaetium caesareae J. Feldmann 3 #Acrochaetium codicola Borgesen [=Rhodothamniella codicola (Borgesen) Bidoux & Magne] Acrochaetium codii (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Hamel [=Rhodothamniella codii (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) J. Feldmann] Acrochaetium corymbiferum (Thuret) Batters *Acrochaetium duboscqii J. Feldmann Acrochaetium endozoicum (Darbishire) Batters Acrochaetium gynandrum (Rosenvinge) Hamel *Acrochaetium hamelii J. Feldmann 3 *Acrochaetium hauckii Schiffner [=Rhodochorton hauckii (Schiffner) Hamel] Acrochaetium humile (Rosenvinge) Borgesen *Acrochaetium incrassatum Ercegovic Acrochaetium infestans Howe & Hoyt Acrochaetium leptonema (Rosenvinge) Borgesen Acrochaetium maluinum Hamel *Acrochaetium mediterraneum (Levring) Athanasiadis Acrochaetium microscopicum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Nägeli [=Acrochaetium crassipes (Boergesen) Boergesen] *Acrochaetium minutum (Suhr) Hamel [=Acrochaetium minutissimum (Kützing) Nägeli] 104

151 *Acrochaetium molinieri Coppejans & Boudouresque Acrochaetium moniliforme (Rosenvinge) Borgesen (=Acrochaetium mahumetanum Hamel) Acrochaetium nemalii (De Notaris ex Dufour) Bornet Acrochaetium parvulum (Kylin) Hoyt Acrochaetium reductum (Rosenvinge) Hamel #Acrochaetium robustum Borgesen (=Acrochaetium sargassicola Boergesen) Acrochaetium rosulatum (Rosenvinge) Papenfuss Acrochaetium savianum (Meneghini) Nägeli [=Acrochaetium thuretii (Bornet) Collins & Hervey] Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli [=Acrochaetium virgatulum (Harvey) Batters; =Acrochaetium rhipidandrum (Rosenvinge) Hamel] #Acrochaetium spathoglossi Borgesen Acrochaetium subpinnatum Bornet ex Hamel #Acrochaetium subseriatum Borgesen Acrochaetium subtilissimum (Kützing) Hamel Acrochaetium trifilum (Buffham) Batters Colaconema bonnemaisoniae Batters [=Acrochaetium bonnemaisoniae (Batters) J. Feldmann & G. Feldmann] Colaconema caespitosum (J. Agardh) Jackelman, Stegenga & Bolton [=Acrochaetium caespitosum (J. Agardh) Nageli] Colaconema chylocladiae Batters [=Acrochaetium chylocladiae (Batters) Batters] Colaconema daviesii (Dillwyn) Stegenga [=Acrochaetium daviesii (Dillwyn) Nägeli] Colaconema garbaryi Gabrielson Colaconema gracile (Boergesen) Ateweberhan & Prud'homme van Reine (=Acrochaetium gracile Boergesen) Colaconema hallandicum (Kylin) Afonso-Carrillo, Sansón, Sangil & Diaz-Villa [=Acrochaetium hallandicum (Kylin) Hamel f. harmoricum Hamel] Colaconema membranaceum (Magnus) Woelkerling [=Audouinella membranacea (Magnus) Papenfuss] Rhodochorton purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge [=Rhodochorton rothii (Turton) Nägeli; =Audouinella purpurea (Lightfoot) Woelkerling] Rhodochorton velutinum (Hauck) Hamel Rhodothamniella floridula (Dillwyn) J. Feldmann Schmitziella endophloea Bornet & Batters Order Acrosymphytales Family Acrosymphytaceae Acrosymphyton purpuriferum (J. Agardh) Sjösted [=Hymenoclonium serpens (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Batters] Schimmelmannia schousboei (J. Agardh) J. Agardh Order Bonnemaisoniales Family Bonnemaisoniaceae #Asparagopsis armata Harvey [=Falkenbergia rufolanosa (Harvey) Schmitz] #Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan [=Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falkenberg] Bonnemaisonia asparagoides (Woodward) C. Agardh [=Hymenoclonium serpens (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Batters] Bonnemaisonia clavata Hamel #Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot (=Trailliella intricata Batters) 105

152 Family Naccariaceae Naccaria wiggii (Turner) Endlicher Order Ceramiales Family Ceramiaceae #Acrothamnion pressii (Sonder) Wollaston Aglaothamnion bipinnatum (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) J. Feldmann & G. Feldmann *Aglaothamnion caudatum (J. Agardh) Feldmann-Mazoyer Aglaothamnion cordatum (Boergesen) Feldmann-Mazoyer #Aglaothamnion feldmanniae Halos Aglaothamnion gallicum (Nägeli) L'Hardy-Halos & Ardré Aglaothamnion scopulorum (C. Agardh) Feldmann-Mazoyer Aglaothamnion tenuissimum (Bonnemaison) Feldmann-Mazoyer *Aglaothamnion tenuissimum var. mazoyerae Furnari, L'Hardy-Halos, Rueness & Serio Aglaothamnion tripinnatum (C. Agardh) Feldman-Mazoyer Anotrichium barbatum (C. Agardh) Nägeli Anotrichium furcellatum (J. Agardh) Baldock #Anotrichium okamurae Baldock Anotrichium tenue (C. Agardh) Nägeli #Antithamnion amphigeneum A. Millar *Antithamnion compactum (Grunow) Schiffner Antithamnion cruciatum (C. Agardh) Nägeli Antithamnion decipiens (J. Agardh) Athanasiadis (=Antithamnion ogdeniae Abbott) *Antithamnion heterocladum Funk #Antithamnion hubbsii Dawson 4 *Antithamnion piliferum Cormaci & Furnari *Antithamnion tenuissimum (Hauck) Schiffner #Antithamnionella boergesenii (Cormaci & Furnari) Athanasiadis #Antithamnionella elegans (Berthold) Price & John #Antithamnionella spirographidis (Schiffner) Wollaston #Antithamnionella sublittoralis (Setchell & Gardner) Athanasiadis (=Antithamnionella elegans var. decussata Cormaci & Furnari) #Antithamnionella ternifolia (Hooker & Harvey) Lyle *Balliella cladoderma (Zanardini) Athanasiadis Bornetia secundiflora (J. Agardh) Thuret Callithamniella tingitana (Schousboe ex Bornet) Feldmann- Mazoyer Callithamnion corymbosum (Smith) Lyngbye Callithamnion granulatum (Ducluzeau) C. Agardh Callithamnion tetragonum (Withering) Gray Callithamnion tetricum (Dillwyn) Gray 5 *Ceramium bertholdii Funk #Ceramium bisporum Ballantine Ceramium ciliatum (Ellis) Ducluzeau Ceramium ciliatum var. robustum (J. Agardh) Feldmann-Mazoyer Ceramium cimbricum Petersen Ceramium cimbricum f. flaccidum (Petersen) Furnari & Serio Ceramium circinatum (Kützing) J. Agardh Ceramium codii (H. Richards) Feldmann-Mazoyer Ceramium comptum Boergesen Ceramium deslongchampsii Chauvin ex Duby 106

153 Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth Ceramium echionotum J. Agardh *Ceramium echionotum var. mediterraneum Feldmann-Mazoyer Ceramium gaditanum (Clemente) Cremades (=Ceramium flabelligerum J. Agardh) *Ceramium gaditanum var. mediterraneum (Debray) Cremades *Ceramium giacconei Cormaci & Furnari *Ceramium graecum Lazaridou & Boudouresque *Ceramium incospicuum Zanardini *Ceramium petitii Feldmann-Mazoyer Ceramium secundatum Lyngbye Ceramium siliquosum (Kützing) Maggs & Hommersand Ceramium siliquosum var. elegans (Roth) Furnari Ceramium siliquosum var. lophophorum (Feldmann-Mazoyer) Serio Ceramium siliquosum var. zostericola (Feldmann-Mazoyer) Furnari *Ceramium siliquosum var. zostericola f. acrocarpum (Feldmann-Mazoyer) Furnari *Ceramium siliquosum var. zostericola f. minusculum (Feldmann-Mazoyer) Gómez-Garreta, Gallardo, Ribera, Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone & Boudouresque #Ceramium strobiliforme Lawson & John Ceramium tenerrimum (Martens) Okamura *Ceramium tenerrimum var. brevizonatum (Petersen) Feldmann-Mazoyer Ceramium virgatum Roth (=Ceramium rubrum auct.) *Ceramium virgatum var. implexo-contortum (Solier) Furnari *Ceramium virgatum var. tenue (C. Agardh) Furnari Compsothamnion gracillimum De Toni Compsothamnion thuyoides (Smith) Nägeli Corallophila cinnabarina (Grateloup ex Bory) R.E. Norris Crouania attenuata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh [inc. var. bispora (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Hauck] Crouania francescoi Cormaci, Furnari & Scammaca *Crouania ischiana (Funk) Boudouresque & M. Perret (=Pseudocrouania ischiana Funk) *Dohrniella nana Mayhoub *Dohrniella neapolitana Funk Gayliella flaccida (Harvey ex Kützing) T.O. Cho & L.J. McIvor [=Ceramium flaccidum (Kützing) Ardissone] #Griffithsia corallinoides (Linnaeus) Trevisan *Griffithsia genovefae J. Feldmann Griffithsia opuntioides J. Agardh Griffithsia phyllamphora J. Agardh Griffithsia schousboei Montagne *Griffithsia schousboei var. minor J. Feldmann ex Feldmann-Mazoyer *Gulsonia nodulosa (Ercegovic) J. Feldmann & Feldmann-Mazoyer Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) J. Agardh *Halosia elisae Cormaci & Furnari Halurus equisetifolius (Lightfoot) Kützing Halurus flosculosus (Ellis) Maggs & Hommersand *Halurus flosculosus var. irregularis (C. Agardh) Gómez-Garreta, Gallardo, Ribera, Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone & Boudouresque *Halurus flosculosus var. sphaericus (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) Gómez-Garreta, Gallardo, Ribera, Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone & Boudouresque Lejolisia mediterranea Bornet Microcladia glandulosa (Solander ex Turner) Greville Monosporus pedicellatus (Smith) Solier Monosporus pedicellatus var. tenuis (Feldmann-Mazoyer) Huisman & Kraft Pleonosporium borreri (Smith) Nägeli 107

154 Pterothamnion crispum (Ducluzeau) Nägeli Pterothamnion plumula (Ellis) Nägeli *Pterothamnion plumula ssp. haplokladion Athanasiadis Pterothamnion plumula ssp. verticillatum Athanasiadis Pterothamnion polyacanthum (Kützing) Nägeli *Ptilocladiopsis horrida Berthold Ptilothamnion pluma (Dillwyn) Thuret *Seirospora apiculata (Meneghini) Feldmann-Mazoyer *Seirospora giraudyi (Kützing) De Toni Seirospora interrupta (Smith) Schmitz *Seirospora sphaerospora J. Feldmann Spermothamnion flabellatum Bornet *Spermothamnion flabellatum f. disporum Feldmann-Mazoyer Spermothamnion irregulare (J. Agardh) Ardissone *Spermothamnion johannis Feldmann-Mazoyer Spermothamnion repens (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge Spermothamnion repens var. flagelliferum (De Notaris) Feldmann-Mazoyer *Spermothamnion repens var. variabile (C. Agardh) Feldmann-Mazoyer Spermothamnion strictum (C. Agardh) Ardissone Sphondylothamnion multifidum (Hudson) Nägeli Sphondylothamnion multifidum f. distichum Feldmann-Mazoyer #Spongoclonium caribaeum (Boergesen) Wynne [=Pleonosporium caribaeum (Boergesen) R.E. Norris] Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey Spyridia hypnoides (Bory) Papenfuss Tiffaniella capitata (Schousboe ex Bornet) Doty & Meñez *Tiffaniella feldmanniae (P. Huvé) Gillis & Coppejans Vickersia baccata (J. Agardh) Karsakoff *Woelkerlingia minuta Alongi, Cormari & Furnari Wrangelia penicillata (C. Agardh) C. Agardh Family Dasyaceae Dasya baillouviana (Gmelin) Montagne Dasya corymbifera J. Agardh Dasya hutchinsiae Harvey Dasya ocellata (Grateloup) Harvey *Dasya penicillata Zanardini [=Eupogodon penicillatus (Zanardini) Silva] Dasya punicea (Zanardini) Meneghini ex Zanardini *Dasya rigescens Zanardini Dasya rigidula (Kützing) Ardissone #Dasya sessilis Yamada *Dasyella gracilis Falkenberg #Dasysiphonia sp. 6 Eupogodon planus (C. Agardh) Kützing [=Eupogodon spinellus (C. Agardh) Kützing; =Eupogodon cervicornis (J. Agardh) Kützing] Halydictyon mirabile Zanardini Heterosiphonia crispella (C. Agardh) Wynne Heterosiphonia crispella var. laxa (Boergesen) Wynne Heterosiphonia plumosa (Ellis) Batters Family Delesseriaceae Acrosorium ciliolatum (Harvey) Kylin [=Acrosorium venulosum (Zanardini) Kylin] 7 #Apoglossum gregarium (Dawson) Wynne 108

155 Apoglossum ruscifolium (Turner) J. Agardh *Arachnophyllum confervaceum (Meneghini) Zanardini 8 Cottoniella filamentosa (M. Howe) Boergesen [=Cottoniella filamentosa var. fusiformis (Boergesen) Cormaci & Furnari] Cottoniella filamentosa var. algeriensis (Schotter) Cormaci & Furnari *Cottoniella libyensis Nizamuddin & Godeh Cryptopleura ramosa (Hudson) Kylin ex L. Newton 7 *Erythroglossum balearicum J. Agardh ex Kylin Erythroglossum laciniatum (Lightfoot) Maggs & Hommersand [=Polyneura gmelinii (Lamouroux) Kylin] Erythroglossum sandrianum (Kützing) Kylin Haraldia lenormandii (Derbès & Solier) J. Feldmann Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey *Myriogramme carnea (J.J. Rodríguez) Kylin 9 *Myriogramme distromatica J.J. Rodriguez ex Boudouresque 9 Myriogramme minuta Kylin 9 *Myriogramme tristromatica (J.J. Rodríguez ex Mazza) Boudouresque 9 *Myriogramme unistromatica Coppejans, nomen nudum 9 *Nitophyllum albidum Ardissone *Nitophyllum flabellatum Ercegovic *Nitophyllum micropunctatum Funk Nitophyllum punctatum (Stackhouse) Greville #Nithophyllum stellato-corticatum Okamura *Radicilingua adriatica (Kylin) Papenfuss Radicilingua reptans (Kylin) Papenfuss Radicilingua thysanorhizans (Holmes) Papenfuss Taenioma nanum (Kützing) Papenfuss Taenioma perpusillum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh Family Rhodomelaceae #Acanthophora nayadiformis (Delile) Papenfuss Alsidium corallinum C. Agardh *Alsidium helminthochorton (Schwendimann) Kützing Aphanocladia stichidiosa (Funk) Ardré *Boergeseniella deludens (Falkenberg) Kylin Boergeseniella fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kylin Boergeseniella thuyoides (Harvey) Kylin Bostrychia scorpioides (Hudson) Montagne ex Kützing Brongniartella byssoides (Goodenough & Woodward) Schmitz *Chondria boryana (J. Agardh) De Toni Chondria capillaris (Hudson) Wynne #Chondria coerulescens (J. Agardh) Falkenberg #Chondria curvilineata Collins & Hervey Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) C. Agardh Chondria mairei Feldmann-Mazoyer #Chondria pygmaea Garbary & Vandermeulen Chondria scintillans Feldmann-Mazoyer Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh Dipterosiphonia dendritica (C. Agardh) Schmitz Dipterosiphonia rigens (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) Falkenberg Erythrocystis montagnei (Derbès & Solier) Silva 109

156 Halopithys incurva (Hudson) Batters #Herposiphonia parca Setchell Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) Ambronn Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella (C. Agardh) Wynne Janczewskia verrucaeformis Solms-Laubach #Laurencia caduciramulosa Masuda & Kawaguchi Laurencia chondrioides Boergesen *Laurencia epiphylla Boisset & Lino Laurencia glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing Laurencia intricata Lamouroux Laurencia majuscula (Harvey) Lucas Laurencia microcladia Kützing *Laurencia minuta Vandermeulen, Garbary & Guiry ssp. scammaccae Furnari & Cormaci Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux #Laurencia okamurae Yamada Laurencia pyramidalis Bory ex Kützing Leptosiphonia schousboei (Thuret) Kylin 5 #Lophocladia lallemandii (Montagne) Schmitz 8 Lophocladia trichoclados (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 8 Lophosiphonia cristata Falkenberg Lophosiphonia obscura (C. Agardh) Falkenberg [=Lophosiphonia subadunca (Kützing) Falkenberg] Lophosiphonia reptabunda (Suhr) Kylin Neosiphonia elongella (Harvey) Kim & Lee (=Polysiphonia elongella Harvey) Neosiphonia ferulacea (Suhr ex J. Agardh) Guimaraes & Fujii (=Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr ex J. Agardh) #Neosiphonia harveyi (Bailey) Kim, Choi, Guiry & Saunders (=Polysiphonia harveyi Bailey; =Polysiphonia mottei Lauret) Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa (Boergesen) Kim & Lee (=Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Boergesen) Ophidocladus simpliciusculus (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Falkenberg Osmundaria volubilis (Linnaeus) J. Agardh *Osmundea maggsiana Serio, Cormaci & Furnari Osmundea oederi (Gunnerus) Furnari [=Osmundea ramosissima (Oeder) Athanasiadis] *Osmundea pelagiensis Furnari *Osmundea pelagosae (Schiffner) K.W. Nam Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse Osmundea truncata (Kützing) K.W. Nam & Maggs *Osmundea verlaquei Furnari Palisada maris-rubri (K.W. Nam & Saito) K.W. Nam Palisada papillosa (C. Agardh) K.W. Nam [=Chondrophycus papillosus (C. Agardh) Garbary & Harper] Palisada patentiramea (Montagne) Cassano, Sentíes, Gil-Rodriguez & M.T. Fujii [=Chondrophycus patentirameus (Montagne) K.W. Nam] Palisada tenerrima (Cremades) Serio, Cormaci, Furnari & Boisset [=Chondrophycus tenerrimus (Cremades) Furnari, Boisset, Cormaci & Serio] Palisada thuyoides (Kützing) Cassano, Sentíes, Gil-Rodriguez & M.T. Fujii [=Laurencia paniculata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh] *Polysiphonia arachnoidea (C. Agardh) Zanardini 10 #Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & J. Norris (=Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey) *Polysiphonia atra Zanardini *Polysiphonia banyulensis Coppejans *Polysiphonia biformis Zanardini (=Dasya corallicola Funk) Polysiphonia breviarticulata (C. Agardh) Zanardini 110

157 Polysiphonia brodiei (Dillwyn) Sprengel Polysiphonia ceramiaeformis P.L. & H.M. Crouan *Polysiphonia cladorhiza Ardissone Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey *Polysiphonia derbesii Solier ex Kützing *Polysiphonia deusta (Roth) Sprengel *Polysiphonia dichotoma Kützing Polysiphonia elongata (Hudson) Sprengel Polysiphonia fibrillosa (Dillwyn) Sprengel Polysiphonia flexella (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Polysiphonia flocculosa (C. Agardh) Endlicher *Polysiphonia foeniculacea (C. Agardh) Sprengel #Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) Greville Polysiphonia funebris De Notaris ex J. Agardh Polysiphonia furcellata (C. Agardh) Harvey #Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey Polysiphonia opaca (C. Agardh) Moris & De Notaris *Polysiphonia ornata J. Agardh Polysiphonia orthocarpa Rosenvinge #Polysiphonia paniculata Montagne *Polysiphonia perforans Cormaci, Furnari, Pizzuto & Serio Polysiphonia polyspora (C. Agardh) Montagne Polysiphonia sanguinea (C. Agardh) Zanardini Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey [=Lophosiphonia scopulorum (Harvey) Womersley] Polysiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) J. Agardh *Polysiphonia setigera Kützing Polysiphonia spinosa (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Polysiphonia stricta (Dillwyn) Greville [=Polysiphonia urceolata (Lightfoot ex Dillwyn) Greville] Polysiphonia stuposa Zanardini ex Kützing (=Polysiphonia foetidissima Cocks ex Bornet) 8 Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne Polysiphonia subulata (Ducluzeau) P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan Polysiphonia subulifera (C. Agardh) Harvey Polysiphonia tenerrima Kützing Polysiphonia tripinnata J. Agardh Pterosiphonia ardreana Maggs & Hommersand 8 Pterosiphonia complanata (Clemente) Falkenberg Pterosiphonia parasitica (Hudson) Falkenberg Pterosiphonia pennata (C. Agardh) Sauvageau Pterosiphonia pinnulata (Kützing) Maggs & Hommersand #Pterosiphonia tanakae Uwai & Masuda *Rodriguezella bornetii (J.J. Rodriguez) Schmitz ex J.J. Rodriguez *Rodriguezella ligulata J. Feldmann, nomen nudum *Rodriguezella pinnata (Kützing) Schmitz ex Falkenberg *Rodriguezella strafforelloi Schmitz ex J.J. Rodriguez Rytiphlaea tinctoria (Clemente) C. Agardh Stichothamnion cymatophilum Boergesen Streblocladia collabens (C. Agardh) Falkenberg #Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg #Womersleyella setacea (Hollenberg) R.E. Norris (=Polysiphonia setacea Hollenberg) Order Corallinales 111

158 Family Corallinaceae Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux Amphiroa cryptarthrodia Zanardini [=Amphiroa rubra (Philippi) Woelkerling; =Amphiroa verruculosa auct. med.] Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) Lamouroux Amphiroa rigida Lamouroux Corallina caespitosa Walker, Brodie & Irvine Corallina elongata Ellis & Solander (=Corallina mediterranea Areschoug) Corallina officinalis Linnaeus *Haliptilon attenuatum (Kützing) Garbary & Johansen Haliptilon virgatum (Zanardini) Garbary & Johansen (=Corallina granifera Ellis & Solander) Hydrolithon boreale (Foslie) Chamberlain (=Melobesia farinosa var. borealis Lemoine) Hydrolithon cruciatum (Bressan) Chamberlain (=Fosliella cruciata Bressan) Hydrolithon farinosum (Lamouroux) Penrose & Chamberlain [=Melobesia farinosa Lamouroux; =Fosliella farinosa (Lamouroux) Howe] Hydrolithon farinosum var. chalicodictyum (Taylor) Serio Jania adhaerens Lamouroux Jania longifurca Zanardini Jania rubens (Linnaeus) Lamouroux Jania rubens var. corniculata (Linnaeus) Yendo [=Jania nitidula Meslin; =Jania corniculata (Linnaeus) Lamouroux] Jania squamata (Linnaeus) Kim, Guiry & Choi [=Haliptilon squamatum (Linnaeus) Johansen, Irvine & Webster] Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie (=Lithophyllum lichenoides Philippi; =Lithophyllum tortuosum auct. non Esper) *Lithophyllum cabiochae (Boudouresque & Verlaque) Athanasiadis (=Pseudolithophyllum cabiochae Boudouresque & Verlaque) Lithophyllum corallinae (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Heydrich [=Dermatolithon corallinae (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Foslie] Lithophyllum cystoseirae (Hauck) Heydrich [=Dermatolithon cystoseirae (Hauck) H. Huvé] Lithophyllum decussatum (Ellis & Solander) Philippi Lithophyllum dentatum (Kützing) Foslie Lithophyllum fasciculatum (Lamarck) Foslie Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi Lithophyllum lobatum Lemoine in Boergesen Lithophyllum orbiculatum (Foslie) Foslie [=Lithothamnion subtenellum (Foslie) Lemoine] Lithophyllum papillosum Zanardini ex Hauck [=Goniolithon papillosum (Zanardini ex Hauck) Boergesen] Lithophyllum pustulatum (Lamouroux) Foslie [=Lithophyllum hapalidioides (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Hariot; =Titanoderma confine (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Price, John & Lawson; =Dermatolithon litorale (Suneson) Hamel & Lemoine] Lithophyllum racemus (Lamarck) Foslie Lithophyllum stictaeforme (Areschoug in J. Agardh) Hauck [=Pseudolithophyllum expansum auct., pro parte; Lithophyllum frondosum (Dufour) Furnari, Cormaci & Alongi] #Lithophyllum yessoense Foslie Neogoniolithon brassica-florida (Harvey) Setchell & Mason [=Neogoniolithon notarisii (Dufour) Hamel & Lemoine] Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & Mason [=Lithophyllum hauckii (Rothpletz) Lemoine] Pneophyllum confervicola (Kützing) Chamberlain [=Fosliella minutula (Foslie) Ganesan; =Melobesia confervicola (Kützing) Foslie] Pneophyllum coronatum (Rosanoff) Penrose [=Pneophyllum caulerpae (Foslie) Jones & Woelkerling; =Pneophyllum rosanoffii Chamberlain] Pneophyllum fragile Kützing [=Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) Howe] 112

159 Pneophyllum zonale (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Chamberlain Spongites fruticulosa Kützing [=Lithothamnion ramulosum Philippi; =Lithothamnion fruticulosum (Kützing) Foslie] *Tenarea tortuosa (Esper) Lemoine; [=Tenarea undulosa Bory; Lithophyllum tortuosum (Esper) Foslie] 11 Titanoderma mediterraneum (Foslie) Woelkerling (=Litholepis mediterranea Foslie) *Titanoderma ramosissimum (Heydrich) Bressan & Cabioch 12 *Titanoderma trochanter (Bory) Benhissoune, Boudouresque, Perret-Boudouresque & Verlaque 12 Family Hapalidiaceae Boreolithon van-heurckii (Heydrich in Chalon) A.S. Harvey & Woelkerling Choreonema thuretii (Bornet) Schmitz Leptophytum bornetii (Foslie) Adey (=Lithothamnion bornetii Foslie) Lithothamnion corallioides (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan [=Lithothamnion solutum (Foslie) Lemoine] Lithothamnion crispatum Hauck *Lithothamnion minervae Basso (=Lithothamnion fruticulosum auct., pro parte) Lithothamnion philippi Foslie *Lithothamnion propontidis Foslie Lithothamnion sonderi Hauck *Lithothamnion valens Foslie Melobesia membranacea (Esper) Lamouroux Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza 13 Mesophyllum expansum (Philippi) Cabioch & Mendoza 14 Mesophyllum lichenoides (Ellis) Lemoine 13 *Mesophyllum macedonis Athanasiadis Mesophyllum macroblastum (Foslie) Adey Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) Adey & McKibbin [=Lithothamnion calcareum (Pallas) Areschoug] Phymatolithon lenormandii (Areschoug) Adey [=Lithothamnion lenormandii (Areschoug) Foslie] Phymatolithon purpureum (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Woelkerling & Irvine [=Phymatolithon polymorphum (Linnaeus) Foslie] Phymatolithon tenuissimum (Foslie) Adey (=Lithothamnion tenuissimum Foslie) Family Sporolithaceae Sporolithon ptychoides Heydrich (=Sporolithon mediterraneum Heydrich) 15 Order Gelidiales Family Gelidiaceae Gelidiella lubrica (Kutzing) J. Feldmann & Hamel *Gelidiella nigrescens (J. Feldmann) J. Feldmann & Hamel Gelidiella ramellosa (Kutzing) J. Feldmann & Hamel Gelidiella sanctarum J. Feldmann & Hamel 5 *Gelidiocolax christianae J. Feldmann & G. Feldmann Gelidium bipectinatum Furnari (=Gelidium pectinatum Schousboe ex Montagne) Gelidium corneum (Hudson) Lamouroux [=Gelidium sesquipedale (Clemente) Thuret] Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon Gelidium microdon Kützing 5 Gelidium minusculum (Weber van Bosse) R.E. Norris (=Gelidium pusillum var. minusculum Weber van Bosse) Gelidium pulchellum (Turner) Kützing [=Gelidium pulchellum var. claviferum (Turner) Kützing] 113

160 Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis Gelidium reptans (Suhr) Kylin 5 Gelidium spathulatum (Kutzing) Bornet Gelidium spinosum (Gmelin) Silva (=Gelidium latifolium Bornet ex Hauck) *Gelidium spinosum (Gmelin) Silva var. hystrix (J. Agardh) Furnari Parviphycus antipai (Celan) Santelices (=Gelidiella antipai Celan) *Parviphycus felicinii Perrone & Delle Foglie Parviphycus adnatus (Dawson) Santelices (=Gelidiella tenuissima J. Feldmann & Hamel; =Gelidiella pannosa J. Feldmann & Hamel) Pterocladiella capillacea (Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand [=Pterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet] Pterocladiella melanoidea (Schousboe ex Bornet) Santelices & Hommersand (=Gelidium melanoideum Schousboe ex Bornet) Pterocladiella melanoidea var. filamentosa (Schousboe ex Bornet) Wynne *Pterocladiella melanoidea var. gracilis (J. Feldmann & Hamel) Wynne *Ptilophora mediterranea (Huvé) R.E. Norris (=Beckerella mediterranea H. Huvé) Order Gigartinales Family Areschougiaceae #Agardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft & Wynne #Sarconema filiforme (Sonder) Kylin #Sarconema scinaioides Borgesen Family Calosiphoniaceae Calosiphonia vermicularis (J. Agardh) Schmitz [=Calosiphonia dalmatica (Kützing) Bornet & Flahault] Schmitzia neapolitana (Berthold) Lagerheim ex Silva [=Bertholdia neapolitana (Berthold) Schmitz] Family Caulacanthaceae Catenella caespitosa (Withering) Irvine Caulacanthus ustulatus (Mertens ex Turner) Kützing #Feldmannophycus okamurae (Yamada) Mineur, Maggs & Verlaque Feldmannophycus rayssiae (J. Feldmann & G. Feldmann) Augier & Boudouresque Family Cruoriaceae Cruoria cruoriaeformis (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Denizot (=Cruoria purpurea P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Family Cystocloniaceae 16 Calliblepharis ciliata (Hudson) Kützing Calliblepharis jubata (Goodenough & Woodward) Kützing #Hypnea cornuta (Kützing) J. Agardh #Hypnea flagelliformis Graville ex J. Agardh *Hypnea furnariana Cormaci, Alongi & Dinaro Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux #Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing (=Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh) #Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss *Rhodophyllis strafforelloi Ardissone Family Dumontiaceae 114

161 Dudresnaya verticillata (Withering) Le Jolis Family Furcellariaceae Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) Lamouroux 17 Halarachnion ligulatum (Woodward) Kützing *Neurocaulon foliosum (Meneghini) Zanardini [=Neurocaulon reniforme (Postels & Ruprecht) Zanardini] Family Gigartinaceae Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq [=Gigartina acicularis (Roth) Lamouroux] Chondracanthus teedii (Mertens ex Roth) Kützing [=Gigartina teedii (Mertens ex Roth) Lamouroux] #Chondrus giganteus Yendo f. flabellatus Mikami Gigartina pistillata (Gmelin) Stackhouse 18 Family Gloiosiphoniaceae Gloiosiphonia capillaris (Hudson) Carmichael Thuretella schousboei (Thuret) Schmitz Family Kallymeniaceae Callophyllis laciniata (Hudson) Kützing Kallymenia feldmannii Codomier *Kallymenia lacerata J. Feldmann *Kallymenia patens (J. Agardh) Parkinson Kallymenia reniformis (Turner) J. Agardh Kallymenia requienii (J. Agardh) J. Agardh *Kallymenia spathulata (J. Agardh) Codomier ex Parkinson Meredithia microphylla (J. Agardh) J. Agardh (=Kallymenia microphylla J. Agardh) Family Peyssonneliaceae *Ethelia van bosseae J. Feldmann *Metapeyssonnelia feldmanni Boudouresque, Coppejans & Marcot-Coqueugniot Peyssonnelia armorica (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Weber van Bosse (=Cruoriella armorica P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan; =Cruoriopsis cruciata Dufour; =Cruoriopsis rosenvingei Boergesen) Peyssonnelia atropurpurea P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan *Peyssonnelia bornetii Boudouresque & Denizot Peyssonnelia coriacea J. Feldmann *Peyssonnelia crispata Boudouresque & Denizot Peyssonnelia dubyi P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan [=Cruoriella dubyi P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan ex Kützing; =Peyssonnelia codana (Rosenvinge) Denizot] Peyssonnelia harveyana P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan ex J. Agardh (=Peyssonnelia adriatica Hauck) *Peyssonnelia hongii Marcot-Coqueugniot 19 Peyssonnelia immersa Maggs & Irvine 20 Peyssonnelia inamoena Pilger Peyssonnelia magna Ercegovic Peyssonnelia orientalis (Weber van Bosse) Cormaci & Furnari Peyssonnelia polymorpha (Zanardini) Schmitz *Peyssonnelia rara-avis Marcot & Boudouresque *Peyssonnelia rosa marina Boudouresque & Denizot Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot f. saxicola Boudouresque & Denizot Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Agardh Peyssonnelia squamaria (Gmelin) Decaisne *Peyssonnelia stoechas Boudouresque & Denizot 115

162 Polystrata compacta (Foslie) Denizot Polystrata fosliei (Weber van Bosse) Denizot Family Phyllophoraceae Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis (Greville) Silva & DeCew [=Gymnogongrus devoniensis (Greville) Schotter] 21 #Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis (Harvey) Masuda Ahnfeltiopsis pusilla (Montagne) Silva & DeCew [=Gymnogongrus pusillus (Montagne) J. Feldmann & Mazoyer] Coccotylus truncatus (Pallas) Wynne & Heine [=Phyllophora truncata (Pallas) Zinova] Gymnogongrus crenulatus (Turner) J. Agardh [=Gymnogongrus norvegicus (Gunnerus) J. Agardh] Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) Martius (=Actinococcus aggregatus Schmitz) Gymnogongrus patens (Goodenough & Woodward) J. Agardh 22 Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) Dixon [=Phyllophora nervosa (De Candolle) Greville] Phyllophora heredia (Clemente) J. Agardh Phyllophora pseudoceranoïdes (Gmelin) Newroth & A.R.A. Taylor 23 Phyllophora sicula (Kützing) Guiry & Irvine (=Phyllophora palmettoides J. Agardh) Schottera nicaeënsis (Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg [=Petroglossum nicaeense (Lamouroux ex Duby) Schotter] Stenogramme interrupta (C. Agardh) Montagne ex Harvey 5 Family Rhizophyllidaceae *Contarinia peyssonneliaeformis Zanardini (=Rhizophyllis codii J. Feldmann) Contarinia squamariae (Meneghini) Denizot Family Rissoëllaceae Rissoëlla verruculosa (Bertoloni) J. Agardh Family Sarcodiaceae *Chondrymenia lobata (Meneghini) Zanardini Famly Solieriaceae #Solieria dura (Zanardini) Schmitz #Solieria filiformis (Kützing) Gabrielson Wurdermannia miniata (Sprengel) J. Feldmann & Hamel Family Sphaerococcacae Sphaerococcus coronopifolius (Goodenough & Woodward) Stackhouse (=Haematocelis fissurata P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) *Sphaerococcus rhizophylloides J.J. Rodriguez Order Gracilariales Family Gracilariaceae 2 #Gracilaria arcuata Zanardini Gracilaria armata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (Gmelin) Silva [=Gracilaria compressa (C. Agardh) Greville] Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J. Agardh Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) Montagne *Gracilaria corallicola Zanardini *Gracilaria dendroides Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi 116

163 Gracilaria dura (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskal) Borgesen Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, Irvine & Farnham [=Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss; =Gracilaria confervoides (Linnaeus) Greville] *Gracilaria heteroclada (Montagne) J. Feldmann & G. Feldmann Gracilaria longa Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey Gracilariopsis longissima (Gmelin) Steentoft, Irvine & Farnham Order Halymeniales Family Halymeniaceae *Acrodiscus vidovichii (Meneghini) Zanardini *Aeodes marginata (Roussel ex Montagne) Schmitz Cryptonemia lomation (Bertoloni) J. Agardh Cryptonemia seminervis (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 24 *Cryptonemia tunaeformis (Bertoloni) Zanardini #Grateloupia asiatica Kawaguchi & Wang *Grateloupia cosentinii Kützing Grateloupia dichotoma J. Agardh Grateloupia doryphora (Montagne) Howe *Grateloupia filicina (Lamouroux) C. Agardh 25 #Grateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawaguchi #Grateloupia minima P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan 26 #Grateloupia patens (Okamura) Kawaguchi & Wang (=Prionitis patens Okamura) Grateloupia proteus Kützing #Grateloupia subpectinata Holmes [=Grateloupia luxurians (A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp) Wilkes, McIvor & Guiry] #Grateloupia turuturu Yamada *Halymenia asymetrica Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi Halymenia elongata C. Agardh [=Halymenia trigona (Clemente) C. Agardh] *Halymenia elongata var. decipiens (J. Agardh) Cremades *Halymenia elongata var. plana (Codomier) Cremades Halymenia floresii (Clemente) C. Agardh *Halymenia floresii var. pinnata Codomier *Halymenia floresii var. ulvoidea Codomier Halymenia latifolia P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan ex Kützing (=Halymenia trabeculata Ercegovic) Order Hildenbrandiales Family Hildenbrandiaceae Hildenbrandia crouaniorum J. Agardh (=Hildenbrandia canariensis Boergesen) Hildenbrandia occidentalis Setchell (=Hildenbrandia occidentalis var. lusitanica Ardré) Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini (=Hildenbrandia prototypus Nardo) Order Nemaliales Family Galaxauraceae #Galaxaura rugosa (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linné) Huisman & Townsend [=Galaxaura oblongata (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux; =Galaxaura adriatica Zanardini] 117

164 Family Liagoraceae #Ganonema farinosum (Lamouroux) Fan & Wang (=Liagora farinosa Lamouroux) Helminthocladia agardhiana Dixon [=Helminthocladia hudsonii (C. Agardh) J. Agardh] Helminthora divaricata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh [=Helminthora stackhousei (Clemente) Cremades & Pérez-Cirera] Liagora ceranoides Lamouroux Liagora distenta (Mertens ex Roth) Lamouroux Liagora tetrasporifera Borgesen Liagora viscida (Forsskal) C. Agardh Nemalion helminthoides (Velley) Batters #Nemalion vermiculare Suringar Family Scinaiaceae Scinaia furcellata (Turner) J. Agardh Scinaia interrupta (De Candolle) Wynne [=Scinaia turgida Chemin; =Scinaia subcostata (J. Agardh) Chemin ex Hamel] Scinaia complanata (Collins) Cotton Scinaia complanata var. intermedia Boergesen Order Nemastomatales Family Nemastomataceae Nemastoma dichotomum J. Agardh *Nemastoma dichotomum J. Agardh var. caulescens (Kützing) Rodriguez-Prieto, Verlaque & Verges (=Nemastoma constrictum Ercegovic) *Nemastoma dichotomum var. biasolettianum (Kützing) Rodriguez-Prieto, Verlaque & Verges *Nemastoma dichotomum var. incrassatum (Kützing) Rodriguez-Prieto, Verlaque & Verges *Nemastoma dumontioides J. Agardh Predaea ollivieri J. Feldmann (=Yadranella adriatica Ercegovic) Predaea pusilla (Berthold) J. Feldmann *Predaea pusilla f. alboranensis Conde, López-Mielgo & Flores-Moya Family Schizymeniaceae Itonoa marginifera (J. Agardh) Masuda & Guiry [=Platoma marginiferum (J. Agardh) Schmitz] Platoma cyclocolpum (Montagne) Schmitz Schizymenia dubyi (Chauvin ex Duby) J. Agardh (=Haematocelis rubens J. Agardh) Order Palmariales Family Rhodophysemataceae Rhodophysema georgii Batters Order Plocamiales Family Plocamiaceae Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon (=Plocamium vulgare Lamouroux) Plocamium raphelisianum Dangeard 22 #Plocamium secundatum (Kützing) Kützing Order Sebdeniales Family Sebdeniaceae 118

165 Sebdenia dichotoma Berthold (=Sebdenia feldmannii Codomier) *Sebdenia monardiana (Montagne) Berthold Sebdenia rodrigueziana (J. Feldmann) Codomier ex Parkinson (=Halymenia mucosa Ercegovic) Order Rhodymeniales Family Champiaceae Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey *Chylocladia pelagosae Ercegovic Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfoot) Bliding [=Chylocladia pygmaea (Funk) Kylin; =Chylocladia squarrosa (Kützing) Thuret] *Chylocladia verticillata var. kaliformis-unistratosa (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari *Chylocladia verticillata var. kaliformis-unistratosa f. breviarticulata (Ercegovic) Cormaci & Furnari *Chylocladia wynnei Alongi, Furnari & Cormaci Gastroclonium clavatum (Roth) Ardissone Gastroclonium ovatum (Hudson) Papenfuss 22 Gastroclonium reflexum (Chauvin) Kützing Family Faucheaceae Gloiocladia furcata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Gloiocladia microspora (Bornet in J.J. Rodriguez) Sánchez & Rodriguez-Prieto (=Fauchea microspora Bornet) Gloiocladia repens (C. Agardh) Sánchez & Rodriguez-Prieto [=Fauchea repens (C. Agardh) Montagne & Bory] *Leptofauchea coralligena Rodriguez-Prieto & De Clerck Family Lomentariaceae Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye var. linearis Zanardini Lomentaria chylocladiella Funk *Lomentaria clavaeformis Ercegovic Lomentaria clavellosa (Turner) Gaillon *Lomentaria clavellosa f. reducta Ercegovic Lomentaria clavellosa var. conferta (Meneghini) J. Feldmann *Lomentaria compressa (Kützing) Kylin *Lomentaria ercegovicii Verlaque, Boudouresque, Meinesz, Giraud & Marcot-Coqueugniot (=Lomentaria tenera Ercegovic) Lomentaria firma (J. Agardh) Kylin *Lomentaria firma f. compressa Ercegovic #Lomentaria flaccida Tanaka #Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo *Lomentaria jabukae Ercegovic Lomentaria subdichotoma Ercegovic Lomentaria uncinata Meneghini ex Zanardini *Lomentaria verticillata Funk Family Rhodymeniaceae Botryocladia botryoides (Wulfen) J. Feldmann Botryocladia chiajeana (Meneghini) Kylin #Botryocladia madagascariensis G. Feldmann Botryocladia microphysa (Hauck) Kylin Cordylecladia erecta (Greville) J. Agardh

166 Cordylecladia guiry Gargiulo, Furnari & Cormaci Chrysymenia ventricosa (Lamouroux) J. Agardh #Chrysymenia wrightii (Harvey) Yamada Irvinea boergesenii (J. Feldmann) Wilkes, McIvor & Guiry (=Botryocladia boergesenii J. Feldmann) Rhodymenia ardissonei (Kuntze) J. Feldmann Rhodymenia caespitosa P. Dangeard 5 Rhodymenia delicatula Dangeard #Rhodymenia erythraea Zanardini Rhodymenia ligulata Zanardini Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (Lamouroux) Silva [=Rhodymenia palmetta (Stackhouse) Greville] *Rhodymeniocolax mediterraneus Verges, Izquierdo & Verlaque Class Porphyridiophyceae Order Porphyridiales Family Phragmonemataceae #Goniotrichopsis sublittoralis Smith Class Stylonematophyceae Order Stylonematales Family Stylonemataceae Chroodactylon ornatum (C. Agardh) Basson [=Asterocytis ornata (C. Agardh) Hamel] Rhodosorus marinus Geitler 28 Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M. Drew [=Goniotrichum alsidii (Zanardini) Howe] Stylonema cornu-cervi Reinsch [=Goniotrichum cornu-cervi (Reinsch) Hauck] Stylonema subcoeruleum (Dangeard) Wynne (=Goniotrichum subcoeruleum Dangeard) 29 Notes 1. Some species from the genus Porphyra require confirmation. 2. Requires nomenclatural and taxonomical re-investigation. 3. Known only from the type description (Feldmann 1931). Requires taxonomical reinvestigation. 4. According to Athanasiadis (2009), Mediterranean records of Antithamnion nipponicum Yamada & Inagaki and Antithamnion pectinatum (Montagne) Brauner ex Athanasiadis & Tittley correspond to Antithamnion hubbsii. 5. An Atlantic species recorded by Kazzaz (1989) in the Strait of Gibraltar. 6. See Verlaque (2001). 7. See comments by Gómez-Garreta et al. (2001) concerning taxonomical and nomenclatural problems with entities recorded as Acrosorium reptans (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Kylin and Acrosorium uncinatum (Turner) Kylin. 8. See Gómez-Garreta et al. (2001). 9. Requires nomenclatural and taxonomical re-investigation (Gómez-Garreta et al. 2001). 10. Genus Polysiphonia Greville requires nomenclatural and taxonomical re-investigation. 11. According to Algaebase this entity should be named Lithophyllum tortuosum (Esper) Foslie. We follow Bressan & Babbini-Benussi (2003) for nomenclature. 12. See Bressan & Cabioch (2004) for circumscription of Titanoderma trochanter and Titanoderma ramosissimum. 120

167 13. See Cabioch & Mendoza (1998). 14. See Cabioch & Mendoza (2003). 15. See Alongi et al. (1996). 16. Due to taxonomical complexity and probable misidentifications in the genus Hypnea, we only list the two autochtonous species Hypnea musciformis and Hypnea furnariana, as well as the introduced species reported by Verlaque et al. (in press). Thus, we do not consider the following species as being established in the Mediterranean: Hypnea variabilis Okamura (Zeybek et al. 1986; Taskin et al. 2008), Hypnea nidifica J. Agardh (not considered by Zenetos et al. 2005), Hypnea esperi Bory (not considered by Zenetos et al. 2005) and Hypnea spicifera (Suhr) Harvey (=Hypnea harveyi Kützing) reported by Boudouresque & Verlaque (2002). 17. Athanasiadis (1987) excludes Furcellaria lumbricalis from the Aegean Sea but according to Furnari et al. (2003) the species is present in Sicily and Sardinia. It has been also reported from southern Spain (Conde et al. 1996). 18. Athanasiadis (1987) and Furnari et al. (2003) exclude this species from the Aegean Sea and Sicily, respectively, but the species seems to be present in Algeria, Morocco and southern Spain (Perret-Boudouresque & Seridi 1989; Benhissoune et al. 2002; Conde et al. 1996). 19. Known for sure only from the type description (Marcot-Coqueugniot 1980; Verlaque 1987). Requires taxonomical re-investigation. 20. Apart from the single record by Athanasiadis (1987) there is no further evidence of the occurrence of this species in the Mediterranean. 21. Atlantic species, known from the Mediterranean coast of southern Spain (Fernández et al. 1983). 22. Atlantic species, reported only from the Mediterranean coast of Morocco and southern Spain, close to the strait of Gibraltar (Conde et al. 1996; Benhissoune et al. 2002). 23. Athanasiadis excludes this Atlantic species from the Aegean Sea, but it has also been reported from Turkey (Taskin et al. 2008) and Tunisia (Ben Maïz et al. 1987). 24. Cryptonemia seminervis is an Atlantic species closely related to Cryptonemia lomation and according to Athanasiadis (1987) the two entities may be conspecific. Mediterranean citations of Cryptonemia seminervis should be confirmed. 25. See de Clerk et al. (2005) regarding the cryptic diversity associated to this species. According to their conclusions the genuine Grateloupia filicina seems to be limited to the Mediterranean basin and, thus, considered here as endemic. Whether plants collected near Gibraltar belong to Grateloupia filicina or to the reinstated Grateloupia minima P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan requires further investigations. 26. Reported by Zenetos et al. (2008) as introduced, although the determination of the alien or native status of Mediterranean populations requires further investigations. See also note According to Gargiulo et al. (1990) further investigations are required to confirm the presence of Cordylecladia erecta in the Mediterranean Sea. 28. Reported by Fresnel & Billard (1995) from Corsica and Syria. 29. Reported only once from the Eastern Pyrenees (Boudouresque et al. 1984). Taxa inquirenda (see also Gómez-Garreta et al. 2001) Acrochaetium cheminii J. Feldmann, nomen nudum Acrochaetium extensum Ercegovic: see Furnari et al. (2003). Acrochaetium extensum var. longicellulare Ercegovic: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Acrochaetium griffithsianum Nägeli: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Acrochaetium lenormandii (Suhr ex Kützing) Nägeli: see Furnari et al. (2003) Acrochaetium pallens (Zanardini) Nägeli: see Furnari et al. (2003). 121

168 Callithamnion piliferum Kützing: entity of uncertain taxonomic position (Furnari et al. 1999). Chaetangium dichotomum Kützing: see Furnari et al. (2003). Chylocladia breviramosa Solander: see Furnari et al. (2003). Chylocladia scaliformis Harvey: see Furnari et al. (2003). Fosliella ischiensis Coppejans, nomen nudum. Gelidium affine Schiffner: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Gelidium claviferum Kützing: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Gelidium divergens J. Agardh: see Furnari et al. (2003). Gelidium radicans Montagne: see Furnari et al. (2003). Gelidium secundatum Zanardini ex Kützing: see Furnari et al. (2003) Gelidium venetum Schiffner: see Furnari et al. (2003) Goniotrichum alsidii (Zanardini) Howe var. strictum Schiffner: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Gymnogongrus dubius (Montagne) Schotter: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Halymenia hvari Ercegovic: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Halymenia pluriloba Ercegovic: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Halymenia rhodymenioides Ercegovic: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Helminthocladia stackhousei (Clemente) Cremades & Pérez-Cirera: see comments in Benhissoune et al. (2002). Lithophyllum laeve Kützing: see Furnari et al. (2003). Lithophyllum polycarpum Zanardini: entity of uncertain taxonomic position (Furnari et al. 1999). Lithophyllum tarentinum Mastrorilli: see Furnari et al. (2003). Lithoporella melobesioides (Foslie) Foslie: see Furnari et al. (2003) as Melobesia melobesioides (Foslie) Lemoine. Lithothamnion elegans Zanardini, nomen nudum (Furnari et al. 2003). Lithothamnion validum Foslie: entity of uncertain taxonomic position (Furnari et al. 1999). Melobesia confervoides Funk: see Furnari et al. (2003). Melobesia polycarpa Zanardini: entity of uncertain taxonomic position (Furnari et al. 1999). Microgelidiopsis horrida Ercegovic, nomen nudum. Nithophyllum magontanum J.J. Rodriguez, nomen nudum. Phyllophora fimbriata Ercegovic: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Plocamium subtile Kützing [=Plocamium coccineum var. uncinatum (C. Agardh) J. Agardh]. Porphyra autumnalis Zanardini (=Porphyra laciniata C. Agardh var. umbilicata C. Agardh?): entity of uncertain taxonomic position (Furnari et al. 1999). Rhodymenia leptofaucheoides P. & H. Huvé: described by Huvé & Huvé (1971) it has not been reported again and it is not included in the Tunisian checklist by Ben Maïz et al. (1987). Turnerella rosacea (J. Agardh) Schmitz: entity of uncertain taxonomic position. Taxa excludenda (see also Gómez-Garreta et al. 2001) Acanthophora muscoides (Linnaeus) Bory: unsupported records (Zenetos et al. 2008). Acrochaetium balticum (Rosenvinge) Aleem & Schulz: misidentification (Zenetos et al. 2008). Acrochaetium porphyrae (K.M. Drew) Smith: see discussion in Perret & Seridi (1989). Acrochaetium radiatum Jao: see Furnari et al. (2003). Aglaothamnion hookeri (Dillwyn) Maggs & Hommersand: see comments in Gómez-Garreta et al. (2001) and Furnari et al. (2003). Anotrichium crinitum (Kützing) Bladock: see Furnari et al. (2003). Antithamnion densum (Suhr) Howe: misidentification (Zenetos et al. 2008). 122

169 Antithamnion nipponicum Yamada & Inagaki: according to Athanasiadis (2009), this binomial is an heterotypic synonym of Antithamnion pectinatum. Antithamnion pectinatum (Montagne) Brauner in Athanasiadis & Tittley: according to Athanasiadis (2009), Mediterranean records of Antithamnion nipponicum (=Antithamnion pectinatum) correspond to Antithamnion hubbsii. Chondria collinsiana Howe: unsupported records (Zenetos et al. 2008). Chondria polyrhiza Collins & Hervey: unsupported records (Zenetos et al. 2008). Chondrus crispus Stackhouse: see Furnari et al. (2003) and Zenetos et al. (2008). Corallina muscoides Kützing: see Furnari et al. (2003). Gelidiopsis intricata (C. Agardh) Vickers: reported from the Adriatic Sea by Giaccone (1978) as Gelidium intricatum Kützing, with doubts. Gelidium pteridifolium: see Furnari et al. (2003). Gracilaria disticha (J. Agardh) J. Agardh: needs confirmation (Zenetos et al. 2005). Gracilaria divergens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh: introduced species reported from Mare Piccolo (Italy), Furnari et al. (2003) considered it as "taxa excludenda". Not reported by Verlaque et al. (in press). Gracilaria ornata Areschoug: reported only by Parenzan (1983); this record probably corresponds to a misidentification. Grania efflorescens (J. Agardh) Kylin [=Acrochaetium efflorescens (J. Agardh) Nägeli]: reported by Gómez et al. (1981); this record probably corresponds to a misidentication. Grateloupia lanceola (J. Agardh) J. Agardh: it is not clear whether this species has been reported from the Mediterranean coasts from southern Spain (see Conde et al. 1996). Heterosiphonia japonica: Mediterranean records of this species correspond to Dasysiphonia sp. (Zenetos et al. 2008). Hypnea esperi Bory: see Zenetos et al. (2005). Hypnea nidifica J. Agardh: needs confirmation (Zenetos et al. 2005). Hypnea spicifera (Suhr) Harvey: Mediterranean records of this species correspond to Hypnea flagelliformis Greville ex J. Agardh (Zenetos et al. 2008). Hypnea variabilis Okamura: unsupported records (Zenetos et al. 2008). Jania longiarthra Dawson: reported only by Ballesteros (1990); specimens probably correspond to Jania longifurca. Laurencia japonica Yamada: misidentification (Zenetos et al. 2008). Laurencia radicans (Kützing) Kützing: a Black Sea species reported from southern Italy and considered as "taxa inquirenda" by Furnari et al. (2003). Not reported in the Mediterranean checklist of species belonging to the Laurencia complex (Serio et al. 2008) Lithophyllum glaciale Kjellman: reported only by Gómez-Menor & Fuertes (1982) from the island of Tabarca; unsupported record. Lithophyllum vickersiae Lemoine: reported only by Gómez-Menor & Fuertes (1982) from the island of Tabarca; unsupported record. Lithothamnion australe: see Furnari et al. (2003). Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry: misidentification (Furnari et al. 2003; Zenetos et al. 2005). Meiodiscus spetsbergensis (Kjellman) Saunders & McLachlan: A northern species whose record as south as Morocco requires confirmation (Benhissoune et al. 2002). Metamastophora flabellata (Sonder) Setchell: see Furnari et al. (2003). Nothogenia erinacea (Turner) Parkinson: see Furnari et al. (2003). Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Kuntze: see Furnari et al. (2003). Phyllophora traillii Holmes ex Batters: reported from Northeastern Spain (Ballesteros & Romero 1982); it requires confirmation (Athanasiadis 2002). 123

170 Phymatolithon brunneum Chamberlain: see Furnari et al. (2003). Polyides rotundus (Hudson) Gaillon: see Conde et al. (1996) and Furnari et al. (2003). Polysiphonia kampsaxii Boergesen: unsupported records (Zenetos et al. 2008). Pterothamnion simile (Hooker & Harvey) Nägeli: misidentification (Zenetos et al. 2008). Rhodophysema elegans (P.L. & H.M. Crouan ex J. Agardh) Dixon f. polystromatica (Batters) Dixon: see Furnari et al. (2003). Rhodymenia holmesii Ardissone: This Atlantic species was reported from Tuscany by Papi et al. (1992) but it probably is a misidentification. Spongites absimile (Foslie) Howe: reported only by Gómez-Menor & Fuertes (1982) from the island of Tabarca; unsupported record. Sporolithon molle (Heydrich) Heydrich: see Alongi et al. (1996). Turnerella pennyi (Harvey) Schmitz: see Furnari et al. (2003). References Alongi G, Cormaci M, Furnari G On the occurrence of Sporolithon ptychoides Heydrich (Corallinales, Sporolithaceae, Rhodophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea. Cryptogamie Algologie 17: Alongi G, Cormaci M, Furnari G Woelkerlingia minuta gen. et sp. nov. from the Mediterranean Sea and a reassessment of the genus Lomathamnion, with a description of two genera: Hommersandiella gen. nov. and Stegengaea gen. nov. Cryptogamie Algologie 28: Alongi G, Cormaci M, Furnari G Chylocladia wynnei sp. nov. (Champiaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Sea. Botanica Marina 51: Athanasiadis A A survey of the seaweeds of the Aegean Sea with taxonomic studies on species of the tribe Antithamnieae (Rhodophyta). Göterna, Kungälv, 174 pp. Athanasiadis A Mesophyllum macedonis sp. nov. (Rhodophyta, Corallinales), a putative Tethyan relic in the north Aegean Sea. European Journal of Phycology 34: Athanasiadis A Taxonomy and systematics of Rhodophyta with reference to the Mediterranean taxa. Flora Mediterranea 12: Athanasiadis A Typification of Antithamnion nipponicum Yamada & Inagaki (Antithamnieae, Ceramioideae, Ceramiaceae, Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Botanica Marina 52: Ballesteros E Check-list of benthic marine algae from Catalonia (Northwestern Mediterranean). Treballs Institut Botànic de Barcelona 13: Ballesteros E, Romero J Catálogo de las algas bentónicas (con exclusión de las diatomeas) de la costa catalana. Collectanea Botanica 13: Ben Maïz N, Boudouresque CF, Ouahchi F Inventaire des algues et phanérogames marines benthiques de la Tunisie. Giornale Botanico Italiano 121: Benhissoune S, Boudouresque CF, Perret-Boudouresque M, Verlaque M A checklist of the seaweeds of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Morocco. III. Rhodophyceae (excluding Ceramiales). Botanica Marina 45: Benhissoune S, Boudouresque CF, Perret-Boudouresque M, Verlaque M A checklist of the seaweeds of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Morocco. IV. Rhodophyceae- Ceramiales. Botanica Marina 46: Boudouresque CF, Perret-Boudouresque M A checklist of the benthic marine algae of Corsica. GIS Posidonie Pubblication. Marseille. 121 pp. 124

171 Boudouresque CF, Perret-Boudouresque M, Knoepffler-Péguy M Inventaire des algues marines benthiques dans les Pyrénées Orientales (Méditerranée, France). Vie Milieu 34: Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: Bressan G, Babbini-Benussi L Phytoceanographical observations on coralline algae (Corallinales) in the Mediterranean Sea. Rendiconti Accademia Lincei Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 9(7): Bressan G, Babbini-Benussi L Corallinales del Mar Mediterraneo: guida alla determinazione. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 10 (suppl. 2): Bressan G, Cabioch J Titanoderma trochanter (Bory) Benhissoune, Boudouresque, Perret Boudouresque & Verlaque, et Titanoderma ramosissimum (Heydrich) comb. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophytes), une rédefinition. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 45: Cabioch J, Mendoza ML Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) comb. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophyta), a mediterraneo-atlantic species and new considerations on the Lithothamnion philippi Foslie complex. Phycologia 37: Cabioch J, Mendoza ML Mesophyllum expansum (Philippi) comb. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophytes), et mise au point sur les Mesophyllum des mers d'europe. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 44: Conde F Catálogo y comentarios sobre el "complejo Audouinella" (Acrochaetiaceae, Rhodophyceae) en el Mediterráneo. Cryptogamie Algologie 12: Conde F, Flores-Moya A, Altamirano M, Sánchez A Check-list of Andalusia (S. Spain) seaweeds. III. Rhodophyceae. Acta Botanica Malacitana 21: Cormaci M, Alongi G, Dinaro R Hypnea furnariana sp. nov. (Hypneaceae, Rhodophyta) from eastern Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Nordic Journal of Botany 13: De Clerck O, Gavio B, Fredericq S, Bárbara I, Coppejans E Systematics of Grateloupia filicina (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta), based on rbcl sequence analyses and morphological evidence, including the reinstatement of G. minima and the description of G. capensis sp. nov. Journal of Phycology 41: Feldmann J Contribution à la flore algologique marine de l'algérie. Les algues de Cherchell. Bulletin de la Societé d'histoire Naturelle de l'afrique du Nord 22: Fernández JA, Niell FX, Conde F Sobre la entidad taxonómica de los Gymnogongrus Martius, 1928, foliosos en las costas de Málaga y Cádiz (SE de la Península Ibérica. Investigación Pesquera 47: Fresnel J, Brillard C Une nouvelle microalgue rouge marine: Rhodosorus magnei sp. nov. (Rhodophyceae, Porphyridiales). Cryptogamie Algologie 16: Furnari G, Cormaci M, Serio D Catalogue of the benthic marine macroalgae of the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea. Bocconea 12: Furnari G, Cormaci M, Serio D The Laurencia complex (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) in the Mediterranean Sea: an overview. Cryptogamie Algologie 22: Furnari G, Boisset F, Cormaci M, Serio D The characterization of Chondrophycus tenerrimus (Cremades) comb. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta), a species often misidentified as C. papillosus (C. Agardh) Garbary et J. Harper in the Mediterranean Sea. Cryptogamie Algologie 23: Furnari G, Giaccone G, Cormaci M, Alongi G, Serio D Biodiversità marina delle coste italiane: catalogo del macrofitobentos. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 10(1): Gallardo T, Gómez-Garreta A, Ribera MA, Álvarez M, Conde F A preliminary checklist of Iberian benthic marine algae. Real Jardín Botánico Madrid. 83 pp. Gargiulo GM, De Masi F, Tripodi F Structure and reproduction of Halymenia asymmetrica sp. nov. (Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Sea. Phycologia 25:

172 Gargiulo GM, De Masi F, Tripodi G Morphology, reproduction and taxonomy of the Mediterranean species of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 31: Gargiulo GM, Furnari G, Cormaci M Structure and reproduction of Cordylecladia guiry sp. nov. (Rhodophyta, Rhodymeniales) from the Mediterranean Sea. Giornale Botanico Italiano 124: Giaccone G Revisione della flora marina del mare Adriatico. Annuario Parco Marino di Miramare (supplemento) 6(19): Gómez-Garreta A, Gallardo T, Ribera MA, Cormaci M, Furnari G, Giaccone G, Boudouresque CF Checklist of Mediterranean seaweeds III. Rhodophyceae Rabenh. 1. Ceramiales Oltm. Botanica Marina 44: Gómez A, Ribera MA, Romero J Addicions a la flora algològica del Principat de Catalunya. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d'història Natural 46: Gómez-Menor JM, Fuertes E Contribución al estudio de las algas rojas de la isla de Tabarca (Alicante). Collectanea Botanica 13: Huvé P, Huvé H Une nouvelle espèce de Rhodymenia des côtes orientales de Tunisie: Rhodymenia leptofaucheoides nov. sp. (Rhodophycées, Rhodyméniales, Rhodyméniacées). Bulletin Societé Botanique de France 16: Kazzaz M Contribution à l'étude de la flore algale marine de la région ouest de la Méditerranée. Thèse 3ème cycle, Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences de Rabat, Morocco, 246 pp. Knoepffler M, Noailles MC, Boudouresque CF, Abelard C Phytobenthos des Pyrénées Orientales: complément à l'inventaire-présence d'espèces non indigènes (Sargassum et Undaria). Bulletin Societé Zoologique de France 115: Marcot-Coqueugniot J Recherches sur le genre Peyssonnelia. XIII. Sur un Peyssonnelia du complexe "harveyana". Botanica Marina 23: Mayhoub H Recherches sur la végétation marine de la côte syrienne. Étude expérimentale sur la morphogénèse et le développement de quelques espèces peu connues. Thèse de Sciences Naturelles, Université de Caen. 286 pp. Nizamuddin M, West JE, Meñez EG A list of marine algae from Libya. Botanica Marina 22: Papi I, Pardi G, Lenzini S, Benedetti Cecchi L, Cinelli F Benthic marine flora in the Tuscan Archipelago. A first contribution: Isles of Capraia, Elba, Formiche di Grosseto, Scoglio d'africa, Montecristo and Giannutri. Giornale Botanico Italiano 126: Parenzan P Fondo a Gracilaria. In: Puglia marittima. Aspetti geologici e biologia marina. Congedo, Galatina (Lecce) vol II: Perret-Boudouresque M, Seridi H Inventaire des algues marines benthiques d'algerie. GIS Posidonie Pubblication. 116 pp. Perrone C, Delle Foglie CI Parviphycus felicinii sp. nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from south-east Italy. Cryptogamie Algologie 27: Rodriguez-Prieto C, De Clerck O Leptofauchea coralligena (Faucheaceae, Rhodophyta), a new species from the Mediterranean Sea. European Journal of Phycology 44: Rodriguez-Prieto C, Verges A, Sánchez N, Polo L, Verlaque M The morphology and reproductive structures of Mediterranean species of the genus Nemastoma J. Agardh, nom. cons. (Nemastomataceae, Nemastomatales): Nemastoma dichotomum and N. dumontioides. Botanica Marina 47: Serio D, Furnari G, Cormaci M On the occurrence of Laurencia pyramidalis Bory ex Kützing (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Cryptogamie Algologie 25:

173 Serio D, Petrocelli A, Cormaci M, Cecere E, Furnari G First record of Osmundea oederi (Gunnerus) G. Furnari comb. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Sea. Cryptogamie Algologie 29: Serio D, Cormaci M, Furnari G, Boisset F First record of Palisada maris-rubri (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Sea along with three proposed transfers to the genus Palisada. Phycological Research 58: Taskin E, Özturk M, Kurt O, Özturk M The check-list of the marine algae of Turkey. Manisa, Turkey. Ecem Kirtasiye. 87 pp. Verlaque M Contribution à l'étude du phytobenthos d'un ecosystème photophile thermophile en Méditerranée Occidentale. Thèse d'état. Université d'aix-marseille II. Luminy. 389 pp. Verlaque M Checklist of the macroalgae of the Thau lagoon (Hérault, France), a hot spot of marine species introduction in Europe. Oceanologica Acta 24: Verlaque M, Ruitton S, Mineur F, Boudouresque CF. in press. 4. Macrophytes. In: Briand F (ed), CIESM Atlas of Exotic species in the Mediterranean. CIESM Publishers. Monaco. Zenetos A, Çinar ME, Pancucci-Papadopoulou MA, Harmelin JG, Furnari G, Andaloro F, Bellou N, Streftaris N, Zibrowius H Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. Mediterranean Marine Science 6: Zenetos A, Meriç E, Verlaque M, Galli P, Boudouresque CF, Giangrande A, Çinar ME, Bilecenoglu M Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites. Mediterranean Marine Science 9: Table S11. Checklist of the phylum Chlorophyta and comments to the checklist Algae belonging to the phylum Chlorophyta (Kingdom Plantae) have been classified by Classes, Orders, Families, Species and other infraspecific levels (subspecies, varieties and forms). Ordination is alphabetical. When no infraspecific level is indicated the taxa corresponds to the type variety. This list is based in the check-list by Gallardo et al. (1993), with some updates and modifications. Particular attention has been devoted to local checklists published after the revision by Gallardo et al. (1993): Puglia (Southern Italy) (Cormaci et al., 2001), Tuscany (Northwestern Italy) (Rindi et al. 2002), Morocco (Benhissoune et al. 2001) and Italian coasts (Furnari et al. 2003). Lists of Mediterranean introduced species have also been considered (e.g. Verlaque 2001; Boudouresque & Verlaque 2002; Zenetos et al. 2005, 2008; Verlaque et al. in press). Black Sea is not included. Taxonomy follows Algaebase ( if not otherwise indicated. Endemic species (found only in the Mediterranean basin, Black Sea included) are preceded by the symbol *. A careful and critical examination of the existing records of every species from the available literature has been performed in order to consider a species as endemic. Introduced species are preceded by the symbol #. As it is not always easy to detect introduced species from the distributional records, we mainly follow the criteria by other authors specialized in this issue. 127

174 Superscript numbers refer to notes. Some of the commonest synonyms found in Mediterranean literature (if any) are sometimes placed after the currently accepted name. Other synonyms can be found at Algaebase. A list of taxa inquirenda as well as a list of taxa excludenda is also given at the end of the list; species considered as taxa inquirenda or taxa excludenda in Gallardo et al. (1993) are not stated again. Phylum Chlorophyta Class Bryopsidophyceae Order Bryopsidales Family Bryopsidaceae 1 Blastophysa rhizopus Reinke (=Blastophysa polymorpha Kjellman) Bryopsidella neglecta (Berthold) Rietema [=Derbesia neglecta Berthold; Bryopsidella halymeniae (Berthold) J. Feldmann] *Bryopsidella ostreobiformis Calderón-Sáenz & Schnetter Bryopsis adriatica (J. Agardh) Frauenfeld Bryopsis corymbosa J. Agardh Bryopsis cupressina Lamouroux (=Bryopsis penicillata Kützing) *Bryopsis dichotoma De Notaris Bryopsis duplex De Notaris [=Bryopsis balbisiana Lamouroux; =Bryopsis disticha (J. Agardh) Kützing] Bryopsis feldmannii Gallardo & Furnari (=Bryopsis cupressoides J. Feldmann) Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux (=Bryopsis monoica Berthold ex Funk) Bryopsis muscosa Lamouroux *Bryopsis penicillum Meneghini Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh *Bryopsis secunda J. Agardh Pseudobryopsis myura (J. Agardh) Berthold [=Trichosolen myurus (J. Agardh) Taylor] Family Caulerpaceae #Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kützing Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) Lamouroux (=Caulerpa ollivieri Dostál) 2 #Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh var. cylindracea (Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman & Boudouresque 3,4 #Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii (Turner) Weber van Bosse f. requienii (Montagne) Weber van Bosse #Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata (J. Agardh) Eubank/uvifera (C. Agardh) J. Agardh #Caulerpa scalpelliformis (Brown ex Turner) C. Agardh #Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh Family Chaetosiphonaceae Chaetosiphon moniliformis Huber Family Codiaceae Codium adhaerens C. Agardh 5 Codium bursa (Linnaeus) C. Agardh *Codium coralloides (Kützing) Silva Codium decorticatum (Woodward) Howe [=Codium elongatum (Turner) C. Agardh] 128

175 Codium effusum (Rafinesque) Delle Chiaje (=Codium difforme Kützing) #Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot ssp. tomentosoides (van Goor) Silva 6 #Codium taylorii Silva Codium tomentosum Stackhouse Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiajei Family Derbesiaceae #Derbesia boergesenii (Iyengar & Ramanathan) Mayhoub *Derbesia corallicola Funk #Derbesia rhizophora Yamada Derbesia tenuissima (Moris & De Notaris) P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan (=Halicystis parvula Schmitz ex Murray) Pedobesia simplex (Meneghini ex Kützing) Wynne & Leliaert (=Pedobesia lamourouxii (J. Agardh) J. Feldmann, Loreau, Codomier & Couté) Pedobesia solieri J. Feldmann ex Abélard & Knoepffler Family Ostreobiaceae Ostreobium quekettii Bornet & Flahault Family Udoteaceae Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin [=Udotea petiolata (Turra) Boergesen] Halimeda tuna (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux [=Halimeda tuna var. platydisca (Decaisne) Barton; =Halimeda tuna f. albertisii Piccone] Penicillus capitatus Lamarck (=Espera mediterranea Decaisne) Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata (Zanardini) Boergesen Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata var. canariensis Boergesen *Pseudochlorodesmis tenuis Ercegovic Order Dasycladales Family Polyphysaceae Acetabularia acetabulum (Linnaeus) Silva (=Acetabularia mediterranea Lamouroux) Acetabularia calyculus Lamouroux Parvocaulis parvulus (Solms-Laubach) Berger, Fettweiss, Gleissberg, Liddle, Richter, Sawitsky & Zuccarello (=Acetabularia parvula Solms-Laubach) Family Dasycladaceae #Batophora sp. 7 Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Kraser #Neomeris annulata Dickie Class Chlorophyceae Order Chlorococcales Family Chlorochytriaceae Chlorochytrium cohnii Wright Chlorochytrium lemnae Cohn (=Chlorochytrium willei Printz) Order Chaetophorales Family Chaetophoraceae 129

176 *Didymosporangium repens Lambert Stromatella monostromatica (Dangeard) Kornmann & Sahling Stromatella papillosa (Dangeard) Kornmann & Sahling Order Tetrasporales Family Palmellopsidaceae Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst [=Palmophyllum crassum f. gestroi (Piccone) Giaccone; =Palmophyllum crassum var. orbiculare (Bornet) J. Feldmann] Family Tetrasporaceae Tetraspora gelatinosa (Vaucher) Desvaux Order Volvocales Family Carteriaceae Carteria feldmannii Conrad & Kufferath 8 Family Chlamydomonadaceae Brachiomonas submarina Bohlin (=Brachiomonas gracilis Bohlin; =Brachiomonas westiana Pascher) 8 Oltmannsiella lineata Zimmermann 8 Family Dunaliellaceae Asteromonas gracilis Artari 8 Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco 8 Class Prasinophyceae Order Chlorodendrales Family Chlorodendraceae Prasinocladus lubricus Kuckuck f. subsalsus (Davis) Zimmermann *Tetraselmis fontiana (Margalef) R.E. Norris, Hohi & Chihara (=Platymonas fontiana Margalef) 8 Tetraselmis tetrathele (West) Bucher (=Platymonas tetrathele West) 8 Order Pyramimonadales Family Pyramimonadaceae Halosphaera viridis Schmitz 8 Pyramimonas amylifera Conrad 8 Pyramimonas octociliata N. Carter 8 Class Trebouxiophyceae Order Prasiolales Family Prasiolaceae Prasiola crispa (Lightfoot) Kützing Prasiola stipitata Suhr ex Jessen Rosenvingiella polyrhiza (Rosenvinge) Silva 130

177 Class Ulvophyceae Order Cladophorales Family Anadyomenaceae Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Agardh Microdictyon tenuius Gray Family Cladophoraceae Aegagropila linnaei Kützing (=Cladophora aegagropila (Linnaeus) Trevisan) Chaetomorpha gracilis Kützing Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing [=Rhizoclonium lubricum Setchell & Gardner; Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn) Kützing] 9,10 Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Müller) Kützing [=Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing; =Chaetomorpha crassa (C. Agardh) Kützing] Chaetomorpha mediterranea (Kützing) Kützing 9,10 *Chaetomorpha mediterranea var. crispa (J. Feldmann) Gallardo, Gómez-Garreta, Ribera, Cormaci, 9, 10 Furnari, Giaccone & Boudouresque Chaetomorpha pachynema (Montagne) Kützing Cladophora albida (Nees) Kützing Cladophora battersii Hoek Cladophora coelothrix Kützing Cladophora dalmatica Kützing Cladophora echinus (Biasoletto) Kützing Cladophora feredayi Harvey Cladophora flexuosa (O.F. Müller) Kützing Cladophora fracta (O.F. Müller ex Vahl) Kützing Cladophora globulina (Kützing) Kützing Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing Cladophora glomerata var. crassior (C. Agardh) Hoek #Cladophora herpestica (Montagne) Kützing [=Cladophoropsis zollingerii (Kützing) Reinbold; =Cladophoropsis javanica (Kützing) Silva] Cladophora hutchinsiae (Dillwyn) Kützing Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kützing Cladophora liebetruthii Grunow Cladophora liniformis Kützing Cladophora nigrescens Zanardini ex Frauenfeld #Cladophora patentiramea (Montagne) Kützing Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kützing Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing Cladophora retroflexa (Bonnemaison ex P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Hamel Cladophora ruchingeri (C. Agardh) Kützing Cladophora rupestris (Linnaeus) Kützing Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Kützing Cladophora socialis Kützing Cladophora vadorum (Areschoug) Kützing Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) Hoek Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) Boergesen (=Cladophoropsis gerloffii Nizamuddin; Cladophoropsis modonensis auct. non (Kützing) Reinbold] Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey [=Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) Kützing; =Rhizoclonium kerneri Stockmayer; =Rhizoclonium kochianum Kützing]

178 Order Oltmannsiellopsidales Family Oltmannsiellopsidaceae Dangemannia microcystis (Dangeard) T. Friedl & C.J. O'Kelly [=Planophila microcystis (Dangeard) Kornmann & Sahling] Order Siphonocladales Family Siphonocladaceae *Siphonocladus pusillus (C. Agardh ex Kützing) Hauck Family Valoniaceae Valonia aegagropila C. Agardh Valonia macrophysa Kützing Valonia utricularis (Roth) C. Agardh Valonia ventricosa J. Agardh [Ventricaria ventricosa (J. Agardh) Olsen & West] Order Ulothricales Family Gomontiaceae Eugomontia sacculata Kornmann 11 Gomontia polyrhiza (Lagerheim) Bornet & Flahault Family Ulothricaceae Spongomorpha aeruginosa (Linnaeus) Hoek [=Spongomorpha lanosa (Roth) Kützing] Ulothrix flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret (=Ulothrix pseudoflacca Wille) 10 Ulothrix implexa (Kützing) Kützing 10 Ulothrix subflaccida Wille 10 Urospora penicilliformis (Roth) Areschoug (=Urospora mirabilis Areschoug) Order Ulvales Family Bolbocoleonaceae Bolbocoleon piliferum Pringsheim Family Capsosiphonaceae Capsosiphon fulvescens (C. Agardh) Setchell & Gardner Family Gayraliaceae Gayralia oxysperma (Kützing) Vinogradova ex Scagel, Gabrielson, Garbary, Golden, Hawkes, Lindstrom, Oliveira & Widdowson Gayralia oxysperma f. wittrockii (Bornet) Bliding Family Kornmanniaceae 12 Blidingia chadefaudii (J. Feldmann) Bliding Blidingia marginata (J. Agardh) Dangeard Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin Blidingia ramifera (Bliding) Garbary & Barkhouse (=Blidingia minima var. ramifera Bliding) Blidingia subsalsa (Kjellman) Kornmann & Sahling ex Scagel, Gabrielson, Garbary, Golden, Hawkes, Lindstrom, Oliveira & Widdowson Pseudendoclonium submarinum Wille 132

179 Family Phaeophilaceae Phaeophila dendroides (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Batters *Phaeophila hirsuta (Ercegovic) R. Nielsen Family Ulvaceae 13 Ochlochaete hystrix Thwaites (=Ochlochaete ferox Huber) Percusaria percusa (C. Agardh) Rosenvinge Tellamia contorta Batters (=Tellamia intricata Batters) *Ulva adriatica (Bliding) Ballesteros (=Enteromorpha adriatica Bliding) *Ulva aragoënsis (Bliding) Ballesteros (=Enteromorpha aragoënsis Bliding) Ulva bifrons Ardré Ulva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh [=Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville; =Enteromorpha ramulosa (Smith) Carmichael] 14 Ulva compressa Linnaeus [=Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees; =Enteromorpha compressa var. usneoides (Bonnemaison ex J. Agardh) Bliding] Ulva curvata (Kützing) De Toni #Ulva fasciata Delile Ulva flexuosa Wulfen [=Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh] Ulva flexuosa ssp. linziformis (Bliding) Ballesteros Ulva flexuosa ssp. paradoxa (C. Agardh) Wynne Ulva flexuosa ssp. pilifera (Kützing) Wynne Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus [=Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees] Ulva intestinalis f. cornucopiae (Lyngbye) Ballesteros *Ulva jugoslavica (Bliding) Ballesteros (=Enteromorpha jugoslavica Bliding) Ulva kylinii (Bliding) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, Silva, Stanhope & Waaland (=Enteromorpha kylinii Bliding) Ulva lactuca Linnaeus Ulva linearis Dangeard Ulva linza Linnaeus [=Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J. Agardh; =Enteromorpha ahlneriana Bliding] Ulva multiramosa (Bliding) Ballesteros (=Enteromorpha multiramosa Bliding) 15 *Ulva neapolitana Bliding #Ulva pertusa Kjellman Ulva prolifera O.F. Müller [=Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. Müller) J. Agardh] Ulva prolifera ssp. gullmariensis (Bliding) Taskin Ulva pseudolinza (Koeman & Hoek) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, Silva, Stanhope & Waaland (=Enteromorpha pseudolinza Koeman & Hoek) Ulva radiata (J. Agardh) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, Silva, Stanhope & Waaland (=Enteromorpha radiata J. Agardh) Ulva ralfsii (Harvey) Le Jolis (=Enteromorpha ralfsii Harvey) Ulva rigida C. Agardh (=Ulva scandinavica Bliding) Ulva rotundata Bliding Ulva simplex (Vinogradova) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, Silva, Stanhope & Waaland [=Enteromorpha simplex (Vinogradova) Koeman & Hoek] *Ulva stipitata (Dangeard) Ballesteros var. linzoides (Bliding) Ballesteros (=Enteromorpha stipitata Dangeard var. linzoides Bliding) Ulva torta (Mertens) Trevisan [=Enteromorpha torta (Mertens) Reinbold] #Ulvaria obscura (Kützing) Gayral ex Bliding [=Monostroma obscurum (Kützing) J. Agardh] Umbraulva olivascens (Dangeard) Furnari Family Ulvellaceae Acrochaete flustrae (Reinke) O'Kelly (=Epicladia flustrae Reinke) 133

180 Acrochaete geniculata (N.L. Gardner) O'Kelly Acrochaete inflata (Ercegovic) Gallardo, Gómez-Garreta, Ribera, Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone & Boudouresque (=Pseudodictyon inflatum Ercegovic) Acrochaete leptochaete (Huber) Nielsen Acrochaete repens Pringsheim Acrochaete viridis (Reinke) R. Nielsen (=Entocladia viridis Reinke) Acrochaete wittrockii (Wille) R. Nielsen (=Entocladia wittrockii Wille) *Entocladia endolithica (Ercegovic) R. Nielsen Entocladia major (J. Feldmann) R. Nielsen (=Endoderma majus J. Feldmann) *Entocladia pennata (J. Feldmann) R. Nielsen Epicladia perforans (Huber) R. Nielsen *Pringsheimiella conchyliophila J. Feldmann Pringsheimiella scutata (Reinke) Marchewianka Pseudopringsheimia confluens (Rosenvinge) Wille (=Ulvella confluens Rosenvinge) Ulvella acervus Dangeard Ulvella lens P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan Ulvella setchellii Dangeard Notes 1. Genus Bryopsis Lamouroux requires nomenclatural and taxonomical re-investigation. 2. We agree with González Henríquez & Santos Guerra (1983) in considering that Caulerpa prolifera and Caulerpa ollivieri are conspecific. 3. Delimitation of Caulerpa racemosa varieties follows Verlaque et al. (2000) amended by Verlaque et al. (2003). 4. Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea was first reported as Caulerpa racemosa aff. var. occidentalis (J. Agardh) Boergesen (Verlaque et al. 2000). 5. Codium adhaerens C. Agardh is present in the Mediterranean (Alboran Sea) (Benhissoune et al. 2001; Ballesteros pers. obs., confirmed by PC Silva). 6. The subspecies of Codium fragile that has been introduced in the Mediterranean has been usually identified as ssp. tomentosoides (e.g. Gallardo et al. 1993; Boudouresque & Verlaque 2002; Zenetos et al. 2005). However, Verlaque et al. (in press) only report ssp. fragile. 7. Reported by Bottalico et al. (2006). 8. Planktonic flagellates, not benthic. 9. We do not follow John et al. (2004) nor Algaebase in considering Chaetomorpha ligustica (Kützing) Kützing and Chaetomorpha mediterranea (Kützing) Kützing as synonyms. 10. Requires nomenclatural and taxonomical re-investigation. 11. See Verlaque (2001). 12. Genus Blidingia requires nomenclatural and taxonomical re-investigation. 13. Taxonomy of Mediterranean species of Ulva requires further research. 14. Blomster et al. (1999) consider Enteromorpha ramulosa (Smith) Carmichael, Enteromorpha muscoides (Clemente) Cremades and Enteromorpha crinita Nees to be heterotypic synonyms of Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville. We maintain the synonymy although in our opinion distinction between these entities at a Mediterranean level should be reassessed. 15. John et al. (2004) note that, according to Hayden et al. (2003), the species is invalid because Bliding (1960) did not cite the type. Taxa inquirenda (see also Gallardo et al. 1993) Cladophora hutchinsioides Hoek & Womersley: see Zenetos et al. (2008) regarding the identification of this species. 134

181 Cladophora suhriana Kützing: see Furnari et al. (2003). Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. Müller) J. Agardh var. crispatissima Schiffner: see Furnari et al. (2003). Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. Müller) J. Agardh var. tenuis Schiffner: see Furnari et al. (2003). Flabellia minima (Ernst) Nizamuddin. Ulothrix mucosa Oltmanns: see Furnari et al. (2003). Ulva lactuca Linnaeus f. laciniata (J. Agardh) De Toni: see Furnari et al. (2003). Taxa excludenda (see also Gallardo et al. 1993) Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh var. racemosa: see Verlaque et al. (2000). Caulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe: doubtful record; its presence in the Mediterranean should be confirmed (Gallardo et al. 1993). Microdictyon laxereticulatum Setchell: included in the Mediterranean checklist (Gallardo et al. 1993), it is based on a supposed record by Setchell (1929) from Italy. This species is not reported in the Italian checklist by Furnari et al. (2003). Sphaeroplea braunii Kützing: reported by Güven & Öztig (1971), it is a freshwater species. Ulva flexuosa Wulfen ssp. biflagellata (Bliding) Ballesteros, comb. nov.: reported as Enteromorpha flexuosa ssp. biflagellata by Sfriso (1987). The taxonomy of the complex flexuosa is so complicated that, in our opinion, the presence of this subspecies in the Mediterranean needs to be confirmed. Ulva flexuosa Wulfen ssp. paradoxa (C. Agardh) Wynne var. profunda (Bliding) Ballesteros, comb. nov.: reported as Enteromorpha flexuosa ssp. paradoxa var. profunda by Sfriso (1987). The taxonomy of the complex flexuosa is so complicated that, in our opinion, the presence of this variety in the Mediterranean needs to be confirmed. Ulva hendayensis (Dangeard & Parriaud) Ballesteros comb. nov.: reported from southern Spain by Conde (1984) as Enteromorpha hendayensis. According to Gallardo et al. (1993) the presence of this species in the Mediterranean needs to be confirmed. Ulothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr) Kützing: reported from southern Italy (Giaccone et al. 1985), it is a freshwater species. Nomenclatural changes According to Hayden et al. (2003) the genus Enteromorpha should be included in Ulva. Therefore the following new combinations are proposed: Ulva adriatica (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha adriatica Bliding (1960, Botaniska Notiser 113, p. 174, fig. 3)]. Ulva aragoënsis (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha aragoënsis Bliding (1960, Botaniska Notiser 113, p. 174, fig. 2a-f)]. Ulva flexuosa Wulfen ssp. biflagellata (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha biflagellata Bliding (1944, Botaniska Notiser 1944, p. 346, figs ). Homotypic synonym: Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) C. Agardh ssp. biflagellata Bliding (1963, Opera Botanica 8(3), p. 88)]. 135

182 Ulva flexuosa Wulfen ssp. paradoxa (C. Agardh) Wynne var. profunda (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) C. Agardh ssp. paradoxa (Dillwyn) Bliding var. profunda Bliding (1963, Opera Botanica 8(3), p. 85, figs )]. Ulva flexuosa Wulfen ssp. linziformis (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha linziformis Bliding (1960, Botaniska Notiser 113, p. 181, figs. 8-9). Homotypic synonym: Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) C. Agardh ssp. linziformis (Bliding) Bliding (1963, Opera Botanica 8(3), p. 87)]. Ulva hendayensis (Dangeard & Parriaud) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha hendayensis Dangeard & Parriaud (1960, Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'académie des Sciences 250, p. 2972, figs. 1-2)]. Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus f. cornucopiae (Lyngbye) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Scytosiphon intestinalis c cornucopiae Lyngbye (1819, Tentamen hydrophytologiae danicae; continens omnia hydrophyta cryptogama Daniae, Holsatiae, Faeroae, Islandiae, Groenlandiae hucusqve cognita, systematice disposita, descripta et iconibus illustrata, adjectis simul speciebus norvegicis, Hafniae, Copenhagen, p. 67). Homotypic synonym: Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees f. cornucopiae (Lyngbye) J. Agardh]. Ulva jugoslavica (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha jugoslavica Bliding (1960, Botaniska Notiser 113, p. 172, fig. 1)]. Ulva multiramosa (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha multiramosa Bliding (1960, Botaniska Notiser 113, p. 177, figs. 4-5)]. Ulva stipitata (Dangeard) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha stipitata P. Dangeard (1959, Botaniste 42, p. 42, figs )]. Ulva stipitata (Dangeard) Ballesteros var. linzoides (Bliding) Ballesteros comb. nov. [Basionym: Enteromorpha stipitata Dangeard var. linzoides Bliding (1960, Botaniska Notiser 113, p. 179)]. References Benhissoune S, Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M A checklist of marine seaweeds of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Morocco I. Chlorophyceae Wille s.l. Botanica Marina 44: Bliding C Zur Systematik der schwedischen Enteromorphen. Botaniska Notiser 1944: Bliding C A preliminary report on some new Mediterranean green algae. Botaniska Notiser 113: Bliding C A critical survey of European taxa in Ulvales. Part I. Capsosiphon, Percusaria, Blidingia, Enteromorpha. Opera Botanica 8(3): Blomster J, Maggs CA, Stanhope MJ Extensive intraspecific morphological variation in Enteromorpha muscoides (Chlorophyta) revealed by molecular analysis. Journal of Phycology 35:

183 Bottalico A, Delle Foglie CI, Perrone C, New records along the Apulian coasts. In: Proceedings of the Second Mediterranean Symposium on Marine Vegetation (Athens, December 2003): RAC-SPA edit., Tunis. Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: Conde F Catálogo de las algas macrobentónicas marinas de Málaga. Acta Botanica Malacitana 9: Cormaci M, Furnari G, Alongi G, Serio D, Petrocelli A, Cecere E Censimento delle macroalghe marine bentoniche delle coste pugliesi. Thalassia Salentina 25: Gallardo T, Gómez-Garreta A, Ribera MA, Cormaci M, Furnari G, Giaccone G, Boudouresque CF Checklist of Mediterranean seaweeds II. Chlorophyceae Wille s.l. Botanica Marina 36: González Henríquez N, Santos Guerra A El género Caulerpa Lamouroux en las islas Canarias. Botanica Macaronesica 11: Dangeard P Observations sur queques Ulvacées du Maroc. Botaniste 42: Dangeard P., Parriaud H Sur une Entéromorphe nouvelle (E. hendayensis nov. sp.) à développement du type tubulosa. Comptes Rendus de l'académie des Sciences 250: Furnari G, Giaccone G, Cormaci M, Alongi G, Serio D Biodiversità marina delle coste italiane: catalogo del macrofitobentos. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 10(1): Giaccone G, Colonna P, Graziano C, Mannino AM, Tornatore E, Cormaci M, Furnari G, Scammacca B Revisione della flora marina di Sicilia e isole minori. Bollettino della Accademia Gioenia Scienze Naturale di Catania 18: Güven KC, Öztig F Über die marinen Algen an den Küsten der Türkei. Botanica Marina 14: Hayden HS, Blomster J, Maggs CA, Silva PC, Stanhope MJ, Waaland JR Linnaeus was right all along: Ulva and Enteromorpha are not distinct genera. European Journal of Phycology 38: John DM, Prud'homme van Reine WF, Lawson GW, Kostermans TB, Price JH A taxonomic geographical catalogue of the seaweeds of the western coast of Africa and adjacent islands. Nova Hedwigia 127: Lyngbye HC Tentamen hydrophytologiae danicae; continens omnia hydrophyta cryptogama Daniae, Holsatiae, Faeroae, Islandiae, Groenlandiae hucusqve cognita, systematice disposita, descripta et iconibus illustrata, adjectis simul speciebus norvegicis, Hafniae, Copenhagen, 248 pp. Rindi F, Sartoni G, Cinelli F A floristic account of the benthic marine algae of Tuscany (Western Mediterranean Sea). Nova Hedwigia 74: Setchell WA The genus Microdictyon. University of California Publications in Botany 14: Sfriso A Flora and vertical distribution of macroalgae in the lagoon of Venice: a comparison with previous studies. Giornale Botanico Italiano 121: Verlaque M Checklist of the macroalgae of the Thau lagoon (Hérault, France), a hot spot of marine species introduction in Europe. Oceanologica Acta 24: Verlaque M, Boudouresque CF, Meinesz A, Gravez V The Caulerpa racemosa complex (Caulerpales, Ulvophyceae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Botanica Marina 43: Verlaque M, Durand C, Huisman JM, Boudouresque CF, Le Parco Y On the identity and origin of the Mediterranean invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta). European Journal of Phycology 38:

184 Verlaque M, Ruitton S, Mineur F, Boudouresque CF. in press. 4. Macrophytes. In: Briand F (ed), CIESM Atlas of Exotic species in the Mediterranean. CIESM Publishers. Monaco. Zenetos A, Çinar ME, Pancucci-Papadopoulou MA, Harmelin JG, Furnari G, Andaloro F, Bellou N, Streftaris N, Zibrowius H Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. Mediterranean Marine Science 6: Zenetos A, Meriç E, Verlaque M, Galli P, Boudouresque CF, Giangrande A, Çinar ME, Bilecenoglu M Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites. Mediterranean Marine Science 9: Table S12. Checklist of the phylum Magnoliophyta and comments to the checklist Flowering plants (phylum Magnoliophyta, Kingdom Plantae) have been classified by Classes, Orders, Families and Species. Ordination is alphabetical. This list is based in the previous knowledge on seagrass distribution (e.g. Phillips & Meñez 1988; Green & Short 2003). Two other species thriving in brackish waters that can be occasionally found in extremely sheltered and shallow bays and lagoons have also been listed. Black Sea is not included. Taxonomy follows Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964). Endemic species (found only in the Mediterranean basin) are preceded by the symbol *. Introduced species are preceded by the symbol #. Some of the commonest synonyms found in Mediterranean literature (if any) are sometimes placed after the currently accepted name. Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Angiospermae Order Potamogetonales Family Cymodoceae Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson Family Posidoniaceae *Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile Family Ruppiaceae Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande Ruppia maritima Linnaeus Family Zosteraceae Zostera marina Linnaeus Zostera noltii Hornemann [=Nanozostera noltii (Hornemann) Tomlinson & Posluzny] Order Hydrocharitales 138

185 Family Hydrocharitaceae #Halophila stipulacea (Forsskal) Ascherson References Green EP, Short FT World atlas of seagrasses. University of California, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London. 298 pp. Phillips RC, Meñez EG Seagrasses. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 34: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (eds) Flora Europaea, volume 5. Cambridge University, Cambridge, 452 pp. 139

186 Sponges (by Eleni Voultsiadou & Thanos Dailianis) Figure S1. Mediterranean percentages of the world sponge families and genera for each demosponge order The total numbers of Mediterranean families (F), genera (G) and species (S) are given. Figure S2. Distribution of the recorded demosponge species (outer circle) and genera (inner circle) richness in distinct zoogeographic areas of the Mediterranean Numbers of species for each area are given outside the outer circle and number of genera inside the inner circle. AD: Adriatic Sea, AE: Aegean Sea, AL: Alboran Sea, IB: Ionian Basin, LB: Levantine Basin, NWM: north-western Mediterranean, SWM: south-western Mediterranean, TS: Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of Sidra [for the division of the Mediterranean we consulted 1,2,3]. 140

187 References 1. Por FD, Dimentman C (2006) Mare Nostrum: Neogene and anthropic natural history of the Mediterranean basin, with emphasis on the Levant. Bulgaria: Pensof Publishers. 2. Spalding MD, Fox HE, Halpern BS, McManus MA, Molnar J, et al. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. Bioscience 57: Voultsiadou E (2009) Reevaluating sponge diversity and distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. Hydrobiologia 628:

188 Anthozoans (by Dimitris Vafidis) Table S13. Checklist of the Class Anthozoa (Phylum Cnidaria) WB: Western basin; AD: Adriatic Sea; IB: Ionian basin; AS: Aegean Sea; LB: Levantine basin; BS: Black Sea; DZ: Depth zone; I: Infralittoral zone; C: Circalittoral zone; B: Bathyal zone; ZC: Zoogeographical characterization; AM: Atlanto-Mediterranean; E: Endemic; C: Cosmopolitan; AA: Amphi-Atlantic; B: Boreal; IP: Indo-Pacific. Mediterranean species WB AD IB AS LB DZ ZC Order Stolonifera Family Cornulariidae Cornularia cornucopiae (Pallas, 1766) x x x I AM Cervera atlantica (Johnson, 1861) x I AM Family Clavulariidae Clavularia crassa (Milne Edwards, 1848) x x x I E Clavularia marioni Koch, 1891 x C AM Clavularia carpediem Weinberg, 1986 x I E Sarcodictyon catenatum Forbes, 1847 x IC AM Rolandia coralloides De Lacaze-Duthiers, 1900 x x x IC AM Scleranthelia rugosa (Pourtales, 1867) x CB AA Scleranthelia microsclera Lopez-Gonzales, Ocana & Garcia-Gomez, 1995 x I AM Telestula septentrionalis Madsen, 1944 x B AM Order Alcyonacea Family Alcyoniidae Alcyonium palmatum Pallas, 1766 x x x x IC AM Alcyonium acaule Marion, 1878 x x x IC AM Alcyonium coralloides (Pallas, 1766) x x x IC AM Family Maasellidae Maasella edwardsi (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1888) x x x IC E Paralcyonium spinulosum (Delle Chiaje, 1822) x x IC AM Order Gorgonacea Family Coralliidae Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x x x ICB AM Family Melithaeidae Acabaria erythraea (Ehrenberg,1834) x I IP Family Acanthogorgiidae Acanthogorgia hirsuta Gray, 1857 x x B AM 142

189 Family Plexauridae Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) x x x C E Paramuricea macrospina (Koch, 1882) x x x x C E Bebryce mollis Philippi, 1842 x x B AM Spinimuricea atlantica (Johnson, 1862) x C AM Spinimuricea klavereni Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975 x x C E Muriceides lepida Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975 x CB AM Placogorgia coronata Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975 x B AM Placogorgia massiliensis Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975 x B E Swiftia pallida Madsen, 1970 x x B AM Villogorgia bebrycoides (Koch, 1887) x x CB AM Family Gorgoniidae Eunicella singularis (Esper, 1791) x x x x ICB E Eunicella cavolini (Koch, 1887) x x x x ICB E Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas, 1766) x x x ICB AM Eunicella filiformis Studer, 1901 x CB AM Eunicella gazella Studer, 1901 x I AM Eunicella labiata Thomson, 1927 x I AM Leptogorgia sarmentosa Esper, 1789 x x x ICB AM Leptogorgia viminalis (Pallas, 1766) x C AM Leptogorgia guineensis Grasshoff, 1988 x B AM Family Ellisellidae Ellisella paraplexauroides Stiasny, 1936 x CB AM Viminella flagellum (Johnson, 1863) x C AM Family Primnoidae Callogorgia verticillata (Pallas, 1766) x x x CB AM Family Isididae Isidella elongata (Esper, 1788) x x x B AM Order Pennatulacea Family Veretillidae Veretillum cynomorium (Pallas, 1766) x x x x CB C Cavernularia pusilla (Philippi, 1835) x x CB AM Family Kophobelemnidae Kophobelemnon stelliferum (O.F. Muller, 1776) x x x CB C Family Funiculinidae Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766) x x x x x CB C Family Penatulidae Virgularia mirabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x CB C Family Penatulidae Pennatula aculeata Danielsen, 1860 x B B Pennatula phosphorea Linnaeus, 1758 x x x x CB C Pennatula rubra Pallas, 1766 x x x C AM Pteroeides griseum (Linnaeus, 1767) x x x x CB AM 143

190 Crassophyllum thessalonicae Vafidis & Koukouras, 1991 x C E Order Antipatharia Family Antipathidae Antipathes dichotoma Pallas, 1766 x x CB C Antipathes fragilis Gravier, 1918 x C AM Parantipathes larix (Esper, 1790) x x B AM Family Myriopathidae Antipathella subpinnata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) x x x CB AM Family Leiopathidae Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper, 1792) x x x x B AA Order Ceriantharia Family Cerianthidae Cerianthus membranaceus (Spallanzani, 1784) x x x x IC AM Cerianthus lloydii (Gosse, 1859) x x I B Pachycerianthus solitarius (Rapp, 1829) x x x x IC AM Pachycerianthus dohrni (van Beneden, 1923) x IC E Family Botrucnidiferiidae Cerianthula mediterranea van Beneden, 1897 x x IC AM Family Arachnactidae Arachnactis albida Sarsi, 1846 x I AM Arachnanthus oligopodus (Cerfontaine, 1891) x x x I E Order Actiniaria Family Gonactiniidae Gonactinia prolifera (Sars, 1835) x IC AA Protanthea simplex (Carlgren, 1891) x ICB AM Family Edwardsiidae Edwardsia claparedii (Panceri, 1869) x x x IC AM Scolanthus callimorphus (Gosse, 1853) x x I AM Family Halcampoididae Halcampoides purpurea (Studer, 1878) x x IC B Family Haloclavidae Anemonactis mazeli (Jourdan,1880) x x IC AM Mesacmaea mitchellii (Gosse, 1853) x x x I AM Peachia cylindrica (Reid, 1848) x x x IC AM Family Andresiidae Andresia partenopea (Andres, 1884) x x x I AM Family Boloceroididae Bunodeopsis strumosa Andres, 1881 x x x x I E Family Aliciidae Alicia mirabilis Johnson, 1861 x x x x C AM 144

191 Family Condylanthidae Segonzactis hartogi Vafidis & Chintiroglou, 2002 x CB E Family Actiniidae Actinia cari Delle Chiaje, 1825 x x x x I E Actinia equina mediterranea Schmidt, 1971 x x x x x I C Actinia striata (Rizzi, 1907) x x x IC AM Paranemonia vouliagmeniensis Doumenc, England & Chintiroglou, 1987 x I E Anemonia melanaster (Verrill, 1901) x I AM Anemonia viridis (Forskal, 1775) x x x x x I AM Anthopleura ballii (Cocks, 1850) x x x IC AM Anthopleura thallia (Gosse,1854) x I AM Paranemonia cinerea (Contarini, 1844) x x x I E Condylactis aurantiaca (Delle Chiaje, 1825) x x x x x I E Cribrinopsis crassa (Andres,1884) x x C E Bunodactis rubripunctata (Grube, 1840) x x x I AM Bunodactis verrucosa (Pennant, 1777) x x x I AM Family Aurelianidae Aureliana heterocera (Thompson, 1853) x x C AM Family Phymanthidae Phymanthus pulcher (Andres, 1883) x x x IC E Family Actinostolidae Paranthus rugosus (Andres,1881) x x I E Family Isophellidae Telmatactis cricoides (Duchassaing, 1850) x x x I AM Telmatactis forskalii (Ehrenberg, 1834) x x x x x I AM Telmatactis solidago (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) x I AM Family Hormathiidae Hormathia alba (Andres,1881) x x I AM Hormathia coronata (Gosse, 1858) x x x x CB AM Paractinia striata (Risso,1826) x I E Actinauge richardi (Marion, 1882) x x x x CB AM Paracalliactis robusta Tur, 1991 x I E Calliactis parasitica (Couch, 1842) x x x x x ICB AM Adamsia palliata (O.F. Muller, 1776) x x x x x ICB AM Amphianthus dohrnii (Koch, 1878) x x x x CB AM Family Sagartiidae Sagartia elegans (Dalyell, 1848) x x x IC AM Sagartia troglodytes (Price, 1847) x x I AM Cereus pedunculatus (Pennant, 1777) x x x x x I AM Actinothoe sphyrodeta (Gosse, 1860) x I AM Sagartiogeton entellae Schmidt, 1972 x C E Sagartiogeton undatus (O.F. Muller, 1788) x x x x ICB AM 145

192 Kadophellia bathyalis Tur, 1991 x B E Family Aiptasiidae Aiptasia diaphana (Rapp, 1829) x x x x x I AM Aiptasia mutabilis (Gravenhorst, 1831) x x x x x I AM Aiptasiogeton pellucidus (Hollard, 1848) x x x x I AM Family Diadumenidae Diadumene cincta Stephenson, 1925 x I AM Diadumene luciae (Verrill, 1898) x x x I C Order Corralimorpharia Family Diadumenidae Corynactis viridis Allman, 1846 x x x IC AM Family Corralimorphidae Sideractis glacialisdanielssen, 1890 x B AM Order Scleractinia Family Pocilloporidae Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868) x x x x x IC AM Family Faviidae Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus, 1767) x x x x x IC AM Cladocora debilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 x x x C AA Family Oculinidae Oculina patagonica De Angelis, 1908 x x I AA Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 x x x x x B C Family Caryophylliidae Caryophyllia cyathus (Ellis & Solander, 1786) x x CB AM Caryophyllia smithii Stokes & Broderip, 1828 x x x x ICB AM Caryophyllia inornata (Duncan, 1878) x x x x x IC AA Caryophyllia calveri Duncan, 1873 x x x x CB AM Ceratotrochus magnaghii Cecchini, 1914 x x x ICB AM Coenocyathus cylindricus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 x x CB AM Coenocyathus anthophyllites Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 x x CB AM Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi, 1842) x x x x x CB AA Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959) x x x x x IC AM Sphenotrochus andrewianus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 x x IC AM Desmophyllum cristagalli Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 x x x x CB C Thalamophyllia gasti (Doderlein, 1913) x x x ICB AM Hoplangia durotrix Gosse, 1860 x x x x x IC AM Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x x x B C 146

193 Pourtalosmilia anthophyllites (Ellis & Solander, 1786) x B AM Phyllangia mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897) x x x x x IC AM Family Flabellidae Monomyces pygmaea (Risso, 1826) x x x x IC AM Javania cailleti (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) x B C Family Guyniidae Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872 x x x x CB C Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtales, 1868) x x x x B C Family Dendrophylliidae Dendrophyllia ramea (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x C AM Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816) x x x x CB AM Cladopsammia rolandi Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897 x x x IC E Balanophyllia europaea (Risso, 1826) x x x x x IC AM Balanophyllia regia Gosse, 1860 x x x I AM Balanophyllia cellulosa Duncan, 1873 x CB AM Leptopsammia pruvoti Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897 x x x x x IC AM Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1766) x x x C AM Order Zoantharia Family Parazoanthidae Parazoanthus axinellae (O. Schmidt, 1862) x x x x ICB AM Parazoanthus axinellae adriaticus Pax, 1937 x ICB E Parazoanthus axinellae liguricus Pax, 1937 x CB E Parazoanthus axinellae muelleri Pax, 1957 x IC E Parazoanthus axinellae brevitentacularis Abel, 1959 x x I E Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) x x x C AM Family Epizoanthidae Epizoanthus arenaceus (Delle Chiaje, 1823) x x x x ICB AM Epizoanthus arenaceus ingeborgae Pax, 1952 x x ICB E Epizoanthus incrustatus (Duben & Koren, 1847) x CB AA Epizoanthus paguricola (Roule, 1900) x CB E Epizoanthus paxii Abel,1955 x x I E Epizoanthus mediterraneus Carlgren, 1935 x x CB E Epizoanthus vagus Herberts, 1972 x C E Epizoanthus univitatus (Lorenz, 1860) x C E Epizoanthus vatovai Pax & Louchter, 1935 x IC E 147

194 Mollusks (by José Templado & Roger Villanueva) Table S14. Checklist of the Phylum Mollusca Information based on Sabelli et al. [1] and Bello [2] and updated from CLEMAM database, Check List of the European Marine Mollusca: E = exotic species (species introduced by humans) P = species included in the Annex II of the Barcelona Agreement (list of endangered or threatened species) Pl = planktoninc species CAUDOFOVEATA Chaetodermatidae Chaetoderma strigisquamatum Salvini-Plawen, 1977 Falcidens aequabilis Salvini-Plawen, 1972 Falcidens gutturosus (Kowalewsky, 1901) Limifossoridae Psilodens elongatus (Salvini-Plawen, 1972) Scutopus robustus Salvini-Plawen, 1970 Scutopus ventrolineatus Salvini-Plawen, 1968 Prochaetodermatidae Prochaetoderma boucheti Scheltema & Ivanov, 2000 Prochaetoderma breve Salvini-Plawen, 1999 Prochaetoderma raduliferum (Kowalewsky, 1901) SOLENOGASTRES PHOLIDOSKEPIA Dondersiidae Dondersia festiva Hubrecht, 1888 Ichthyomenia ichthyoides (Pruvot, 1890) Micromenia subrubra Salvini-Plawen, 2003 Nematomenia banyulensis (Pruvot, 1890) Nematomenia corallophila (Kowalewsky, 1881) Nematomenia flavens (Pruvot, 1890) Stylomenia salvatori Pruvot, 1899 Lepidomeniidae Lepidomenia hystrix Marion & Kowalewsky in Fischer, 1885 Lepidomenia swedmarki Salvini-Plawen, 1985 Tegulaherpia myodoryata Salvini-Plawen, 1988 Tegulaherpia stimulosa Salvini-Plawen, 1983 Macellomeniidae Macellomenia aciculata Scheltema, 1999 Neomeniidae Neomenia carinata Tullberg, 1875 CAVIBELONIA Amphimeniidae Amphimenia neapolitana Thiele, 1889

195 Paragymnomenia richardi Leloup, 1947 Pararrhopaliidae Pararrhopalia pruvoti Simroth, 1893 Eleutheromenia carinata Salvini-Plawen & Öztürk, 2006 Eleutheromenia sierra (Pruvot, 1890) Hypomenia nierstraszi Lummel, 1930 Pruvotina impexa (Pruvot, 1890) Simrothiellidae Kruppomenia minima Nierstrasz in Lo Bianco, 1903 Uncimenia neapolitana Nierstrasz, 1903 Pronomeniidae Proneomenia desiderata (Kowalewsky & Marion, 1887) Dorymenia vegans (Kowalewsky & Marion, 1887) Rhopalomeniidae Rhopalomenia aglaopheniae (Kowalewsky & Marion, 1887) Pruvotia sopita (Pruvot, 1891) Urgorria monoplicata Salvini-Plawen, 2003 Strophomeniidae Strophomenia lacazei Pruvot, 1899 Anamenia gorgonophila (Kowalewsky, 1880) MONOPLACOPHORA Neopilinidae Veleropilina zografi (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) POLYPLACOPHORA LEPIDOPLEURIDA Leptochitonidae Lepidopleurus cajetanus (Poli, 1791) Leptochiton africanus (Nierstrasz, 1906) Leptochiton algesirensis (Capellini, 1859) Leptochiton asellus (Gmelin, 1791) Leptochiton boettgeri Sulc, 1934 Leptochiton cancellatus (Sowerby G.B. II, 1840) Leptochiton cimicoides (Monterosato, 1879) Leptochiton geronensis Kaas & Van Belle, 1985 Leptochiton scabridus (Jeffreys, 1880) Hanleyidae Hanleya hanleyi (Bean in Thorpe, 1844) Ichnochitonidae Ischnochiton dolii Van Belle & Dell'Angelo, 1998 Ischnochiton rissoi (Payraudeau, 1826) Ischnochiton tsekosi Koukouras & Karachle, 2005 Ischnochiton usticensis Dell'Angelo & Castriota, 1999 Ischnochiton vanbellei Kaas, 1985 Connexochiton platynomenus Kaas, 1979 Callistochiton pachylasmae (Monterosato, 1879) Callochiton calcatus Dell'Angelo & Palazzi, 1994 Callochiton septemvalvis (Montagu, 1803)

196 Lepidochitona canariensis (Thiele, 1909) Lepidochitona caprearum (Scacchi, 1836) Lepidochitona cinerea (Linné, 1767) Lepidochitona furtiva (Monterosato 1879) Lepidochitona monterosatoi Kaas & Van Belle, 1981 Chitonidae Chiton corallinus (Risso, 1826) Chiton hululensis (Smith E.A., 1903) (E) Chiton olivaceus Spengler, 1797 Chiton phaseolinus Monterosato, 1879 Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona crinita (Pennant, 1777) Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linné, 1767) GASTROPODA DOCOGLOSSA Patellidae Patella caerulea Linné, 1758 Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 (P) Patella intermedia Murray in Knapp, 1857 Patella rustica Linné, 1758 Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 Ansates pellucida (Linné, 1758) Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771) (P) Nacellidae Cellana rota (Gmelin, 1791) (E) Lottiidae Tectura virginea (Müller O.F., 1776) Lepetidae Iothia fulva (Müller O.F., 1776) Propilidium exiguum (Thompson W., 1844) Propilidium pertenue Jeffreys, 1883 Propilidium scabrosum Jeffreys, 1883 VETIGASTROPODA Fissurellidae Fissurella nubecula (Linné, 1758) Diodora demartiniorum Buzzurro & Russo, 2005 Diodora dorsata (Monterosato, 1878) Diodora gibberula (Lamarck, 1822) Diodora graeca (Linné, 1758) Diodora italica (Defrance, 1820) Diodora producta (Monterosato, 1880) Diodora ruppellii (Sowerby G.B. I, 1835) (E) Emarginula adriatica Costa O.G., 1829 Emarginula bonfittoi Smriglio & Mariottini, 2001 Emarginula christiaensi Piani, 1985 Emarginula divae van Aartsen & Carrozza, 1995 Emarginula fissura (Linné, 1758) Emarginula multistriata Jeffreys, 1882 Emarginula octaviana Coen, 1939

197 Emarginula punctulum Piani, 1980 Emarginula pustula Thiele in Küster, 1913 Emarginula rosea Bell T., 1824 Emarginula sicula Gray, 1825 Emarginula solidula Costa O.G., 1829 Emarginula tenera Locard, 1892 Emarginula tuberculosa Libassi, 1859 Emarginella huzardii (Payraudeau, 1826) Fissurisepta granulosa Jeffreys, 1883 Puncturella noachina (Linné, 1771) Puncturella piccirida Palazzi & Villari, 2001 Zeidora naufraga Watson, 1883 Scissurellidae Scissurella costata d'orbigny, 1824 Anatoma aspera (Philippi, 1844) Anatoma crispata (Fleming, 1828) Anatoma umbilicata (Jeffreys, 1883) Sinezona cingulata (Costa O.G., 1861) Haliotidae Haliotis mykonosensis Owen, Hanavan & Hall, 2001 Haliotis pustulata Reeve, 1846 (E) Haliotis stomatiaeformis Reeve, 1846 Haliotis tuberculata Linné, 1758 Lepetellidae Lepetella barrajoni Dantart & Luque, 1994 Lepetella espinosae Dantart & Luque, 1994 Lepetella laterocompressa (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) Bogia labronica (Bogi, 1984) Choristella nofronii McLean, 1992 Addisoniidae Addisonia excentrica (Tiberi, 1855) Pseudococculinidae Copulabyssia corrugata (Jeffreys, 1883) Pilus conicus (Verrill, 1884) Trochidae Trochus erithraeus Brocchi, 1821 (E) Clanculus corallinus (Gmelin, 1791) Clanculus cruciatus (Linné, 1758) Clanculus jussieui (Payraudeau, 1826) Clelandella miliaris (Brocchi, 1814) Clelandella myriamae Gofas, 2005 Callumbonella suturalis (Philippi, 1836) Gibbula adansonii (Payraudeau, 1826) Gibbula adriatica (Philippi, 1844) Gibbula albida (Gmelin, 1791) Gibbula ardens (Salis, 1793) Gibbula cineraria (Linné, 1758) Gibbula divaricata (Linné, 1758) Gibbula drepanensis (Brugnone, 1873) Gibbula fanulum (Gmelin, 1791) Gibbula guttadauri (Philippi 1836)

198 Gibbula leucophaea (Philippi, 1836) Gibbula magus (Linné, 1758) Gibbula nivosa Adams A., 1851 (P) Gibbula pennanti (Philippi 1846) Gibbula philberti (Récluz, 1843) Gibbula racketti (Payraudeau, 1826) Gibbula rarilineata (Michaud, 1829) Gibbula spratti (Forbes, 1844) Gibbula tantilla Monterosato, 1890 Gibbula tingitana Pallary, 1901 Gibbula turbinoides (Deshayes, 1835) Gibbula umbilicalis (da Costa, 1778) Gibbula umbilicaris (Linné, 1758) Gibbula varia (Linné, 1758) Gibbula vimontiae Monterosato, 1884 Jujubinus baudoni (Monterosato, 1891) Jujubinus catenatus Ardovini, 2006 Jujubinus curinii Bogi & Campani, 2006 Jujubinus dispar Curini-Galletti, 1982 Jujubinus exasperatus (Pennant, 1777) Jujubinus gravinae (Dautzenberg 1881 Jujubinus karpathoensis Nordsieck, 1973 Jujubinus montagui (Wood W., 1828) Jujubinus ruscurianus (Weinkauff, 1868) Jujubinus striatus (Linné, 1758) Jujubinus tumidulus (Aradas, 1846) Jujubinus unidentatus (Philippi, 1844) Osilinus articulatus (Lamarck, 1822) Osilinus lineatus (da Costa, 1778) Osilinus mutabilis (Philippi, 1846) Osilinus richardi (Payraudeau, 1826) Osilinus turbinatus (Born, 1778) Stomatella impertusa (Burrow, 1815) (E) Solariellidae Pseudominolia nedyma (Melvill, 1897) (E) Calliostomatidae Calliostoma conulus (Linné, 1758) Calliostoma granulatum (Born, 1778) Calliostoma gualterianum (Philippi, 1848) Calliostoma gubbiolii Nofroni, 1984 Calliostoma kochi Pallary, 1902 Calliostoma laugieri (Payraudeau, 1826) Calliostoma virescens Coen, 1933 Calliostoma zizyphinum (Linné, 1758) Chilodontidae Calliotropis ottoi (Philippi, 1844) Danilia tinei (Calcara, 1839) Putzeysia wiseri (Calcara, 1842) Turbinidae Bolma rugosa (Linné, 1758) Cantrainea peloritana (Cantraine, 1835)

199 Homalopoma carmelae Oliverio & Buzzurro, 1994 Homalopoma sanguineum (Linné, 1758) Moelleria costulata (Møller, 1842) Skeneidae Skenea basistriata (Jeffreys, 1877) Skenea catenoides (Monterosato, 1877) Skenea divae Carrozza & van Aartsen, 2001 Skenea pelagia Nofroni & Valenti, 1987 Skenea serpuloides (Montagu, 1808) Adeuomphalus ammoniformis Seguenza G., 1876 Akritogyra conspicua (Monterosato, 1880) Cirsonella romettensis (Granata-Grillo, 1877) Dasyskenea suavis Fasulo & Cretella, 2002 Dikoleps cutleriana (Clark W., 1848) Dikoleps depressa (Monterosato, 1880) Dikoleps marianae Rubio, Dantart & Luque, 1998 Dikoleps nitens (Philippi, 1844) Dikoleps pruinosa (Chaster, 1896) Dikoleps rolani Rubio, Dantart & Luque, 1998 Dikoleps templadoi Rubio, Dantart & Luque, 2004 Dikoleps umbilicostriata (Gaglini, 1987) Granigyra granulifera Warén, 1992 Lissomphalia bithynoides (Monterosato, 1880) Lissotesta gittenbergeri (van Aartsen & Bogi, 1988) Lissotesta turrita (Gaglini, 1987) Mikro giustii (Bogi & Nofroni, 1989) Moelleriopsis messanensis (Seguenza G., 1876) Palazzia ausonia (Palazzi, 1988) Parviturbo alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006 Parviturbo dibellai Buzzurro & Cecalupo, 2007 Pseudorbis granulum (Brugnone, 1873) Skeneoides digeronimoi La Perna 1998 Skeneoides exilissima (Philippi, 1844) Skeneoides jeffreysii (Monterosato, 1872) Xenoskenea pellucida (Monterosato, 1874) Tricoliidae Tricolia algoidea (Pallary, 1920) Tricolia deschampsi Gofas, 1993 Tricolia entomocheila Gofas, 1993 Tricolia landinii Bogi & Campani, 2007 Tricolia miniata (Monterosato, 1884) Tricolia pullus (Linné, 1758) Tricolia punctura Gofas, 1993 Tricolia speciosa (von Mühlfeld, 1824 Tricolia tenuis (Michaud, 1829) Tricolia tingitana Gofas, 1982 Ataphridae Trochaclis versiliensis Warén, 1992 Pendromidae Rugulina monterosatoi (van Aartsen & Bogi, 1987) COCCULINIFORMIA

200 Cocculinidae Coccopigya viminensis (Rocchini, 1990) Bathysciadiidae Bathysciadium xylophagum Warén & Carrozzza, 1997 RITIMORPHA Neritidae Nerita sanguinolenta Menke, 1829 (E) Smaragdia souverbiana (Montrouzier, 1863 (E) Smaragdia viridis (Linné, 1758) CAENOGASTROPODA Cerithiidae Cerithium alucastrum (Brocchi, 1814) Cerithium egenum Gould 1849 (E) Cerithium lividulum Risso, 1826 Cerithium nesioticum Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1906 (E) Cerithium protractum Bivona Ant., 1838 Cerithium renovatum Monterosato, 1884 Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1848 (E) Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792 Bittium circa Moreno, 2006 Bittium incile Watson, 1897 Bittium lacteum (Philippi, 1836) Bittium latreillii (Payraudeau, 1826) Bittium reticulatum (da Costa, 1778) Bittium simplex (Jeffreys, 1867) Bittium submamillatum (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) Cassiella abylensis Gofas, 1987 Clypeomorus bifasciatus (Sowerby G.B. II, 1855) (E) Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848) (E) Dialidae Diala varia Adams A., 1861 (E) Litiopidae Gibborissoa virgata (Philippi, 1849) (E) Scaliolidae Scaliola elata Issel, 1869) (E) Clathrofenella diplax (Watson, 1886) (E) Clathrofenella perparvula (Watson, 1886) (E) Finella pupoides Adams A., 1860 (E) Planaxidae Planaxis savignyi Deshayes, 1844 (E) Angiola punctostriata Smith E.A., 1872) (E) Fossarus ambiguus (Linné, 1758) Potamididae Potamides conicus (de Blainville, 1829) Siliquariidae Petalopoma elisabettae Schiaparelli, 2002 Tenagodus obtusus (Schumacher, 1817) Turritellidae Turritella communis Risso, 1826 Turritella decipiens Monterosato, 1878 Turritella turbona Monterosato, 1877

201 Mesalia varia (Kiener, 1844) Triphoridae Cheirodonta pallescens (Jeffreys, 1867) Cosmotriphora melanura (Adams C.B., 1850) Marshallora adversa (Montagu, 1803) Metaxia bacillum (Issel, 1869) Metaxia metaxae (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Monophorus alboranensis Rolán & Peñas, 2001 Monophorus erythrosoma (Bouchet & Guillemot, 1978) Monophorus pantherinus Rolán & Peñas, 2001 Monophorus perversus (Linné, 1758) Monophorus thiriotae Bouchet, 1985 Obesula marisnostri Bouchet, 1985 Pogonodon pseudocanaricus (Bouchet, 1985) Similiphora similior (Bouchet & Guillemot, 1978) Strobiligera brychia (Bouchet & Guillemot, 1978) Strobiligera flammulata Bouchet & Warén, 1993 Cerithiopsidae Cerithiopsis annae Cecalupo & Buzzurro, 2005 Cerithiopsis barleei Jeffreys, 1867 Cerithiopsis diadema Monterosato, 1874 Cerithiopsis fayalensis Watson, 1880 Cerithiopsis greppii Buzzurro & Cecalupo, 2005 Cerithiopsis horrida Monterosato, 1874 Cerithiopsis iudithae Reitano & Buzzurro, 2006 Cerithiopsis jeffreysi Watson, 1885 Cerithiopsis ladae Prkić & Buzzurro, 2007 Cerithiopsis minima (Brusina, 1865) Cerithiopsis nofronii Amati, 1987 Cerithiopsis perlata Monterosato, 1889 Cerithiopsis pulchresculpta Cachia, Mifsud & Sammut, 2004 Cerithiopsis pulvis (Issel, 1869) (E) Cerithiopsis scalaris Locard, 1892 Cerithiopsis tarruellasi Peñas & Rolán, 2006 Cerithiopsis tenthrenois (Melvill, 1896) Cerithiopsis tubercularis (Montagu, 1803) Cerithiella metula (Lovén, 1846) Dizoniopsis coppolae (Aradas, 1870) Dizoniopsis micalii Cecalupo & Villari, 1997 Krachia cossmanni (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) Krachia cylindrata (Jeffreys, 1885) Krachia guernei (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) Krachia tiara (Monterosato, 1874) Krachiopsis giannuzzii Smriglio & Mariottini, 1999 Onchodia valeriae (Giusti Fr., 1987) Seila trilineata (Philippi, 1836) Janthinidae Janthina exigua Lamarck, 1816 Janthina globosa Swainson, 1822 Janthina janthina (Linné, 1758) Janthina pallida Thompson W., 1840

202 Aclididae Aclis ascaris (Turton, 1819) Aclis attenuans Jeffreys, 1883 Aclis gulsonae (Clark W., 1850) Aclis minor (Brown, 1827) Aclis trilineata Watson, 1897 Epitoniidae Epitonium algerianum (Weinkauff, 1866) Epitonium brevissimum (Seguenza G., 1876) Epitonium candidissimum (Monterosato, 1877) Epitonium celesti (Aradas, 1854) Epitonium clathratulum (Kanmacher, 1798) Epitonium hispidulum (Monterosato, 1874) Epitonium jolyi (Monterosato, 1878) Epitonium linctum (de Boury & Monterosato, 1890) Epitonium pseudonanum Bouchet & Warén, 1986 Epitonium pulchellum (Bivona Ant., 1832) Epitonium striatissimum (Monterosato, 1878) Epitonium tiberii (de Boury, 1890) Epitonium tryoni (de Boury, 1913) Epitonium turtonis (Turton, 1819) Epitonium vittatum (Jeffreys, 1884) Acirsa subdecussata (Cantraine, 1835) Acrilloscala lamyi (de Boury, 1909) Cirsotrema cochlea (Sowerby G.B. II, 1844) Claviscala richardi (Dautzenberg & de Boury, 1897) Cycloscala hyalina (Sowerby G.B. II, 1844) (E) Epidendrium dendrophylliae (Bouchet & Warén, 1986) Gregorioiscala sarsi (Kobelt, 1904) Gyroscala lamellosa (Lamarck, 1822) Iphitus marshalli (Sykes, 1925) Iphitus tuberatus Jeffreys, 1883 Narrimania concinna (Sykes, 1925) Opalia abbotti Clench & Turner, 1952 Opalia crenata (Linné, 1758) Opalia hellenica (Forbes, 1844) Papuliscala tavianii Bouchet & Warén, 1986 Punctiscala cerigottana (Sturany, 1896) Eulimidae Eulima altimirai Nordsieck, 1977 Eulima bilineata Alder, 1848 Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778) Eulima fuscozonata Bouchet & Waren, 1986 Eulima leptozona Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896 Auriculigerina miranda Dautzenberg, 1925 Bathycrinicola nacraensis Peñas & Giribet, 2003 Campylorhaphion famelicum (Watson, 1883) Crinophtheiros comatulicola (Graff, 1875) Crinophtheiros giustii Gaglini,1991 Curveulima beneitoi Peñas & Rolán, 2006 Curveulima devians (Monterosato, 1884)

203 Entoconcha mirabilis Müller J., 1852 Ersilia mediterranea (Monterosato, 1869) Fusceulima minuta (Jeffreys, 1884) Haliella stenostoma (Jeffreys, 1858) Halielloides fragilis Bouchet & Warén, 1986 Melanella alba (da Costa, 1778) Melanella boscii (Payraudeau, 1826) Melanella crosseana (Brusina, 1886) Melanella doederleini (Brusina, 1886) Melanella frielei (Jordan, 1895) Melanella glypta Bouchet & Warén, 1986 Melanella lineata (Monterosato, 1869) Melanella lubrica (Monterosato, 1890) Melanella microsculpta Bouchet & Warén, 1986 Melanella monterosatoi (Monterosato, 1890) Melanella petitiana (Brusina, 1869) Melanella polita (Linné, 1758) Melanella praecurta (Pallary, 1904) Melanella spiridioni (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) Melanella stalioi (Brusina, 1869) Melanella translucens (Monterosato, 1890) Nanobalcis nana (Monterosato, 1878) Oceanida confluens Bouchet & Warén, 1986 Parvioris ibizenca (Nordsieck, 1968) Pelseneeria minor Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Sabinella piriformis Brugnone, 1873 Sticteulima jeffreysiana (Brusina, 1869) Sticteulima lentiginosa (Adams A., 1861) (E) Vitreolina antiflexa Monterosato, 1884 Vitreolina cionella (Monterosato, 1878) Vitreolina curva (Monterosato, 1874) Vitreolina incurva (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883) Vitreolina levantina Oliverio, Buzzurro & Villa, 1994 Vitreolina perminima (Jeffreys, 1883) Vitreolina philippi (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) Littorinidae Littorina littorea (Linné, 1758) Littorina obtusata (Linné, 1758) Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792) Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791) Melarhaphe neritoides (Linné, 1758) Skeneopsidae Skeneopsis planorbis (Fabricius O., 1780) Cingulopsidae Eatonina cossurae (Calcara, 1841) Eatonina fulgida (Adams J., 1797) Eatonina ochroleuca (Brusina, 1869) Eatonina pumila (Monterosato, 1884) Tubbreva micrometrica (Aradas & Benoit, 1876) Rissoidae Rissoa aartseni Verduin, 1985

204 Rissoa alleryi (Nordsieck, 1972) Rissoa angustior (Monterosato, 1917) Rissoa auriformis Pallary, 1904 Rissoa auriscalpium (Linné, 1758) Rissoa decorata Philippi, 1846 Rissoa frauenfeldiana Brusina, 1866 Rissoa guerinii Récluz, 1843 Rissoa italiensis Verduin, 1985 Rissoa lia (Monterosato, 1884) Rissoa monodonta Philippi, 1836 Rissoa multicincta Smriglio & Mariottini, 1995 Rissoa panhormensis Verduin, 1985 Rissoa paradoxa (Monterosato, 1884) Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778) Rissoa rodhensis Verduin, 1985 Rissoa scurra (Monterosato, 1917) Rissoa similis Scacchi, 1836 Rissoa splendida Eichwald, 1830 Rissoa torquilla Pallary, 1912 Rissoa variabilis (von Mühlfeld, 1824) Rissoa ventricosa Desmarest, 1814 Rissoa violacea Desmarest, 1814 Alvania aartseni Verduin, 1986 Alvania aeoliae Palazzi, 1988 Alvania alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006 Alvania algeriana (Monterosato, 1877) Alvania amatii Oliverio, 1986 Alvania aspera (Philippi, 1844) Alvania balearica Oliver & Templado, 2009 Alvania beani (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844) Alvania bicingulata (Seguenza L., 1903) Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778) Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778) Alvania cimex (Linné, 1758) Alvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844) Alvania cingulata (Philippi, 1836) Alvania clarae Nofroni & Pizzini, 1991 Alvania clathrella (Seguenza L., 1903) Alvania claudioi Buzzurro & Landini, 2007 Alvania colossophilus Oberling, 1970 Alvania consociella Monterosato, 1884 Alvania corona Nordsieck, 1972 Alvania dalmatica Buzzurro & Prkić, 2007 Alvania datchaensis Amati & Oliverio, 1987 Alvania dianiensis Oliverio, 1988 Alvania dictyophora (Philippi, 1844) Alvania dipacoi Giusti Fr. & Nofroni, 1989 Alvania discors (Allan, 1818) Alvania disparilis Monterosato, 1890 Alvania dorbignyi (Audouin, 1826) (E) Alvania electa (Monterosato, 1874)

205 Alvania elegantissima (Monterosato, 1875) Alvania elisae Margelli, 2001 Alvania fischeri (Jeffreys, 1884) Alvania fractospira Oberling, 1970 Alvania gagliniae Amati, 1985 Alvania garrafensis Peñas & Rolán, 2008 Alvania geryonia (Nardo, 1847) Alvania hallgassi Amati & Oliverio, 1985 Alvania hirta (Monterosato, 1884) Alvania hispidula (Monterosato, 1884) Alvania imperspicua (Pallary, 1920) Alvania josefoi Oliver & Templado, 2009 Alvania lactea (Michaud, 1830) Alvania lanciae (Calcara, 1845) Alvania lineata Risso, 1826 Alvania litoralis (Nordsieck, 1972) Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970 Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826 Alvania nestaresi Oliverio & Amati, 1990 Alvania oliverioi Buzzurro, 2003 Alvania pagodula (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884) Alvania parvula (Jeffreys, 1884) Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803) Alvania rudis Philippi, 1844) Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) Alvania schwartziana Brusina, 1866 Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877) Alvania settepassii Amati & Nofroni, 1985 Alvania simulans Locard, 1886 Alvania sleursi (Amati, 1987) Alvania sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877 Alvania spinosa (Monterosato, 1890) Alvania subareolata Monterosato, 1869 Alvania subcrenulata (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884) Alvania subsoluta (Aradas, 1847) Alvania tenera (Philippi, 1844) Alvania tessellata Weinkauff, 1868 Alvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) Alvania vermaasi van Aartsen, 1975 Alvania villarii Micali, Tisselli & Giunchi, 2005 Alvania weinkauffi Weinkauff, 1868 Alvania zetlandica (Montagu, 1815) Alvania zylensis Gofas & Warén, 1982 Benthonella tenella (Jeffreys 1869) Botryphallus epidauricus (Brusina 1866) Cingula trifasciata (Adams J., 1800) Crisilla amphiglypha Bouchet & Warén, 1993 Crisilla beniamina (Monterosato, 1884) Crisilla chiarellii (Cecalupo & Quadri, 1995) Crisilla iunoniae (Palazzi, 1988) Crisilla marioni (Fasulo & Gaglini, 1987)

206 Crisilla pseudocingulata (Nordsieck, 1972) Crisilla semistriata (Montagu, 1808) Crisilla spadix (Watson, 1897) Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798 Obtusella intersecta (Wood S., 1857) Obtusella macilenta (Monterosato, 1880) Obtusella ovulata (Nordsieck, 1972) Onoba aculeus (Gould, 1841) Onoba dimassai Amati & Nofroni, 1991 Onoba gianninii (Nordsieck, 1974) Onoba oliverioi Smriglio & Mariottini, 2000 Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803) Peringiella denticulata Ponder, 1985 Peringiella elegans (Locard, 1892) Plagyostila asturiana Fischer P. in de Folin, 1872 Pseudosetia ficaratiensis (Brugnone, 1876) Pusillina benzi (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) Pusillina ehrenbergi (Philippi, 1844) Pusillina inconspicua (Alder, 1844) Pusillina lineolata (Michaud, 1830) Pusillina marginata (Michaud, 1830) Pusillina munda (Monterosato, 1884) Pusillina philippi (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) Pusillina radiata (Philippi, 1836) Pusillina sarsii (Lovén, 1846) Pusillina testudae (Verduin, 1979) Rissoina bertholleti Issel, 1869 (E) Rissoina bruguieri (Payraudeau, 1826) Setia alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006 Setia amabilis (Locard, 1886) Setia ambigua (Brugnone, 1873) Setia antipolitana (van der Linden & Wagner, 1987) Setia bruggeni (Verduin, 1984) Setia fusca (Philippi, 1841) Setia kuiperi Verduin, 1984) Setia levantina Bogi & Galil, 2007 Setia maculata (Monterosato, 1869) Setia scillae (Aradas & Benoit, 1876) Setia turriculata Monterosato, 1884 Voorwindia tiberiana (Issel 1869) (E) Anabathridae Nodulus contortus (Jeffreys, 1856) Pisinna glabrata (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824) Assimineidae Assiminea gittenbergeri van Aartsen, 2008 Assiminea grayana Fleming, 1828 Paludinella littorina (Delle Chiaje 1828) Paludinella sicana (Brugnone 1876) Barleeidae Barleeia gougeti (Michaud, 1830) Barleeia seminulum (Monterosato, 1877)

207 Barleeia unifasciata (Montagu, 1803) Caecidae Caecum armoricum de Folin, 1869 Caecum auriculatum de Folin, 1868 Caecum clarkii Carpenter, 1859 Caecum glabrum (Montagu, 1803) Caecum subannulatum de Folin, 1870 Caecum trachea (Montagu, 1803) Parastrophia asturiana de Folin, 1870 Elachisinidae Laeviphitus verduini van Aartsen, Bogi & Giusti, 1989 Hydrobiidae Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) Hydrobia djerbaensis Wilke, Pfenninger & Davis, 2002 Ventrosia maritima (Milaschewitsch, 1916) Ventrosia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803) Heleobia stagnorum (Gmelin, 1791) Iravadiidae Ceratia proxima (Thompson, 1850) Hyala vitrea (Montagu, 1803) Tornidae Tornus jullieni Adam & Knudsen, 1969 Tornus mienisi van Aartsen, Carrozza & Menkhorst, 1998 Tornus subcarinatus (Montagu, 1803) Circulus striatus (Philipp,i 1836) Circulus tricarinatus (Wood S., 1848) Discopsis costulatus de Folin, 1870 Truncatellidae Truncatella subcylindrica (Linné, 1767) Vermetidae Vermetus granulatus (Gravenhorst, 1831) Vermetus rugulosus Monterosato, 1878 Vermetus semisurrectus Bivona Ant., 1832 Vermetus triquetrus Bivona Ant., 1832 Dendropoma anguliferum (Monterosato, 1884) Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) (P) Petaloconchus glomeratus (Linné, 1758) Serpulorbis arenarius (Linné, 1767) Strombidae Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821 (E) Strombus persicus Swainson, 1821 (E) Aporrhaidae Aporrhais pespelecani (Linné, 1758) Aporrhais serresianus (Michaud, 1828) Vanikoridae Macromphalus abylensis Warén & Bouchet, 1988 Megalomphalus azonus (Brusina, 1865) Megalomphalus disciformis (Granata-Grillo, 1877) Megalomphalus petitianus (Tiberi, 1869) Talassia dagueneti (de Folin, 1873) Hipponicidae

208 Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817) (E) Xenophoridae Xenophora crispa (Koenig, 1825) Calyptraeidae Calyptraea chinensis (Linné, 1758) Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) (E) Crepidula fornicata (Linné, 1758) (E) Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829 Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822 Capulidae Capulus ungaricus (Linné, 1758) Torellia delicata (Philippi, 1844) Velutinidae Velutina undata Smith J., 1839 Velutina velutina (Müller O.F., 1776) Lamellaria latens (Müller O.F., 1776) Lamellaria perspicua (Linné, 1758) Triviidae Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799) Trivia bitou Pallary, 1912 Trivia levantina Smriglio, Mariottini & Buzzurro, 1998 Trivia monacha (da Costa, 1778) Trivia multilirata (Sowerby G.B. II, 1870) Trivia pulex (Solander, 1828) Trivia spongicola Monterosato, 1923 Erato voluta (Montagu, 1803) Cypraeidae Erosaria spurca (Linné, 1758) (P) Erosaria turdus (Lamarck, 1810) (E) Luria lurida (Linné, 1758) (P) Purpuradusta gracilis notata (Gill, 1858) (E) Palmadusta lentiginosa (Gray, 1825) (E) Schilderia achatidea (Gray in Sowerby G.B. II, 1837) Zonaria pyrum (Gmelin, 1791) (P) Ovulidae Aperiovula adriatica (Sowerby G.B. I, 1828 Neosimnia illyrica Schilder, 1927 Neosimnia spelta (Linné, 1758) Pseudosimnia carnea (Poiret, 1789) Simnia nicaeensis Risso, 1826 Simnia purpurea Risso, 1826 Pedicularia sicula Swainson, 1840 Naticidae Natica hebraea (Martyn, 1784) Natica prietoi Hidalgo, 1873 Natica stercusmuscarum (Gmelin, 1791) Natica vittata (Gmelin, 1791) Cryptonatica operculata (Jeffreys, 1885) Euspira catena (da Costa, 1778) Euspira fusca (de Blainville, 1825) Euspira grossularia (Marche-Marchad, 1957) (P)

209 Euspira guillemini (Payraudeau, 1826) Euspira macilenta (Philippi, 1844 Euspira pulchella (Risso, 1826) Neverita josephinia Risso, 1826 Notocochlis dillwynii (Payraudeau, 1826) Notocochlis gualteriana (Récluz, 1844) Payraudeautia intricata (Donovan, 1804) Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834) Sinum bifasciatum (Récluz, 1851) Tectonatica rizzae (Philippi, 1844) Tectonatica sagraiana (d'orbigny, 1842) Tonnidae Tonna galea (Linné, 1758) (P) Eudolium bairdii (Verrill & Smith, 1881) Eudolium crosseanum (Monterosato, 1869) Galeodea echinophora (Linné, 1758) Galeodea rugosa (Linné, 1771) Oocorys sulcata Fischer P., 1883 Phalium granulatum (Born, 1778) Phalium saburon (Bruguière, 1792) Ranellidae Ranella olearium (Linné, 1758) (P) Cabestana cutacea (Linné, 1767) Cabestana dolaria (Linné, 1767) Charonia lampas (Linné, 1758) (P) Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816) (P) Cymatium corrugatum (Lamarck, 1816) Cymatium parthenopeum (Salis, 1793) Bursidae Bursa scrobilator (Linné, 1758) Pterotracheaidae Pterotrachea coronata Forskål, 1775 (Pl) Pterotrachea hippocampus Philippi, 1836 (Pl) Pterotrachea scutata Gegenbaur, 1855 (Pl) Firoloida desmarestia Lesueur, 1817 (Pl) Carinariidae Carinaria mediterranea de Blainville, 1824 (Pl) Atlantidae Atlanta fragilis Richter, 1993 (Pl) Atlanta fusca Souleyet, 1852 (Pl) Atlanta helicinoides Souleyet, 1852 (Pl) Atlanta inclinata Souleyet, 1852 (Pl) Atlanta inflata Souleyet, 1852 (Pl) Atlanta lesueurii Souleyet, 1852 (Pl) Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817 (Pl) Oxygyrus keraudrenii (Lesueur, 1817) (Pl) Protatlanta souleyeti (Smith E.A., 1888) (Pl) Muricidae Murex forskoehli Röding, 1798 (E) Aspella anceps (Lamarck, 1822) Babelomurex benoiti (Tiberi, 1855)

210 Babelomurex cariniferus (Sowerby G.B. II, 1834) Babelomurex sentix (Bayer, 1971) Bolinus brandaris (Linné, 1758) Coralliophila brevis (de Blainville, 1832) Coralliophila meyendorffii (Calcara, 1845) Coralliophila panormitana (Monterosato, 1869) Coralliophila richardi (Fischer P., 1882) Coralliophila sofiae (Aradas & Benoit, 1876) Coralliophila squamosa (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) Dermomurex scalaroides (de Blainville, 1829) Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 (E) Hadriania craticulata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882 Hexaplex pecchiolianus (d'ancona, 1871) (E) Hexaplex trunculus (Linné, 1758) Muricopsis aradasii (Poirier, 1883) Muricopsis cevikeri Houart, 2000 Muricopsis cristata (Brocchi, 1814) Ocenebra erinaceus (Linné, 1758) Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822) Ocinebrina aciculata corallinoides Pallary, 1912 Ocinebrina edwardsii (Payraudeau, 1826) Ocinebrina helleri (Brusina, 1865) Ocinebrina hispidula Pallary, 1904 Ocinebrina hybrida (Aradas & Benoit, 1876) Ocinebrina ingloria (Crosse, 1865) Ocinebrina nicolai Monterosato, 1884 Ocinebrina paddeui Bonomolo & Buzzurro, 2006 Orania fusulus (Brocchi, 1814) Pagodula echinata (Kiener, 1840) Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) (E) Stramonita haemastoma (Linné, 1767) Thais sacellum (Gmelin, 1791) (E) Trophonopsis alboranensis (Smriglio, Mariottini & Bonfitto, 1997) Trophonopsis breviatus (Jeffreys, 1882) Trophonopsis muricatus (Montagu, 1803) Typhinellus labiatus (de Cristofori & Jan, 1832) Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822) Marginellidae Volvarina mitrella (Risso, 1826) Granulina boucheti Gofas, 1992 Granulina gofasi Smriglio & Mariottini, 1996 Granulina gubbiolii Smriglio & Mariottini, 1999 Granulina guttula La Perna, 1999 Granulina marginata (Bivona Ant., 1832) Granulina melitensis Smriglio, Mariottini & Rufini, 1998 Granulina minusculina (Locard, 1897) Granulina occulta (Monterosato, 1869) Granulina pusaterii Giannuzzi-Savelli, Pusateri, Palmeri & Ebreo, 2003 Granulina torosa Gofas, 1992 Granulina vanhareni (van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984) Cystiscidae

211 Gibberula caelata (Monterosato, 1877) Gibberula epigrus (Reeve, 1865) Gibberula jansseni van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 Gibberula miliaria (Linné, 1758) Gibberula oryza (Lamarck, 1822) Gibberula philippii (Monterosato, 1878) Gibberula recondita Monterosato, 1884 Gibberula secreta Monterosato, 1889 Gibberula simonae Smriglio, 2003 Gibberula turgidula (Locard & Caziot, 1900) Mitridae Mitra cornicula (Linné, 1758) Mitra cornea Lamarck, 1811 Mitra zonata Marryat, 1818 (P) Costellariidae Vexillum ebenus (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum granum (Forbes, 1844) Vexillum hypatiae (Pallary, 1912) Vexillum savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826) Vexillum tricolor (Gmelin, 1791) Volutidae Ampulla priamus (Gmelin, 1791) Cymbium olla (Linné, 1758) Buccinidae Buccinum humphreysianum Bennet, 1824 Buccinum undatum Linné, 1758 Chauvetia affinis (Monterosato, 1889) Chauvetia brunnea (Donovan, 1804 ) Chauvetia candidissima (Philippi, 1836) Chauvetia decorata Monterosato, 1889 Chauvetia giunchiorum Micali, 1999 Chauvetia lefebvrei (Maravigna, 1840) Chauvetia lineolata (Tiberi, 1868) Chauvetia mamillata (Risso, 1826) Chauvetia procerula (Monterosato, 1889) Chauvetia recondita (Brugnone, 1873) Chauvetia retifera (Brugnone, 1880) Chauvetia ventrosa Nordsieck, 1976 Colubraria reticulata (de Blainville, 1829) Colus jeffreysianus (Fischer P., 1868) Engina leucozona (Philippi, 1843) Euthria cornea (Linné, 1758) Kryptos koehleri (Locard, 1896) Pisania striata (Gmelin, 1791) Pollia dorbignyi (Payraudeau, 1826) Pollia scabra Locard, 1892 Pollia scacchiana (Philippi, 1844) Nassariidae Nassarius circumcinctus (Adams A., 1852) Nassarius coralligenus (Pallary, 1900) Nassarius corniculum (Olivi, 1792)

212 Nassarius cuvierii (Payraudeau, 1826) Nassarius denticulatus (Adams A., 1852) Nassarius elatus (Gould, 1845) Nassarius gibbosulus (Linné, 1758) Nassarius granum (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius heynemanni (Maltzan, 1884) Nassarius incrassatus (Ström, 1768) Nassarius johni (Monterosato, 1889) Nassarius lima (Dillwyn, 1817) Nassarius louisi (Pallary, 1912) Nassarius mutabilis (Linné, 1758) Nassarius nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867) Nassarius ovoideus (Locard, 1886) Nassarius pfeifferi (Philippi, 1844) Nassarius arcularia plicatus (Röding, 1798) Nassarius pygmaeus (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius recidivus (Martens, 1876) Nassarius reticulatus (Linné, 1758) Nassarius robustus (Monterosato, 1890) Nassarius tinei (Maravigna, 1840) Nassarius tingitanus (Pallary, 1901) Nassarius turulosus (Risso, 1826) Nassarius unifasciatus (Kiener, 1834) Nassarius vaucheri (Pallary, 1906) Cyclope neritea (Linné, 1758) Cyclope pellucida Risso, 1826 Demoulia obtusata (Link. 1807) Columbellidae Columbella rustica (Linné, 1758) Amphissa acutecostata (Philippi, 1844) Anachis aliceae (Pallary, 1900) Mitrella broderipi (Sowerby G.B. I, 1844) Mitrella bruggeni van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 Mitrella gervillii (Payraudeau, 1826) Mitrella minor (Scacchi, 1836) Mitrella pallaryi (Dautzenberg, 1927) Mitrella psilla (Duclos, 1846) (E) Mitrella scripta (Linné, 1758) Zafra savignyi (Moazzo, 1939) (E) Zafra selasphora (Melvill & Standen, 1901) (E) Fasciolariidae Fasciolaria lignaria (Linné, 1758) Fusinus alternatus Buzzurro & Russo, 2007 Fusinus buzzurroi Prkić & Russo, 2008 Fusinus cretellai Buzzurro & Russo, 2008 Fusinus dimassai Buzzurro & Russo, 2007 Fusinus dimitrii Buzzurro & Ovalis, 2007 Fusinus eviae Buzzurro & Russo, 2007 Fusinus labronicus (Monterosato, 1884) Fusinus margaritae Buzzurro & Russo, 2007 Fusinus parvulus (Monterosato, 1884)

213 Fusinus profetai Nofroni, 1982 Fusinus pulchellus (Philippi, 1844) Fusinus rolani Buzzurro & Ovalis, 2005 Fusinus rostratus Olivi, 1792) Fusinus rusticulus (Monterosato, 1880) Fusinus syracusanus (Linné, 1758) Fusinus verrucosus (Gmelin, 1791) (E) Cancellariidae Axelella minima (Reeve, 1856) Bivetiella cancellata (Linné, 1767) Bivetiella similis (Sowerby G.B. I, 1833) Tribia coronata (Scacchi, 1835) Conidae Conus fumigatus Hwass, 1792 (E) Conus mediterraneus Hwass, 1792 Conus vayssierei Pallary, 1903 Aphanitoma mariottinii Smriglio, Rufini & Martín Pérez, 2001 Bela brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) Bela clarae Peñas & Rolán, 2008 Bela costulata (Risso, 1826) Bela cycladensis (Reeve, 1845) Bela decussata (Locard, 1892) Bela fuscata (Deshayes 1835) Bela laevigata Philippi 1836) Bela menkhorsti van Aartsen, 1988 Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803) Bela oceanica (Locard, 1892) Bela powisiana (Dautzenberg, 1887) Bela zonata (Locard, 1892) Benthomangelia macra (Watson, 1881) Brachycythara atlantidea (Knudsen, 1952) Brachycythara beatriceae Mariottini, 2007 Clathromangelia granum (Philippi, 1844) Clathromangelia loiselieri Oberling, 1970 Clathromangelia strigillata Pallary, 1904 Comarmondia gracilis (Montagu, 1803) Conopleura aliena Smriglio, Mariottini & Calascibetta, 1999 Drilliola emendata (Monterosato, 1872) Fehria taprurensis (Pallary, 1904) Fehria zenetouae van Aartsen, 1988 Gymnobela abyssorum (Locard, 1897) Gymnobela subaraneosa (Dautzenberg & Fischer H.,1896) Lusitanops cingulatus Bouchet & Warén, 1980 Lusitanops hyaloides (Dautzenberg, 1925) Mangelia attenuata (Montagu, 1803) Mangelia barashi (van Aartsen & Fehr-de Wal, 1978) Mangelia bertrandi (Payraudeau, 1826) Mangelia brusinae van Aartsen & Fehr-de Wal, 1978 Mangelia caerulans (Philippi, 1844) Mangelia callosa (Nordsieck, 1977) Mangelia coarctata (Forbes, 1840)

214 Mangelia difficilis (Locard & casito, 1900) Mangelia fieldeni (van Aartsen & Fehr-de Wal, 1978 Mangelia indistincta (Monterosato, 1875) Mangelia jerbaensis Della Bella & Spada, 1997 Mangelia melitensis Cachia & Mifsud, 2008 Mangelia multilineolata (Deshayes, 1835) Mangelia nuperrima (Tiberi, 1855) Mangelia paciniana (Calcara, 1839) Mangelia pallaryi (Nordsieck, 1977) Mangelia payraudeaui (Deshayes, 1835) Mangelia pontica Milaschewitsch, 1908 Mangelia sandrii (Brusina, 1865) Mangelia scabrida Monterosato, 1890 Mangelia secreta (van Aartsen & Fehr-de Wal, 1978) Mangelia serga (Dall, 1881) Mangelia sicula Reeve, 1846 Mangelia stossiciana Brusina, 1869 Mangelia taeniata (Deshayes, 1835) Mangelia tenuicostata (Brugnone, 1868) Mangelia unifasciata (Deshayes, 1835) Mangelia vauquelini (Payraudeau, 1826) Microdrillia loprestiana (Calcara, 1841) Mitromorpha crenipicta (Dautzenberg, 1889) Mitromorpha karpathoensis (Nordsieck, 1969) Mitromorpha mediterranea Mifsud, 2001 Mitromorpha melitensis (Mifsud, 1993) Mitromorpha olivoidea (Cantraine, 1835) Mitromorpha wilhelminae (van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984) Pleurotomella coelorhaphe (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) Pleurotomella eurybrocha (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) Pleurotomella gibbera Bouchet & Warén, 1980 Pleurotomella packardi Verrill, 1872 Raphitoma aequalis (Jeffreys, 1867) Raphitoma alternans (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma arnoldi (Pallary, 1906) Raphitoma atropurpurea (Locard & Casito, 1900) Raphitoma bofilliana (Sulliotti, 1889) Raphitoma bracteata (Pallary, 1904) Raphitoma concinna (Scacchi, 1836) Raphitoma corbis (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) Raphitoma cylindracea (Locard & Casito, 1900) Raphitoma densa (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma divae Carrozza, 1984 Raphitoma echinata (Brocchi, 1814) Raphitoma erronea (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma histrix Bellardi, 1847 Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) Raphitoma linearis (Montagu, 1803)

215 Raphitoma mirabilis (Pallary, 1904) Raphitoma nivea (Marshall in Sykes, 1906) Raphitoma papillosa (Pallary, 1904) Raphitoma philberti (Michaud, 1829) Raphitoma pruinosa (Pallary, 1906) Raphitoma pseudohystrix (Sykes, 1906) Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma villaria Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2008 Taranis laevisculpta Monterosato, 1880 Taranis moerchi (Malm, 1861) Teretia teres (Reeve, 1844) Typhlomangelia nivalis (Lovén, 1846) Drilliidae Crassopleura maravignae (Bivona Ant., 1838) Spirotropis modiolus (de Cristofori & Jan, 1832) Turridae Fusiturris similis (Bivona Ant., 1838 Fusiturris undatiruga (Bivona Ant., 1838) Haedropleura flexicosta Monterosato, 1884 Haedropleura septangularis (Montagu, 1803) Lienardia mighelsi Iredale & Tomlin, 1917 (E) Micropleurotoma spirotropoides (Thiele, 1925) HETEROSTROPHA Architectonicidae Basisulcata lepida (Bayer, 1942) Discotectonica discus (Philippi, 1844) Heliacus contextus (Seguenza L., 1903) Heliacus fallaciosus (Tiberi, 1872) Heliacus jeffreysianus (Tiberi, 1867) Philippia hybrida (Linné, 1758) Pseudomalaxis zanclaeus (Philippi, 1844) Pseudotorinia architae (Costa O.G., 1841) Solatisonax alleryi (Seguenza G., 1876) Solatisonax bannocki (Melone & Taviani, 1980) Solatisonax bannocki (Melone & Taviani, 1980) Spirolaxis centrifugus (Monterosato, 1890) Spirolaxis clenchi Jaume & Borro, 1916 Spirolaxis lamelliferus (Rehder, 1935) Mathildidae Mathilda bieleri Smriglio & Mariottini, 2007 Mathilda cochlaeformis Brugnone, 1873 Mathilda coronata Monterosato, 1875 Mathilda gemmulata Semper, 1865 Mathilda letei Prkić & Smriglio, 2007 Mathilda quadricarinata (Brocchi, 1814) Mathilda retusa Brugnone, 1873 Tuba jeffreysi (Dall, 1889) Rissoellidae Rissoella diaphana (Alder, 1848) Rissoella globularis (Forbes & Hanley, 1853)

216 Rissoella inflata (Monterosato, 1880) Rissoella opalina (Jeffreys, 1848) Omalogyridae Omalogyra atomus (Philippi, 1841) Omalogyra simplex (Costa O.G., 1861) Ammonicera fischeriana (Monterosato, 1869) Ammonicera rota (Thompson, 1850) Retrotortina fuscata Chaster, 1896 Xylodisculidae Xylodiscula boucheti Warén, 1992 Xylodiscula lens Warén, 1992 Xylodiscula wareni Bogi & Bartolini, 2008 Cornirostridae Tomura depressa (Granata-Grillo, 1877) Hyalogyrinidae Hyalogyra zibrowii Warén, 1997 Hyalogyrina amphorae Warén, Carrozza & Rocchini, 1997 Xenoskenea pellucida (Monterosato, 1874) Cimidae Cima cuticulata Warén, 1993 Cima cylindrica (Jeffreys, 1856) Cima melitensis Mifsud, 1998 Cima minima (Jeffreys, 1858) Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798) Graphis barashi van Aartsen, 2002 Graphis gracilis (Monterosato, 1874) Graphis striata (Jeffreys, 1884) Murchisonella columna (Hedley, 1907) (E) Orbitestellidae Orbitestella dariae (Liuzzi & Zucchi Stolfa, 1979) Lurifax vitreus Warén & Bouchet, 2001 Tjaernoiidae Tjaernoeia exquisita (Jeffreys, 1883) Tjaernoeia unisulcata (Chaster, 1897) Pyramidellidae Bacteridium carinatum (de Folin, 1870) Careliopsis modesta (de Folin, 1870) Chrysallida angulosa (Monterosato, 1889) Chrysallida brattstroemi Warén, 1991 Chrysallida brevicula (Jeffreys, 1883) Chrysallida clathrata (Jeffreys, 1848) Chrysallida dantarti Peñas & Rolán, 2008 Chrysallida decussata (Montagu, 1803) Chrysallida dollfusi (Kobelt, 1903) Chrysallida elegans (de Folin, 1870) Chrysallida emaciata (Brusina, 1866) Chrysallida excavata (Philippi, 1836) Chrysallida eximia (Jeffreys, 1849) Chrysallida fenestrata (Jeffreys, 1848) Chrysallida fischeri (Hornung & Mermod, 1925) (E) Chrysallida flexuosa (Monterosato, 1874)

217 Chrysallida ghisottii (van Aartsen, 1984) Chrysallida incerta (Milaschewitsch, 1916) Chrysallida indistincta (Montagu, 1808) Chrysallida intermixta (Monterosato, 1884) Chrysallida interstincta (Adams J., 1797) Chrysallida jeffreysiana (Monterosato, 1884) Chrysallida juliae (de Folin, 1872) Chrysallida limitum (Brusina, 1876) Chrysallida maiae (Hornung & Mermod, 1924) (E) Chrysallida micronana Öztürk & van Aartsen, 2006 (E) Chrysallida monozona (Brusina, 1869) Chrysallida monterosatii (Clessin, 1900) Chrysallida moolenbeeki Amati, 1987 Chrysallida multicostata (Jeffreys, 1884) Chrysallida nivosa (Montagu, 1803) Chrysallida palazzii Micali, 1984 Chrysallida pellucida (Dillwyn, 1817) Chrysallida penchynati (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883) Chrysallida pirinthella (Melvill, 1910) (E) Chrysallida rinaldii Micali & Nofroni, 2004 Chrysallida sigmoidea (Monterosato, 1880) Chrysallida stefanisi (Jeffreys, 1869) Chrysallida suturalis (Philippi, 1844) Chrysallida terebellum (Philippi, 1844) Cingulina isseli (Tryon, 1886) (E) Eulimella acicula (Philippi, 1836) Eulimella ataktos Warén, 1991 Eulimella bogii van Aartsen, 1995 Eulimella carminae Peñas & Micali, 1999 Eulimella cerullii (Cossmann, 1916) Eulimella cossignaniorum van Aartsen, 1995 Eulimella neoattenuata Gaglini, 1992 Eulimella oliveri Peñas & Rolán, 2006 Eulimella scillae (Scacchi, 1835) Eulimella unifasciata (Forbes, 1844) Eulimella ventricosa (Forbes, 1844) Euparthenia bulinea (Lowe, 1841) Euparthenia humboldti (Risso, 1826) Hinemoa cylindrica (de Folin, 1879) (E) Iolaea neofelixoides (Nomura, 1936) (E) Leucotina natalensis Smith E.A., 1910 (E) Liostomia afzelii Warén, 1991 Liostomia clavula (Lovén, 1846 ) Liostomia hansgei Warén, 1991 Liostomia mamoi Mifsud, 1993 Monotigma lauta (Adams A., 1853) (E) Murchisonella columna (Hedley 1907) (E) Noemiamea dolioliformis (Jeffreys, 1848) Kejdonia cachiai (Mifsud, 1998) Odostomella bicincta (Tiberi, 1868) Odostomella doliolum (Philippi, 1844)

218 Ondina anceps Gaglini, 1992 Ondina crystallina Locard, 1892 Ondina diaphana (Jeffreys, 1848) Ondina dilucida (Monterosato, 1884) Ondina divisa (Adams J., 1797) Ondina modiola (Monterosato, 1884) Ondina obliqua (Alder, 1844) Ondina scandens (Monterosato, 1884) Ondina vitrea (Brusina, 1866) Ondina warreni (Thompson W., 1845) Odostomia aartseni Nofroni, 1988 Odostomia acuta Jeffreys, 1848 Odostomia angusta Jeffreys, 1867 Odostomia barashi Bogi & Galil, 2000 Odostomia bulimulus Monterosato, 1875 Odostomia carrozzai van Aartsen, 1987 Odostomia conoidea (Brocchi, 1814) Odostomia conspicua Alder, 1850 Odostomia erjaveciana Brusina, 1869 Odostomia eulimoides Hanley, 1844 Odostomia fusulus Monterosato, 1878 Odostomia ignorata (Monterosato, 1917) Odostomia improbabilis Oberling, 1970 Odostomia kromi van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 Odostomia lorellae Micali, 1987 Odostomia lorioli (Hornung & Mermod, 1924) (E) Odostomia lukisi Jeffreys, 1859 Odostomia megerlei (Locard 1886) Odostomia nitens Jeffreys, 1870 Odostomia nofronii Buzzurro, 2001 Odostomia plicata (Montagu, 1803 ) Odostomia rutor Nofroni & Schander, 1994 Odostomia scalaris MacGillivray, 1843 Odostomia silesui Nofroni, 1988 Odostomia striolata Thompson, 1850 Odostomia suboblonga Jeffreys, 1884 Odostomia turriculata Monterosato, 1869 Odostomia turrita Hanley, 1844 Odostomia unidentata (Montagu, 1803) Oscilla jocosa Melvill, 1904 (E) Styloptygma beatrix Melvill, 1911 (E) Syrnola cinctella Adams A., 1860 (E) Syrnola fasciata Jickeli, 1882 (E) Syrnola lendix (Adams A., 1863) (E) Tiberia minuscula (Monterosato, 1880) Turbonilla abrardi Fischer-Piette & Nicles, 1946 Turbonilla acutissima Monterosato, 1884 Turbonilla acuta (Donovan, 1804) Turbonilla amoena (Monterosato, 1878) Turbonilla delicata (Monterosato, 1874) Turbonilla edgarii (Melvill, 1896) (E)

219 Turbonilla fulgidula (Jeffreys, 1884) Turbonilla gradata Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 Turbonilla hamata Nordsieck, 1972 Turbonilla internodula (Wood S., 1848) Turbonilla jeffreysii (Thompson, 1850) Turbonilla lactea (Linné, 1758) Turbonilla magnifica Seguenza G., 1879 Turbonilla micans (Monterosato, 1875) Turbonilla mirifica Pallary, 1904 Turbonilla multilirata (Monterosato, 1875) Turbonilla obliquata (Philippi, 1844) Turbonilla paucistriata (Jeffreys, 1884) Turbonilla postacuticostata Sacco, 1892 Turbonilla pumila Seguenza G., 1876 Turbonilla pusilla (Philippi, 1844) Turbonilla rectogallica Sacco, 1892 Turbonilla rosewateri Corgan & van Aartsen, 1993 Turbonilla rufa (Philippi, 1836) Turbonilla sinuosa (Jeffreys, 1884) Turbonilla striatula (Linné, 1758) Turbonilla subulina Monterosato, 1889 Turbonilla syrtensis van Aartsen, 1981 Amathinidae 4 Amathina tricarinata (Linné, 1767) (E) Clathrella clathrata (Philippi, 1844) Leucotina eva Thiele, 1925 (E) Leucotina natalensis Smith E.A., 1910 (E) Murchisonellidae 4 Ebala gradata (Monterosato, 1878) Ebala nitidissima (Montagu, 1803) Ebala pointeli (de Folin, 1868) Ebala striatula (Jeffreys, 1856) ARCHITECTIBRANCHIA Ringiculidae Ringicula auriculata (Ménard, 1811) Ringicula ciommeii Mariottini, Smriglio & Oliverio, 2000 Ringicula conformis Monterosato, 1877 Ringicula gianninii Nordsieck, 1974 Acteonidae Acteon monterosatoi Dautzenberg, 1889 Acteon tornatilis (Linné, 1758) Callostracon tyrrhenicum Smriglio & Mariottini, 1996 Crenilabium exile (Forbes in Jeffreys, 1870) Japonacteon pusillus (MacGillivray, 1843) Liocarenus globulinus (Forbes, 1843) CEPHALASPIDEA Diaphanidae Diaphana cretica (Forbes, 1844) Diaphana lactea (Jeffreys, 1877) Diaphana minuta Brown, 1827 Colobocephalus striatulus (Monterosato, 1874)

220 Colpodaspis pusilla M. Sars, 1870 Rhinodiaphana ventricosa (Jeffreys, 1865) Retusidae Retusa candidula (Locard, 1892) Retusa leptoeneilema (Brusina, 1865) Retusa mammillata (Philippi, 1880) Retusa minutissima (Monterosato, 1878) Retusa obtusa (Montagu, 1803) Retusa pellucida G. O. Sars, 1878 Retusa truncatula (Bruguière, 1792) Cylichnina crebrisculpta (Monterosato, 1884) Cylichnina crossei (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1886) Cylichnina girardi (Audouin, 1826) (E) Cylichnina laevisculpta (Granata-Grillo, 1877) Cylichnina nitidula (Lovén, 1846) Cylichnina umbilicata (Montagu, 1803) Pyrunculus fourierii (Audouin, 1826) (E) Pyrunculus hoernesii (Weinkauff, 1866) Pyrunculus ovatus (Jeffreys, 1870) Volvulella acuminata (Bruguière, 1792) Cylichnidae Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant, 1777) Cylichna alba (Brown, 1827) Cylichna crossei (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dolfus, 1886) Cylichna parvula Jeffreys, 1883 Cylichna propecylindracea (De Gregorio, 1890) Acteocina mucronata (Philippi, 1849) (E) Scaphandridae Scaphander gracilis Watson, 1886 Scaphander lignarius (Linné, 1758) Scaphander punctostriatus (Mighels & Adams, 1842) Roxania monterosatoi Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896 Roxania pinguicola (Seguenza, 1879) Roxania utriculus (Brocchi, 1814) Philinidae Philine angulata Jeffreys, 1867 Philine aperta (Linnaeus, 1767) Philine catena (Montagu, 1803) Philine denticulata (Adams J., 1800) Philine intricata Monterosato, 1884 Philine iris Tringali, 2001 Philine lima (Brown, 1827) Philine monterosati Monterosato, 1874 Philine punctata (J. Adams, 1800) Philine quadrata Wood, 1839 Philine scabra (O. F. Müller, 1776) Philine striatula Monterosato, 1874 Johania retifera (Forbes 1844) Laona finmarchica (Sars M., 1858) Laona flexuosa (Sars M., 1870) Laona pruinosa (Clark, 1837)

221 Philinoglossidae Philinoglossa helgolandica Hertling, 1932 Gastropteridae Gastropteron rubrum (Rafinesque, 1814) Aglajidae Aglaja berrieri (Dieuzeide, 1935) Aglaja tricolorata Renier, 1807 Chelidonura africana Pruvot-Fol, 1953 Chelidonura fulvipunctata Baba, 1938 (E) Chelidonura orchidaea Perrone, 1990 Melanochlamys algirae (Adams A., 1850) Philinopsis depicta (Renier, 1807) Bullidae 2 Bulla ampulla Linné, 1758 (E) Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 Haminoeidae Haminoea cyanomarginata Heller & Thompson, T., 1983 (E) Haminoea fusari (Alvarez, Garcia & Villani, 1983) Haminoea hydatis (Linné, 1758) Haminoea japonica Pilsbry 1895 (E) Haminoea navicula (Da Costa, 1778) Haminoea orbignyana (Férussac, 1822) Haminoea orteai Talavera, Murillo and Templado, 1987 Haminoea templadoi García, Pérez-Hurtado & García-Gómez, 1991 Haminoea exigua Schaefer, 1992 Atys jeffreysi (Weinkauff, 1866) Atys macandrewi Smith, 1872 Weinkauffia turgidula (Forbes, 1843) RUNCINACEA Runcinidae Runcina adriatica Thompson, 1980 Runcina africana Pruvot-Fol, 1953 Runcina avellana Schmekel & Cappellato, 2001 Runcina banyulensis Schmekel & Cappellato, 2001 Runcina brenkoae Thompson T., 1980 Runcina capreensis Mazarelli, 1892 Runcina coronata (Quatrefages, 1844) Runcina elongata Schmekel & Cappellato, 2002 Runcina falciforme Ortea, Rodríguez and Valdés, 1990 Runcina ferruginea Kress, 1977 Runcina hansbechi Schmekel & Cappellato, 2001 Runcina hornae Schmekel & Cappellato, 2002 Runcina kressae Schmekel & Cappellato, 2001 Runcina langei Schmekel & Cappellato, 2001 Runcina macrodenticulata García, García-Gómez & López, 1990 Runcina nivalis Schmekel & Cappellato, 2001 Runcina rotunda Schmekel & Cappellato, 2002 ANASPlDEA Akeridae Akera bullata Müller, 1776

222 Aplysiidae Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 (E) Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791 Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 Aplysia parvula Guilding in Mörch, 1863 Aplysia punctata Cuvier, 1803 Bursatella leachi De Blainville, 1817 Syphonota geographica (Adams and Reeve, 1850) (E) Dolabriferidae Notarchus punctatus Philippi 1836 (E) Petalifera petalifera (Rang, 1828) Phyllaplysia depressa (Cantraine 1835) Phyllaplysia lafonti Fischer P ACOCHLIDIOIDEA Hedylopsidae Hedylopsis spiculifera (Kowalevsky, 1901) Microhedylidae Microhedyle glandulifera (Kowalevsky, 1901) Parahedyle cryptophtalma (Westheide & Wawra, 1974) Pontohedyle milaschewitchii (Kowalevsky, 1901) THECOSOMATA Cavoliniidae Cavolinia inflexa (Lesueur, 1813) (Pl) Cavolinia flava (D Orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Cavolinia gibbosa (d'orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Cavolinia tridentata (Förskal, 1775) (Pl) Cavolinia uncinata (Rang, 1829) (Pl) Clio cuspidata (Bosc, 1802) (Pl) Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767 (Pl) Creseis acicula Rang, 1828 (Pl) Creseis virgula Rang, 1828 (Pl) Cuvierina columnella (Rang, 1827) (Pl) Cuvierina spoeli Rampal, 2002 (Pl) Diacavolinia limbata (d'orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Diacria atlantica Dupont in Bontes & Van der Spoel, 1998 (Pl) Diacria quadridentata (Lesueur, 1821) (Pl) Diacria trispinosa (Lesueur, 1821) (Pl) Hyalocylis obtusa Di Geronimo, 1974 (Pl) Hyalocylis striata (Rang, 1828) (Pl) Styliola subula (Quoy and Gaimard, 1827) (Pl) Limacinidae Limacina bulimoides (D Orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Limacina inflata (D'Orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Limacina lesueurii (D'Orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Limacina retroversa (Fleming, 1823) (Pl) Limacina trochiformis (D'Orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Cymbuliidae Cymbulia parvidentata Pelseneer, 1888 (Pl) Cymbulia peroni Blainville, 1827 (Pl) Corolla spectabilis Dall, 1871 (Pl) Gleba cordata Niebuhr, 1776 (Pl)

223 Desmopteridae Desmopterus papilio Chun, 1889 (Pl) Peraclidae Peracle bispinosa (Pelseneer, 1888) (Pl) Peracle diversa (Monterosato, 1875) (Pl) Peracle reticulata (D'Orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Peracle triacantha (Fischer, 1882) (Pl) GYMNOSOMATA Pneumodermatidae Pneumoderma mediterraneum Van Beneden, 1836 (Pl) Pneumoderma violaceum (D Orbigny, 1836) (Pl) Pneumodermopsis canephora Pruvot-Fol, 1924 (Pl) Pneumodermopsis ciliata (Gegenbaur, 1855) (Pl) Pneumodermopsis pauciden (Boas, 1886) (Pl) Pneumodermopsis pupula Pruvot-Fol, 1926 (Pl) Pneumodermopsis teschi van der Spoel, 1973 (Pl) Clionidae Clione limacina (Phipps, 1773) (Pl) Fowlerina punctata (Tesch, 1903) (Pl) Fowlerina zetesios Pelseneer, 1906 (Pl) Paraclione flavescens (Gegenbaur, 1855) (Pl) Paraclione longicaudata (Souleyeti, 1840) (Pl) Thalassopterus zanclaeus Kwietniewski, 1910 (Pl) Thliptodon gegenbauri Boas, 1886 (Pl) Notobranchaeidae Notobranchaea bleekerae Van der Spoel & Pafort (1985) (Pl) Notobranchaea macdonaldi Pelseneer, 1886 (Pl) Schleschia tetrabranchiata (Bonnevie, 1913) (Pl) SACOGLOSSA Volvatellidae Ascobulla fragilis (Jeffreys, 1856) Oxynoidae Oxynoe olivacea Rafinesque, 1819 Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1861) (E) Lobiger serradifalci (Calcara, 1840) Plakobranchidae Elysia fezi Vilella, 1968 Elysia flava Verrill, 1901 Elysia gordanae Thompson & Jaklin, 1988 Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1858 (E) Elysia hetta Perrone, 1990 Elysia margaritae Fez, 1974 Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) Elysia tomentosa Jensen, 1997 (E) Elysia translucens Pruvot-Fol, 1957 Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804) Thuridilla hopei (Vérany, 1853) Boselliidae Bosellia mimetica Trinchese, 1891 Polybranchiidae Polybranchia borgnini (Trinchese, 1896)

224 Caliphylla mediterranea A. Costa, 1867 Cyerce cristallina (Trinchese, 1881) Cyerce graeca Thompson T., 1988 Hermaeidae Aplysiopsis elegans (Deshayes, 1854) Hermaea bifida (Montagu, 1815) Hermaea cruciata A. A. Gould, 1870 Hermaea paucicirra Pruvot-Fol, 1953 Hermaeopsis variopicta A. Costa, 1869 Limapontiidae Limapontia capitata Müller O. F., 1774 Limapontia senestra (Quatrefages, 1844) Alderella comosa (Costa A., 1867) Alderia modesta (Lovén, 1844) Calliopaea bellula D'Orbigny, 1837 Calliopaea souleyeti Vérany 1846 Costasiella virescens Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Ercolania coerulea Trinchese, 1892 Ercolania funerea (A. Costa, 1867) Ercolania lozanoi Ortea, 1981 Ercolania viridis (A. Costa, 1866) Placida cremoniana Trinchese, 1892 Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843) Placida saronica (Thompson T., 1988) Placida tardyi (Trinchese, 1873) Placida verticillata Ortea, 1981 Stiliger llerae Ortea, 1981 UMBRACULACEA Tylodinidae Tylodina perversa (Gmelin, 1791) Anidolyta duebenii Lovén, 1846 Umbraculidae Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786) Spiricella unguiculus Rang, 1828 PLEUROBRANCHACEA Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchus forskalii Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 (E) Pleurobranchus membranaceus (Montagu, 1815) Pleurobranchus testudinarius (Cantraine, 1836) Berthella aurantiaca (Risso, 1818) Berthella ocellata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Berthella plumula (Montagu, 1803) Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826) Berthellina edwardsi (Vayssière, 1897) Pleurobranchaea meckelii (Blainville, 1825) NUDIBRANCHIA Onchidorididae Onchidoris albonigra (Pruvot-Fol, 1951) Onchidoris depressa (Alder & Hancock, 1842) Onchidoris neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, ) Onchidoris sparsa (Alder and Hancock, 1846)

225 Acanthodoris pilosa (Abildgaard in Müller, 1789) Adalaria proxima (Alder & Hancock, 1854) Diaphorodoris luteocincta (Sars, 1870) Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960 Goniodorididae Goniodoris barroisi Vayssière, 1901 Goniodoris castanea Alder & Hancock, 1845 Goniodoris nodosa (Montagu, 1808) Ancula gibbosa (Risso, 1818) Okenia cupella (Vogel & Schultz, 1970) Okenia elegans (Leuckart, 1828) Okenia hispanica Valdés & Ortea, 1995 Okenia mediterranea (Ihering, 1886) Trapania fusca (Lafont, 1874) Trapania hispalensis Cervera & García-Gómez, 1989 Trapania lineata Haefelfinger, 1960 Trapania maculata Haefelfinger, 1960 Trapania pallida Kress, 1968 Trapania tartanella (Ihering, 1885) Polyceridae Polycera aurantiomarginata García-Gómez & Bobo, 1984 Polycera dubia Sars, 1829 Polycera elegans Bergh, 1894 Polycera faeroensis Lemche, 1929 Polycera hedgpethi Marcus Er., 1964 Polycera maculata Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Polycera quadrilineata (O.F. Müller, 1776) Crimora papillata Alder & Hancock, 1862 Kaloplocamus ramosus (Cantraine, 1835) Limacia clavigera (O.F. Müller, 1776) Plocamopherus ocellatus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 (E) Polycerella emertoni Verrill, 1880 (E) Roboastra europaea García-Gómez, 1985 Tambja ceutae García-Gómez & Ortea, 1988 Tambja marbellensis Schick & Cervera, 1998 Thecacera pennigera (Montagu, 1815) Aegiridae Aegires leuckarti Vérany, 1853 Aegires palensis Ortea, Luque & Templado, 1990 Aegires punctilucens (D'Orbigny, 1837) Aegires sublaevis Odhner, 1931 Chromodorididae Chromodoris annulata Eliot, 1904 (E) Chromodoris britoi Ortea & Pérez, 1983 Chromodoris elegantula (Philippi, 1844) Chromodoris krohni (Vérany, 1846) Chromodoris luteopunctata (Gantès, 1962) Chromodoris luteorosea (Rapp, 1827) Chromodoris purpurea (Laurillard, 1831) Chromodoris quadricolor (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) (E) Cadlina excavata (Pruvot-Fol 1951)

226 Cadlina laevis (Linnaeus, 1767) Cadlina pellucida (Risso, 1826) Hypselodoris bilineata (Pruvot-Fol, 1953) Hypselodoris cantabrica Bouchet & Ortea, 1980 Hypselodoris fontandraui (Pruvot-Fol, 1951) Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) (E) Hypselodoris malacitana Luque, 1986 Hypselodoris midatlantica Gosliner, 1990 Hypselodoris orsinii (Vérany, 1846) Hypselodoris picta (Schultz, 1836) Hypselodoris villafranca (Risso, 1818) Dorididae Doris (?) alboranica Bouchet, 1977 Doris bertheloti (d'orbigny, 1839) Doris bicolor (Bergh, 1884) Doris marmorata Risso, 1818 Doris ocelligera (Bergh, 1881) Doris pseudoargus Rapp, 1827 Doris pseudoverrucosa (Ihering, 1886) Doris sticta (Iredale and O Donoghue, 1923) Doris verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 Aldisa banyulensis Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Aldisa binotata Pruvot-Fol, 1953 Anisodoris marmorata (Bergh, 1881) Atagema gibba Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Atagema rugosa Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Sclerodoris tuberculata Eliot, 1903 Discodorididae Discodoris (?) rosi Ortea, 1979 Discodoris confusa Ballesteros, Llera & Ortea, 1985 Discodoris erubescens Bergh, 1884 Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (E) Discodoris maculosa Bergh, 1884 Discodoris maculosa Bergh, 1884 Discodoris patriziae Perrone, 1991 Discodoris porri (Vérany, 1846) Discodoris rubens Vayssière, 1919 Discodoris sordii (Perrone, 1990) Discodoris stellifera (Vayssière, 1904) Baptodoris cinnabarina Bergh,1884 Baptodoris perezi Llera & Ortea, 1982 Carminodoris boucheti Ortea, 1979 Geitodoris baccalladoi Ortea, 1990 Geitodoris bonosi Ortea and Ballesteros, 1981 Geitodoris joubini (Vayssière, 1919) Geitodoris planata (Alder & Hancock, 1846) Geitodoris portmanni (Schmekel, 1972) Geitodoris pusae (Marcus, 1955) Jorunna luisae Marcus Ev., 1976 Jorunna onubensis Cervera, García-Gómez & García, 1986 Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804)

227 Paradoris indecora Bergh, 1881 Peltodoris atromaculata Bergh, 1880 Platydoris argo (Linnaeus, 1767) Rostanga anthelia Perrone, 1991 Rostanga rubra (Risso, 1818) Taringa armata Swennen, 1961 Taringa faba Ballesteros, Llera & Ortea, 1985 Taringa oleica Ortea, Perez & Llera, 1982 Taringa pinoi Perrone, 1985 Thordisa aurea Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Thordisa filix Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Thordisa pallida Bergh, 1884 Phyllidiidae Phyllidia flava (Aradas, 1847) Phyllidiopsis bayi (Bouchet, 1983) Dendrodorididae Dendrodoris fumata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) (E) Dendrodoris grandiflora (Rapp, 1827) Dendrodoris herytra Valdés & Ortea, 1996 Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804) Doriopsilla areolata Bergh, 1880 Doriopsilla pelseneeri Oliveira, 1895 Tritoniidae Tritonia hombergi Cuvier, 1803 Tritonia manicata Deshayes, 1853 Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus, 1983 Tritonia plebeia Johnston, 1828 Tritonia striata (Haefelfinger, 1963) Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818) Tritoniopsis cincta (Pruvot-Fol, 1937) Scyllaeidae Scyllaea pelagica Linné, 1758 (Pl) Hancockiidae Hancockia uncinata (Hesse, 1872) Lomanotidae Lomanotus barlettai García-Gómez, López González & García, 1990 Lomanotus genei Vérany, 1846 Lomanotus marmoratus (Alder and Hancock, 1845) Tethyidae Tethys fimbria Linnaeus, 1767 Melibe viridis (Kelaart, 1858) (E) Phylliroidae Phylliroe atlantica Bergh, 1871 (Pl) Phylliroe bucephalum Lamarck, 1822 (Pl) Cephalopyge trematoides (Chun, 1889) (Pl) Dotidae Doto acuta Schmekel & Kress, 1977 Doto acuta Schmekel & Kress, 1977 Doto cervicenigra Ortea & Bouchet, 1989 Doto cinerea Trinchese, 1881 Doto coronata (Gmelin, 1791)

228 Doto cuspidata Alder & Hancock, 1862 Doto dunnei Lemche, 1976 Doto floridicola Simroth, 1888 Doto fragaria Ortea & Bouchet, 1989 Doto furva García-Gómez & Ortea, 1983 Doto koenneckeri Lemche, 1976 Doto leopardina Vicente 1967 Doto paulinae Trinchese, 1881 Doto pontica Swennen 1961 Doto rosea Trinchese 1881 Doto rosea Trinchese, 1881 Doto ungis Ortea & Rodríguez, 1989 Arminidae Armina maculata Rafinesque, 1814 Armina tigrina Rafinesque, 1814 Armina neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1824) Armina tricuspidata Thompson, Cattaneo & Wong, 1990 Linguella elfortiana de Blainville, 1823 Linguella quadrilateralis (Bergh, 1860) Madrellidae Madrella aurantiaca Vayssiére, 1902 Eliotia souleyeti Vayssière 1909 Proctonotidae Proctonotus mucroniferus (Alder & Hancock, 1844) Janolus cristatus (Delle Chiaje, 1841) Janolus hyalinus (Alder and Hancock, 1854) Heroidae Hero blanchardi Vayssière, 1888 Flabellinidae Flabellina affinis (Gmelin, 1791) Flabellina babai Schmekel, 1972 Flabellina baetica García-Gómez, 1984 Flabellina ischitana Hirano & Thompson, 1990 Flabellina lineata (Lovén, 1848) Flabellina pedata (Montagu, 1815) Flabellina pellucida (Alder & Hancock, 1843) Calmella cavolini (Vérany, 1846) Piseinotecidae Piseinotecus gabinierei (Vicente, 1975) Piseinotecus sphaeriferus (Schmekel, 1965) Facelinidae Facelina annulicornis (Chamisso & Eisenhart, 1821) Facelina bostoniensis (Couthouy, 1838) Facelina coronata (Forbes and Goodsir, 1839) Facelina dubia Pruvot-Fol, 1948) Facelina fusca Schmekel, 1966 Facelina quatrefagesi Vayssière, 1888 Facelina rubrovittata (A. Costa, 1866) Facelina rutila Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Facelina schwobi (Labbé, 1923) Flabellina rubrolineata (O'Donoghue, 1929) (E)

229 Antonietta luteorufa Schmekel, 1966 Babakina anadoni (Ortea, 1979) Caloria elegans (Alder & Hancock, 1845) Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896) (E) Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) Dicata odhneri Schmekel, 1967 Dondice banyulensis Portman & Sandmeier, 1960 Facelinopsis marioni (Vayssière, 1888) Favorinus branchialis (Rathke, 1806) Favorinus vitreus Ortea, 1982 Pruvotfolia pselliotes (Labbé, 1923) Rolandia hispanica Pruvot-Fol, 1951 Aeolidiidae Aeolidia papillosa (Linné, 1761) Aeolidiella alderi (Cocks, 1852) Aeolidiella indica Bergh, 1888 exótica Aeolidiella rubra (Cantraine, 1835) Aeolidiella sanguinea (Normann, 1877) Berghia caerulescens (Laurillard, 1830) Berghia columbina (García-Gómez & Thompson, 1990) Berghia verrucicornis (Costa, 1867) Limenandra nodosa Haefelfinger & Stamm, 1958 Phidiana lynceus Bergh, 1867 (E) Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1823) Spurilla vayssierei Garcia J.C. & Cervera, 1985 Eubranchidae Eubranchus cingulatus (Alder & Hancock, 1847) Eubranchus doriae (Trinchese, 1874) Eubranchus exiguus (Alder & Hancock, 1848) Eubranchus farrani (Alder & Hancock, 1844) Eubranchus pallidus (Alder & Hancock, 1842) Eubranchus prietoi Llera & Ortea, 1981 Eubranchus tricolor Forbes, 1838 Eubranchus vittatus (Alder & Hancock, 1842) Calmidae Calma glaucoides (Alder and Hancock, 1854) Calma gobioophaga Calado & Urgorri, 2002 Glaucidae Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 (Pl) Tergipedidae Tergipes tergipes (Forskal, 1775) Catriona gymnota (Couthouy, 1838) Catriona maua (Marcus & Marcus, 1960) Cuthona albopunctata (Schmekel, 1968) Cuthona amoena (Alder & Hancock, 1845) Cuthona caerulea (Montagu, 1804) Cuthona foliata (Forbes & Goodsir, 1838) Cuthona genovae (O'Donoghue, 1929) Cuthona granosa (Schmekel, 1966) Cuthona ilonae (Schmekel, 1968) Cuthona leopardina (Vayssière, 1888)

230 Cuthona miniostriata (Schmekel, 1968) Cuthona ocellata (Schmekel, 1966) Cuthona pallida (Eliot, 1906) Cuthona perca (Marcus Er., 1958) (E) Cuthona thompsoni García, López González & García-Gómez, 1991 Tenellia adspersa (Nordmann, 1845) Fionidae Fiona pinnata (Eschscholtz, 1831) (Pl) Embletoniidae Embletonia pulchra Alder and Hancock, 1851 PULMONATA Siphonariidae Siphonaria crenata de Blainville, 1827 (E) Siphonaria pectinata (Linné, 1758) Williamia gussonii (Costa O.G., 1829) Trimusculidae Trimusculus mammilaris (Linné, 1758) Ellobiidae Auriculinella bidentata (Montagu, 1808) Myosotella denticulata (Montagu, 1803) Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801) Ovatella firminii (Payraudeau, 1826) Pseudomelampus exiguus (Lowe, 1832) BIVALVIA PROTOBRANCHIA SOLEMYOIDA Solemyidae Solemya togata (Poli, 1795) NUCULOIDA Nuculidae Nucula decipiens Philippi, 1844 Nucula hanleyi Winckworth, 1931 Nucula nitidiosa Winckworth, 1930 Nucula nucleus (Linné, 1758) Nucula recondita Gofas & Salas, 1996 Nucula sulcata Bronn, 1831 Nucula tumidula Malm, 1860 Ennucula aegeensis (Forbes, 1844) Ennucula corbuloides Seguenza G., 1877 Ennucula tenuis (Montagu, 1808) Nuculanidae Nuculana illirica Carrozza, 1987 Nuculana minuta (Müller O.F., 1776) Ledella marisnostri La Perna, 2004 Ledella messanensis (Jeffreys, 1870 Saccella commutata (Philippi, 1844) Malletidae Katadesmia cuneata (Jeffreys, 1876)

231 Pseudomalletia obtusa Sars G.O, 1872 Neilonellidae Neilonella latior (Jeffreys, 1876) Yoldiidae Yoldia minima Seguenza G., 1877 Microgloma guilonardi (Hoeksema, 1993) Microgloma pusilla (Jeffreys, 1879) Microgloma tumidula (Monterosato, 1880) Yoldiella lucida (Lovén, 1846) Yoldiella nana (Sars M., 1865) Yoldiella philippiana (Nyst, 1845) Yoldiella ovulum La Perna, 2004 Yoldiella triolatae (Brugnone, 1876) Yoldiella wareni La Perna, 2004 Siliculidae Silicula fragilis Jeffreys 1879 PTEROMORPHIA ARCOIDA Arcidae Arca noae Linné, 1758 Arca tetragona Poli, 1795 Anadara corbuloides (Monterosato, 1878) Anadara demiri (Piani, 1981) (E) Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguière, 1789) (E) Anadara natalensis (Krauss, 1848) (E) Anadara polii (Mayer, 1868) Asperarca magdalenae La Perna, 1998 Asperarca nodulosa (Müller O.F., 1776) Asperarca secreta La Perna, 1998 Barbatia barbata (Linné, 1758) Barbatia clathrata (Defrance, 1816) Barbatia plicata (Dillwyn, 1817) (E) Bathyarca glacialis (Gray J.E., 1824) Bathyarca pectunculoides (Scacchi, 1834) Bathyarca philippiana (Nyst, 1848) Noetiidae Striarca lactea (Linné, 1758) Limopsidae Limopsis angusta (Jeffreys, 1879) Limopsis aurita (Brocchi, 1814) Limopsis friedbergi Glibert & van de Poel, 1965 Limopsis minuta (Philippi, 1836) Limopsis multistriata (Forskål, 1775) (E) Limopsis tenuis Seguenza G., 1876 Glycymeridae Glycymeris arabica (Adams H., 1870) (E) Glycymeris bimaculata (Poli, 1795) Glycymeris glycymeris (Linné, 1758) Glycymeris violascens (Lamarck, 1819) MYTILOIDA

232 Mytilidae Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 Amygdalum agglutinans (Cantraine, 1835) Amygdalum politum (Verrill & Smith, 1880) Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer P., 1870) (E) Crenella arenaria Monterosato, 1875 Crenella pellucida (Jeffreys, 1850) Dacrydium hyalinum Monterosato, 1875 Gregariella petagnae (Scacchi, 1832) Gregariella semigranata (Reeve, 1858) Idas ghisottii Warén & Carrozza, 1990 Idas modiolaeformis (Sturany, 1896) Idas simpsoni (Marshall, 1900) Lithophaga lithophaga (Linné, 1758) (P) Modiolarca subpicta (Cantraine, 1835) Modiolula phaseolina (Philippi, 1844) Modiolus adriaticus (Lamarck, 1819) Modiolus auriculatus Krauss, 1848 (E) Modiolus barbatus (Linné, 1758) Modiolus lulat (Dautzenberg, 1891) Modiolus martorelli (Hidalgo, 1878) Musculista perfragilis (Dunker, 1857) (E) Musculista senhousia (Benson in Cantor, 1842) (E) Musculus costulatus (Risso, 1826) Musculus discors (Linné, 1767) Myoforceps aristatus (Dillwyn, 1817) Mytilaster lineatus (Gmelin, 1791) Mytilaster marioni (Locard, 1889) Mytilaster minimus (Poli, 1795) Mytilaster solidus Monterosato, 1872 Perna perna (Linné, 1758) Rhomboidella prideauxi (Leach, 1815) Septifer forskali Dunker, 1855 (E) Xenostrobus securis (Lamarck, 1819) (E) Pinnidae Pinna nobilis Linné, 1758 (P) Pinna rudis Linné, 1758 (P) Atrina fragilis (Pennant, 1777) PTERIOIDA Pteriidae Pteria hirundo (Linné, 1758) Pinctada margaritifera (Linné, 1758) (E) Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) (E) Electroma vexillum (Reeve, 1857) (E) Malleidae Malvufundus regula (Forskål, 1775) (E) Pectinidae Aequipecten commutatus (Monterosato, 1875) Aequipecten opercularis (Linné, 1758) Crassadoma multistriata (Poli, 1795) Crassadoma pusio (Linné, 1758)

233 Chlamys flexuosa (Poli, 1795) Chlamys glabra (Linné, 1758) Chlamys lischkei (Dunker, 1850) (E) Chlamys pesfelis (Linné, 1758) Chlamys proteus (Solander, 1817) Chlamys varia (Linné, 1758) Delectopecten vitreus (Gmelin, 1791) Lissopecten hyalinum (Poli, 1795) Palliolum incomparabile (Risso, 1826) Palliolum striatum (Müller O.F., 1776) Palliolum tigerinum (Müller O.F., 1776) Pecten jacobeus (Linné, 1758) Pecten maximum (Linné, 1758) Pseudamussium clavatum (Poli, 1795) Pseudamussium peslutrae (Linné, 1771) Pseudamussium sulcatum (Müller O.F., 1776) Propeamussiidae Propeamussium lucidum (Wyville-Thompson, 1873) Parvamussium fenestratum (Forbes, 1844) Cyclopecten antiquatus (Philippi, 1844) Cyclopecten brundisiensis Smriglio & Mariottini, 1990 Cyclopecten hoskynsi (Forbes, 1844) Similipecten similis (Laskey, 1811) Spondylidae Spondylus gaederopus Linné, 1758 Spondylus groschi Lamprell & Kilburn, 1995 (E) Spondylus gussoni Costa O.G., 1829 Spondylus multisetosus Reeve, 1856 (E) Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 (E) Anomiidae Anomia ephippium Linné, 1758 Heteranomia squamula (Linné, 1758) Pododesmus patelliformis (Linné, 1758) Pododesmus squama (Gmelin, 1791) Limidae Lima lima (Linné, 1758) Lima marioni Fischer P., 1888 Acesta excavata (Fabricius J.C., 1779) Limaria hians (Gmelin, 1791) Limaria tuberculata (Olivi, 1792) Limatula gwyni (Sykes, 1903) Limatula subauriculata (Montagu, 1808) Limatula subovata (Jeffreys, 1876) Limea loscombi (Sowerby G.B. I, 1823) Notolimea clandestina Salas, 1994 Notolimea crassa (Forbes, 1844) OSTREOIDA Ostreidae Ostrea edulis Linné, 1758 Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) (E) Dendrostrea crenulifera (Sowerby, G.B. II,, 1871) (E)

234 Dendrostrea frons (Linné, 1758) (E) Nanostrea exigua Harry, 1985 (E) Ostreola stentina (Payraudeau, 1826) Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale & Roughley, 1933) (E) Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) (E) Gryphaeidae Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli, 1795) Neopycnodonte zibrowii (Gofas, Salas & Taviani, 2009) HETERODONTA VEROIDA Lucinidae Anodontia fragilis (Philippi, 1836) Ctena decussata (Costa O.G., 1829) Divalinga arabica Dekker & Goud, 1995 (E) Loripes lacteus (Linné, 1758) Lucinella divaricata (Linné, 1758) Lucinoma boreale (Linné, 1758) Lucinoma kazami (Salas & Woodside, 2002) Lucinoma spelaeum Palazzi & Villari, 2001 Megaxinus unguiculinus Pallary, 1904 Myrtea amorpha (Sturany, 1896) Myrtea spinifera (Montagu, 1803) Thyasiridae Thyasira alleni Carozza, 1981 Thyasira biplicata (Philippi, 1836) Axinulus croulinensis (Jeffreys, 1847) Thyasira oblonga (Monterosato, 1878) Thyasira obsoleta (Verrill & Bush, 1898) Thyasira planata (Jeffreys, 1882) Thyasira perplicata Salas, 1996 Thyasira striata (Sturany, 1896) Thyasira subovata Jeffreys, 1881 Thyasira succisa (Jeffreys, 1876) Thyasira granulosa (Monterosato, 1874) Axinulus eumyarius (Sars M., 1870) Mendicula ferruginosa (Forbes, 1844) Ungulinidae Ungulina cuneata (Spengler, 1798) Diplodonta bogii Van Aartsen, 2004 (E) Diplodonta brocchi (Deshayes, 1850) Diplodonta intermedia Biondi, 1859 Diplodonta rotundata (Montagu, 1803) Diplodonta trigona (Scacchi, 1835) Chamidae Chama aspersa Reeve, 1846 Chama circinata Monterosato, 1878 Chama gryphoides Linné, 1758 Chama pacifica Broderip, 1834 (E) Pseudochama corbieri (Jonas, 1846) (E) Pseudochama gryphina (Lamarck, 1819)

235 Galeommatidae Galeomma turtoni Turton, 1825 Vasconiella jeffreysiana (Fischer P., 1873) Kellidae Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu, 1803) Pseudopythina macandrewi (Fischer P., 1867) Bornia geoffroyi (Payraudeau, 1826) Bornia sebetia (Costa O.G., 1829) Lasaeidae Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin, 1791) Scacchia oblonga (Philippi, 1836) Leptonidae Lepton squamosum (Montagu, 1803) Lepton subtrigonum Jeffreys, 1873 Arculus sykesi (Chaster, 1895) Hemilepton nitidum (Turton, 1822) Hemilepton solidulum (Gaglini, 1992) Litigiella corgani Van Aartsen, 1997 Litigiella glabra (Fischer P., 1873) Montacutidae Montacuta goudi Van Aartsen, 1996 Montacuta substriata (Montagu, 1808) Montacuta voeringi (Friele, 1879) Coracuta obliquata (Chaster, 1897) Devonia perrieri (Malard, 1904) Epilepton clarkiae (Clark W., 1852) Epilepton parrussetensis Giribet & Peñas, 1998 Kelliopsis jozinae Van Aartsen & Carrozza, 1997 Kurtiella bidentata (Montagu, 1803) Kurtiella ovata (Jeffreys, 1881) Kurtiella pellucida (Jeffreys, 1881) Kurtiella tumidula (Jeffreys, 1866) Mioerycina coarctata (Wood S.W., 1851) Planktomya prima (Locard, 1899) Tellimya ferruginosa (Montagu, 1808) Tellimya semirubra (Gaglini, 1992) Tellimya tenella (Lovén, 1846) Sportellidae Sportella recondita (Fischer P., 1872) Neoleptonidae Neolepton discriminatum Palazzi & Villari, 2001 Neolepton sulcatulum (Jeffreys, 1859) Carditidae Cardita calyculata (Linné, 1758) Cardites akabana (Sturany, 1899) (E) Glans aculeata (Poli, 1795) Glans trapezia (Linné, 1758) Pteromeris jozinae Van Aartsen, 1984 Pteromeris corbis (Philippi, 1836) Venericardia antiquata (Linné, 1758)

236 Crassatellidae Crassatina modesta (Adams H., 1869) Astartidae Astarte fusca (Poli, 1795) Astarte sulcata (Da Costa, 1778) Digitaria digitaria (Linné, 1758) Gonilia calliglypta (Dall, 1903) Goodallia micalii Giribet & Peñas, 1999 Goodallia pusilla (Forbes, 1844) Goodallia triangularis (Montagu, 1803) Cardiidae Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1818 Acanthocardia aculeata (Linné, 1758) Acanthocardia deshayesii (Payraudeau, 1826) Acanthocardia echinata (Linné, 1758) Acanthocardia paucicostata (Sowerby G.B. II, 1841) Acanthocardia spinosa (Solander, 1786) Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linné, 1758) Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1826) (E) Cerastoderma edule (Linné, 1758) Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789) Fulvia australis (Sowerby G.B. I, 1834) (E) Fulvia fragilis (Forskål, 1775) (E) Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791) Laevicardium oblongum (Gmelin, 1791) Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1795) Parvicardium carrozzai Van Aartsen & Goud, 2001 Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin, 1791) Parvicardium minimum (Philippi, 1836) Parvicardium scabrum (Philippi, 1844) Parvicardium scriptum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892) Parvicardium trapezium Cecalupo & Quadri, 1996 Parvicardium vroomi Van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 Mactridae Mactra glauca Von Born, 1778 Mactra lilacea Lamarck, 1818 (E) Mactra olorina Philippi, 1846 (E) Mactra stultorum (Linné, 1758) Spisula elliptica gracilis (Locard, 1890) Spisula solida (Linné, 1758) Spisula subtruncatula (Da Costa, 1778) Lutraria angustior Philippi, 1844 Lutraria lutraria (Linné, 1758) Lutraria magna (Da Costa, 1778) Eastonia rugosa (Helbling, 1779) Mesodesmatidae Donacilla cornea (Poli, 1795) Atactodea glabrata (Gmelin, 1791) (E) Solenidae Solen marginatus Pulteney, 1799

237 Pharidae Pharus legumen (Linné, 1758) Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) Ensis ensis (Linné, 1758) Ensis minor (Chenu, 1843) Phaxas pellucidus (Pennant, 1777) Tellinidae Tellina compressa Brocchi, 1814 Tellina distorta Poli, 1791 Tellina donacina Linné, 1758 Tellina fabula Gmelin, 1791 Tellina incarnata Linné, 1758 Tellina nitida Poli, 1791 Tellina planata (Linné, 1767) Tellina pulchella Lamarck, 1818 Tellina pygmaea Lovén, 1846 Tellina serrata Brocchi, 1814 Tellina tenuis Da Costa, 1778 Tellina valtonis Hanley, 1844 (E) Arcopagia balaustina Linné, 1758 Arcopagia crassa Pennant, 1777 Macoma balthica (Linné, 1758) Macoma cumana (Costa O.G., 1829) Macoma melo (Sowerby G.B. III, 1866) Gastrana fragilis (Linné, 1758) Psammotreta praerupta (Salisbury, 1934) (E) Scrobiculariidae Scrobicularia cottardi (Payraudeau, 1826) Scrobicularia plana (Da Costa, 1778) Semelidae Abra alba (Wood W., 1802) Abra longicallus (Scacchi, 1834) Abra nitida (Müller O.F., 1776) Abra prismatica (Montagu, 1808) Abra segmentum (Récluz, 1843) Abra tenuis (Montagu, 1803) Ervilia castanea (Montagu, 1803) Psammobiidae Gari costulata Turton, 1822 Gari depressa (Pennant, 1777) Gari fervensis (Gmelin, 1791) Gari intermedia (Deshayes, 1855) Gari pseudoweinkauffi Von Cosel, 1989 Gari tellinella Lamarck, 1818 Hiatula ruppelliana (Reeve, 1857) (E) Soletellina subradiata (Deshayes in Reeve, 1857) (E) Solecurtidae Solecurtus multistriatus (Scacchi, 1834) Solecurtus scopula (Turton, 1822) Solecurtus strigillatus (Linné, 1758) Azorinus chamasolen (Da Costa, 1778)

238 Donacidae Donax semistriatus Poli, 1795 Donax trunculus Linné, 1758 Donax venustus Poli, 1795 Donax vittatus (Da Costa, 1778) Capsella variegata Gmelin, 1791 Arcticidae Arctica islandica (Linné, 1767) Glossidae Glossus humanus (Linné, 1758) Kelliellidae Kelliella abyssicola (Forbes, 1844) Trapeziidae Trapezium oblongum (Linné, 1758) (E) Coralliophaga lithophagella (Lamarck, 1819) Vesicomyidae Isorropodon perplexum Sturany, 1896 Veneridae Venus casina Linné, 1758 Venus nux Gmelin, 1791 Venus verrucosa Linné, 1758 Antigona lamellaris (Schumacher, 1817) (E) Callista chione (Linné, 1758) Chamelea gallina (Linné, 1758) Chamelea striatula (Da Costa, 1778) Circenita callipyga (Born, 1778) (E) Clausinella fasciata (Da Costa, 1778) Clementia papyracea (Gmelin, 1791) (E) Dosinia erythraea Romer, 1860 (E) Dosinia exoleta (Linné, 1758) Dosinia lupinus (Linné, 1758) Gafrarium pectinatum (Linné, 1758) (E) Globivenus effossa (Philippi, 1836) Gouldia minima (Montagu, 1803) Irus irus (Linné, 1758) Mercenaria mercenaria (Linné, 1758) (E) Paphia textile (Gmelin, 1791) (E) Pitar mediterranea (Dautzenberg, 1891) Pitar rudis (Poli, 1795) Ruditapes decussatus (Linné, 1758) Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) (E) Tapes rhomboides (Pennant, 1777) Timoclea ovata (Pennant, 1777) Timoclea roemeriana (Issel, 1869) (E) Venerupis aurea (Gmelin, 1791)] Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791) Venerupis lucens Locard, 1886 Venerupis senegalensis (Gmelin, 1791) Turtoniidae Turtonia minuta (Fabricius O., 1780)

239 Petricolidae Petricola hemprichi Issel, 1869 (E) Petricola lajonkairii (Payraudeau, 1826) Petricola lithophaga (Retzius, 1786) Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck, 1818 (E) Mysia undata (Pennant, 1777) MYOIDA Myidae Mya arenaria Linné, 1758 (E) Sphenia binghami Turton, 1822 Sphenia rueppellii Adams A., 1850 (E) Corbulidae Corbula gibba (Olivi, 1792) Corbula physoides Deshayes, 1848 Lentidium mediterraneum (Costa O.G., 1829) Gastrochaenidae Gastrochaena cymbium (Spengler, 1783) (E) Gastrochaena dubia (Pennant, 1777) Hiatellidae Hiatella arctica (Linné, 1767) Hiatella rugosa (Linné, 1767) Panopea glycimeris (Von Born, 1778) Panomya norvegica (Spengler, 1793) Saxicavella jeffreysi Winckworth, 1930 Pholadidae Pholas dactylus Linné, 1758 (P) Barnea candida (Linné, 1758) Barnea parva (Pennant, 1777) Pholadidea loscombiana Goodall, 1819 Xylophagidae Xylophaga dorsalis (Turton, 1819) Xylophaga praestans Smith E.A., 1885 Teredinidae Teredo bartschi Clapp, 1923 Teredo navalis Linné, 1758 Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages, 1849) Psiloteredo megotara (Hanley, 1848) Psiloteredo senegalensis (Blainville, 1824) Teredora malleolus (Turton, 1822) Bankia carinata (Gray J.E., 1827) Nototeredo norvagica (Spengler, 1792) ANOMALODESMATA PHOLADOMYOIDA Pholadomyidae Panacca loveni (Jeffreys, 1882) Thraciidae Thracia convexa (Wood W., 1815) Thracia corbuloides Deshayes, 1830 Thracia distorta (Montagu, 1803) Thracia gracilis (Jeffreys, 1865)

240 Thracia papyracea (Poli, 1791) Thracia pubescens (Pulteney, 1799) Thracia villosiuscula (Mac Gillivray, 1827) Laternulidae Laternula anatina (Linné, 1758) (E) Periplomatidae Cochlodesma praetenue (Pulteney, 1799) Cochlodesma tenerum (Fischer P., 1882) Lyonsiidae Lyonsia norwegica (Gmelin, 1791) Allogramma formosa Jeffreys, 1882 Pandoridae Pandora inaequivalvis (Linné, 1758) Pandora pinna (Montagu, 1803) Clavagellidae Clavagella aperta Sowerby G.B. I, 1823 Clavagella balanorum Scacchi, 1841 Clavagella melitensis Broderip, 1835 Poromyidae Poromya granulata (Nyst & Westendorp, 1839) Poromya neaeroides Seguenza G., 1877 Cuspidariidae Cuspidaria cuspidata (Olivi, 1792) Cuspidaria elliptica Di Geronimo, 1974 Cuspidaria jugosa (Wood S., 1856) Cuspidaria obesa (Lovén, 1846) Cuspidaria rostrata (Spengler, 1793) Cardiomya costellata (Deshayes, 1835) Halonympha depressa (Jeffreys, 1882) Tropidomia abbreviata (Forbes, 1843) Verticordiidae Verticordia acuticostata (Philippi, 1844) Verticordia granulata Seguenza G., 1860 Verticordia quadrata Smith, 1885 Verticordia trapezoidea Seguenza G., 1876 Halicardia axinoides (Seguenza G., 1976) Lyonsiella compressa (Locard, 1898) Polycordia gemma (Verrill, 1880) SCAPHOPODA Dentaliidae Antalis agilis (Sars M.,1872) Antalis dentalis (Linné, 1758) Antalis entalis (Linné, 1758) Antalis inaequicostata (Dautzenberg, 1891) Antalis panorma (Chenu, 1843) Antalis rossati (Caprotti, 1966) Antalis vulgaris (da Costa, 1778) Fustiariidae Fustiaria rubescens (Deshayes, 1825)

241 Gadilinidae Episiphon filum (Sowerby G.B. II, 1860) Entalinidae Entalina tetragona (Brocchi, 1814) Pulsellidae Pulsellum lofotense (Sars M., 1865) Gadilidae Cadulus jeffreysi (Monterosato, 1875) Cadulus subfusiformis (Sars M., 1865) Dischides politus (Wood S., 1842) Cephalopoda Based on Bello [2] P = Panoceanic; A = Atlantic; AA = Amphiatlantic; EA = Eastern Atlantic; QE = Quasi-endemic; E = Endemic; L = Lessepsian migrant; T = Passively transported. Occurrence in different Mediterranean regions: WM = West Mediterranean; EM = East Mediterranean; AS = Adriatic Sea. O. SPIRULIDA WM EM AS Spirulidae Spirula spirula (Linnaeus, 1758) P O. SEPIIDA Sepiidae Sepia elegans Blainville, 1827 EA Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 EA Sepia orbignyana Férussac, 1826 EA Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 L O. SEPIOLIDA Sepiolidae Sepiola affinis Naef, 1912 E Sepiola aurantiaca Jatta, 1896 EA Sepiola intermedia Naef, 1912 QE Sepiola ligulata Naef, 1912 QE Sepiola robusta Naef, 1912 E Sepiola rondeletii Leach, 1817 EA Sepiola steenstrupiana Levy, 1912 E Sepietta neglecta Naef, 1916 EA Sepietta obscura Naef, 1916 QE Sepietta oweniana (d Orbigny, 1841) EA Rondeletiola minor (Naef, 1912) EA Heteroteuthis dispar (Rüppell, 1844) A Stoloteuthis leucoptera (Verrill, 1878) AA Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje, 1830) EA Neorossia caroli (Joubin, 1902) EA + + +

242 O. TEUTHIDA Loliginidae Loligo forbesii Steenstrup, 1856 EA Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798 EA Alloteuthis media (Linnaeus, 1758) EA Alloteuthis subulata (Lamarck, 1798) EA Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1830 L Chtenopterygidae Chtenopteryx sicula (Verany, 1851) P Thysanoteuthidae Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857 P Architeuthidae Architeuthis sp. A? Brachioteuthidae Brachioteuthis riisei (Steenstrup, 1882) P Pyroteuthidae Pyroteuthis margaritifera (Rüppell, 1844) P Pterygioteuthis giardi Fischer, 1895 P Enoploteuthidae Abralia verany (Rüppell, 1844) AA Abraliopsis morisii (Verany, 1839) (= A. pfefferi Joubin,1896) A Onychoteuthidae Onychoteuthis banksii (Leach, 1817) P Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii (Férussac, 1835) A Ommastrephidae Ommastrephes bartramii (Lesueur, 1821) P Illex coindetii (Verany, 1839) AA Todaropsis eblanae (Ball, 1841) P Todarodes sagittatus (Lamarck, 1798) EA Bathyteuthidae Bathyteuthis abyssicola Hoyle, 1885 P Histioteuhidae Histioteuthis bonnellii (Férussac, 1835) P + + +

243 Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880) A Ancistrocheiridae Ancistrocheirus lesueurii (d Orbigny, 1842) P Octopoteuthidae Octopoteuthis sicula Rüppell, 1844 P Cycloteuthidae Cycloteuthis sirventi Joubin, 1919 A Chiroteuhidae Chiroteuthis veranii (Férussac, 1835) P Cranchiidae Cranchia scabra Leach, 1817 P Galiteuthis armata Joubin, 1898 P Megalocranchia sp. A? Teuthowenia megalops (Prosch, 1847) A O. OCTOPODA Opisthoteuthidae Opisthoteuthis calypso Villanueva, Collins, Sánchez & Voss, 2002 EA Octopodidae Octopus cf. aegina Gray, 1849 / kagoshimensis Ortmann, 1888 L Octopus defilippi Verany, 1851 P Octopus macropus Risso, 1826 P Octopus salutii Verany, 1839 QE Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 P Scaeurgus unicirrhus (Delle Chiaje, 1841) P Pteroctopus tetracirrhus (Delle Chiaje, 1830) AA Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck, 1798) EA Eledone moschata (Lamarck, 1798) QE Bathypolypus sponsalis (P. Fischer & H. Fischer, 1892) EA Argonautidae Argonauta argo Linnaeus, 1758 P Ocythoidae Ocythoe tuberculata Rafinesque, 1814 P + + +

244 Tremoctopodidae Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje, 1830 P Tremoctopus gracilis (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852) T (L) Table S15. Number of Mediterranean species of each of the eight mollusks classes Class Total Benthic Planktonic Nektonic CAUDOFOVEATA SOLENOGASTRES POLYPLACOPHORA MONOPLACOPHORA GASTROPODA BIVALVIA SCAPHOPODA CEPHALOPODA Totals References 1. Sabelli B, Giannuzzi-Savelli R, Bedulli D (1990) Catalogo annotato dei molluschi marini del Mediterraneo. Bologna: Libreria Naturalistica Bolognese. 348 p. 2. Bello G (2004) The biogeography of Mediterranean cephalopods. Biogeographia 24:

245 Polychaetes (by Daniel Martín & João Gil) Table S16. Checklist of the Class Polychaeta (Phylum Annelida) Scientific name Authority species Genera Family Branch III Branch II Branch I Aeolosoma maritimum Westheide & Bunke, 1970 maritimum Aeolosoma Aeolosomatidae Polychaeta Polychaeta Polychaeta Stygocapitella subterranea Knöllner, 1934 subterranea Stygocapitella Parergodrilidae Polychaeta Polychaeta Polychaeta Chloeia venusta Quatrefages, 1866 venusta Chloeia Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Chloenopsis atlantica (McIntosh, 1885) atlantica Chloenopsis Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) complanata Eurythoe Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eurythoe syriaca Kinberg, 1857 syriaca Eurythoe Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eurythoe turcica Çinar, 2008 turcica Eurythoe Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) carunculata Hermodice Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Notopygos megalops McIntosh, 1885 megalops Notopygos Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Paraeurythoe borealis (M. Sars, 1862) borealis Paraeurythoe Amphinomidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Apharyngtus punicus Westheide, 1971 punicus Apharyngtus Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Dinophilus gyrociliatus Schmidt, 1857 gyrociliatus Dinophilus Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Diurodrilus benazzi Gerlach, 1952 benazzi Diurodrilus Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Diurodrilus dohrni Gerlach, 1953 dohrni Diurodrilus Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Diurodrilus minimus Remane, 1925 minimus Diurodrilus Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Diurodrilus subterraneus Remane, 1934 subterraneus Diurodrilus Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Dorvillea rubrovittata (Grube, 1855) rubrovittata Dorvillea Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Iphitime cuenoti Fauvel, 1914 cuenoti Iphitime Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Ophryotrocha adherens Paavo, Bailey-Brock & Åkesson, 2000 adherens Ophryotrocha Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Ophryotrocha hartmanni Huth, 1934 hartmanni Ophryotrocha Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Ophryotrocha labronica La Greca & Bacci, 1962 labronica Ophryotrocha Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Ophryotrocha mediterranea Martin, Abelló & Cartes, 1991 mediterranea Ophryotrocha Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Ophryotrocha puerilis puerilis Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869 puerilis puerilis Ophryotrocha Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Parougia albomaculata (Åkesson & Rice, 1992) albomaculata Parougia Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Parougia caeca (Webster & Benedict, 1884) caeca Parougia Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata 199

246 Pettiboneia urciensis Campoy & San Martin, 1980 urciensis Pettiboneia Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Protodorvillea atlantica (McIntosh, 1885) atlantica Protodorvillea Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Protodorvillea egena (Ehlers, 1913) egena Protodorvillea Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Protodorvillea kefersteini (McIntosh, 1869) kefersteini Protodorvillea Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Schistomeringos neglecta (Fauvel, 1923) neglecta Schistomeringos Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Schistomeringos rudolphi (delle Chiaje, 1828) rudolphi Schistomeringos Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Trilobodrilus heideri Remane, 1925 heideri Trilobodrilus Dorvilleidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice annulicornis Johnston, 1865 annulicornis Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice antennata (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) antennata Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice dubitata Fauchald, 1974 dubitata Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice harassii Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833 harassii Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice laurillardi Quatrefages, 1866 laurillardi Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice limosa Ehlers, 1868 limosa Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice norvegica (Linnaeus, 1767) norvegica Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice pennata (O.F. Müller, 1776) pennata Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice purpurea Grube, 1866 purpurea Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice roussaei Quatrefages, 1866 roussaei Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice rubrocincta Ehlers, 1868 rubrocincta Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice schizobranchia Claparède, 1870 schizobranchia Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice torquata Quatrefages, 1866 torquata Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Eunice vittata (Delle Chiaje, 1829) vittata Eunice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Euniphysa italica Cantone & Gravina, 1991 italica Euniphysa Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lysidice collaris Ehrenberg & Grube in Grube, 1870 collaris Lysidice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lysidice ninetta Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 ninetta Lysidice Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Marphysa bellii (Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833) bellii Marphysa Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Marphysa fallax Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 fallax Marphysa Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Marphysa kinbergi McIntosh, 1910 kinbergi Marphysa Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu, 1815) sanguinea Marphysa Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Nematonereis unicornis (Grube, 1840) unicornis Nematonereis Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Palola ebranchiata (Quatrefages, 1866) ebranchiata Palola Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata 200

247 Palola siciliensis Baird, 1869 siciliensis Palola Eunicidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Euphrosine armadillo M.Sars, 1851 armadillo Euphrosine Euphrosinidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Euphrosine foliosa Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 foliosa Euphrosine Euphrosinidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Euphrosine myrtosa Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 myrtosa Euphrosine Euphrosinidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Abyssoninoe abyssorum (McIntosh, 1885) abyssorum Abyssoninoe Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Abyssoninoe hibernica (Mc Intosh, 1903) hibernica Abyssoninoe Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Aotearia paradoxa (Saint-Joseph, 1888) paradoxa Aotearia Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Augeneria tentaculata Monro, 1930 tentaculata Augeneria Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Hilbigneris gracilis (Ehler 1868) gracilis Hilbigneris Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbricalus adriatica (Fauvel, 1940) adriatica Lumbricalus Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrinerides carpinei (Ramos, 1976) carpinei Lumbrinerides Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrinerides neogesae Miura, 1980 neogesae Lumbrinerides Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrineris cingulata (Ehlers, 1897) cingulata Lumbrineris Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrineris coccinea (Renier, 1804) coccinea Lumbrineris Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrineris inflata Moore, 1911 inflata Lumbrineris Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrineris latreilli (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) latreilli Lumbrineris Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrineris longipodiata Cantone, 1990 longipodiata Lumbrineris Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Lumbrineris nonatoi Ramos, 1976 nonatoi Lumbrineris Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Ninoe armoricana Glémarec, 1968 armoricana Ninoe Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Scoletoma fragilis (O.F. Müller, 1776) fragilis Scoletoma Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Scoletoma funchalensis (Kinberg, 1865) funchalensis Scoletoma Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Scoletoma tetraura (Schmarda, 1861) tetraura Scoletoma Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Scoletoma rovignensis (Fauvel, 1940) rovignensis Scoletoma Lumbrineridae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Arabella coeca Fauvel, 1940 coeca Arabella Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Arabella geniculata (Claparède, 1868) geniculata Arabella Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Arabella iricolor (Montagu, 1804) iricolor Arabella Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Drilonereis filum (Claparède, 1868) filum Drilonereis Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Halla parthenopeia (Delle Chiaje, 1828) parthenopeia Halla Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Labrorostratus jonicus Tenerelli, 1961 jonicus Labrorostratus Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Notocirrus scoticus McIntosh, 1869 scoticus Notocirrus Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata 201

248 Oenone fulgida (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) fulgida Oenone Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Oligognathus bonelliae Spengel, 1882 bonelliae Oligognathus Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Oligognathus parasiticus Cerruti, 1909 parasiticus Oligognathus Oenonidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Aponuphis bilineata (Baird, 1869) bilineata Aponuphis Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Aponuphis brementi (Fauvel, 1916) brementi Aponuphis Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Aponuphis fauveli (Rioja, 1918) fauveli Aponuphis Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Aponuphis rigida (Claparède, 1868) rigida Aponuphis Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Aponuphis willsiei Cantone & Bellan, 1994 willsiei Aponuphis Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841 neapolitana Diopatra Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Epidiopatra hupferiana monroi Day, 1957 hupferiana monroi Epidiopatra Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Hyalinoecia tubicola (O.F. Müller, 1776) tubicola Hyalinoecia Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Longibrachium atlanticum (Day, 1973) atlanticum Longibrachium Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Nothria conchylega (Sars, 1835) conchylega Nothria Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Onuphis eremita Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833 eremita Onuphis Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Onuphis falesia Castelli, 1982 falesia Onuphis Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Paradiopatra calliopae Arvantidis & Koukouras, 1997 calliopae Paradiopatra Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Paradiopatra quadricuspis (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872) quadricuspis Paradiopatra Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Rhamphobrachium brevibrachiatum (Ehlers, 1874) brevibrachiatum Rhamphobrachium Onuphidae Eunicida Aciculata Palpata Aberranta banyulensis Mackie, Pleijel & Rouse, 2005 banyulensis Aberranta Aberrantidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Mesonerilla intermedia Wilke, 1953 intermedia Mesonerilla Nerillidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Nerilla antennata O. Schmidt, 1848 antennata Nerilla Nerillidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Nerilla mediterranea Schlieper, 1925 mediterranea Nerilla Nerillidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Nerilla marginalis Tilzer, 1970 marginalis Nerilla Nerillidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Nerilla stygicola Ax, 1957 stygicola Nerilla Nerillidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Nerilla taurica Skulari, 1997 taurica Nerilla Nerillidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Nerillidum mediterraneum Remane, 1928 mediterraneum Nerillidum Nerillidae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Spinther arcticus (M. Sars, 1851) arcticus Spinther Spintheridae Aciculata Aciculata Palpata Euarche tubifex Ehlers, 1887 tubifex Euarche Acoetidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eupanthalis kinbergi McIntosh, 1876 kinbergi Eupanthalis Acoetidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eupolydontes gulo (Grube, 1855) gulo Eupolydontes Acoetidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 202

249 Panthalis oerstedi Kinberg, 1856 oerstedi Panthalis Acoetidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Polyodontes maxillosus (Ranzani, 1817) maxillosus Polyodontes Acoetidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Aphrodita aculeata Linnaeus, 1758 aculeata Aphrodita Aphroditidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Aphrodita alta Kinberg, 1856 alta Aphrodita Aphroditidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Aphrodita perarmata Roule, 1898 perarmata Aphrodita Aphroditidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Laetmonice filicornis Kinberg, 1856 filicornis Laetmonice Aphroditidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Laetmonice hystrix (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) hystrix Laetmonice Aphroditidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pontogenia chrysocoma (Baird, 1865) chrysocoma Pontogenia Aphroditidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Arichlidon reyssi (Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974) reyssi Arichlidon Chrysopetalidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Bhawania goodei Webster, 1884 goodei Bhawania Chrysopetalidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Chrysopetalum debile (Grube, 1855) debile Chrysopetalum Chrysopetalidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Dysponetus bipapillatus Dahlgren, 1996 bipapillatus Dysponetus Chrysopetalidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Dysponetus caecus (Langerhans, 1880) caecus Dysponetus Chrysopetalidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paleanotus chrysolepis Schmarda, 1861 chrysolepis Paleanotus Chrysopetalidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Vigtorniella zaikai (Kisseleva, 1992) zaikai Vigtorniella Chrysopetalidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Grubeulepis augeneri Pettibone, 1969 augeneri Grubeulepis Eulepethidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Grubeulepis katzmanni Pettibone, 1986 katzmanni Grubeulepis Eulepethidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera alba (O.F. Müller, 1776) alba Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera celtica O'Connor, 1987 celtica Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera fallax Quatrefages, 1850 fallax Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera lapidum Quatrefages, 1866 lapidum Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera oxycephala Ehlers, 1887 oxycephala Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera tesselata Grube, 1863 tesselata Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera tridactyla Schmarda, 1861 tridactyla Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycera unicornis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 unicornis Glycera Glyceridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glycinde nordmanni (Malmgren, 1866) nordmanni Glycinde Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Goniada emerita Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 emerita Goniada Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Goniada gigantea (Verrill, 1885) gigantea Goniada Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Goniada hexadentes Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen, 2002 hexadentes Goniada Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Goniada maculata Örsted, 1843 maculata Goniada Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 203

250 Goniada norvegica Örsted, 1845 norvegica Goniada Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Goniada vorax (Kinberg, 1866) vorax Goniada Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Goniadella galaica (Rioja, 1923) galaica Goniadella Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Goniadella gracilis (Verrill, 1873) gracilis Goniadella Goniadidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Amphiduros fuscescens (Marenzeller, 1875) fuscescens Amphiduros Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Dalhousiella carpenteri McIntosh, 1901 carpenteri Dalhousiella Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Gyptis mediterranea Pleijel, 1993 mediterranea Gyptis Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Gyptis propinqua Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 propinqua Gyptis Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesione festiva Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 festiva Hesione Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesione pantherina Risso, 1826 pantherina Hesione Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesione splendida Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 splendida Hesione Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesionides arenaria Friedrich, 1937 arenaria Hesionides Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesionides gohari Hartmann-Schröder, 1960 gohari Hesionides Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesionides maxima Westheide, 1967 maxima Hesionides Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesiospina aurantiaca (M. Sars, 1862) aurantiaca Hesiospina Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Leocrates atlanticus (McIntosh, 1885) atlanticus Leocrates Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Leocrates claparedii (Costa in Claparède, 1868) claparedii Leocrates Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Microphthalmus fragilis Bobretzky, 1870 fragilis Microphthalmus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Microphthalmus pettiboneae Riser, 2000 pettiboneae Microphthalmus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Microphthalmus pseudoaberrans Campoy & Vieitez, 1982 pseudoaberrans Microphthalmus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Microphthalmus sczelkowii Metschnikow, 1865 sczelkowii Microphthalmus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Microphthalmus similis Bobretzky, 1870 similis Microphthalmus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Microphthalmus tyrrhenicus Zunarelli-Vandini, 1967 tyrrhenicus Microphthalmus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereimyra punctata (O.F. Müller, 1788) punctata Nereimyra Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ophiodromus agilis (Ehlers, 1864) agilis Ophiodromus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ophiodromus flexuosus (Delle Chiaje, 1827) flexuosus Ophiodromus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ophiodromus pallidus (Claparède, 1864) pallidus Ophiodromus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ophiodromus pellagicus Rioja, 1923 pellagicus Ophiodromus Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Podarkeopsis arenicolus (La Greca, 1947) arenicolus Podarkeopsis Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Podarkeopsis capensis (Day, 1963) capensis Podarkeopsis Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 204

251 Psamathe fusca Johnston, 1836 fusca Psamathe Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllidia armata Quatrefages, 1866 armata Syllidia Hesionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ichthyotomus sanguinarius Eisig, 1906 sanguinarius Ichthyotomus Ichthyotomidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Iospilus phalacroides Viguier, 1886 phalacroides Iospilus Iospilidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paraiospilus affinis Viguier, 1911 affinis Paraiospilus Iospilidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phalacrophorus pictus Greeff, 1879 pictus Phalacrophorus Iospilidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lacydonia laureci Laubier, 1975 laureci Lacydonia Lacydoniidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lacydonia miranda Marion & Bobretzky in Marion, 1874 miranda Lacydonia Lacydoniidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lopadorrhynchus appendiculatus Southern, 1909 appendiculatus Lopadorrhynchus Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lopadorrhynchus brevis Grube, 1855 brevis Lopadorrhynchus Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lopadorrhynchus krohni (Claparède, 1870) krohni Lopadorrhynchus Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lopadorrhynchus uncinatus Fauvel, 1915 uncinatus Lopadorrhynchus Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Maupasia coeca Viguier, 1886 coeca Maupasia Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Maupasia isochaeta (Reibisch, 1895) isochaeta Maupasia Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pedinosoma curtum Reibisch, 1895 curtum Pedinosoma Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pelagobia longicirrata Greeff, 1879 longicirrata Pelagobia Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pelagobia serrata Southern, 1909 serrata Pelagobia Lopadorrhynchidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myzostoma alatum Graff, 1884 alatum Myzostoma Myzostomidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myzostoma cirriferum Leuckart, 1836 cirriferum Myzostoma Myzostomidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myzostoma glabrum Leuckart in Graff, 1877 glabrum Myzostoma Myzostomidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pulvinomyzostomum pulvinar (Graff, 1884) pulvinar Myzostoma Myzostomidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Aglaophamus agilis (Langerhans, 1880) agilis Aglaophamus Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Aglaophamus malmgreni Théel, 1879 malmgreni Aglaophamus Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Aglaophamus rubella (Michaelsen, 1896) rubella Aglaophamus Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Inermonephtys inermis (Ehlers, 1887) inermis Inermonephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Micronephthys maryae San Martín, 1982 maryae Micronephthys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Micronephthys sphaerocirrata (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) sphaerocirrata Micronephthys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Micronephthys stammeri (Augener, 1932) stammeri Micronephthys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys assimilis Örsted, 1843 assimilis Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys caeca (Fabricius, 1780) caeca Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 205

252 Nephtys ciliata (O.F. Müller, 1776) ciliata Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys cirrosa Ehlers, 1868 cirrosa Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys hombergii Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 hombergii Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys hystricis McIntosh, 1900 hystricis Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys incisa Malmgren, 1865 incisa Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys kersivalensis McIntosh, 1908 kersivalensis Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys longosetosa Örsted, 1842 longosetosa Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nephtys paradoxa Malm, 1874 paradoxa Nephtys Nephtyidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847) succinea Alitta Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Alitta virens (M. Sars, 1835) virens Alitta Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ceratonereis mirabilis Kinberg, 1865 mirabilis Ceratonereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Composetia costae (Grube, 1840) costae Composetia Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Composetia hircinicola (Eisig, 1870) hircinicola Composetia Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Composetia vittata (Langerhans, 1884) vittata Composetia Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eunereis longissima (Johnston, 1840) longissima Eunereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776) diversicolor Hediste Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hediste gilchristi (Day, 1967) gilchristi Hediste Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Leonnates decipiens Fauvel, 1929 decipiens Leonnates Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Leonnates indicus Kinberg, 1866 indicus Leonnates Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Leonnates persicus Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 persicus Leonnates Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Micronereis bansei (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979) bansei Micronereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Micronereis variegata Claparède, 1863 variegata Micronereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Namanereis littoralis (Grube, 1872) littoralis Namanereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Namanereis pontica (Bobretzky, 1872) pontica Namanereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neanthes agulhana Day, 1963 agulhana Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neanthes caudata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) caudata Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neanthes flavipes (Ehlers, 1868) flavipes Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neanthes fucata (Savigny, 1822) fucata Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neanthes kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885) kerguelensis Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neanthes nubila (Quatrefages, 1866) nubila Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 206

253 Neanthes rubicunda (Ehlers, 1868) rubicunda Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neanthes willeyi (Day, 1934) willeyi Neanthes Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis funchalensis (Langerhans, 1880) funchalensis Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis lamellosa Ehlers, 1868 lamellosa Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 pelagica Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis perivisceralis Claparède, 1868 perivisceralis Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911 persica Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis pulsatoria (Savigny, 1822) pulsatoria Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis rava Ehlers, 1868 rava Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis splendida Grube, 1840 splendida Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereis usticensis Cantone, Catalano & Badalamenti, 2003 usticensis Nereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis cultrifera (Grube, 1840) cultrifera Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis macropus (Claparède, 1870) macropus Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis macropus conodonta Fauvel, 1924 macropus conodonta Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis marionii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) marionii Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis nuntia (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) nuntia Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis oliveirae Horst, 1889 oliveirae Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis rullieri Pilato, 1974 rullieri Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perinereis tenuisetis Fauvel, 1915 tenuisetis Perinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Platynereis australis (Schmarda, 1861) australis Platynereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Platynereis coccinea (Delle Chiaje, 1827) coccinea Platynereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Platynereis dumerilli (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) dumeriii Platynereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Platynereis massiliensis (Moquin-Tandon, 1869) massiliensis Platynereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Platynereis nadiae Abbiati & Castelli, 1992 nadiae Platynereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1901 anomala Pseudonereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Rullierinereis anoculata Cantone, 1982 anoculata Rullierinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Websterinereis glauca (Claparède, 1870) glauca Websterinereis Nereididae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paralacydonia paradoxa Fauvel, 1913 paradoxa Paralacydonia Paralacydoniidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pholoe fauveli Kirkegaard, 1983 fauveli Pholoe Pholoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839 inornata Pholoe Pholoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 207

254 Pholoides dorsipapillatus (Marenzeller, 1893) dorsipapillatus Pholoides Pholoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Alciopina parasitica Claparède & Panceri, 1867 parasitica Alciopina Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Chaetoparia nilssoni Malmgren, 1867 nilssoni Chaetoparia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eteone flava (Fabricius, 1780) flava Eteone Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eteone foliosa Quatrefages, 1866 foliosa Eteone Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eteone longa (Fabricius, 1780) longa Eteone Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eteone picta Quatrefagues, 1866 picta Eteone Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eteone siphodonta (Delle Chiaje, 1830) siphodonta Eteone Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia aurea Gravier, 1896 aurea Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia bilineata (Johnston, 1840) bilineata Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia brunnea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1963) brunnea Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia clavigera (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) clavigera Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia expusilla Pleijel, 1987 expusilla Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia mustela Pleijel, 1987 mustela Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia tripunctata McIntosh, 1874 tripunctata Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eulalia viridis (Linnaeus, 1767) viridis Eulalia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eumida sanguinea (Örsted, 1843) sanguinea Eumida Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eumida venustissima (Banse, 1959) venustissima Eumida Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesionura coineaui (Laubier, 1962) coineaui Hesionura Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesionura elongata (Southern, 1914) elongata Hesionura Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Hesionura serrata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) serrata Hesionura Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Krohnia lepidota lepidota (Krohn, 1845) lepidota lepidota Krohnia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Krohnia lepidota krohnii (Greeff, 1879) lepidota krohnii Krohnia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lugia pterophora (Ehlers, 1864) pterophora Lugia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Mystides borealis Théel, 1879 borealis Mystides Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Mystides caeca Langerhans, 1880 caeca Mystides Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Naiades cantrainii Delle Chiaje, 1828 cantrainii Naiades Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereiphylla paretti Blainville, 1828 paretti Nereiphylla Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereiphylla pusilla (Claparède, 1870) pusilla Nereiphylla Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nereiphylla rubiginosa (Saint-Joseph, 1888) rubiginosa Nereiphylla Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 208

255 Notophyllum foliosum (Sars, 1835) foliosum Notophyllum Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paranaitis kosteriensis (Malmgren, 1867) kosteriensis Paranaitis Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paranaitis wahlbergi (Malmgren, 1865) wahlbergi Paranaitis Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phyllodoce laminosa Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 laminosa Phyllodoce Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phyllodoce lineata (Claparède, 1870) lineata Phyllodoce Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phyllodoce longipes Kinberg, 1866 longipes Phyllodoce Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phyllodoce maculata (Linnaeus, 1767) maculata Phyllodoce Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phyllodoce madeirensis Langerhans, 1880 madeirensis Phyllodoce Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phyllodoce mucosa Örsted, 1843 mucosa Phyllodoce Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Phyllodoce rosea (McIntosh, 1877) rosea Phyllodoce Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pirakia punctifera (Grube, 1860) punctifera Pirakia Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Plotohelmis capitata (Greeff, 1876) capitata Plotohelmis Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Plotohelmis tenuis (Apstein, 1900) tenuis Plotohelmis Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Protomystides bidentata Lagerhans, 1880 bidentata Protomystides Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pseudomystides limbata (Saint-Joseph, 1888) limbata Pseudomystides Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pseudomystides spinachia Petersen & Pleijel in Pleijel, 1993 spinachia Pseudomystides Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pterocirros macroceros (Grube, 1860) macroceros Pterocirros Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Rhynchonereella gracilis Costa, 1864 gracilis Rhynchonereella Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Rhynchonereella moebii (Apstein, 1893) moebii Rhynchonereella Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Rhynchonereella petersii (Langerhans, 1880) petersii Rhynchonereella Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sige fusigera Malmgren, 1865 fusigera Sige Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Torrea candida (Delle Chiaje, 1841) candida Torrea Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Vanadis crystallina Greeff, 1876 crystallina Vanadis Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Vanadis formosa Claparède, 1870 formosa Vanadis Phyllodocidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ancistrosyllis groenlandica McIntosh, 1878 groenlandica Ancistrosyllis Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ancistrosyllis hamata (Hartman, 1960) hamata Ancistrosyllis Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Glyphohesione klatti Friedrich, 1950 klatti Glyphohesione Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Litocorsa stremma Pearson, 1970 stremma Litocorsa Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Otopsis chardyi Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974 chardyi Otopsis Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pilargis verrucosa Saint-Joseph, 1899 verrucosa Pilargis Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 209

256 Pseudoexogone dineti (Katzmann, Laubier & Ramos, 1974) dineti Pseudoexogone Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sigambra constricta (Southern, 1921) constricta Sigambra Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sigambra parva (Day, 1963) parva Sigambra Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sigambra tentaculata (Treadwell, 1941) tentaculata Sigambra Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Synelmis albini (Langerhans, 1881) albini Synelmis Pilargidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pisione puzae Siewing, 1953 puzae Pisione Pisionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pisione remota (Southern, 1914) remota Pisione Pisionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Acanthicolepis asperrima (M. Sars, 1861) asperrima Acanthicolepis Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Acholoe astericola (Delle Chiaje, 1841) astericola Acholoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Adyte assimilis (McIntosh, 1874) assimilis Adyte Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Alentia gelatinosa (M. Sars, 1835) gelatinosa Alentia Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Bathyfauvelia affinis (Fauvel, 1914) affinis Bathyfauvelia Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eunoe nodosa (M. Sars, 1861) nodosa Eunoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eunoe tuerkayi Barnich & Fiege, 2003 tuerkayi Eunoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Gattyana cirrhosa (Pallas, 1766) cirrhosa Gattyana Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe aequespina (Langerhans, 1884) aequespina Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe antilopes McIntosh, 1876 antilopes Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe areolata (Grube, 1860) areolata Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe aspera (Hansen, 1879) aspera Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe bellani Barnich & Fiege, 2000 bellani Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe clavigera (M. Sars, 1863) clavigera Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe extenuata (Grube, 1840) extenuata Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe fragilis Moore, 1910 fragilis Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe fraserthomsoni McIntosh, 1896 fraserthomsoni Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe gilchristi Day, 1960 gilchristi Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767) imbricata Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe impar (Johnston, 1839) impar Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe longisetis (Grube, 1863) longisetis Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe pokoui Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975 pokoui Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Harmothoe serrata Day, 1963 serrata Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 210

257 Harmothoe spinifera (Ehlers, 1864) spinifera Harmothoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lepidasthenia brunnea Day, 1960 brunnea Lepidasthenia Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lepidasthenia elegans (Grube, 1840) elegans Lepidasthenia Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lepidasthenia grimaldii (Marenzeller, 1892) grimaldii Lepidasthenia Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lepidonotus carinulatus (Grube, 1870) carinulatus Lepidonotus Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lepidonotus clava (Montagu, 1808) clava Lepidonotus Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lepidonotus squamatus (Linnaeus, 1758) squamatus Lepidonotus Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Lepidonotus tenuisetosus (Gravier, 1902) tenuisetosus Lepidonotus Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Leucia nivea (M. Sars, 1863) nivea Leucia Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Macellicephala laubieri Reyss, 1971 laubieri Macellicephala Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella andreapolis (McIntosh, 1874) andreapolis Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella castanea (McIntosh, 1876) castanea Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella darbouxi Pettibone, 1993 darbouxi Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella lilianae Petttibone, 1993 lilianae Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella ljungmani (Malmgren, 1867) ljungmani Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella lunulata (Delle Chiaje, 1830) lunulata Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella marphysae (McIntosh, 1876) marphysae Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Malmgreniella polypapillata Barnich & Fiege, 2001 polypapillata Malmgreniella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neolagisca drachi (Reyss, 1961) drachi Neolagisca Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paradyte crinoidicola (Potts, 1910) crinoidicola Paradyte Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Polaruschakov reyssi Pettibone, 1976 reyssi Polaruschakov Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Polynoe scolopendrina Savigny, 1822 scolopendrina Polynoe Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Robertianella synophthalma McIntosh, 1885 synophthalma Robertianella Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Subadyte pellucida (Ehlers, 1864) pellucida Subadyte Polynoidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pontodora pelagica Greeff, 1879 pelagica Pontodora Pontodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Claparedepelogenia inclusa (Claparède, 1868) inclusa Claparedepelogenia Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Euthalenessa oculata (Peters, 1854) oculata Euthalenessa Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Fimbriosthenelais longipinnis (Grube, 1870) longipinnis Fimbriosthenelais Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Fimbriosthenelais minor (Pruvot & Racovitza, 1895) minor Fimbriosthenelais Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Fimbriosthenelais zetlandica (McIntosh, 1876) zetlandica Fimbriosthenelais Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 211

258 Labioleanira yhleni (Malmgren, 1867) yhleni Labioleanira Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neoleanira tetragona (Örsted, 1845) tetragona Neoleanira Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pelogenia arenosa (Delle Chiaje, 1830) arenosa Pelogenia Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sigalion mathildae Audouin & Milne Edwards in Cuvier, 1830 mathildae Sigalion Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sigalion squamosum Delle Chiaje, 1830 squamosum Sigalion Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833) boa Sthenelais Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sthenelais limicola (Ehlers, 1864) limicola Sthenelais Sigalionidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Clavodorum adriaticum Katzmann, 1973 adriaticum Clavodorum Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ephesiella abyssorum (Hansen, 1878) abyssorum Ephesiella Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Ephesiella cantonei Mòllica, 1994 cantonei Ephesiella Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Euritmia hamulisetosa Sarda-Borroy, 1987 hamulisetosa Euritmia Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerodoridium claparedii (Greeff, 1866) claparedii Sphaerodoridium Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerodoropsis balticum (Reimers, 1933) balticum Sphaerodoropsis Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerodoropsis longiparapodium (Katzmann, 1973) longiparapodium Sphaerodoropsis Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerodoropsis minuta (Webster & Benedict, 1887) minuta Sphaerodoropsis Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerodoropsis philippi (Fauvel, 1911) philippi Sphaerodoropsis Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerodoropsis sphaerulifer (Moore, 1909) sphaerulifer Sphaerodoropsis Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerodorum gracilis (Rathke, 1843) gracilis Sphaerodorum Sphaerodoridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Amblyosyllis formosa (Claparède, 1863) formosa Amblyosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Amblyosyllis madeirensis Langerhans, 1879 madeirensis Amblyosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Anoplosyllis edentula Claparède, 1868 edentula Anoplosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier, 1900) exilis Branchiosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Brania arminii (Langerhans, 1880) arminii Brania Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Brania pusilla (Dujardin, 1851) pusilla Brania Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Brevicirrosyllis weismanni (Langerhans, 1879) weismanni Brevicirrosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Dioplosyllis cirrosa Gidholm, 1962 cirrosa Dioplosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Epigamia macrophthalma (Marenzeller, 1875) macrophthalma Epigamia Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Erinaceusyllis belizensis (Russel, 1989) belizensis Erinaceusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Erinaceusyllis cryptica (Ben-Eliahu, 1977) cryptica Erinaceusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Erinaceusyllis erinaceus (Claparède, 1863) erinaceus Erinaceusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 212

259 Erinaceusyllis serratosetosa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982) serratosetosa Erinaceusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eurysyllis tuberculata Ehlers, 1864 tuberculata Eurysyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eusyllis assimilis Marenzeller, 1875 assimilis Eusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eusyllis blomstrandi Malmgren, 1867 blomstrandi Eusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eusyllis lamelligera Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 lamelligera Eusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Eusyllis kuppferi Langerhans, 1879 kuppferi Eusyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone acerata San Martín & Parapar, 1990 acerata Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone brevipes (Claparède, 1864) brevipes Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone campoyi San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996 campoyi Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone canyonincolae Sardá, Gil, Taboada & Gili, 2009 canyonincolae Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone caribensis San Martín, 1991 caribensis Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone cognetti Castelli, Badalamenti & Lardicci, 1987 cognetti Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone dispar (Webster, 1879) dispar Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone fauveli Cognetti, 1961 fauveli Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone gambiae Lanera, Sordino & San Martín, 1994 gambiae Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884) hebes Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone lopezi San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996 lopezi Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone meridionalis Cognetti, 1955 meridionalis Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone naidina Örsted, 1845 naidina Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone rostrata Naville, 1933 rostrata Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone sorbei San Martín, Ceberio & Aguirrezabalaga, 1996 sorbei Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone torulosa (Claparède, 1864) torulosa Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone verugera (Claparède, 1868) verugera Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Exogone wolfi San Martín, 1991 wolfi Exogone Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Haplosyllis granulosa (Lattig, San Martín & Martin, 2007) granulosa Geminosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Haplosyllis chamaeleon Laubier, 1960 chamaeleon Haplosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube, 1855) spongicola Haplosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Inermosyllis balearica (San Martín, 1982) balearica Inermosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Levidorum pori (Ben-Eliahu, 1977) pori Levidorum Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Miscellania dentata Martin, Alós & Sardá, 1990 dentata Miscellania Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 213

260 Myrianida brachycephala (Marenzeller, 1874) brachycephala Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida convoluta (Cognetti, 1953) convoluta Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida dentalia (Imajima, 1966) dentalia Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida edwarsi (Saint-Joseph, 1887) edwarsi Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida hesperidium (Claparède, 1868) hesperidium Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida inermis (Saint Joseph, 1887) inermis Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida langerhansi (Gidholm, 1967) langerhansi Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida longoprimicirrata (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997) longoprimicirrata Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida pinnigera (Montagu, 1808) pinnigera Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida prolifera (O.F. Müller, 1788) prolifera Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida quindecimdentata (Langerhans, 1884) quindecimdentata Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Myrianida rubropunctata (Grube, 1860) rubropunctata Myrianida Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Neopetitia amphophthalma (Siewing, 1955) amphophthalma Neopetitia Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nudisyllis divaricata (Keferstein, 1862) divaricata Nudisyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Nudisyllis pulligera (Krohn, 1852) pulligera Nudisyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Odontosyllis ctenostoma Claparède, 1868 ctenostoma Odontosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Odontosyllis dugesiana Claparède, 1864 dugesiana Odontosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin & Milne-Edward, 1833) fulgurans Odontosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Odontosyllis gibba Claparède, 1863 gibba Odontosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Opisthodonta longocirrata (Saint-Joseph, 1887) longocirrata Opisthodonta Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Opisthodonta morena Langerhans, 1879 morena Opisthodonta Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Opisthodonta serratisetosa (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997) serratisetosa Opisthodonta Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans, 1879 brunnea Opisthosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Palposyllis prosostoma Hartmann-Schröder, 1977 prosostoma Palposyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paraehlersia ferrugina (Langerhans, 1881) ferrugina Paraehlersia Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Parapionosyllis brevicirra Day, 1954 brevicirra Parapionosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Parapionosyllis elegans (Pierantoni, 1903) elegans Parapionosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Parapionosyllis gestans (Pierantoni, 1903) gestans Parapionosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Parapionosyllis labronica Cognetti, 1965 labronica Parapionosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Parapionosyllis minuta (Pierantoni, 1903) minuta Parapionosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 214

261 Paraprocerastea crocantinae San Martín & Alós, 1989 crocantinae Paraprocerastea Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Paratyposyllis peresi Laubier, 1968 peresi Paratyposyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Perkinsyllis anophthalma (Capaccioni & San Martín, 1989) anophthalma Perkinsyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Pionosyllis dionisi Núñez & San Martín, 1991 dionisi Pionosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Plakosyllis brevipes Hartmann-Schröder, 1956 brevipes Plakosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Proceraea aurantiaca Claparède, 1868 aurantiaca Proceraea Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Proceraea paraurantiaca Nygren, 2004 paraurantiaca Proceraea Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Proceraea picta Ehlers, 1864 picta Proceraea Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Proceraea scapularis (Claparède, 1864) scapularis Proceraea Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Procerastea halleziana Malaquin, 1893 halleziana Procerastea Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Procerastea nematodes Langerhans, 1884 nematodes Procerastea Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis adelae (San Martín, 1984) adelae Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis brandhorsti (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965) brandhorsti Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis brevicirra (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) brevicirra Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis campoyi (San Martín, Acero, Contonente & Gómez, 1982) campoyi Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis giandoi (Somaschini & San Martín, 1994) giandoi Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis longipapillata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979) longipapillata Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis tetralix (Eliason, 1920) tetralix Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Prosphaerosyllis xarifae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) xarifae Prosphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria alvaradoi (San Martín, 1984) alvaradoi Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria celiae (Parapar & San Martín, 1992) celiae Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria clavata (Claparède, 1863) clavata Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria euritmica (Sardá, 1984) euritmica Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria limbata (Claparède, 1868) limbata Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria neapolitana (Goodrich, 1930) neapolitana Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria swedmarki (Gidholm, 1962) swedmarki Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria tenuicirrata (Claparède, 1864) tenuicirrata Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria vieitezi (San Martín, 1984) vieitezi Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Salvatoria yraidae (San Martín, 1984) yraidae Salvatoria Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis austriaca Banse, 1959 austriaca Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 215

262 Sphaerosyllis boeroi Musco, Çinar & Giangrande, 2005 boeroi Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis bulbosa Southern, 1914 bulbosa Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis capensis Day, 1953 capensis Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis claparedii Ehlers, 1864 claparedii Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis glandulata Perkins, 1981 glandulata Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis gravinae Somaschini & San Martín, 1994 gravinae Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis hystrix Claparède, 1863 hystrix Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis ovigera Langerhans, 1879 ovigera Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis pirifera Claparède, 1868 pirifera Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis piriferopsis Perkins, 1981 piriferopsis Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis taylori Perkins, 1981 taylori Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sphaerosyllis thomasi San Martín, 1984 thomasi Sphaerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Streptodonta pterochaeta (Southern, 1914) pterochaeta Streptodonta Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Streptosyllis arenae Webster & Benedict, 1884 arenae Streptosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Streptosyllis bidentata Southern, 1914 bidentata Streptosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Streptosyllis templadoi San Martín, 1984 templadoi Streptosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Streptosyllis websteri Southern, 1914 websteri Streptosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllides articulosus Ehlers, 1897 articulosus Syllides Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllides bansei Perkins, 1981 bansei Syllides Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllides convolutus Webster & Benedict, 1884 convolutus Syllides Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllides edentatus Westheide, 1974 edentatus Syllides Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllides fulvus (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875) fulvus Syllides Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllides longocirratus Örsted, 1845 longocirratus Syllides Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllides japonicus Imajima, 1966 japonicus Syllides Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis alternata Moore, 1908 alternata Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis amica Quatrefages, 1866 amica Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962) anoculata Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776) armillaris Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy, 1982) beneliahuae Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis caeca (Katzmann, 1973) caeca Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 216

263 Syllis compacta Gravier, 1900 compacta Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis corallicola Verrill, 1900 corallicola Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis cornuta Rathke, 1843 cornuta Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis cruzi Núñez & San Martín, 1991 cruzi Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis ferrani Alós & San Martín, 1987 ferrani Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982) garciai Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) gerlachi Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981) gerundensis Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962) golfonovensis Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840 gracilis Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863 hyalina Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000 jorgei Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis kabilica Ben-Eliahu, 1977 kabilica Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis krohni Ehlers, 1864 krohni Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis magna (Westheide, 1974) magna Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis nigricirris Grube, 1863 nigricirris Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) nuchalis Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000 parapari Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis pectinans Haswell, 1920 pectinans Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000 pontxioi Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852 prolifera Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881) pulvinata Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis rosea Langerhans, 1879 rosea Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) schulzi Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis torquata Marion & Bobretzky in Bobretzky, 1874 torquata Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998) tyrrhena Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis variegata Grube, 1860 variegata Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis vittata Grube, 1840 vittata Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis vivipara Krohn, 1869 vivipara Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Syllis westheidei San Martín, 1984 westheidei Syllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 217

264 Synmerosyllis lamelligera (Saint-Joseph, 1887) lamelligera Synmerosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Trypanosyllis aeolis Langerhans, 1879 aeolis Trypanosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Trypanosyllis coeliaca Claparède, 1868 coeliaca Trypanosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Trypanosyllis gigantea (McIntosh, 1885) gigantea Trypanosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Trypanosyllis sanmartini Çinar, 2007 sanmartini Trypanosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Trypanosyllis zebra (Grube, 1860) zebra Trypanosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Virchowia clavata Langerhans, 1879 clavata Virchowia Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Xenosyllis scabra (Ehlers, 1864) scabra Xenosyllis Syllidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Enapteris euchaeta (Chun, 1888) euchaeta Enapteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris biancoi Terio, 1947 biancoi Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris carolii Terio, 1947 carolii Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris catharina Gosse, 1851 catharina Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris cavallii Rosa, 1907 cavallii Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris duccii Rosa, 1907 duccii Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris dunckeri Rosa, 1908 dunckeri Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris elegans Chun, 1888 elegans Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris espansa Caroli, 1932 espansa Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff, 1879 helgolandica Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris kefersteinii Greeff, 1879 kefersteinii Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris ligulata Rosa, 1908 ligulata Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris marginata Caroli, 1932 marginata Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris messania Terio, 1952 messania Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris miriaglandulata Terio, 1947 miriaglandulata Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris nationalis Apstein, 1900 nationalis Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris nisseni Rosa, 1908 nisseni Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris partenopea Caroli, 1928 partenopea Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris pediculosa Terio, 1947 pediculosa Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris pierantonii Terio, 1947 pierantonii Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris planktonis Apstein, 1900 planktonis Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris poliglandulata Caroli, 1932 poliglandulata Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata 218

265 Tomopteris sanzoi Caroli, 1928 sanzoi Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris septentrionalis Quatrefages, 1866 septentrionalis Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris spartai Terio, 1950 spartai Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Tomopteris stefanellii Terio, 1947 stefanellii Tomopteris Tomopteridae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Sagitella kowalewskii Wagner, 1872 kowalewskii Sagitella Typhloscolecidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Travisiopsis lanceolata Southern, 1910 lanceolata Travisiopsis Typhloscolecidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Travisiopsis lobifera Levinsen, 1885 lobifera Travisiopsis Typhloscolecidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Typhloscolex muelleri Busch, 1851 muelleri Typhloscolex Typhloscolecidae Phyllodocida Aciculata Palpata Polygordius appendiculatus Fraipont, 1887 appendiculatus Polygordius Polygordiidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Polygordius lacteus Schneider, 1868 lacteus Polygordius Polygordiidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Polygordius neapolitanus Fraipont, 1884 neapolitanus Polygordius Polygordiidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Polygordius ponticus Salensky, 1907 ponticus Polygordius Polygordiidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Polygordius triestinus Hempelmann, 1906 triestinus Polygordius Polygordiidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus adhaerens Jägersten, 1952 adhaerens Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus affinis Jouin, 1968 affinis Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus albicans Jouin, 1970 albicans Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus brevis Jouin, 1970 brevis Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus ciliatus Jägersten, 1952 ciliatus Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus flavocapitatus (Uljanin, 1877) flavocapitatus Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus gracilis von Nordheim, 1989 gracilis Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus hatscheki Pierantoni, 1908 hatscheki Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus leuckarti Hatschek, 1880 leuckarti Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus oculifer Pierantoni, 1908 oculifer Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus purpureus (Schneider, 1868) purpureus Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus similis Jouin, 1970 similis Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus spongioides Pierantoni, 1903 spongioides Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodrilus ypoleucus Armenante, 1903 ypoleucus Protodrilus Protodrilidae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Protodriloides chaetifer (Remane, 1926) chaetifer Protodriloides Protodriloididae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Saccocirrus goodrichi Jouin-Toulmond & Gambi, 2007 goodrichi Saccocirrus Saccocirridae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Saccocirrus major Perantoni, 1907 major Saccocirrus Saccocirridae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata 219

266 Saccocirrus papillocercus Bobretzky, 1872 papillocercus Saccocirrus Saccocirridae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Saccocirrus parvus Gerlach, 1953 parvus Saccocirrus Saccocirridae Canalipalpata Canalipalpata Palpata Galathowenia fragilis (Nielson & Holthe, 1985) fragilis Galathowenia Oweniidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Galathowenia oculata (Zachs, 1922) oculata Galathowenia Oweniidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Myriochele danielsseni Hansen, 1879 danielsseni Galathowenia Oweniidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Myriochele heeri Malmgren, 1867 heeri Myriochele Oweniidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje, 1844 fusiformis Owenia Oweniidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Lygdamis muratus (Allen, 1904) muratus Lygdamis Sabellariidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Phalacrostemma cidariophillum Marenzeller, 1895 cidariophillum Phalacrostemma Sabellariidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sabellaria alveolata (Linnaeus, 1767) alveolata Sabellaria Sabellariidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart, 1849 spinulosa Sabellaria Sabellariidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sabellaria taurica (Rathke, 1837) taurica Sabellaria Sabellariidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicorina armandi (Claparède, 1864) armandi Amphicorina Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicorina eimeri (Langerhans, 1880) eimeri Amphicorina Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicorina grahamensis Giangrande, Montanaro & Castelli, 1999 grahamensis Amphicorina Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicorina pectinata (Banse, 1957) pectinata Amphicorina Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicorina persinosa (Ben-Eliahu, 1975) persinosa Amphicorina Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicorina triangulata López & Tena, 1999 triangulata Amphicorina Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphiglena mediterranea (Leydig, 1851) mediterranea Amphiglena Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Augeneriella dubia Hartmann-Schröder, 1965 dubia Augeneriella Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Augeneriella lagunai Gitay, 1970 lagunai Augeneriella Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Bispira crassicornis (Sars, 1851) crassicornis Bispira Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Bispira mariae Lo Bianco, 1893 mariae Bispira Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Bispira viola (Grube, 1863) viola Bispira Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Bispira volutacornis (Montagu, 1804) volutacornis Bispira Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Branchiomma boholense (Grube, 1878) boholense Branchiomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Branchiomma bombyx (Dalyell, 1853) bombyx Branchiomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Branchiomma luctuosum (Grube, 1870) luctuosum Branchiomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Branchiomma lucullanum (Delle Chiaje, 1828) lucullanum Branchiomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Branchiomma maerli Licciano & Giangrande, 2008 maerli Branchiomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata 220

267 Branchiomma moebii Knight-Jones, 1994 moebii Branchiomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone acustica (Claparède, 1869) acustica Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone arenicola Langerhans, 1880 arenicola Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone collaris Langerhans, 1880 collaris Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone duneri Malmgren, 1867 duneri Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone dunerificta Tovar-Hernández, Licciano & Giangrande, 2007 dunerificta Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone filicaudata Southern, 1914 filicaudata Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone gambiae Tovar-Hernández, Licciano & Giangrande, 2007 gambiae Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone longiseta Giangrande, 1992 longiseta Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chone usticensis Giangrande, Licciano & Castriota, 2006 usticensis Chone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Claviramus candelus (Grube, 1863) candelus Claviramus Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Demonax brachychona (Claparède, 1870) brachychona Demonax Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Demonax langerhansi Knight-Jones, 1983 langerhansi Demonax Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Demonax tenuicollaris (Grube, 1870) tenuicollaris Demonax Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Demonax tommasi Giangrande, 1994 tommasi Demonax Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Desdemona ornata Banse, 1957 ornata Desdemona Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Euchone capensis Day, 1961 capensis Euchone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Euchone pararosea Giangrande & Licciano, 2006 pararosea Euchone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Euchone pseudolimnicola Giangrande & Licciano, 2006 pseudolimnicola Euchone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Euchone rosea Langerhans, 1884 rosea Euchone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Euchone rubrocincta (M. Sars, 1862) rubrocincta Euchone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Euchone southerni Banse, 1970 southerni Euchone Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Euratella salmacidis (Claparède, 1869) salmacidis Euratella Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fabricia stellaris stellaris (O. F. Müller, 1774) stellaris stellaris Fabricia Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fabricia stellaris adriatica Banse, 1956 stellaris adriatica Fabricia Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fabricia stellaris caspica Zenkewitch, 1922 stellaris caspica Fabricia Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fabriciola baltica Friedrich, 1939 baltica Fabriciola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fabriciola ghardaqa Banse, 1959 ghardaqa Fabriciola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fabriciola tonerella Banse, 1956 tonerella Fabriciola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hypsicomus stichophthalmos (Grube, 1863) stichophthalmos Hypsicomus Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata 221

268 Jasmineira caudata Langerhans, 1880 caudata Jasmineira Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Jasmineira elegans Saint-Joseph, 1894 elegans Jasmineira Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Laonome kroyeri Malmgren, 1866 kroyeri Laonome Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 caspica Manayunkia Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Megalomma claparedei (Gravier, 1906) claparedei Megalomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Megalomma lanigera (Grube, 1846) lanigera Megalomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Megalomma messapicum Giangrande & Licciano, 2008 messapicum Megalomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Megalomma vesiculosum (Montagu, 1815) vesiculosum Megalomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Megalomma vigilans (Claparède, 1870) vigilans Megalomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Myxicola aesthetica (Claparède, 1870) aesthetica Myxicola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) infundibulum Myxicola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Notaulax phaeotaenia (Schmarda, 1861) phaeotaenia Notaulax Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Novafabricia infratorquata (Fitzhugh, 1983) infratorquata Novafabricia Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Novafabricia posidoniae Licciano & Giangrande, 2006 posidoniae Novafabricia Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Perkinsiana rubra (Langerhans, 1880) rubra Perkinsiana Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Perkinsiana socialis (Langerhans, 1884) socialis Perkinsiana Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Potamilla neglecta (M. Sars, 1851) neglecta Potamilla Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Potamilla torelli Malmgren, 1866 torelli Potamilla Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudobranchiomma tarantoensis Knight-Jones & Giangrande, 2003 tarantoensis Pseudobranchiomma Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudofabricia aberrans Cantone, 1972 aberrans Pseudofabricia Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudofabriciola analis Fitzhugh, Giangrande & Simboura, 1994 analis Pseudofabriciola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudofabriciola capensis (Monro, 1937) capensis Pseudofabriciola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudofabriciola logipyga Fitzhugh, Giangrande & Simboura, 1994 logipyga Pseudofabriciola Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudopotamilla ceresinae (Grube, 1870) ceresinae Pseudopotamilla Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudopotamilla reniformis (O.F. Müller, 1771) reniformis Pseudopotamilla Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sabella discifera Grube 1874 discifera Sabella Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sabella pavonina Savigny, 1822 pavonina Sabella Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin in Linnaeus, 1791) spallanzanii Sabella Sabellidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Apomatus ampulliferus Philippi, 1844 ampulliferus Apomatus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Apomatus similis Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 similis Apomatus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata 222

269 Bathyvermilia langerhansi (Fauvel, 1909) langerhansi Bathyvermilia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Ditrupa arietina (O.F. Müller, 1776) arietina Ditrupa Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) enigmaticus Ficopomatus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Filograna implexa Berkeley, 1835 implexa Filograna Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Filogranula annulata (O.G. Costa, 1861) annulata Filogranula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Filogranula calyculata (O.G. Costa, 1861) calyculata Filogranula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Filogranula gracilis Langerhans, 1884 gracilis Filogranula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Filogranula stellata (Southward, 1963) stellata Filogranula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hyalopomatus marenzelleri Langerhans, 1884 marenzelleri Hyalopomatus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hyalopomatus variorugosus Ben-Eliahu & Fiege, 1996 variorugosus Hyalopomatus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides albiceps (Ehrenberg & Grube in Grube, 1870) albiceps Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides brachyacanthus Rioja, 1941 brachyacanthus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) dianthus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides diramphus Mörch, 1863 diramphus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) elegans Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides grubei Pillai, 1965 grubei Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides helmatus (Iroso, 1921) helmatus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides heterocerus (Grube, 1868) heterocerus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides homoceros Pixell, 1913 homoceros Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides minax (Grube, 1878) minax Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides niger Zibrowius, 1971 niger Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides norvegicus Gunnerus, 1768 norvegicus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides operculatus (Treadwell, 1929) operculatus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides pseudouncinatus Zibrowius, 1968 pseudouncinatus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides pseudouncinatus africanus Zibrowius, 1971 pseudouncinatus africanus Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides steinitzi Ben-Eliahu, 1972 steinitzi Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hydroides stoichadon Zibrowius, 1971 stoichadon Hydroides Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Janita fimbriata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) fimbriata Janita Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Janua pagenstecheri (Quatrefages, 1866) pagenstecheri Janua Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Josephella marenzelleri Caullery & Mesnil, 1896 marenzelleri Josephella Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata 223

270 Metavermilia multicristata (Philippi, 1844) multicristata Metavermilia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata (Bush, 1904) pseudocorrugata Neodexiospira Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Nidificaria clavus (Harris, 1968) clavus Nidificaria Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pileolaria berkeleyana (Rioja, 1942) berkeleyana Pileolaria Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pileolaria heteropoma (Zibrowius, 1968) heteropoma Pileolaria Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pileolaria militaris Claparède, 1870 militaris Pileolaria Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Placostegus crystallinus (non Scacchi, 1836) sensu Zibrowius, 1968 crystallinus Placostegus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Placostegus tridentatus (J.C. Fabricius, 1779) tridentatus Placostegus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pomatoceros lamarckii (Quatrefages, 1866) lamarckii Pomatoceros Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pomatoceros triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) triqueter Pomatoceros Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pomatoleios kraussii (Baird, 1865) kraussii Pomatoleios Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Protis arctica (Hansen, 1878) arctica Protis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Protolaeospira striata (Quiévreux, 1963) striata Protolaeospira Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Protula intestinum (Lamarck, 1818) intestinum Protula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Protula tubularia (Montagu, 1803) tubularia Protula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Rhodopsis pusilla Bush, 1904 pusilla Rhodopsis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Salmacina dysteri (Huxley, 1855) dysteri Salmacina Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Salmacina incrustans Claparède, 1869 incrustans Salmacina Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Semivermilia agglutinata (Marenzeller, 1893) agglutinata Semivermilia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Semivermilia crenata (O.G. Costa, 1861) crenata Semivermilia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Semivermilia cribrata (O.G. Costa, 1861) cribrata Semivermilia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Semivermilia pomatostegoides (Zibrowius, 1969) pomatostegoides Semivermilia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Semivermilia torulosa (Delle Chiaje, 1822) torulosa Semivermilia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Serpula cavernicola Fassari & Mòllica, 1991 cavernicola Serpula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Serpula concharum Langerhans, 1880 concharum Serpula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Serpula israelitica Amoureux, 1977 israelitica Serpula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Serpula lobiancoi Rioja, 1917 lobiancoi Serpula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767 vermicularis Serpula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Simplaria pseudomilitaris (Thiriot-Quiévreux, 1965) pseudomilitaris Simplaria Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Spiraserpula massiliensis (Zibrowius, 1968) massiliensis Spiraserpula Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata 224

271 Spirobranchus lima (Grube, 1862) lima Spirobranchus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Spirobranchus polytrema (Philippi, 1844) polytrema Spirobranchus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) tetraceros Spirobranchus Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Spirorbis cuneatus Gee, 1964 cuneatus Spirorbis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Spirorbis infundibulum Harris & Knight-Jones, 1964 infundibulum Spirorbis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Spirorbis marioni Caullery & Mesnil, 1897 marioni Spirorbis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Vermiliopsis infundibulum (Philippi, 1844) infundibulum Vermiliopsis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Vermiliopsis labiata (O.G. Costa, 1861) labiata Vermiliopsis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Vermiliopsis monodiscus Zibrowius, 1968 monodiscus Vermiliopsis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Vermiliopsis striaticeps (Grube, 1862) striaticeps Vermiliopsis Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Vinearia endoumensis (Zibrowius, 1968) endoumensis Vinearia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Vinearia koehleri (Caullery & Mesnil, 1897) koehleri Vinearia Serpulidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Siboglinum carpinei Ivanov, 1970 carpinei Siboglinum Siboglinidae Sabellida Canalipalpata Palpata Apistobranchus tullbergi (Théel, 1879) tullbergi Apistobranchus Apistobranchidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Chaetopterus leuckartii Quatrefages, 1866 leuckartii Chaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier, 1847) variopedatus Chaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Mesochaetopterus rogeri Martin, Gil, Carreras-Carbonell & Bhaud, 2008 rogeri Mesochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Mesochaetopterus sagittarius (Claparède, 1870) sagittarius Mesochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Phyllochaetopterus fallax Claparède, 1869 fallax Phyllochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Phyllochaetopterus gracilis Grube, 1863 gracilis Phyllochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Phyllochaetopterus major Claparède, 1869 major Phyllochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Phyllochaetopterus socialis Claparède, 1869 socialis Phyllochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spiochaetopterus costarum (Claparède, 1869) costarum Spiochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spiochaetopterus solitarius (Rioja, 1917) solitarius Spiochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spiochaetopterus typicus M. Sars, 1856 typicus Spiochaetopterus Chaetopteridae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Heterospio mediterranea Laubier, Picard & Ramos, 1974 mediterranea Heterospio Longosomatidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Heterospio reducta Laubier, Picard & Ramos, 1974 reducta Heterospio Longosomatidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Magelona alleni Wilson, 1958 alleni Magelona Magelonidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Magelona equilamellae Harmelin, 1964 equilamellae Magelona Magelonidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Magelona filiformis Wilson, 1959 filiformis Magelona Magelonidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata 225

272 Magelona johnstoni Fiege, Licher & Mackie, 2000 johnstoni Magelona Magelonidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Magelona minuta Eliason, 1962 minuta Magelona Magelonidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Magelona mirabilis (Johnston, 1865) mirabilis Magelona Magelonidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Magelona wilsoni Glémarec, 1966 wilsoni Magelona Magelonidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Poecilochaetus fulgoris Claparède in Ehlers, 1875 fulgoris Poecilochaetus Poecilochaetidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Poecilochaetus mirabilis (Laubier & Ramos, 1973) mirabilis Poecilochaetus Poecilochaetidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Poecilochaetus serpens Allen, 1905 serpens Poecilochaetus Poecilochaetidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Aonidella dayi Maciolek in López-Jamar, 1989 dayi Aonidella Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Aonides oxycephala (Sars, 1862) oxycephala Aonides Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Aonides paucibranchiata Southern, 1914 paucibranchiata Aonides Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Atherospio guillei (Laubier & Ramos, 1974) guillei Atherospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Aurospio banyulensis (Laubier, 1968) banyulensis Aurospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Boccardia polybranchia (Haswell, 1885) polybranchia Boccardia Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Boccardia semibranchiata Guérin, 1990 semibranchiata Boccardia Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dipolydora armata (Langerhans, 1880) armata Dipolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dipolydora caulleryi (Mesnil, 1897) caulleryi Dipolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dipolydora flava (Claparède, 1870) flava Dipolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dipolydora giardi (Mesnil, 1893) giardi Dipolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dipolydora langerhansi (Mesnil, 1896) langerhansi Dipolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi, 1883) quadrilobata Dipolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dipolydora saintjosephi Eliason, 1920 saintjosephi Dipolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951 uncinata Dispio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Laonice bahusiensis Söderström, 1920 bahusiensis Laonice Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Laubieriellus salzi (Laubier, 1970) salzi Laubieriellus Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Malacoceros fuliginosus (Claparède, 1869) fuliginosus Malacoceros Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Malacoceros tetracerus (Schmarda, 1861) tetracerus Malacoceros Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Malacoceros vulgaris (Johnston, 1827) vulgaris Malacoceros Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Microspio mecznikowiana (Claparède, 1869) mecznikowiana Microspio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) pinnata Paraprionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Polydora agassizii Claparède, 1869 agassizii Polydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata 226

273 Polydora ciliata (Johnston, 1838) ciliata Polydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Polydora colonia Moore, 1907 colonia Polydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 cornuta Polydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Polydora hoplura Claparède, 1869 hoplura Polydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Polydora limicola Annenkova, 1934 limicola Polydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Polydora spongicola Berkeley & Berkeley, 1950 spongicola Polydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio caspersi Laubier, 1962 caspersi Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio cirrifera Wirén, 1883 cirrifera Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio dubia Day, 1961 dubia Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio ehlersi Fauvel, 1928 ehlersi Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio fallax Söderström, 1920 fallax Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio multibranchiata Berkeley, 1927 multibranchiata Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio pygmaea Hartman, 1961 pygmaea Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio saccifera Mackie & Hartley, 1990 saccifera Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio sexoculata Augener, 1918 sexoculata Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 steenstrupi Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Prionospio tripinnata Maciolek, 1985 tripinnata Prionospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudopolydora antennata (Claparède, 1869) antennata Pseudopolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Pseudopolydora pulchra (Carazzi, 1895) pulchra Pseudopolydora Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Pygospio elegans Claparède, 1863 elegans Pygospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Scolelepis bonnieri (Mesnil, 1896) bonnieri Scolelepis Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Scolelepis cantabra (Rioja, 1918) cantabra Scolelepis Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Scolelepis foliosa (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) foliosa Scolelepis Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Scolelepis gilchristi (Day, 1961) gilchristi Scolelepis Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Scolelepis mesnili (Bellan & Lagardère, 1971) mesnili Scolelepis Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Scolelepis squamata (O.F. Muller, 1806) squamata Scolelepis Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Scolelepis tridentata (Southern, 1914) tridentata Scolelepis Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spio decoratus Bobretzky, 1870 decoratus Spio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spio martinensis Mesnil, 1896 martinensis Spio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spio multioculata (Rioja, 1918) multioculata Spio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata 227

274 Spiophanes afer Meißner, 2005 afer Spiophanes Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spiophanes bombyx (Claparède, 1870) bombyx Spiophanes Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spiophanes mediterraneus Meißner, 2005 mediterraneus Spiophanes Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Spiophanes reyssi Laubier, 1964 reyssi Spiophanes Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Streblospio gynobranchiata Rice & Levin, 1998 gynobranchiata Streblospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Streblospio shrubsolii (Buchanan, 1890) shrubsolii Streblospio Spionidae Spionida Canalipalpata Palpata Acrocirrus frontifilis (Grube, 1860) frontifilis Acrocirrus Acrocirridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Flabelligella mediterranea Kolmer, 1985 mediterranea Flabelligella Acrocirridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Macrochaeta clavicornis (M. Sars, 1835) clavicornis Macrochaeta Acrocirridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Adercodon pleijeli Mackie, 1994 pleijeli Adercodon Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amage adspersa (Grube, 1863) adspersa Amage Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amage gallasii Marion, 1875 gallasii Amage Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Ampharete acutifrons (Grube, 1860) acutifrons Ampharete Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Ampharete baltica Eliason, 1955 baltica Ampharete Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Ampharete lindstroemi Hessle, 1917 lindstroemi Ampharete Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicteis gunneri (M. Sars, 1835) gunneri Amphicteis Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphicteis midas (Gosse, 1855) midas Amphicteis Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Anobotrus gracilis (Malmgren, 1866) gracilis Anobotrus Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Auchenoplax crinita Ehlers, 1887 crinita Auchenoplax Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Eclysippe vanelli (Fauvel, 1936) vanelli Eclysippe Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hypania invalida (Grube, 1860) invalida Hypania Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Hypaniola kowalewskii (Grimm, 1877) kowalewskii Hypaniola Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Isolda whydahensis Augener, 1918 whydahensis Isolda Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Lysipe labiata Malmgren, 1866 labiata Lysipe Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Melinna cristata (M. Sars, 1851) cristata Melinna Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Melinna monoceroides Fauvel, 1936 monoceroides Melinna Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Melinna palmata Grube, 1870 palmata Melinna Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sabellides octocirrata (M. Sars, 1835) octocirrata Sabellides Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sosane sulcata Malmgren, 1866 sulcata Sosane Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Uschakovius enigmaticus Laubier, 1973 enigmaticus Uschakovius Ampharetidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata 228

275 Aphelochaeta filiformis (Keferstein, 1862) filiformis Aphelochaeta Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Aphelochaeta marioni (Saint Joseph, 1894) marioni Aphelochaeta Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Aphelochaeta multibranchis (Grube, 1863) multibranchis Aphelochaeta Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Caulleriella alata (Southern, 1914) alata Caulleriella Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Caulleriella bioculata (Keferstein, 1862) bioculata Caulleriella Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chaetozone caputesocis (Saint-Joseph, 1894) caputesocis Chaetozone Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chaetozone carpenteri McIntosh, 1911 carpenteri Chaetozone Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chaetozone corona Berkeley & Berkeley, 1941 corona Chaetozone Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Chaetozone gibber Woodham & Chambers, 1994 gibber Chaetozone Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Cirratulus cirratus (O.F. Müller, 1776) cirratus Cirratulus Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Cirriformia filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1828) filigera Cirriformia Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808) tentaculata Cirriformia Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Dodecaceria concharum Örsted, 1843 concharum Dodecaceria Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Dodecaceria saxicola (Grube, 1855) saxicola Dodecaceria Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Dodecaceria sextentaculata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) sextentaculata Dodecaceria Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Monticellina heterochaeta Laubier, 1961 heterochaeta Monticellina Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Monticellina tesselata (Hartman, 1960) tesselata Monticellina Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Protocirrineris chrysoderma (Claparède, 1869) chrysoderma Protocirrineris Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Tharyx killariensis (Southern, 1914) killariensis Tharyx Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Timarete dollfusi (Fauvel, 1928) dollfusi Timarete Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Timarete punctata (Grube, 1859) punctata Timarete Cirratulidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Ctenodrilus serratus (Schmidt, 1857) serratus Ctenodrilus Ctenodrilidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 nemasoma Raphidrilus Ctenodrilidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fauveliopsis adriatica Katzmann & Laubier, 1974 adriatica Fauveliopsis Fauveliopsidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fauveliopsis arabica Hartman, 1976 arabica Fauveliopsis Fauveliopsidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Fauveliopsis fauchaldi Katzmann & Laubier, 1974 fauchaldi Fauveliopsis Fauveliopsidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Laubieriopsis brevis (Hartman, 1967) brevis Laubieriopsis Fauveliopsidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Brada villosa (Rathke, 1843) villosa Brada Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Diplocirrus glaucus (Malmgren, 1867) glaucus Diplocirrus Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Flabelligera affinis M. Sars, 1829 affinis Flabelligera Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata 229

276 Flabelligera diplochaitus (Otto, 1821) diplochaitus Flabelligera Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pherusa monilifera (Delle Chiaje, 1841) monilifera Pherusa Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pherusa plumosa (O.F. Müller, 1776) plumosa Pherusa Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Piromis eruca (Claparède, 1869) eruca Piromis Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Therochaeta flabellata (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872) flabellata Therochaeta Flabelligeridae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphictene auricoma (O.F. Müller, 1776) auricoma Amphictene Pectinariidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphictene auricoma mediterranea Nilsson, 1918 auricoma mediterranea Amphictene Pectinariidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Lagis koreni Malmgren, 1866 koreni Lagis Pectinariidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Lagis neapolitana (Claparède, 1869) neapolitana Lagis Pectinariidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pectinaria belgica (Pallas, 1766) belgica Pectinaria Pectinariidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Petta pusilla Malmgren, 1866 pusilla Petta Pectinariidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817) scutata Sternaspis Sternaspidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amaena trilobata (Sars, 1863) trilobata Amaena Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphitrite cirrata O.F. Müller, 1771 cirrata Amphitrite Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphitrite oculata Hessle, 1917 oculata Amphitrite Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphitritides gracilis (Grube, 1860) gracilis Amphitritides Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Amphitritides kuehlmanni Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1995 kuehlmanni Amphitritides Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu, 1818) nebulosa Eupolymnia Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Eupolymnia nesidensis (Delle Chiaje, 1828) nesidensis Eupolymnia Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) conchilega Lanice Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Loimia medusa (Savigny, 1822) medusa Loimia Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Lysilla loveni Malmgren, 1866 loveni Lysilla Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Neoamphitrite edwardsii (Quatrefages, 1866) edwardsii Neoamphitrite Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Neoamphitrite figulus (Dalyell, 1853) figulus Neoamphitrite Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Neoamphitrite incana (Claparède, 1870) incana Neoamphitrite Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Neoamphitrite rubra (Risso, 1826) rubra Neoamphitrite Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Neoamphitrite variabilis (Risso, 1826) variabilis Neoamphitrite Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Nicolea venustula (Montagu, 1818) venustula Nicolea Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Nicolea zostericola (Örsted, 1844) zostericola Nicolea Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Parathelepus collaris (Southern, 1914) collaris Parathelepus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata 230

277 Pista cretacea (Grube, 1860) cretacea Pista Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pista cristata (O.F. Müller, 1776) cristata Pista Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pista lornensis (Pearson, 1969) lornensis Pista Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Pista maculata (Dalyell, 1853) maculata Pista Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus aurantiacus Grube, 1860 aurantiacus Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus caliendrum Claparède, 1869 caliendrum Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus denticulatus Saint-Joseph, 1894 denticulatus Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus haematodes (Claparède, 1864) haematodes Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus jubatus Bobretzky, 1868 jubatus Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus medusa Grube, 1850 medusa Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus pallidus (Claparède, 1864) pallidus Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus plumosus (Wollebaek, 1912) plumosus Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Polycirrus tenuisetis Langerhans, 1880 tenuisetis Polycirrus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Proclea graffi (Langerhans, 1884) graffi Proclea Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Streblosoma bairdi (Malmgren, 1866) bairdi Streblosoma Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Streblosoma hesslei Day, 1955 hesslei Streblosoma Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Terebella lapidaria Linnaeus, 1767 lapidaria Terebella Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780) cincinnatus Thelepus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages, 1866) setosus Thelepus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Thelepus triserialis (Grube, 1855) triserialis Thelepus Terebellidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Octobranchus lingulatus (Grube, 1863) lingulatus Octobranchus Trichobranchidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835 stroemii Terebellides Trichobranchidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Trichobranchus glacialis Malmgren, 1866 glacialis Trichobranchus Trichobranchidae Terebellida Canalipalpata Palpata Abanericola affinis africana Wells, 1963 affinis africana Abanericola Arenicolidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Abanericola claparedii (Levinsen, 1883) claparedii Abanericola Arenicolidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Arenicola cristata Stimpson, 1856 cristata Arenicola Arenicolidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Arenicola marina (Linnaeus, 1758) marina Arenicola Arenicolidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Arenicolides branchialis (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833) branchialis Arenicolides Arenicolidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Arenicolides caudata (Johnston, 1835) caudata Arenicolides Arenicolidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Branchiomaldane vincenti Langerhans, 1881 vincenti Branchiomaldane Arenicolidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida 231

278 Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780) capitata Capitella Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Capitella giardi (Mesnil, 1897) giardi Capitella Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Capitella hermaphrodita Boletzky & Dohle, 1967 hermaphrodita Capitella Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Capitella minima Langerhans, 1880 minima Capitella Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Capitellethus dispar (Ehlers, 1907) dispar Capitellethus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Dasybranchus caducus (Grube, 1846) caducus Dasybranchus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Dasybranchus carneus Ehrenberg in Grube, 1870 carneus Dasybranchus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Dasybranchus gajolae Eisig, 1887 gajolae Dasybranchus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède, 1864) filiformis Heteromastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Leiocapitella dollfusi (Fauvel, 1936) dollfusi Leiocapitella Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Leiochrides australis Augener, 1914 australis Leiochrides Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Leiochrides fauveli (Harmelin, 1964) fauveli Leiochrides Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Mastobranchus brasiliensis (Rullier & Amoureux, 1979) brasiliensis Mastobranchus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Mastobranchus trinchesii Eisig, 1887 trinchesii Mastobranchus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Mediomastus capensis Day, 1961 capensis Mediomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Mediomastus cirripes Ben-Eliahu, 1976 cirripes Mediomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Mediomastus fragilis Rasmussen, 1973 fragilis Mediomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Notomastus aberans Day, 1957 aberans Notomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Notomastus formianus Eisig, 1887 formianus Notomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Notomastus latericeus Sars, 1851 latericeus Notomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Notomastus lineatus Claparède, 1869 lineatus Notomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Notomastus mossambicus Thomassin, 1970 mossambicus Notomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Notomastus profundus (Eisig, 1887) profundus Notomastus Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Peresiella clymenoides Harmelin, 1968 clymenoides Peresiella Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Pseudocapitella incerta Fauvel, 1913 incerta Pseudocapitella Capitellidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Cossura coasta Kitamori, 1960 coasta Cossura Cossuridae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Cossura soyeri Laubier, 1963 soyeri Cossura Cossuridae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Axiothella constricta (Claparède, 1869) constricta Axiothella Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Chirimia biceps (M. Sars, 1862) biceps Chirimia Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Clymenura leiopygos (Grube, 1860) leiopygos Clymenura Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida 232

279 Clymenura tenuis (Day, 1957) tenuis Clymenura Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Clymenura tricirrata (Bellan & Reys, 1967) tricirrata Clymenura Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Euclymene collaris (Claparède, 1869) collaris Euclymene Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Euclymene lumbricoides (Quatrefages, 1866) lumbricoides Euclymene Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Euclymene oerstedii (Claparède, 1863) oerstedii Euclymene Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Euclymene palermitana (Grube, 1840) palermitana Euclymene Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Euclymene robusta (Arwidsson, 1906) robusta Euclymene Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Johnstonia clymenoides Quatrefages, 1866 clymenoides Johnstonia Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Lumbriclymene minor Arwidsson, 1906 minor Lumbriclymene Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Macroclymene santanderensis (Rioja, 1917) santanderensis Macroclymene Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Maldane glebifex Grube, 1860 glebifex Maldane Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Maldane sarsi Malmgren, 1865 sarsi Maldane Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Metasychis gotoi (Izuka, 1902) gotoi Metasychis Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Micromaldane ornitochaeta Mesnil, 1897 ornitochaeta Micromaldane Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Nicomache lumbricalis (Fabricius, 1780) lumbricalis Nicomache Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Nicomache trispinata Arwidsson, 1906 trispinata Nicomache Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Notoproctus oculatus Arwidsson, 1906 oculatus Notoproctus Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Petaloproctus terricolus Quatrefages, 1866 terricolus Petaloproctus Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Praxillella affinis (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872) affinis Praxillella Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Praxillella gracilis (M. Sars, 1862) gracilis Praxillella Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Praxillella gracilis borealis Nolte, 1912 gracilis borealis Praxillella Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Praxillella lophoseta (Orlandi, 1898) lophoseta Praxillella Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Praxillella praetermissa (Malmgren, 1865) praetermissa Praxillella Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Praxillella trifila Hartman, 1960 trifila Praxillella Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Rhodine gracilior Tauber, 1879 gracilior Rhodine Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Rhodine loveni Malmgren, 1865 loveni Rhodine Maldanidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Armandia cirrhosa Filippi, 1861 cirrhosa Armandia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Armandia polyophthalma Kükenthal, 1887 polyophthalma Armandia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelia amoureuxi Bellan & Costa, 1987 amoureuxi Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelia barquii Fauvel, 1927 barquii Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida 233

280 Ophelia bicornis Savigny, 1822 bicornis Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelia limacina (Rathke, 1843) limacina Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelia neglecta Schneider, 1892 neglecta Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelia radiata (Delle Chiaje, 1827) radiata Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelia roscoffensis Augener, 1910 roscoffensis Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelia translucens (Katzmann, 1973) translucens Ophelia Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelina abranchiata Støp-Bowitz, 1948 abranchiata Ophelina Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelina acuminata Örsted, 1843 acuminata Ophelina Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelina cylindricaudata (Hansen, 1878) cylindricaudata Ophelina Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelina margaleffi Sardá, Gil, Taboada & Gili, 2009 margaleffi Ophelina Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelina modesta Støp-Bowitz, 1958 modesta Ophelina Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Ophelina norvegica Støp-Bowitz, 1945 norvegica Ophelina Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin, 1839) pictus Polyophthalmus Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Trachytrypane jeffreysii McIntosh, 1878 jeffreysii Trachytrypane Opheliidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Leodamas chevalieri candiensis Harmelin 1969 chevalieri candiensis Leodamas Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Naineris laevigata (Grube, 1855) laevigata Naineris Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Naineris quadraticeps Day, 1965 quadraticeps Naineris Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Naineris quadricuspida (Fabricius, 1780) quadricuspida Naineris Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Orbinia latreillii (Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833) latreillii Orbinia Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Orbinia sertulata (Savigny, 1822) sertulata Orbinia Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo foetida (Claparède, 1869) foetida Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo foetida adjimensis (Fauvel, 1924) foetida adjimensis Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo foetida atlantica (Fauvel, 1924) foetida atlantica Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo foetida imitans (Eisig, 1914) foetida imitans Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo foetida ligustica (Orlandi, 1896) foetida ligustica Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo grubei (McIntosh, 1910) grubei Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo kupfferi (Ehlers, 1874) kupfferi Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Phylo norvegica (M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872) norvegica Phylo Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Protoaricia oerstedi (Claparède, 1864) oerstedi Protoaricia Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Schroederella laubieri Badalamenti & Castelli, 1990 laubieri Schroederella Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida 234

281 Scoloplos armiger (O.F. Müller, 1776) armiger Scoloplos Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Scoloplos haasi (Monro, 1937) haasi Scoloplos Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Scoloplos typicus (Eisig, 1914) typicus Scoloplos Orbiniidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea aberrans Laubier & Ramos, 1974 aberrans Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea abyssalis Laubier & Ramos, 1974 abyssalis Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea assimilis Tebble, 1959 assimilis Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea capensis bansei Laubier & Ramos, 1974 capensis bansei Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea catherinae Laubier, 1967 catherinae Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea cerrutii Laubier, 1966 cerrutii Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea claudiae Laubier, 1967 claudiae Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea fragilis Webster, 1879 fragilis Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea longisetosa Sardá, Gil, Taboada & Gili, 2009 longisetosa Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea lopezi Berkeley & Berkeley, 1956 lopezi Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea mariannae Katzmann & Laubier, 1975 mariannae Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea mediterranea (Laubier & Ramos, 1974) mediterranea Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea minuta Southward, 1956 minuta Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea monicae Laubier, 1967 monicae Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea pseudannae Katzmann & Laubier, 1975 pseudannae Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea pseudoarticulata Hobson, 1972 pseudoarticulata Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea quadrilobata Webster & Benedict, 1887 quadrilobata Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea simonae Laubier & Ramos, 1974 simonae Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea simplex Day, 1963 simplex Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea suecica meridionalis Laubier & Ramos, 1974 suecica meridionalis Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea trilobata Laubier & Ramos, 1974 trilobata Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Aricidea wassi Pettibone, 1965 wassi Aricidea Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Cirrophorus branchiatus Ehlers, 1908 branchiatus Cirrophorus Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Cirrophorus furcatus (Hartman, 1957) furcatus Cirrophorus Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Levinsenia gracilis (Tauber, 1879) gracilis Levinsenia Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Levinsenia oculata (Hartman, 1957) oculata Levinsenia Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paradoneis armata Glémarec, 1966 armata Paradoneis Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida 235

282 Paradoneis drachi Laubier & Ramos, 1974 drachi Paradoneis Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paradoneis harpagonea (Storch, 1967) harpagonea Paradoneis Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paradoneis hirsuta Sardá, Gil, Taboada & Gili, 2009 hirsuta Paradoneis Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paradoneis ilvana Castelli, 1985 ilvana Paradoneis Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paradoneis lyra (Southern, 1914) lyra Paradoneis Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paraonides myriamae Katzmann & Laubier, 1975 myriamae Paraonides Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paraonides neapolitana (Cerruti, 1909) neapolitana Paraonides Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Paraonis fulgens (Levinsen, 1883) fulgens Paraonis Paraonidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Questa mediterranea Giere & Erséus, 1998 mediterranea Questa Questidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Asclerocheilus intermedius (Saint-Joseph, 1894) intermedius Asclerocheilus Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Hyboscolex longiseta Schmarda, 1861 longiseta Hyboscolex Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Lipobranchius jeffreysii (McIntosh, 1869) jeffreysii Lipobranchius Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Polyphysia crassa (Örsted, 1843) crassa Polyphysia Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Polyphysia crassa fauveli (Laubier, 1959) crassa fauveli Polyphysia Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Scalibregma celticum Mackie, 1991 celticum Scalibregma Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Sclerocheilus minutus Grube, 1863 minutus Sclerocheilus Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida Speleobregma minuta (Hartman, 1967) minuta Speleobregma Scalibregmatidae Scolecida Scolecida Scolecida 236

283 Cumaceans (by Jordi Corbera) Table S17. Checklist of the Order Cumacea (Phylum Arthropoda), with enumeration of references in each region of the Mediterranean Sea Codes for references were ordered following the date of publication. AL: Alboran Sea; SW: south-western Mediterranean; NW: north-western Mediterranean; TS: Tyrrhenian Sea; AD: Adriatic Sea; IO: Ionian Sea; TP/GS: Tunissian Plateau/Gulf of Sintra; AE: Aegean Sea; LS: Levantine Sea; (*): endemic species. Western Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Species AL SW NW TS AD IO TP/GS AE LS Family Lampropidae Hemilamprops cristatus (Sars, 1870) 34, Hemilamprops normani Bonnier, , 23 *Mesolamprops denticulatus Ledoyer, Platysympus typicus (Sars, 1870) 22, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40 4, 5 46, , 22, 31, 47 Family Bodotriidae *Bodotria arenosa leloeuffi Corbera & Garcia- Rubies, , 41 *Bodotria arenosa mediterranea (Steuer, 1936) 36 21, 33, *Bodotria gibba (Sars, 1878) 1 17, 33, *Bodotria intermedia Le Loeuff & Intes, *Bodotria parvui Petrescu, Bodotria pulchella (Sars, 1878) 2, 6, 17, 36, 37, 43 1, Bodotria scorpioides (Montagu, 1804) 2, 9, 17, 30, 33, 36, 41, 43, , 26 29, Cyclaspis longicaudata Sars, 1865 Eocuma ferox (Fischer, 1872) 31 8, 22, 31, 47 22, 31, 34, 40, 39 5, 4, 19 23, , , 17, 33, 36, 37, 41 29, 49 *Eocuma rosae Corbera & Galil, Eocuma sarsii (Kossmann, 1880) 2a, 6, 17, 33 29, *Iphinoe acutirostris Ledoyer, , 17, 33, 41 *Iphinoe adriatica Bacescu,

284 *Iphinoe armata Ledoyer, , 17, 20, 37 Iphinoe crassipes Hansen, *Iphinoe douniae Ledoyer, , 17, 20, 33, 36, 41, 43 27, Iphinoe elisae Bacescu, *Iphinoe inermis Sars, , 17, 21, 37 *Iphinoe maculata Ledoyer, , 17, 33, 36, 37, Iphinoe maeotica (Sowinsky, 1894) 29 *Iphinoe rhodaniensis Ledoyer, , 15, 17, 41, 36, 30, 33 Iphinoe serrata Norman, 1867 Iphinoe tenella Sars, 1878 Bathycuma brevirostre (Norman, 1879) Cumopsis goodsir (van Beneden, 1861) 31, , 31, 47 1 Cumopsis longipes (Dohrn, 1869) 17, 20, 33 1 Vaunthompsonia cristata Bate, , 37, 17, 52, 30, 26, 13, , 17, 41, 9, 36, 21, , 40, 31, 22, 41, 33 5, 4 23, 46, , 33, 36, 37, 43, 50 1, , 9, 17, 21, 22, 30, 33, 36, 41 1, 28 29, Family Leuconidae *Eudorella gottliebi Bacescu, *Eudorella nana Sars, , 19, 21, 30, 33, 37 1, Eudorella truncatula (Bate, 1859) 16, 21, 30, 31 22, 47 34, 37, 40, Leucon (Crymoleucon) cf tener Hansen, Leucon (Crymoleucon) macrorhinus Fage, , 34, 39, , Leucon (Epileucon) ensis (Bishop, 1981) 34, Leucon (Epileucon) longirostris Sars, 1871 Leucon (Leucon) affinis Fage, , , 13, 16, 19, 22, 34, 39, 40 4, 5, 19 46, , 13, 30, 34, 37, 39, 55,

285 40 Leucon (Leucon) cf serratus Norman, Leucon (Leucon) fulvus Sars, *Leucon (Leucon) mediterraneus Sars, Leucon (Leucon) profundus Hansen, Leucon (Macrauloleucon) siphonatus Calman, , 52, 30, 21, 33 1, 55, 28 3, , 13, 16, 30, 34, 37, 39, 40 5, 55 26, 46, 54 14, Family Nannastacidae *Campylaspis aegypta Mühlenhardt-Siegel, Campylaspis alba Hansen, Campylaspis cf nitens Bonnier, Campylaspis cf paeneglabra Stebbing, Campylaspis glabra Sars, , 19, 22, 30, 31, 34, 40 1, 5, 55, , 29 14, , 47 Campylaspis horridoides Stephensen, , 22, 47 22, 34, Campylaspis legendrei Fage, , 36 17, 30, , 49 Campylaspis macrophthalma Sars, , 4, 5 23, 29 Campylaspis rostrata Calman, , 40 Campylaspis spinosa Calman, , 31, 34 5 Campylaspis squamifera Fage, , 31, 34, Campylaspis sulcata Sars, , 30, 40 4, 5, Campylaspis verrucosa Sars, , 5 23 Campylaspis vitrea Calman, , 47 19, 31, , Cumella limicola Sars, 1879 Cumella pygmaea Sars, , , 17, 33, 36, 37, 41, 43 1, 28 3, 26 29, 48, , 17, 33, 36, 41 1, Cumellopsis puritani Calman, , 34, Nannastacus atlanticus (Bacesu & Muradian, 1972) 30b 54 *Nannastacus brevicaudatus Calman, Nannastacus ungiculatus (Bate, 1859) Procampylaspis armata Bonnier, , 36, 42 17, 40, 41, 9, 6, 36, 33 1, 28 29, , 22, 31, 47 22, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40 4, 5 23, 46, , 54 *Procampylaspis bacescoi Reyss & Soyer, Procampylaspis bonnieri Calman, , 47 22, 34, 39, 5 46, ,

286 40 *Procampylaspis mediterranea Ledoyer, , Schizocuma spinoculatum (Jones, 1984) 34, 40 Scherocumella gurneyi (Calman 1927) 51 Scherocumella longirostris Sars, , 9, 17, 33, 37, 41 1, 28 29, , 36, 42 Styloptocuma gracillimum (Calman, 1905) 47 30, 34, 40 46, Family Diastylidae Diastylis cornuta (Boeck, 1864) , , 54 29, 49 *Diastylis jonesi Reyss, , 30, 31, 34, , 47 Diastylis laevis Norman, , *Diastylis neapolitana Sars, , Diastylis rugosa Sars, , 17, 21, 30, 33, 37, 41, 52 1, 55, , *Diastylis vemae Bacescu, *Diastyloides becescoi Fage, , 11, 30, , 29 Diastyloides biplicatus (Sars, 1865) 31 17, *Diastyloides carpinei Bacescu, 1969 Diastyloides serratus (Sars, 1865) , 19, 22, 31, , , 47 13, 16, 30, 39, 40, 52 4, 5, , , Ekleptostylis walkeri (Calman, 1907) 31 11, , 29 Leptostylis bacescoi Reyss, , *Leptostylis gamoi Reyss, , 31, , 54 Leptostylis macrura Sars, , 40 4, 5 23 Makrokylindrus (Adiastylis) insignis (Sars, 1871) 34 4, 5 Makrokylindrus (Adiastylis) longipes (Sars, 1871) 19, 22, 30, 31, 34, 39, , 46, 23, , 22, 47 *Makrokylindrus (Makrokylindrus) aegaeus Reyss, Makrokylindrus (Makrokylindrus) spiniventris Hansen, , 54 Makrokylindrus (Makrokylindrus) stebbingi Stephensen, , *Vemakylindrus charcoti (Reyss, 1974) , *Vemakylindrus gibraltarensis (Bacescu, 1961) Vemakylindrus hastatus (Hansen, 1920) 19, 34,

287 *Vemakylindrus doryphora (Fage, 1940) 11, 33, Family Pseudocumatidae *Fontainella mediterranea Bacescu & Muradian, Pseudocuma ciliatum Sars, , 36, 37, Pseudocuma longicorne (Bate, 1858) 2, 9, 17, 20, 33, 36, 37, 41, 43 1, Pseudocuma simile Sars, , 17, 33, 36, 37, , 29 Total number of publications considered a Walker (1901) recorded Cyclaspoides cornigera but Calman (1907) studing the same material assignet it to Eocuma sarsii b Ledoyer (1983) recorded Nannastacus ungiculatus, however the examination of the material deposed in the MNHN-Paris confirms that it belongs actually to N. atlanticus. Deepest records of N. ungiculatus must be revised. 1: Sars, ; 2: Walker, 1901; 3: Graeffe, 1902; 4: Lo Bianco, 1903; 5: Calman, 1906; 6: Calman, 1907; 7: Calman, 1910; 8: Stephensen, 1915; 9: Fage, 1933; 10: Steuer, 1936, 1938; 11: Fage, 1940; 12: Zimmer, 1942; 13: Fage, 1951; 14: Bacescu, 1961; 15: Ledoyer, 1965; 16: Reyss & Soyer, 1966; 17: Ledoyer, 1968; 18: Bacescu, 1969; 19: Carpine, 1970; 20: Massé, 1972; 21: Desbruyeres et al., ; 22: Reyss, 1972; 23: Reyss, 1974; 24: Le Loeuff & Intes, 1977; 25: Bacescu & Muradian, 1978; 26: Klepal & Kastner, 1980; 27: Katagan, 1982; 28: Valentin, 1982; 29: Katagan, 1983; 30: Ledoyer, 1983; 31: Ledoyer, 1987; 32: Bacescu, 1988; 33: Macquart-Moulin, 1991; 34: Cartes & Sorbe, 1993; 35: Corbera, 1994; 36: Corbera, 1995; 37: Corbera & Cardell, 1995; 38: López- Gonzalez et al., 1996; 39: Cartes & Sorbe, 1996; 40: Cartes & Sorbe, 1997; 41: Corbera & Garcia-Rubies, 1998; 42: Alfonso et al., 1998; 43: San Vicente & Sorbe, 1999; 44: Corbera & Galil, 2001; 45: Sánchez Moyano et al., 2001; 46: Madurell & Cartes, 2003; 47: Cartes et al., 2003; 48: Kirkim et al., 2005; 49: Bakir & Katagan, 2005; 50: Munilla & San Vicente, 2005; 51: Corbera & Galil, 2007; 52: Cartes et al., 2007; 53: Petrescu, 2008; 54: Mühlenhardt-Siegel, 2009; 55: Fanelli et al., 2009; 56: Corbera & Galil, unpubl. data. Notes: In addition to the species listed above, there are some other species that were recorded sometimes from the Mediterranean Sea but they were not included because they are not actually Mediterranean species. Lo Bianco (1903) recorded Diastylis spinulosa, Leucon nasica and Campylaspis undata from the Italian coast, however Calman (1906) that studied the same material, found no specimens of these species suggesting doubts about that identifications. As theses species have not been recorded since then, they were not included as Mediterranean species. Iphinoe trispinosa was recorded by Graeffe (1902) and Fage (1940), however after the revision of the genus Iphinoe by Ledoyer (1965), it has not been registered again except for the record of Ayari & Afli (2003) from the gulf of Tunis. Very probably I. trispinosa is not present in the Mediterranean and it may be confused with Iphinoe douniae. 241

288 The record of Leucon pallidus by Calman (1906) was discussed by Hansen (1920) and Zimmer (1933) who cast doubt this identification (see also comments in Fage 1951) and was not included. Leucon fulvus was recorded by Fage (1940) but the same author (Fage, 1951) emended his determination and described these specimens as Leucon affinis. However, Leucon fulvus has been recorded later again (Mühlenhardt-Siegel, 2009) and consequently it was maintained in the list. Finally some species (Leucon cf serratus, Leucon cf tener, Campylaspis cf nitens and Campylaspis cf paeneglabra) remain doubtful and they must be confirmed as Mediterranean, meantime they are tentatively included. 242

289 Table S18. Species number of cumaceans known in different Mediterranean regions Endemics and percentage for each family are also indicated. AL: Alboran Sea; SW:, south-western Mediterranean; NW: north-western Mediterranean; TS: Tyrrhenian Sea; WM: Western Basin; AD: Adriatic Sea; IO: Ionian Sea; TP/GS: Tunissian Plateau/Gulf of Sintra; AE: Aegean Sea; LS: Levantine Sea; EM: Eastern Basin; TM: Total Mediterranean. AL SW NW TS WM AD IO TP/ GS AE LS EM TM End emic % F. Lampropidae F. Bodotriidae ,1 F. Leuconidae ,1 F. Nannastacidae ,3 F. Diastylidae ,5 F. Pseudocumatidae Total ,3 References Alfonso M, Bandera M, López-González PJ, García-Gómez JC (1998) The cumacean community associated with a seaweed as a bioindicator of environmental conditions in the Algeciras Bay (Strait of Gibraltar). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39(2): Ayari R, Afli A (2003) Bionomie benthique du petit golfe de Tunis. Bulletin de l Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer de Salambô 30: Bacescu M (1961) Contributions a l etude des cumacés de la mediterranée et particulierment des côtes d Israel. Rapports V Re. CIESMM 16: Bacescu M (1969) Deux cumacés nouveaux: Diastyloides carpinei n. sp. dans le Méditerrannée et Hemilamprops lotusae dans l Atlantique argentin. Revue Roumaine de Biologie 14(3): Bacescu M (1988) Cumacea I. (Fam. Archaeocumatidae, Lampropidae, Bodotriidae, Leuconidae), Crustaceorum Catalogous 7. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague. Bacescu M and Muradian Z (1978) Fontainella mediterranea gen. n., sp. n., cumacé (Pseudocumidae) trouvé en Méditerranée orientale. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, série de Biologie Animale 23(1): 3-7. Bakir K, Katagan T (2005) Crustacean diversity of the coralligenous beds of Markiz Island (Aegean coast of Turkey). Crustaceana 78(7): Calman WT (1906) The cumacea of the Puritan expedition. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Statation zu Neapel 17: Calman WT (1907) Sur quelques cumacés des côtes de France. Bulletin du Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle 13: Calman WT (1910) Les cumacés des expeditions du Travailleur et du Talisman. Bulletin du Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle 16:

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291 Katagan T (1982) Cumacés nouveaux pour la Méditerranée oriental. Crustaceana 43(3): Katagan T (1983) Recherches systematiques et écologiques sur les cumacés (Peracarida, Crustacea) littoraux de la mer Egee de Turquie. Egean University, Faculty of Sciences Journal, Ser. B 6: Kirkim F, Kocatas A, Katagan T, Sezgin M, Ates AS (2005) Crustacean biodiversity of Padina pavonia (L.) facies along the Aegean Coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 29: Klepal W, Kastner R (1980) Morphology and differentiation of non-sensory cuticular structures in Mysidacea, Cumacea and Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Peracarida). Zoologica Scripta 9(1-4): Le Loeuff P, Intès A (1977) Les Bodotria (Crustacea, Cumacea) des mers d Europe et des côtes occidentales de l Afrique tropicale. Bulletin du Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle 498: Ledoyer M (1965) Sur quelques espèces nouvelles d Iphinoe (Crustacea Cumacea). Discussion et description comparative des espèces européennes déja connues. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d Endoume 39(55): Ledoyer M (1968) Ecologie de la faune vagile des biotopes méditerranéens accessibles en scaphandre autonome (Région de Marseille principalement) IV Synthese de l étude écologique. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d Endoume 60: Ledoyer M (1987) Les cumacés mediterranees profonds (Crustacea) des campagnes Biomedes I et II et Balgim. Synthese de la distribution bathyale du groupe en Mediterranee occidentale. Mesogée 47: Ledoyer M (1983) Contribution à l étude de l écologie de la faune vagile profonde de la Méditerranée nord-occidentale. II: Les cumacés (Crustacea). Tethys 11(1): Lo Bianco S (1903) Le pesche abissali eseguite da FA Krupp col Yacht "Puritan" nelle adiacenze di Capri ed in altre localita del Mediterraneo. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Statation zu Neapel 16: López-González P, Bandera M, Alfonso M, Garcia-Gomez J (1996) A rare mediterranean cumacean, Fontainella mediterranea (Crustacea), at the threshold of the Atlantic Ocean. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 37(2): Macquart-Moulin C (1991) The nocturnal pelagic phases of cumaceans. Journal of Plankton Research 13(2): Madurell T, Cartes JE (2003) The suprabenthic peracarid fauna collected at bathyal depths in the Ionian Sea (eastern Mediterranean). Crustaceana 76(5): Masse H (1972) Quantitative investigations of sand-bottom macrofauna along the Mediterranean north-west coast. Marine Biology 15(3): Mühlenhardt-Siegel U (2009) Cumacea (Crustacea, Peracarida) in the deep mediterranean, with the description of one new species. Zootaxa 2096: Munilla T, San Vicente C (2005) Suprabenthic biodiversity of Catalan beaches (NW Mediterranean). Acta Oecologica 27(2): Petrescu I (2008) Bodotria parvui n. sp. (crustacea: Peracarida) from the turkish waters of the aegean sea [results of focida expedition]. Travaux du Muséum Nationale d Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa 51: Reyss D (1972) Résultats scientifiques de la campagne du NO "Jean Charcot" en Méditerranée occidentale, mai-juin-juillet 1970 Cumacés. Crustaceana Supplement 3:

292 Reyss D (1974) Cumacés Résultats scientifiques de la campagne "Polymède II" du NO "Jean Charcot" en Mer Ionienne et en Mer Égée (Avril-Mai 1972). Crustaceana 27(2): Reyss D, Soyer J (1966) Cumacés recueillis lors de la campagne de la Calypso Port-Vendres en aout-septembre Bulletin de l Institute océanographique, Monaco 66(1372): San Vicente C, Sorbe J (1999) Spatio-temporal structure of the suprabenthic community from Creixell beach (western Mediterranean). Acta Oecologica 20(4): Sánchez-Moyano J, García-Adiego E, Estacio F, García-Gómez J (2001) On the composition of the macrofauna in a meadow in Algeciras Bay (southern Spain). Ciencias Marinas 27(1): Sars GO ( ) Nye Bidrah til Kundskaben om Middelhavets Invertebratfauna. II. Middelhavets Cumaceer. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 3: ; 4: Stephensen K (1915) Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Cumacea, Amphipoda (excl. Hyperida). Report of the Danish Oceanographic Expedition to the Mediterranean and adjacent Seas 2(D1): Steuer A (1936) Cumacea und Stomatopoda von Alexandrien in Ägypten. Note Ist. Italo-Germ. Biol. mar. Rovigno, 21: Steuer A (1938) The fishery grounds near Alexandria, XVI Cumacea, Stomatopoda, Leptostraca. Hydrobiology and Fisheries Directorate Notes and Memoirs (Cairo) 26: Valentin C (1982) Zur Biozönik und Substratpräferenz der Cumaceen (Crustacea Peracarida) aus dem Küstenbereich der Insel Ischia (Golf von Neaple). Teil I: Problemstellung, untersuchungsgebiet und methoden. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Museum Universitat Kiel, 1(10): 1-20 Walker A (1901) Contributions to the Malacostracan Fauna of the Mediterranean. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 28(182): Zimmer C (1933) Cumacea. In Grimpe, G. and Wagler, E., eds, Die tierwelt der Nord- und ostsee, pp Leipzig. Zimmer C (1942) Die Gattung Iphinoe (Ord. Cumacea, Fam. Bodotriidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 139:

293 Mysidaceans (by Carles San Vicente) Table S19. Checklist of the orders Mysida and Lophogastrida (Phylum Arthropoda) known in the different Mediterranean regions considered AL: Alboran Sea; SW: south-western Mediterranean; NW: north-western Mediterranean; TY: Tyrrhenian Sea; AD: Adriatic Sea; IO: Ionian Sea; AE: Aegean Sea; LS: Levantine Sea; WM: Western Basin; EM: Eastern Basin; TM: Total Mediterranean. Endemics and depth ranges for each species were also indicated. Order LOPHOGASTRIDA Sars, 1870 Family LOPHOGASTRIDAE Sars, 1870 AL SW NW TY AD IO AE LE WB EB TM Endemic Depth range (m) Lophogaster affinis Colosi, Lophogaster typicus Sars, M., Family GNATHOPHAUSIIDAE Udrescu, 1984 Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes-Suhm, Family EUCOPIIDAE Sars, 1885 Eucopia grimaldii Nouvel, Eucopia hanseni Nouvel, Eucopia major Hansen, ? +? +? Eucopia unguiculata (Willemoes-Suhm, 1875) ORDER MYSIDA Haworth, 1825 FAMILY MYSIDAE Haworth, 1825 SUBFAMILY RHOPALOPHTHALMINAE Hansen, 1910 Rhopalophthalmus mediterraneus Nouvel, SUBFAMILY BOREOMYSINAE Holt & Tattersall, 1905 Boreomysis arctica Krøyer, Boreomysis megalops Sars, Boreomysis semicoeca Hansen, SUBFAMILY GASTROSACCINAE Norman, 1892 Anchialina agilis (Sars, 1877) Anchialina oculata Hoenigman, littoral Gastrosaccus mediterraneus Bacescu, m Gastrosaccus roscoffensis Bacescu, m Gastrosaccus sanctus (van Beneden, 1861) Gastrosaccus spinifer (Goes, 1864) Haplostylus bacescui Hatzakis, Haplostylus lobatus (Nouvel, 1951) Haplostylus magnilobatus (Bacescu & Schiecke, 1974) Haplostylus normani (Sars, 1877) SUBFAMILY SIRIELLINAE Czerniavsky, 1882 Siriella adriatica Hoenigman, littoral Siriella armata (Milne-Edwards, 1837) coastal Siriella castellabatensis Ariani & Spagnuolo, littoral Siriella clausi Sars, Siriella gracilipes (Nouvel, 1942) coastal Siriella jaltensis Czerniavsky, Siriella norvegica Sars, Siriella thompsonii (Milne-Edwards, 1837) SUBFAMILY ERYTHROPINAE Hansen,

294 Arachnomysis leuckarti Chun, Calyptomma puritani W. Tattersall, Erythrops africana Tattersall, Erythrops alborana Bacescu, Erythrops elegans (Sars, 1863) Erythrops erythrophthalma (Goës, 1864) Erythrops neapolitanus Colosi, Erythrops peterdohrni Bacescu & Schiecke, Erythrops serrata (Sars 1863) Euchaetomera glyphidophthalmica Illig, Euchaetomera intermedia Nouvel, ? Euchaetomera richardi Nouvel, Euchaetomera tenuis Sars, Euchaetomera typica Sars, Euchaetomeropsis merolepis (Illig, 1908) Hypererythrops richardi Bacescu, Hypererythrops zimmeri Ii, Paramblyops rostrata Holt & Tattersall, Parapseudomma calloplura (Holt & Tattersall, 1905) Parerythrops lobiancoi W. Tattersall, Parerythrops obesa (Sars, 1864) Pseudomma affine Sars, Pseudomma chattoni Bacescu, Pseudomma kruppi Tattersall, Pseudomma nanum Holt & Tattersall, SUBFAMILY HETEROMYSINAE Norman, 1892 Burrimysis palmeri Jaume & Garcia, Harmelinella mariannae Ledoyer, littoral Heteromysis (Heteromysis) arianii Wittmann, Heteromysis (Heteromysis) eideri Bacescu, Heteromysis (Heteromysis) lybiana Bacescu, Heteromysis (Heteromysis) microps (Sars, 1877) Heteromysis (Heteromysis) norvegica Sars, Heteromysis (Heteromysis) riedli Wittmann, Heteromysis (Neoheteromysis) muelleri Bacescu, Mysidetes farrani (Holt & Tattersall, 1905) Retromysis nura Wittmann, SUB-FAMILY MYSIDELLINAE Mysidella typica Sars, Mysidella biscayensis Lagardère & Nouvel, SUBFAMILY MYSINAE Haworth, 1825 Acanthomysis longicornis (Milne-Edwards, 1837) Acanthomysis strauchi (Czerniavsky, 1882) Diamysis bacescui Wittmann & Ariani (1998) shallow Diamysis bahirensis (Sars, 1877) shallow Diamysis lagunaris Ariani & Wittmann (2000) Diamysis mesohalobia Ariani & Wittmann (2000) Hemimysis abyssicola Sars, Hemimysis anomala Sars, Hemimysis lamornae lamornae (Couch, 1856) Hemimysis margalefi Alcaraz, Riera & Gili, Hemimysis speluncola Ledoyer, Kainomatomysis foxi Tattersall, Mesopodopsis aegyptica Wittmann, Mesopodopsis slabberi (van Beneden, 1861) <50 248

295 Neomysis integer (Leach, 1815) <0.5 Paramysis arenosa (Sars, 1877) Paramysis festae Colosi, littoral Paramysis helleri (Sars, 1877) littoral Schistomysis assimilis (Sars, 1877) littoral SUBFAMILY LEPTOMYSINAE Hansen, 1910 Leptomysis buergii Bacescu, Leptomysis gracilis (Sars, 1864) Leptomysis heterophila Wittmann, Leptomysis lingvura lingvura (Sars, 1866) Leptomysis mediterranea Sars, Leptomysis megalops Zimmer, Leptomysis posidoniae Wittmann, Leptomysis truncata (Heller, 1863) shallow Mysideis parva Zimmer, Mysidopsis angusta (Sars, 1864) Mysidopsis didelphys (Norman, 1863) Mysidopsis gibbosa Sars, Paraleptomysis apiops (Sars, 1877) Paraleptomysis banyulensis (Bacescu, 1966) Pyroleptomysis peresi (Bacescu, 1966) Pyroleptomysis rubra Wittmann, Notes: This appendix gives information on the 102 mysidacean species (orders Lophogastrida and Mysida) hitherto reported from the Mediterranean Sea. The classification of the mysidaceans in the present chapter is that drawn up by Nouvel et al. (1999), with the separation of the orders Mysida and Lophogastrida accepted by Martin & Davis (2001) and the new taxonomic revision of the subfamilies and tribes of Meland & Willanssen (2007). The Lophogastrida contains the families Lophogastridae and Eucopiidae. The family Gnathophausiidae has additionally been separated from the Lophogastridae (Udrescu, 1984). The order Stygiomysida is a small group of cavernicoulus mysids without known representation in the Mediterranean marine waters. Between the order Lophogastrida, Eucopiidae is the most specious family (4 species), followed by Lophogastridae (2 species) and Gnathophausiidae (1 species). The order Mysida includes the families Petalophthalmidae (without Mediterranean Sea representation) and Mysidae. The classification of the family Mysidae, defined by the presence of uropodal statocysts, includes 10 subfamilies. The Mysinae tribes (Erythropini, Heteromysini, Leptomysini, Mysini, etc.) are now considered as subfamilies of the family Mysidae (Meland & Willanssen, 2007) and the genus Mysidetes is transfered from Leptomysinae to the Heteromysinae (Murano, 1999; Meland & Willanssen, 2007). The Mysidae is the most specious Mediterranean Sea family (95 species). Nine of the ten Mysidae subfamilies are present in the Mediterranean Sea, lacking the subfamily Mancomysinae the species of which are restricted to marine caves from western Pacific and the Caribbean Sea. The Erythropinae is the most specious subfamily (25 species), followed by the subfamilies Mysinae and Leptomysinae (19 and 16 species, respectively). The subfamilies Heteromysinae, Gastrosaccinae 249

296 and Siriellinae are represented by 11, 10 and 8 species, respectively, while the subfamilies Boreomysinae, Mysidellinae and Rhopalophthalminae include 3, 2 and 1 species, respectively. There are not endemic species of the order Lophogastrida but the level of endemics is relatively high in the order Mysida (38.9% for the whole Mediterranean Sea, with 37 species). A list of all species with their geographic occurrence, habitat, depth distribution and references are provided based on current information. A complete bibliography reporting Mediterranean mysidaceans and a table summarizing all the data obtained are also included. Mediterranean lophogastrids Order LOPHOGASTRIDA Sars, 1870 Family LOPHOGASTRIDAE Sars, 1870 Lophogaster affinis Colosi, 1930 Distribution: E-Atlantic. Red Sea (Elat, Gulf of Aqaba). Madagascar. Western Mediterranean Sea. Depth range: m. Habitat: mesopelagic. References: Colosi (1930); Fage (1942). Lophogaster typicus Sars, M., 1857 Distribution: Atlantic (Bay of Biscay to W-Africa). Indian Ocean. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea; Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean coasts; Banyuls-sur-Mer, Marseille; Gulf of Naples, Messina, central western coasts of Italy, Adriatic Sea; Bosphorus). Depth range: m. Habitat: appears to be a benthic species. References: Lo Bianco (1903); Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922; 1930); Bacescu (1941; 1976); Fage (1942); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1955, 1963); Bacescu & Mayer (1961); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Torchio (1968); Casanova (1970); Bacescu & Schiecke (1974); Jukic (1978); MacPherson (1978); Katagan (1985); Caragitsou & Papaconstantinou (1994); Redon et al. (1994); Bozzano et al. (1997); Abelló et al. (2002); Morte et al. (2002); Santic et al. (2003, 2004, 2005); Jardas et al. (2004); Carpentieri et al. (2005); Mallol Martínez (2005); Sobrino et al. (2005); Innocenti (2006); Vassilopoulou (2006). Family GNATHOPHAUSIIDAE Udrescu, 1984 Gnathophausia zoea Willemoes-Suhm, 1875 Distribution: Known from all the oceans of the world: -Atlantic; Bay of Biscay; Mauritania; Tristan da Cunha; Gulf of Mexico; W-America (Lower California); Zanzibar; South Africa; Ascension Is.; Philippines; Indonesia; China Sea; Hawaii. Western Mediterranean Sea (Catalan Sea). Depth range: m. Habitat: bathypelagic. References: Alcaraz (1986) Family EUCOPIIDAE Sars, 1885 Eucopia grimaldii Nouvel, 1942 Distribution: The species is widely distributed in the north and south Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; also Alaska and Antarctica. Mediterranean Sea. Depth range: m (most commonly in about 2000m). Habitat: meso- and bathypelagic; over bottom sediments composed of silts and clays. References: Muller (1993). 250

297 Eucopia hanseni Nouvel, 1942 Distribution: Atlantic Ocean: Golfe de Gascogne to Canary Islands, Azores; Gulf of Mexico. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea, Catalan Sea, gulf of Lyon, Adriatic Sea). Depth range: m. Habitat: meso- and bathypelagic; suprabenthos. References: Dion & Nouvel (1960); Furnestin (1960); Hoenigman (1955, 1963); Casanova (1970); Stefanescu & Cartes (1992); Cartes (1993); Cartes & Sorbe (1995). Eucopia major Hansen, 1910 Distribution: Atlantic Ocean: Golfe de Gascogne to Canary Islands and W-africa. Pacific Sea from Bering Sea to Japan and Galápagos Archipiélago. Indian Ocean (Arabia). Nortwestern Mediterranean (gulf of Lyon). Depth range: m. Habitat: bathypelagic References: Furnestin (1960). Remarks: doubtful record? Eucopia unguiculata (Willemoes-Suhm, 1875) Distribution: Widely distributed in the world oceans in tropical and temperate areas. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Antarctica, Philippines. Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Depth range: m. Habitat: bathypelagic, young specimens live in considerably higher levels than adults. References: Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922; 1930); Denis (1929); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Andersen & Sardou (1992); Macquart-Moulin (1993); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1996); Andersen et al. (1998). Mediterranean mysids ORDER MYSIDA Haworth, 1825 FAMILY MYSIDAE Haworth, 1825 SUBFAMILY RHOPALOPHTHALMINAE Hansen, 1910 Rhopalophthalmus mediterraneus Nouvel, 1960 Distribution: South western Mediterranean Sea (Algeria). Depth range: coastal (3-6m). Habitat: Muddy sand bottom with plant detritus. References: Nouvel (1960). SUBFAMILY BOREOMYSINAE Holt & Tattersall, 1905 Boreomysis arctica Krøyer, 1861 Distribution: E- and N-Atlantic (Greenland to Portugal and Azores). N-Indo-Pacific (Bering Sea; California, Okkotsk Sea). Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; Balearic Islands; France; Italy, off Capri Island; gulf of Naples; Sea of Marmara). Depth range: m. Habitat: mesopelagic. References: Lo Bianco (1903); Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922; 1930); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Bacescu & Mayer (1961); Cartes & Abelló (1992); Cartes & Sorbe (1993, 1995); Katagan & Kocatas (1995); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1996); Cartes & Sorbe (1999); Cartes & Maynou (2001); Cartes et al. (2001ab); Carrassón & Cartes (2002); Carrassón & Matallanas (2001, 2002); Morte et al. (2002); Innocenti (2006); Fanelli et al. (2009). Boreomysis megalops Sars,

298 Distribution: N-Atlantic (Norway to Bay of Biscay). Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; Italy, gul of Naples, off Sardinia; Adriatic Sea). Depth range: m. Habitat: mesopelagic, above sandy bottom. References: Zimmer (1915); Colosi (1922, 1930); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1955, 1963); MacPherson (1979); Ariani et al. (1993); Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Morte et al. (2002); Innocenti (2006). Boreomysis semicoeca Hansen, 1905 Distribution: N-Pacific and W-Indian Ocean. Southwestern Mediterraean Depth range: m. Habitat: bathypelagic. References: Casanova (1970). SUBFAMILY GASTROSACCINAE Norman, 1892 Anchialina agilis (Sars, 1877) Distribution: NW-Atlantic (North Sea to Bay of Biscay) and W-Africa (Cape Verde Islands); off French Guinea. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Southeast Iberian coast; gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Marseille; Cannes, Monaco, Menton; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, mouth of river Tiber, Tyrrhenian Sea, Sardinia; northern Adriatic Sea; Aegean Sea; Libya; Turkey). Depth range: 0-420m. Habitat: coastal; lives usually close to the bottom, over sand; migrates to surface at night. References: Sars (1877); Czerniavsky (1882ab); Lo Bianco (1903); Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941, 1976); Furnestin (1960); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1953, 1963); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Vives (1966, 1968); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Bacescu & Schiecke (1974); Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Wittmann (1977, 2001); Hong (1980); Katagan (1985); Maj & Taramelli (1989); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1993, 1996); Redon et al. (1994); Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Macquart-Moulin & Ribera (1995); Aguirre (2000); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Barberá Cebrián (2002); Bakir & Katagan (2005); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007, 2009); Ligas et al. (2007); Dogan et al. (2008); Fanelli et al. (2009). Anchialina oculata Hoenigman, 1960 Distribution: Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno; Turkey). Depth range: litoral. Habitat: epipelagic. References: Hoenigman (1960); Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Katagan (1985); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Wittmann (2001). Gastrosaccus mediterraneus Bacescu, 1970 Distribution: Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Spain; Marseille; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno; Tunisia, Libanon, Yugoslavia, Turkey). Depth range: littoral ( m). Habitat: sandy bottoms. References: Bacescu (1970); Macquart-Moulin (1977); Katagan (1985); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Wittmann (2001). Gastrosaccus roscoffensis Bacescu, 1970 Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (Catalonia; France). Depth range: littoral ( m). Habitat: sandy beaches. References: Bacescu (1970); San Vicente (1996); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000). Gastrosaccus sanctus (van Beneden, 1861) 252

299 Distribution: Atlantic coasts of southern Europe and Great Britain; Black Sea; Sea of Azhov; Suez Canal; Sierra Leone Estuary; Cape Verde Islands; Liberia (off Monrovia); S-Africa. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Catalonia; France: Banyuls, Elne, Argelès, Nice, Monaco, Menton; Italy: Tyrrhenian Sea; gulf of Naples, gul of Salerno, mouth of river Tiber; Turkey; Adriatic Sea; Israel). Depth range: coastal (0-200m). Habitat: burrows in muddy or sandy bottoms close to shore. Remarks: The species is gregarious and is markedly euryhaline and eurythermic. References: Sars (1877); Czerniavsky (1882ab);Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941, 1970); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1961, 1964); Ariani (1967); Fishelson & Loya (1968); Moran & Fishelson (1971); Moran (1972); Katagan (1985); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Macquart-Moulin & Ribera (1995); San Vicente (1996); Cardinale et al. (1997); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Wittmann (2001); Innocenti (2006). Gastrosaccus spinifer (Goes, 1864) Distribution: Norway to Cameroon, including North Sea; "French West Africa"; Sierra Leone Estuary. Nortestern Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea, Marseille). Depth range: 0-260m. Habitat: lives close to the bottom and burrows in mud or sand; also among Zostera seagrass. References: Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Macquart-Moulin (1977); Macquart-Moulin & Ribera (1995); San Vicente (1996); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Morte et al. (2001, 2002). Haplostylus bacescui Hatzakis, 1977 Distribution: Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Greece; Italy: Gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea). Depth range: m. Habitat: planktonic at nigth. References: Hatzakis (1977); Schlacher et al. 1992; Ariani et al. (1993); Wittmann (2001). Haplostylus lobatus (Nouvel, 1951) Distribution: -Atlantic (Britain; Ireland); Morocco; Sierra Leone Estuary; off Ghana. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Catalan Sea; France: Marseille; Italy: gulf of Neaples, gulf of Salerno, mouth of the river Tiber, northern Adriatic Sea; Aegean Sea; Turkey) Depth range: 0-420m. Habitat: coastal; over sand and mud. References: Furnestin (1960); Hoenigman (1955, 1963); Ariani (1967); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Macquart-Moulin (1975); Ariani et al. (1993); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1993, 1996); Macquart-Moulin & Ribera (1995); Wittmann (2001); Bakir & Katagan (2005); Cartes et al. (2007); Ligas et al. (2007); Dogan et al. (2008). Haplostylus magnilobatus (Bacescu & Schiecke, 1974) Distribution: Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Naples; Greece). Depth range: m. Habitat: sandy-muddy bottom with rests of Posidonia. References: Bascecu (1976); Bacescu & Schiecke (1974); Hatzakis (1977); Ariani et al. (1993); Wittmann (2001). Haplostylus normani (Sars, 1877) Distribution: E-Atlantic (Golfe de Gascogne); Black Sea; Sierra Leone Estuary; Red Sea. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Marseille, Nice, Monaco, Menton; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea; Lybia; Turkey). Depth range: coastal and slope (0-406m). Habitat: on sandy bottoms. References: Sars (1877); Czerniavsky (1882a); Lo Bianco (1903); Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922); Fage (1932, 1933); Bacescu (1941, 1976); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Furnestin (1960); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Ariani et al. (1993); 253

300 Redon et al. (1994); Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Macquart-Moulin & Ribera (1995); Aguirre (2000); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Wittmann (2001); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007, 2009); Fanelli et al.(2009). SUBFAMILY SIRIELLINAE Czerniavsky, 1882 Siriella adriatica Hoenigman, 1960 Distribution: Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Adriatic Sea). Depth range: littoral Habitat: coastal Reference: Hoenigman (1960) Siriella armata (Milne-Edwards, 1837) Distribution: -Atlantic. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (southeast Iberian coast: Alicante; gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Elne, Marseille, Nice, Monaco, Menton; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, mouth of the river Tiber, Sardinia, Sicily; Adriatic Sea; Turkey). Depth range: shallow waters. Habitat: the species lives near the bottom, among Ulva and Posidonia. In northern waters the species lives in swarms in shallow water and among weeds, and in pools with hard bottoms or under overhanging rocks without mud. During the breeding season the specimens migrate to the surface at darkness. References: Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Macquart-Moulin (1965); Ariani (1967); Wittmann (1977, 2001); Katagan (1985); Maj & Taramelli (1989); Ariani et al. (1993); Birmelin et al. (1995); San Vicente (1996); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Campolmi et al.(2001); Barberá Cebrián (2002); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001, 2002); Morte et al. (2001); Remerie et al. (2004); Innocenti (2006); Meland & Willassen (2007). Siriella castellabatensis Ariani & Spagnuolo, 1975 Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno). Depth range: littoral. Habitat: sandy beaches. References: Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Ariani et al. (1993); Wittmann (2001). Siriella clausi Sars, 1877 Distribution: Atlantic; Black Sea. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Southeast Iberian coast; gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Marseille, Elne, Argelès, Villefranche, Monaco, Baie de Carnolès; Italy: Naples; Salerno; Sardinia, Sicily; Adriatic Sea; Aegen Sea; Turkey). Depth range: 4-30m. Habitat: coastal; near the bottom, among Posidonia; pools and among weeds on gravel, rocky and sandy bottoms. References: Sars (1877); Lo Bianco (1903); Colosi (1922); Fage (1933); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Ariani (1967); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Hong (1980); Katagan (1985); Alcaraz (1986); Maj & Taramelli (1989); Mazzella et al. (1989)Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1993, 1996); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001, 2002); Campolmi et al.(2001); Fossi et al. (2001); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Wittmann (2001); Barberá Cebrián (2002)Remerie et al. (2004); Innocenti (2006); Meland & Willassen (2007). Siriella gracilipes (Nouvel, 1942) Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno) Depth range: coastal Habitat: algae in rocky shore References: Ariani et al. (1993); Wittmann (2001). Siriella jaltensis Czerniavsky, 1868 Distribution: Atlantic; Black Sea; Suez Canal (Port Said); West and South Africa. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer à Marseille, Nice, Baie de Roquebrune et Menton; Italy: Naples, Salerno; Adriatic Sea; Aegean Sea; Turkey) 254

301 Depth range: coastal (0.5-4m). Habitat: algae on rocky shore. References: Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1958ac); Macquart- Moulin (1965, 1975); Ariani (1967); Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Hong (1980); Wittmann (1977, 1981a); Katagan (1985); Schlacher et al. (1992); San Vicente (1996); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Remerie et al. (2004); Innocenti (2006); Meland & Willassen (2007); Moscatello & Belmonte (2007); Dogan et al. (2008). Siriella norvegica Sars, 1869 Distribution: Atlantic (Norway to Morocco); Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Gibraltar; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Marseille, Monaco; Italy: Naples; Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea; Adriatic Sea, Turkey). Depth range: m. Habitat: diurnal benthic habitat. References: Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Furnestin (1960); Hoenigman (1955, 1958ac, 1963); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Ariani & Spagnuolo (1975); Katagan (1985); Ariani et al. (1993); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1996); Aguirre (2000); Wittmann (2001); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007); Fanelli et al. (2009). Siriella thompsonii (Milne-Edwards, 1837) Distribution: Widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters of the world. Gulf of Mexico; Straits of Florida; off Mississippi; Bahamas; off Bermuda; Brazil (Pernambuco; Rio de Janeiro); Red Sea; Gulf of Aden; Philippines; Sulu Archipelago; Galapagos; Hawaii; W- and SE-Africa; Antarctica. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea, France; Adriatic Sea; Ionian Sea) Depth range: 0-550m. Habitat: surface plankton in offshore waters; polyhaline References: Dion & Nouvel (1960; Hoenigman (1960; 1963); Bacescu & Mayer (1961); Innocenti (2006); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1996). SUBFAMILY ERYTHROPINAE Hansen, 1910 Arachnomysis leuckarti Chun, 1887 Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Atlantic, Western an eastern Mediterranean Sea (Italy: off Capri Is., gulf of Naples; Adriatic Sea). Depth range: m. Habitat: meso-and bathypelagic. References: Lo Bianco (1903); Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1955, 1963); Innocenti (2006). Calyptomma puritani W. Tattersall, 1909 Distribution: Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Catalan Sea, Italy, Ionian Sea). Habitat: mesopelagic. Depth range: m. References: Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1929) Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Madurell & Cartes (2003). Erythrops africana Tattersall, 1955 Distribution: W-Africa (off Cape Lopez). Western Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea) Depth range: m. Habitat: Detritic bottom. References: Bacescu (1989). Erythrops alborana Bacescu, 1989 Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea). Depth range: 3000m. Habitat: Detritic bottom. References: Bacescu (1989). 255

302 Erythrops elegans (Sars, 1863) Distribution: N-Atlantic. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea; gulf of Valencia; Catalonia; Monaco; Marseille; Italy: Messina, gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea; northern Adriatic Sea). Depth range: 0-50m. Habitat: a bottom-living species, on mud, sand or shall gravel. References: Sars (1877); Czerniavsky (1882a);Tattersall (1909); Zimmer (1915);Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941, 1989); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1955); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Wittman (2001); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007, 2009); Ligas et al. (2007); Fanelli et al. (2009). Erythrops erythrophthalma (Goës, 1864) Distribution: N-Atlantic; Spitzbergen; Greenland. Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Valencia; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer; Marseille, Nice, Monaco, Menton; Thyrrenian Sea; Turkey). Depth range: m. Habitat: an offshore species, that lives near the bottom; above mud and silt. References: Lo Bianco (1903); Bacescu (1941); Macquart-Moulin (1965); Katagan (1985); Morte et al. (2002). Erythrops neapolitana Colosi, 1929 Distribution: Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (France; Italy: Gulf of Naples; Catalan Sea; Ionian Sea). Depth range: m. Habitat: coastal and slope, suprabenthos. References: Zimmer (1915); Colosi (1929); Bacescu (1941); MacPherson (1978); Ariani et al. (1993); Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Madurell & Cartes (2003); Innocenti (2006). Erythrops peterdohrni Bacescu & Schiecke, 1974 Distribution: Western Mediterranean (north of Capri, gulf of Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: sandy-muddy bottoms with rests of Posidonia. References: Bacescu & Schiecke (1974); Wittmann (2001). Erythrops serrata (G.O. Sars, 1863) Distribution: -Atlantic. Western Mediterranean (eastern coast of Spain; Tyrrhenian Sea) Depth range: m. Habitat: bottom-living. References: Redon et al. (1994); Fanelli et al. (2009). Euchaetomera glyphidophthalmica Illig, 1906 Distribution: Tropical and temperate regions. E-Atlantic and Indo-Pacific; Gulf of Aden; India. Western Mediterranean (Italy). Depth range: 0-370m. Habitat: mesopelagic. References: Colosi (1922). Euchaetomera intermedia Nouvel, 1942 Distribution: E- and W-Africa; Canary Islands; Cape Verde Islands; Falkland Islands; Uruguay; South Africa; Madagascar. Mediterranean Sea. Depth range: Habitat: mesopelagic? References: Muller (1993). Euchaetomera richardi Nouvel, 1945 Distribution: Western Mediterranean (Monaco). 256

303 Depth range: m. Habitat: bathypelagic References: Nouvel (1945). Euchaetomera tenuis Sars, 1884 Distribution: Bermuda; Straits of Florida; North of Bahama Bank; Galápagos; E- and SAtlantic; South Pacific; south of 40ºN in the North Pacific. Western Mediterranean (Italy: off Capri Is., gulf of Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: in offshore plankton. References: Lo Bianco (1903); Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Innocenti (2006). Euchaetomera typica Sars, 1884 Distribution: widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions of the Indo-Pacific, Atlantic; Bermuda; E- Atlantic; N of New Zealand; Panamá Pacific; Galápagos. Mediterranean. Depth range: surface-300m. Habitat: oceanic. References: Colosi (1920). Euchaetomeropsis merolepis (Illig, 1908) Distribution: almost cosmopolitan; tropical and temperate regions of the world oceans; E-Atlantic; Indo- Pacific. Western and eastern Mediterranean (Italy: off Capri Is., gulf of Naples; Ionian Sea). Depth range: 0-800m. Habitat: mesopelagic References: Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922); Casanova (1970); Madurell & Cartes (2003); Innocenti (2006). Hypererythrops richardi Bacescu, 1941 Distribution: Western Mediterranean (Nice; Italy: gulf of Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: sandy-muddy bottom with rests of Posidonia. References: Bacescu (1941); Bacescu & Schiecke (1974). Hypererythrops zimmeri Ii, 1937 Distribution: Japan. Western Mediterranean Sea (Italy); Depth range: 30-80m. Habitat: muddy sand; sandy mud. References:Murano (1970). Paramblyops rostrata Holt & Tattersall, 1905 Distribution: N-Atlantic (Island to Maroc; E-coast of U.S.A.). Western Mediterranean (Catalan Sea, Italy). Depth range: m. Habitat: bottom-living form References: Colosi (1922, 1929, 930); Tattersall (1909); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Cartes & Sorbe (1995). Parapseudomma calloplura (Holt & Tattersall, 1905) Distribution: Atlantic; Indo-Pacific; Japan. Western Mediterranean (Alboran Sea; gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; Monaco; France: Golfe de Lion; Italy: Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: usually bathypelagic. References: Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922;, 1929, 1930); Bacescu (1941, 1989); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Reys (1960); Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Cartes et al. (2001b); Morte et al. (2001, 2002). Parerythrops lobiancoi W. Tattersall, 1909 Distribution: Western Mediterranean (Italy: south of Capri). Depth range: bathy-mesopelagic ( m). 257

304 Habitat: deep water form References: Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922). Parerythrops obesa (Sars, 1864) Distribution: -Atlantic (Norway south to Canary Islands); Indian Ocean. Western Mediterranean (Alboran Sea, Thyrrenian Sea) Depth range: m. Habitat: found in large swarms on or near the sea bottom. References: Lo Bianco (1903); Bacescu (1941, 1989); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951). Pseudomma affine Sars, 1870 Distribution: N-Atlantic, from north of Norway to Bay of Biscay, also Iceland, Greenland and eastcoast of NAmerica. Western Mediterranean (Catalan Sea, Thyrrenian Sea) Depth range: m. Habitat: on bottoms with large amount of fine particles (silts, clays fine sands); sometimes on coarse sand bottom. References: Lo Bianco (1903); Cartes & Sorbe (1995). Pseudomma chattoni Bacescu, 1941 Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (Monaco). Depth range: m. Habitat: muddy bottoms. References: Bacescu (1941). Pseudomma kruppi Tattersall, 1909 Distribution: N-Atlantic. Western Mediterranean (Catalan Sea; Italy: Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: suprabenthic species. References: Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922, 1930); Cartes & Sorbe (1995). Pseudomma nanum Holt & Tattersall, 1906 Distribution: W-Ireland; Faroe Channel; Golfe de Gascogne. Eastern Mediterranean (Ionian Sea) Depth range: m. Habitat: bathypelagic References: Madurell & Cartes (2003). SUBFAMILY HETEROMYSINAE Norman, 1892 Burrimysis palmeri Jaume & Garcia, 1993 Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (Cabrera, Balearic Islands). Depth range: 20m. Habitat: anchialine cave lake. References: Jaume & Garcia (1993). Harmelinella mariannae Ledoyer, 1989 Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (Marseille). Depth range: littoral Habitat: marine caves. References: Ledoyer (1989). Heteromysis (Heteromysis) arianii Wittmann, 2000 Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: coralloid habitats with rocks, coarse sediments, bryozoans and gorgonians, References: Wittmann (2000, 2001). 258

305 Heteromysis (Heteromysis) eideri Bacescu, 1941 Distribution: Mediterranean Sea (France: Monaco; Turkey). Depth range: m. Habitat: on muddy bottoms with shells and debris; several records. References: Bacescu (1941); Katagan (1985). Heteromysis (Heteromysis) lybiana Bacescu, 1976 Distribution: Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Libya). Depth range: 70m. Habitat: corraloid bottoms References: Bacescu (1976).. Heteromysis (Heteromysis) microps (Sars, 1877) Distribution: -Atlantic; Mediterranean (Italy: gulf of Naples; Tunisia). Depth range: 11m. Habitat: coastal. References: Sars (1877); Wittmann (2001). Heteromysis (Heteromysis) norvegica Sars, 1883 Distribution: Coasts of eastern United States from New England to Gulf of Mexico; west coast of Norway; British Isles; English Channel; north and west coasts of France. Mediterranean (off Monaco). Depth range: 0-400m. Habitat: hypoplanktonic and polyhaline; on bottoms of shell gravel and coarse shell sand, among seaweeds, large shells, stones, and debris. During daylight sheltering in shells or vegetation, at night becoming pelagic. References: Bacescu (1941). Heteromysis (Heteromysis) riedli Wittmann, 2001 Distribution: Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Naples). Depth range: m Habitat: meadows of Posidonia oceanica References: Wittmann (2001). Heteromysis (Neoheteromysis) muelleri Bacescu, 1976 Distribution: Eastern Mediterranen Sea (Libya). Depth range: 75m. Habitat: "commensal de la grande éponge Cacospongia scalaris". References: Bacescu (1976) Mysidetes farrani (Holt & Tattersall, 1905) Distribution: -Atlantic (Ireland to Morocco). Western Mediterranean Sea (Italy: Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: bottom-living. References: Tattersall (1909); Colosi (1922). Retromysis nura Wittmann, 2004 Distribution: Western Mediterranean (Balearic Islands; Italy: Naples). Depth range: 2-5m. Habitat: marine caves. References: Wittmann (2004). SUB-FAMILY MYSIDELLINAE Czerniavsky, 1882 Mysidella typica Sars, 1872 Distribution: -Atlantic (Norway to Golfe de Gascogne). Western Mediterranean Sea (Catalan Sea; Monaco; Italy: Naples; Capri). Depth range: m. 259

306 Habitat: near the bottom. References: Tattersall (1909); Zimmer (1915); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Aguirre (2000). Mysidella biscayensis Lagardère & Nouvel, 1980 Distribution: -Atlantic (Golfe de Gascogne). Western Mediterranean Sea (Catalan Sea) Depth range: m. Habitat: near the bottom. References: Cartes & Sorbe (1995) SUBFAMILY MYSINAE Haworth, 1825 Acanthomysis longicornis (Milne-Edwards, 1837) Distribution: Suez Canal; Indo-Pacific (Japan, Korea). Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Catalonia; France; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea; Adriatic Sea; Turkey). Depth range: 2-100m. Habitat: lives close to the bottom. References: Sars (1877); Czerniavsky (1882a); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1963); Ariani (1967); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Macquart-Moulin (1975); Katagan (1985); Ariani et al. (1993); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Wittmann (2001); Fanelli et al. (2009). Acanthomysis strauchi (Czerniavsky, 1882) Distribution: Black Sea, Mediterranean. Depth range: m. Habitat: coastal, also in brackish water. References: Muller (1993). Diamysis bacescui Wittmann & Ariani (1998) Distribution: Mediterranean (Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, and Aegean seas) Depth range: shallow water. Habitat: coastal. References: Wittmann & Ariani (1998); Wittmann (2001). Diamysis bahirensis (Sars, 1877) Distribution: NW Portugal (Ria de Aveiro); Black and Azov Sea; Israel; Suez.Canal. Mediterranean Sea (Catalonia; Banyuls-sur-Mer; Italy, Sicily; Adritic Sea, Egypt, Tunisia,Turkey); Depth range: shallow water. Habitat: coastal; occasionally in fresh water and oligohaline rivers. References: Sars (1877); Tattersall (1927);Bacescu (1941); Hoenigman (1958ac, 1963); Almeida Prado-Port et al. (1981); Katagan (1985); Ariani et al. (1993); Cunha et al. (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Campolmi et al. (2001); Ariani & Wittmann (2004). Diamysis lagunaris Ariani & Wittmann (2000) Distribution: Atlantic. W-Mediterranean (Golfe du Lion, Ligurian, Tyrrhenian and Sardinian seas); Depth range: m Habitat: poly- to euhaline (rarely metahaline) lagoons, also marine. References: Ariani & Wittmann (2000). Diamysis mesohalobia Ariani & Wittmann (2000) Distribution: E-Mediterranean (Italy: Adriatic Sea) Depth range: 0-1 m Habitat: Meso- to euhaline lagoons and estuaries. References: Ariani & Wittmann (2000); Remerie et al. (2004); Meland & Willassen (2007). Remarks: Three subspecies: D. mesohalobia gracilipes Ariani & Wittmann, 2000; D. mesohalobia heterandra Ariani & Wittmann, 2000 and D. mesohalobia mesohalobia Ariani & Wittmann,

307 Hemimysis abyssicola Sars, 1869 Distribution: Norway to Golfe de Gascogne (44º-70ºN); Black Sea. Mediterranean (Catalan Sea). Depth range: Habitat: Suprabenthos. References: Bacescu (1941); Cartes & Sorbe (1995). Hemimysis anomala Sars, 1907 Distribution: Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Northwestern Mediterranean (Rhône delta) Depth range: littoral-20m. Habitat: marine, but occasionally found in freshwater. References: Wittmann & Ariani (2009). Hemimysis lamornae lamornae (Couch, 1856) Distribution: Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea (Marseille, Adriatic) and Black Sea. Depth range: 0-100m. Habitat: coastal near the bottom, often in the shade of weeds and rocks, marine caves. References: Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1960); Hong (1980). Hemimysis margalefi Alcaraz, Riera & Gili, 1986 Distribution: Mediterranean (-coast of Mallorca Island; continental coast of Europe from Marseilles to Naples, Corsica, Malta and the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea). Depth range: 12m. Habitat: dark submarine caves. References: Alcaraz et al. (1986); Wittmann (2001); Chevaldonné & Lejeusne (2003); Lejeusne & Chevaldonné (2005, 2006); Lejeusne et al., ( 2006); Moscatello & Belmonte (2007). Hemimysis speluncola Ledoyer, 1963 Distribution: Catalonia (Medes Is.); France (Gulf of Marseille); Italy (gulf of Naples). Depth range: 0-30m. Habitat: in and near marine caves. References: Ledoyer (1963); Macquart-Moulin (1979); Macquart-Moulin & Patritti (1966); Wittmann (1968, 1978, 1981a, 2001); Gaudy & Guerin (1979); Gaudy et al. (1980); Bourdillon et al. (1980); Hong (1980); Macquart-Moulin & Passelaigue (1982); Passelaigue & Bourdillon (1985; 1986); Riera et al. (1985, 1991); Carola et al. (1993); Ribes et al. (1996); Coma et al., (1997). Kainomatomysis foxi Tattersall, 1927 Distribution: Red Sea (Suez Canal; Elat, Gulf of Aqaba). Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Port Said) Depth range: 22m. Habitat: coastal; on fine sand. References: Tattersall (1927). Mesopodopsis aegyptica Wittmann, 1992 Distribution: "Marine waters in all major parts of the Mediterranean. Brackish to marine waters in the Nile Delta area, but not the Nile itself. In the Suez Canal, it is found in the entrance area at Port Said" ; Italy (Gulf of Salerno). Depth range: surface to 3m. Habitat: "Dense and compact schools over sandy bottom in 2-3m depth, in moderately turbid waters near the surf zone. At night planktonic, widely dispersed between bottom and surface" (Wittmann). References: Wittmann (1992, 2001). Remarks: Salinity range is 10-39psu. Mesopodopsis slabberi (van Beneden, 1861) Distribution: -Atlantic, from Scandinavia to W-Africa, including North Sea; Black Sea; Sierra Leone Estuary; Suez Canal; - to South Africa. Mediterranean (southeast Iberian coast (El Campello, Alicante, Catalonia: Ebro delta; France: Canal d'arles à Port-de-Bouc, Marseille, Nice, Côte monégasque, Menton. 261

308 Italy: Venezia; gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, Sicily; Adriatic Sea; Aegean Sea; Turkey). Depth range: littoral (0-<50m). Habitat: The species shows a great adaptability of surviving in varying degrees of salinity. It may occur in almost fresh water. Found in in shallow brackish and estuarine waters, sometimes offshore; shows diurnal vertical migrations. References: Sars (1877); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Furnestin (1960); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Vives (1966); Ariani (1967); Katagan (1985); Alcaraz (1986); Wittmann (1977,1992, 2001); Ariani et al. (1993); Munilla & Corrales (1995); San Vicente (1996); Delgado et al. (1997); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); Kevrekidis et al. (2000); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001, 2002); Campolmi et al. (2001); Barberá Cebrián (2002); Remerie et al. (2005); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007); Ponti et al. (2007). Neomysis integer (Leach, 1815) Distribution: -Atlantic, W- and N-Europe; Mediterranean (France: Canal d'arles à Port-de-Bouc, entre Marseille et les Bouches-du-Rhône, Rhône delta; Catalonia: Roses beach: juvenile individuals). Depth range: <0.5m. Habitat: brackish water; occasionally found in fresh water or in the open sea; also in hypersaline pools. References: Bacescu (1941); Munilla & Corrales (1995); Wittmann & Ariani (2009). Paramysis arenosa (Sars, 1877) Distribution: -Atlantic; Black Sea, Sea of Azov, off Roumanian coast to the south of the Danube delta. Mediterranean Sea (Catalonia; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno; Goletta, Syracuse, Spezia, Goletta, Gulf of Trieste, mouth of the river Tiber; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Marseille), Depth range: littoral-20m. Habitat: a coastal species found in swarms among Zostera weeds close to the shore. References: Sars (1877); Colosi (1922); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1961); Macquart-Moulin (1965); Ariani et al. (1993); San Vicente (1996); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Wittmann (2001); Innocenti (2006). Paramysis festae Colosi, 1920 Distribution: Eastern Mediterranean Sea (South Sicily; Lybia: Cirenaica). Depth range: littoral. Habitat: coastal lagoon. References: Colosi (1921, 1922); Audzijonyte et al. (2008). Paramysis helleri (Sars, 1877) Distribution: Western Europe and Mediterranean Sea (southeast Iberian coast: El Campello, Alicante; Catalonia; Italy; gulf of Naples, gulf of Salaerno, Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste); eastern coast of Greece; Turkey). Depth range: littoral. Habitat: Euryhaline and eurythermic. Coastal, occasionally found in freshwater. References: Sars (1877); Czerniavsky (1883); Graeffe (1902); Fage (1933); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Labat (1953); Ariani (1967); Macquart-Moulin (1975); Wittmann (1977, 1981a, 2001); Katagan (1985); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Caragitsou & Papaconstantinou (1994); Politou & Papaconstantinou (1994); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Barberá Cebrián (2002); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001, 2002); Audzijonyte et al. (2008). Schistomysis assimilis (Sars, 1877) Distribution: Mediterranean (Catalonia; France; Italy: gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea, gulf of Venice; Port Said, Tunis). Depth range: littoral. Habitat: sandy bottom. References: Sars (1877); Bacescu (1941); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); San Vicente (1996); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999; 2003); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Wittmann (2001); Wittmann & Ariani (2008). 262

309 SUBFAMILY LEPTOMYSINAE Hansen, 1910 Leptomysis buergii Bacescu, 1966 Distribution: throughout the Mediterranean Sea (Southeast Iberian coast; Catalonia: cala Sant Francesc, off Barcelona; France, Banyuls-sur-Mer; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno;Turkey; Ionian Sea: Gulf of Taranto). Depth range: shallow subtidal-15m. Habitat: in submarine caves; sand-flats in Posidonia-meadows; sand; Cymodocea seagrass. References: Bacescu (1966); Wittmann (1978, 1981b, 1986; 2001); Katagan (1985); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Barberá Cebrián (2002); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001, 2002); unpublished data. Leptomysis gracilis (Sars, 1864) Distribution: -Atlantic (Shetlands to Morocco); Mediterranean (Alboran Sea; gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Villefranche, Marseille; Monaco, Baie de Roquebrunne; Italy: gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea; northern Adriatic Sea). Depth range: 5-500m. Habitat: close to the bottom or somewhat pelagic; shows a tendency to migrate away from the shore; also found in estuaries. References: Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1953, 1963); Nouvel & Hoenigman (1955); Furnestin (1960); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Vives (1966); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Wittmann (1977, 1986b, 2001); Macquart-Moulin & Patriti (1993, 1996); Redon et al. (1994); Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Dauby (1995); Aguirre (2000); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007, 2009); Ligas et al. (2007); Fanelli et al. (2009); Villanueva et al. (2009). Leptomysis heterophila Wittmann, 1986 Distribution: -Atlantic (Ireland) to Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Naples; Adriatic Sea; Korsika) Depth range: 4-17m. Habitat: near rocks; rocks and sand. References: Wittmann (1986); Ariani et al. (1993); Dauby (1995);Wittmann (2001). Leptomysis lingvura lingvura (Sars, 1866) Distribution: -Atlantic; Mediterranean (Catalonia; Banyuls-sur-Mer, Corsica; Marseille, Nice; Italy: Naples, Sardinia; Adriatic Sea). Depth range: 0-50m. Habitat: a common littoral species; inhabits rocky shores and is found among algae and in associations with sea anemones. References: Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Hoenigman (1955, 1958b); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1973, 1979); Wittmann (1977, 1978, 1981ab, 1986); Gaudy et al. (1980, 1991); Dauby (1980, 1981ab, 1983, 1995); Macquart-Moulin & Passelaigue (1982); San Vicente (1996); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Patzner (2004); Innocenti (2006); Meland & Willassen (2007). Leptomysis mediterranea Sars, 1877 Distribution: -Atlantic; Suez Canal. Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Valencia; Catalonia; France: Banyuls-sur- Mer, Nice, Eze, Baie de Carnolès; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno; Adriatic Sea; Turkey). Depth range: littoral (2-10m). Habitat: primarily a benthic species, living close to the bottom; among Cymodocea and Zostera seagrass; also in brackish water, mouths of rivers and lagoons. References: Sars (1877); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941; 1966); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Ariani (1967); Wittmann (1977,1986); Lucu (1977, 1978); Katagan (1985); Ariani et al. (1993); Redon et al. (1994); San Vicente (1996); Lucu et al. (1998); San Vicente & Sorbe (1999); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Wittmann (2001); Innocenti (2006). Leptomysis megalops Zimmer,

310 Distribution: E-Atlantic (Golfe de Gascogne to S-Africa). Western and eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea; France: Monaco, Baie de Roquebrune; Italy: gulf of Naples; Adriatic Sea). Depth range: m. Habitat: sandy bottoms References: Zimmer (1915); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941, 1989); Hoenigman (1955, 1960, 1963); Wittmann (2001); Innocenti (2006). Leptomysis posidoniae Wittmann, 1986 Distribution: Mediterranean Sea (Southeast Iberian coast); Ionian Sea (gulf of Taranto); Italy (Gulf of Naples; from Adria to Gulf of Naples and Corsica). Depth range: 2-35m. Habitat: over sand-flat in Posidonia-seagrass and in crevices of rocks. References: Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Dauby (1995); Barberá Cebrián (2002); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001; 2002); Wittmann (1986a; 2001). Leptomysis truncata (Heller, 1863) Distribution: widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea. Depth range: shallow subtidal. Habitat: among vegatation (Cystoseira, Cymodocea-meadows), also associated with Anemonia sulcata. References: Sars (1877); Hoenigman (1955); Katagan (1985); Wittmann (1978, 1981a, 1986, 2001); Ariani et al. (1993). Remarks: Three subspecies, L. truncata truncata (Heller, 1863); L. truncata sardica Sars, 1877 and L. truncata pontica Czerniavsky,1882. Mysideis parva Zimmer, 1915 Distribution: -Atlantic (Golfe de Gascogne). Western Mediterranean Sea (gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Monaco. Italy: gulf of Naples). Depth range: m. Habitat: mesopelagic. References: Zimmer (1915); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Bacescu & Schiecke (1974) Cartes & Sorbe (1995); Morte et al. (2001, 2002); Innocenti (2006). Mysidopsis angusta (Sars, 1864) Distribution: -Atlantic (Norway to Golfe de Gascogne); Western and eastern Mediterranean (gulf of Valencia; Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer; Monaco; Italy: gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea; northern Adriatic Sea). Depth range: 8-50m. Habitat: lives close to the bottom by day in 4-20m; at night it migrates to higher levels; lives in swarms, mainly over sandy bottoms. References: Sars (1877); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Macquart-Moulin (1965); Ledoyer (1968); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Morte et al. (2001); Wittmann (2001); Cartes et al. (2007); Ligas et al. (2007); Fanelli et al. (2009). Mysidopsis didelphys (Norman, 1863) Distribution: common in in off-shore waters of N-Europe (Iceland; Norway; Oresund, Skagerack; North Sea; English Channel; Bay of Biscay; Golfe de Gascogne; Great Britain). Western Mediterranean (Alboran Sea; Catalonia; France; Italy: gulf of Naples). Depth range: m, abundant at m. Habitat: bottom-living, but apparently performs diurnal vertical migrations; most common somewhat offshore. References: Bacescu (1941, 1989); Reys (1960); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Wittmann (2001). Mysidopsis gibbosa Sars, 1864 Distribution: North Sea from Oslo to west Norway; Denmark; Belgium; southern coasts of Scotland; England; Ireland; Channel Islands; Golfe de Gasogne; Morocco. Mediterranean (Southeast Iberian coast; 264

311 Catalonia; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Cannes, Marseille; Monaco; Goletta; Malta; Sicily; gulf of Naples, gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea, Sardinia, Sicily; northern Adriatic Sea, Trieste; Messina; Turkey). Depth range: 0-100m; most abundant in 1-20m. Habitat: lives close to the bottom in shallow water; an in-shore species, rarely taken far from shore; shows diurnal vertical migrations. References: Sars (1877); Walker (1901); Lo Bianco (1903); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941); Tattersall & Tattersall (1951); Macquart-Moulin (1965, 1975); Ariani (1967); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Hong (1980); Katagan (1985); Maj & Taranelli (1989); San Vicente & Munilla (2000); Campolmi et al.(2001); Barberá Cebrián (2002); Barberá Cebrián et al. (2001; 2002); Wittmann (2001); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007); Ligas et al. (2007); Fanelli et al. (2009). Paraleptomysis apiops (Sars, 1877) Distribution: E-Atlantic; Mediterranean (Catalan Sea; France: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Monaco. Italy: gulf of Naples; Adriatic Sea; Turkey). Depth range: 5-85m. Habitat: sandy bottoms. References: Sars (1877); Colosi (1922); Bacescu (1941, 1966); Hoenigman (1958c); Champalbert & Macquart-Moulin (1970); Macquart-Moulin (1975); Katagan (1985); Wittmann (1986, 2001); Innocenti (2006); Cartes et al. (2007). Paraleptomysis banyulensis (Bacescu, 1966) Distribution: Mediterranean, from Spain to Turkey; northern Adriatic Sea. Depth range: 4-34m. Habitat: mud and between rocks; often associated with biogenic structures such as burrows of Squilla sp. and clumps formed by Porifera and Ascidia (Microcosmus sp.). References: Bacescu (1966); Wittmann (1986); Schlacher et al. (1992); Wittmann & Ariani (1992); Ariani et al. (1993); Wittmann (2001); Cartes et al. (2007); Ligas et al. (2007). Pyroleptomysis peresi (Bacescu, 1966) Distribution: Western Mediterranean (France, Banyuls-sur-Mer; Italy: gulf of Naples). Depth range: 15m. Habitat: submarine caves. References: Bacescu (1966); Wittmann (1985, 2001). Pyroleptomysis rubra Wittmann, 1985 Distribution: Red Sea. Mediterranean (Gulf of Naples; Adriatic; gulf of Trieste). Depth range: 4-24m. Habitat: over rocky susbstrate. References: Wittmann (1985, 2001); Schlacher et al. (1992); Ariani et al. (1993). Table S20. Species number of mysidaceans known in the world and in the Mediterranean Sea Endemics and its percentage for each family are also indicated. Worldwide scale Mediterrane an Sea Endem ic Endem ic (%) ORDER LOPHOGASTRIDA Boas, 1883 Family Lophogastridae G.O. Sars, Family Gnathophausiidae Udrescu, Family Eucopiidae G.O. Sars, ORDER MYSIDA Haworth, 1825 Familiy Mysidae Haworth, Subfamily Rhopalophthalminae Hansen,

312 1910 Subfamily Boreomysinae Holt &Tattersall, Subfamily Gastrosaccinae Norman, Subfamily Siriellinae Czerniavsky, Subfamily Erythropinae Hansen, Subfamily Heteromysinae Norman, Subfamily Mysidellinae Czerniavsky, Subfamily Mysinae Haworth, Subfamily Leptomysinae Hansen, Figure S3. Number of mysidacean species recorded in each of the main biogeographical zones of the Mediterranean Sea AL: Alboran Sea; SW: south-western Mediterranean; NW: north-western Mediterranean; TY: Tyrrhenian Sea; AD: Adriatic Sea; IO: Ionian Sea; AE: Aegean Sea; LS: Levantine Sea; WM: Western Basin; EM: Eastern Basin. References Abelló, P., A. Carbonell, & P. Torres (2002) Biogeography of epibenthic crustaceans on the shelf and upper slope off the Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean coasts: implications for the establishment of natural management areas. Scientia Marina, 66 (Suppl. 2): Aguirre, H. (2000) Aspectos Biológicos y Ecológicos del Salmonete de Fango Mullus barbatus L., 1758 y del Salmonete de Roca Mullus surmuletus L., 1758, del Mediterráneo Nordoccidental. Thesis, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya: 261 pp. Alcaraz, M. (1986) Els Misidacis. In: Historia Natural dels Països Catalans (9) Artròpodes (I). J. Armengol (ed.). Fundació Enciclopedia Catalana, Barcelona:

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320 Remerie, T., B. Bulckaen, J. Calderon, T. Deprez, J. Mees, J. VanXeteren, A. Vanreusel, A. Vierstraete, M. Vincx, K.J. Wittmann & T. Wooldridge (2004) Phylogenetic relationships within the Mysidae (Crustacea, Peracarida, Mysida) based on nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32 (3): Remerie, T., T. Bourgois & A. Vanreusel (2005) Morphological differentiation between geographically separated populations of Neomysis integer and Mesopodopsis slabberi (Crustacea, Mysida). Hidrobiologia, 549: Reys, J.P. (1960) Etude de la nourriture de quelques poissons démersaux du golfe du Lion. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d Endoume. Faculté des Sciences de Marseille, 20: Ribes, M., Coma, R. M. Zabala & J.M. Gili (1996) Small-scale spatial heterogeneity and seasonal variation in a population of a cave-dwelling Mediterranean mysid. Journal of Plankton Research: Riera, T., M. Alcaraz, J.M. Gili, & M. Zabala (1985) Etude quantitative d une population de Mysidaces des grottes. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions (International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea) 29 (5): Riera, T., M. Zabala & J. Peñuelas (1991) Mysids from a submarine cave emerge each night to feed. Scientia Marina, 55(4) : Santic, M., I. Jardas, & A. Pallaoro (2003) Feeding habits of Mediterranean horse mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus (Carangidae), in the central Adriatic Sea. Cybium 27 (4): Santic, M., I. Jardas, & A. Pallaoro (2004) Diet composition and feeding intensity of Mediterranean horse mackerel, Trachurus mediterraneus (Osteichthyes: Carangidae), in the central Adriatic Sea. Acta Adriatica, 45 (1): Santic, M., I. Jardas, & A. Pallaoro (2005) Feeding habits of horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus (Linneaus, 1758), from the central Adriatic Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 21: San Vicente, C. (1996) Contribución al conocimiento de las comunidades y poblaciones suprabentónicas en habitats seleccionados del litoral del golfo de Vizcaya y del Mediterraneo noroccidental. Tesis Doctoral, Univ. Barcelona: 457 pp. San Vicente, C. & T. Munilla (2000) Misidáceos suprabentónicos de las playas catalanas (Mediterraneo nordoccidental). Orsis,15: San Vicente, C. & J.C. Sorbe (1999) Spatio-temporal structure of the suprabenthic community from Creixell beach (western Mediterranean). Acta Oecologica 20 (4): San Vicente, C. & J.C. Sorbe (2003) Biology of the suprabenthic mysid Schistomysis assimilis (Sars, 1877) on Creixell beach, Tarragona (northwestern Mediterranean). Boletín Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 19 (1 4): Sars, G.O. (1877) Nye Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middelhavets Invertebratfauna I. Middelhavets Mysider. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab 2: Schlacher, T.A., K.J. Wittmann, & A.P. Ariani (1992) Comparative morphology and actuopalaeontology of mysid statoliths (Crustacea, Mysidacea). Zoomorphology, 112: Sobrino, I., C. Silva, M. Sbrana, & K. Kapiris (2005). A review of the biology and fisheries of the deep water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris, in European Atlantic and Mediterranean waters (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae). Crustaceana, 78 (10): Stefanescu C. & J.E. Cartes (1992) Benthopelagic habits of adult specimens of Lampanyctus crocodilus (Risso, 1810) (Osteichthyes, Myctophidae) in the western Mediterranean deep slope. Scientia Marina, 56(1): Tattersal, W.M. (1909) The Schizopoda collected by the Maia and Puritan in the Mediterranean. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (2) Tattersall, W.M. (1927) XI. Report on the Crustacea Mysidacea. In: Zoological results of the Cambridge expedition to the Suez Canal, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22: Tattersall, W.M. & O.S. Tattersall (1951) The British Mysidacea. Ray Society, London: Torchio, M. (1968) Observazioni e considerazioni sugli spostamenti di alcuni malacostraci in Mediterraneo. Natura (Milano) 59: Udrescu, A. (1984) Transpecific evolution (family level) within Lophogastrida. A new family Gnathophausiidae (Lophogastrida, Mysidacea). Travaux du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa", 25: Vassilopoulou, V. (2006) Dietary habits of the deep-sea flatfish Lepidorhombus boscii in north-eastern Mediterranean waters. Journal of Fish Biology, 69(4):

321 Villanueva, R., J.M. Escudero, R. Deulofeu, A. Bozzano & C. Casoliva (2009) Vitamin A and E content in early stages of cephalopods and their dietary effects in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae. Aquaculture, 286: Vives, F. (1966) Zooplancton nerítico de las aguas de Castellón (Mediterráneo occidental). Investigación Pesquera, 30: Vives, F. (1968) Sur les Malacostracés planctoniques des mers Tyrrhénienne et Catalane. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions (International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea), 19 (3): Walker, A.O. (1901) Contribution to the malacostracan fauna of the Mediterranean. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology, 28: Wittmann, K.J. (1977) Modification of association and swarming in North Adriatic Mysidacea in relation to habitat and interacting species. In: Keegan, B.F., P. O. Ceidigh, & P.J.S. Boaden (eds.), Biology of Benthic Organisms, Proceedings of the Eleventh European Marine Biology Symposium. Pergamon Press, New York: Wittmann, K.J. (1978) Adoption, replacement, and identification of young in marine Mysidacea (Crustacea). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 32: Wittmann, K.J. (1981a) Comparative biology and morphology of marsupial development in Leptomysis and other Mediterranean Mysidacea (Crustacea). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 52 (2/3): Wittmann, K.J. (1981b) On the breeding biology and physiology of marsupial development in Mediterranean Leptomysis (Mysidacea: Crustacea), with special reference to the effects of temperature and egg size. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 53 (2 3): Wittmann, K.J. (1985) Freilanduntersuchungen zur Lebensweise von Pyroleptomysis rubra, einer neuen bentho-pelagischen Mysidacee aus dem Mittelmeer und dem Roten Meer. Crustaceana, 48 (2): Wittmann, K.J. (1986a) A revision of the genus Paraleptomysis Liu & Wang (Crustacea: Mysidacea). Sarsia, 71: Wittmann, K.J. (1986b) Saisonale und morphogeographische Differenzierung bei Leptomysis lingvura und zwei verwandten Spezies (Crustacea, Mysidacea). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B, Für Botanik und Zoologie, 87 (B): Wittmann, K.J. (1992) Morphogeographic variations in the genus Mesopodopsis Czerniavsky with descriptions of three new species (Crustacea, Mysidacea). Hydrobiologia, 241: Wittmann, K.J. (2000) Heteromysis arianii sp.n., a new benthic mysid (Crustacea, Mysidacea) from coralloid habitats in the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B, Für Botanik und Zoologie, 102(B): Wittmann, K.J. (2001) Centennial changes in the near-shore mysid fauna of the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea), with description of Heteromysis riedli sp n. (Crustacea, Mysidacea). PSZNI Marine Ecology, 22: Wittmann, K.J. (2004) Retromysis nura new genus and species (Mysidacea, Mysidae, Heteromysini) from a superficial marine cave in Minorca (Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea). Crustaceana, 77 (7): Wittmann, K. J. & A. P. Ariani (1998) Diamysis bacescui n. sp., a new benthopelagic mysid (Crustacea: Peracarida) from Mediterranean,seagrass meadows: description and comments on statolith composition. Travaux du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa", 40: Wittmann, K. J. & A. P. Ariani (2008) Some Aspects of Fluorite and Vaterite Precipitation in Marine Environments. PSZNI Marine Ecology, 17(1 3): Wittmann, K.J. & A.P. Ariani (2009) Reappraisal and range extension of non-indigenous Mysidae (Crustacea, Mysida) in continental and coastal waters of eastern France. Biological Invasions, 11(2): Zimmer, C. (1915) Zur Kenntnis der Schizopodenfauna Neapels. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 22:

322 Decapods (by Carlo Froglia) Table S21. Checklist of the Mediterranean endemic species of the Order Decapoda (Phylum Arthropoda), known geographic distribution and bathymetric range Species Distribution Depth range (m) Odontozona addaia Pretus, 1990 Balearic Islands 5 Odontozona minoica Dounas & Koukouras, 1989 Aegean Sea: off Crete Richardina fredericii Lo Bianco, 1903 Western Mediterranean Bresilia corsicana Forest & Cals, 1977 Western Mediterranean: off Capraia Is. 450 Balssia noeli Bruce, 1998 Western Mediterranean: off Banyuls (France) unknown Periclimenes amethysteus (Risso, 1827) Mediterranean 1 10 Periclimenes granulatus Holthuis, 1950 Mediterranean Periclimenes eleftherioui Koukouras & Türkay, 1996 Aegean Sea: between Aspronisi and Tera Periclimenes aegylios Grippa & d Udekem d Acoz, 1996 Western Mediterranean, Adriatic Sea *Urocaridella pulchella Jokes & Galil, 2006 Eastern Mediteranean, Kaş (Turkey) 12 Hippolyte holthuisi Zariquiey Alvarez, 1953 Western Mediterranean, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea may-30 Hippolyte niezabitowskii d Udekem d Acoz, 1996 Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea Hippolyte sapphica d'udekem d'acoz, 1993 Mediterranean Eualus drachi Noël, 1978 Mediterranean Automate branchialis Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1958 Mediterranean Salmoneus erasimorum Dworschak, Anker &Abed-Navandi, Adriatic Sea: Kvarner Gulf, Levantine Sea? Salmoneus sketi Fransen, 1991 Adriatic Sea: Kornati Islands 7 20 *Salmoneus kekovae Grippa, 2006 Eastern Mediterranean, Bay of Kekova (Turkey) 3 Levantocaris hornungae Galil & Clark, 1993 Levantine Sea: off Haifa (Israel) 1400 Necallianassa acanthura (Caroli, 1946) Mediterranean Pestarella whitei (Sakai, 1999) Northern Adriatic Sea Calliax lobata (De Gaillande &Lagardère, 1966) Mediterranean 2 21 Calliaxina punica (De Saint Laurent &Manning, 1982) Mediterranean Upogebia tipica (Nardo, 1869) Mediterranean 9 70 Paguristes streaensis Pastore, 1984 Central Mediteranean, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea Paguristes syrtensis De Saint Laurent, 1971 Central Mediterranean 3 -?250 Anapagurus petiti Dechancé & Forest, 1962 Mediterranean Anapagurus smythi Ingle, 1993 Central Mediterranean: Adventure Bank 168 Munidopsis marionis (A. Milne Edwards, 1882) Mediterranean Macropodia longirostris (Fabricius, 1775) Mediterranean Inachus parvirostris (Risso, 1816) Mediterranean Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788) Mediterranean

323 Pisa hirticornis (Herbst, 1804) Mediterranean 5 40 Pisa muscosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Mediterranean Chaceon mediterraneus Manning & Holthuis, 1989 Mediterranean Zariquieyon inflatus Manning & Holthuis, 1989 Western Mediterranean: N E 2830 Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847 Mediterranean 0-20 Portumnus lysianassa (Herbst, 1801) Mediterranean Brachynotus foresti Zariquiey Alvarez, 1968 Mediterranean Brachynotus gemmellari (Rizza, 1840) Mediterranean 5 20 * possibly a Lessepsian immigrant not yet recorded in its region of origin 277

324 Bryozoans (by Carlos Mª López Fé de la Cuadra) Text S3. References for Mediterranean bryozoan species Álvarez, J.A., 1992a. Sobre algunas especies de la familia Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1866 (Bryozoa, Cyclostomida) en la región Atlanto-Mediterránea. Parte I: género Disporella Gray, Cah. Biol. Mar., 33: Álvarez, J.A., 1992b. Briozoos de la Campaña Fauna I. Parte Primera: Ctenostomida y Cheilostomida Anascina. Cah. Biol. Mar., 33: Álvarez, J.A., Sobre algunas especies de la familia Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1866 (Bryozoa, Cyclostomida) en la región Atlanto-Mediterránea. Parte II: estudio preliminar del género Lichenopora Defrance, Cah. Biol. Mar., 34: Álvarez, J.A., 1994a. La famille des Lichenoporidae (Bryozoa, Cyclostomida) dans les provinces Atlanto-Méditerarnéenne et Boréale. Partie III: étude des collections du Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Cah. Biol. Mar., 35: Álvarez, J.A., 1994b. Briozoos de la Campaña Fauna I. Parte II: Cheilostomida Ascophorina y Cyclostomida. Graellsia, 50: Canu, F. and Bassler, R.S., Bryozoaires marines de Tunisie. Ann. St. Océan. Salambo, 5: Gautier, Y.V., Recherches écologiques sur les Bryozoaires Chilostomes en Méditerranée Occidentale. Rec. Trav. Stat. Mar. Endoume, 38(24): Geraci, S., Popolamenti di substrati artificiali posti in fonds a "coralligeno" e in una prateria de Posidonia, II: I Briozoi. Publ. Staz Zool. Napoli, 40 suppl.: Geraci, S. and Relini, G., Osservazioni sistematico ecologiche sui Briozoi del fouling portuale di Genova. Boll.Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 38: Harmelin, J.G., Bryozoaires récoltés au cours de la campagne du Jean Charcot en Méditerranée orientale (août-septembre 1967). I. Dragages. Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat., Paris, 2e sér., 40(6): Harmelin, J.G., Bryozoaires des grotes sous-marines obscures de la région Marsellaise. Faunistique et écologie. Tethys, 1 (3): Harmeli, J.G., Le sous-ordre des Tubuliporina (Bryozoa Cyclostomata) en Méditerranée. Systematique et écologie. Mem. Inst. Océan. Monaco, 10: Harmelin, J.G., Briozoaires des Iles d'hyères: Cryptofaune des valves vides de Pinna nobilis rencontrés dans les harbiers de posidonies. Trav. sci. Parc nation. Port Cros, 3: Harmelin, J.G., Briozoaires des Iles d'hyères: II - Inventaire des fonds détritiques. Trav. sci. Parc nation. Port Cros, 4: Harmelin, J.G., Deep-water Crisiids (Bryozoa: Cyclostomata) from the northeast Atlantic Ocean. J. Nat. Hist., 24: Harmelin, J.G. and Arístegui, J., New Cribrilinidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the upper bathyal of the Atlanto-Mediterranean region. J. Nat. Hist., 22:

325 Harmelin, J.G. and d'hondt, J.L., Bryozoaires del parages de Gibraltar (campagne océanographique BALGIM, 1984). 1 Cheilostomes. Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat., Paris, 4e sér., 14, sect. A, nº 1: Harmelin, J.G. and d'hondt, J.L., Bryozoaires del parages de Gibraltar (campagne océanographique BALGIM, 1984). 2 Ctenostomes et Cyclostomes. Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat., Paris, 4e sér., 14, sect. A, nos 3-4: Hayward, P.J. and McKinney, F.K., Northern Adriatic Bryozoa from the vicinity of Rovinj, Croatia. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 270: Hondt, J.-L. d', Tabular keys for the identification of Recent Ctenostomatous Bryozoa. Mem. Inst. Océan. Monaco, 14: Hondt, J.-L. d', Bryozoa from the coast of Israel. Boll. Zool., 3: López de la Cuadra, C.M. and García Gómez, J.C., Briozoos queilostomados del Estrecho de Gibraltar y áreas próximas. Cah. Biol. Mar., 29: López de la Cuadra, C.M. and García Gómez, J.C., Little-known Atlantic Cheilostome Bryozoans at the entrance to the Mediterranean. J. Nat. Hist., 27: López de la Cuadra, C.M. and García Gómez, J.C., Zoogeographical study of the Cheilostomatida from the Straits of Gibraltar. Pp in: P.J. Hayward, J.S. Ryland and P.D. Taylor (eds.), Biology nad Palaeobiology of Bryozoans. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. López de la Cuadra, C.M. and García Gómez, J.C., New and little-known bryozoans from the Western Mediterranean, collected by 'Fauna Ibérica' expeditions. J. Nat. Hist. 35: López-Fé, C.M. and García Gómez, J.C., Foronídeos, Braquiópodos y Briozoos. Fauna Andaluza. Pp in: J.A. Tinaut and F. Pascual (eds.), Proyecto Andalucía. Naturaleza XV. Zoología III. Publicaciones Comunitarias, S.L., Sevilla. Occhipinti Ambrogi, A., Briozoi lagunari. Cons. Naz. delle Ricerche, Genova. 145 pp. Perez, T., Garrabou, J., Sartoretto, S., Harmelin, J.G., Francour, P. and Vacelet, J., Mortalité massive dínvertébrés marins: un événement sans précédent en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie, 323: Prenant, M. and Bobin, G., Bryozoaires, 1ère partie. Entoproctes, Phylactolémes, Ctènostomes. Faune de France, 60: Prenant, M. and Bobin, G., Bryozoaires, 2ème partie. Cheilostomes Anasca. Faune de France, 68: Zabala, M., Fauna dels Briozous dels Paisos Catalans. Arxius de la Secció de Ciències 84. Institut d'estudis Catalans, Barcelona. 833 pp. Zabala, M. and Maluquer, P., Illustrated keys for the classification of Mediterranean Bryozoa. Treballs del Museu de Zoologia pp. 279

326 Table S22. Checklist of the Phylum Bryozoa Cyclostomata *Annectocyma arcuata (Harmelin) A. indistincta (Canu & Bassler) A. major (Johnston) A. tubulosa (Busk) *Cardioecia watersi (O'Donogue & De Wateville) Crisia aculeata (Hassall) C. cuneata (Maplestone) C. denticulata (Lamouroux) C. fistulosa (Heller) C. kerguelensis (Busk) C. occidentalis (Trask) *C. oranensis (Waters) C. ramosa (Harmer) *Crisia recurva (Heller) *C. sigmoidea (Waters) Diplosolen obelium (Johnston) *Disporella alboranensis (Álvarez) D. hispida (Fleming) D. piramidata (Álvarez) *D. robusta (Álvarez) Entalophoroecia deflexa (Couch) E. gracilis (Harmelin) *E. robusta (Harmelin) *Eurystrotos occulta (Harmelin) E. compacta (Norman) Exidmonea triforis (Heller) *E. coerulea (Harmelin) Filicrisia geniculata (Milne-Edwards) Frondipora verrucosa (Lamouroux) Hornera frondiculata Lamouroux H. lichenoides (Linnaeus) Idmidronea atlantica (Forbes in Johnston) Liripora amphorae (Harmelin) *L. violacea (Harmelin) Mecynoecia delicatula (Busk) *Patinella distincta (Álvarez) P. radiata (Audouin) P. verrucaria (Linnaeus) Plagioecia dorsalis (Waters) *P. inoedificata (Jullien) P. patina (Lamarck) *P. platydiscus (Harmelin) P. sarniensis (Norman) * Platonea stoechas (Harmelin) Stomatopora gingrina (Jullien) Tervia irregularis (Meneghini) Tubulipora aperta (Harmer) *T. hemiphragmata (Harmelin) T. liliacea (Pallas) T. notomale (Busk) T. phalangea (Couch) T. plumosa (Harmer) *T. ziczac (Harmelin) 280

327 Ctenostomata Alcyonidium albidum (Alder) A. cellarioides (Calvet) A. diaphanum (Hudson) A. gelatinosum (Linnaeus) A. mytili (Dalyell) A. variegatum (Prouho) Amathia lendigera (Linnaeus) A. pruvoti (Calvet) A. semiconvoluta (Lamouroux) A. vidovici (Heller) Arachnidium hippothoides (Hincks) *Arachnoidea annosciae (d'hondt & Geraci) Ascorhiza mawatarii (d Hondt) *Benedenipora catenata (Pergens) B. delicatula (d'hondt & Geraci) Bowerbankia gracilis (Leidy) B. imbricata (Adans) B. pustulosa (Ellis & Solander) Buskia nitens (Alder) B. socialis (Hincks) *Clavopora hystricis (Busk) Farrella repens (Farre) Hypophorella expansa (Ehlers) Immergentia orbignyana (Fischer) Lobiancopora hyalina (Pergens) Paludicella articulata (Ehrenberg) *Penetrantia brevis (Silen) Pherusella tubulosa (Ellis & Solander) Metalcyonidium gautieri (d Hondt) Mimosella gracilis (Hincks) M. verticillata (Heller) Nolella dilatata (Hincks) N. stipata (Gosse) Spathipora comma (Soule) S. sertum (Fischer) Tanganella muelleri (Kraepelin) Triticella flava (Dalyell) T. pedicellata (Alder) *Triticellopsis tissieri (Gautier) Vesicularia spinosa (Linnaeus) Victorella pavida Saville (Kent) Walkeria tuberosa (Heller) Walkeria uva (Linnaeus) Zoobotryon verticillatum (Ellis & Solander) Cheilostomata *Adeonella calveti (Canu & Bassler) *A. pallasii (Heller) Adeonellopsis distoma (Busk) Aetea anguina (Linnaeus) A. longicollis (Jullien) A. sica (Couch) A. truncata (Landsborough) Alderina imbellis (Hincks) 281

328 Amphiblestrum flemingii (Busk) A. lyrulatum (Calvet) Anarthropora monodon (Busk) *Aplousina capriensis (Waters) A. filum (Jullien) Arthropoma cecilii (Audouin) Beania cylindrica (Hincks) B. hirtissima (Heller) B. magellanica (Busk) B. mirabilis (Johnston) B. robusta (Hincks) Bicellariella ciliata (Linnaeus) Buchneria fayalensis (Waters) Buffonellaria divergens (Smitt) *Bugula aperta (Hincks) B. avicularia (Linnaeus) B. calathus (Norman) B. flabellata (Thompson en Gray) B. fulva (Ryland) *B. gautieri (Ryland) *B. germanae (Calvet) B. gracilis (Busk) B. neritina (Linnaeus) B. plumosa (Pallas) B. simplex (Hincks) *B. spicata (Hincks) B. stolonifera (Ryland) B. turbinata (Alder) Buskea dichotoma (Hincks) B. nitida (Heller) Caberea boryi (Audouin) Callopora depressa (Cook) C. dumerilii (Audouin) C. lineata (Linnaeus) *C. minuta (Harmelin) C. rylandi (Bobin & Prenant) Calloporina decorata (Reuss) Calpensia nobilis (Esper) Calyptotheca obscura (Harmelin, López de la Cuadra & García Gómez) *C. rugosa (Hayward) Carbasea carbasea (Ellis and Solander) Cellaria fistulosa (Linnaeus) C. salicornioides (Lamouroux) C. sinuosa (Hassall) *Cellepora adriatica (Hayward & McKinney) *C. posidoniae (Hayward) C. pumicosa (Pallas) Celleporella hyalina (Linnaeus) *Celleporina caminata (Waters) C. canariensis (Arístegui) C. decipiens (Hayward) C. hassallii (Johnston) C. lucida (Hincks) C. siphuncula (Hayward & McKinney) C. tubulosa (Hincks) 282

329 Chaperiopsis annulus (Manzoni) *Characodoma bifurcatum (Waters) C. oranense (Waters) C. porcellanum (Busk) Chartella calveti (Guérin-Ganivet) C. papyracea (Ellis & Solander) *C. papyrea (Pallas) *C. tenella (Hincks) *Cheiloporina circumcincta (Neviani) Chlidonia pyriformis (Bertoloni) Chorizopora brongniartii (Audouin) *Cigclisula turrita (Smitt) Collarina balzaci (Audouin) Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus) C. seurati (Canu) Copidozoum exiguum (Barroso) C. planum (Hincks) C. tenuirostre (Hincks) *Coronellina fagei (Gautier) *Cosciniopsis ambita (Hayward) Crassimarginatella crassimarginata (Hincks) C. maderensis (Waters) C. solidula (Hincks) Cribellopora trichotoma (Waters) Cribrilina punctata (Hassall) Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll) Cupuladria biporosa (Canu & Bassler) C. canariensis (Busk) C. doma (D'Orbigny) C. multispinata (Canu & Bassler) Cylindroporella tubulosa (Norman) *Dentiporella sardonica (Waters) Diporula verrucosa (Peach) Distansescharella seguenzai (Cipolla) Electra tenella (Hincks) E. monostachys (Busk) E. pilosa (Linnaeus) *E. posidoniae (Gautier) Ellisina antarctica (Hastings) E. gautieri (Fernández Pulpeiro & Reverter Gil) Epistomia bursaria (Linnaeus) Escharella octodentata (Hincks) E. praealta (Calvet) *E. rylandi (Geraci) E. variolosa (Johnston) E. ventricosa (Hassall) Escharina dutertrei (Audouin) E. hyndmanni (Johnston) E. johnstoni (Quelch) E. vulgaris (Moll) Escharoides coccinea (Abildgaard) E. mamillata (Wood) Exechonella antillea (Osburn) *Fenestrulina barrosoi (Alvarez) *F. joannae (Calvet) F. malusii (Audouin) 283

330 Figularia figularis (Johnston) *Hagiosynodos hadros (Hayward & McKinney) *H. kirchenpaueri (Heller) H. latus (Busk) Haplopoma bimucronatum (Moll) H. graniferum (Johnston) H. impressum (Audouin) *H. sciaphilum (Silén & Harmelin) *Hemicyclopora dentata (López de la Cuadra & García Gómez) H. multispinata (Busk) Hincksina flustroides (Hincks) Hincksinoflustra elongata (Cook) H. octodon (Busk) *Hippellozoon mediterraneum (Waters) *Hippaliosina depressa (Busk) Hippomenella mucronelliformis (Waters) *Hippopleurifera pulchra (Manzoni) Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk) Hippoporidra picardi (Gautier) Hippoporina pertusa (Esper) Hippothoa divaricata (Lamouroux) H. flagellum (Manzini) Jaculina blanchardi (Jullien) *J. paralellata (Waters) Klugerella marcusi (Cook) Lagenipora lepralioides (Norman) *Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander) Membranipora membranacea (Linnaeus) M. tenuis (Desor) Membraniporella nitida (Johnston) Metroperiella lepralioides (Calvet) Micropora coriacea (Johnston) M. normani (Levinsen) Microporella appendiculata (Heller) M. ciliata (Pallas) *M. flabelligera (Levinsen) M. marsupiata (Busk) M. orientalis (Harmer) M. umbracula (Audouin) *Mollia circumcincta (Heller) *M. fagei (Gautier) M. multijuncta (Waters) M. patellaria (Moll) Monoporella nodulifera (Hincks) Myriapora truncata (Pallas) Neolagenipora eximia (Hincks) Omalosecosa ramulosa (Linnaeus) Onychocella marioni(jullien) *O. vibraculifera (Neviani) Palmicellaria elegans (Alder) Palmiskenea skenei (Ellis & Solander) Parasmittina raigii (Audouin) *P. rouvillei (Calvet) Parellisina curvirostris (Hincks) Pentapora fascialis (Pallas) P. ottomulleriana (Moll) 284

331 Phoceana columnaris (Jullien & Calvet) *P. tubulifera (Heller) Porella concinna (Busk) P. minuta (Norman) P. tubulata (Busk) Porelloides laevis (Fleming) Prenantia cheilostoma (Manzoni) *P. inerma (Calvet) Puellina arrecta (Bishop & Househam) P. cassidainsis (Harmelin) P. corbula (Bishop & Househam) P. gattyae (Landsborough) *P. hincksi (Friedl) P. innominata (Couch) *P. minima (Harmelin) P. orientalis (Harmelin & Arístegui) *P. pedunculata (Gautier) P. picardi (Harmelin) P. radiata (Moll) P. setiformis (Harmelin & Arístegui) P. setosa (Waters) P. scripta (Reuss) P. venusta (Canu & Bassler) Pyripora catenularia (Fleming) *Rectonychocella disjuncta (Canu & Bassler) Reptadeonella insidiosa (Jullien) R. violacea (Johnston) *Reteporella aporosa (Waters) R. beaniana (King) *R. complanata (Waters) R. couchii (Hincks) *R. elegans (Harmelin) *R. feuerbornii (Hass) R. grimaldii (Jullien) *R. harmeri (Hass) *R. mediterranea (Hass) R. sudbourniensis (Gautier) *Reteporellina delicatula (Hayward) Rhamphostomella argentea (Hincks) Rhynchozoon bispinosum (Johnston) R. digitatum (Waters) *R. neapolitanum (Gautier) *R. pseudodigitatum (Zabala & Maluquer) *R. quadrispinatum (Zabala & Maluquer) R. revelatus (Hayward & McKinney) Rosseliana beticaensis (Alvarez) R. rossellii (Audouin) Savignyella lafontii (Audouin) Schizobrachiella sanguinea (Norman) Schizomavella auriculata (Hassall) S. discoidea (Busk) S. fischeri (Jullien) *S. halimedae (Gautier) S. hastata (Hincks) S. linearis (Hassall) S. mamillata (Gautier) 285

332 S. marsupifera (Busk) S. monoecensis (Calvet) S. rudis (Manzoni) Schizoporella dunkeri (Reuss) S. errata (Waters) S. magnifica (Hincks) S. mutabilis (Calvet) S. neptuni (Jullien) S. tetragona (Reuss) S. unicornis (Johnston en Wood) Schizoretepora imperati (Busk) S. longisetae (Canu & Bassler) *S. solanderia (Risso) Schizotheca fissa (Busk) S. serratimargo (Hincks) Scruparia ambigua (d Orbigny) S. chelata (Linnaeus) *Scrupocellaria aegeensis (Harmelin) S. bertholleti (Audouin) S. delilii (Audouin) *S. incurvata (Waters) *S. macrorhyncha (Gautier) S. maderensis (Busk) S. reptans (Linnaeus) S. scrupea (Busk) S. scruposa (Linnaeus) Securiflustra securifrons (Pallas) Sertulipora guttata (Harmelin & d Hondt) Sessibugula barrosoi (López de la Cuadra & García Gómez) *Setosella cavernicola (Harmelin) S. folini (Jullien) S. vulnerata (Busk) *Setosellina capriensis (Waters) Smittina affinis (Hincks) S. cervicornis (Pallas) S. colletti (Jullien) S. crystallina (Norman) S. landsborovii (Johnston) S. remotorostrata (Canu & Bassler) *S. tubulifera (Heller) Smittoidea marmorea (Hincks) *S. ophidiana (Waters) S. reticulata (MacGillivray) Spiralaria gregaria (Heller) Stephanollona armata (Hincks) Synnotum aegyptiacum (Audouin) Tessaradoma boreale (Busk) *Trypostega claviculata (Hincks) T. venusta (Norman) Turbicellepora avicularis (Hincks) *T. camera (Hayward) T. cantabra (Barroso) T. coronopus (Woods) T. coronopusoida (Calvet) *T. crenulata (Hayward) T. magnicostata (Barroso) 286

333 *T. torquata (Hayward) T. tubigera (Busk) Umbonula ovicellata (Hastings) Watersipora complanata (Norman) W. subovoidea (d Orbigny) 287

334 Echinoderms (by Athanasios Koukouras & Miltiadis Spyridon Kitsos) Text S4. References for Mediterranean echinoderms diversity Achituv Y, Studies on the reproduction and distribution of Asterina burtoni Gray and A. wega Perrier (Asteroidea) in the Red Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. Israel journal of zoology, 18: Achituv Y, On the distribution and variability of the Indo-Pacific sea star Asterina wega Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology, 18: Achituv Y, Sheer E, Sexual reproduction and fission in the sea star Asterina burtoni from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48: Antoniadou C, Vafidis D, Updated distribution of the holothuroid Synaptula reciprocans (Forskal, 1775) in the Mediterranean: does it follow shallow-water circulation patterns? Aquatic Invasions, 4(2): Borrero-Perez GH, Perez-Ruzafa A, Marcos C Gonzalez Wanguemert M, The taxonomic status of some Atlanto-Mediterranean species in the subgenus Holothuria (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae) based on molecular evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157(1): Cherbonnier G, Les échinodermes de Tunisie. Bulletin de la station océanographique de Salammbô, 53: Cherbonnier G, Faune marine des Pyrénées-Orientales. 2. Echinodermes. Université de Paris: Cherbonnier G, Considérations sur l Holothurie apode Leptosynapta makrankyra (Ludwing). Bulletin du muséum national d histoire naturelle, Paris, 39: Cherbonnier G, Neocnus incubans nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce d Holothurie dendrochirote incubatrice de Méditerranée. Comptes rendus des séances de l académie de science de Paris, 275: Cherbonnier G, Guille A, Complément à la faune des échinodermes de la mer de Banyuls. Vie et Milieu, XVIII(2B): Cherbonnier G, Guille A, Sur une nouvelle holothurie dendrochirote de Méditerranée: Phyllophorus drachi nov. sp. Bulletin du muséum national d histoire naturelle, Paris, 40: Delépine R, Boudouresque CF, Frada-Orestano C, Noailles MC, Asensi A, Algues et autres vegetaux marines. In: Fischer W, Bauchot ML, Schneider M, eds. Fishes FAO d identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche (Revision, 1), Mediterranèe et mer noire, zone de pêche 37. FAO, Rome: Demetropoulos A, Hadjichristophorou M, Echinodermata of Cyprus. Fisheries bulletin of the fisheries department, Cyprus, 4: Despalatović M, Grubelić I, Piccinetti C, Cvitković I, Antolić B, Žuljević A, Nikolić V, Distribution of echinoderms on continental shelf in open waters of the northern and middle Adriatic Sea. Journal of the Marine Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (3):

335 Fiege D, Liao Y, Penilpidia ludwigi (Marenzeller, 1893) (Holothurioidea: Elpidiidae) rediscovered from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. In: Uiblein F, Ott J, Stachowitsch M, eds. Deep-sea and extreme shallow-water habitats: affinities and adaptations. Biosystematics and ecology series, 11: Kaspiris P, Tortonese E, Echinoderms from the western seas of Greece. Thalassographica, 2: Koukouras A, Sinis AI, Bobori D, Kazantzidis S, Kitsos MS, The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighbouring seas. Journal of Biological Research 7: Özaydin O, Katagan T, Ünsal S, The Echinoderms of the Turkish seas. Israel journal of zoology, 41: Pagès F., Martín J., Palanques A., Puig P. Gili JM, High occurrence of the elasipodid holothurian Penilpidia ludwigi (von Marenzeller, 1893) in bathyal sediment traps moored in a western Mediterranean submarine canyon. Deep Sea Research part I, 54: Pancucci MA, Zenetos A, Infralittoral macrobenthos of the Patras gulf and Ionian Sea. II- Echinodermata. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 30: Pérez-Ruzafa A, López-Ibor A, Presencia de Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) lentiginosa lentiginosa Marenzeller, 1983 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) en el mar de Alborán (Mediterráneo Occidental). Boletín del instituto español de oceanografía, 3: Por FD, Lessepsian Migration. The influx of Red Sea biota into the Mediterranean by way of Salvini-Plawen L, Die nordatlantische Labidoplax buski (Holothuroidea-Synaptidae) in der Adria. Zoologischer anzeiger, zugleich organ der deutschen zoologischen gesellschaft. Leipzig, 188S: Salvini-Plawen L, Caudofoveata (Mollusca), Priapulida und apode Holothurien (Labidoplax, Myriotrochus) bei Banyuls und im Mittelmeer allgemein. Vie et Milieu, 27: Schembri PJ, Recent echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Maltese Islands and surrounding waters. Animalia, 5: Tanti CM, Schembri PJ, A synthesys of the echinoderm fauna of the Maltese islands. Journal of the Marine Association of the United Kingdom, 86: Tortonese E, Gli Echinodermi del Mar Ligure e delle zone vicine. Atti dell accademia ligure di scienze e lettere, 8: Tortonese E, Catalogo degli Echinodermi della collezione E. Tortonese. Annali di museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, LXVIII: Tortonese E, Fauna d Italia. Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna. Tortonese E, Review of present status of knowledge of the Mediterranean Echinoderms. Proceedings of the european colloquium on echinoderms, Brussels: Tortonese E, Demir M, The Echinoderm fauna of the Sea of Marmara and the Bosporus. Hydrobiologi Istanbul, 5:

336 Tortonese E, Vadon C, Oursins et Holothuries (Echinodermes). In: Fischer W, Bauchot ML, Schneider M, eds. Fishes FAO d identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche (Revision, 1), Mediterranèe et mer noire, zone de pêche 37. FAO, Rome: Yokes B, Galil BS, The first record of the needle-spined urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Invasions, 1(3): Zaitsev Y, Öztürk B, Exotic species in the Aegean, Marmara, Black, Azov and Caspian Seas. Turkish marine research foundation, Istanbul, publication No. 8. Zavodnik D, Echinodermata der Insel Krk. Acta adriatica, 9: Zavodnik D, Peculiarities of geographical distribution of Adriatic echinoderms. Thalassia jugoslavica, 8: Zavodnik D, Ergänzungen zur Echinodermenfauna des Adriatischen Meeres. Zoologischer anzeiger, Jena, 203: Zavodnik D, Distribution of Echinodermata in the north Adriatic insular region. Acta adriatica, 21: Zavodnik D, Additions to Adriatic Sea ophiuroid fauna and its diversity. Natura croatica, 4: Zibrowius H, Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mésogée, 51: Zibrowius H, Bitar G, Invertébrés marins exotiques sur la côte du Liban. Lebanese Science Journal, 4: Table S23. Checklist of the Phylum Echinodermata, and their distribution in the geographical areas of the Mediterranean with reference to their presence in the Atlantic and the Indo Pacific Oceans WM: Western Mediterranean; CM: Central Mediterranean; AD: Adriatic Sea; AS: Aegean Sea; LB: Levantine Basin; AO: Atlantic Ocean; IP: Indo-Pacific Ocean. Zoogeographical characterization (ZC) AM, Atlanto-Mediterranean; C, Cosmopolitan; E, Possibly endemic; IP, Indo-Pacific; LM, Lessepsian migrant. VD, vertical distribution. Mediterranean species WM CM AD AS LB AO IP ZC VD (m) Crinoidea Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777) Antedon mediterranea (Lamarck, 1816) Leptometra celtica (Barrett & McAndrew, 1858) Leptometra phalangium (J. Müller, 1841) + + AM E AM E

337 Neocomatella europaea (A.H. Clark, 1931) + + AM Eleutherozoa Asteroidea Anseropoda lobiancoi (Ludwig, 1897) Anseropoda placenta (Pennant, 1777) Aquilonastra burtoni (Gray, 1840) Asterina gibbosa (Pennant, 1777) Asterina ocellifera (Gray, 1847) Asterina panceri (Gasco, 1870) Asterina phylactica Emson & Crump, 1979 Astropecten aranciacus (Linnaeus, 1758) Astropecten bispinosus (Otto, 1823) Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus (Delle Chiaje, 1825) Astropecten irregularis irregularis (Pennant, 1777) Astropecten jonstoni (Delle Chiaje, 1825) Astropecten platyacanthus (Philippi, 1837) Astropecten spinulosus (Philippi, 1837) Ceramaster grenadensis grenadensis (Perrier, 1881) Chaetaster longipes (Retzius, 1805) Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus sepositus (Retzius, 1783) Hacelia attenuata (Gray, 1840) Henricia cylindrella (Sladen, 1883) Hymenodiscus coronata (G.O. Sars, 1871) Luidia ciliaris (Philippi, 1837) Luidia sarsi sarsi Düben & Koren, in Düben, 1845 Marginaster capreensis (Gasco, 1876) Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1758) Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) Odontaster mediterraneus (Marenzeller, 1893) Ophidiaster ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816) Peltaster placenta (J. Müller & Troschel, 1842) Plutonaster bifrons (W. Thompson, 1873) Sclerasterias neglecta (Perrier, 1891) + E AM LM AM AM E AM AM AM AM AM E E E AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM

338 Sclerasterias richardi (Perrier, 1882) Tethyaster subinermis (Philippi, 1837) AM AM Cryptosyringida Ophiuroidea Acrocnida brachiata (Montagu, 1804) Amphilepis norvegica (Ljungman, 1865) Amphioplus (Lymanella) laevis (Lyman, 1874) Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Amphiura cherbonnieri Guille, 1972 Amphiura chiajei Forbes, 1843 Amphiura delamarei Cherbonnier, 1958 Amphiura filiformis (O. F. Müller, 1776) Amphiura (Amphiura) grandisquama Lyman, 1869 Amphiura incana Lyman, 1879 Amphiura lacazei Guille, 1976 Amphiura mediterranea Lyman, 1882 Amphiura (Ophiopeltis) securigera (Düben & Koren, 1846) Astrospartus mediterraneus (Risso, 1826) Cryptopelta brevispina (Ludwig, 1879) Ophiacantha setosa (Retzius, 1805) Ophiactis balli (W. Thompson, 1840) AM AM LM C E AM E AM AM AM E E AM C E AM AM Ophiactis macrolepidota Marktanner-Turneretscher, LM Ophiactis savignyi (J. Müller & Troschel, 1842) Ophiactis virens (M. Sars, 1857) Ophiocomina nigra (Abildgaard, in O. F. Müller, 1789) Ophioconis forbesi (Heller, 1863) Ophiocten abyssicolum Marenzeller, 1893 Ophioderma longicaudum (Retzius, 1805) Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) Ophiopsila annulosa (M. Sars, 1857) Ophiopsila aranea Forbes, 1843 Ophiopsila aff. guineensis Koehler, 1914 Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard, in O. F. Müller, 1789) Ophiura albida Forbes, 1839 Ophiura (Dictenophiura) carnea Lütken, 1858 ex M. Sars MS C AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM

339 Ophiura grubei Heller, 1863 Ophiura ophiura (Linnaeus, 1758) Pectinura vestita Forbes, AM AM E 160 Echinozoa Echinoidea Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) Arbaciella elegans Mortensen, 1910 Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) Brissopsis atlantica mediterranea Mortensen, 1913 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845) Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) Echinocardium fenauxi Péquignat, 1963 Echinocardium flavescens (O. F. Müller, 1776) Echinocardium mediterraneum (Forbes, 1843) Echinocardium mortenseni Thiéry, 1909 Echinocyamus pusillus (O. F. Müller, 1776) Echinus acutus Lamarck, 1816 Echinus melo Lamarck, 1816 Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) Genocidaris maculata A. Agassiz, 1869 Hemiaster expergitus Lovén, 1874 Neolampas rostellata A. Agassiz, 1869 Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) Plagiobrissus costai (Gasco, 1876) Psammechinus microtuberculatus (Blainville, 1825) Heller, 1868 Schizaster canaliferus (Lamarck, 1816) Spatangus inermis Mortensen, 1913 Spatangus purpureus (O. F. Müller, 1776) Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) Stylocidaris affinis (Philippi, 1845) AM AM AM AM AM AM AM LM? C E AM AM E AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM E E E AM AM AM Holothuroidea 293

340 Aslia lefevrei (Barrois, 1882) Havelockia inermis (Heller, 1868) Hedingia mediterranea (Bartolini-Baldelli, 1914) Tortonese, 1965 Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Delle Chiaje, 1823 Holothuria (Holothuria) helleri Marenzeller, 1878 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens (Forskål, 1775) Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) lentiginosa Marenzeller, 1892 Holothuria (Holothuria) mammata Grube, 1840 Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli Delle Chiaje, 1823 Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori Delle Chiaje, 1823 Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin, 1788 Labidoplax buskii (McIntosh, 1866) Labidoplax digitata (Montagu, 1815) Labidoplax media Östergren, 1905 Labidoplax thomsoni (Herapath, 1865) Leptopentacta elongata (Düben & Koren, 1844) Leptopentacta tergestina (M. Sars, 1857) Leptosynapta decaria (Östergren, 1905) Leptosynapta galliennii (Herapath, 1865) Leptosynapta inhaerens (O. F. Müller, 1776) Leptosynapta makrankyra (Ludwig, 1898) Leptosynapta minuta (Becher, 1906) Meseres occultatus (Marenzeller, 1893) Mesothuria intestinalis (Ascanius, 1805) Östergren, 1896 Mesothuria verrilli (Théel, 1886) Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 Myriotrochus geminiradiatus Salvini-Plawen, 1972 Neocnus incubans Cherbonnier, 1972 Neocucumis atlantica (Ludwig & Heding, 1935) Neocucumis marioni (Marenzeller, 1878) Ocnus grubei (Marenzeller, 1874) Ocnus koellikeri (Semper, 1868) Ocnus lacteus (Forbes & Goodsir, 1839) Ocnus petiti (Cherbonnier, 1958) Ocnus planci (Brandt, 1835) + + AM AM E AM E C AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM E AM AM AM AM AM E AM C AM C AM E E 1-? + + AM AM E AM AM E AM

341 Ocnus syracusanus (Grube, 1840) Panning, 1949 Panningia hyndmanni (W. Thompson, 1840) Parastichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) Pawsonia saxicola (Brady & Robertson, 1871) Penilpidia ludwigi (Marenzeller, 1893) Phyllophorus drachi Cherbonnier & Guille, 1968 Phyllophorus granulatus (Grube, 1840) Phyllophorus (Phyllophorus) urna Grube, 1840 Prototrochus meridionalis (Salvini-Plawen, 1977) Pseudothyone raphanus (Düben & Koren, 1846) Pseudothyone sculponea Cherbonnier, 1958 Stereoderma kirchsbergii (Heller, 1868) Panning, 1949 Synaptula reciprocans (Forskål, 1775) Thyone cherbonnieri Reys, 1960 Thyone fusus mediterranea Madsen, 1941 Thyone gadeana R. Perrier, 1902 Trochodota furcipraedita Salvini-Plawen, 1972 Trochodota venusta (Semon, 1887) Ypsilothuria bitentaculata (Ludwig, 1893) Total number of species in the Mediterranean Sea: E AM AM AM E E? E E E? AM E AM LM E E AM E E AM

342 Figure S4. Distribution of the known species of echinoderms in the main geographical areas of the Mediterranean The bars present real numbers (parentheses) and percentages of the total Mediterranean species. WM: Western Mediterranean; CM: Central Mediterranean; AD: Adriatic Sea; AS: Aegean Sea; LB: Levantine Basin. Figure S5. Percentages of the four zoogeographical categories in the Mediterranean territorial areas and the Black Sea Calculations were made for the total number of species known from each area (species numbers in parentheses). AM: Atlanto-Mediterranean; E: possibly endemic; C: cosmopolitan; LM: Lessepsian migrant. Other abbreviations as in Figure S4. 296