CRC world dictionary of medicinal and poisonous plants 9781482250640, 1482250640

Table of contents :
Front Cover......Page 1
Foreword......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 13
About the Author......Page 15
Contents......Page 17
A......Page 19
B......Page 523
C......Page 719
D......Page 1325
E......Page 1525
F......Page 1731
G......Page 1809
H......Page 1933
I......Page 2073
J......Page 2141
K......Page 2175
L......Page 2211
M......Page 2379
N......Page 2621
O......Page 2671
P......Page 2759
Q......Page 3173
R......Page 3185
S......Page 3299
T......Page 3663
U......Page 3851
V......Page 3881
W......Page 3955
X......Page 3975
Y......Page 3993
Z......Page 3997
Back Cover......Page 4037

Citation preview

CRC World Dictionary of

MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology

Umberto Quattrocchi, F.L.S.

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140206 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5064-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

Dedicated to Raffaella, Daria, and Salvatore

“He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.” The Old Man and the Sea “As soon as I got to Borstal they made me a long-distance cross-country runner.” The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner “This is a tale of a meeting of two lonesome, skinny, fairy old white men on a planet which was dying fast.” Breakfast of Champions

Foreword Following on the successes of two previous dictionary projects, the CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names and the CRC World Dictionary of the Grasses, Umberto Quattrocchi has undertaken this dictionary of economically important plants. Quattrocchi has again shown a broad grasp of the literature, of botanical nomenclature and of many languages to produce this guide to plants that are used by people around the world in medicine, food, and cultural practices. Gathered from many sources we have here a guide to plants that will bring us the pleasure of quickly finding an answer with well-documented sources. Because use in medicine is one of several ways in which this book can inform the reader, Quattrocchi is clear that this work is not to be done on the authority of these listings alone. Sources in some entries are contradictory or missing. In this, one is reminded in the words of Samuel Johnson: “Dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.” He has done for these plants what was so admirably done in his other works — brought the vast and scattered literature on plant names, and in this case their uses, too, into coherent order so that the inquisitive scholar can get a foothold. Who better to undertake this particular challenge? A physician by training Quattrocchi provides concise summaries

of plant properties from the literature and offers the appropriate caveats about medical uses. His linguistic skills are evident in his handling of the literature and in the multilingual listings of common names. The derivation of generic names from the standard Greek and Latin are provided, but so, too, are those from many other languages. Having seen the author at work gives me a certain perspective on how this massive compilation could come about. During his several extended visits to the Harvard University Botany Libraries for work on this and his previous projects, I observed the intensity with which he worked. For months at a time he could be found in the reading room among books and journals of many ilk. Despite the focus on this work, he had time for discussion with those who passed through and those who might have a quick question on the state of the world — he is as well a professor of political science. His diligence in compiling his dictionaries is matched by his enthusiasm for the plants themselves, for the authors of the important and sometimes trivial items that he examined, and for the challenge of ferreting out some of the improbable information he presents in these volumes. Donald H. Pfister Cambridge, Massachusetts

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Preface THE STRUCTURE • Genus, species, scientific names, synonyms and related keywords, botany, description, ecology, distribution and habitat, cultivation, history, literature, and author’s names. • Enclosed in round brackets, italicized in alphabetical order, you will find not only accepted and tentatively accepted names, but also names of no botanical standing, names of unknown or of uncertain application, names not accepted by the authors as a formal taxonomic category, names published without a description or inadequately described, names invalid and/or not validly published, misapplied names, rejected names and/or names rejected in favor of a conserved (but later) name, incorrect entries, superfluous names, varieties, variety, illegitimate names and/or not validly published, dubious, approved, nomenclatural, lectotype, infraspecific names, homonymic names, homonyms and infraspecific taxa, nothomorphs, isonyms, duplicate records, synonyms (old or dead, in recent or current use), basionyms, orthographic variants, citation errors, next higher taxon and synonyms, probable synonyms and possible synonyms for genus and genera and species, incertae sedis, nomen nudum, nomen illegittimum, nomen confusum, nomen invalidum, nomen conservandum, nomen usitatum, etc. • Reasonably clear scientific plant names, each arranged alphabetically. The genera and species that are dealt with in this work are arranged in alphabetical order.  This is very important for the accuracy of plant identification and bibliographical references! At the same time I also recognize that it is impossible that everyone will agree with the generic and specific treatment I decided to follow. Some decisions may prove to be incorrect, but this work is so full of important and useful information that perhaps it may be considered worthy to serve as a starting point for something better. • Common names and vernacular names. • Parts used. • Pharmacology, pharmacy, chemical constituents, active ingredients, compound structure, molecular properties, solvent, and physiological action. • Therapeutic values, medicine, indications and clinical uses (primary and secondary uses), and pharmacological effects. • Poisonous principles, toxin, toxicology, toxicity, action of poisons, symptoms and lesions, conditions of poisoning, clinical signs (ante mortem, post mortem) (men, sheep, horses, livestock, etc.), and  prevention and treatment.

• Ethnobotany, economic botany, medical ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological investigations, a medicinal flora, an account of the flora of a region, data on medicinal uses as recorded from literature, information from notes and observations recorded locally and/or personally in the region • Traditional uses, charms, sorcery, magic, black magic, rites and ceremonies, folk medicine, drugs taken to cure disease, poison to kill the enemy, witchcraft, and food. This information has been gathered from a wide variety of electronic, print, and other sources, such as fields, herbaria, monographs, libraries, pamphlets, botanical literature and literature tout court, available literatures in the natural history libraries, floras, local floras and local histories, nomenclatural histories, ICBN, ICNCP (International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IPNI, reference collections, botanical gardens, nurseries, horti, pictures, dictionaries, drawings, poetry, journal articles, personal communications, biographies and scientific biographies, British Museum General Catalogue of Printed Books, Missouri Botanical Garden — w3 TROPICOS, Missouri Botanical Garden’s VAST (VAScular Tropicos) nomenclatural database, The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Library Catalogue on the World Wide Web and databases, many floras, Methods and Approaches in Ethnobotany (S.K. Jain, Ed.]), A Handbook of Ethnobotany (S.K. Jain and V. Mudgal), and Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (16th Edition, McGrawHill), Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th Edition, McGraw-Hill), The Merck Veterinary Manual (Tenth Edition), The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (Eighteenth Edition), etc. Descriptions compiled following the patterns and the paths and the outlines and the schemes of the great authors and their works: Linnaeus, Engler and Sir J.D. Hooker, Asa Gray, Torrey, Lamarck, De Candolle, Michel Adanson, Humboldt, Charles Russell Metcalfe, Frans A. Stafleu and friends, McClure, M.E. Barkworth, Agnes Chase, H.J. Conert, Kuntze, Boufford, Grisebach, Henrard, C.E. Hubbard, Hitchcock, R. Pilger, O. Stapf, Steudel, Trinius, Wallich, L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz, Constantine S. Rafinesque, William T. Stearn, R.K. Brummitt, H. Walter Lack, W.D. Clayton, D.J. Mabberley, Dan H. Nicolson, etc. Their work is my cornerstone. We have obviously included reference information to denote the original sources of such information and all available descriptions. Every effort has been made to trace the original source of copyright material contained in this dictionary and to ensure the accuracy of the references and other data, but this has not been possible in every case. Bibliographic references are listed by year, with the exact ix

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Preface

titles or in general using the abbreviation recommended by Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum. Each entry must be considered nothing else than a monograph, more or less complete, more or less exhaustive. To err is human! …and any errors are mine alone….

The responsibility of all judgments and errors is my own. And if anything is omitted, misstated, misjudged or misquoted in the text, I hope the reader will excuse my human limitations. This work is always in progress and neverending. It is impossible to list, illustrate, and describe all the plants. This dictionary, just as my previous two, is not meant to be only and strictly a nomenclatural work. There are many different subjects involved: the history of botany and botanists, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, systematic botany, taxonomy, active principles, therapy, diagnosis, travels and botanical discoveries, magico-religious beliefs, explorations, history of genera and species and their names, history of medicine, biography, bibliography, linguistics, history of mankind, history of ideas, history of science, superstitions, geography, plant collectors, etc.

DISCLAIMER/WARNING/CAVEAT Repetita iuvant…

These pages are only meant to be informative. Do not consult these pages unless you agree not to hold the author or

publisher liable for any errors or omissions. Neither the author nor the publisher of this dictionary endorses or recommends the use of these plants. This material is for informational purposes only, not as a guide to home treatment. The information is not recommended for use. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. Consult a medical toxicologist and/or regional poison center for further assistance. There is incomplete toxicity information and incomplete efficacy information on most of these plants. The information concerning edibility is taken from the literature on botanical, economic, and medicinal plants, and the degree of reliability is unknown. We discourage the use of any of these plants for self-medication. Many people believe that plants are less toxic, more natural, and safer than manufactured drugs. The practice of folk medicine is a serious and very personal matter among native peoples, often very sacred. Toxicity studies should be done to determine their safety. None of these plants will ever be completely known phytochemically. Information is continually increasing and being modified; it is neither error free nor comprehensive.  This dictionary reproduces information  that sources  believe to be correct on how people used plants. It is not  the intention to prescribe or make specific health claims for any of the described species. The author does not recommend self-diagnosis or selfmedication. Please review the information retrieved with your professional healthcare provider.

Acknowledgments Many thanks to the HUH (Harvard University Herbaria) and to the Harvard University Botany Libraries, to all the staff for their warm welcome, their friendship, and invaluable assistance. Above all I am immensely indebted to Patrizia Curcio, who gave me the motivation to complete this work despite many trying circumstances. For her care and support, for keeping my spirits up, thanks! And thanks to Renata e Franco, Juventus Football Club, Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead, Thelonious Monk, Groucho Lacursc, Patrizia Curcio, Donald H. Pfister, Charles Davis, Dave Boufford, Kanchi Gandhi, Judith A. Warnement, Lisa DeCesare, Gretchen Wade, Maureen O’Kelly, Emily Wood, Brian Franzone, Julie McIntosh Shapiro, Anthony R. Brach, E. von Raab-Straube, Debabrata Swain, B K Leena, B K Nirupama, Miles Davis, J.S. Bach, John Cage, Glenn Gould, Marx Brothers, Jacques Tati, Cate Blanchett, John Garfield, Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David & Co., Rahsaan Roland Kirk, John Coltrane, Charles Mingus, W.A. Mozart, Gabriel Faurè, Giacinto Scelsi, Frances-Marie Uitti, Francis Poulenc, Kathleen Ferrier, Elmore James, Muddy Waters, Linton Kwesi Johnson, Robert Wyatt, Bryan Ferry, Little Jimmy Dickens, Roy Acuff, Donna the Buffalo, Dan Tyminski, Alison

Krauss, The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Joe Strummer, Raymond Queneau, Georges Perec, Edmond Jabès, Elias Canetti, Kurt Vonnegut, Harold Bloom, David Foster Wallace, John Berger, Robert Walser, Max Frisch, Karl Kraus, W.H. Auden, Marcel Proust, Wallace Stevens, Frank O’Hara, Anne Sexton, Jorie Graham, Philip Larkin, Alan Sillitoe, John Betjeman, Douglas Adams, Dick Brummitt, Rodolfo E.G. Pichi Sermolli, Gerrit Davidse, Truong-Dau (Jardin botanique et zoologique de la ville Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam), Robert Laughlin, Siegmund Seybold, Dan H. Nicolson, Michael Charters, Bernard M. Rosenthal, Ippolito Pizzetti, Angelo Tombini, Silvio Poletto, Ferdinando Albeggiani, Cäsar Scaffidi, Pietro Puccio, Annarosa Macrì, Michele Ciacciofera, Francesco Avola, Francesco M. Raimondo, Joseph Beuys, Peter Pan, Cesare Pavese and Beppe Fenoglio, Via Don Giovanni Minzoni, Piazza Generale Cascino, Via Broseta, Via Milazzo, Via Ghislandi, Via Marturano, Kolej Komenského, Via Tavola Tonda, Via Ignazio Gioè, Via Giovanni Meli, Irving House, Divinity Avenue, Government of Orissa Forest Department, and many friendly/unfriendly reviewers for the useful suggestions that contributed to this manuscript. Om Shanti. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Jill Jurgensen, Mimi Williams, Pam Morrell, and John Sulzycki of CRC Press who embraced this project with their personal love and professional care. Grazie!

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About the Author • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

I like to walk barefoot. I like the dark and the sunset. I like to be an inhabitant of the Reign of Serendipity. I like to play golf. I like walking and trekking. I like the rain (in Sicily is so rare and precious…). I like the silence. I like the sounds of the world. I like to drive my (motor)scooter Leonardo - Aprilia. I like to receive catalogues from L.L. Bean and Lands’ End. I like the perfumes and tastes of my garden. I like to listen to the radio during the night. I like listening music when driving my car. I like to carry books with me. I like to “navigate” through H.G. Liddell & R. Scott, Greek–English Lexicon, Clarendon Press/Oxford. I like to read German and Akkadian texts even if I really don’t know the languages. I like to play football (or soccer..., as you like it...). I like to be a supporter of Juventus (the most fantastic football team in the world! or not?). I like the perfumes of Balmain, Guerlain and Serge Lutens (Shiseido). I like to study. I like to drink tea (Lapsang, Souchong, and Darjeeling my preferred, not too hot, without sugar). I like to listen (at home, I don’t like to go to the concerts, and because of this I buy CDs anywhere and everywhere, at this moment over 7000) and study music: from pre-Bach Ricercari to today’s music, from the Beach Boys to John Cage, from Del Shannon (Runaway!) to Muddy Waters, from Erik Satie to Jonathan Harvey to Conlon Nancarrow to Morton Feldman, from Fleetwood Mac to Eno, from the Everything but the Girl to Gabriel Fauré, from John Coltrane to Thelonius Monk, from The Audience to Gaetano Scelsi and J.S. Bach and Francis Poulenc and Guillaume Dufay and Mozart and Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern and Frances-Marie Uitti and Leos Janacek and Alban Berg and Scriabin and John Gay (“The Beggar’s Opera”) and Darius Milhaud, from Bud Powell to Dodo Marmarosa to Charlie Parker to Rahsaan Roland Kirk to Sonny Rollins to Bill Perkins to Charles Mingus to Miles Davis to Art Pepper to Bill Evans, from Phil Collins to Sam Cooke to Buddy Holly to Chuck Berry to Sonny Boy Williamson to John Lee Hooker to Willie Dixon to The Who to the Grateful Dead to Celia Cruz to Tom Waits to John Lennon and The Beatles to The Velvet Underground to Eric Clapton to John Cale

• •

• •

•

• •

• • • •

• • •

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to David Byrne, from Georges Moustaki to Simon & Garfunkel to Henry Purcell (Dido and Aeneas) to Beethoven. I like the oboe and piano and violoncello (sorry, I don’t play music! damn!!! but I am able to whistle). I like Glenn Gould, Alfred Brendel, Sviatoslav Richter, Rosalyn Tureck, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Mitsuko Uchida, Grete Sultan, Kim Kashkashian, Anner Bylsma, Janos Starker, Frances-Marie Uitti I like to receive catalogues from antiquarian booksellers. I like to collect books, over 40,000: voyages and travel, Asia and the Pacific, natural history, medicine and science, history of science and medicine, early science, history of ideas, botany and botanists, early printing, illustrated books, Africa, first editions from the 15th to the 20th century, unusual books, Americana of all periods, Marxism, philosophy, social history, English and American and French and German and all-over-the-world literature, reference works and books about books, subject and general bibliographies, standard sets, ethnology and anthropology, religion, dictionaries, linguistics, language, garden history, etc. etc. I like to collect rare books from the 16th century: Aldus Manutius, Giolito de’ Ferrari, de Marnef, and Jodocus Badius. I like to collect John Gould prints. I like the works of Cuno Amiet (Swiss painter, 1868–1961), Sonia Delaunay (painter and textile designer, 1885–1979), and Pierre Alechinsky (Belgian painter). I like to collect glass paperweights and elephants and unusual items. I like to take pictures with my Leicas (M3 and M6) I like to collect autographs of Gabriel Fauré (French musician, 1845–1924) and books by and about him. I like to collect autographs of Alexandra DavidNeel (French explorer, 1868–1969; she spent many years in the East and especially in Tibet) and books by and about her. I like to collect autographs of poets and authors and writers and musicians, etc. etc. I like to win prizes/awards with my books. I like to have two degrees, in medicine (specialist in gynecology and Chinese Materia Medica) and political sciences. I like to teach at the University of Palermo, Faculty of Natural Sciences. I like to travel (for pleasure and study and pleasure and study and pleasure and study): Indonesia and xiii

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About the Author

Bali, United States, Brazil, Venezuela, Amazon, Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, India, Ladakh and Bhutan, Mexico, Maldive, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Syria, Kew Herbarium, etc., etc. • I like to be a member of the USGA, of the Botanical Society of America, of the International Palm Society, of the Royal Horticultural Society, of the International Dendrology Society, of the Society for the Economic Botany, of the Australian Geographic Society, etc.

• I like/liked to be a subscriber of The New York Review of Books, Science, New York Times, The Garden, Down Beat, Gramophone, National Geographic, Hortus, International Opera Collector, International Piano Quarterly, Kew Magazine/ Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, New Plantsman, Richard Strauss Blätter, Cadence, Musica, Musica Jazz, Australian Geographic, International Journal of Plant Sciences, La Bibliofilia, Pacific Horticulture, Desert Plants (University of Arizona), The Orchid Review, Veld & Flora, etc.

Contents Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................vii Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................................................... xi About the Author........................................................................................................................................................................xiii A..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 B................................................................................................................................................................................................. 505 C................................................................................................................................................................................................. 701 D............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1307 E............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1507 F................................................................................................................................................................................................1713 G................................................................................................................................................................................................1791 H................................................................................................................................................................................................1915 I................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2055 J................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2123 K................................................................................................................................................................................................2157 L................................................................................................................................................................................................2193 M.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2361 N............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2603 O............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2653 P................................................................................................................................................................................................2741 Q................................................................................................................................................................................................3155 R................................................................................................................................................................................................3167 S............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3281 T............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3645 U............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3833 V............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3863 W.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3937 X............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3957 Y............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3975 Z............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3979

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A Abarema Pittier Fabaceae (Ingeae, Leguminosae, Mimosaceae) Perhaps from a vernacular name, see Arboles y arbustos del orden de las leguminosas … Caracas 56. 1927, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35(3): 101–208. 1936. Abarema jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip (Abarema jupunba Britton & Killip; Abarema trapezifolia Pittier; Abarema trapezifolia (Vahl) Pittier; Acacia jupunba Willd.; Feuilleea jupunba Kuntze; Feuilleea jupunba (Willd.) Kuntze; Inga trapezifolia DC.; Inga trapezifolia (Vahl) DC.; Jupunba jupunba Britton & Rose; Jupunba jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Rose; Jupunba trapezifolia (Vahl) Moldenke; Mimosa jupunba Poir.; Mimosa trapezifolia Vahl; Mimosa trapezifolia Roxb.; Pithecellobium jupunba (Willd.) Urb.; Pithecellobium jupunba Urb.; Pithecellobium trapezifolium Benth.; Pithecellobium trapezifolium (Vahl) Benth.) Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree, young parts rustypubescent, whitish corolla See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1067. 1806, Vahl, Martin (1749–1804), Eclogae Americanae 3: 36, t. 28. Hauniae, 1796–1807, Species Plantarum, ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1067. 1806, Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1. 70. 1810, Hort. Bengal. 93. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 441. 1825, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(11): 142. 1840, London J. Bot. 2: 142. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 185. 1891 and Symbolae Antillarum 2(2): 257–258. 1900, Trabajos del Museo Comercial de Venezuela (Bol. Minist. Relac. Exter. Nos. 10, 11, & 12) 2: 86. 1927, North American Flora 23(1): 27. 1928, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 59: 155. 1932, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 35(3): 126. 1936, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden (Mimos. & Caesalpin. Colomb.) 74(1): 69. 1996 (Scraped roots infusion to treat dandruff. Seeds swallowed by young women just before intercourse as a fertility drug.) in English: bread-and-cheese, soapwood in Guyana: huriasa, huruasa, pakuri

1815 and Blumea 14: 1–251. 1966, Abelmoschus: a taxonomical and cytogenetical overview. In: IBPGR. Report of an international workshop on okra genetic resources, held at the National Bureau for Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India, 8–12 October 1990. International Crop Network Series 5. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), Rome, Italy. pp. 52–68. 1991, Verdcourt, B. & Mwachala, G.M., 2009. Malvaceae. In: Beentje, H.J. & Ghazanfar, S.A. (Editors). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 2009. Taxonomical confusion, this genus was previously included within Hibiscus, thus literature has to be interpreted with care. Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) J.M.C. Stevels (Abelmoschus caillei Stevels; Abelmoschus esculentus auct. non (L.) Moench; Abelmoschus manihot auct. non (L.) Medik.; Hibiscus esculentus auct. non L.; Hibiscus manihot auct. non L.; Hibiscus manihot L. var. caillei A. Chev.) West and Central Africa. Erect herb, stout, often woody at base, flowers axillary, petals yellow often turning pink, young leaves consumed as spinach, young immature fruits consumed cooked or fried, leaves good cattle feed, often confused with Abelmoschus esculentus and/or Abelmoschus manihot See Euphytica 31: 241–252. 1982, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia Sér. 4, 10(2): 138. 1988, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(10): 1426–1431. 2008 (Mucilage used as a blood plasma replacement or blood volume expander; leaves poultices emollient, sudorific, antiscorbutic, to treat dysuria.) in English: West African okra, West African okro in India: usipak Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. (Abelmoschus cancellatus Voigt; Abelmoschus hainanensis S.Y. Hu; Bamia cancellata Wall.; Bamia crinita Wall.; Hibiscus bodinieri H. Lév.; Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb. ex G. Don, not L.; Hibiscus cavaleriei H. Lév.; Hibiscus crinitus (Wall.) G. Don)

Abelmoschus Medik. Malvaceae

South Asia, China. Herb, long yellow hairs, erect, axillary flowers usually solitary, corolla yellow with a purple spot in the centre, fresh roots edible

Probably from the Arabian abul-l-mosk ‘father of musk, source of musk’, referring to the seeds, see Medikus, Friedrich Kasimir (1736–1808), Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse der Monadelphien. 45–46. Mannheim, 1787, Botanical Magazine 41: sub t. 1702.

See Species Plantarum 2: 693. 1753, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 39, pl. 44. 1830, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 480. 1831 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(317–321): 184. 1913, Flora of China 153: 37, pl. 8, f. 1. 1955 1

2

(Fresh leaves cataplasm for infected wounds. Tuberous roots eaten fresh to cure impotence; root decoction to cure diarrhea and dysentery. Veterinary medicine, tubers crushed with seeds of Sorghum vulgare to promote fertility of sheep.) in China: chang mao huang kui in India: bana bhindi, bherwakand, bondki phul, kachalu, kamlya, kapsatta, kondabenda Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Hibiscus esculentus L.; Hibiscus longifolius Willd.; Hibiscus longifolius Sessé & Moc.; Hibiscus longifolius Roxb., nom. illeg.) Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions, uncertain origin. Herb, erect, stout, flowers axillary, petals yellow often turning pink, erect capsule, young immature fruits eaten cooked or fried See Species Plantarum 2: 693, 696. 1753, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie 45–46. 1787, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 1: 617. 1794, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(1): 827. 1800, Hort. Bengal. 53. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 210–211. 1832, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 521. 1854, G. Binger, Essai sur la langue Bambara. Parlée dans le Kaarta et dans le Bélédougou. Paris 1886, Fl. Mexic., ed. 2 161. 1894 and Ignacio Baptista de Moura, ed., Annuario de Belém em commemoração do seu tricentenario, 1616–1916, historico, litterario e commercial. [Pará?] 1915, Rev. David Clement Scott, Dictionary of the Nyanja Language, being the encyclopaedic dictionary of the Mang’anja language edited and enlarged by the Rev. Alexander Hetherwick. London 1951, New Botanist 3: 48–53. 1976, William W. Megenney, A Bahian Heritage. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1978, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, E) 66: 66. 1979, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 215–223. 1983, Cytologia 51: 753–756. 1986, Maria Helena Farelli, Plantas que curam e cortam feitiços. Rio de Janeiro 1988, Systematic Botany Monographs 25: 1–522. 1988, Flora of Chiapas 3: 1–90. 1990, Flora de Veracruz 68: 1–255. 1992, Celia Blanco, Santeria Yoruba. Caracas 1995, Pierre Fatumbi Verger, Ewé: the use of plants in Yoruba society. São Paulo 1995 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Dried stalks used for the Guinea worm. Root extract aphrodisiac and sex tonic, sedative, given for stomatitis, spermatorrhea, sterility, impotence, dystocia; root powder taken orally to check discharge of sperm with urine and to increase sexual potentiality; roots, infusion or decoction, for cough and syphilis. Fresh washed leaves in cataplasm for infected wounds; leaves emollient, sudorific or antiscorbutic and to treat dysuria. Leaves and ripe fruits for cough; leaves, flowers and unripe fruits for insect sting. Fruit laxative; cooked fruit given for abortion; unripe fruits decoction taken orally to cure syphilis. Veterinary medicine.) in English: common okra, edible hibiscus, gobbo, gombo, gumbo, lady’s finger, okra, okro

Abelmoschus Medik. Malvaceae

in South and Central America: ochro, okra, quiabo, quilombo, quimbombó in China: huang shu kuei in India: babniya, bamiya, bamiyah, bawrhsaiabe, benda, benda-kaya, bendai, bendakaya, bende kaayi, bende kaayi gida, bende-kayi, bende naaru, bendi, bhajichi-bhendi, bhandaka, bhelendri, bhenda, bhendan, bhende, bhendekayi, bhendi, bhendo, bhinda, bhindajad, bhindi, bhindi tori, bhindijad, bhindu, binda, darvika, dheras, gandhamula, penda, pitali, ram-turai, ram-turi, ramturai, tindisha, venaikkay, venda, venda bendi, vendai, vendaik-kay, vendaikkai, vendaikkay, vendakaya, vendi, venta, ventai, ventak-kaya in Japan: okura Malay name: kachang bendi in the Philippine Isl.: okra in Cameroon: ankoul in Congo: ngaingai, umvumba in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: gombo in Madagascar: mana in Malawi: cilunguthando, nathando, thelele la amwenye, thelele lobzala (Nyanja) in Nigeria: erula, ila, ilasa, ilasado, illa, iroko, irula in Rhodesia: mandande in Senegal: da guo, kanda, kanda a kob, kanda ala, kandalan, kunégo, sumaré in Sierra Leone: a lontho, bonde, bondei, okro in Tanzania: mbamia, mbinda in Togo: gombo Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arn. (Hibiscus ficulneus L.; Hibiscus sinuatus Cav.) Tropical Africa, India. Herb, annual, green stem mucilaginous, corolla white with deep purple centre, leaves and fruits edible, sometimes confused with Abelmoschus esculentus See Species Plantarum 2: 693, 695. 1753, Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 3: 147, t. 52, f. 2. 1787, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 53. 1834 and Taxon 31: 582–583. 1982, Glimpses of Cytogenetics in India 2: 287–292. 1989, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(2): 75–95, 97–111. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(3): 463–469. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Root paste applied on body to cure jaundice, used against fever, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems; for scorpion bite root paste applied on the area of the sting and crushed roots drunk with water. Seeds in asthma. Leaves crushed with salted water used against diarrhea.)

3

Abies Miller Pinaceae

in English: native roselle in India: jangil-bhendi, jangli bhendi, janil-bhendi, karumancarikam, kattu-vendai, kattuventai, kattuventicceti, mal bhindi, nelabenda, parupubenda, ranbhendi, tindisa Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. (Hibiscus manihot L.; Hibiscus papyriferus Salisb.) SE Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea. Perennial herb or undershrub, leaves lobed See Species Plantarum 2: 696. 1753, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie 46. 1787 (Root paste applied for treating cuts and for healing wounds. Flowers used for dysentery, asthma; the sap for cough, cold; leaves boiled and eaten to treat dysentery, the solution used to bathe a skin rash.) in India: aibika, bambuda, jangali bhendi, jangli bhindi, ran bhendi, uichhume, usipak

Franca, Arabismos. Recife 1994, Quart. J. Forest Res. 21(3): 61–72. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 313–373. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Diuretic, antifertility, antiinflammatory, stomachic, febrifuge, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, digestive, emollient, antispasmodic, insecticide, fungicide. Fruits for gonorrhea. For headache, rheumatic pains, fever in children, pound the root and poultice. Leaves decoction used for coughs, not recommended for pregnant women. Roots solution in water used for kidney stone, not recommended for pregnant women; root of Peucedanum nagpurense mixed with root of Abelmoschus moschatus given to increase semen. Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies.) in English: ambrette, musk mallow in Brazil: abelmosco, algália, ambarino in French Guiana: ambrette, calalou musqué

in Papua New Guinea: dahang, maniota

in China: huang kui

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. subsp. tetraphyllus (Hornem.) Borss.

in India: bawrthsaisbe suak, bhinda, bhojraj, cattu-gasturi, gandapura, gorokhiakarai, gorukhia-korai, habbul-mishk, habbulmushk, jangli bhenda, jangli-bhendi, jangli-bhindi, kaadu kastoori, kaattu kasturi, kadu-kasturi, kala-kasturi, kalkasturi, kantukasthuri, kapukimissa, kapur konda, karpoorabenda, karpuri-benda, kasthoori benda, kasthoori bende, kasthoori­ bhenda, kasturi-benda-vittulu, kasturi bende, kasturi-bhenda, kasturi-bhendo, kasturi-dana, kasturi-vendaik-kay-virai, kasturi-venta-vitta, kasturibenda, kasturivendaik-kayvirai, kasuturica, kattakasturi, kattu-kasturi, kattuk-kasturi, kattukkasthuri, kattukkasturi, katukasthuri, lat kastoori, lata kasturi, latakasturi, latakasturika, latakasturikam, lathakasturi, mishkdana, musakdana, mushak-dana, mushakdana, mushk-bhendike-jij, mushk-dana, mushk-danah, mushkdana, muskadaana, muskadana, muskdana, nagdau, nagdau bhenda, nelabenda, tachusengme, uichhuhlo, varttilai kasthuri, varttilaikasthuri, vattilai-kasturi, zatakasturika

India. Undershrub, flowers pedicellate, corolla yellow with purple centre, acuminate 5-angled capsules See Blumea 14: 97. 1966 (Fresh latex applied externally on cuts and wounds. Roots crushed and the juice given to children for pneumonia.) in India: ladipma, popongti Abelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medik. (Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten, nom. inval.; Abelmoschus moschatus var. betulifolius (Mast.) Hochr.; Abelmoschus officinalis Endl., nom. illeg.; Hibiscus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten, nom. illeg.; Hibiscus abelmoschus L.; Hibiscus abelmoschus var. betulifolius Mast.; Hibiscus abelmoschus var. genuinus (L.) Hochr.; Hibiscus cardiophyllus Baill.; Hibiscus chinensis Roxb., nom. nud.; Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb.; Hibiscus moschatus Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Hibiscus moschatus Salisb.)

in Indonesia: bukal, bukol, gandapura, kakapasan, kapas sadeki, kapasan, kastore, kasturi, kaworo, regula, rewulow, rewulu, waren, waron

Tropics of the Old World. Herb, annual, tall, branches hispidhairy, flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, corolla bright yellow with reddish purple base, prickly capsule, seed musky

in Japan: Ryûkyû-tororo-aoi

See Species Plantarum 1: 696. 1753, Ueber einige kunstliche Geschlecter aus der Malven-Familie 46. 1787, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 387. 1796, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 51. 1814, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 237. 1838, Catalogus horti academici vindobonensis 2: 253. 1842, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 22. 1852, The Flora of British India 1: 342. 1875, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 509. 1885, Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2 2: 157. 1894 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 4: 151. 1900, Nova Guinea 14: 165. 1924, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 23. 1988, Rubem

in Philippines: agukai, dalak, dalupang, daopang, dukum, kalupi, kastio, kastiokastiokan, kastuli, marapoto, marikum

in Malaysia: gandapura, kachang bende, kapas hantu, kapas hutan

in Thailand: chamot-ton, mahakadaeng, som-chaba in Vietnam: b[us]p v[af]ng, c[aa]y b[oo]ng v[af]ng

Abies Miller Pinaceae Latin abies, etis ‘the silver-fir, ship’; Greek elate, and Akkadian elatu ‘upper parts’, gab’u ‘height’; see Flora Lapponica 227.

4

1737, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary:… edition seven 110, 2. 1759, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2329. 1838, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 3: 596. 1878 and Bulletin de la Société Dendrologique de France 1908: 8, 181. 1908, Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles 13(Suppl. 2): 167. 1942, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 11. [Ristampa dell’edizione di Bologna 1870] Bologna 1978, Fl. Canada 2: 93–545. 1978 [1979], Antonella Comba, a cura di, Antica Medicina Tibetana. Tavole miniate del Berillo azzurro di Sangye Gyamtso (XVII sec.). Zanfi Editori, Modena 1994, Aljos Farjon, World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1998, Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 18(3): 440–444. 1998. Abies amabilis (Douglas ex Louden) Douglas ex Forbes (Abies amabilis Parl.; Abies amabilis Forb.; Abies amabilis Douglas ex J. Forbes) North America. Perennial tree See Pinetum Woburnense: or, A catalogue of coniferous plants in the collection of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey, systematically arranged. 125, pl. 44. London 1839, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(2): 426, in parte. 1868 (Stomachic, expectorant, for stomach ailments, hemorrhoids, infected eyes, colds, coughs, sore throat, tuberculosis. Ceremonial, ritual.) in English: Cascade fir, Pacific silver fir, white firs Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Abies balsamea var. balsamea; Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.; Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon; Pinus abies L. var. balsamea (L.) Münchh.; Pinus balsamea L.) Europe, North America. Tree, perennial, aromatic, cones upright, aromatic resinous pitch eaten raw, fir bark chewed, inner bark cooked See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 3. 1768, Der Hausvater 5(1): 222. 1770, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 16: 298. 1810, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2339. 1838 and Taxon 29: 535. 1980, Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural Science 8: 1–108. 1988, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 9–10. 1995 (Resin purgative, disinfectant, antiseptic, laxative, tonic, stimulant, analgesic, antiscorbutic, diuretic, diaphoretic, sore healing, used to treat coughs, tuberculosis, sore throats, colds, kidney troubles and diarrhea, gonorrhea, taken in excess it is purgative; resin and sap for corns and warts. Bark infusion taken for cough. Contact dermatitis. Ceremonial.) in English: American silver fir, balm of Gilead, balm of Gilead fir, balsam fir, Canada balsam

Abies Miller Pinaceae

Abies concolor (Gordon & Glendinning) Lindl. ex Hildebrand (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Hildebr.; Abies concolor Lindl.; Abies concolor fo. atroviolacea Cinovskis; Abies concolor subsp. lowiana (Gordon) A.E. Murray; Abies concolor subsp. martinezii (Silba) Silba; Abies concolor var. bajacalifornica Silba; Abies concolor var. lowiana (Gordon) Lemmon; Abies concolor var. martinezii Silba; Abies lowiana (Gordon) A. Murray bis; Abies grandis var. lowiana (Gordon) Hoopes; Abies lowiana var. viridula Debreczy & I. Rácz; Picea concolor Gordon & Glendinning; Picea lowiana Gordon; Pinus concolor Engelm. ex Parl.; Pinus lowiana (Gordon) Mc Nab) North America. Perennial tree See Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 5: 210. 1850, Gordon, George (1806–1879), The Pinetum: being a synopsis of all the coniferous plants at present known, with descriptions, history, and synonymes and comprising nearly one hundred new kinds / by George Gordon … assisted by Robert Glendinning (1805–1962)… 155. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1858, Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereines der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens 18: 261. 1861, A Supplement to Gordon’s Pinetum 53. 1862, Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society of London 3: 317. 1863, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 426. 1868, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2: 680. 1876, Cone-bearing Trees of the Pacific Slope, ed. 3 64. 1895 and Kalmia 13: 3. 1983, Phytologia 68: 11–12. 1990, Journal of the International Conifer Preservation Society 15: 38. 2008 (Antirheumatic, for rheumatism, venereal disease, cuts, sores or boils, tuberculosis, pulmonary troubles.) in English: California white fir, Rocky Mountain white fir, Sierra white fir, white fir in Mexico: pino real blanco Abies densa Griff. (Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach var. densa (Griff.) Silba) Bhutan. Tree, spreading branches, forms natural monospecific stands See Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux - Phanérogames (Tome) 11: 422. 1842, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 19. 1854 and Phytologia Memoirs 7: 10. 1984 (Leaves for asthma, bronchitis and stomach troubles.) in English: East Himalayan red fir, silver fir in Bhutan: dungshing in Nepal: gobre salla in Sikkim: gobre salla Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. subsp. fraseri (Pursh) A.E. Murray; Abies balsamea var. fraseri (Pursh) Spach; Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon var. fraseri (Pursh) Nelson; Picea fraseri (Pursh) Loudon; Pinus balsamea L. var. fraseri (Pursh) Nutt.; Pinus fraseri Pursh)

5

Abies Miller Pinaceae

North America. Perennial tree See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 639–640. 1814[1813], Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 5(1): 35. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 223. 1818, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2340. 1838, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux - Phanérogames 11: 422. 1841, Pinaceae: Being a Handbook of the Firs and Pines 179. 1866 and Kalmia 12: 18. 1982 (Used for wounds, venereal diseases, kidney trouble, cough and ulcers, urinary diseases.) in English: Fraser’s balsam fir, Fraser fir, she-balsam, southern balsam fir Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. (Abies grandis Franco, nom. illeg.; Abies grandis A. Murray, nom. illeg.; Abies grandis Hook., nom. illeg.; Abies grandis Engelm., nom. illeg.; Abies grandis Lindl.; Abies grandis (Dougl.) Forbes; Pinus grandis Douglas ex D. Don; Pinus grandis Douglas) North America. See Companion Bot. Mag. 2: 147. 1836, Flora BorealiAmericana 2(10): 163. 1838, Cat. Grain. Conif. Mexic. 11. 1857, American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 34: 330. 1862, Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society of London 1863(3): 308. 1863 and Fl. Canada 2: 93–545. 1978[1979], Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 18(3): 440– 444. 1998 (Used for infected eyes, sore eyes, boils or ulcers, sore throat, colds, lung hemorrhage, tuberculosis, stomach ailments, rheumatism. Resin infusion taken for whooping cough; resin rubbed on the throat and chest for colds. Bark infusion drunk for stomach ailments, tuberculosis. Bruised needles decoction as an eyewash. Ceremonial, used in purification rites.) in English: balsam fir, grand fir, lowland white fir Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (Abies balsamea subsp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) B. Boivin; Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. fallax (Engelm.) B. Boivin; Abies bifolia A. Murray; Abies concolor var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Beissn.; Abies lasiocarpa Lindl. & Gordon; Abies subalpina Engelmann; Picea lasiocarpa (Hook.) A. Murray; Pinus lasiocarpa Hook.) North America. Perennial tree See Flora Boreali-Americana 2(10): 163. 1838, The North American Sylva 3: 138. 1849, Gardener’s chronicle, new series 4: 135, 194. 1875, Handbuch der ConiferenBenennung 71. 1887 and Le Naturaliste Canadien 86(10): 222. 1959, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 18(3): 440–444. 1998 (Used for infected eyes, sore eyes, boils or ulcers, sore throat, colds, lung hemorrhage, tuberculosis, stomach ailments, rheumatism. Bruised needles decoction as an eyewash. Powdered needles made into a paste applied for skin diseases. Powdered resin for cuts. Ceremonial, young twigs

and leaves burned as incense, witchcraft medicine, used in purification rites, to chase away bad influences.) in English: alpine fir, subalpine fir Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle (Abies pindrow Spach; Abies pindrow Royle; Abies pindrow subsp. gamblei (Hickel) Rushforth; Abies webbiana (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl. var. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Brandis; Picea pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Loudon; Picea pindrow Loudon; Pinus pindrow Royle; Pinus pindrow Royle ex D. Don; Pinus spectabilis D. Don var. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Vossin Putlitz & Meyer) Himalaya, Pakistan, India. Evergreen tree, monoecious, conical crown, branches in whorls, axillary male cones clustered, female cones solitary, winged seeds See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 2: 55. 1825, Penny Cyclop. 1: 30. 1833, London and Edinburgh philosophical magazine and journal of science 8: 255. 1836, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] t. 86. 1836, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2346. 1838, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 11: 423. 1841 [1842 publ. 25 Dec 1841], The forest flora of North-West and Central India 528. 1874 and Handb. Conif. [Dallimore & Jackson] 126. 1923, Bulletin de la Société Dendrologique de France 70: 38. 1929, Taxon 31(1): 72. 1982, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 36(2): 187–191. 1998, International Dendrology Society: Year Book 1998: 63. 1999, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 38(4): 343–346. 2000, Singh, R.K. et al. “Pharmacological activity of Abies pindrow.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 73(1–2): 47–51. 2000, Fitoterapia 72(2): 168–170. 2001, Phytother. Res. 18(1): 73–77. 2004, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(1): 15–19. 2007, J. Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15(2): 44. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves antiinflammatory, anxiolytic, analgesic, antidiabetic, for colds and coughs. The leaves of Abies pindrow reveal the presence of fatty acids including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.) in English: Himalayan fir, Himalayan silver fir, silver fir, West Himalayan fir in India: bodar drewartung, chilla, dodimma, granthiparna, jhilla, krok, morinda, morinda tosh, rai, raisol, ransula, raoragha, rausla, rei, rogha, span, talisa, talisapatra, toong, tosh in Nepal: thingure Abies procera Rehder (Abies nobilis A. Dietr.; Abies nobilis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl., nom. illeg.; Picea nobilis (Douglas ex D. Don) Loudon; Pinus nobilis Douglas ex D. Don; Pseudotsuga nobilis (Douglas ex D. Don) W.R. McNab) North America. Perennial tree See Flora der Gegend um Berlin 2: 793. 1824, A Description of the Genus Pinus, ed. 3 pp. 144 & 145. 1832, Penny Cycl.

6

1: 130. 1833, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2342. 1838, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2: 209–213, t. 49. 1876 and Rhodora 42(504): 522. 1940 (For cold, cough, tuberculosis, wounds.) in English: noble fir Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach (Abies chiloensis Hort.; Abies chilrowensis Hort.; Abies densa Griff.; Abies spectabilis Mirb.; Abies spectabilis Spach; Abies webbiana (Wallich ex D. Don) Lindley; Abies webbiana Lindl.; Picea webbiana (Wall. ex D. Don) Loudon; Picea webbiana Loudon; Picea webbiana Gordon; Pinus spectabilis D. Don; Pinus webbiana Wallich ex D. Don; Pinus webbiana Lindl.) India, Himalaya, Nepal, Bhutan. Tree, aromatic, gnarled, branches horizontally spreading, spreading needles-like leaves, buds globose resinous, cones cylindrical, male cones solitary or in distant pairs, winged seeds See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 2: 55. 1825, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 70. 1825, A Description of the Genus Pinus, ed. 2 2: 77, pl. 44. 1828, Penny Cyclop. 1: 30. 1833, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2344. 1838, Hist. Nat. des Végétaux - Phanérogames 11: 422. 1841 [1842 publ. 25 Dec 1841] and Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, Law Yu-wu, Fu Shu-hsia, Wang Wen-tsai, Chu Cheng-de, Chao Chi-son & Chen Chia-jui. Pinaceae. In: Cheng Wanchün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 32–281. 1978 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Resin said to intoxicate when taken internally. Gum mixed with oil of roses rubbed on forehead for headache. Leaves antiperiodic, astringent, contraceptive, antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, CNS depressant, used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, colds, intermittent fevers, rheumatism and nasal congestion, for malaria in infants; leaves decoction for digestion, cough, asthma and bronchitis; infusion of leaves of Abies spectabilis, Pinus wallichiana and Thymus linearis drunk to relieve bronchitis and whooping cough.) in English: East Himalayan fir, East Himalayan silver fir, high level Himalayan fir, Himalayan fir, Himalayan silver fir in China: zang leng shan in India: badar, bang, barami, chirao, dhatripatra, gobre salla, kanda morinda, kolroi, manduparani, morinda, panchali tung, raga, rai, raisalla, sala, span, sukodara, taleesapatram, talis patra, talisa, talisam, talispatar, talisapathre, talispatra, talisapatradya, talisapatram, talispatra, talispatri, tapis patra, thaalespathri, tosh, zarnab in Lepcha: daong shying koong, saong koong in Nepal: gobra salla, gobre salla, talis patra, thingre salla in Tibet: ba-lu

Abroma Jacq. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

Abroma Jacq. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae) Greek a ‘not’ and broma ‘food’, referring to the poisonous nature, see Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis 3: 3. 1776. Abroma augustum (L.) L.f. (Ambroma augusta L.f.; Ambroma augusta (L.) L.f., also augustum; Theobroma augustum L.) Tropical Asia. Shrubby tree, spreading branches, large shrubs or small trees, evergreen, lianescent, flowers with purple red petals, calyx light green, fruits winged, bark provides a strong white fiber which makes a good substitute for hemp, lowland forest See Species Plantarum 2: 782. 1753, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 3: 233. 1768, Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis 3: 3. 1776, Supplementum Plantarum 54, 341. 1782 and Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 11: 454. 1969, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 14: 170. 1972 (Used in Ayurveda. Stem bark infusion drunk in menstrual disorders. Roots for dysmenorrhea, dropsy and skin diseases. Glutinous sap or fresh root used in dysmenorrhea, venereal diseases; for headache, pound the root and poultice; root paste with bark of Adhatoda zeylanica, Gmelina arborea and roots of Amaranthus spinosus applied on forehead in headache; root bark paste and some peppers given to a woman who fails to conceive; dry powdered roots with bark of Dillenia indica and Terminalia chebula given in urinary diseases. Stem sap with the macerated rhizomes of Zingiber purpureum applied to sprains to relieve pain; oil from the endosperm consumed in fever and cold, applied externally for ringworm and scabies. Leaves as diuretic and antidiabetic; an infusion given for gonorrhea; for headache, pound the leaves and poultice; leaf petioles to cure dysentery. Magic, contact therapy, a piece of root tied round the loin as a relief from dysentery and cholera.) in English: devil’s cotton in Bangladesh: ulatkambal in China: ang tian lian in India: ban kapah (the roots), bon kapahi, bon khopai, chuli, habit phalau, kapsi, kumal, melpundi gida, melpundigida, olaktambol, olat kamal, olat kambal, olatkambal, olutkombul, pisaca karpas, pisaca karpasa, pivari, sanukapashi, sivapputtutti, uchchata, ulat kamal ki jad, ulat kambal, ulatkambal, ulatkambal lakadi, ulatkambal mool, ulutkambal in Indonesia: lenga in Malaysia: kayu singa, kuku singa, rami sengat Abroma fastuosum R. Br. (Abroma fastuosa R. Br.; Abroma fastuosum Gaertn.; Abroma fastuosum Vent.; Abroma fastuosum Jacq.) Philippines. See Species Plantarum 2: 782. 1753, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 3: 233. 1768, Hort. Bot. Vind. 3 (1776) 3, t. 1. 1776, Fruct.

7

Abronia Juss. Nyctaginaceae

et Sem. Pl. 1 (Dec. 1788) 307, t. 64, fig. 1. 1788, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W.T. Aiton), ed. 2. 4: 409. 1812 (Root emmenagogue, for dysmenorrhea.) in Philippines: anabo

Abronia Juss. Nyctaginaceae Greek habros ‘delicate, soft’, referring to the involucre, see Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 448- 449. 1789, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 469, pl. 105. 1791, Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 92, 96. 1843, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 5: 261. 1853, Beitr. Syst. Nyctag. 31. 1897. Abronia elliptica A. Nelson (Abronia fragrans fo. elliptica (A. Nelson) Heimerl ex Rydb.; Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. f. elliptica (A. Nelson) Heimerl; Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. var. elliptica (A. Nelson) M.E. Jones; Abronia nana S. Watson var. harrisii S.L. Welsh; Abronia pumila Rydb.; Abronia ramosa Standl.; Abronia salsa Rydb.) North America. Perennial herb See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 5: 261. 1853, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 14: 294. 1879, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(1): 7. 1899 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 29(12): 683–684. 1902, Contributions to Western Botany 11: 3. 1903, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 321, pl. 39. 1909, Great Basin Naturalist 46(2): 258. 1986

Abronia maritima Nutt. ex S. Watson USA, California. See Genera Plantarum 448–449. 1789, Geological Survey of California, Botany [W.H. Brewer] 2: 4. 1880 (Infusion of the outer portion of the root taken to aid in the expulsion of a torn placenta.) in English: sand verbena Abronia turbinata Torr. ex S. Watson (Abronia exalata Standl.; Abronia orbiculata Standl.) North America. Perennial herb See Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 285 (t. 31). 1871 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 318, 322, pl. 36, 40. 1909 (Crushed leaves made into a paste applied to swellings.) in English: transmontane sand verbena Abronia villosa S. Watson (Abronia umbellata Lam. fo. villosa (S. Watson) Voss) North America. Annual herb, low growing, fleshy, creeping, sticky, trailing reddish stems, ovate dark freen leaves, spherical clusters of pinkish flowers See American Naturalist 7(5): 302. 1873, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei. Dritte neubearbeite Aflage 1: 862. 1895 (Plant diuretic. Crushed roots made into a paste applied to burns.) in English: desert sand verbena

(Contact therapy, sedative, to induce sleep.)

Abronia villosa S. Watson var. villosa

in English: fragrant white sand verbena, sand verbena

North America. Annual herb

Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. (Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. var. glaucescens A. Nelson)

See American Naturalist 7(5): 302. 1873, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei. Dritte neubearbeite Aflage 1: 862. 1895

North America. Perennial herb, erect, sweet smelling white flowers

(Plant diuretic. Crushed roots made into a paste applied to burns.)

See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 5: 261. 1853 and Bot. Gaz. 34(4): 364. 1902

in English: desert sand verbena

(Plant used for boils, insect bites, gastrointestinal disorders, for stomach cramps and stomachaches, bowel troubles, as a cathartic, an emetic, a sudorific; infusion used as lotion for sores or sore mouth. Ceremonial, ritual.)

Abrus Adans. Fabaceae (Abreae, Leguminosae)

in English: prairie snowball, snowball sand verbena Abronia latifolia Eschsch. North America. Perennial herb See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg. Avec l’Histoire de l’Académie 10: 281 [271]. 1826 (Tonic, stomachic.) in English: coastal sand verbena, yellow sand-verbena

Probably from the Greek habros ‘delicate, graceful, beautiful, pretty, soft’, the leaves are soft; Akkadian ebru, ibru, Hebrew haber, Aramaic habra ‘favourite slave, friend’; Akkadian habaru, kabaru ‘to become fat, thick’, kabru ‘fat’; see Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 2. Ansbach 1852 and Blumea 10: 607– 624. 1960, Kingsbury, J.M. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA. 1964, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 173–219. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. 1990, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 32. Basel 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83: 39–54. 2002.

8

Abrus fruticulosus Wight & Arn. (Abrus acutifolius Blume ex Miq.; Abrus aureus R. Vig.; Abrus bottae Deflers; Abrus cantoniensis Hance; Abrus cyaneus R. Vig.; Abrus fruticulosus Wall.; Abrus gracilis P. Lima; Abrus grandiflorus R. Vig.; Abrus laevigatus E. Mey.; Abrus madagascariensis var. dumensis R. Vig.; Abrus madagascariensis var. littoralis R. Vig.; Abrus madagascariensis var. parvifolius R. Vig.; Abrus madagascariensis var. typicus R. Vig.; Abrus melanospermus Hassk.; Abrus mollis Hance; Abrus precatorius var. latifoliolatus De Wild.; Abrus precatorius var. villosula Miq.; Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thwaites; Abrus pulchellus fo. latifoliolata (De Wild.) De Wild.; Abrus pulchellus fo. melanosperma Backer; Abrus pulchellus fo. typica Backer; Abrus pulchellus var. latifoliolata De Wild.; Abrus repens Tisserant; Abrus sambiranensis R. Vig.; Abrus schimperi Hochst. ex Baker; Abrus somalensis Taub.; Abrus stictospermus Berhaut; Abrus suffruticosus Boutique; Abrus tenuiflorus Spruce ex Benth.; Abrus tenuiflorus Benth.; Hoepfneria africana Vatke) Indonesia, Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, prostrate subshrub or woody climber, flowers in clusters, fruit oblong to linear-oblong, seeds compressed, species extremely polymorphic, sweet-tasting, in roadsides, along streams, edges of lowland rain forest See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5820. 1831–1832, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 236. 1834, Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. 282. 1844, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 15(1B): 216. 1859, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 2: 91. 1859 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 14(3): 173–174. 1951, Mémoires de la Société Botanique de France 1953–1954: 7. 1954, Kew Bulletin 24(2): 250. 1970, Willdenowia 15: 521–527. 1986, Cell and Chromosome Research 12: 22–29. 1989, Novon 10(2): 124. 2000 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots used to treat digestive disorders, colic, fevers; root juice applied on teeth in dental caries, tooth decay and toothache.) in India: baga latumoni, bili gulaganji, gaunchi, gulaganji, gundumani, gunja, gunjee beeja, gunji, gurgunji, karanjika, kunch, madalavela, olakambal, ullat kambal, vellakundumani, venkundri, vidathari in Indonesia: areuy si hayam, daun sambang, saga areuy in Malaysia: akar kachang inai, saga negri, semelit jalin in Thailand: kho kiu, ma khaam yaan, ma klam phueak in Vietnam: k[ee] c[oos]t th[ar]o Abrus precatorius L. (Abrus abrus (L.) W. Wight, nom. illeg.; Abrus abrus W.F. Wright; Abrus cyaneus R. Vig.; Abrus maculatus Noronha, nom. nud.; Abrus minor Desv.; Abrus pauciflorus Desv.; Abrus precatorius var. novoguineensis Zipp. ex Miq.; Abrus squamulosus E. Mey.; Abrus tunguensis P. Lima; Abrus wittei Baker f.; Glycine abrus L.) (Latin, relating to prayer) India, Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, twining vine, wiry, woody, slender flexible branches, pinkish white flowers in

Abrus Adans. Fabaceae (Abreae, Leguminosae)

dense clusters, thick and robust inflorescence, oblong inflated pod, very hard seeds bright scarlet with a black spot commonly used by jewellers as weights, in dry thickets, in the low rainfall areas See Species Plantarum 2: 753–754. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 327, 511. 1763, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 472. 1767, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 5(4): 7. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 1053. 1802, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 9: 418. 1826, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 126. 1836, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 159. 1855 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 9: 171. 1905, Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 21: 303. 1932, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 14(3): 172. 1951, For. Fl. Punj. ed.3. 156. 1956, Father M. Hannan, Standard Shona Dictionary. Compiled for the Southern Rhodesia Native Affairs Department. London 1959, Kew Bulletin 24: 240. 1970, Davis, J.H. “Abrus precatorius (rosary pea). The most common lethal plant poison.” J. Fla. Med. Assoc. 65: 189–191. 1978, Botanica Macaronesica 7: 67–76. 1980, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 257–263, 265–277. 1983, Willdenowia 15: 521–527. 1986, Economic Botany 44(3): 369–381. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48: 131–144. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55: 119–126. 1997, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. High toxicity. Seeds poisonous, highly toxic, often used criminally; a single wellmasticated seed can kill an adult human; abrin is regarded as one of the most deadly plant toxins known. Plant antibacterial, contraceptive, antiallergic, antimalarial, febrifuge, antiinflammatory, expectorant, insecticide, anti-schistosomiasis, molluscicidal. Root said to be emetic and useful in poisoning, an infusion used for procuring abortion; decoction of fruits of Pedalium murex with the roots of Abrus precatorius used as oral medicine to cure syphilis. Leaves or roots used for chest complaints, pleurisy; juice of fresh leaves on scabies and leprosy; dried leaves refrigerant; leaves applied on swollen tonsils; leaf juice mixed in water taken for cough. Roots, stem and leaves for the treatment of flu, cough, fever; roots used for expelling hookworm; roots infusion or juice used for procuring abortion; soaked crushed roots decoction taken to treat leucorrhea. Seeds antiseptic, abortifacient, tonic, antimalarial and antiinflammatory, poultice applied externally to cure mastitis and galactophoritis; paste of seeds said to decrease fertility in women, the lady will not get pregnant; seed paste with seeds of Albizia lebbeck given to cure cataract; seeds ground, brewed and taken as a cure for asthma; seed paste when placed in cotton and inserted in vagina causes abortion, also criminal abortion. Veterinary medicine, whole plant extract given orally for retained placenta; the leaves of this plant and the leaves of Calotropis procera are mixed, burnt and the ash given to goats after delivery; pounded leaves decoction given for insect bite; leaf paste a germicide to dress wounds in domestic animals; leaves extract given

9

Abrus Adans. Fabaceae (Abreae, Leguminosae)

to cure anthrax, in insect bite, in retained placenta; crushed roots applied to cure white eyes of the cattle; powdered seeds given with water to treat liver disorders, poisoning and nervousness; seeds paste applied on yokegall, seed powder fed to ox to cure galls on the neck. Used in religion and magicoreligious beliefs and performances, amulet from the roots; a piece of root tied round the wrist is believed to prevent skin diseases; Tantric rituals, rosaries made of seeds; a traditional remedy through plant wreath, stem pieces tied on hand to treat fits. Contact therapy, or touch therapy, to cure toothache a piece or root is tied around the ear.)

in South Africa: umKhokha (Zulu)

in English: bead vine, black-eyed Susan, coral-bead plant, coral pea, crab’s eyes, crab-eye vine, Indian licorice, Indian liquorice, Jamaica liquorice, jecquirity bean, jequerity seeds, jequirity, jequirity bean, john crow beads, jumbie bead, licorice, licorice bean, licorice vine, love bean, love pea, lucky bean, Paternoster beans, prayer beads, precatory bean, precatory-pea, red bead plant, red bean vine, rosary pea, weather plant, weather vine, wild licorice, wild liquorice

in Cambodia: ângkreem, kre:m krâ:m

in Brazil: açacu-mirim, arvoeiro, geriginiti, inqueriti, jeriquiti, juqueriti, juriquiti, olho-de-cabra, olhos-de-pombo, periquiti, tento-arvoeiro, tento-dos-mudos in Mexico: yogoak in Venezuela: bejuco de peonia in Benin: assenounkounman, awinoukouvi, babanyékou, dindin-foudin, djen-gjenkoundjen, djèndjènkoudjèn, odjouéga, sindin-foudin, viviman in Botswana: mpitipiti in Burundi: umurungarunga in Comoros: karawashone, mbilimbitsi in Congo: bembari ngyengye, djekiri, fingu, ikegne, ikenie, makoma koma, mangala, mopingwa, moungouba-kombo, mudjiri bisaye, muzekezeke, ngiengie, nguieguié, ngy engye in Ivory Coast: boudonguié, damabo, goassien, gou-bléidi, klékwé, krikpé, laboma, moudié-bi-titi, sanga, sicama in Kenya: banyorboi, motipitipi, mwanga-la-nyuki, ombulu in Madagascar: hanana, kelimiefitra, liane réglisse, masogaga, masomamboatorana, masonamboatora, masonombilahy, matora, pater noster, réglisse du pays, voamaintilahy, voamaintilama, voamaintilany, voamantora, voamason’amboatorana, voamatora, voamena, voamentilano, voamina in Mali: jiquirity, n’de bleni in Nigeria: adagbe, ainya-nwono, ajikana, aladun, anya nwona, ewe aladun, idon-zakara, iwere-jeje, mako, mesen-mesen, mesenmesen, mesenmesen itakun, misinmisin, oju eyele, oju ologbo, olatogege, pakun obarisa, tandara, werenjeje in N. Rhodesia: mikube, mukenyenge in Senegal: ngid fanggool (= snake eyes)

in Tanzania: kitinutimu, lufambo, lufiambo, lufyambo, orututi, rufumbo, ufambo, zangaso in Togo: dékudjé, denkudjé, djédjinkudjin in Uganda: kasitisiti, osito in Zambia: masoapusi, mupiti, mupitipiti, musolosolo, muzaviji in Zimbabwe: muTiti, mu Piti (Shona) in Burma (Myanmar): ywe-nge

in China: xiang si zi, hsiang ssu tzu, hung tou in India: aainu-ddik, aainuddek, aainuddik, adimaduram, adingam, adisamiyai, ain-ed-dik, ali, angaravallari, angaravalli, arakead, arked, aru, aruna, atimadhuram, atimadhuramu, atimaturam, atinkam, atti, avu, bhilabhushana, bhillabusana, bhut kesi, boga lota, cekkunni, chakrashalya, chan-cha-lank, chanboi, chaning, chanothi, chanothi saphed, chanoti, chanoti pan, charmoi, charmoli, chashami-khurosa, chashme-khuros, chashmekharush, chashmkhuros, chashmkuros, chataki, chhannochi (gumachi) lal, chhannochi (gumachi) safed, chiramathi, chiramati lal, chiramati safed, chirmati, chirmati kali, chirmati lal, chirmati safed, chirmi, chirmiti, chormoi, chua-cha-lauk-li (for a plant with white seeds), chudala, chudamani, chuntli, cinkili, cinni, cinnicanni, ciritakam, ciritam, cirrilaimanikkoti, citakkanni, citikam, citikamanikkoti, cittilaicceti, civappakatitakkoti, civappakatitam, coondumunnie vayr, coonycooroo, cutamanikkoti, dhala kaincha, dhvankshanakha, durmogha, edalagam, egunru, ekunru, etalakam, galaganji, gaunchhi, gaungchi, ghughuchi, ghumachi, ghumchi, ghunchchi surkh, ghunchi, ghunchu, ghungchi, ghungchi safaid, ghunghachi, gomchi, gonjel, goonja, gueugunji, gul-ganji, gulagangi, gulaganji, gulagunji, gulagunjie, gulganji, guliganji, guluganji, gulugunjiballi, gumchi, guncaci, gunchi, gunci, gundamani, gundu-mani, gundumani, gunj, gunj ratt, gunja, gunji, gunjika, gunjratt, guri-ginja, guriginja, gurija, gurivenda, gurivinda, gurivindalu, gurj, guru-venda, gurugangi, guruganji, gurugiinia, guruginia, guruginja, gurugonji, gurugunji, gurunenda, guruvinda, haga, hauga, irattimadhuram, jeshtamadhu, kaheich, kainch, kaincha, kaka, kakachinchi, kakachinchibijam, kakachinchika, kakacincai, kakacinci, kakadani, kakajangha, kakananti, kakanantika, kakanantirai, kakani, kakashimbi, kakatikta, kakatiktam, kakatundika, kakavallari, kakini, kaksha, kalluraynci, kalmuraki, kalmurakikkoti, kamapoki, kamboji, kamperu, kampocam, kampoki, kampokikam, kanchi, kandam, kanichi, kanwar, karjain, karjani, karunkunri, karuttaniramalacci, katukali, katukalikkoti, katuku, kawet, kead, kempu kannu beeja, khaksi, kindumuthan, klitakam, klitakkam, koccimancati, koccimancatimani, kollikam, konni, koonch, koticci, kotipenam, kotiyenacceti, krishnachudika, krishnala, kuccam, kukkutam, kukkutamu, kunacam, kunakkari, kunapacakkoti, kunca, kuncakam, kuncalakkoti, kuncalam, kuncaram, kunch, kunch lal, kunci, kuncikam, kuncuram, kundh,

10

kundrimani, kundumani, kundumuthan, kuni, kunjam, kunjuram, kunni, kunni-kuru, kunnikkuru, kunnikuru, kunniveru, kunri, kunri-mani, kunricceti, kunrimani, kunrivittu, kunthamani, kuntri, kuntumani, kuruvi, kuruvikakkoti, kuruvikam, kuruvintakkoti, lahan-gunj, lal geri, lal gunja, lal kunch, lal rati, lalgadi, latur mani, madhuka, madhukam, madhukavalli, madhumulam, maghz tukhm kunch, malaikkuruvi, maniccikai, maturakam, mirintika, mukkirakariyar, mukkirkariyar, mukkutamu, mulati, nakaciritam, nancaruttanputu, nanci, nancicci, naykattankoti, naykkarantai, naykkattan, nilakkunti, nilakkuntikkoti, nirattakankari, pacalai, palaccaki, palaccakikkoti, palaccaritam, rakta, raktala, raktan, raktika, ranga latumoni, rati, rati badami, rati gulabi, rati kali, rati safed, ratigiri, ratki, ratnalya, rattak, ratti, ratti safaid, ratti surkh, ratur mani, rauns, runjo, sarmai, saumya, shangir, shangushtha, shekkunn, shikhandi, shikhandini, shitapaki, shvetabija, shvetagunja, shvetaraktika, shvetkamboji, shvetochchata, shyamalachuda, sinnaguruginja, surkh, tamirakam, tamirikai, tanuve, tatti, tittaparuvan, tukhm kunch, tulabija, uccatam, uchchatta, uma, umatakiyakkoti, umatakiyam, uyar, uyarvukkoti, vaktrashalya, vanya, vayasadini, venkunri, venkunrivittu in Indonesia: ailalu picar, akar belimbing, akar saga betina, aliwensi, aliweue, gaksagakan lakek, hasobe, idi idi maloko, idihi maloko, idisi maloko, kaca, kalepip, kaltasi, kandei, kenderi kundi, kundi, maat metan, mali-mali, parusa, pikal, pikalo, pikolo, piling-piling, punol, punu no matiti, ratti, saga, saga areuy, saga betina, saga biji, saga buncik, saga kenderi, saga ketek, saga leutik, saga manis, saga telik, sagai kai, sago batino, sarmai, seklawan, seugeun, seugew, talam punal, tampunal, taning bajang, tella guriginja, tella gurivinda, thaga, walipopo, war kamasan, war kamasin in Japan: ahadan, tô-azuki in Malaysia: akar belimbing, akar saga, akar saga betina, saga akar, saga betina, saga kechil in Laos: khua sa em, makam in Nepal: lalgedi, ratigedi in Philippines: agaion, aguiang-iang, bangati, bugaiong, bugayong, gikos-gikos, gumaing, kaloo, kansasaga, laga, manggadolong, matang-pune, oiangia, saga in Thailand: cha-em-thet, kam-ta-kai, kemkrom, klam khruea, ma-khaek, ma-klam-khrua, ma-klam-ta-nu, ma khaam thao, ma klam taanuu, mai fai, ta-klam in Tibetan: ma ru rtse, mda’-rgyus, o la mase dmarpo, ol ma se dkar po, ol ma sedmar pod in Vietnam: cam sao, cam thao day, cam th[ar]o d[aa]y, cuom thao, d[aa]y c[uw][owf]m th[ar]o, d[aa]y t[uw][ow]ng t[uw], day chi chi in Australia: gidee gidee, wild jumble in Fiji: diridamu, lele, leredamu in Guam: kolales halumtano

Abuta Aublet Menispermaceae

in Hawaii: pukiawe, pukiawe lei, pukiawe lenalena, pupukiawe Abrus pulchellus Thwaites (Abrus fruticulosus auct. non Wight & Arn.; Abrus fruticulosus Wall.; Abrus laevigatus E. Mey.; Abrus laevigatus sensu Breteler; Abrus stictosperma Berhaut) India. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5819, 5820. 1831–1832 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France Mém. 1953–1954: 7. [14 Oct 1954], Kew Bulletin 24: 1–70, 235–307. 1970 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots used in colic. Seed powder taken with little goat or cow’s milk to check conception.) in India: gaunchi, vella­kun­dumani

karanjika,

kunch,

safed

gunj,

in Malay: akar kachang inai

Abuta Aublet Menispermaceae A native name for Abuta rufescens Aublet, called abouta or abuta by the Garipons, French Guiana, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 618, t. 250. 1775 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 22(2): 1–89. 1971. Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith (Abuta concolor Poepp. & Endl.; Abuta concolor Benth.; Abuta guyanensis Eichler; Anelasma concolor Miers; Anelasma gardnerianum Miers; Anelasma guianense Miers; Anelasma laurifolium Sagot; Anelasma martianum Miers; Anelasma pallidum Miers; Anelasma spruceanum Miers; Anelasma urophyllum Miers; Cocculus grandifolius Mart.; Cocculus grandifolius Perrot & Vogt; Cocculus laevigatus Mart.; Cocculus urophyllus Mart.; Trichoa concolor Endl.; Trichoa guyanensis Klotzsch & Eichler) Peruvian Amazon. Tree, leaves coriaceous, axillary inflorescence, hard drupes, in secondary forest See Repertorium für die Pharmacie 36: 345. 1830 and Das Pflanzenreich 4(94): 197. 1910, Index Kewensis 7: 52. 1929, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1937: 397. 1937, Krukoff, B. A. & Moldenke, H.N. “Studies of American Menispermaceae, with special reference to species used in preparation of arrow-poisons.” Brittonia 3: 1–74. 1938, Phytologia 33(5): 323–341. 1976, Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. (Bolivia) Com. 10: 32–52. 1990 (Leaves infusion febrifuge, effective against malaria and fevers; leaves boiled and applied to infected eyes. Arrow poison.) in Peru: abuta, caimitillo, sanango, trompetero Abuta rufescens Aubl. (Abuta convexa (Vell.) Diels; Abuta convexa Diels; Abuta heterophylla Miers; Abuta macrophylla Miers; Abuta rufescens DC.; Abuta rufescens Griseb., nom. illeg.; Abuta scandens DC.; Abuta scandens Barrère, nom. inval.; Abuta splendida Krukoff & Moldenke; Abuta

11

Abutilon Miller Malvaceae

wilson-brownei R.S. Cowan; Cissampelos abutua Velloso; Cissampelos convexa Vell.; Cissampelos tomentosa Velloso; Cocculus abuta (Lam.) Kostel.; Cocculus abuta Kostel.; Cocculus macrophylla A. St.-Hil. & Tul.; Cocculus macrophyllus A. St.-Hil. & Tul.; Cocculus martii A. St.-Hil. & Tul.; Cocculus tomentosa Mart.; Cocculus tomentosus Colebr.; Cocculus tomentosus Mart. ex Eichler; Menispermum abuta L., nom. illeg.; Menispermum abuta Lam.) South America. Liana See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 618– 620, t. 250. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 100. 1796, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 1: 542. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13(1): 59. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 103. 1824, Allgemeine MedizinischPharmazeutische Flora 2: 501. 1833, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 17: 134–135. 1842, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 3: 109. 1858 [1859 publ. 1858], Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 17: 47. 1862, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 14(82): 258. 1864 and Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Menispermac. IV. 94(Heft 46): 193. 1910, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 68: 241. 1941, Brittonia 7: 394. 1952, Phytologia 33(5): 323–341. 1976, Phytologia 50(2): 80–111. 1982 (Bark used for arrow poison.) in English: white Pareira root

Abutilon angulatum (Guill. & Perr.) Mast. (Abutilon intermedium Hochr. ex Garcke; Abutilon pseudangulatum Hochr.; Bastardia angulata Guill. & Perr.; Sida macrophylla Hils. & Bojer ex Baill.) Tanzania. Woody herb, branches very spreading, flowers bright orange-yellow, papery dark brown fruit sections, invasive weed, young leaves and flowers used as a vegetable See Species Plantarum 2: 683–686. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 254. 1821[1822], Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 65. 1831, Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens … 49. 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 183. 1868, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 504. 1885 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 6: 13. 1902, Lundellia 5: 82. 2002 (Roots boiled and the liquid to treat cough, can also be used to ease labor pains.) in Tanzania: fiefie, fyefye, fyofyokoe, nyalufungulo, nyamabumu Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sweet (Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Cav., nom. illeg., non Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sweet; Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) G. Don, nom. illeg., non Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sweet; Sida glauca Cav.) Senegal, India. Undershrub, axillary solitary bright yellow flowers

in Brazil: abútua, abútus

See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 1: 8, pl. 11. 1791, Hortus Britannicus 54. 1826, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 504. 1831, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 185. 1868 and Taxon 28: 274–275. 1979

Abutilon Miller Malvaceae

(Used in Ayurveda. Seeds demulcent, diuretic, pectoral, antimicrobial.)

From the Arabic name for a plant, aubutilun, see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 398. 1763, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse der Monadelphien 28. 1787, Vorles. Churpfälz. Phys.-Öcon. Ges. 4(1): 244. 1788, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 469. 1824, Gen. Hist. 1: 501. 1831, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 114. 1835, Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 986. 1840, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 21, footnote. 1852, Gray, Asa (1810–1888), Plantæ wrightianæ texanomexicanæ: an account of a collection of plants made by Charles Wright, A.M. in an expedition from Texas to New Mexico, in the summer and autumn of 1849, with critical notices and characters of other new or interesting plants from adjacent regions, & c., Washington: Published by the Smithsonian Institution, 1852, Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] 78–79. 1859, Gen. Fl. Amer. Bor. Ill. 2: 167. 1859, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(3): 366, 369. 1891 and Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small]. 764. 1903, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 43(4): 96–108, pl. 5, f. 2, pl. 7, f. 19–27, pl. 10. 1908, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève sér. 2, 1: 209. 1909, Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles, 3: 428. 1913, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo n.s., 1: 79–80, 83, 87, 89, 92–94, 98. 1915, Madroño 30(2): 84. 1983, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 24–25, 75. 1988.

in English: Indian mallow in India: bal bij, balbij, karandi, kasili Abutilon grandiflorum G. Don Tropical Africa. Woody-based herb, shrub, yellow-orange flowers See A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 504. 1831 and Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Malv. 141. 2009 (Leaves and roots for mental disorders, hysteria, fevers.) Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet (Abutilon arnottianum (Gillies ex Hook.) Walp.; Abutilon arnottianum Walp.; Abutilon asiaticum Sweet; Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet; Abutilon asiaticum (L.) G. Don; Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Guill. & Perr.; Abutilon asiaticum G. Don; Abutilon asiaticum Guill. & Perr.; Abutilon molle Sweet, nom. illeg.; Abutilon molle Baker; Abutilon sordidum K. Schum.; Sida arnottiana Gillies ex Hook.; Sida arnottiana D. Dietr.; Sida grandifolia Willd.; Sida mollis Rich.; Sida mollis Ortega, nom. illeg., non Sida mollis Rich.) South America. Shrub, petals orange-yellow

12

See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Centuria II. Plantarum … 26. 1756, Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 111. 1792, Novarum, aut Rariorum Plantarum Horti Reg. Botan. Matrit. 5: 65. 1798, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 724. 1809, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet] 53. 1826, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet], ed. 2. 65. 1830, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 503. 1831, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 67. 1831, Botanical Miscellany 3: 154. 1833, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. (Walpers) 1: 324. 1842, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 78. 1859, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 12(3): 406. 1891 and Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 191–199. 1988, Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 32: 387. 1989 (Used in Sidha. Seeds for cough. Leaves decoction and infusion for snakebites, insect sting, juice from the flowers, external use; leaves mucilaginous demulcent. Roots for eye diseases, leprosy, an infusion cooling.) in English: hairy abutilon, velvet-leaf in East Africa: kifura in Hawaii: ma’o in India: botlabenda, chakrabhenda, jhonkapedi, kanagi, kangori, nugubenda, patappori, patapporicceti, patarpori, peddabenda, peruntutti, petari, selamchi-petari, tooteabenda, tutti, tuttirai, vhadli petari Abutilon guineense (Schumach.) Baker f. & Exell var. guineense (Abutilon indicum subsp. guineense (Schumach.) Borss. Waalk.; Abutilon indicum var. guineense (Schumach.) K.M. Feng; Abutilon taiwanense S.Y. Hu) China. See Species Plantarum 2: 683–686. 1753, Hortus Britannicus 1: 54. 1826, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afhandlinger 4: 81. 1829 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 74(Suppl.): 22. 1936, Flora of China 153: 32, pl. 17, f. 5. 1955, Blumea 14(1): 175–176, f. 19e. 1966, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 4(1): 28. 1982 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha.) in India: adavi benda, adavibenda, akakai, atibala, bala, balika, balya, baralu kaddi, beloeren, bhuribala, botiabenda, botla benda, darakhte-shanah, darakhteshanah, darakhteshane, deishar, doodi, doodi chettu, duddi, dudi, erri benda, erribenda, ghanta, giduthingi, gidutingi, haagade, hetthukisu, hetthutthi, hettukisu, hettutti, jhampi, kamalaku, kandhi, kangahi, kangai, kangain, kanghani, kanghi, kanghika-pat, kankati, kankatika, kansuli, karandi, katturam, katturan, kisangi, kuruntotti, madmi, mahabala, masht­ulgh-oul, mashtulghola, mashtulghoul, mast-ul-ghoul, mudra, mudre gida, mudrika, muttavashirubenda, mutthavachirubenda, nallatutti, neladurve, noogubenda, nugu-benda, nugubenda, oorakathin veru, pamyarattutti, paniyarattuti, pedda benda, perun-tutti, perundutti, peruntutti, petari,

Abutilon Miller Malvaceae

pettaka, pettaka-putti, pidari, pipidi kaaya, pitapuspa, pitari, pitikkapattu, rishiprokta, shita, shitapushpa, shreemudre gida, shrimudrigida, srimudre, srimudre gida, srimudrigida, tepari, thurubee gida, thuteribenda, thuthi, thuthi gida, thuththi, thuthura benda, thutirichettu, thutthi, thutthurubenda, thutti, tutiri-chettu, tutta, tutti, tutti gida, tuttigida, tutturubenda, tuvatti, uram, vatyapushpika, velluram, ventutti, vikankata, vikankati, vrishyagandha, vrishyagandhika in Tibet: a ti ba la, ba-la, i ta la Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet (Abutilon graveolens (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Wight & Arn. ex Wight; Abutilon graveolens (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Abutilon graveolens Seem.; Abutilon graveolens (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Seem., nom. illeg.; Abutilon graveolens (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Wight & Arn.; Abutilon graveolens var. hirtum (Lam.) Mast.; Abutilon hirtum Cordem.; Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Jacob Cord., isonym; Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) G. Don, isonym; Abutilon hirtum G. Don; Abutilon hirtum Sweet; Abutilon indicum var. hirtum (Lam.) Griseb.; Beloere cistiflora Shuttlew., nom. illeg.; Beloere cistiflora Shuttlew. ex A. Gray; Sida graveolens Roxb.; Sida graveolens Roxb. ex Hornem.; Sida hirta Wall.; Sida hirta Lam.; Sida pilosa Cav.; Sida pilosa L’Hér.; Sida pilosa Vell.; Sida pilosa Mill.; Sida pilosa Retz.) Tropical regions of the Old World. Undershrub or shrub, hairy, viscid, short glandular hairs, corolla orange-yellow, in waste places, along roadsides See Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 17. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 7. 1783, Hort. Bengal. 50. 1814, Supplementum Horti botanici hafniensis 77. 1819, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet] 1: 53. 1826, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1852 B, 1855, 1858 G. 1829, Fl. Flumin. 280. 1829 [1825 publ. 7 Sep-28 Nov 1829], A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 187. 1831, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 7: t. 26. 1831. [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Catalogue of Indian Plants [Wight] 13. 1833, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 56. 1834, Gray, Asa (1810–1888), Plantae wrightianae texano-mexicanae: an account of a collection of plants made by Charles Wright, A.M. in an expedition from Texas to New Mexico, in the summer and autumn of 1849, with critical notices and characters of other new or interesting plants from adjacent regions … Part 1. 1: 21. Washington, 1852 [Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 21. 1852], The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald [Seemann] 10: 365. 1857, Flora of the British West Indian Islands [Grisebach] 78. 1859, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1(2): 327. 1874, Flore de l’Ile de la Réunion (E.J. de Cordemoy) 326. 1895 (Used in Ayurveda. Poultice applied to ulcers and abscesses. Roots against cough and toothache, antipyretic.) in India: atibala, bankhanghi, barkanghi, bela benda, karpuripotro, kuruntotti, nela benda, nelabenda, pala benda, vadattuti in Indonesia: bunga waktu kuning, kecemplok, kembang sore besar

13

Abutilon Miller Malvaceae

in Malaysia: angouri, bunga petang in Thailand: khrop chak krawaan, khrop see, top taap Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet (Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet subsp. incanum; Abutilon incanum subsp. pringlei (Hochr.) Felger & C.H. Lowe; Abutilon mochisense Hochr.; Abutilon pringlei Hochr.; Abutilon pringlei var. sinaloensis Hochr.; Sida incana Link) North America. Perennial subshrub, herb See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 204. 1822, Hortus Britannicus 53. 1826 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 6: 14. 1902, Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 21: 437, 447. 1920, Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 6: 83. 1970, Madroño 30: 84–92. 1983, Lundellia 5: 94. 2002 (Flowers and root bark used for stomachaches, gastrointestinal disorders.) in English: hoary abutilon, Indian mallow, Pringle’s abutilon in Hawaii: ma’o in North America: pelotazo Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet; Abutilon asiaticum Sweet; Abutilon asiaticum G. Don; Abutilon asiaticum (L.) G. Don; Abutilon asiaticum Guill. & Perr.; Abutilon cavaleriei H. Lév.; Abutilon cysticarpum Hance ex Walp.; Abutilon indicum Sweet; Abutilon indicum var. populifolium (Lam.) Wight & Arn.; Abutilon populifolium (Lam.) G. Don; Sida asiatica L.; Sida asiatica Thunb.; Sida asiatica Wall.; Sida indica L.; Sida indica Cav.; Sida populifolia Lam.) Tropics and warm temperate. Bush, undershrub, suffrutescent, erect, very variable, downy stellate hairs, no glandular hairs, corolla yellow to pale orange See Centuria II. Plantarum … 26. 1756, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 7. 1783, Fl. Cap. (Thunberg, ed. 2) 548. 1823, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet] 1: 54. 1826, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1852 D. 1829, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afhandlinger 4: 81. 1829, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 504. 1831, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 56. 1834 and Blumea 14(1): 175–176, f. 19e. 1966, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Taxon 31: 582–583. 1982, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 22: 5–20. 1986, Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 191–199. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 28: 71–76. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant used for abortion; fresh plant decoction taken orally in gonorrhea; ash of the whole plant applied on burns. Bark astringent, diuretic. Decoction of the root, with other ingredients, used in paralysis; powdered roots in fever, epilepsy, cough and leprosy. Roots and leaves analgesic, in the treatment of flu, headache,

earache, fever, dysuria and metrorrhea; leaves, flowers or seeds decoction to treat fever, colic, for cleaning wounds and ulcers. Root, leaves and seeds tonic for men. For curing piles, seed powder taken orally with milk and sugar in the morning. Leaves demulcent, emollient and diuretic; leaf juice in stomach troubles; leaf paste taken orally for stomachache and for post-delivery complications, to get rid of leftover placenta parts; fresh leaves paste applied on boils and piles; leaves and seeds crushed with water and made into a paste applied externally to treat syphilis. Seeds aphrodisiac, demulcent, laxative, in powdered form given in dysuria; seeds tied over the joint to relieve pain. Veterinary medicine, leaves extract or powdered leaves given for dysentery, diarrhea; leaves paste applied to kill lice in goat; leaves given as anthelmintic; roots of Ampelocissus tomentosa along with those of Abutilon indicum pounded and boiled and the decoction given for insect bite; fruits of Zixiphus oenoplia along with leaves of Abutilon indicum pounded and the extract given for dysentery. Magicoreligious beliefs, ceremonial, ritual, root offered followed by a prayer. Contact therapy, roots tied to the waist of the pregnant woman to prevent miscarriage, roots tied to the waist of the delivering mother for safe and smooth delivery.) in English: country mallow, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow, moon flower, sunflower in Cambodia: dok toc lai in China: mo pan cao in Hong Kong: tung k’uei tzu in India: adavibenda, adivibenda, advi benda, akakai, atibala, bavachi, belocre, benda, bhoka, bilai phul, bilai phulo, biley phulo, botlabenda, chakrabhenda, debi, dudi, ghanti phool, gidutingi, hetakisa, hettukisu, hettutti, hetutti, itawari, itwari, jhapa, jhili, jhonkapedi, kakai, kakkati, kan ko tih, kanghi, kangori, kansaki, kansuli, karandi, katturam, katturan, katuram, khapat, kikkaci, kisangi, madmi, mirubaha, molvearu, mudra, mudrika, muttavaciribenda, noogoobenda, nugoobenda, nugubenda, ottuttutti, patappori, patapporicceti, patarpori, peddabenda, pedipedica, pedipedika, perundhuthi, peruntutti, petaari, petari, pettekaputti, phang-nura, pidari, pitikkapattu, potary, pushik kata, selamchi-petari, shrimudri, son-patari, srimudre, tara kanchi, tara-kanchi, tatta, thellabenda, thuththi, tooteabenda, tootieakoc, tuti, tutti, tutti-p-pattai, tuttikkirai, tuttirai, tuvatti, uram, urki, velluram, vhadli petari, vikankati in Indonesia: belangan sumpa, cemplok, kecil in Laos: houk phao ton in Malaysia: bunga kisar, kambang lobo, kambong lubok, kembang lohor, kembang lubok, kisar, malbar, pokok kembang lohor in Philippines: dalupang, dulupang, giling-gilingan, kuakokuakohan, kuakuakohan, lulupau, lup-luppau, luplupau, malbas, malis, malvas, malvas de Castilla, malvis, marbas, palis, pilis, tabing, takbi-takbi, taratakopes, taratakupis, yampong

14

in Thailand: khrop fan see, ma kong khaao, phong phaang in Vietnam: co tó ép, coi xay, c[oos]i xay, d[awf]ng xay, giang xay, phao tôn, quynh ma Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik. (Abutilon mauritianum Sweet; Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Sweet, nom. illeg., non Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik.; Sida mauritiana Jacq.) Tanzania. Woody herb or shrubby perennial, solitary flowers bright yellow, sepals tubular at the base, black and round fruit, hairy spreading black carpels, leaves and flowers eaten as vegetable, found in wooded grasslands, coastal bushland

Abutilon Miller Malvaceae

See Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 9: 62. 1789, Botanische Zeitung Berlin 9: 828. 1851, Fragmenta florulae aethiopico-aegyptiacae 52, index. 1854 and Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 191– 199. 1988, Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 32: 387. 1989, Journal of Vegetation Science 7(1): 81–88. 1996 (Used for diarrhea, dysentery, stomach troubles.) in India: kanghi-buti, kangi bunti, kharanti, kharati, pintari in Oman: munaqaa in Senegal: ba koiri, danaréi, danéranigal, gabun, kalila, krakila, kralilé, puri, vé, xalila

See Misc. Austriac. [Jacquin] 2: 352. 1781 [or 1782], Icon. Pl. Rar. t. 137. 1783, Medikus, Friedrich Kasimir (1736–1808), Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie … Mannheim, 1787, Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 53. 1826

Abutilon permolle (Willd.) Sweet (Abutilon peraffine Shuttlew. ex A. Gray; Sida permollis Willd.)

(Whole plant for colitis, gastritis, dyspepsia. Leaves decoction emollient, febrifuge, for diarrhea, dysentery, venereal diseases, fevers; leaves crushed and the infusion used for diarrhea. Roots and bark boiled and the liquid drunk to treat diarrhea, stomachache, colds and coughs.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 683–686. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 723. 1809, Hortus Britannicus 1: 53. 1826, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 20. 1852 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 324– 386. 1949, Fl. Chiapas 3: 1–90. 1990

in English: old man’s gold, poor man’s gold

(To draw boils.)

in Angola: (ka) pianeka, malvas

in English: velvet leaf

in Benin: ahanhou, ahlanma

Abutilon persicum (Burm. f.) Merr. (Sida persica Burm. f.)

in Congo: kasingololo, tosingololo

India.

in Kenya: sulubei

See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 148, pl. 47, f. 1. 1768 and Philippine Journal of Science 19: 364. 1921, Taxon 29: 535–536. 1980, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 70(3-vi): 89–90. 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 28: 71–76. 1993, Zoo’s Print Journal 21(8): 2372–2374. 2006

in Tanzania: dawo, fiefie, fyefye, fyofyokoe, mbiha, mjamanda, mutende, nyamabumu, oldadai, udageshade in Togo: agometutumakpa, emigbé Abutilon muticum (Delile) Sweet (Abutilon muticum (Delile) Webb; Sida mutica Delile; Abutilon muticum Sweet; Abutilon muticum Webb; Abutilon muticum (DC.) Sweet) See Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 60-, no. 633. 1813, Hortus Britannicus 65. 1830, Fragmenta florulae aethiopico-aegyptiacae 51. 1854 (Leaves crushed and applied directly to the injured area of skin.) in Pakistan: barr Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schltdl. (Abutilon muticum (Del. ex DC.) Sweet; Abutilon muticum G. Don; Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Webb, nom. illeg., non Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schltdl.; Sida mutica Del. ex DC.; Sida pannosa G. Forst.) Pakistan, India, Tropical Africa. Shrub, undershrub, bushy, leaves heart shaped, flowers yellow or pink with a darker centre, large seed pod shaped like a cake, grows quickly, fodder, grazed by goats and sheep

USA, Florida, Mexico.

(Roots of Lawsonia inermis, leaf juice of Abutilon persicum along with three seeds of pepper and rice given orally to treat jaundice.) in India: bettabendu gida Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (Abutilon abutilon (L.) Huth; Abutilon avicennae Gaertn.; Abutilon avicennae fo. nigrum Skvortsov; Abutilon californicum Benth.; Abutilon pubescens Moench; Abutilon theophrasti var. chinense (Skvortsov) S.Y. Hu; Abutilon theophrasti var. nigrum (Skvortsov) S.Y. Hu; Abutilon tiliifolium (Fisch.) Sweet; Malva abutilon E.H.L. Krause; Sida abutilon L.; Sida tiliifolia Fisch.) Asia tropical. Small plant, fleshy herb subshrub-like, stems and twigs hairy, nodding flowers yellow-orange solitary in leaf axils, edible seeds raw or cooked, invasive, a noxious weed See Species Plantarum 2: 685. 1753, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie 28. 1787 and Blumea 14: 167. 1966, Taxon 29: 725–726. 1980, Taxon 31: 761. 1982,

15

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

Bot. Zhurn. 71: 1426–1427. 1986, Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 23(2): 88–89. 1992, Fitologija 46: 12–32. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda. Astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, laxative, ophthalmic, stomachic; bark astringent and diuretic; leaves used in the treatment of dysentery, ulcers and fevers. Seeds extract to treat fistula.) in English: American jute, butter-print, butter-weed, China jute, Chinese hemp, Chinese jute, cotton-weed, Indian hemp, Indian mallow, Manchurian jute, Tientsin jute, velvet leaf, velvet weed

See Magazzino toscano 3(4): 13–14. 1772, Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 10: pl. 33. 1827, London Journal of Botany 3: 91. 1844, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 245. 1847 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 396. 1900, Botaniska Notiser 132: 393. 1979 (Root boiled and drunk for stopping fever, roots used for pneumonia and to keep snakes out of houses; powder roots or roots infusion repels the snakes. Veterinary medicine.)

in China: qing ma in India: jaya

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) From the Greek akakia (ake, akis ‘tip, thorn, a sharp point’) used by Dioscorides; Akkadian kakkum ‘weapon, shaft, thorn’, qamu ‘to rise up, stand up, exist’; Hebrew hoah ‘thorn’ and haqaq ‘to cut, engrave’. The Greek philosopher Theophrastus (-os) (circa 371–287 a.C.) in De Historia Plantarum refers about the Akakia arabicai. See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 1049. 1806, London Journal of Botany 1: 323. 1842, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 532. 1875 and Kew Bulletin 32(3): 524. 1978, Austrobaileya 1(2): 82. 1978, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92(3): 238, 240, 247. 1986. Acacia abyssinica abyssinica Benth.)

Ethiopia, Tanzania. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrubby, young stem dark brown to yellow-grey, flower heads bright yellow, fragrant, used for firewood

Hochst.

ex

Benth.

(Acacia

East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, large tree, flat crown, rough bark, thorns in pairs at nodes, white flowers in round heads, pods straight or slightly curved, edible gum See London Journal of Botany 5: 97. 1846 and Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 44: 1–150. 1979 (Boiled bark for cold and influenza. Veterinary medicine.) in East Africa: mugaa, munyinya, njora rahisi in Kenya: mugaa in Rwanda: umunyinya Acacia adsurgens Maiden & Blakely (Acacia adsurgens Maiden; Racosperma adsurgens (Maiden & Blakely) Pedley) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree See Journal and proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia 13: 28. 1927, Austrobaileya 2(4): 344. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85(1): 25–32. 2003 (Leaves extract antiinflammatory.) Acacia amythethophylla A. Rich. (Acacia amythethophylla Steud. ex A. Rich.; Acacia karroo Hayne; Acacia macrothyrsa Harms; Albizia sericocephala Benth.)

in Tanzania: itomonji, itomorji, mgushaamphungu, mtutumasimba, ndomondi Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakeley (Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden; Acacia pachycarpa Benth.; Acacia pachycarpa F. Muell. ex Benth.; Racosperma ancistrocarpum (Maiden & Blakely) Pedley) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree See J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot., 3: 139. 1859, Fl. Austral. 2: 408. 1864 and Journal and proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia 13: 31. 1927, Austrobaileya 2(4): 344. 1987, Austrobaileya 6(3): 479. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85(1): 25–32. 2003 (Leaves extract antiinflammatory.) Acacia aroma Hook. & Arn. (Acacia aroma Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.; Acacia aroma var. cochlearis Griseb.; Acacia aroma var. huarango (Ruiz ex J.F. Macbr.) Ebinger & Seigler; Acacia aroma var. moniliformis (Griseb.) Hieron.; Acacia huarango Ruiz ex J.F. Macbr.; Acacia lutea var. aroma (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze; Acacia lutea var. moniliformis (Griseb.) Kuntze; Acacia michelii Rusby; Acacia moniliformis Griseb.; Vachellia aroma (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Seigler & Ebinger; Vachellia aroma var. huarango (Ruiz ex J.F. Macbr.) Seigler & Ebinger; Vachellia lutea fo. aroma (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Speg.; Vachellia lutea fo. moniliformis (Griseb.) Speg.; Vachellia lutea fo. oocephala Speg.) Argentina. Perennial non-climbing tree See Botanical Miscellany 3(8): 206. 1833, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 47. 1898 and Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina 26: 312. 1923, Darwiniana 7(2): 240–321. 1946, Darwiniana 16(1–2): 144– 174. 1970, Darwiniana 20(1–2): 233–241. 1976, Darwiniana 21(1): 49–60. 1977, Darwiniana 25(1–4): 59–111. 1984, Phytologia 87(3): 139–178. 2005 [2006] (Antiseptic, antivenereal.) in Argentina: aromita, aromo negro, espinillo, tusca Acacia ataxacantha DC. (Acacia eriadenia Benth.; Acacia lugardiae N.E. Br.)

16

Tropical Africa, from Senegal to Nigeria. Perennial nonclimbing tree, straggling shrub, very thorny, spreading, shrubby scrambler, sometimes scandent, stems dark brown with short hooked thorns, armed branches grey, alternate leaves pinnate light green, rachis spiny with an erect gland at the base, spikes with flowers cream, green-yellow bracts, light green flattened pods with a brown coloration, flattened smooth seeds, in dry savanna, dry areas See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 459. 1825 and Flowering Plants of Africa 42: t. 1652. 1972 (Bark and leaves, pain-killers. Leaves for naso-pharyngeal affections, pulmonary troubles, venereal diseases; leafy twigs febrifuge. Root vermifuge.) in English: Benin rope acacia in Burkina Faso: bou tougkongou, goubidaney, kaongo pèlga, koroto, morare, toufi in Ivory Coast: kora in Mauritania: acharam in Nigeria: gumi, sark’ak’ya in Senegal: acharam, asaram, bu tulao, bu tulav, dedd, gogorlaki, gotote, gubi, gubidanedie (= white gubi), kourkour in Yoruba: ewon, ewon alèlé Acacia aulacocarpa Benth. (Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth.; Acacia aulacocarpa var. fruticosa C.T. White; Acacia aulacocarpa var. macrocarpa Benth.; Acacia lamprocarpa O. Schwarz; Acacia leucodendron Benth.; Racosperma aulacocarpum (Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma aulacocarpum (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma aulacocarpum var. fruticosum (C.T. White) Pedley) (from the Greek aulax, aulakos ‘a furrow’ and karpos ‘fruit’.) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, green falcate phyllodes, flowers bright golden, woody striated pods See London Journal of Botany 1: 378. 1842 and Austrobaileya 1(2): 148–149. 1978, Austrobaileya 2(4): 345. 1987, Austral. Syst. Bot. 13: 29–34. 2000 (Antibacterial.) in English: brown salwood, brush ironbark wattle, goldenflowered salwood, hickory wattle, New Guinea brown wattle, New Guinea wattle, Papua New Guinea brown wattle Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Acacia auriculaeformis Benth.; Acacia moniliformis Griseb.; Racosperma auriculiforme (Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma auriculiforme (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley) India, New Guinea & Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, unarmed, drooping branches, used for rearing insects and producing lacs See London Journal of Botany 1: 377. 1842 and Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 18: 17. 1975, Bot. J. Linn.

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

Soc. 92(3): 247. 1986, Silvae Genet. 42(2–3): 65–68. 1994, Iran. J. Bot. 7(2): 165–177. 1998 (Aerial parts CNS depressant, hypotensive. Fish poison, crushed fresh pods or powder of dried pods.) in English: acacia tree, Australian acacia, Australian babul, ear-pod wattle, earpod wattle, northern black wattle in China: da ye xiang si in India: akashmoni, akashya, Bangali bawar, chopada khair Acacia brevispica Harms East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, small or low shrub or scandent shrub, bark with minute reddish glands, recurved or spreading scattered prickles, flowers creamy white, straight pods, found in bushland, dry scrub, river valleys, thickets, upland forest edges See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8: 370. 1923, Bol. Soc. Brot., 2, 42: 275–304. 1968, Bothalia 10: 419–429. 1971, Bull. Int. Group for study of Mimosoideae, 5: 31–45. 1977, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83: 39–54. 2002 (An infusion of roots a remedy for intestinal worms; boiled roots used in the treatment of rashes and snakebite; boiled root infusion used as emetic against fevers. Cooked leaves on wounds; leaves rubbed on itches. Stems to brush teeth. Reported to be poisonous. Ethnoveterinary medicine.) in English: wait-a-bit acacia in Angola: (omu) nkhenga, (omu) nkhenya, (olu) nkhuenya in East Africa: ekurau (Turkana), mwarare (Swahili), ol-girigiri (Maasai) in Kenya: igirgirir, iti, kiptara, kiptare, lgirigiri, ol-girigiri, olgirgiri, osiri, ptara in Rwanda: umugeyo in Tanzania: engirgiri, mughobari, ol-girigiri

kerefu,

mosoma,

msewa,

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. (Acacia caesia var. oxyphylla (Graham ex Baker in Hook. f.) J.F. Macbr.; Acacia caesia var. subnuda (Craib) I.C. Nielsen; Acacia columnaris Craib; Acacia intsia sensu auct.; Acacia intsia Willd. var. caesia (L.) Baker; Acacia intsia var. caesia (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Baker; Acacia intsia var. oxyphylla Graham ex Baker in Hook. f.; Acacia oxyphylla var. subnuda Craib; Mimosa caesia Burm. f.; Mimosa caesia L.; Mimosa caesia Russ. ex Wallich; Mimosa caesia (L.) Willd.; Mimosa intsia auct. non L.) India. Perennial climbing tree or shrub, straggling, prickly, recurved spines, creamy flowers in small elongate spikes See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 224. 1768, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1090. 1806, A Numerical List of Dried

17

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

Specimens n. 5264 C. 1831, The Flora of British India 2(5): 297. 1878 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 7. 1919, Adansonia 19(3): 348. 1980 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves to kill worms. Fibrous bark rubbed for skin diseases; stem bark decoction used for taking bath to get relief from body pain. Flowers used for menstrual disorders. Leaves to stupefy fish.) in China: jian ye xiang si, teng xiang si shu in India: aichi, aila, antarike, arail, arar, arhaikabel, attu, attushini, barasige, chende mullu, chilari, dater, dhangar, dhanger, dontari, hinguru, hinguru vel, incha, indu, ingkai, inja, inna, kaadu seege, kari indu, kariyindu, katrar, kond janum, konda korintha, kondakorinda, konti, koralakorinda, korendam, korinda, korindamu, korintha, kundaru, kundurijanumnari, kundurujanumnari, mandarchingai, manjikorinda, nalikonti, ngraem rik, nikunjika, payir rik, sandemullu, sikeri, singai, tellakorinda, vellindangodi, vellindu, yerra cheeki in Nepal: harrari Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. (Acacia catechu (L.f.) Brandis; Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. var. catechuoides (Roxb.) Prain; Acacia catechuoides Benth.; Acacia catechuoides (Roxb.) Benth.; Acacia chundra Willd.; Acacia polyacantha Willd.; Acacia sundra (Roxb.) Bedd.; Acacia wallichiana DC.; Mimosa catechu L.f.; Mimosa catechuoides Roxb.; Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.) India and China. Perennial non-climbing tree, thorny, bark peeling off, branches slender, curved prickles at the base of each petiole, flowers white to pale yellow in axillary compact spikes, campanulate calyx, fruit a dehiscent shining brown pod, in open dry places See Supplementum Plantarum 439. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1078–1080. 1806, London J. Bot. i. (1842) 510. 1842, The forest flora of North-West and Central India 186–187. 1874 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 224–229. 1981, Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. 3: 148–421 1993, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–633. 1996, Plant-Book 1021. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Powder and decoction of root, heart-wood and flowers to treat poisoning, wounds, boils, vitiligo and skin diseases, cough, hemorrhage, diseases of mouth and teeth. Root paste tied over joints to get relief in rheumatism. Bark astringent, healing, antiseptic, antidiabetic, postpartum remedy, for the treatment of cough and sore throat, bronchial affections, dysentery, diarrhea and in healing wounds and chronic wounds; roasted and ground mixture of fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi and bark powder of Acacia catechu given to cure piles; pounded mixture of bark of Acacia catechu with bark and roots of Melia azedarach applied on swellings of legs; bark decoction causes squeeze of uterus and hence is used for abortion; bark and leaves applied on abscesses. Paste with stem extract of Acacia catechu and bark of Morus alba applied to abscess due to fishing; powdered stem bark to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds; stem

decoction given to treat cough. Seeds antibacterial. Leaves juice along with milk given to cure blood dysentery.) in English: black catechu, black cutch, catechu, cutch, cutch tree, Jerusalem thorn, kath, Wadalee-gum tree in Brazil: cachu, catechu, cato, cato-de-pegu, terra-japônica in China: er cha, erh ch’a, hai er cha, hai erh ch’a, wu tieh ni in India: alu, amirakitam, anmaram, bahushalya, balapatra, balaputra, balatanaya, cachu, carrankali, cateku, catta, cengarinali, cenkarinnali, cenkarunkali, cinkacalliyam, dantadhavana, gayatri, hihmashalya, homa, irattacaraccam, irattacaram, irattacaramaram, irulmuli, jihvashalya, jivamangalya, kaachu, kaachu mara, kacappi, kachu, kachu bili, kacu, kadaram, kaderi, kadiram, kaggali, kaggali chakke, kaggali mara, kagli, kair, kalariro, kanchu, kanpuri katha, kantaki, kanti, kapit, karai, karan-galli, karangalli, karigoli, karimgali, karinali, karingaali kaathal, karinnali, karkati, karukoli, karungali, karungnyali, karunkaali, karunkali, kasha-katti, kashu, kasku-kutta, kasu, kasukkati, kasukkatti, kat, kath, kath-kh-air, katha, katha gulabi pani, katha kala kanpuri, katha kanpuri, katha safaid, katha singapore, katha singapur, katho black (kanpuri), katir, katiram, katiravam, katiravamaram, katirmaram, kaththa safed pani, kattha, kattha (chalu), kattha (kanpuri), kattha (singapuri), kattha kala kanpuri, kattha kanpuri, kattha mashin, kavi, kayattiri, kempu khairapa jaali, kempujali, kempukayiru, kempukhair, kempukhairada, kempukhairadajali, kempukhairapajali, khair, kh-air-babul, kh-air-ka-per, khaderi, khadir, khadira, khadirah, khadiram, khadiramu, khadiravrikshaha, khadyapatri, khair, khair araung, khair gaachh, khaira, khairbabul, khairkatha, khapuram, khayar, khayer, khdira, kheera, kher, kher chhal, kher ki chaal, kher ki chal, khera, kherchal, khir, khoira, khoiru, kodam, koir, koratam, kotakam, kotam, kotankam, kotankamaram, kottha fooflee sooparee, kshitikshana, kudakkini, kuglee, kugli, kushtarhita, kushthari, kustaghna, kutakkini, kutarcalliyam, kuth, kutilakantakam, kuttakkini, laalkhair, lal-khair, lalkhair, mallasandra, medhya, mridupatrika, mrydupatrika, nalla sundra, ntakidruma, odalai, otakam, otakamaram, otam, othalei, padalamaanu, parittavam, parittavamaram, pataravatam, pathidruma, patirakam, patiram, pattiracanam, podalamaanu, podalamanu, podali-manu, podalimanu, pogamu, poogamu, prasakha, raktasara, raktasarah, sandra, saradruma, sengarungali, senkarinnali, seredu, shemi, sirumarodam, soma valka, sundra, supari chikni, sushalya, sweta khaira, tantatvanam, tantayavanam, tantiyavanamaram, tara, tare, tareda, tellatumma, tere, thareddu, tharekundi, thellathumma, tiktasara, utukkaimaram, vakrakantaka, varacunti, voadalam, vodalai, vodalam, wothalay, yajnanga, yajnangah, yajnika, yajniya in Myanmar/Burma: nya, sha, shaji, tun-sa-se in Nepal: khair, khayar, khayer in Thailand: sa che, seesiat, seesiat kaen, seesiat lueang, seesiat nua

18

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

in Tibet: gsom seng-ldeng, khyi la ba ri, sen-lden, sen lden, seng-ldeng, skyer seng-ldeng, stod za, tsan-dan seng-ldeng

reddish-white flowers in terminal and axillary racemes, wrinkled oblong pods, tannins, tender leaves cooked in curries

in Kenya and Tanzania: mgenda, mgunga

See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 653. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1039. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 464. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5250. 1831–1832, Journal de la Société Impériale et Centrale d’Horticulture 6: 672. 1860, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 2: 170. 1870 and N. Amer. Fl. 23(2): 120. 1928, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 24(2): 186–187. 1935

Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd. (Acacia catechu auct. non Willd.; Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. var. sundra (Roxb.) Prain; Acacia chundra Willd.; Acacia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Willd.; Acacia sundra (Roxb.) DC.; Acacia sundra Roxb.; Acacia sundra DC.; Mimosa chundra Rottler) India. Perennial non-climbing tree, small armed tree, spiny stipules, white flowers, glabrous pods See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1078. 1806, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 458. 1825, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5227. 1831–1832 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 224–229. 1981 (Used in Ayurveda. Tender twigs made into a paste and applied on boils. Bark astringent, antiseptic, applied to boils, skin diseases and ulcers; bark juice in blood related diseases, hemoptysis (Doctrine of Signatures); bark decoction to cure dental trouble and inflammation of gums. Root juice given to woman suffering irregular menstruation; root extract taken orally for stomachache; root paste applied on forehead for headache; root paste given as an antiseptic after delivery, postpartum remedy. Veterinary medicine, stem bark applied to boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds; stem bark along with leaves of Derris scandens and tubers of Curculigo orchioides pounded, boiled in water and the decoction given orally in trypanosomiasis. Sacred plant, ceremonial sacrifice.) in English: red cutch in India: cachu, kachu, kacu, kaderi, kaggali, kaggli, kagli, kair, kanchu, karan-galli, karangali, karangalli, karungali, karunkali, kattha, kempu jaali, kempu kaggali, kempu khairada jaali, khadira, khair, khayer, khedbrahma, khoiru, kodalimurunkai, koir, laal khaira, lal khair, lal-khair, lalkhair, madaru, nalla chandra, rat kihiriya, sandra, shemi, sundra Acacia concinna (Willdenow) DC. (Acacia concinna Phil.; Acacia concinna Wall.; Acacia concinna var. rugata (Lam.) Baker; Acacia hooperiana Miq.; Acacia hooperiana Miq. var. glabriuscula Miq.; Acacia hooperiana Miq. var. subcuneata Miq.; Acacia philippinarium Benth.; Acacia poilanei Gagnep.; Acacia polycephala DC.; Acacia pseudo-intsia auct. non Miq.; Acacia pseudointsia auct. non Miq.; Acacia quisumbingii Merr.; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Merr.; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Voigt; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex Voigt; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Acacia sinuata Jacques, nom. illeg.; Acacia sinuata (Loureiro) Merrill; Guilandina microphylla DC.; Mimosa concinna Willdenow; Mimosa rugata Lam.; Mimosa sinuata Loureiro; Nygae sylvarum-minimae Rumph.; Senegalia concinna (Willdenow) I.C. Nielsen; Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose; Senegalia rugata Britton & Rose) SE Asia, India. Perennial non-climbing tree, scandent shrub, woody climber, recurved spines, hooked prickles,

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Toxins. Roots for smallpox. Leaves as purgative, for bile and liver troubles; crushed leaves pasted on injuries, headache, wounds. Seeds in gonorrhea and indigestion, said to facilitate delivery. Pods emetic, diuretic, laxative; a decoction taken as purgative; an ointment from the grounded pods used in skin diseases. Stem or fruits as a fish poison.) in English: sappan, soap pod in Bangladesh: kangboinba in China: teng jin he huan in India: aila, ailah, amala, amsikira, ban ritha, banritha, bahuphenarasa, bhuriphena, carmakansa, carmakasa, charmakasa (charama, skin; kasa, to injure), ceyakkay, ceyakkaycceti, charmakasha, cheenikka, cheenikai, cheeyakayi, cikaikkay, chikakai, chikaki, chikayi, chinik-kaya, chinikkaya, chinnikayi, cige, cikakayi, cinikkaya, civappuvaci, civappuvacikkay, ciyakayi, danritha, dipta, enneyppokki, hikakai, icciyami, icciyamikkay, inna, jarmi-ersa, kachuai, kantavalli, kappukkay, kappukkaycceti, kochi, kusia kaint, mandashige, mandasige, mandsige, manjisikaya, nakuracikacceti, nakuracikam, nallachiyakkay, nallaciyakkay, nattucciyakkay, neyccikkupokki, ollesige, pasoi tenga, patraghana, phena, phenila, rassaul, reetah, rijee, ritha, sage, saptala, sara, sarmakasa, satala, seegay, seegiballi, seekai, seekaya, seeyakkaai, serhu-arikong, sheegae, sheekay, shekakai, shige, shige kayi, shigekayi, shika, shikai, shikakai, shikaya, shikayi, shiyakai, shinikkaya, sia-thli, sie rengkhi, sige, sigeballi, sigekai, sika, sikaya, sikekai, sikiaro, sirengkhi, siyakkay, suchei-wak-chigong, suse lewa, suselewa, svarnapushpi, toldung, tuyyai, vidula, vimala, vishanika, wallasige, wolleshige, wollesige in Lepcha: naangaa maanyi paot Malay name: akar kupoh in Tibet: sa la Acacia dealbata Link (Acacia dealbata A. Cunn.; Acacia decurrens Willd. var. dealbata (Link) F. Muell. ex Maiden; Acacia decurrens var. dealbata (Link) Maiden; Racosperma dealbatum (Link) Pedley) Australia.

19

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1072. 1806, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 445. 1822, Geographical Memoires on New South Wales [Field] 345. 1825 and The Forest Flora of New South Wales 3(3): 56. 1906, Maiden, Joseph Henry (1859–1925), Wattles and wattle-barks … Sydney: W.A. Gullick, 1906, Austrobaileya 2(4): 358. 1987, Natural Product Research 8(2): 97–103. 1996, Iran. J. Bot. 7(2): 165–177. 1998

in English: ant-galled acacia, black-galled acacia, whistling thorn

(Tonic, stimulant, bee food for honey production.)

Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd. (Acacia campbellii Arn.; Acacia minutifolia Ragup.; Acacia pseudowightii Thoth.; Acacia roxburghii Wight & Arn.; Mimosa eburnea L.f.; Mimosa eburnea Roxb.; Mimosa eburnea Hort. Par. ex Benth.; Vachellia eburnea (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.)

in English: blue wattle, mimosa, silver wattle in China: yin jing in India: karuva, tiew babur in Southern Africa: bloubasboom, silver wattle, silwerwattel, waalwattel Acacia decurrens (Wendl.) Willd. (Acacia angulata Desv.; Acacia decurrens Willd. var. angulata (Desv.) Benth.; Acacia molissima Willd. var. angulata (Desv.) Walp.; Mimosa angulata (Desv.) Poir.; Mimosa decurrens Donn, nom. nud.; Mimosa decurrens Wendl.; Racosperma decurrens (Willd.) Pedley) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree See Hortus Cantabrigiensis 114. 1796, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1072. 1806, Bot. Beobacht. 57. 1798 and Austrobaileya 2(4): 358. 1987, Iran. J. Bot. 7(2): 165– 177. 1998 (Used in Sidha.) in English: black wattle, common wattle, green wattle, early black wattle in Brazil: acácia preta in Southern Africa: groenwattel in China: xian ye jin he huan in India: cimaivelampattai, seemai velam pattai Acacia drepanolobium Harms ex Sjostedt (Acacia formicarum Harms; Acacia lathouwersii Staner; Vachellia drepanolobium (Harms ex Sjostedt) P.J.H. Hurter) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, flat or spreading crown, rough bark, spines in pairs, the bases of spines swollen into large hollow galls inhabited by specialised species of plant-ants, white or cream flowers, falcate reddish dark fruits, fresh soft fleshy galls edible, sweetish bitter inner bark fibre may be chewed, leaves and pods eaten by game, in wooded and bushed grassland, on stony ground, clay soils See Schwed. Zool. Exped. Kilimandjaro 8: 116. 1908, Australian Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997, Nature 401: 578–581. 1999, Plant-Book 1021. 2008 (The bark chewed and the juice swallowed as a remedy for sore throats. Roots boiled, the liquid mixed with milk or tea and given to women after childbirth as a diuretic.)

in East Africa: eiyellel, eluai, kiunga, muuga in Kenya: adugo, dugna, dunga, eluai, eluaai, eyelel, flai, fulaay, iluaa, iunga, kiunga, luai, luoi, mbalibali, mugambu, mugunga, muguruit, mukuruit, muruai, oduga, sitowonyon, stoghon, stoghoonei

India. Perennial non-climbing tree See Supplementum Plantarum 437. 1781, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1081. 1806, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 507. 1875 and Mabberley’s PlantBook 1021. 2008 (Used in Sidha.) in English: cockspur thorn in India: bambolero, deo-babool, gabbuthumma, gabbutumma, jaali, jali, joli, kikar, kudai vel, kutai velam, marmat, mormati, pahari kikar, peekethumma, pikajali, pikjati, piketumma, pitumma, piyyathumma, piyyatumma, tambattijala Acacia elatior Brenan Northern and eastern Uganda and Kenya. Perennial nonclimbing tree, tall, riverine, large trunk, rounded crown, fissured bark, short brown spines alternating with long straight white spines, flowers in round heads white to yellow, brown to purplish straight pods, arid and semi-arid areas, common along rivers and lakes, in dry riverbeds See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754 and Kew Bulletin 12(1): 94–96. 1957, Australian Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997 (A decoction from the bark used to treat diarrhea and coughs.) in English: river acacia in East Africa: esanyanait, muswiswa, ol-lerai Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Acacia acicularis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Acacia acicularis Willd.; Acacia caven (Molina) Molina; Acacia curassavica (Britton & Killip ex Killip) Stehle; Acacia densiflora (Alexander ex Small) Cory; Acacia edulis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Acacia farnesiana Willd.; Acacia farnesiana (L.) Wall.; Acacia farnesiana Wall.; Acacia farnesiana fo. pedunculata (Willd.) Kuntze; Acacia farnesiana var. farnesiana; Acacia farnesiana var. guanacastensis H.D. Clarke, Seigler & Ebinger; Acacia farnesiana var. lenticellata (F. Muell.) Bailey; Acacia ferox M. Martens & Galeotti; Acacia indica (Poir.) Desv.; Acacia ferox M. Martens & Galeotti; Acacia lenticellata F. Muell.; Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch.; Acacia minuta

20

subsp. densiflora (Alexander ex Small) R.M. Beauch.; Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauchamp subsp. minuta; Acacia pedunculata Willd.; Acacia smallii Isely; Farnesia odora Gasp.; Farnesiana odora Gasp.; Mimosa acicularis Poir.; Mimosa arcuata M. Martens & Galeotti; Mimosa farnesiana L.; Mimosa indica Poir.; Mimosa pedunculata (Willd.) Poir.; Mimosa suaveolens Salisb.; Pithecellobium acuminatum M.E. Jones; Pithecellobium minutum M.E. Jones; Popanax farnesiana (L.) Raf.; Poponax farnesiana (L.) Raf.; Poponax venosa Britton ex Britton & Killip; Vachellia densiflora Alexander ex Small; Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arnott; Vachellia farnesiana Wight & Arnott; Vachellia farnesiana var. minuta (M.E. Jones) Seigler & Ebinger) Tropical North America. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, branched, thorny, leaves bipinnately compound, stipules spinescent, inflorescence of pedunculate globose glomerules of numerous flowers aggregated in the upper leaf-axils, sessile pentamerous golden-yellow fragrant flowers, black cylindrical chartaceous indehiscent pods, seeds embedded in a sweet pulp See Tobia Aldini Cesenate, Exactissima Descriptio Rariorum Quarundam Plantarum, Quae continentur Romae in Horto Farnesiano. Rome, J. Mascardi 1625, Species Plantarum 1: 521. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1083–1084. 1806, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5264. 1831– 1832, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 272. 1834, Sylva Telluriana 118. 1838 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(2): 487–559. 1937, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314. 1950, J. Arnold Arbor. 55(1): 67–118. 1974, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 179–183. 1989, Syst. Bot. 14(4): 549–564. 1989, Legum. Agric. Boliv. 409–423. 1996, Australian Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997, Darwiniana 35(1–4): 45–48. 1998, Harvard Pap. Bot. 7(2): 381–398. 2003, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Phytologia 87(3): 139–178. 2005 [2006] (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem bark decoction for malaria and fevers. Bark astringent, demulcent, for diarrhea; juice of bark in stomach pain; bark soaked in water and taken to treat menorrhagia; bark kept in bed to keep off bed-bug. For swellings, pound the roots and poultice. Flowers and bark used in preparation, applied externally and taken orally as treatment for various mental disorders. Flowers an ingredient in an oral remedy for anemia with gastrointestinal bleeding and epigastric pain. Leaves given in gonorrhea and urogenital troubles. Strongly smelling roots repellent to rodents and snakes. Magic, ritual, bark paste, people believe that some diseases caused by evil spirits.) in English: cassie, cassie flower, cassy, dead finish, Ellington curse, Farnese wattle, fragrant acacia, huisache, mimosa, mimosa bush, mimosa wattle, needle bush, north-west curara, prickly mimosa bush, prickly moses, scented wattle, sheep’s briar, sponge tree, sponge wattle, sweet acacia, sweet wattle, thorny acacia, thorny feather-wattle, wild briar in Hawaii: kolu

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

in Burma (Myanmar): nan-lon-kyaing in Cambodia: sâmbu:ë mi:ëhs in China: ya zo shu pi in India: ari velam, arimaedah, arimeda, arimedah, arimedaka, asimeda, babbula, babul, baranga daru, borangadaru, devbabhul, gandharii, gandhelo babul, gandhio babul, gandila bamura, gaya babul, girimeda, godhaskanda, grabur, guin babla, hirjua-araung, irimeda, jait, kadam kapoor, kadi vel, kalaskandha, kankar, kapur, kasturi tuma, kikar, krimishatrava, marudruma, nang nuk kyeng, rimeda, tarua kadam, taruakadam, tarwa kadam, vetumul, vetuvali, vilaiti babul, vilayati kikar, vita, vitkhadira, wilayati kikar in Indonesia: bunga bandara, bunga mestu, bunga metu, kembang jepun, sari konta in Japan: kin-gôkan (= golden Albizia lebbeck) in Laos: kan ‘thin ‘na:m, kho:n ko:ng dê:ng, kho:n ko:ng ‘na:m in Malaysia: bunga Siam, laksana, pokok laksana, pokok lasana in Philippines: aroma, kamban, kambang, kandaroma in Thailand: khamtai, krathin-hom, krathin-thet in Vietnam: c[aa]y keo ta, keo (the same name also for Murraya paniculata and Leucaena leucocephala), keo ta, keo th[ow]m, keo thi[ees]u, kou kong, kraul, kum tai, man coi in Argentina: aranas, aroma, bonni, cachito de aromo, cassie, churqui, espinillo, espino blanco, esponja, esponjeira, kuntich, subin, tusca in Madagascar: dintringahy, hatika, ramiarimbony, roycassy, roy-vazaha in Nigeria: boni, ewo-bomi, opoponax in Yoruba: bani, bonni Acacia ferruginea DC. (Mimosa ferruginea Roxb.; Senegalia ferruginea (DC.) Pedley) India. Perennial non-climbing tree, small armed tree, deciduous, rusty-brown bark See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 458. 1825 and Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92(3): 250. 1986 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark astringent, for skin diseases, scabies; decoction of bark of Albizia procera with barks of Combretum ovalifolium and Acacia ferruginea and root of Blumea eriantha given as an antidote for snakebite. Leaves juice used externally for skin diseases. Pods astringent and demulcent. Fresh pods as fish poison.) in India: anachandra, anasandra, arimedah, banni, banni mara, banue, brahmashalya, dvijapriya, kadara, kaiger, kantadhya, kantachira, kanti, kar, karmmuka, ker, khadira, khadiroparna, khaiger, khair, khair bora, khogra, kiri banni,

21

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

kujakantaka, mahavriksha, memivriksha, metacattuvacaram, metaccavarai, pacunkonti, pacunkontimaram, pandhar khair, pandhara khair, pandhra khair, pandhrakhair, pandra-khair, pathidruma, peykkarungali, safed khair, safedkhair, shimaivelvel, shvetasara, shyamasara, simaivellel, somasara, somavalkala, somavriksha, somawalkah, son khair, sonkhair, tandara-khair, tellatumma, teorikhair, thellathumma, thimai-velvelam, vannesandra, vanni, vanni sundra, vannikuruttuvelan, vannisundra, vellichandra, vellisandra, velvel, velvelan, venvelam, vuni, woani, yakimay, yatimay in Nepal: khour Acacia gageana Craib India. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1915(9): 409–410. 1915 (Toxins. Young shoots and leaves eaten for stomachache and dysentery. Ground bark as fish poison.) in India: changru tong, changrutong Acacia gerrardii Benth. (Acacia hebecladoides Harms; Vachellia gerrardii (Benth.) P.J.H. Hurter) (after the English William Tyrer Gerrard, d. 1866, botanical collector in Natal) East Africa, eastern Kenya. Perennial non-climbing tree, flattopped or spindly, rough and fissured bark, spines in pairs straight or hooked, strongly scented flowers cream, sickleshaped dehiscent fruit, bark stinking when cut, in wooded grassland, in riverine arid and semi-arid areas See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 508. 1875 and I. Schapera, A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom. London 1955, The Tswana. London 1953, J. Lanjouw, F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II (2), Collectors E-H. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 9. 1957, Mabberley’s Plant-Book 1021. 2008 (The bark, chewed, to treat coughs and sore throats.) in English: Gerrard’s acacia, red thorn in East Africa: munyinya, ol-debbei, saie in Nigeria: bakar kaya (Hausa) in Southern Africa: aapkop, rooibas, rooidoring, rooihaak (Afrikaans); umkhamanzi (Zulu); umNgampunzi, umPhuze, umSama, siNga, singa (Swazi); mokgi (Tswana); ikope (Ndebele); moki (Mangwato dialect, Botswana); mooka (North and north east Transvaal); muunga (Venda) Acacia hockii De Wild. (Acacia chariensis A. Chev.; Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.; Acacia orfota sensu Brenan; Acacia seyal Delile var. multijuga Baker f.; Acacia stenocarpa sensu auct.) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, flattened crown, spines in pairs straight and slender, flowers yellow to orange, narrow reddish brown pods, edible gum,

inner bark fibre chewed for its sweet juice, lowlands, wooded grassland, in overgrazed grassland, bushed grassland See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 177. 1775, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4(app. 2): 213. 1896 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11: 502. 1913, Kew Bull. 37: 451–453. 1983 (A decoction of boiled roots a remedy for abdominal pain. The white inner bark chewed to slake thirst. Pounded leaves and buds mixed with ghee (clarified butter) and applied to abscesses.) in English: white thorn acacia in East Africa: iuaa, kasana, mgunga, ol-jarbolani in Kenya: arumbe, chuwan, ekisim, enchapalani, kinyua, mugaa, munyua, orcharpalani, oriang’, tilatil in Nigeria: bakar kaya (Hausa) Acacia horrida (L.) Willd. (Acacia horrida Span.; Acacia horrida Willd.; Acacia latronum Willd.; Mimosa horrida Russ. ex Wall.; Mimosa horrida L.; Mimosa horrida Sm.; Mimosa latronum L.f.) India, South Africa. Shrub or small tree See Species Plantarum 1: 521. 1753, Suppl. Pl. 438. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1077, 1082. 1806, Linnaea 15: 199. 1841 (Veterinary medicine.) Acacia intsia (L.) Willd. (Mimosa caesia L.; Mimosa intsia L.; Mimosa intsia Wight ex Wallich; Mimosa intsia Walter) Nepal, India. Perennial climbing shrub, cattle fodder See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 252. 1788, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1091. 1806, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5250 A. 1831 (Used in Sidha. Crushed leaves pasted on injuries, wounds. Seeds for gonorrhea and indigestion. Stem bark juice and crushed root as fish poison.) in India: adavippe-chettu, adaviyippa, alippe, antarike, ara, arasthige, atavi-madhukavriksha, atavimadhuka, atavimadhukavrikshaha, ban-ritha, boda chandra, candemullu, chendemullu, darakhte-gulchakane-sahrai, darakihte-gulchakane-sahrai, dolaphala, garudapu, gudapushpa, gudapuspah, gul-mohwa, halippa, haltumbri, hunage, ippa, ippachettu, ippaya, ippe, ippe-mara, ippi, jangli-moha, jangli-mohva, janglimoha, janglimohva, kadippe, kaduippe-gida, kodimundusu, korinda, lodhrapushpa, madhava, madhhuka, madhookamu, madhu, madhudrumah, madhuka, madhukah, madhukamu, madhukavrikshaha, madhushthila, madhusphuttila, madhusrava, madhusravah, madhustilah, madhuvara, madhuvriksha, madhvaga, madhvalam, mahadruma, mahua, mahula, mahwa, maul, mowa, patanga, peddayippa, priyala, putakorinda, ranachaipechajhada,

22

ranachamohachajhada, rodhrapushpa, rodhrapuspah, sandrathige, sonedarakele, udlu, undra, untupatakkoti, untupatarkkoti, vallikataru, vanaprastha, vanaprasthah, vellaiyintu, vellintankoti, vellintu, ventra in Nepal: kayensi Acacia jacquemontii Benth. India. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, armed, sand binder, a barrier See London Journal of Botany 1: 499. 1842 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–633. 1996 (Used in Sidha. Astringent, tonic.) in India: bali, baval, bhoi bavli, bu-banwali, bu-bavalio, darakhte-gulchakan, huli, ippe, ippe-gida, ippichajhada, madhuka-vrikshaha, madooka, madugam, maduragam, mavagam, mohachajhada, mohwa, nattiluppai, nattu-iluppai, pinnaippa, pinnayippa, ratio-banwal, ratio-bassual, sannayippa, seyilam, tittinam, uriyippa Acacia karroo Hayne (Acacia capensis (Burm.f.) Burch.; Acacia dekindtiana A. Chev.; Acacia hirtella E. Mey.; Acacia hirtella Willd. var. inermis Walp.; Acacia horrida Span.; Acacia horrida Willd.; Acacia horrida var. transvaalensis Burtt Davy; Acacia inconflagrabilis Gerstn. (= the acacia that does not burn); Acacia karroo Hayne var. transvaalensis (Burtt Davy) Burtt Davy; Acacia reticulata (L.) Willd.; Mimosa capensis Burm.f.; Mimosa leucacantha Jacq.; Mimosa nilotica Thunb.) South Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, yellow flowers See Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 10: pl. 33. 1827, Linnaea 15: 199. 1841 and Revue international de botanique appliquée et d’agriculture tropicale 27: 509. 1947, Journal of South African Botany 14: 24. 1948, Kew Bull. 49: 107– 113. 1994 (Veterinary medicine.) in English: Cape gum, Cape thorn tree, gum Arabic tree, mimosa, mimosa thorn, mimosa thorn tree, sour thorn, sweet thorn, umbrella thorn, white thorn in Arabic: talha, ghilene in Southern Africa: doringboom, fyndoring, karoo-thorn, karoodoring, khoeboom, mimosadoringboom, Nataldoring, pendoring, rivierdoring, sambreeldoring, soetdoring, suurdoring, witdoring, witdoringdoringboom (Afrikaans); umuNga, umNga (Xhosa); isiSani, muNenje, muUnga, muWunga (Shona); isiKhombe (Zulu); umNga, umuNga, isiNga (Swazi); umDongolo, leoka (Lesotho, Orange Free State, south east Transvaal); mooka, mookana, moshaoka (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); mooka, mookana (North and north east Transvaal); muumga, muungaludzi (Venda); gaba (Kalanga, northern Botswana); orusu

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

(Herero, Central south west Africa); // khub, // khus (Nama, Southern south west Africa) Acacia kirkii Oliv. (Acacia harmsiana Dinter; Acacia kirkii Oliv.; Acacia kirkii Oliv. subsp. kirkii var. intermedia Brenan; Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty var. kirkii (Oliv.) Roberty; Acacia verrucifera Harms) (to honor Sir John Kirk, 1832–1922, the Scottish explorer and botanist, naturalist and plant collector principally in East Africa, Consul in Zanzibar, 1858 doctor on Livingstone expedition.) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, flat-topped, single or many-stemmed, peeling or flaking bark greenish yellow, spines in pairs at the nodes, pods brown to reddish oblong straight, in riverine woodland, lower highlands, grasslands, in areas of seasonal drainage See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 350. 1871 and Kew Bull. 1922: 49–63. 1922 (A decoction of the roots used as a remedy for stomach ailments. A tea from the bark.) in English: Kirk’s acacia in East Africa: kimwea (Kamba), ol-lerai (Maasai) in Southern Africa: moralo (Tawana dialect, Ngamiland); ijwairi (Subya) Acacia laeta R. Br. (Acacia laeta R. Br. ex Benth.; Acacia modesta Wall. var. laeta (R. Br. ex Benth.) Roberty) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, flat crown, rough and fissured bark, straight spines in pairs, flowers in spikes, flower branchlets with red glands, straight or curved pods splitting on the tree, in highland mountain forest, highland grassland, moist woodland See London Journal of Botany 1: 508. 1842 (The bark used in treatment of skin eruptions in children.) in English: red thorn acacia Acacia leptocarpa Benth. (Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth.; Acacia polystachya Benth.; Racosperma leptocarpum (Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma leptocarpum (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley) Australia, Papua New Guinea. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree or shrub, yellow flowers See London Journal of Botany 1: 376. 1842 and Austrobaileya 2(4): 351. 1987 (For sore eyes, pounded green leaves soaked in water, applied with the water externally.) in Australia: mangarr mangal Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. (Acacia arcuata Decne.; Acacia leucophloea var. melanochaetes Miq.; Acacia melanochaetes Zoll.; Delaportea ferox Gagnep.; Delaportea microphylla Gagnep.; Mimosa leucophloea Roxb.)

23

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

India. Perennial non-climbing tree, white bark, spiny stipules, yellow heads, flat pods, roots emit very offensive smell See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1083. 1806 and Taxon 30: 508–509. 1981, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599– 633. 1996 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Pods toxic to livestock. Bark astringent, abortifacient; stem bark powder given as tooth powder to relieve severe toothache; bark decoction for cold and cough. Root crushed and mixed with sugar and given with water to women for abortion; root powder taken for jaundice. Seeds used as bed-bug killer. Contact therapy, root tied on arm to cure fever; ceremonial, ritual, magic, stem bark smoke inhaled by patients to ward off evil spirits. Veterinary medicine, stem bark mixed with turmeric applied to boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds; leaves of Cassia auriculata crushed with bark of Acacia leucophloea, the paste applied on bone fracture and tied; stem bark along with that of Anogeissus latifolia pounded and the extract given for ephemeral fever.) in English: distiller’s acacia, panicled acacia, white babool, white babul in Burma: tanaung in India: ahimara, akal, akamamaram, akamaram, akimar, akimaral, amutacaram, amutacaramaram, amutacarani, amutacura, arimaita, arimata, arimeda, arimedah, arutturumam, beala, bela, bellada, bilijali, caivakatpala, caraparikantaccupattiram, cuppattiram, gohira, goira, gondhogoharia, gondo-goira, gwaria, harmo baval, harwar, havibaval, hemagaura, hewar, hivar, hiwar, irimeda, irimedah, kalakantam, kasayatittam, kath safaid, katu andara, kinkirata, kinkiratha, maha andara, mukarokapucitam, nayibela, nimbar, panharya, patutturumam, patuturumam, payirilam, pitabhadra, pitaka, pitamlana, raundra, raunj, rayunch, renuja, reonja, reru, reunj, revu, rheunja, rinjra, runjh, runjra, safed babul, safed kihar, safedbabul, sharabkikikar, shatpadananda, shveta-barbura, shvetabarburavrikshaha, somavalka, svetabarabura, svetavarvara, tella tuma, tella tumma, tellathumma, tellatumma, topal, toppalu, tumbe, tumma, tunua, uttulati, uttulatimaram, vellaivelan, vellaivelanmaram, velvalayam, vel-vel, vel-velam, velvaylam, velvel, velvelam, vipralambi, vipralobhi, vitkhadira in Malaysia: pilang Acacia macrostachya Rchb. ex DC. (Acacia ataxacantha sensu P. Sousa) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 459. 1825 (Vermifuge. Magic, ceremonial.) in Nigeria: gardaye (Hausa); chidi (Fula) in Mali: safaranwoni

Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Acacia decurrens auct. non Willd.; Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis auct. non Lindl.; Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis Lindley; Acacia mollissima sensu J. Black; Racosperma mearnsii (De Wild.) Pedley) (after the American naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns, 1895–1916, author of many books about African birds.) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, bark smooth, resinous gum, feathery leaves, yellow fragrant flowers, fruit straight or twisted joints between the seeds, confusion about this species, closely allied to Acacia decurrens Willd. (green wattle) and Acacia dealbata Link See Plantae Bequaertianae 3(1): 61. 1925, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92(3): 249. 1986, Austrobaileya 2(4): 358. 1987, Austral. J. Bot. 45: 879–891. 1997, American Species of Acacia 124. 2007 (Stomachic, astringent, a decoction of the bark used as a styptic and to treat diarrhea.) in English: black wattle, green wattle, silver wattle, tan wattle, wattle in China: hei jing in India: karuva in Japan: wattoru-ju in East Africa: man’goi, muthanduku, muwati in South Africa: swartwattel in Tanzania: muwati Acacia megaladena Desv. (Acacia arrophula D. Don; Acacia arrophula D. Don ex Wall.; Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. var. arrophula (D. Don ex Wall.) Baker) India. Shrub See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1090. 1806, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 3: 69. 1814, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 247. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5257. 1831, The Flora of British India 2(5): 298. 1878 (Fish poison, pods and stembark.) in China: dun ye jin he huan Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. (Inga mellifera (Vahl) Willd.; Mimosa mellifera Vahl) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, low shrubby tree, smooth bark, small hooked prickles in pairs, white or cream flowers, straight fruit short and wide, in dry bushland, in wooded grassland See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1: Acacia and 2: Inga. 1754, Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 103. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1006. 1806, London Journal of Botany 1: 507. 1842 and Australian Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997

24

(The liquid from the boiled bark a remedy for stomach troubles, malaria, fevers, pneumonia and venereal diseases. Rootbark decoction for malaria.) in English: blackthorn, hookthorn in East Africa: kikwata, kilawata, magokwe, oiti, panyirit in Kenya: ebonyo Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. subsp. mellifera (Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens (Burch.) Brenan; Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. subsp. mellifera (Vahl) Roberty; Inga mellifera (Vahl) Willd.; Mimosa mellifera Vahl) Kenya, Namibia. Perennial non-climbing tree See Hildegarde Hinde [Mrs. Sydney L. Hinde], Vocabulaires of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa. Cambridge 1904, C.W. Hobley, Ethnology of A-Kamba and Other East African Tribes. Cambridge 1910, Gerhard Lindblom, The Akamba in British East Africa. An Ethnological Monograph. Uppsala 1920, John Middleton, The Kikuyu and Kamba of Kenya. [The Kikuyu, including Embu, Meru, Mbere, Chuka, Mwimbi, Tharaka, and the Kamba of Kenya.] London 1953, Kew Bulletin 11(2): 191. 1956 (The liquid from the boiled bark a remedy for stomach trouble, malaria, pneumonia and for clearing syphilis infections. Rootbark decoction for malaria.) in English: blackthorn, hookthorn in Eastern Africa: kilawata, muthiia, talamong in Ethiopia: adal, blal (Somalinya); atnkuy, qontr, qwentr, sbansa (Amharinya); harangama, sabansa (Orominya); shoba’ta, qedad, qeres, qono (Tigre); qentb, qentbi, qentiba (Tigrinya) in Southern Africa: haakdoring, hakiesdoring, blouhaak, swarthaak, wynruit; monka (Kgatla dialect, Botswana); mongana (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); Katogwa, muGuhungu, muKotokwa (Shona); monyaka (Kwena dialect, Botswana); mongana-moswana (North Sotho), monganga-tau; moga (Kalanga, northern Botswana); omusaona (Herero) in Sudan: kittir Acacia modesta Wall. (Mimosa dumosa Roxb.; Mimosa obovata Roxb.; Senegalia modesta (Wall.) P.J.H. Hurter) India. Perennial non-climbing small tree, thorny, rough bark, translucent pale yellowish gum See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich) 2: 27, t. 130. 1831, Sylva Telluriana 119. 1838 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–633. 1996, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6(24): 2024– 2025. 2003, Mabberley’s Plant-Book 1021. 2008 (Antibacterial, gums washing and stop bleeding, very effective against dental diseases, gastric trouble and stomach disorders.)

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

in English: amritsar gum in India: kantosariyo, phalai, phulahi, phulai, phule Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.; Acacia arabica Willd.; Acacia arabica (Lam.) Muhl. ex Willd.; Acacia nilotica H. Karst.; Acacia nilotica Delile; Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.; Acacia scorpioides (L.) W. Wight; Acacia scorpioides W. Wight; Acacia scorpioides A. Chev.; Mimosa arabica Lam.; Mimosa nilotica L.; Mimosa nilotica Thunb.; Mimosa scorpioides L.; Mimosa scorpioides Forssk.) East Africa, Paleotropics. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, often branched from the base, crown flat or umbrellashaped, sharp whitish spines in pairs at the nodes, bright yellow to orange fragrant flowers, pods break up on the ground, pods a famine food, bark and the gummy fruit pulp boiled in water sugar added and drunk as tea, exceedingly variable species, used for rearing insects and producing lacs, in arid and semi-arid regions, sandy coastal soils, black-cotton soil See Sp. Pl. 1: 521. 1753, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. p. lxxvii. 1775, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 19. 1783, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1085. 1806, Rev. Amos Sutton, An introduction to the study of Oriya. Cuttack 1872, Rev. William Miller, An English and Oriya dictionary. Cuttack [the site of a mission for the Baptist Missionary Society, India], Orissa Mission Press 1873, Deut. Fl. (Karsten) 722. 1882 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. ix. 173. 1905, Rev. A.H. Young, First lessons in Oriya. Cuttack 1912, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 954. 1928 [1927 publ. 1928], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4: 75–98. 1981, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 283–314. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336, 421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106: 158–165. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant for sore throat and rheumatism. Different extracts of the plant have been reported to have antifungal activity against yeasts and other fungi. Gum applied in the female genital organ as a contraceptive; gum powder mixed with the white of an egg applied on scalds and burns; gum from bark used for diarrhea, dysentery and diabetes. Bark juice used in the treatment of coughs, whooping cough and sore throats; dried fruits of Solanum virgatum mixed with bark of Acacia nilotica boiled in water and the decoction as a gargle to cure pyorrhea; inner bark chewed or boiled as cure for stomachache, diarrhea; chewed for sore throat and cough; bark boiled and mixed with soup or honey for gonorrhea, chest pain and cough. Boiled roots for indigestion and other stomach trouble, roots decoction a cure for impotence; bark and roots used as an aphrodisiac. Boiled leaves used for chest pains or pneumonia; leaves given to pregnant women as a tonic and to have an easy delivery; powdered leaves taken for vigour and vitality; pulp of tender leaves for dysentery and diarrhea; burnt leaves mixed with vegetal oil applied for skin diseases, scabies, eczema, ringworm. Tea made from fruit drunk for stomach problems; seeds pounded and mixed with dates made into

25

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

an intoxicating drink. Veterinary medicine, bark infusion for stomach problems in goats; seeds decoction as a prophylaxis against colic pain, indigestion, pox. Ceremonial, ground bark used for rituals.) in English: babul, black babool, Egyptian acacia, Egyptian mimosa, Egyptian thorn, Gambia pods, gum Arabic tree, Indian gum arabic tree, scented-pod acacia, suntwood in French: acacia d’Égypte, gommier d’Égypte, gommier rouge in Arabic: gurti, (the fruit) qarad, sant, shoka masrya, shoka qibttya, snut in Eastern Africa: chigundigundi, ekapelimen, kijemi, kisemei, mfuku, mgunga, mopira, munga, musemei, ol-erbat, ol-kiloriti in Egypt: (the fruits) qarad in Ethiopia: aflo (Sahonya), agabo (Somalinya), galool, gonake, marak, tuweer, cea (Tigrinya), qeres (Tigre) in Kenya: burq’uq’e, burquqe, burquqis, chalado, chebitet, chebiwa, chebiwo, chigundigundi, ekapelimen, guider, ilgiliti, kapka, kigundi, kiprutyot, kisemei, kopko, langid, lkilorit, lkiloriti, marah, marai, mgunga, mjungu, msemeri, mtetewe, mtsemeri, mucemeri, mugaa, muhegakululu, munga, musemei, musemeli, mwemba, olkiloriti, shighiri, tuwer in Mali: aboro, bagana iri, baganan, bakani, bwana, pakhi in Nigeria: bagaruwa, bagaruwa namiji, bagaruwa ta mata, gabaruwa in Sahara: tamat in Sudan: bagana, bagaroua, banigna, diabe, fovan, gaoudi, gonakie, neb-neb, pegueninga, salana, sant, sant tree, sunt, timiouin in Tanzania: barabonyoda, baryomodi, kantzi, kihungawisu, kihungawiswa, kijame, kijemi, kinjacha, manange, mdubilo, mfuko, mfuku, mgelegele, mgunga, mgungankundu, mhungawiswa, michame, muela, mufuku, muhinko, muhunga, muwulagavega, mzameli, olkiroriti, olkloriti, tsagayand in Togo: magarua in Uganda: okuturyang in India: ajabaksha, akuti, babbula, babbulaka, babhool, babhul, babla, babli, babool, babool chaal, babool gond, babul, babul bawal chal, babul chaal, babul chal, babul e kikar, babul gond, babula, babulzhadd, babur, babura, baburi, bambul, banvalia, banwal, barboora, barbooramu, barbura, barburah, barburamu, bawal, bobbi, bobbuli, bochhuli, boliya, bolliye, bubbula, burbura, carapari, chinggonglei, deshi baval, desi-babul, desi baval, dirghakantaka, dridhabija, dridharuha, gabla, gabur, gobalu, gobbali, gobli, gond babulkani (badhiya), goshringa, iramangandam, jali, kala baval, kalakkantam, kalikikar, kaloabaval, kantalu, kaphantaka, karagi, kari gobbali, kari jaali, kari jali, karibaela,

karijali, kariram, karivelam, karivelampatta, karnamotam, karumaka, karuvael, karuvel, karuvelakam, karuvelam, karuvelam picin, karuvelamaram, karuvelan, karuvelum, kashaya, kashtaki, keekar, keekar chal, kikar, kikar ki chhaal, kinkirata, kirusnappiracotikkuru, kurruvelam, maiyutai, malaphala, metho baval, metocam, metokikamaram, metokitam, metori, mughailan, nalla tuma, nallathumma, nallatumma, nattukkaruvel, nellatuma, panktibija, pitaka, pitapushpa, samar, shok-e-misaria, shok-e-arabia, sukshmapatra, suliyo, svarnapushpa, tamma, thumma chettu, tikshnakantas, timurukalparuvukkulkuru, tiritapicam, toruakadam, tuma, tumna, turuakadam, ukkiratitam, ukkiratitamaram, umm-e-ghailan, vabboola, varvara, vavulam, vavvola, vedi-babul, vedibabool, yugalaakshamu, yugalaksha, yugalakshamu, yugmakanta in Nepal: babul Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan (Acacia arabica sensu auct.; Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. var. indica Benth.; Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile var. indica (Benth.) A.F. Hill) India. Perennial non-climbing tree, short paired white spines, anthers yellow, filaments pale yellow, pods exuding sticky substance See London Journal of Botany 1: 500. 1842 and Botanical Museum Leaflets 8: 99. 1940, Kew Bulletin 12(1): 84. 1957 (Gum eaten for stomach disorders, diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes; gum/resin dissolved in water and applied externally to treat syphilis. Fruit, flower, leaf and bark powdered given with cow milk to cure premature ejaculation. Crushed seeds mixed with sugar and given with milk to increase sexual vigor. Bark astringent, aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, a decoction in diabetes, pasted on wounds, antidote to poisoning; decoction of bark of young branches used for washing in leucorrhea. Leaf paste mixed with salt applied on the forehead to cure headache and eye inflammation; leaves eaten for body swellings; powdered green leaves given with sugar for spermatorrhea. Contact therapy, root tied on left hand to cure snakebite. Veterinary medicine, boiled bark poured over the hoofs in hoofrot; dry root powder of Echinops echinatus mixed with Sterculia urens or Acacia nilotica subsp. indica gum applied to hair to destroy the lice.) in English: Indian gum arabic tree, prickly acacia in India: babbula, babhool, babhul, babla, babool, babool chaal, babool gond, babul, babul bawal chal, babul chaal, babul chal, babul e kikar, babul gond, babula, babulzhadd, babur, babura, baburi, bambul, banvalia, banvalio, banwal, barboora, barbooramu, barbura, barburah, bawario, kantalu, keekar, keekar chal, kikar, kikar ki chhaal, soma valka Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. (Acacia gorinii Chiov.; Acacia merkeri Harms; Acacia nubica Benth.; Acacia orfota sensu auct.; Acacia orfota Schweinf.; Acacia pterygocarpa Benth.; Acacia virchowiana Vatke; Mimosa oerfota Forssk.)

26

East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, branching from the base, bark unpleasant odour when cut, short spines in pairs at the nodes, axillary flowers white or cream, straight yellowish dehiscent fruits, in dry deciduous and semi-desert scrub, leaves and pods browsed by sheep and goats, the living plant is said to give off a strong bad smell when cut See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 177. 1775, London Journal of Botany 1: 498. 1842, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 30: 275. 1880, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4(app. 2): 213. 1896 and Kew Bull. 8: 97–98, 101. 1953, Webbia 26: 267–364. 1972, Kew Bull. 32: 529–536. 1978, Kew Bull. 37: 451–453. 1983, Candollea 43: 559–585. 1988, Australian Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997 (A bark decoction an emetic to treat malaria and rheumatism. Ash from the burnt plant used medicinally.) in East Africa: epetet, ol-depe, wanga in Kenya: epetet in Sudan: laot Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. (Acacia arrophula D. Don; Acacia delavayi auct. non Franch.; Acacia hainanensis Hayata; Acacia pendata (L.) Willd.; Acacia pennata Willd.; Acacia pennata subsp. hainanensis (Hayata) I.C. Nielsen; Acacia pentagona (Schumach. & Thonn.) Hook. f.; Acacia philippinarum Benth.; Acacia pinnata Link; Acacia pinnata Dalz. & A. Gibson; Albizia tenerrima de Vriese; Mimosa ferruginea Rottler; Mimosa pennata L.; Mimosa torta Roxb.) China, Nepal. Perennial climbing small trees or shrubs, armed, scandent, woody, glabrescent, hooked prickles, internodal spines scattered everywhere, leaflets cuspidate, heads yellow to white creamy, straight strap-shaped pods, sweetsour ripe fruits eaten raw See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1090–1091. 1806, Hort. Beng. 41. 1814, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 446. 1822 [Jan–Jun 1822], Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 566. 1832, The Bombay Flora … 87. 1861 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 86–87. 1913, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1915(9): 410. 1915, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 19(3): 352–353. 1980 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Crushed roots made into paste used externally for bowel complaints; root powder mixed with honey and given in rickets. Stem bark decoction taken as an antidote to snakebite, and also in diarrhea and dysentery; juice from bark an antidote to snake poison and a snake repellent. Leaf juice with milk given to infants suffering from indigestion; powdered dried leaves applied as a dressing to wounds; leaf paste as a postpartum remedy. Fish poison, fruit pulp, bark and stem; seeds pounded and used as fish poison; powdered stem bark as a fish poison. Veterinary

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

medicine, bark juice to relieve sprains, rheumatism and muscular swellings.) in Sierra Leone: tanyé in Southern Africa: iGado, Kandale in China: yu ye jin he huan in India: adari, agla-bel, aila, airavati, alay, arare, ari, ballikhadira, bichi, biswul, chilari, cinkai, cinkaimullu, giddu korinda, guba korintha, gubakorinda, iyak koluntu, jangli babul, jermai shei kshiah, kaarushikaay, khadira, khadirapatrika, khadiravallari, kadshige, kadshigi, kaduseege, kadushige, kadusige, kadusuige, kamo, kattu indu, khervel, kirikitikanta, korinda, kuchui, kuro, madise syuri, mulluccinkai, mulluciyakkay, mulukorinda, nengtaknta, remsu, sandanika, ser khing, shembi, sherubati, shil khing, sikakai, silikhadira, sirengkhi, sirengki, svadikhallari, tamrakantaka, tat-kung, udakirya, uddala, undaru, vallikhadira, vellai indu Malayan names: akar kayu manis, akar manis, kupoh in Nepal: agela, aradi, arari, arfu, arphu, sikakai Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don (Acacia fraseri Hook.; Acacia podalyriaefolia A. Cunn.; Acacia podalyriifolia Cunn. ex Loudon, nom. nud.; Acacia podalyriaefolia A. Cunn. var. viridis Guilf.; Acacia podalyriifolia Loudon; Acacia podalyriifolia G. Don var. typica Domin; Acacia podalyriifolia G. Don var. viridis Guilf.; Racosperma podalyriifolia (G. Don) Pedley; Racosperma podalyriifolium (G. Don) Pedley) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, fast growing, bark fissured when older, mature leaves silvery white finely tipped, bright golden flowers in profuse terminal clusters, fruit flat raised over the seeds See Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 407. 1830, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 405. 1832 and Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 256. 1926, Darwiniana 7(2): 240–321. 1946, Austrobaileya 2: 344–357. 1987 (Rootbark decoction taken for malaria.) in English: glaucous acacia, golden wattle, Mount Morgan wattle, pearl acacia, Queensland silver wattle in China: zhen zhu he huan in South Africa: perelakasia, vaalmimosa Acacia polyacantha Willd. (Acacia catechu Griseb.; Acacia catechu auct. non L.; Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.; Acacia suma (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex J.O. Voigt; Acacia suma (Roxb.) J.O. Voigt; Gagnebina tamariscina sensu Bojer; Mimosa suma Roxb.; Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.; Senegalia suma (Roxb.) Britton & Rose) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, robust, fast-growing, resinous, bark fissured or flaking, trunk and branches often with hooked prickles, spines axillary hooks in pairs, feathery foliage, fragrant creamy flowers in spikes,

27

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

smooth flat dehiscent fruit, wood termite resistant, near river banks, in swampy valleys See Supplementum Plantarum 439. 1781[1782], Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1079–1080. 1806, Hort. Bengal. 74. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 563. 1832, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 260. 1845, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 220. 1860, The forest flora of North-West and Central India 186–187. 1874 and North American Flora 23(2): 113. 1928, Mabberley’s Plant-Book 789, 1021. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark astringent. The leaves pounded dried ground applied to sores; young leaves and pods eaten in jaundice. The roots used in the treatment of snakebite. Roots and leaves of Cassia occidentalis with roots of Acacia polyacantha and/or Citrus aurantifolia boiled and the filtrate drunk to cure headache, chest and body ache.)

in Ethiopia: gmarda (Amharinya); gwmero (Tigrinya) in Malawi: chigongolo, mgongolo (Nyanja); m’nyunzo, mtete, mthethe, mlonga, nyungwe (Chichewa); ntarula (kyaNgonde, Karonga district); mgowe, mutenenthe, ngobe, ngowe (Tumbuka) in Mali: jinge, kuruko, kuruma in Nigeria: ede, farichin haramata (= falcon’s claw), farichin shafo, fatarlahi, karki, karo, kumbar shafo, shahab in N. Rhodesia: muzeze, musense in Southern Africa: white thorn, witdoring; nkowakowa (Tsonga); tshikwalo (Venda); muBaimondoro, chiKwiku (Shona) Acacia pruinescens Kurz (Acacia pruinescens var. luchunensis C. Chen & H. Sun)

in English: falcon’s claw, falcon’s claw acacia

India, Myanmar.

in China: er cha

See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 45(2): 296, 298. 1877 [1876 publ. 19 Apr 1877] and Acta Botanica Yunnanica 12(3): 260. 1990

in India: bani, banni mara, bannimara, bile jaali, bilejali, buguli, celai, cilai, chelaargudi, chelayudi, chhikkur, cilaiyuncil, dhaulakhejra, gorado, guanria, khair, kovil, kumtia, kumtiya, mugali, mugali soppu, mugalisoppu, mugli, mugula, mukkili, saikanta, same, samee, sami, samse, san-kanta, sara tumma, saratumma, sealai, selai, selaivunjai, shai, shami, silai, silaiyunjai, somi, somiguanria, sonkhair, sonekhair, sonkairi, tellachandra, thellachandra, vengarinali, venkarinnali in Tibet: sen lden dkar po in East Africa: mgunga, msukanzi, mtopotopo, musewa Acacia polyacantha Willd. subsp. campylacantha (A. Rich.) Brenan (Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd. var. campylacantha (Hochst.) ex A. Rich.) Roberty; Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd. var. campylacantha (A. Rich.) Aubrev.; Acacia campylacantha Hochst ex A. Rich.; Acacia campylacantha A. Rich.; Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. subsp. suma (Roxb.) Roberty; Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Brenan (from the Greek polys ‘many’ and akantha ‘thorn’, and kampylos ‘curved’ and akantha ‘thorn’) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree See Rev. Samuel Johnson, The History of the Yorubas. Lagos 1921, S.O. Biobaku, The Origin of the Yoruba. Lagos 1955, Kew Bulletin 11(2): 195. 1956, William Bascom, Ifa Divination. Communication between Gods and Men in West Africa. Bloomington 1969, S.O. Biobaku, ed., Sources of Yoruba History. Oxford 1973 (The leaves pounded, dried, ground applied to sores. The roots used in the treatment of snakebite.) in English: African catechu tree, falcon’s claw, white thorn in Angola: omunianiambungu (Lunyaneka) in East Africa: mgunga, msukanzi, mtopotopo, musewa

(Bark ground and used for stupefying fish.) in China: fen bei jin he huan, kuo ye fen bei jin he huan in India: motu Acacia reficiens Wawra (Acacia uncinata Engl.) (the specific and subspecific names from the Latin reficio, ficere, feci, fectum (facio) ‘to make again, to restore, to repair’) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or tree, flattened or rounded crown, rough bark, edible gum, hooks in axillary pairs, white or cream flowers in small axillary groups, papery reddish dehiscent pods, foliage eaten by game and livestock, in dry lowland semi-desert scrub See Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 38: 555. 1860 and Bothalia 11: 231–234. 1974, Bothalia 13: 389–413. 1981 (An infusion of the roots used to treat swelling of the scrotum and as a sexual stimulant.) in English: false umbrella thorn, red thorn in East Africa: anywa, eregae, khansa, panyarit in Namibia: mumangandjamba, muzwa (Kwagali); omutsiyamatsi (Ndonga); gos, ! gus (Nama/Damara); omungondo (Herero); muginda, mutwa (Shambyu); omutyuula (Kwanyama); g!u (Bushman) in Southern Africa: deurmekaardoring, haak-en-steek, rooihaak, vals-haak-en-steek; omungondo (Herero); gos, ! gus (Nama/Damara) Acacia rugata (Lam.) Fawc. & Rendle (Acacia rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Voigt; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex Voigt, nom. illeg.; Acacia

28

rugata Buch.-Ham. ex Fawcett & Rendle, nom. illeg.; Acacia rugata Ham. ex Gamble; Mimosa rugata Lam.; Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose) Caribbean. Climbing shrub, straggling, prickly, fruit juice used for washing clothes See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 20. 1783, London Journal of Botany 1: 514. 1842, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 263. 1845, The Flora of British India 2: 297. 1878 and Flora of Jamaica, Containing Descriptions of the Flowering Plants Known from the Island 4: 141. 1920, North American Flora 23(2): 120. 1928 (Plant juice applied for boils. Paste from powdered stem as a fish poison.) in India: amsikra, pasoitenga in Nepal: sikakay, tokne Acacia scorpioides W. Wight var. adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) A. Chev. (Acacia adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Berhaut; Acacia arabica var. adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Baker f.; Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty; Acacia nilotica var. adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Chiov.; Mimosa adstringens Schumach. & Thonn.) India. See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 327. 1827 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. ix. 173. 1905, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 74: 954. 1927, The Leguminosae of Tropical Africa 3: 849. 1930, Candollea 11: 150. 1948, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 102: 214. 1955 (Stem bark boiled with red potash and taken for toothache and stomach pain.) in Nigeria: kejelivwe Acacia scorpioides W. Wight var. nilotica (L.) A. Chev. (Acacia arabica var. nilotica (L.) Benth.; Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile; Mimosa nilotica L.; Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.)

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. (Acacia circummarginata Chiov.; Acacia cufodontii Chiov.; Acacia glaucophylla sensu Brenan; Acacia kinionge sensu Brenan; Acacia oxyosprion Chiov.; Acacia rupestris Boiss.; Acacia senegal subsp. modesta (Wall.) Roberty; Acacia senegal subsp. senegalensis Roberty; Acacia senegalensis (Houtt.) Roberty; Acacia somalensis sensu Brenan; Acacia sp.1 F. White; Acacia spinosa Marloth & Engl.; Acacia thomasii sensu Brenan; Acacia verek Guill. & Perr.; Acacia volkii Suess.; Mimosa senegal L.; Mimosa senegalensis Lam.; Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, extremely variable, slow growing, low branching, peeling bark, rounded and flattened, clear edible gum, three brownblack hooks below each node, white creamy spikes, pointed variable pods thin and flat, leaves and pods protein-rich, useful for erosion control, leaves and pods eaten by camels, sheep, goats and rhinos, commonly found in dry grassland, woodland, dryland See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1077. 1806, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 245, 271, pl. 56. 1832 and Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 6: 538. 1930, John G. Peristiany, The Social Institutions of the Kipsigis. London 1939, A.H.J. Prins, East African Age-Class Systems: an inquiry into the social order of Galla, Kipsigis and Kikuyu. Groningen 1953, Vegetatio 27: 131–162. 1973, Bothalia 11: 453–462. 1975, Bothalia 44: 55–56. 1979, Taxon 30: 508–509. 1981, Austral. J. Bot. 45: 879–891. 1997 (Used in Ayurveda. Fruits, bark and gum for dysentery, diarrhea, gonorrhea, inflammatory diseases. Gum good for cough, stomatitis and sprue; fried gum given along with ghee and jaggery after delivery to women as a postpartum remedy, and to make them free form sciatica and backache. Root decoction a mild purgative, used in the treatment of stomachache and gonorrhea. A decoction of the bark for diarrhea and stomach disorders. The stem or root bark boiled and the liquid used for treatment of diarrhea, venereal diseases and stomach disorders. Juice from fruits used as eye medicine.) in English: gum arabic, gum arabic tree, Senegal gum, Sudan gum arabic, three-thorned acacia

India.

in China: a la bo jiao shu

See Species Plantarum 1: 521–522. 1753, Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 2(1): 79. 1813, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 327. 1827, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 1: 500. 1842 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. ix. 173. 1905, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 74: 954. 1927, The Leguminosae of Tropical Africa 3: 849. 1930, Candollea 11: 150. 1948, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 102: 214. 1955, Mabberley’s Plant-Book 1021. 2008

in India: babula, gorad, gorad baval, goradio baval, khair, kumat, kumatio, kumatiyo, kumbat, svetakhadira

(Stem bark boiled with red potash and taken for toothache and stomach pain.)

in Kenya: adad, baabido, bura-diima, burra diima, chemanga, chemankayan, chepkomon, dang’ite, edaad, edad, edadgeri, ekodokodoi, ekunoit, enderkesi, hadhaadh, iddaad’o, iddado, interkes, kikole, kikwata, kiluor, king’ole, king’olola,

in Nigeria: izegwu

in Japan: Arabiya-gomu-no-ki in East Africa: ekonoit, kikwata, kikwata mgunga, mzasa in Ethiopia: adad, adad-meru, akkrsa, betuba, idado, mahara, qentb, qentbi, qentiba, qwentr, sabansa-dima, sapessa, sbansa-grar, sfri-dmmu qontr

29

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

lderkesi, manok, mgunga, mirgi-abah, mung’othi, ol-munishui, olbida, olderkesi, otiep, sadeema, sapans diima in Nigeria: bonni, dakwara, dakwora, elong, esenik, esina, hashab, kolkol, nganda-yonge, ngaraba; talha, kolkol (Kanuri); dakwara (Hausa); dibehi (Fula) in Sahara: eirwar in Senegal: ndongargavod, patugu, vérèk in Tanzania: bwara, enderkesi, igwata, interkes, katahila, katatula, katita, ki’tononganga, kikwata, kiluma, kiruma, mgunga, mgwatu, mkot, mkwata, muhama, muhunga, mukhubo, mzasa, olbida, olderkesi, olmunishui, yudek in Uganda: achika Acacia seyal Delile (Acacia fistula Schweinf.; Acacia flava (Forssk.) Schweinf. var. seyal (Delile) Roberty; Acacia seyal Chev.; Acacia stenocarpa A. Rich.) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, sometimes shrubby, clear gum, irregularly flattened spreading crown, bark powdery white to orange-red, white spines in diverging pairs, bright yellow fragrant flowers, narrow curved fruit split on the tree, sweet inner bark fibre chewed, on stony ground, on flats of black-cotton soil See Webbia 26: 267–364. 1972, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25(1): 1–152. 1973, Bull. Int. Group for study of Mimosoideae, 5: 31–45. 1977, Nature 401: 578–581. 1999 (The bark widely used to treat colds. Edible gum used to treat dysentery and stomachache.) in English: gum arabic tree, shittah tree, shittim wood, thirty thorn, whistling thorn, whistling tree, white thorn in Arabic: ‘alk (the resin), seyal, talh in Berber: talakh, tamat, thala, tefi in East Africa: epujaiit, mgunga, mwera in Ethiopia: adiqento, makani (Afarinya); aflo (Sahonya); cea (Bileninya, Tigre, Tigrinya); cea-serakwe (Bileninya); cginda (Gamonya); fulaay, jiiq (Somalinya); qeyyh-cea, sa’da-cea (Tigrinya); wacu, wajji, wajjo, wakko-dimo, wasiya (Orominya) in Kenya: ali, ale, arombe, chowogh, chuwugh, echekereng, ekoramai, ekoromait, elereta, elereta-nanyokie, fulai, fullai, iddaado, iddad’o, kisewa, lera, lerai, mugaa, mugurit, mureera, musewa, mweya, olerai, olerai-oibor, oljerai, rena, renon, waachu, waachu-adi, waaqu-hallu in Malawi: mtengo wa minga (Chichewa, Nyanja); chisawani (Mulanje) in Mali: nyenige, sanunge, zajé; sajè (Bambara); saninge (Malinké); nyentige (Minyanka); hibwi-fonu (Bwa) in Nigeria: dushe, dushe kerafi, dussa, erafi, gishishiya, jimshi (Hausa); karamga (Kanuri); talha (Arabian); bulki (Fula)

in Sahara: tamat, tamatt in Senegal: bu dènkan fonah, surur (Volof)

(Diola);

ndomb

(Sérère);

in Sudan: talah, talh, talh hamera in Uganda: omugando Acacia shirleyi Maiden (Acacia doratoxylon A. Cunn. var. laxiflora Domin; Acacia spirorbis Benth. subsp. solandri auct. non (Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma shirleyi (Maiden) Pedley) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754 and Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 53: 218. 1919, Austrobaileya 2(4): 355. 1987 (Toxic woods.) in English: lancewood Acacia sieberiana DC. (Acacia abyssinica sensu auct.; Acacia amboensis Schinz; Acacia davyi sensu auct.; Acacia purpurascens Vatke; Acacia sieberana DC.; Acacia sieberiana Scheele; Acacia sieberiana Tausch; Acacia sieberiana DC. subsp. vermoesenii (De Wild.) Troupin; Acacia sieberiana var. vermoesenii (De Wild.) Keay & Brenan; Acacia vermoesenii De Wild.) (the specific name after Franz Wilhelm Sieber, 1789–1844, botanist, traveller and plant collector, author of Herbarium florae aegyptiacae, sive collectio stirpium rariorum Aegypti indigenorum. Vindobonae [Wien] 1820 and Reise nach der Insel Kreta. Leipzig und Sorau 1823) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, tall, umbrellashaped or rounded crown, short thick bole, bark rough and flaky, straight whitish spines in pairs, white flowers in round heads, curved fruit thick and hard See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 463. 1825, Flora 19: 420. 1836, Linnaea 27: 337. 1843 and Plantae Bequaertianae 3(1): 68. 1925, Kew Bulletin 5(3): 364. 1950[1951], Austral. J. Bot. 45: 879–891. 1997 (The bark used to treat children’s fever; a decoction of the root prepared as a remedy for stomachache; an extract of the roots and bark used as a vermifuge.) in East Africa: munga kuu, muwawa, mwera in Ethiopia: burquqqe, fullsa, lafto, lafto-adi, lalato (Orominya); cerin, jerin (Somalinya); cea, grmo, sa’da-cea (Tigrinya); deweni-bunna (Guragenya); gara, odorwa, pulliesa (Welaytinya) in Ivory Coast: fara kaya in Malawi: mungondo, usongue (Umbundu); musonge (Kimbundu), mutontola (Lunyaneka) in Mali: bagije, baki, bakije, tinyanga in Nigeria: aluki, bauji, fara kaya (= white thorn), farar kaya, gie daneji, katalabu, kuk, sie

30

in Uganda: muwawa Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. (Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.; Acacia habbasoides Bojer; Acacia rugata Benth.; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Voigt; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Mimosa concinna Willd.; Mimosa concinna Benth.; Mimosa rugata Lam.; Mimosa sinuata Lour.; Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose) Bhutan, India. Perennial climbing shrub, armed, scandent, prickly, yellow flowers, oblong pods See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 20. 1783, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 653. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1039. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 464. 1825, London Journal of Botany 1: 514. 1842, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 263. 1845, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 404–405. 1875, Fl. Bras. 15(3): 337. 1876, The Flora of British India 2: 297. 1878 and North American Flora 23(2): 120. 1928, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 24(2): 186–187. 1935 (Used in Ayurveda. Pods expectorant, emetic; fruit powder applied on legs as leech repellents. Leaves cathartic, laxative, used in biliousness, to prevent flatulence. Fish poison.) in English: soap pod in China: teng jin he huan in India: bahuphenarasa, bhuriphena, carmasahva, charmakansa, charmakasa, cheevakay, chika-kai, chikaikkai, chikakai, chilli, chinik-kaya, manda seege, pasoi tenga, phenila, saptala, satala, seege, sheekakai, sheekay, shika, shikai, shikakai, shikayi, sigaikai, sige, sige balli, sikakai, sikekaayi, suse lewa Acacia stuhlmannii Taub. East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, thorny with straight spines in pairs at nodes, low spreading shrub or small tree, bark very fetid to garlic smell, spines and petioles with yellow pubescence, flowers green white in spherical heads, kidney shaped bristly dark pods See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C 194. 1895 and Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 44: 1–150. 1979 (Root used to treat stomach problems in women and convulsions.) in Tanzania: mlengeja Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib (Acacia pennata sensu Baker; Acacia torta Craib; Mimosa torta Roxb.) India. Perennial climbing shrub, prickly and pubescent, small hooked prickles See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 566. 1832 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1915(9): 410. 1915

Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

(Leaf paste applied to forehead to relieve headache, applied also to insect bite. Crushed stem bark and leaves as fish poison.) in English: twisted acacia in India: aila, alay, alia, antitike, bona chilli, chande mullu, chilar, chillari, drugaidar, ingi, kad siege, kanti, katnar, kempu seege, konda korinda, konda-korinta, korinda, korinta, puli indu, seekam, sikari kanta Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne (Mimosa tortilis Forssk.; Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi; Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.) (the specific name from the Latin tortilis, e (torqueo) ‘twisted’) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, spreading, flat or umbrella-shaped crown, fissured and rough bark, two kinds of spines in pairs at the nodes, white fragrant flowers in round heads, fruit spirally twisted or curled, edible sticky gum, sweet ripe fresh pods eaten but seeds are discarded, dry pods excellent fodder for goats and camels, often in black-cotton soil, savanna, on river terraces, dry courses, hill slopes See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 176. 1775, Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 10: pl. 31. 1825 and Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew 1930: 402–404. 1930, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 8: 357–431. 1948, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–633. 1996, Austral. J. Bot. 45: 879–891. 1997, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Milano 149(1): 150. 2008, Mabberley’s Plant-Book 1021. 2008 (Boiled infusion of bark used for diarrhea and stomachache; roots smoked as a remedy for colds. Magical, witchcraft, the thorns stuck in a goat’s pancreas to blind a man who has the ‘evil eye’; tree believed to attract lightning.) in English: curly-pod acacia, umbrella thorn in Kenya: chebitet, d’addaca, dadach, dadacha, dadech, dadwota, dahar, etir, ewoi, gahar khabdo, gudis, lkunyi, ltepes, mgunga, muaa, mugaa, mulaa, ol-gorete, ol-tepesi, oltepesi, qubdo, qurah, sagaram, sagararam, seech-geebe, ses, sesai, sesoy, sesya, sesyai, sies-geebe, siesiet, ulaa, urbu-ree in Oman: simr in Sahara: abser, talha in Southern Africa: basterkameeldoring, fynhaakdoring, haak-en-steek (= hook and prick), haakdoring, krulpeulakasia, noobos, sambreeldoring, tafelboom, withaak, withaak kameeldoring; isiShoba (Zulu), isiThwethwe, umSasane; mgunga (Swahili); singa (Ndebele); isiThwethwe (Swaziland and Eastern Transvaal); nsasane (Tsonga: Eastern Transvaal); moku, musu (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); mosunyane (Kgatla dialect, Botswana); mosu (Kwena dialect, Botswana; Tawana dialect, Ngamiland); moshu (Mangwato dialect, Botswana); moswana, mosu (North Sotho: North and north east Transvaal); muswu (Venda); orupungiuja, orusu

31

Acaena Mutis ex L. Rosaceae

(Herero: Central South West Africa); / naras, / narab (Nama: Southern South West Africa) Acacia xanthophloea Benth. (Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.) Banfi & Galasso) (the specific name from the Greek xanthos ‘yellow’ and phloios ‘bark of trees’) East Africa, Kenya. Perennial non-climbing tree, tall, yellowgreen bark fissured when old, straight or diverging spines in pairs at the nodes, sweet scented flowers in round heads, yellow-brown fruit straight or slightly curved, in black-cotton soils, on the banks of lakes and rivers See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30(3): 511. 1875 [10 Apr 1875] and Flowering Plants of Africa 41: pl. 1637. 1971, Nordic J. Bot. 8: 457–488. 1989, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Milano 149(1): 150. 2008 [Jan 2008], Mabberley’s Pl.-Book 1021. 2008 (The bark, rolled into a small ball and chewed, used in the treatment of coughs and sore throats; bark widely used to treat colds, fevers and eye complaints. Edible gum used to treat dysentery and stomachache.)

and (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles Suppl. 2: 484, 602. 1916[1917], Biblioth. Bot. lxxxix. 164. 1925, New Zealand J. Bot. 21: 13–20. 1983 (Leaves infusion taken for kidney and bladder complaints, and for venereal diseases; infusion or decoction drunk to treat gonorrhea.) Acaena novae-zelandiae Kirk (Acaena anserinifolia (Forst. & Forst.f.) Druce; Acaena sanguisorbae sensu J. Black; Ancistrum anserinaefolium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) New Zealand. See Characteres Generum Plantarum 4. 1775, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 3: 177. 1871 and (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles Suppl. 2: 484, 602. 1916[1917] (Leaves infusion taken for kidney and bladder complaints, and for venereal diseases; infusion or decoction drunk to treat gonorrhea.) in English: New Zealand burr

in English: fever tree, Naivasha thorn, sulphur bark

in Australia: biddy biddy, bidgee-widgee, bidi-bidi, buzzy

in East Africa: mgunga, murera, olerai

Maori names: bidibid, hutiwai, piripiri

in Kenya: ali, ale, arombe, chowogh, chuwugh, echekereng, ekoramai, ekoromait, elereta, elereta-nanyokie, fulai, fullai, iddaado, iddad’o, kisewa, lera, lerai, mugaa, mugurit, mureera, musewa, mweya, olerai, olerai-oibor, oljerai, rena, renon, waachu, waachu-adi, waaqu-hallu

Acaena pinnatifida Ruiz & Pav. (Acaena multifida Hook. f.; Acaena multifida A. Dietr.; Acaena oligacantha Phil.; Acaena pinnatifida Lindl.; Acaena pinnatifida Bert. ex Steud.; Acaena pinnatifida Hort. ex Steud.)

in Southern Africa: koorsboom, more o moseltha, munzhelenga, nkelenga, umDlovune, umHlafunga, umHlofunga, umHlosinga, umKhanya-gude, umKhanyakude

South America. See Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 1: 68, pl. 104, f. b. 1798, Bot. Antarct. Voy. I. (Fl. Antarct.). 2: 265. 1846, Linnaea 33: 66. 1864 and Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise Sci. Nat. 104: 145– 151. 1981

Acaena Mutis ex L. Rosaceae

(Diuretic, refrigerant.)

From the Greek akaina ‘a thorn’, referring to the spines on the calyx or to the prickles on the fruit; see Mantissa Plantarum 2: 145, 200. 1771, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 592. 1825, Linnaea 28: 463. 1856, Revue des Sciences Naturelles de l’Ouest 7(2): 39. 1897 and Bibliotheca Botanica 17(74): 26, 38, 49, 63–65, 213. 1910–1911, Fedde Rep., 10: 489–501. 1912, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 432–484. 1946, Walton, D.W.H., “Studies on Acaena (Rosaceae).” Brit. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 45: 29–40, 93–100. 1977, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New Zealand Journal of Botany. 25: 115–170. 1987, Novon 9(2): 227. 1999.

Acaena sanguisorbae Vahl (Acaena sanguisorbae (L.) Vahl)

Acaena anserinifolia (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Druce (Acaena anserinifolia Domin; Acaena anserinifolia Druce; Ancistrum anserinaefolium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) New Zealand. See Characteres Generum Plantarum 4. 1775, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 3: 177. 1871

Australia. Creeping herb, fruits covered with burrs or spiny barbs See Enum. Pl. [Vahl] i. 294. 1804 (Leaves infusion taken for kidney and bladder complaints, and for venereal diseases.) Maori names: bidibid, hutiwai, piripiri

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae From the old Greek name akalephe ‘nettle’, the leaves of Urtica and Acalypha seemed similar to Linnaeus; Latin acalephe, es ‘a nettle’ (the French physician Odo de Meung [Odo Magdunensis, pseud. Aemilius Macer], first half of the 11th century, author of Macer Floridus De Viribus Herbarum Carmen. Neapoli 1477, De uirtutibus herbarum. Venetiis 1506; Odo must be distinguished from Aemilius Macer, d. 16 BC., a Latin poet, a friend of Vergilius). Hippocrates, De

32

Morbis. 3.15 (ed. P. Potter, Loeb Classical Library, 1988); Aristophanes, Lysistrata. 549, for the Greek poet akalephe was the name for actinia or sea anemone. See Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linnaeus, Carl von Linné, Karl af Linné) (1707– 1778), Species Plantarum 2: 1003–1004. 1753, Friedrich Boerner, De Aemilio Macro, eiusque rariore hodie opuscolo de virtutibus herbarum, diatribe. Lipsiae [1754], Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 436. 1754, Fabricius, Philipp Conrad (1714–1774), Enumeratio methodica plantarum horti medici Helmstadiensis subiuncta stirpium rariorum val nondum satis extricatarum descriptione. 202. Helmstadii: Ioannis Drimborn, 1759, Familles des Plantes 2: 356. 1763, Mant. Pl. 19. 1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 650. 1767, Cothenius, Christian Andreas (1708–1789), Dispositio Vegetabilium Methodica a staminum numero desumta. 1. Berolini, 1790, Schlüssel Hortus indicus malabaricus, … 31. 1818, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 56: 23. 1828, Catalogus plantarum phanerogamicarum grudentinensis et gedanensis 172. 1839, Linnaea 19: 235. 1847[1846], Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 21(1): 587. 1848, Ernst H.F. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik. III: 426–434. Königsberg 1854–1857, Bonplandia (Hanover) 6: 2. 1858, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 440. 1858, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22: 451. 1887 and Das Pflanzenreich 147, 16(Heft 85): 178. 1924, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 25–170. 1949, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1087–1144. 1988, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 73(2): 155–281. 2002. Acalypha allenii Hutch. Southeastern Africa, S. Trop. Africa to Botswana. Small herb, caespitose, shrub, suffrutex, erect, decumbent or semiprostrate, rhizomatous woody rootstock, red male inflorescence, female spike terminal, male racemes axillary solitary, yellow stigmas See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 229. 1911, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 5: 395. 1916 (An infusion of the pounded roots mixed with bone meal taken to treat edema. Root paste used as an enema to treat diarrhea of children. A root infusion drunk as an aphrodisiac.) Acalypha alopecuroides Jacq. (Acalypha alopecuroides lusus glanduligera Klotzsch; Acalypha alopecuroides lusus hispida Müll.Arg.; Acalypha alopecuroides f. glanduligera (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg.; Acalypha alopecuroides f. polycephala Müll.Arg.; Ricinocarpus alopecuroides Kuntze; Ricinocarpus alopecuroides (Jacq.) Kuntze) South America. See Icon. Pl. Rar. 3: 19. 1790, Bot. Voy. Herald: 102. 1853, Linnaea 34: 50. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 617. 1891 and International Journal of Oncology 35(4): 881–891. 2009 (Antiinflammatory and anticancer activities, used in the form of decoctions to treat skin conditions; an infusion to treat stomach and urinary complaints.)

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha ambigua Pax (Acalypha dumetorum Pax, nom. illeg.; Acalypha polymorpha var. angustifolia Müll.Arg.; Acalypha polymorpha var. depauperata Müll.Arg.) Burundi, Namibia. Herb, shrub, erect, woody base, plant widely browsed by livestock See J. Bot. 1: 335. 1864, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 19: 96. 1894 and Kunene-Sambesi Exped. 283. 1903 (Leaves tonic, stimulant, restorative. Root decoction drunk or used as an enema or in a vapor bath to treat insanity and possession. Veterinary medicine.) in Burundi: umukundanya Acalypha amentacea Roxb. Taiwan to W. Pacific. Tree or shrub, reddish leaves, stigmas red See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 676. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 817. 1866, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 618. 1891 and Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 45: 10. 1980, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 36: 1–169. 1995 (Young leaves and dysentery.)

decoction

drunk

to

treat

diarrhea

in English: catch-me-if-you-can, match me if you can Acalypha andringitrensis Leandri Madagascar. See Notul. Syst. (Paris) 10: 277. 1942 (A decoction of the aerial parts or stem bark of Acalypha andringitrensis and Acalypha radula Baill. taken or inhaled to treat fever and syphilis. Crushed leaves topically applied to treat scabies.) Acalypha australis L. (Acalypha australis f. glareosa (Rupr.) H. Hara; Acalypha australis f. velutina (Honda) Ohwi; Acalypha australis var. glareosa (Rupr.) Nakai; Acalypha australis var. lanceolata Hayata; Acalypha australis var. velutina Honda; Acalypha chinensis Roxb.; Acalypha gemina Spreng.; Acalypha gemina var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Acalypha gemina var. lanceolata Hayata; Acalypha indica var. minima (H. Keng) S.F. Huang & T.C. Huang; Acalypha lanceolata Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha minima H. Keng; Acalypha pauciflora Hornem.; Acalypha pauciflora var. glareosa Rupr.; Acalypha sessilis Poir.; Acalypha virgata Thunb.; Meterana dimidiata Raf.; Ricinocarpus australis (L.) Kuntze; Urtica gemina Lour.) Philippines, Japan. Erect, herb, unisexual inflorescence axillary racemose-spicate See Species Plantarum 2: 1004. 1753, Linnaea 34: 41. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 617. 1891 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 20(3): 51. 1904, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 442. 1929, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)

33

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

45: 2. 1931, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 78. 1953, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 3: 39. 1954, Kew Bulletin 35: 584. 1980, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 36: 25–40. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1572–1575. 1986, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 13(2): 183–184. 1995, Guihaia 19(4): 349–354. 1999 (Whole plant to cure dysentery, diarrhea, scrofula, dermatitis, nosebleed, to stop coughs and to cure swollen feet. Leaves in poulticing snakebites.)

(Root decoction for diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, asthma, male sterility, cough, dysentery, as an aphrodisiac, and to prevent premature ejaculation, decoction drunk as an abortifacient and contraceptive. Leaves for diarrhea, snakebite, fever, elephantiasis; leaf infusion applied to wounds and sores; chopped leaves on wounds to improve healing. Pounded leaves, twigs and flowers applied to snakebites; pounded and heated leaves applied to wasp stings. Veterinary medicine.) in Botswana: chaodabi

in China: tie xian cai

in Burundi: kamimura, kaminura

in Vietnam: tai t[uw][owj]ng l[as] hoa, tai t[uw][owj]ng nam, thi[ees]t hi[eej]n th[as]i

in Rwanda: umugonampili

Acalypha bipartita Müll.Arg. (Ricinocarpus bipartitus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze) Central and East Africa, Kenya, Tanzania. Herb, scrambling subshrub, hairy, male flowers green-white, axillary solitary inflorescence spicate or subracemose, fodder, young leaves and shoots eaten as a vegetable, invasive weed See Flora 47: 538. 1864, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 617. 1891 and African Journal of Ecology 45(Supplement 3): 73–78. 2007 (Demulcent.) in Tanzania: mfulwe, mhacha, ndyavadimi, nyautitili Acalypha brachiata Krauss (Acalypha chariensis Beille; Acalypha haplostyla Pax; Acalypha haplostyla var. longifolia De Wild.; Acalypha hirsuta Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Acalypha languida E. Mey., nom. nud.; Acalypha petiolaris Hochst. ex C. Krauss; Acalypha rehmannii Pax; Acalypha senegalensis Pax & K. Hoffm.; Acalypha senensis Klotzsch; Acalypha senensis var. chariensis (Beille) Hutch.; Acalypha senensis var. haplostyla (Pax) Hutch.; Acalypha sidifolia A. Rich., nom. illeg.; Acalypha tenuis Müll.Arg.; Acalypha tenuis var. eglandulosa Müll.Arg.; Acalypha tenuis var. glandulosa Müll.Arg.; Acalypha villicaulis Hochst.; Acalypha villicaulis A. Rich. ex Müll.Arg.; Acalypha villicaulis Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Acalypha villicaulis Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.; Acalypha villicaulis var. minor Müll.Arg.; Acalypha zambesica Müll.Arg.; Acalypha zambesica var. brevistyla Beille; Ricinocarpus languidus Kuntze; Ricinocarpus petiolaris (Hochst. ex C. Krauss) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus senensis (Klotzsch) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus sidifolius (A. Rich.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus tenuis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus villicaulis (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus villicaulis (A. Rich. ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus zambesicus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze) Trop. and S. Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia, Swaziland. Herb or small shrub, erect, ascending or decumbent, woody rootstock, female inflorescence a terminal solitary head-shaped spike, male inflorescence an axillary solitary raceme See Flora 28: 83. 1845, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 618. 1891 and Études Fl. Bas- Moyen-Congo 1: 277. 1906, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 8: 80–81. 1908, Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 888–889. 1912

in Southern Africa: chiTambura, pendulo in Tanzania: shembawa in Uganda: ayila Acalypha capitata Willd. (Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd., nom. illeg.; Acalypha alnifolia Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha alnifolia Poir., nom. illeg.; Acalypha capitata var. ambigua Müll.Arg.; Ricinocarpus alnifolius (Klein ex Willd.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus capitatus (Willd.) Kuntze) India. Herb See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6: 203. 1804, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 525. 1805, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens 7752A. 1847, Linnaea 34: 27. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 615, 617. 1891 and Taxon 29: 536–537. 1980, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1–483, 1–529. MIM, Deurne 1995 [as Acalypha alnifolia.], Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). Kew 2000 [as Acalypha alnifolia.], Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 198– 207. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda. Young leaves extract taken for dysentery.) in India: chiru kuppinta, mirapa kuppinta Acalypha ciliata Forssk. (Acalypha brachystachya Hornem.; Acalypha ciliata Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha ciliata var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Acalypha ciliata var. trichophora Müll.Arg.; Acalypha rubra Wight ex Wall., nom. inval.; Ricinocarpus ciliatus (Forssk.) Kuntze) Senegal, Ethiopia, Namibia, India. Shrub, herb, slender, many-branched, puberulous, inflorescence an axillary solitary or paired spike, greenish white flowers, leaves eaten as a vegetable, fodder, weed See Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 162. 1775, Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis 2: 909. 1815, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens 7779J. 1847, Linnaea 34: 44. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 615, 617. 1891 and Taxon 31: 597–598. 1982 (Fruits and leaves for coughs and wound dressing. Emetic, expectorant, pain-killer, tonic, for naso-pharyngeal affections; leaf-sap dripped into the eyes for headache; mashed leaves applied to sores; leaf decoction drunk to treat female

34

sterility. Root infusion taken to treat schistosomiasis. Magic, ritual. Insecticidal, fungicidal.) in India: nugu kuppinta, thella murupindi in Ghana: mfofoa in Guinea: banhancúra, butchebetche, yek gurjgurj, yekgurjgurj in Mali: mòno in Nigeria: abaleba-ji, efiri, ifoki, jiwinni, owu in Senegal: bañãnkura, nanaburo Acalypha decaryana Leandri Madagascar. Woody shrub, subshrub, male flowers minute white green, weedy, flowers and young leaves eaten by Lemur catta See Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 10: 284. 1942 (Leaf infusion taken as a purgative, to treat dysentery.) in Madagascar: menahazo

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

and bibliography. 2007, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM 6(4): 453–456. 2009 [2007], International Journal of Oncology 35(4): 881–891. 2009, Food Chem. Toxicol. 48(6): 1709–1713. 2010, Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 47(3): 168–174. 2010, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6: 22. 2010 (Used in Sidha. Dried aerial parts insecticidal to adult sandflies. Leaves antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, infusion or decoction, for swellings, bee sting, skin diseases, infected wounds, itch, stomachache, epilepsy, used in combination with Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. and Suregada zanzibariensis Baill.; decoction of leaves taken orally for dysentery; leaf extract given to children for cough and breathing problems. Roots washed and boiled and the liquid drunk to treat cholera, liver problems, venereal diseases, stomach problems and whooping cough, liquid applied to eyes to treat conjunctivitis. Roots decoction taken hot to relieve fever and colds, for convulsion, hydrocele; root infusion for stomachache. Stems and roots used to treat toothache; for itch, insect bites, leaf and root paste applied topically on the affected places.) in Arabic: anama

Acalypha engleri Pax & K. Hoffm. (Acalypha sigensis Pax & K. Hoffm.)

in Kenya: etetelait

Kenya, Tanzania. Shrub, woody herb, subshrub, hairy, flowers green to white

in Tanzania: gonasokola, mchacha, mfulwe, mhacha, mkima-dimbya, mnukovunda, ndyavadimi, nyautitili, shaiti, simamarete

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 34: 372. 1904, Journal of East African Natural History 94(1): 5–120. 2005 (A root decoction taken to treat backache; head rubbed with a leaf extract to treat headache.) in Tanzania: funga udimba in Zanzibar: gonasakola, gonasokola, mahacha, mchacha, mchezanaphaka, mkojo, mkyakati, mnukovuda Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. (Ricinocarpus fruticosus (Forssk.) Kuntze) Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar. An erect stiff shrub, hairy, branched, yellow resinous glands on the lower leaf surface which give off an unpleasant smell when crushed, tiny male and female flowers yellow-green to reddish in hanging catkin-like spikes, leafy shoots eaten as a vegetable, a very variable species, weed, browsed by sheep See Species Plantarum 1: 270. 1753, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 161. 1775, Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4: 206. post 3 Mai 1803, Adansonia 1: 254. 1861, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 618. 1891, Die Pflanzenwelt OstAfrikas C: 227. 1895 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 283–314. 1985, Pharmaceutical Biology 39(3): 206–212. 2001, Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 7: 25–29. 2003, African Study Monographs 24(1–2): 1–168. 2003, Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy

in India: chinee mara, chinnaaku, chinni, chinni chedi, chinni gida, chinni mara, chinnimara, cinnakkilanku, cinnaku, cinni, cinnicceti, cinnikkilanku, cinnimar, cinniver, ciri, cirucinni, cirumanikacceti, italai, kacci, kalam, kannikkilanku, kantali, kantalikam, katalikam, katalikamaram, kilamacunacceti, kilimacunam, kilanku cinni, kitikkilanku, kitti, kittik-kilanku, kittik-kizhang, kittikkilanku, kupokacinni, kupokam, mabbaku, malaisiruthutthi, munja, nanti, nantiracinni, nantivirutcam, nariccinni, nariccinnicceti, perim-munja, perun cinni, siru sinni, tsinnie Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. var. fruticosa (Acalypha betulina Retz.; Acalypha betulina Schweinf., nom. illeg., non Acalypha betulina Retz.; Acalypha betulina Sond., nom. illeg., non Acalypha betulina Retz.; Acalypha capitata Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha chrysadenia Suess. & Friedrich; Acalypha fruticosa var. villosa Hutch.; Acalypha paxiana Dinter ex Pax & K. Hoffm.; Cephalocroton cordofanus Hochst. var. betulinus (Retz.) Müll.Arg.) E. Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar. See Observ. Bot. 5: 30. 1788, Flora 24(1): 370. 1841, Plantae Quaedam Niloticae 13. 1862, Linnaea 34: 155. 1865 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 896. 1912, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 169. 1924, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 333. 1953, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9: 105– 128. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 283–314. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 28: 255–283. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 37: 47–70. 1992, Journal

35

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

of Vector Borne Diseases 47(3): 168–174. 2010, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6: 22. 2010 (Used in Sidha. Leaves antibacterial, infusion or decoction, for swellings, infected wounds, itch, stomachache, epilepsy. Roots decoction for convulsion, hydrocele; root infusion for stomachache. Ethnoveterinary medicine.) in Ethiopia: migomali, walainabi in Kenya: eteteleit, kaparasamugh, kasilaya, mahacha, mutasatsa, olando-makwar, tapakapow in Somalia: jambac in Tanzania: mchakari, mfulwe, mzahati, simamanela, simamanelle in India: cinnakkilanku, cinnikkilanku, kilanku cinni, kitikkilanku, kittik-kilanku, kittik-kizhang, kittikkilanku, munja Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. var. villosa Hutch. Tanzania. Shrub or small tree, aromatic leaves, greenish yellow flowers See Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 896. 1912 (Stem and roots for toothache. Roots decoction used to treat asthma, gonorrhea, fever and cough, used also as a snakebite remedy.)

leaves juice drunk to treat diarrhea and dysentery; a poultice of the leaves a remedy for boils; crushed leaves and flowers added to food as an antidiarrheal, leaves infusion for red rash and inflammation. Sap of the pounded inner bark or sap of heated leaves a remedy for thrush in children; leaf sap drunk with water to treat diarrhea and dysentery; extracts of the leaves. Post-coital antifertility activity, estrogenic activity, anti-implantation activity.) in Indonesia: ekor kuching utan, lofiti roriha, saboboku in Papua New Guinea: atepulopulo in Vietnam: tai t[uw][owj]ng l[ows]n in South Pacific, Rotuma: kala ‘aposi, karposi Acalypha guatemalensis Pax & K. Hoffm. Mexico, Central America. See Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 27. 1924, International Journal of Oncology 35(4): 881–891. 2009 (Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects.) Acalypha hellwigii Warb. (Acalypha insulana Müll.Arg.; Acalypha scandens Warb., non Benth.) Sulawesi, New Guinea. Scrambling climber, sprawling shrub or tree, exceedingly variable, leaves used as cigarette papers

in Tanzania: mchacha, mchakari, mfulwe, mzahati, simamanela, simamanelle, simamarete

See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 198. 1894 and Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 402. 1900

Acalypha grandis Benth. (Acalypha amentacea Roxb. var. grandis (Benth.) Fosberg; Acalypha consimilis Müll. Arg.; Acalypha exaltata Baill.; Acalypha finitima S. Moore; Acalypha grandis f. atropurpurea Gilli; Acalypha grandis var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Acalypha grandis var. villosa Müll.Arg.; Ricinocarpus consimilis (Müll. Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus exaltatus (Baill.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus grandis (Benth.) Kuntze)

(Leaves for wounds, sores and ulcers, an infusion used to bathe people possessed by spirits.)

N. Sulawesi to SW. Pacific. Shrub or small tree, spreading, leaves eaten with coconut milk during times of famine, in disturbed areas and along roadsides See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 232. 1843, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 617–618. 1891 and J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 403. 1921, Ethnology 9(1): 68–84. 1970, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 83: 436. 1979 [1980], Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 45: 8. 1980, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Acalypha amentacea var. grandis.], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50(3): 147–156. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67(3): 253–258. 1999, Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2000 [as Acalypha amentacea var. grandis], Phytother. Res. 24(6): 800–809. 2010 (Leaves for the treatment of infectious diseases, in vitro cytotoxic, antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activities; young

in Papua New Guinea: bluwa Acalypha hispida Burm.f. (Acalypha densiflora Blume; Acalypha hispida Blume; Acalypha hispida Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha hispida Willd., nom. illeg.; Acalypha hispida var. sanderi (N.E. Br.) J.J. Sm.; Acalypha sanderi N.E. Br.; Acalypha sanderiana K. Schum.; Ricinocarpus hispidus (Burm. f.) Kuntze) Tropical Africa, Bismarck Arch. Herb, shrub, flowers purple pink, spikes pendulous See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 303, pl. 61, f. 1. 1768, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 523. 1805, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 628. 1826, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens 7780. 1847, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 615, 618. 1891, Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 1896: 392. 1896, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 2: 127. 1898 and Mededeelingen uitgeven van het Department van Landbouw in Nederlandsch-Indië 10: 19. 1910, Taxon 29: 715–716. 1980, J. Ethnopharmacol. 29(2): 233–237. 1990, Phytotherapy Research 14(5): 371–374. 2000, Phytotherapy Research 14(8): 661. 2000 (Used in Sidha. Low toxicity if eaten; skin irritation, acute dermatitis after contact with milky sap from leaves and stems. Roots used as a poultice for leprosy; roots and flowers

36

decoction taken for blood-spitting; roots boiled and liquid drunk to treat dysentery. Leaves antimicrobial, trypanocidal, used to treat thrush, wounds, leprosy and ulcers; leaves and flowers decoction taken as a laxative and diuretic, for gonorrhea, as an emollient for wounds and ulcers; bark, flowers and roots for pulmonary troubles; bark expectorant, applied to relieve asthma.) in English: chenile plant, chenille plant, red cat’s tail, red hot cat-tail in Panama: mispunu in India: ampasta, ampastaki, ampastam, ampattai, apamattar, appakacceti, appakam, appam, appatta, appattar, camuttiracoki, carakki, cina, cinavattam, curati, curuttimuli, malaimattiri, mancatkatakakkoti, mancatkatakam, mataltiruppi, mataltiruppicceti, matamatakki, matapanni, matapannicceti, matappani, matappanni, matarapanni, matarapannicceti, matarappanni, matipani, mayali, moorukonda, mulanitari, papaceti, patai, patila, perikam, piratekiyam, pittuttiruppi, ponmaittittai, ponmucuttai, porumpilaver, pukkuttiruppi, putkuttiruppi, puttuttiruppi, titapitta, titta, tittaki, tittakicceti, tittar, tuttinai, tuvan, vanatitta, varititta, vartevi, vattattali, vilappotti, viraicceti, viri, wattatali in Indonesia: buntut kuching, tali anjing, wunga tambang in Malaysia: buntut kuching, ekur kuching in Thailand: haang krarok daeng, hang krarok daeng, hang maeo, hu plachon, huu plaa chon, kiao klao, mai phrom, mai prom in Vietnam: tai t[uw][owj]ng du[oo]i ch[oof]n, tai t[uw][owj] ng xanh Acalypha indica L. (Acalypha bailloniana Müll.Arg.; Acalypha canescens Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha caroliniana Elliott; Acalypha caroliniana Walter; Acalypha caroliniana Blanco, nom. illeg.; Acalypha chinensis Benth.; Acalypha ciliata Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha cupamenii Dragend.; Acalypha decidua Forssk.; Acalypha fimbriata Baill.; Acalypha indica var. bailloniana (Müll.Arg.) Hutch.; Acalypha indica var. minima (H. Keng) S.F. Huang & T.C. Huang; Acalypha minima H. Keng; Acalypha somalensis Pax; Acalypha somalium Müll.Arg.; Acalypha spicata Forssk.; Cupamenis indica Raf.; Cupamenis indica (L.) Raf.; Ricinocarpus baillonianus Kuntze; Ricinocarpus baillonianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus deciduus (Forssk.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus deciduus Kuntze; Ricinocarpus indicus (L.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus indicus Kuntze) Trop. & Subtrop. Old World. Herb, erect, ascending branches, small oval membranous leaves, minute flower heads, flowers unisexual in numerous lax erect elongate axillary spikes, small hispid capsules, edible shoots and leaves eaten as a cooked vegetable, fodder, in fields, waste places, weed of cultivation See Sp. Pl. 1003. 1753, Fl. Carol. [Walter] 238. 1788, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 748. 1837, Sylva Tellur. 67. 1838, Fl.

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

Hongk. 303. 1861, Adansonia 1: 272. 1861, Linnaea 34: 44. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 617–618. 1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 100. 1894 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 904. 1912, Taiwania 6: 32. 1955, Taiwania 36: 83. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67(3): 253–258. 1999, Chayamarit, K. & Van Welzen, P.C. Euphorbiaceae (Genera A-F). Flora of Thailand 8(1): 1–303. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok. 2005, Parasitology Research 103(3): 691–695. 2008 [Studies on effect of Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extracts on the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae).], European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 12(5): 299–302. 2008, Phytochemistry. 70(2): 270–277. 2009, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132(1): 349–354. 2010, Indian J. Med. Res. 131: 809–813. 2010, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 23(3): 256–268. 2010 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Cyanogenic glycoside, cyanogenic and non-cyanogenic pyridone glucosides from an extract of the inflorescences and leaves; large quantities of hydrocyanic acid may cause sudden death. Whole plant expectorant, cathartic, analgesic and antiinflammatory, emetic, vermifuge, diuretic, laxative, larvicidal, anti-tubercular, antibacterial, antifungal, acaricidal, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-neurotoxic, antivenom, to treat coughs, naso-pharyngeal affections, pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, bloody expectoration, jaundice, rheumatism, diarrhea, constipation, skin diseases, ringworm infections and skin related diseases. Roots expectorant. Fruit used for asthma, cough, bronchitis and earache. Leaves cathartic, anthelmintic, emetic, anodyne, antimalarial, pain-killer, sedative, antimicrobial, for skin diseases and eye inflammation, vipera bite; crushed leaves applied on wounds; aqueous extract of tender leaves taken orally as mild purgative; paste of leaves and lime applied for centipede stings and burns; leaves decoction given to relieve the pain after snakebite, also applied on scabies and in earache. Post-coital antifertility activity, estrogenic activity, antiimplantation activity, extracts of the whole plant. Veterinary medicine, leaf extract given to fowls showing loss of appetite; leaves crushed in salt and applied on maggot infected sores.) in English: Indian seeded mercury

acalypha,

Indian

nettle,

three-

in Kenya: louyongorok in Tanzania: myakuralusa in India: akam, akkiniccalam, akkiniccivam, akkinicivam, anantakacceti, anantakam, anantam, ankuram, antakam, antakameni, antakamenicceti, arimancari, aristamanjari, arittamanjarie, arittamunjari, arittamunjariye, arittamunjayrie, atikamenicceti, cailameni, cailamenicceti, cakkaraputpacceti, cakkaraputpam, cakkaraputpi, cakkiraputpi, canakkimeni, canakkimenicceti, cekamurukameni, chal maari, chalmari, chhawntan, civantirevatacceti, civantirevatam, civappukkantika, civappukkantikacceti, cukatukkam, cukatukkamirantariyumilai, cupameni, curupanati, dadaro, dadri, dadro, gajari, harita manjari, harita-manjari,

37

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

harita-manjiri, haritamanjari, harithamanjari, inkaracceti, inkaram, intiraimeni, intiraimenicceti, jalamali, kalakalakkiniyanon, kalakkiniyon, kariyariyuritton, katippankicceti, katippankikam, kattukkan, khajoti, khojoti, khokalee, khokali, khokla, khokli, kholi, kolippu, kolippuntu, kolipputu, kolirpuntu, kolitameni, kolitamenicceti, koopamaynie, kul-ching, kumari, kupamani, kupameni, kupi, kupichettu, kupintaku, kuppa-mani, kuppai meni, kuppai-meni, kuppaichettu, kuppaimeni, kuppaman, kuppaman-cheti, kuppamani, kuppameni, kuppameni manjal, kuppameni manjal pacha, kuppante chettu, kuppaveni, kuppi, kuppi-chettu, kuppi gida, kuppichettu, kuppigida, kuppikkentam, kuppikhokli, kuppinta, kuppintaaku, kuppivaeni, kuppu, kuppunte soppu, kupumeni, lankop, mamjarshejari, mankariyan, manshinka, marcalamokini, mayakanni, mayilam, mayilameni, mayilamenicceti, menakaivari, meni, meniyilaicceti, mochi saag, mochidaal, motchidal, mukta jhuri, muktavarcca, muktojhuri, munrilaimeni, munrilaimenicceti, muraimacakki, muraimayakki, muraimayakkicceti, muripinda, muripindi, murkandachettu, murkondachettu, murukondachettu, murupindi, muvilai, naciyari, naciyarimenicceti, neeli gida, otuvatakki, payilikam, payilimenicceti, payiliyam, payiravi, payliyam, petari, pippaku, pitari, poonai vanangi, punai vananki, punaippakai, punaippakaicceti, punaivanankicceti, puppante, puppanti, puti, shendri, tanivalipperumal, tanivalli, tanivallicceti, tekaram, teruvilalakai, teruvilalaki, thuppa keere, tiripuramerittan, tirumenikantan, tirumeniyalaki, tirumeniyalakicceti, toluritton, valakkonnai, valapparuti, vetakkinikumaram, vicuvakappiyam, vinaivika, vinaivikacceti in Indonesia: lelatang, rumput kokosongan in Java: rumput kokosongan in Malaysia: chika mas, kucing galak, lis-lis, rumput lis-lis, rumput lislis, tjeka mas in Philippines: bugos, maraotong, taptapingar in Thailand: an maeo, haan maeo, lang ta kai, tam ye meao, tam ye tuapa, tamyae maeo, tamyae tua phu, tamyae tuaphuu in Vietnam: tai t[uw][owj]ng [aas]n, tai t[uw][owj]ng xanh Acalypha insulana Müll.Arg. (Ricinocarpus insulanus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze) SW. Pacific. Shrub or tree, leaves coriaceous, lax flowered female spikes See Flora 47: 439. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 618. 1891 (Protective or magical. Leaves for wounds, sores and ulcers, an infusion used to bathe people possessed by spirits.) in Papua New Guinea: anasuwe, bluwa in Samoa: pupuiono Acalypha integrifolia Willd. (Acalypha gracilipes Baill.; Acalypha integrifolia var. gracilipes (Baill.) Müll.Arg.;

Caturus sessilis Thouars ex Baill.; Ricinocarpus integrifolius (Willd.) Kuntze) Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion. Shrub, erect, spreading, male flowers green to reddish, female inflorescence an axillary cluster, male inflorescence an axillary solitary spike, variable species See Sp. Pl. 4: 530. 1805, Adansonia 1: 273. 1861, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 850. 1866 (Leaf decoction taken as an astringent and purgative, used to eliminate intestinal worms. A bath in the leaf decoction taken to treat skin infections.) Acalypha lanceolata Willd. (Acalypha boehmeriodes Miq.; Acalypha fallax Müll.Arg.; Acalypha wightiana var. lanceolata (Willd.) Müll.Arg.; Ricinocarpus lanceolatus (Willd.) Kuntze) Trop. Africa to Polynesia. Herb, erect or straggling, weedy, inflorescences bisexual See Sp. Pl. 4: 524. 1805, Linnaea 34: 43. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 617. 1891 and Kew Bulletin 26: 191–363. 1972, Kew Bulletin 36: 239–374. 1981, Kew Bulletin 37: 1–40. 1982 (Leaves applied as an antiseptic on boils and swellings; leaf powder mixed with castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) applied to scabies. Whole plant to relieve headache, used as a vermicide and a carminative, also applied to sores.) in Indonesia: daun brahman, klatang, pulus hayam in Thailand: tamyae sifan laem in Vietnam: tai t[uw][owj] thon in Samoa: ogo mûmû Acalypha langiana Müll.Arg. (Ricinocarpus langianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze) Central America. See Linnaea 34: 159. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 618. 1891 and Clin. Ter. 161(4): 359–364. 2010 (Wound healing in diabetes mellitus.) Acalypha lyallii Baker (Acalypha fasciculata Müll.Arg.) Madagascar and the Comoros. Small tree See Linnaea 34: 31. 1865, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 20: 255. 1883 (A leaf decoction used to massage parts of the body to treat rheumatism.) Acalypha neptunica Müll.Arg. var. neptunica (Acalypha mildbraediana Pax var. glabrescens Pax; Acalypha neptunica var. genuina Pax & K. Hoffm., nom. inval.; Acalypha neptunica Müll.Arg. var. glabrescens (Pax) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Acalypha subsessilis Pax; Acalypha subsessilis Hutch.; Acalypha subsessilis Hutch. var. glabra Pax & K.

38

Hoffm., nom. illeg.; Acalypha subsessilis var. mollis Hutch.; Mallotus brevipes Pax ex Engl., nom. nud.) Ghana, East Africa, Trop. Africa. Shrub or small tree, semi-scrambling See Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissen­ schaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen 7: 26. 1882 and Systematics and Geography of Plants 71(2), Plant Systematics and Phytogeography for the Understanding of African Biodiversity, pp. 223–236. 2001, South African Journal of Botany 69(3): 382–395. 2003 (Root decoction taken as a diuretic.) Acalypha novoguineensis Warb. (Acalypha longispica K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Papua New Guinea. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 359. 1891 (Leaves rubbed on wounds; steam from boiled leaves applied to sore eyes.) Acalypha ornata Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Acalypha adenotricha A. Rich.; Acalypha grantii Baker & Hutch.; Acalypha livingstoniana Müll.Arg.; Acalypha moggii Compton; Acalypha nigritiana Müll.Arg.; Acalypha ornata var. bracteosa Müll. Arg.; Acalypha ornata var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Acalypha ornata var. glandulosa Müll.Arg.; Acalypha ornata var. pilosa Müll.Arg.; Acalypha swynnertonii S. Moore; Ricinocarpus adenotrichus (A. Rich.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus livingstonianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus nigritianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus ornatus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kuntze) Trop. and S. Africa. A woody herb or large well-branched shrub, female flowers red in solitary terminal spikes, male spikes growing beside leaves, small 3-lobed capsule, chopped leaves cooked and eaten, foliage browsed by livestock See Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 247. 1850, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 617–618. 1891 and J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 200. 1911, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 230. 1911, J. S. African Bot. 41: 48. 1975 (Used to treat leprosy, roots boiled and the liquid drunk twice a day and some of the liquid used for a steam bath, the liquid can also be drunk to relieve menstrual pain; root decoction taken as a laxative. Cooked leaves eaten to relieve postpartum pain. Plant ash rubbed on the chest to treat pain. Powdered leaves together with powdered flowers of Psorospermum febrifugum Spach sprinkled on circumcision wounds. Leaves and roots extracts show slight molluscicidal activity.) in Tanzania: huhunga, lushete, mchacha, mchakati, mckakari, mfulwe, mjiakhati, msindo Acalypha paniculata Miq. (Acalypha paniculata f. depauperata Müll.Arg.; Acalypha racemosa Wall. ex Baill., nom. nud.; Acalypha wallichiana Thwaites; Usteria racemosa Dennst.) Trop. Africa, India, Sri Lanka. Herb, shrubby, terminal inflorescence

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

See Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 406. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(5): 802. 1866 and Taxon 29: 536–537. 1980, Taxon 31: 360–361. 1982, J. Ethnopharmacol. 102(2): 246–255. 2005, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 25. 2006 (Tonic, generally healing. Leaf paste applied over pimples; for stomachache juice of leaves taken orally.) in Nigeria: odukwe in India: adavi kuppinta, kuppaimeni, paruva thazhai Acalypha peduncularis Meisn. ex C. Krauss (Acalypha crassa Buchinger ex C. Krauss; Acalypha peduncularis E. Mey. ex Meisn.; Acalypha peduncularis var. crassa (Buchinger ex C. Krauss) Müll.Arg.; Acalypha peduncularis var. ferox Pax ex F. Wilms; Acalypha peduncularis var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Acalypha zeyheri var. pubescens Müll.Arg.; Ricinocarpus peduncularis (Meisn. ex C. Krauss) Kuntze) S. Africa. See Flora 28: 82–83. 1845, Linnaea 34: 28–29. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 617. 1891 (Roots for chest complaints, expectoration of blood.) in English: brooms and brushes, wild acalypha in South Africa: uSununundu Acalypha platyphylla Müll.Arg. (Acalypha subandina Ule; Ricinocarpus platyphyllus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus platyphyllus Kuntze) South America. See Linnaea 34: 6. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 618. 1891 and Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 50: 77. 1908 (publ. 1909), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 27. 1924, International Journal of Oncology 35(4): 881–891. 2009 (Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects.) Acalypha polymorpha Müll.Arg. (Acalypha crotonoides Pax; Acalypha crotonoides var. caudata Hutch. ex R.E. Fr.; Acalypha goetzei Pax & K. Hoffm.; Acalypha polymorpha var. elliptica Müll.Arg.; Acalypha polymorpha var. oblongifolia Müll.Arg.; Acalypha polymorpha var. sericea Müll.Arg.; Acalypha shirensis Hutch. ex Pax & K. Hoffm.; Acalypha stuhlmannii Pax) Tropical Africa. See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2: 335. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 618. 1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 97, 99. 1894 and Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo Exped. 1(1): 123. 1914, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 32, 78. 1924 (Dry powdered aerial parts infusion used to prepare porridge from wheat which is eaten to remedy diarrhea.) in Tanzania: mwiza

39

Acalypha L. Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha psilostachya Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Ricinocarpus psilostachyus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kuntze)

Boissier, II, 1: 47. 1900, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 36. 1924, Natural Product Communications 5(3): 481–483. 2010

Tropical Africa. Shrub, herb, woody-based, straggling to erect, flowers pale yellow greenish, inflorescence an axillary solitary or paired spike

(Essential oil from the whole plant, toxicity and larvicidal activity.)

See Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 246. 1850, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 615, 618. 1891 (Used for intoxication, and as a tonic for pregnant women. Leaf decoction taken to treat headache, diarrhea, intestinal parasites, to expel a retained placenta. Leaf sap used as eye drops to treat conjunctivitis, also taken to stop bleeding during pregnancy and to treat amenorrhea.) in Tanzania: endemelwa Acalypha racemosa Wall. ex Baill. Cameroon, Tanzania. Herb, erect, weedy, shrubby, sometimes decumbent and rooting, male inflorescences brown pink-reddish, fodder See Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 443. 1858 and Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007 [as Acalypha paniculata.] (Leaves cathartic, anthelmintic, emetic, anodyne, antimalarial, analgesic, sedative, antimicrobial, for skin diseases, vipera bite. Fruit for asthma, cough, bronchitis and earache.) in Tanzania: mzundu Acalypha radula Baill.

Indochina to Sumatra. A shrub or small scrambling tree, inflorescence a slender raceme See Records of the Botanical Survey of India 9(2): 238–239. 1922, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 70: 871– 872. 1923, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 5: 341. 1925, Kew Bull. 26: 191–363. 1972, Kew Bull. 32: 70. 1977, International Journal of Oncology 35(4): 881–891. 2009 (Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. Hot infusion of dried leaves drunk as a tea; infusion of the leaves and flowers taken as a diuretic. Leaves antipyretic, febrifuge, a remedy for worms, an emetic and expectorant, used to treat fever, bowel complaints and kidney diseases.) in English: wild tea in Cambodia: taè préi in Indonesia: pokok teh, teh-tehan in Malaysia: te, teh hutan, teh kampung, tumput in Thailand: cha-khoi, cha pa, cha-ruesei, cha ruesi, cha yuan, ka nam, phak duk, phak dut, phakduk in Vietnam: ch[ef] m[ax]n h[ar]o, tai t[uw][owj]ng xi[ee]m, tr[af] c[oj]c r[af]o, tr[af] h[af]ng r[af]o, tr[af] r[uwf]ng

Madagascar. See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 254. 1883, Hist. Phys. Madagascar, Atlas: 193. 1891 and Cat. Pl. Madag., Euphorb. 2(23): 1–51. 1935, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 10: 252–291. 1942 (A decoction of the aerial parts or stem bark of Acalypha andringitrensis Leandri and Acalypha radula taken or inhaled to treat fever and syphilis. Crushed leaves topically applied to treat scabies.) Acalypha segetalis Müll.Arg. (Acalypha gemina var. brevibracteata (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Acalypha gemina var. exserta (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Acalypha sessilis De Wild. & T. Durand, nom. illeg.; Acalypha sessilis var. brevibracteata Müll.Arg.; Acalypha sessilis var. exserta Müll. Arg.; Acalypha somalium Müll.Arg.; Mercurialis cucullata Dinter ex Pax; Ricinocarpus segetalis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus segetalis Kuntze) Tropical Africa. See J. Bot. 2: 336. 1864, Flora 47: 465. 1864, Prodr. 15(2): 866. 1866, Abhandlungen herausgegeben Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen 7: 27. Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 618. 1891 and Bull.

Acalypha siamensis Oliv. ex Gage (Acalypha evrardii Gagnep.; Acalypha siamensis Gagnep., nom. illeg. superfl.; Acalypha siamensis var. denticulata Airy Shaw; Acalypha sphenophylla Pax & K. Hoffm.)

(DC.) vom 1880, Herb.

Acalypha spachiana Baill. (Acalypha buchenavii Müll. Arg.; Acalypha reticulata (Poir.) Müll.Arg.; Acalypha spachiana var. acutifolia Baill.; Acalypha spachiana var. latifolia Baill.; Acalypha spachiana var. minor Baill.; Acalypha squarrosa Pax; Ricinocarpus spachianus (Baill.) Kuntze; Tragia saxatilis Bojer ex Pax, nom. illeg.) Madagascar. Shrub See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 7: 725. 1806, Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 272. 1861, Linnaea 34: 32. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 618. 1891 and Cat. Pl. Madag., Euphorb. 2(23): 1–51. 1935, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 10: 252–291. 1942 (A decoction of the leafy stems taken to treat venereal diseases.) Acalypha supera Forssk. (Acalypha brachystachya Hornem.; Acalypha calyciformis Wight ex Wall., nom. inval.; Acalypha conferta Roxb.; Acalypha elegantula Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Acalypha fissa Wall., nom. inval.; Nanocnide closii H. Lév. & Vaniot (Urticaceae); Ricinocarpus brachystachyus (Hornem.) Kuntze; Tragia tenuis Wall., nom. inval.)

40

Central and East Africa, Old World tropics, China, India. Herb, slender, pubescent, inflorescences axillary See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 162. 1775, Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis 2: 909. 1815, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 677. 1832, Museum Botanicum 2: 154–155, pl. 17. 1856, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 617. 1891 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 51: 144. 1904 (Leaf sap used as eye drops to treat headache.) in China: lie bao tie xian cai Acalypha volkensii Pax (Acalypha psilostachyoides Pax) S. Sudan to Tanzania. Shrub, sticks used to make arrows See Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 239. 1895, Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 6: 183. 1896 (Roots decoction for syphilis, gonorrhea; roots juice for sores; root infusion diuretic, purgative, tonic. Ground whole plant applied to scabies, and the root juice to sores. Ground leaves inhaled to treat severe cough; infusion of crushed leaves for coughs.)

Acampe Lindley Orchidaceae

45: 10. 1980, Kew Bulletin 37: 1–40. 1982, International Journal of Crude Drug Research 27(2): 95–100. 1989, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 36: 1–169. 1995, Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2000 [as Acalypha amentacea subsp. wilkesiana.], International Journal of Oncology 35(4): 881–891. 2009, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127(2): 373–378. 2010, J. Microbiol. Methods. 84(2): 161–166. 2011 (Leaves antibacterial, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic, antifungal, analgesic and antimalarial, wound dressing. Young leaves squeezed into water and the solution drunk to treat diarrhea and dysentery; leaves boiled and used to massage the body of a patient with fever; leaf poultice for headache, colds, swellings. Leaves juice drunk to soothe throat infections, laryngitis, diarrhea and dysentery. An infusion of leaves and bark drunk for pleurisy; leaves decoction to treat gastritis and lymphoid swellings.) in English: beefsteak plant, carpet, copperleaf, fire dragon, Jacob’s coat, Joseph’s coat, match-me-if-you-can, painted copperleaf

in Kenya: gomei, kaparasamugh, kasilaya, kembirwo, tapakapow

in Japan: akarifa, fekurin-akarifa, heri-tori-akarifa

in Tanzania: feendili, uringa

in Papua New Guinea: eseue, haunuana, kavus, kokoai, kuligou, lep, titik, wamala

Acalypha wilkesiana Müll.Arg. (Acalypha amentacea f. circinata (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg; Acalypha amentacea Roxb. subsp. wilkesiana (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg; Acalypha circinata A. Gray ex Seem.; Acalypha compacta Guilf. ex C.T. White; Acalypha godseffiana Mast.; Acalypha godseffiana var. heterophylla L.H. Bailey; Acalypha hamiltoniana Briant; Acalypha illustris Pax & K. Hoffm., nom. inval.; Acalypha macafeeana Veitch; Acalypha macrophylla Veitch, nom. illeg.; Acalypha marginata (Mill.) J.J. Sm., nom. illeg.; Acalypha musaica auct.; Acalypha torta Pax & K. Hoffm.; Acalypha tricolor Seem.; Acalypha triumphans L. Linden & Rodig; Acalypha wilkesiana f. appendiculata J.W. Moore; Acalypha wilkesiana f. circinata Müll.Arg.; Acalypha wilkesiana f. illustris J.J. Sm.; Acalypha wilkesiana f. macrophylla J.J. Sm.; Acalypha wilkesiana f. monstrosa J.J. Sm.; Acalypha wilkesiana f. triumphans (L. Linden & Rodig) J.J. Sm.; Acalypha wilkesiana var. marginata Mill.; Ricinocarpus wilkesianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Ricinocarpus wilkesianus Kuntze) Pacific, Fiji, Polynesia, SE Asia. Shrub, perennial, erect or spreading, reddish leaves, catkins red, usually unisexual inflorescence axillary and single See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 817. 1866, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 618. 1891 and Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10: 18–20. 1910, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1: 191. 1914, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 154. 1924, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 102: 29. 1933, Kew Bulletin 26: 191– 363. 1972, Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research 18(1): 45–48. 1980, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

in Thailand: bai ngoen, hu kratai, pho daang, pho daeng, pho dang, pho lai, pho ngoen, pho thong, saeng thong in Vietnam: tai t[uw][owj]ng d[or] in Portuguese: folha de cobre in Ecuador: hoja sangre

Acampe Lindley Orchidaceae Inflexible, akamptos, akampes ‘unbent, stiff, straight’, from the Greek a ‘not’ and kampto ‘to bend, to turn’, referring to the brittle and rigid flowers or to the usually erect habit of these epiphytic orchids, see Fol. Orchid. 4(Acampe): [1]. 1853 [Apr 1853] and Orchid Rev. Suppl., 111(1253): 76. 2003. Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann (Acampe excavata Lindl.; Acampe papillosa Lindl., nom. illeg.; Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) Lindl.; Acampe praemorsa Blatt. & McCann; Acampe wightiana (Lindl. ex Wight) Lindl.; Acampe wightiana Lindl.; Cymbidium praemorsum (Roxb.) Sw.; Epidendrum praemorsum Roxb.; Gastrochilus papillosus Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Rhynchostylis papillosa Heynh., nom. illeg.; Saccolabium papillosum Lindl., nom. illeg.; Saccolabium papillosum Dalzell & Gibson, nom. illeg.; Saccolabium praemorsum (Roxb.) Hook. f.; Saccolabium wightianum (Lindl. ex Wight) Hook. f., nom. illeg.; Sarcanthus praemorsus (Roxb.) Lindl. ex Spreng.; Sarcochilus praemorsus (Roxb.) Spreng.; Vanda fasciata Gardner ex Lindl.; Vanda wightiana Lindl. ex Wight)

41

Acanthambrosia Rydb. Asteraceae

India to Myanmar, Sri Lanka. Epiphyte, purple flowers

India, Himalaya. Fodder for goat and sheep

See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 34, t. 43. 1795, Edwards’s Botanical Register 18: pl. 1552. 1832, Bombay Fl. 264. 1861, Fl. Brit. India 6: 62. 1890, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 661. 1891 and J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 495. 1932, Taxon 28: 392. 1979, Taxon 30: 704–705. 1981, Misra, S. Orchids of Orissa. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2004

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3, 2: 330. 1844, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 12: 632. 1848

(Used in Ayurveda. Plant extract used to treat rheumatism. Leaf juice taken with honey as laxative. In cases of bone fracture, applied as a paste made from leaves; the leaves may also be tied on the broken part.)

in India: longze, snyalo

in India: chind, gandhanakuli, maraakad, marabale, rasna, thalia-maravara, vajnik

Acanthambrosia Rydb. Asteraceae

(Plant ash given with milk in case of cardiac disorders.) in China: shi song cai hua

Acantholippia Griseb. Verbenaceae From the Greek akantha, akanthes ‘thorn’ and the genus Lippia L., Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 244–245. 1874 and Dominguezia 3: 4. 1982.

From the Greek akantha, akanthes ‘thorn, prickle’ plus Ambrosia L., see North American Flora 33(1): 22. 1922.

Acantholippia deserticola (Phil.) Moldenke (Acantholippia punensis Botta; Lippia deserticola Phil.; Lippia microphylla Phil., nom. illeg.; Lippia microphylla Cham.)

Acanthambrosia bryantii (Curran) Rydb. (Ambrosia bryantii Payne; Franseria bryantii Curran)

Chile.

North America. See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 2(3): 78. 1793 [1793–1794], Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 1: 232. 1888 and North American Flora 33(1): 22. 1922

See Species Plantarum 2: 633–634. 1753, Linnaea 7: 226. 1832, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 2: 350. 1865 and Lilloa 5: 370. 1940, Hickenia 1(35): 195. 1979 (Leaves and stem infusion for stomachache.) in Chile: rica-rica

(Long thorny spines of the fruiting involucre.)

Acanthosicyos Welw. ex Hook.f. Cucurbitaceae Acanthodium Delile Acanthaceae From the Greek akantha, akanthes ‘thorn’, akanthos ‘acanthus, bear’s-breech’. Acanthodium hirtum Hochst. ex Nees (Acanthodium hirtum Nees; Blepharis linariaefolia Pers.; Blepharis linariifolia Pers.) Sudan. Herb See Prodr. (DC.) 11: 274. 1847 [25 Nov 1847] (Seeds used in medicine. Whole plant used as tonic and for abdominal disorders and Bilharzia.)

Acantholimon Boiss. Plumbaginaceae Greek akantha, akanthes ‘thorn’ and the genus Limonium Miller, sea-lavender, leimon ‘a meadow, a moist place, a flowery surface’, see Species Plantarum 1: 274–277. 1753, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum ser. 1, 7: 69. 1846 and Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 108: 31, 35, 37, 76–77, 151, 153. 1974, Israel J. Pl. Sci. 49(4): 300. 2001. Acantholimon lycopodioides (Girard) Boiss. (Acantholimon lycopodioides Boiss.; Statice lycopodioides Girard)

Greek akantha, akanthes ‘thorn’ and sikyos ‘wild cucumber, gourd’, Cucumis sativus; Akkadian siqu, Hebrew siqquj ‘drink, refreshment’, see Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 824. 1867, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27(1): 30–31. 1869. Acanthosicyos horridus Welw. ex Hook. f. (Acanthosicyos horrida Welw.) Tropical Africa, Namibia. Perennial leafless shrub, rigid, densely tangled, spreading, sprawling, many-branched, thick woody taproot, heavily armed, straight sharp paired spines, grooved stems, flowers solitary, female flowers have an inferior warty ovary that develops into a waxy melon orange-yellow covered with small spiky protuberances, cream-coloured delicious seeds embedded in an orange-yellow protein-rich pulp, a source of food, ripe edible fruit, seeds highly nutritious, very bitter roots See Genera Plantarum 1: 824. 1867 and Haseltonia 7: 53–62. 2000 (Roots decoction used for venereal diseases, stomachache, nausea, kidney problems, chest pains and arteriosclerosis. Sweet fruity flesh of the fresh fruit can be eaten raw, but it can burn the mouth. Fresh fruit said to relieve stomach

42

Acanthospermum Schrank Asteraceae

pains; oil from the seeds moisturizes the skin and protects it from sunburn.)

130–132. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 273– 279. 2005, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 55(1): 22–25. 2007

in English: bitternut, butterpips, nara, nara melon

(Potentially allergenic. Spiny fruits very troublesome. Leaf juice antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiplasmodial, purgative, used against malaria, fevers, bronchitis, leprosy, hemorrhoids, stomachache, rheumatism, snakebite, sore throat, as a nose-drop to remedy headache; decoction drunk for venereal diseases, yellow fever; leaf paste for skin diseases and infections. Veterinary medicine, leaves tonic.)

in Namibia: botterpitte, !naras, narra, omungaraha in Tropical Africa: nara, narras

Acanthospermum Schrank Asteraceae Greek akantha, akanthes ‘thorn’ and sperma ‘a seed’, alluding to the spiny seeds; see Franz von Paula von Schrank (1747–1835), Plantae rariores Horti academici Monacensis. Monachii [München, Munich] 1817–1819 [1817–1822], Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 4: 270, t. 397. 1820 and Taxon 46: 805– 806. 1997, Taxon 49: 265. 2000. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze (Acanthospermum australe Kuntze; Acanthospermum brasilum Schrank; Acanthospermum hirsutum DC.; Acanthospermum xanthioides (Kunth) DC.; Centrospermum xanthioides Kunth; Melampodium australe Loefl.; Orcya adhaerens Vell.)

in English: bristly starbur, star burr, starbur, upright starbur in India: chhota gokharu, gandhichedi, kadle mullu, kantagokhru, palleru in Benin: ahwanglon, benehounga, dagbé, dagouro, dahoundourou, gbanukéké, hangbon, heviosso kessou-kessou, heviossokekesui, kpavivo, kponomi, saroutange, sokèn, tanga, tchakatoun, togbahoun, togbamalon, togbarna, yovogobanklé in Burundi: agahandagaza in Congo: dyaata ngoombe, ma diata ngo, madiata ngombé, madyaata ngoombe, mindza, ngale ampoou, ngoué, ngue, onvaya, tsende

Venezuela, Brazil.

in Ghana: bongore

See Species Plantarum 2: 921. 1753, Iter Hispanicum 268– 269. 1758, Florae Fluminensis 344–345. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 521–522. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 303. 1891 and Fl. Venez. Guayana. 3: 177–393. 1997

in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: béna iri, cram-cram, iukoubassa mon, koakourou, soukawouïa, tovenlé

(Whole plant used for regulating fertility.)

in Nigeria: osilosiosa

in Paraguay: tapekue

in S. Rhodesia: bima, si Fenzi

Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (Acanthospermum hispidum A. Chev., not DC.; Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC. var. hispidum (DC.) Kuntze)

in Southern Africa: donkieklits, kleinkankerroos, regop sterklits, regopgroeiende sterklits, sterklits, Tsumeb onkruid; bima (Ndebele); ubima (Shona)

Kenya, Tanzania. Annual, herb, erect, hairy, bushy, leaves opposite hairy, flowers pale yellow-green, spiny achenes grouped into star-shaped clusters, weed

in Yoruba: dagunro, dagunro gogoro

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 522. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 303. 1891 and Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 368. 1920, Taxon 30: 78. 1981, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 52: 1–28. 1981, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Kromosomo 42: 1311–1315. 1986, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Feddes Repertorium 101: 49–62. 1990, Pierre Fatumbi Verger, Ewé: the use of plants in Yoruba society. São Paulo 1995, Celia Blanco, Santeria Yoruba. Caracas 1995, Compositae Newsletter 27: 7–10. 1995, Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Antiviral Res. 36(1): 55–62. 1997, Identificación de Especies Vegetales en Chuquisaca—Teoría, Práctica y Resultados 1–129. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86(2–3): 143–147. 2003, Parasitol. Res. 90(4): 314–317. 2003, Fitoterapia. 74(1–2):

in Madagascar: bakakely in Mali: suraka wôni

in Togo: afegba, afégbin, dugba, gbényé, gongadé, nawdem, poma, sobué, ziaedji

Acanthus L. Acanthaceae Greek akanthos ‘acanthus, bear’s-breech’, akantha, akanthes ‘thorn’, Latin acanthus, i ‘the plant bear’s foot or brankursine, Acanthus mollis L.’; see Hippocrates, De Morbis Mulierum. 1.63.; Dioscorides, 3.17 (ed. M. Wellmann, Berlin 1907–14). See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 639. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 286. 1754 and Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 11–13. [Ristampa dell’edizione di Bologna 1870] Bologna 1978. Acanthus arboreus Forssk. Tropical Africa. Shrub, smooth bark, thorny leaves, flowers pink, riverine bushland

43

Acanthus L. Acanthaceae

See Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 115. 1775 [1 Oct 1775] (Sedative. Leaves for itch, eczema, boils, snakebite. Veterinary medicine.) in Burundi: igitovu, itovu in Congo: lurhabu in Rwanda: igitovu, lurhadu Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl SE Asia, Thailand. Erect, shrubby herb, many stemmed, spreading or scrambling, spiny, usually green stems, stiff deeply lobed leaves sharply spiny, almost spineless leaves in the shade, flowers in spikes at branch tips, capsules slightly flattened, whitish flat seeds, excreting salt, in tidal rivers, mangrove forest See Symbolae Botanicae, … (Vahl) 2: 75, t. 40. 1791 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85(2–3): 207–215. 2003, Hokputsa, S. et al. “Bioactive polysaccharides from the stems of the Thai medicinal plant Acanthus ebracteatus: their chemical and physical features.” Carbohydr. Res. 339(4): 753–762. 2004 (Relief of allergy, strengthen energy; roots and stem for skin diseases and fevers. Seeds tonic; pounded seeds used to cure boils, boiled seeds for cough. Whole plant decoction used for kidney stones. Leaves juice reputed to prevent hair loss. Leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, stembark of Oroxylum indicum and stems of Cryptolepis buchananii and Derris scandens used for arthritis. Magic, prickly leaves used to ward off evil spirits.) in English: holly-leaved mangrove, sea holly in Indonesia: daruju, juruju in Malaysia: beruju, jeruju, jeruju hitam in Sarawak: gerige

slightly flattened, whitish flat seeds, along sea coast, marine areas, mangrove forests, near sea level See Species Plantarum 2: 639. 1753 [1 May 1753], Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 103. 1789, Flora Cochinchinensis 375. 1790 and Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 603. 1929, Cytologia 48: 491–504. 1983, Cytologia 53: 87–92. 1988 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant decoction used for kidney stones, dyspepsia, asthma, paralysis; plant paste for asthma. Seeds tonic. Leaves emollient, a treatment for rheumatism, neuralgia and wounds of poison arrows; leaves, crushed in water, drunk to facilitate delivery; leaves decoction applied against acute joint pains. Magic, ritual.) in English: holly-leaf mangrove, sea holly, spiny mangrove in China: lao shu le in India: alasyakampa, alchi, alisi, arrumulli, attumulli, chakkaramulli, etichilla, harakancha, harcuch-kanta, hargoza, harikasa, harikusa, harkancha, harkanchi, harkonch kanta, harkuchkanta, harkusa, hole chulli, holechudi, holechulli, holeculli, holesulli, kaandlachulli, kaludaimulli, kalutaimanpulli, kalutaimulli, katalmulli, katalnirmulli, kazhuthai-mulli, kilichiri, kiliciri, kolimulli, koshimullu, marandi, maruvakankapattiram, mendli, moranna, mormado, mulli chulli, mullu chulli, mulluculli, mullusulli, paina schulli, paina-schulli, painaschulli, payinachhulli, payinaculli, payinnacculli, payinnachulli, phaina-schelli, thude chulli, tudechudi, tudechulli, tudeculli, uppukkarinimulli, uppukkarinirumulli in Indonesia: daruju, jeruju in Malaysia: jeruju, jeruju puteh, jeruju putih, neruju in Papua New Guinea: kikia in Philippines: daguari, diliuariu, diluariu, kasumba

in Singapore: jeruju hitam

in Thailand: cha kreng, kaem mo, ngueak plaa mo, ngueak plaamo namngoen, ngueak plea mo

in Thailand: ghuark-plar-mor, ngueak plaa mo, ngueak plea mo, ngueg-pla-moh

in Vietnam: l[ax]o th[uwr] c[aa]n, n[uw][ows]c

in Vietnam: [oo] r[oo], uh ruh

Acanthus leucostachyus Wall. (Acanthus leucostachyus Wall. ex Nees)

Acanthus guineensis Heine & P. Taylor Tropical Africa. Erect herb, weed, fleshy, leaves spinoustoothed, white yellowish corolla See Kew Bulletin 16: 161, f. 1, 1–3. 1962 (A cough medicine, the juice from crushed leaves used as eye lotion.) Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthus ilicifolius Lour., nom. illeg.; Acanthus ilicifolius var. typica (L.) Domin; Dilivaria ilicifolia (L.) Pers.; Dilivaria ilicifolia (L.) Juss.; Dilivaria ilicifolia Juss.; Dilivaria ilicifolia (Linnaeus) Nees) Thailand, Malaysia. Shrub, erect, slightly woody at base, leaves spiny, flowers white light violet in spikes, capsules

India. See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 98. 1832 (Leaves decoction with the extract of tuber of Allium and leaves of Thunbergia applied externally for swelling, fever, toothache; leaf paste and juice applied on cuts and injuries to stop bleeding.) in India: mishisalai, sam sikal, tua-aing Acanthus mollis L. (Acanthus mollis Graf & Noë ex Nees; Acanthus mollis Riedel ex Nees) Italy. See Sp. Pl. 2: 639. 1753, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 270–271. 1847

44

Acer L. Sapindaceae (Aceraceae)

(Dried leaves infusion applied as antiinflammatory for swollen legs, a poultice for intestinal troubles.) in English: artist’s acanthus, bear’s breech in Japan: ha-azami in Arabic: bakhbakh, sabounia, selikh Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson (Acanthus montanus T. Anderson; Cheilopsis montana Nees) Nigeria. Herb, shrubby or subshrub, erect, prickly leaves See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 27: 230. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 272. 1847, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 7: 37. 1863 [1864 publ. 1863] and Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 23: 115–137. 2001, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 24: 51–108. 2005

1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 474. 1754, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 508. 1760, Genera Plantarum 250. 1789, New Flora and Botany of North America … 1: 47. 1836, Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 26: 450. 1880, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 6: 326–328. 1885 and American Midland Naturalist 3(7): 182. 1914, Botanical Magazine 29: 25. 1915, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, new series 2(1): 200, 208. 1948, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 229–233. 1949, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 11: 172. 1966, Bull. Tokyo Forests 63: 136. 1967, J. Arnold Arbor. 55(3): 441–452. 1974, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 14. [Ristampa dell’edizione di Bologna 1870] Bologna 1978, Brittonia 34: 83. 1982. Acer album Hort. (Acer alba L.)

(Leaves and stem bark for cough, stomachache. Leaves decoction given for the treatment of abdominal pain, stomachache.)

North America.

in English: bear’s breech, mountain acanthus, mountain thistle

(Bark used as a cough remedy.)

in Central African Republic: pàngba-ngòndi

in English: white maple

in Congo: bali tsari, bari tsari in Nigeria: ugilibhibosa

ebe-igba,

gboliminosasa,

See Handl. Trees Kew Pt. i. [Polypet.] (1894) 87. 1894

ugbensugben,

Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis (Acer caesium (Reinw. ex Blume) Kosterm.; Acer caesium subsp. giraldii (Pax) A.E. Murray; Acer giraldii Pax)

in Sierra Leone: kpete pela

India, China. Tree

in Yoruba: ahon ekun dudu, ekun arugbo, opipi, opipi oko

See The forest flora of North-West and Central India 3: 111, pl. 21. 1874 and Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Acerac. 8(IV. 163): 79. 1902, Reinwardtia 7: 142. 1965, Kalmia 1: 1. 1969, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 72–81. 2006

Acanthus pubescens (Thomson ex Oliv.) Engl. (Acanthus pubescens Engl.; Acanthus pubescens Engl. & Turrill; Acanthus ueleensis De Wild.) Tropical Africa. Shrub, corolla purple, calyx tinged bluepurple at edge See Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1891, ii. (1892) 390. 1892 and Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 5, 3[2]: 270. 1910 [1911– 1912 publ. Nov 1910], Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913, 337. 1913, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 53: 342–371. 1983 (Leaves sedative, laxative, for itch, eczema, boils, snakebite, gastointestinal disorders; leaves ash, internal, used for dry cough, pneumonia, chronic asthma, cancer, tonsils, flu (mireiwek). Veterinary medicine.) in English: prickly acanthus

(Wood extract applied on wounds and skin diseases. Astringent, bark juice used externally to treat muscular swellings, boils and pimples. Emotional, magico-religious beliefs, spiritual, branches used by women as a love charm.) in India: chirandru, kamia, kanjula, kinar, mandar, manderang, mandlu, mari, mapple, trekhan Acer cappadocicum Gled. (Acer cultratum Wall.; Acer laetum C.A. Meyer) Asia minor, N.E. Turkey, Caucasus, Himalayas. Tree, rounded, spreading, flowers yellowish green, samaras compressed

in Congo: lurhabu

See Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6: 116, t. 2. 1785, Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 2: 4. 1830, Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. (C.A. von Meyer). 236. 1831

in Kenya: ndakariat

(Tonic.)

in Rwanda: igitovu, lurhadu

in English: Cappadocian Coliseum maple

in Burundi: igitovu, itovu

Acer L. Sapindaceae (Aceraceae) Latin acer, aceris ‘the maple tree’; Akkadian arku ‘long, tall’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1054–1056.

maple,

Caucasian

maple,

in India: garh papri, kainchali Acer circinatum Pursh North America. Perennial, shrub, tree, vine, fruits red

45

Acer L. Sapindaceae (Aceraceae)

See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 267. 1814 [1813] and Anthropological Records 13(6): 377–392. 1952 (Antidiarrheal. Love medicine, charm.) in English: vine maple Acer glabrum Torr. (Acer glabrum var. tripartitum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Pax; Acer glabrum var. typicum (Wesmael) Keller; Acer tripartitum Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) North America. Tree, shrub, perennial (Infusion of bark cathartic. Decoction of wood and bark antiemetic. Decoction of sticks to stimulate lactation. Snakebite remedy.) in English: Rocky Mountain maple Acer laevigatum Wall. (Acer oblongum var. laevigatum (Wall.) Wesm.; Acer laevigatum G. Nicholson) China, India. See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich) 2: 3, t. 104. 1830, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, new series 1: 364, f. 68. 1881, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 29: 42. 1890 (Bark decoction applied to strains.) in China: guang ye feng in India: thing khim Acer macrophyllum Pursh North America. Tree, sap eaten dried or fresh, seeds used for food See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 267. 1814 [1813] and Hebda, R. “Plant profile: Acer macrophyllum.” Menziesia 8(3): 14–15. 2003, Mycol. Res. 108(Pt 10): 1195–204. 2004 (Seeds covered with spiny hairs that can penetrate and irritate the skin. Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis.) in English: big-leaf maple, Oregon maple Acer mono Maxim.

North America. Tree See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 508. 1760, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 334. 1794, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutischmedicinische Botanik… 596. 1882 and Kupchan S.M. et al. “Tumor inhibitors. XXI. Active principles of Acer negundo and Cyclamen persicum.” J. Pharm. Sci. 56(5): 603–8. 1967, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 23: 1–23. 1974, Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias [Universidad Nacional de Cuyo] 22: 23–25. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 28: 65–85. 1986, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 32(2): 180–182. 1995, Lin, R.Y., Clauss, A.E., Bennett, E.S. “Hypersensitivity to common tree pollens in New York City patients.” Allergy Asthma Proc. 23(4): 253–8. 2002 (A cause of airborne contact dermatitis. Inner bark decoction or infusion taken as an emetic. Ceremonial, ritual.) in English: box elder, box elder maple in North America: nahosh (Winnebago), osako (Pawnee) Acer nigrum Michx. f. (Acer nigrum var. palmeri Sarg.; Acer saccharum Marsh. subsp. nigrum (Michx. f.) Desmarais; Acer saccharum var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britton; Acer saccharum var. viride (Schmidt) E. Murray; Saccharodendron nigrum (Michx. f.) Small) North America. Tree See Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l’Amérique Septentrionale 2: 238. 1812 and International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989 (Decoction of inner bark antidiarrheal. Diuretic.) in English: black maple Acer pensylvanicum L. (Acer pennsylvanicum Du Roi; Acer pensylvanicum subsp. typicum (L.) Wesm.) North America. Tree, shrub

Japan.

See Species Plantarum 2: 1055. 1753 and Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 19–20. 1995

See Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 126. 1857, Mel. Biol. 2: 416. 1857, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 26: 443. 1880, Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 5: 229. 1883 and Kalmia 1: 17. 1969, Kalmia 12: 17. 1982, Journal of Japanese Botany 68(6): 321. 1993

(Used for bronchial troubles. Plant infusion taken for kidney trouble, gonorrhea. Decoction of inner bark taken as an emetic, laxative; decoction of bark applied as poultice for paralysis; bark used for colds, coughs; poultice of steeped bark applied to swollen limbs. Wood antihemorrhagic, used for spitting blood, gonorrhea, kidney trouble.)

(Tonic sap.)

in English: moosewood, Pennsylvania maple, striped maple, whistle-wood

in Japan: si-topeni, tope-ni Acer negundo L. (Acer negundo var. variegatum Jacques; Negundo aceroides Moench; Negundo negundo (L.) H. Karst., nom. inval., tautonym)

Acer pentapomicum Stewart ex Brandis India, Himalaya. See Rhodora 90: 127–131. 1988

46

(Bark used for colds, cough; wood for gonorrhea.) Acer pictum Thunb. (Acer lobelii Ten. subsp. pictum (Thunb.) Wesm.; Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai) India. See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 4: 40. 1784, Flora Japonica, … (Thunberg) 162. 1784, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta (J.A. Murray). 912. 1784, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 4, 16. 1863, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 29: 56. 1890 and Flora Sylvatica Koreana 16: 34, pl. 8–10. 1927, Nadkarni, K.M. Indian Materia Medica. Bombay. 1976, Taxon 39: 535– 536. 1990 (The leaves of this species are irritant. Bark astringent.) in China: se mu feng in India: chikkudu, dargu, kainju, kalbenga, karimutal, mandar, mandlu, modi-mudsu, naiponai, nemih, panan, panjan, rathadrumah, rikhandlu, sandan, syandanadrumah, syandanah, tella-modgu, tian, tinisah, tinsa, tiwas, tunuz, vandanam Acer platanoides L. (Euacer platanoides (L.) Opiz) North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 6: 327. 1885 and Weber L.F. “Dermatitis venenata due to native woods.” AMA Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 67: 388–394. 1953, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 23: 1–23. 1974, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 19: 107– 148. 1976, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, BiologiaGeographica 3: 1–12. 1982, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 279–282. 1990, Tree Physiol. 15(11): 739–46. 1995, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, J. Exp. Bot. 58(7): 1753–60. 2007 (The wood is listed as irritant.) in English: Norway maple Acer rubrum L. (Acer rubrum var. tomentosum Tausch; Acer stenocarpum Britton; Rufacer rubrum (L.) Small) North America. Tree, sap not milky, leaves with shallow notches between lobes See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753 and Tennant, B. et al. “Acute hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, and Heinz body formation associated with ingestion of red maple leaves by horses.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 179: 143–150. 1981, Divers, T.J., George, L.W., George, J.W. “Hemolytic anemia in horses after the ingestion of red maple leaves.” Toxicology 180: 300–302. 1982, Long, P.H., Payne, J.W. “Red maple-associated pulmonary thrombosis in a horse.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 184: 977–978. 1984, Cheeke, P.R., Shull, L.R. Natural Toxicants in Feeds and Poisonous Plants.

Acer L. Sapindaceae (Aceraceae)

AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, Conn., USA. 1985, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Plumlee, K.H. “Red maple toxicity in a horse.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33: 66–67. 1991, Alward A., Corriher C.A., Barton M.H., Sellon D.C., Blikslager A.T., Jones S.L. “Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: a retrospective study of 32 cases.” J. Vet. Intern. Med. 20(5): 1197–201. 2006 (High toxicity, death is common. Leaves of this plant have caused poisoning and death in horses. Ingestion of wilted red maple leaves by horses can result in severe hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. An extract of the bark used for its astringent effect in the treatment of sore eyes. Infusion of bark analgesic, antidiarrheal, given for measles; decoction of bark used as a wash for sore eyes; inner bark boiled and used with water as wash for sore eyes.) in English: red maple, swamp maple Acer rubrum L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Sarg. (Acer drummondii Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.; Acer rubrum subsp. drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) E. Murray; Rufacer drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Small) North America. Tree (Infusion of bark analgesic, taken and used as a wash for gun wounds.) in English: Drummond’s maple Acer saccharinum L. (Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.; Acer saccharinum var. laciniatum Pax; Acer saccharinum var. wieri Rehder; Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small) North America. Tree (Infusion of bark analgesic, antidiarrheal, for cough; inner bark boiled and used with water as wash for sore eyes; decoction of inner bark diuretic, used for diarrhea; hot infusion of bark given for measles. Infusion of root bark taken for gonorrhea.) in English: silver maple Acer saccharum Marshall North America. Tree See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753, Arbustrum Americanum 4. 1785 and Hausen B.M. “Sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. V. 2,6-Dimethoxy-pbenzoquinone: occurrence and significance as a contact allergen.” Contact Dermatitis 4: 204–213. 1978, Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise de Sciences Naturelles 116(2): 47–53. 1993, Tree Physiol. 15(11): 739–46. 1995, Plant Physiol. 133(2): 441–2. 2003, Am. J. Contact Dermat. 14(2): 82–9. 2003 (Contact allergen. Sap used for sore eyes. Bark infusion used as drops for blindness; inner bark used as a cough remedy, expectorant.)

47

Achillea L. Asteraceae

in English: hard maple, pale bark, rock maple, sugar maple

Achillea L. Asteraceae

Acer saccharum Marshall var. saccharum (Acer nigrum var. glaucum (F. Schmidt) Fosberg; Acer nigrum var. saccharophorum (K. Koch) R.T. Clausen; Acer saccharum var. glaucum (F. Schmidt) Sarg.; Acer saccharum var. rugellii (Pax) Rehder; Saccharodendron saccharum (Marsh.) Moldenke)

The genus was named to honor the hero of the Iliad Achilles (in Greek Akhilleus), son of Peleus and Thetis, from Chiron the Centaur he learned the healing properties of the plant. See Lewis Richard Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality. The Gifford lectures … 1920, etc. Oxford 1921; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 896–900. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 382. 1754, Synopsis Florae Germanicae et Helveticae 370. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 30. 1838 [dt 1837; publ. Jan 1838], Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.Naturwiss. Kl. 48: 115–116. 1884 and Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 67: 48. 1975, Willdenowia 35(1): 50. 2005.

North America. Tree See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753, Arbustrum Americanum 4. 1785 and Hausen B.M. “Sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. V. 2,6-Dimethoxy-pbenzoquinone: occurrence and significance as a contact allergen.” Contact Dermatitis 4: 204–213. 1978, Tree Physiol. 15(11): 739–46. 1995, Plant Physiol. 133(2): 441–2. 2003, Am. J. Contact Dermat. 14(2): 82–9. 2003 (Contact allergen. Sap used for sore eyes. Bark infusion used as drops for blindness; inner bark used as a cough remedy, expectorant, pectoral. Leaves decoction for itch, rashes.) in English: hard maple, pale bark, rock maple, sugar maple Acer spicatum Lam. North America. Tree, shrub See Species Plantarum 2: 1054–1056. 1753 and New Zealand Journal of Botany 20: 169–186. 1982, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 9–10. 1995 (Plant used for intestinal diseases. Infusion or poultice of outside bark used for sore eyes; inner bark used as cough syrup. Poultice of boiled root chips applied to wounds and abscesses. Decoction of roots and bark taken for internal hemorrhage.) in English: mountain maple Acer tataricum L. subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm. (Acer ginnala Maxim.; Acer tataricum var. ginnala (Maxim.) Maxim.; Acer tataricum var. laciniatum Regel) Amur, Russia, China. Small tree, multi-stemmed, winged samaras, habitat for wildlife, food and shelter, young leaves used as a tea substitute, along streamsides and swampy places See Species Plantarum 2: 1054. 1753, Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg. 15: 126. 1856, Mélanges Biologiques Tirés du Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 2: 415. 1856, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 29: 31. 1890 and Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1674–1675. 1989, Journal of Plant Biology 39: 15–22. 1996

Achillea alpina L. (Achillea alpina subsp. multiflora (Hook.) D.F. Murray & Elven; Achillea mongolica Fisch. ex Spreng.; Achillea multiflora Hook.; Achillea sibirica Ledeb.; Achillea sibirica subsp. mongolica Heimerl; Achillea sibirica var. typica Regel; Ptarmica mongolica (Fisch. ex Spreng.) DC.; Ptarmica multiflora (Hook.) Tzvelev; Ptarmica sibirica Ledeb.) Alaska, North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 2: 899. 1753, Sprengel, Kurt Polycarp Joachim (1766–1833), Novi proventus hortorum academicorum halensis et berolinensis. Halae, 1819, Flora BorealiAmericana 1: 318. 1833, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 22. 1838 [dt 1837; publ. Jan 1838], Flora Rossica 2: 528. 1845, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 7: 87. 1861, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, MathematischNaturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Denkschriften 48(2): 188. 1884 and J. Korean Res. Inst. Ewha Women’s Univ. 11: 455–478. 1967, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 61(6): 873–880. 1976, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, J. Hokkaido Univ. Educ., Sect. 2B 35: 31–42. 1984, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 70(1): 126–128. 1985, Flora Arctica URSS 10: 107. 1987, Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 58: 163–177. 1989, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(1): 442. 2008 (To stop nosebleed, flower clusters rubbed in the hands and inserted into nose. Chewed roots made into a paste applied to gum sores.) in English: Siberian yarrow Achillea biebersteinii Afan. Turkey, Saudi Arabia. Perennial herb See Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariia Botanicheskogo Sada S.S.S.R. 19: 361. 1959

Glavnogo

(Young leaves contain an antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antitumor compound.)

(Leaves decoction to treat itching; fresh leaves chewed to relieve toothache.)

in English: Amur maple, ginnala maple, Siberian maple

in Arabic: thafra’a

48

Achillea borealis Bong. North America. Aromatic white flowers See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(2): 149. 1832 and American Midland Naturalist 11(6–7): 268. 1929, American Midland Naturalist 58(1): 58. 1957 (Flower clusters rubbed in the hands and inserted into nose to stop nosebleed.) Achillea millefolium L. (Achillea alpicola (Rydberg) Rydberg; Achillea alpicola Rydb.; Achillea alpicola Dalla Torre; Achillea arenicola A. Heller; Achillea borealis Bongard subsp. arenicola (A. Heller) D.D. Keck; Achillea borealis subsp. californica (Pollard) D.D. Keck; Achillea borealis var. arenicola (A. Heller) J.T. Howell; Achillea borealis var. californica (Pollard) J.T. Howell; Achillea californica Pollard; Achillea gigantea Pollard; Achillea lanulosa Nuttall; Achillea lanulosa subsp. alpicola (Rydberg) D.D. Keck; Achillea lanulosa var. alpicola Rydb.; Achillea laxiflora Pollard & Cockerell; Achillea megacephala Raup; Achillea millefolium californica (Pollard) H.M. Hall; Achillea millefolium subsp. borealis (Bongard) Breitung; Achillea millefolium subsp. lanulosa (Nuttall) Piper; Achillea millefolium subsp. occidentale (DC.) Hyl.; Achillea millefolium var. alpicola (Rydberg) Garrett; Achillea millefolium var. arenicola (A. Heller) Nobs; Achillea millefolium var. asplenifolia (Ventenat) Farwell; Achillea millefolium var. borealis (Bongard) Farwell; Achillea millefolium var. californica (Pollard) Jepson; Achillea millefolium var. gigantea (Pollard) Nobs; Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa (Nuttall) Piper; Achillea millefolium var. litoralis Ehrendorfer ex Nobs; Achillea millefolium var. maritima Jepson; Achillea millefolium var. megacephala B. Boivin; Achillea millefolium var. megacephala (Raup) B. Boivin; Achillea millefolium var. nigrescens E. Meyer; Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.; Achillea millefolium var. pacifica (Rydberg) G.N. Jones; Achillea millefolium var. puberula (Rydberg) Nobs; Achillea nigrescens (E. Meyer) Rydberg; Achillea occidentalis (DC.) Rafinesque ex Rydberg; Achillea occidentalis Raf. ex DC.; Achillea pacifica Rydberg; Achillea pecten-veneris Pollard; Achillea puberula Rydberg; Achillea rosea Desfontaines; Achillea subalpina Greene) North America, Europe, Asia and India. Perennial erect herb, fibrous, fern-like leaves finely divided, flat-topped cluster of tiny white flowers See Species Plantarum 2: 896–900. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 382. 1754, De Plantis Labradoricis Libri Tres 65. 1830, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7(1): 36. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 24. 1838 [1837 publ. early Jan 1838], Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26(7): 365–372. 1899 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 426. 1900, Mazama 2: 97. 1901, Fl. Palouse Reg. 196. 1901, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 15(34): 179. 1902, Muhlenbergia;

Achillea L. Asteraceae

a journal of botany 1(4): 61. 1904, Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(11): 145. 1905, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 157. 1906, University of California Publications in Botany 3(1): 211. 1907, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 37: 456. 1910, Spring Flora of the Wasatch Region 101. 1911, North American Flora 34(3): 221–223. 1916, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 1137. 1925, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 17(4): 306–307, pl. 199. 1936, University of Washington Publications in Biology 5: 250. 1936, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 520: 299–300. 1940, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift 1945(7): 314. 1945, Leaflets of Western Botany 5(6): 107. 1948, The Canadian FieldNaturalist 65(1): 10. 1951, American Midland Naturalist 58(1): 58. 1957, Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium 5(4): 101–102. 1958, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 19: 265–270. 1973, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 122: 133–143. 1973, Informatore Botanico Italiano 6: 303– 312. 1974, Taxon 25: 155–164. 1976, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Canadian Journal of Botany 55: 796–808. 1977, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 64(4): 582–589. 1979, Taxon 28: 277–278. 1979, Rhodora 80: 361–367. 1980, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 357–368. 1981, Taxon 30: 214. 1981, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, BiologiaGeographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Fitologija 31: 71–74. 1986, Informatore Botanico Italiano 18: 153–158. 1986, Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der Heimischen Flora 59: 13–22. 1988, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, American Journal of Botany 75: 652–668. 1988, Fitologija 36: 26–43. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 116–118, 1622–1624. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 473–476, 769–771. 1991, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 18/19: 6–8. 1992, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 13–14. 1997, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 83(8): 131–132. 1998, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 83(10): 143–147. 1998, Preslia 73: 1–27. 2001, Folia Geobot. 36: 163–191. 2001, Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 76: 85–110. 2006, Willdenowia 36(Special Issue): 205–216. 2006, Phytochemistry. 68(13): 1722–30. 2007, Chem. Biodivers. 4(5): 849–857. 2007, J. Ethnopharmacol. 111(2): 341–364. 2007 (Used in Unani and Sidha. Plants suspected of being a photosensitizer; occupational asthma, dermatitis, skin irritation after contact with plant and exposure to sunlight. Fresh herb chewed for toothache. Whole plant antiseptic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, emmenagogue, antispermatogenic, contraceptive, spasmolytic, hepatoprotective, antiperiodic, estrogenic, abortifacient, antiulcer, antioxidant, cytotoxic, used against skin diseases and infections, intestinal worms, hysteria, epilepsy. Leaves used to treat earaches, diarrhea and

49

Achimenes Pers. Gesneriaceae

hemorrhages; powdered leaves given against stomach complaints; infusion used to bathe swellings; leaves for wounds, cuts, bad bruises, to stop bleeding and act as a disinfectant; leaves and stems for spasmodic pains, an infusion taken for colds; leaves as insect repellent.) in English: bloodwort, carpenter’s weed, common yarrow, fragrant yarrow, milfoil, nosebleed, sanguinary, sneezeweed, thousand-leaf, thousand-seal, western yarrow, yarrow in Central America: alhucema, cola de ardilla, hierba del soldado, milen rama, milhojas, plumajillo in North America: achillée, achillée millefeuille, carpenter’s weed, common yarrow, herbe-à-dinde, milfoil, nosebleed, plumajillo, sanguinary, thousand-leaf, woodchuck tail, woundwort, yarrow in Brazil: mil-folhas

Achillea wilsoniana Heimerl (Achillea sibirica Ledebour subsp. wilsoniana Heimerl ex Handel-Mazzetti; Achillea wilsoniana Heimerl ex Handel-Mazzetti; Achillea wilsoniana f. obconica Heimerl) China. See Species Plantarum 2: 896–900. 1753 and Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe, Abteilung 1 61: 22. 1924, Symbolae Sinicae 7(4): 1110–1111. 1936, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 12(9): 254. 1938, Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials [Zhong Yao Cai.] 20(4): 193–194. 1997, Pharmazie. 60(7): 554–558. 2005 (Entire plant used medicinally to stop bleeding and to alleviate pain, also for strengthening the stomach. Antibacterial.) in China: yun nan shi

in South Africa: duisend-blaar-achillea in China: yang shi cao, shi

Achimenes Pers. Gesneriaceae

in India: accilliya, akarkhara, baranjasif, bhut kesi, biranjasaf, biranjasif, brinjasaf, brinjasif, brinjasuf, buiranjasif, chopandiga, chuang, gandana, gandrain, momadnu, puthkanda, rojmaari, rojmari, rooamari, saigum pharanji, saijum pharangi, tukhm gandana

Uncertain, some suggest from the Greek, the prefix a ‘negative, lacking, contrary to’ and cheimon ‘winter’, referring to the hardiness of the plants; Latin achaemenis, Greek achaimenis for an amber-colored plant in India, used in magical arts (Plinius); see Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1): 164. 1806 and Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 35. Basel 1996.

in Japan: nokogiri-sô-zoku in Pakistan: brinjask Achillea santolina L. Europe, Iran. See Species Plantarum 2: 896–897. 1753 and Ukrajins’kyj Botaničnyj Žurnal 38(2): 53–57. 1981, Iranian Journal of Botany 4: 189–196. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 14. 1993 (Antiinflammatory, antidiuretic, antimicrobial, antihemorrhagic, healing and analgesic, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antioxidative potential, hypoglycemic.) in India: malai marukoluntu

Achimenes grandiflora (Schiede) DC. (Achimenes grandiflora var. incisa Hanst.; Achimenes incisa (Hanst.) Klotzsch ex Oerst.; Salutiaea grandiflora (Schltdl.) Colla; Trevirana grandiflora Schltdl.) South America, Mexico. Herb See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 637. 1809, Linnaea 8: 247–248. 1833, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(2): 536. 1839, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, ser. 2 10: 208. 1849, Linnaea 27: 710. 1856

Achillea vermicularis Trin.

(Leaves rubbed on the gingival swelling caused by a toothache.)

Europe.

in English: hot water plant

See Species Plantarum 2: 896–900. 1753 and Acta Societatis Botanicorum Polonia 58: 163–177. 1989, Nucleus 38(3): 104– 111. 1995, Nat. Prod. Res. 19(6): 551–559. 2005

in Japan: sabi-ba-hana-giri-sô

(Displayed inhibitory potential against lipoxygenase enzyme.) Achillea wilhelmsii K. Koch Iran. (Aerial parts used for stomachache; flowers and stems for cold.) See Linnaea 24: 328. 1851 in Pakistan: boi madran

Achlys DC. Berberidaceae (Podophyllaceae) The goddess of obscurity, the goddess of hidden places, Greek achlys ‘obscurity, a mist, darkness, trouble’, possibly referring to the classification of the genus or to the habitat of these herbs or to the inconspicuous flowers, see Species Plantarum 1: 312. 1753, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 2: 35. 1821. Achlys triphylla (Smith) DC. (Achlys triphylla (Sm.) DC. subsp. triphylla; Leontice triphylla Smith)

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Achnatherum P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae)

North America. Perennial herb, deeply incised orbicular leaves divided into three fan-shaped leaflets, flower head a dense spike of small white flowers, dried leaves aromatic

Vegetabilis 17(13–18): 207. 1921, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 17: 15. 1957, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 34: 154. 1996

See The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 20: 5. 1812, Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 35. 1821 and Phytochemistry. 31(1): 301–303. 1992

(Said to be toxic.)

(Leaves or plant infusion to treat tuberculosis, for a hair wash, and as an emetic. Roots infusion a wash for eye sores, cataract. Insecticide. Veterinary medicine, roots decoction of as a delousing wash for sheep. Flavonol glycosides isolated from the underground parts of the plant.) in English: deer-foot, sweet after death, vanilla-leaf

Achnatherum P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae) Awned scale, Greek achne ‘chaff, glume’ and ather ‘stalk, barb’, referring to the lemma, see Species Plantarum 1: 61, 78–79. 1753, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 2. 1794, Flora Peruviana 1: 5, t. 6, f. b. 1798, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 19–20, 146, t. 6, f. 7. 1812, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 40. 1818, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 110. 1820, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 99. 1827, Révision des Graminées 1: 58. 1829, Antonio Bertoloni (1775–1869), Flora Italica … 1: 690. Bologna 1833 [1835], Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 702. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 419–420. 1854 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 39(3): 102. 1912, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(6): 181. 1925, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 11: 181. 1942, O.R. Matthei, “Estudio crítico de las gramíneas del género Stipa en Chile.” Gayana, Botánica 13: 1–137. 1965, J.A. Caro and E. Sanchez, “Las especies de Stipa (Gramineae) del subgenero Jarava.” Kurtziana 7: 61–116. 1973, Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series B, Botany 12: 151–154. 1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 155. 1986, Annali di Botanica 45: 75–102. 1987, Grass Systematics and Evolution 251–264. Washington 1987, New Zealand Journal Bot. 27: 569–582. 1989, Phytologia 74(1): 1–25. 1993, Gayana, Botánica 53(2): 277–284. 1996, Telopea 6: 579–595. 1996, P.F. Rojas, “New species and new combinations for the tribe Stipeae (Poaceae) in Bolivia.” Gayana, Botánica 54(2): 163–182. 1997[1998], P. Peñailillo, “El género Jarava Ruiz et Pav. (Stipeae-Poaceae): delimitación y nuevas combinaciones.” Gayana, Botánica 59(1): 27–34. 2002, J. Valdés-Reyna & M.E. Barkworth, “Poaceae II. Pooideae: Tribu Stipeae.” Flora de Veracruz 127: 1–28. 2002, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 15–18, 402–409, 617–650. 2003, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144(4): 483–495. Apr 2004. Achnatherum brandisii (Mez) Z.L. Wu (Stipa brandisii Mez; Stipa subeffusa Ohwi) China. See Species Plantarum 1: 78–79. 1753, Ess. Agrostogr. 19, 146. 1812 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni

in China: zhan xu ji ji cao Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng (Stipa inebrians Hance) China. See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 14(163): 212. 1876 and Claves Generum et Specierum Graminearum Primarum Sinicarum Appendice Nomenclatione Systematica 107, 213. 1957 (Poisonous to livestock. Reported to cause intoxication in cattle, to cause staggers when grazed.) in China: zui ma cao Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) Barkworth (Achnatherum lobatum (Swallen) Barkworth; Stipa lobata Swallen; Stipa robusta (Vasey) Scribn.; Stipa vaseyi Scribn.; Stipa viridula var. robusta Vasey) Northern America, USA, Mexico. Perennial, on rocky areas, hillsides, rocky hill See Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1(2): 56. 1890, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 5: 23. 1897, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 11: 46. 1898 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 23(10): 199, f. 2. 1933, Taxon 42: 711. 1993, Phytologia 74(1): 9, 12. 1993, Taxon 44: 610. 1995 (A stock-poisoning grass.) in English: sleepygrass

Achyranthes L. Amaranthaceae Greek achyron ‘chaff, husk’ and anthos ‘a flower’, the perianth has a chaffy or scarious nature; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 204–205. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 96. 1754, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 310. 1849, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(1): 35–36. 1880, Genera Plantarum 3: 35–36. 1880 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5(3): 75. 1915, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 143–174. 1946, Fl. W. Pakistan 71: 35. 1974, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: 142–180. 1983, Willdenowia 16(1): 187–210. 1986, Reports from the Botanical Institute, University of Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Bolivia) Comunicación 10: 32–52. 1990, Taxon 41: 55. 1992, Revista de Biología Tropical 43(1–3): 75–115. 1995, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005.

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Achyranthes L. Amaranthaceae

Achyranthes aquatica R. Br. (Centrostachys aquatica (R. Br.) Moq.; Centrostachys aquatica R. Br. Wall. ex Moq.; Centrostachys aquatica (R. Br.) Wall.) Tropical Africa and Asia, India. Shrub, herb, weed, stout, aquatic or subaquatic, prostrate to straggling or erect, muchbranched, rooting at the lower nodes, flowers reddish green or whitish pink in spike, pounded roots eaten with porridge, leaves cooked as vegetable, seeds ground with flour and eaten during scarcity See Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 417. 1810, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 497. 1824, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 673. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 321. 1849 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots for venereal diseases.) in English: prickly chaff-flower in India: neeru chirri, parnayavani, toyavyatikara Achyranthes aspera L. (Achyranthes aspera Wall.; Achyranthes aspera J. Jacq.; Achyranthes aspera Duss; Achyranthes aspera var. indica L.; Achyranthes aspera var. obtusifolia (Lamarck) Suess.; Achyranthes indica (L.) Mill.; Achyranthes indica Mill.; Achyranthes obtusifolia Lam.; Achyranthes robusta C.H. Wright; Centrostachys aspera (L.) Standl.; Centrostachys aspera Standl.; Centrostachys indica (L.) Standl.; Centrostachys indica Standl.) Africa, Old World tropics. Herb or shrub, undershrub, variable, erect or sub-erect or scrambling, diffuse, pubescent, much-branched, woody rootstock, leaves opposite membranous, spinescent bracts and bracteoles, small flowers greenish white in terminal elongated spikes, small capsules, smooth cylindrical seeds, common weed See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 545. 1783, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 497. 1824, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6924 H. 1832, Ann. Inst. Col. Marseille 1896, iii. 53. 1897 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5(3): 75. 1915, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 32: 301–327. 1958, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Fl. W. Pakistan 71: 35. 1974, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 15(10): 856–858. 1977, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Economic Botany 35(1): 4–9. 1981, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 6(2): 191–226. 1982, Acta Botanica Indica 10: 141–142. 1982, Trop. Plant Sci. Res. 1: 1–13. 1983, Taxon 41: 555. 1992, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993, Phytomedicine. 9(5): 433–437. 2002, Phytother. Res. 17(1): 77–79. 2003, Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 45(4): 212–213. 2003, Contraception 73(3): 284–288. 2006, J. Ethnopharmacol. 107(2): 179–181. 2006, Afr. Health Sci. 6(2): 108–112. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Achyranthes aspera causes a dose-related transient cardiovascular toxicity.

Saussurea lappa, Argyreia speciosa and Achyranthes aspera, antiinflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. Plant pungent, purgative, diuretic, used in dropsy, piles, colic, snakebite, boils and skin eruptions; whole plant decoction in rheumatism, muscular pains and arthritis; plant decoction to cure coughs; ash of the plant taken for asthma, applied on the body for the treatment of jaundice. Decoction of leaves applied externally for cuts, insect bites and wounds; leaves crushed with leaves and roots of Machilus bombycina and the juice is applied on pimples; a paste prepared with lime and leaf of nonflowering plants is applied to cure eczema; leaf infusion for the treatment of snakebite; leaves pounded, soaked in water, boiled and the liquid drunk to treat venereal diseases and also to treat colds in children; leaves juice given in diarrhea, as eye drops in hysteria. Root extract aphrodisiac and sex tonic, sedative, given for stomatitis, spermatorrhea, sterility, impotence, dystocia; root powder taken orally to check discharge of sperm with urine and to increase sexual potentiality, also given for fever and epilepsy; roots made into a paste with rhizomes of Chrysopogon aciculatus and applied on foul ulcers; powdered roots, mixed with crushed snails, applied to cure leprosy; roots ground with those of Ziziphus xylopyrus and the paste given after delivery as an antiseptic, tonic, postpartum remedy; an infusion astringent, for diarrhea, dysentery; a decoction in the oral treatment of leprosy, also given to women after menstrual period for the control of fertility, used as an abortifacient; roots paste given for easy delivery and as antidote, anti-venom, also applied in painful scorpion stings; pounded roots for malaria; crushed roots applied on wounds. Powdered roasted seeds mixed with honey given for cough; seed powder given in piles, also smoked for respiratory disease. Used in religion and magicoreligious beliefs as magical cure for jaundice, intermittent fever and for safe delivery of pregnant mother; plant infusion given as bath in sickness which is believed to be due to ghost; root tied on head and hair of pregnant woman to induce easy and normal delivery; smelling fresh roots is believed to hasten delivery; ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja; dried inflorescence used by orthodox Hindus in sacred pyres; roots worn on the right arm for males and left arm for females to cure periodic fevers, string should be folded seven times and twined. Veterinary medicine, whole plant given to cows after delivery for taking out the remaining portion of placenta; whole plant juice given as diuretic; plant juice applied for maggot wounds; spikes made into a paste and applied on boils, ulcers and wounds; leaves ground with saffron used as eye drops for opacity of cornea; crushed leaves juice applied on the wounds, burns, on maggot wounds; roots extract given in insect bite.) in English: colic weed, cow pimpler, devils whip, man better man, prickly chaff-flower, rough chaff flower, rough chaff tree, soldier rod, washerman’s plant in Tonga: tamatama in Bangladesh: chai ka krilu in China: dao kou cao, niuxi, tu niu xi

52

in India: aandhi jhara, adhahsalya, adhoghanta, adhvashalya, agadha, aghaada, aghada, aghadha, aghado, aghamargava, aghara, aghata, aghedo, agya, akatam, akatamonicceti, akatturam, akayamauni, ancanati, andaro, andhi jado, andhi jalo, andhi jhara, andhijhada, andhijhara, andijaro, anghedo, antisa, antisha, apa margamu, apamaargamu, apamar, apamara, apamarang, apamaranga, apamarg, apamarg panchang, apamarga, apamargah (margah, path), apamargaha, apamargamu, apamargh, apamarkkam, apamarkki, apamarutamuli, apang, apangakpushpi, aparamarkkam, appamarg, aramaravam, aramiyam, atkumah, atokantam, attuvacalliyam, bionieshpta, bionihakota, buchhawl, cadelari, caitanniyam, cakarikam, caramattiyam, cavakam, cavuntati, cekari, cekarikam, cennayuruvi, chakchida, chamatkara, champangmichel, charchatta, checarilata, chichida, chichira, chichra, chidchida, chir-chira, chirchira, chirchit, chirchita, chirchiti, chirchitta, cicimda, cikari, cikiciram, circira, circita, cirukatalati, cirukatalaticceti, civanta nayuruvi, culanam, cuvanam, cuvayam, dadatara, dhamargava, dhatrikota, dintara, dubbina chettu, dubbinachettu, ducha bondro, duchabondra, durabhigraha, durgraha, eeramuli, garadim, garadimi, ginisar, gujrat, iraviliyanputu, kacurantam, kadaladi, kalvacamati, kamankalam, kancari, kantarika, kanti, kantta, karakkarati, karamantali, karapippivi, karattilkaram, karattirkaram, karcikacceti, karcikam, karkatapippali, karumalaki, karumancari, karumancaricceti, karumpai, katalati, katavakam, katio bhuratio, katumancaricceti, katumancarikai, katumancarikam, katumanjirika, katunti, kavutam, kecaravaram, kecarikacceti, kecarikam, kempu uthraani, khara, khara-manjari, kharamanjari, khare-vazhgunah, khare-vazhun, khujumpere, kicaparnam, kicaparni, kicaparnicceti, kicaparunicceti, kicavalli, kicavallicceti, kincakapanni, kincakapannicceti, kincapanni, kini, kinihi, kinit, kirusnapanni, kishaparni, kokarlatha, kolitakikam, korroci, kotavi, kottakacceti, kottakam, kottavi, kottavivittirukki, kottavivittirukku, ksharamadhya, kshuraka, kubja, kukurdanti, kurccakacitacceti, kurccanacitam, kurmakkerutamuli, kutri, lalgiri, lalirm cursc, lat jira, latjeera, latjira, latjiri, latkinna, latzeera, lich kuri, lokkikacceti, lokkila, lutjiro, makatacceti, makatam, malakanta, malakantacceti, malakantam, mamuni, mamuniki, mamuri, manakimuli, manca, mancari, mancaricceti, manikkarutu, manikkayaru, margia, markati, markkatapippali, markkatappippili, markkavikam, maruttipoti, maruttippoti, maruttira, maruttiracceti, mayirakam, mayooraka, mayura, mayuraka, mayurakacceti, mayurakam, mayuram, minamkachi, mullu uttarani, munrutari, munrutarikkoti, nayurivi, naayurivi, naayuruvi, nagarasi, nahiooroovie vayr, naun-phak-pe, navuri, nayiranci, naykkittam, naykuruvi, nayurivi, nayuruvi, nayurvi, nayuviri, nayvananki, nayvanankicceti, olti-koro, opamaarga, pandhara-aghada, pandukantaka, parakpushpi, parkanda, parnayavani, pataramukki, pataramukkicceti, pellaunacceti, pellaunam, pinrutari, pinrutaricceti, pippilicikari, pirattiyakapanni, pirattiyakapannicceti, pirattiyakpanni, pirattiyaputpam, pratyak-pushpi, pratyakparni, pratyakpuspa, pratyakpuspi, pratyukpushpi, puli, puratiyuram, puth kanda, puthkanda, puthkunda, putkanda, rakh chirchitta, rechari, rucha bondro, rusabedru, saagi, samphra

Achyranthes L. Amaranthaceae

ulta, shaikharika, shikhari, shiru-kadaladi, shkhari, sikhari, silir kadn, sirukadaladi, sohbyrthit, sthalamanjari, surat, talakata, tamarkkavam, tarattilkaram, tucciram, tutaivi, ulimani, ultakund, ultalengra, ultekuro, ultokure, undhokanto, undo kanto, unta ghada, urumbuli chedy, uruvi, uruviyuppu, uruviyuppu uttaren, uthareni, utrani-gida, utranigida, uttareni, uttaraane, uttaraani, uttaraani gida, uttaraene, uttarance, uttarane, uttaranee, uttarani, uttarani gida, uttarani soppu, uttaren, uttareni, utthareni, uttrane, valanatikamam, valiya-katalati, valiyakatalati, van-kadalady, vancamuli, vankadalaadi, vankatalat, vantamarkkam, varakamarkkam, varkamarkkam, varkamarutacceti, vasira, vellainayuruvi, vennayuruvi, viralaneri, viralnericceti, virarkoti, visakkani, vittirukki, yakattam, yapamarakkam in Indonesia: jarong, jarong lalaki, sangko hidung in Japan: murasaki-no-kozuchi (= purple Achyranthes) in Laos: khoy ngou in Malaysia: ara songsang, nyarang songsang, nyarang sunsang in Nepal: ankhle jhar, apamarga, churut jhar, datiwan, gorsawa, hyurpuju, ulta kur, ulte kuru in Papua New Guinea: towano in Philippines: deket-deket, dokot-dokot, guela, hangod, hangor, hangot, hangud, higad-higad, libai, lopo-lopo, ninikitan, rag-ragadi, saramat, saramo in Thailand: khuai nguu, phan nguu, yaa teen nguu khaao in Tibet: a pa ma rga in Vietnam: co nha lin ngu, c[or] x[uw][ows]c, nguru tat nam, nha khoanh ngu, nha lin ngu, thin hong mia in Kenya: chesirimiot, chesirimto in Madagascar: fandrangojaza, tsipolitra, tsipolomanitra, tsipolotra, tsipotamena, vatofosa, vatofosy in Nigeria: eba-omomo in S. Rhodesia: dombo in Tanzania: bwasi, ihata, ikulula, kwantzi, lindiame, lingulukila, lugeni, mbarahasha, ngwena ja kulutambo, ngulukilak, nunuhay, olerubat, pulule in Yoruba: abora, aboro, epa aboro Achyranthes aspera L. var. argentea (Thwaites) C.B. Clarke (Achyranthes argentea Thwaites; Achyranthes aspera var. argentea (Lam.) Boiss.) India. Erect, silvery tomentose herb, pinkish-white flowers in terminal spike, brown seeds elliptic ovate, seeds cooked as rice and eaten during scarcity See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 545. 1785, Autikon Botanikon 154. 1840, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 249. 1861, Flora orientalis 4: 994. 1879, The Flora

53

Achyranthes L. Amaranthaceae

of British India 4(12): 730. 1885 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 63. 1909

in India: chirchiri, lacursc, lat jira, latjeera, latjira, latjiri, latzeera

(Leaves in stomach disorders. Roots to facilitate childbirth.)

Achyranthes aspera L. var. rubrofusca (Wight) Hook. (Achyranthes rubrofusca Wight)

in China: yin mao tu niu xi Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera (Achyranthes aspera var. indica L.; Achyranthes indica (L.) Mill.; Achyranthes obtusifolia Lam.; Centrostachys indica (L.) Standl.) India, Guyana, Tanzania. Herb See Species Plantarum 1: 204. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 545. 1783 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5(3): 75. 1915, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 143–174. 1946, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 13: 142–180. 1983, Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115. 1995, Harvard Pap. Bot. 9(2): 257–296. 2005 (Used in religion and magico-religious beliefs as magical cure for jaundice, intermittent fever and for safe delivery of pregnant mother; contact therapy, root tied on head and hair of pregnant woman to induce easy and normal delivery; smelling fresh roots is believed to hasten delivery; roots worn on the right arm for males and left arm for females to cure periodic fevers, string should be folded seven times and twined.) in China: dun ye tu niu xi in India: agadha, aghaada, aghada, aghadha, aghado, aghamargava, aghara, aghata, aghedo, agya, akatam, akatamonicceti, akatturam, akayamauni, ancanati, andaro, andhi jado, andhi jalo, andhi jhara, andhijhada, andhijhara, anghedi, anghedo in Tanzania: mpururu Achyranthes aspera L. var. porphyrostachya (Wall. ex Moq.) Hook. f. (Achyranthes argentea Lam.; Achyranthes argentea Thwaites; Achyranthes argentea var. borbonica Berhaut; Achyranthes porphyristachya Wall.; Achyranthes porphyristachya Moq.; Achyranthes porphyristachya Wall. ex Moq.; Achyranthes porphyrostachya Wall.; Achyranthes porphyrostachya Moq.; Achyranthes porphyrostachya Wall. ex Moq.) India. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 545. 1785, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6925. 1832, Autikon Botanikon 154. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13: 316. 1849, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 249. 1861, Flora orientalis 4: 994. 1879, The Flora of British India 4: 730. 1885 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 63. 1909, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, Mémoires: 3. 1954 (Whole plant germicide. Root decoction mixed with black pepper given as an antidote to snakebite; root powder taken for bleeding during delivery time. Ash of the plant used for jaundice.)

India. See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5(2): 3, pl. 1778. 1852, The Flora of British India 4(12): 730. 1885 and Takemoto T. et al., “Rubrosterone, a metabolite of insect metamorphosing substance from Achyranthes rubrofusca: structure and absolute configuration.” Tetrahedron. 25(6): 1241–8. 1969 (Juice and powder antiinflammatory, for rheumatism, muscular pains, abdominal pain, jaundice, pain in vagina, difficult labor, wounds and dog-bite, eye and ear diseases, headache, insomnia, piles, calculi.) in India: aghamargava, apa margamu, apamaargamu, apamar, apamara, apamarang, apamarg, apamarg panchang, apamarga, apamargah, apamargaha, apamargamu, apamargh, apamarkkam, apamarkki, apamarutamuli, apang, apangakpushpi, aparamarkkam, appamarg Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Achyranthes mauritiana Moq.) East Asia, China. Perennial herb, erect, ascending, pubescent, slender, rambling, straight cylindrical roots, inflorescence a terminal or axillary greenish spike, along streams, bushes, at forest edges See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 11: 545. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 313. 1849 and Cavaco, A. “Les Achyranthes (Amaranthaceae) du continent Africain et des îles adjacentes.” Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 32: 301–327. 1958, Journal of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 12: 55–57. 1988, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993, Lu T., Mao C., Zhang L., Xu W. “[The research on analgestic and antiinflammatory action of different processed products of Achyranthes bidentata.]” Zhong Yao Cai. 20(10): 507–509. 1997, Li J.X. et al. “Five new oleanolic acid glycosides from Achyranthes bidentata with inhibitory activity on osteoclast formation.” Planta Med. 71(7): 673–679. 2005, Han S.B. et al. “Prevention of arthritic inflammation using an oriental herbal combination BDX-1 isolated from Achyranthes bidentata and Atractylodes japonica.” Arch. Pharm. Res. 28(8): 902–908. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Plant infusion diuretic, astringent. Leaves for cholera and piles; paste of the leaves and turmeric applied locally on swellings to relieve pain. Roots antiinflammatory, hypocholesterolaemic, hypotensive and uterotonic, indicated for rheumatism, traumatic injury, lumbago, hypertension, sore throat, dysmenorrhea; fresh root paste taken internally for sore throat, the paste mixed with mustard oil and applied as a balm in pneumonia. Roots chewed for kidney and liver

54

Achyrocline (Less.) DC. Asteraceae

disorders; roots juice given for indigestion. Root as such used for abortion by inserting into the vagina.)

(Decoction to stop bleeding, antiviral; crushed and applied to heal ulcers, bruises and cuts.)

in English: amaranth, two-toothed chaff-flower

Achyranthes sicula Roth (Achyranthes annua Dinter; Achyranthes argentea Lam.; Achyranthes aspera var. argentea (Lam.) Boiss.; Achyranthes aspera var. argentea (Lam.) C.B. Clarke; Achyranthes aspera L. var. sicula L.; Achyranthes sicula (L.) All., non Roth)

in China: niu xi in India: adhajhara, akle, apamarga, apawarga, bhaisikuti, cherukadaladi, kaadu uttharaani, kozhivalan chappu, nayuruvi, oga, puthkanda, putkanda, vang vat tur, vangvattur in Nepal: ankhle jhar, datiwan, rato apamarga, ulte kuro

Tropical Africa.

India.

See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 545. 1785, Cat. Bot. 1: 39. 1797 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 63. 1909, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 32: 301–327. 1958, Informatore Botanico Italiano 18: 159–167. 1986

See Kew Bull. 1948, 488. 1949

(Antiinflammatory.)

(Plant decoction given in easy delivery. Root and stem powder with milk taken in debility. Root powder given to kill intestinal worms.)

in China: yin mao tu niu xi

in India: lal ephilzara

Achyrocline (Less.) DC. Asteraceae

Achyranthes fauriei H. Lév. & Vaniot

From the Greek achyron ‘chaff, husk’ and kline ‘a bed, couch’; see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Synopsis Generum Compositarum 332. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 219. 1838 and Carlos Stellfeld (1900–1970), “As drogas vegetais da farmacopéia brasileira em face do sistema taxonômico.” Tribuna Farmacêutica. 8(7): 152–166. Curitiba 1940, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 184: 1–223. 1958, Gayana, Botánica 42: 1–157. 1985, Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Luteyn, J.L. “Páramos, a checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution, and botanical literature.” Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 84: viii-xv, 1–278. 1999, Identificación de Especies Vegetales en Chuquisaca— Teoría, Práctica y Resultados 1–129. 2000, Compositae Newsletter 37: i-iii, 1–84. 2001.

in Vietnam: hoai nguru tat, nguru tat Achyranthes coynei Santapau

Japan. See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 51: 422. 1904, Yakushigaku Zasshi. 27(2): 117–24. 1992, Yakushigaku Zasshi. 28(2): 63–72. 1993, Planta Med. 60(3): 286–7. 1994, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(5): 1053–5. 2006 (Antiinflammatory. Cytotoxic saponin. Sharp spines at the bases of the utricles.) Achyranthes mollis Thonn. (Achyranthes mollis Lepr. ex Seub.) Tropical Africa. See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 127–128. 1827, Flora Brasiliensis 5(1): 230. 1875 (Antiinflammatory, abortifacient, a decoction for leprosy, also given to women after menstrual period for the control of fertility.) Achyranthes rigida (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Standl. (Achyranthes rigida Standl.; Alternanthera rigida B.L. Rob. & Greenm.; Blutaparon rigidum (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Mears; Lithophila rigida (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Standl.; Lithophila rigida Standl.; Philoxerus rigidus (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) Howell) South America. See American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 3, 50: 143. 1895 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5: 74–75, 396. 1915, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 21: 98. 1933, Taxon 31(1): 116. 1982

Achyrocline alata (Kunth) DC. (Achyrocline madioides Meyen & Walp.; Achyrocline rufescens DC., nom. superfl., nom. illeg.; Gnaphalium alatum Kunth; Gnaphalium incanum Kunth; Gnaphalium pellitum Kunth; Gnaphalium rufescens Kunth, nom. illeg.; Gnaphalium rufescens Poir.; Gnaphalium supinum var. fuscum Pers.; Pseudognaphalium pellitum (Kunth) Anderb.) South America. See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2(2): 747. 1788, Syn. Pl. 2: 421. 1807, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique Suppl. 2(2): 802. 1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 61–63. 1820 [1818], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 219–221. 1837 [1838], Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum (Suppl.) 19: 275. 1843 and American Journal of Botany 76: 585–594. 1980, Opera Botanica 104: 147. 1991, Planta Med.

55

Achyropsis (Moq.-Tand.) Hook.f. Amaranthaceae

65(2): 184–6. 1999, American Journal of Botany 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999

(Used for nausea, stomach and intestinal complaints. Roots for febrile complaints)

(Essential oils obtained from the inflorescences.)

in South Africa: isiNama (Zulu)

Achyrocline flaccida citrina Griseb.)

(Weinm.)

DC.

(Achyrocline

South America. More or less prostrate, cottony, flaccid herb, yellow head, minute smooth achene See Flora 1820: 610. 1820, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 220. 1837, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 187. 1879 (Whole plant in piles.) Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. (Achyrocline candicans (Kunth) DC.; Gnaphalium candicans Kunth; Gnaphalium satureioides Lam.; Gnaphalium satureioides var. candicans (Kunth) Kuntze) South America. See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2(2): 747. 1788, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 62. 1820 [1818], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 219–221. 1837 [1838], Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 153. 1898 and Caldasia 14(66): 7–20. 1984, Darwiniana 30: 115–121. 1990, Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Planta Med. 65(2): 184–6. 1999, Phytother. Res. 18(10): 819–23. 2004, Phytother. Res. 19(6): 486–90. 2005, Phytomedicine. 14(2–3): 102–8. 2007 (Potent antioxidant, photoprotection by topical application of A. satureioides. Antiinflammatory activity of A. satureioides ethanol extracts; antiherpetic activity of standardized extracts of A. satureioides.) in Brazil: macela, macela-do-campo, marcela Achyrocline tomentosa Rusby South America. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 219. 1838 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 4(14): 388. 1907, Planta Med. 65(2): 184–6. 1999 (Essential oils obtained from the inflorescences.)

Achyropsis (Moq.-Tand.) Hook.f. Amaranthaceae From the Greek achyron ‘chaff, husk’ and opsis ‘resemblance, resembling’. Achyropsis avicularis (E. Mey. ex Moq.) Hook. f. (Achy­ ranthes avicularis E. Mey.) South Africa. See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Genera Plantarum 3: 36. 1880

Achyrospermum Blume Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Greek achyron ‘chaff, husk’ and sperma ‘seed’, referring to the scaly nutlets, see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 840. 1826. Achyrospermum aethiopicum Welw. Tropical Africa, Angola. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27(1): 56. 1869 (Whole plant and leaves for diabetes, stomachache, colds, cough.) Achyrospermum radicans Gürke Tropical Africa, Tanzania. Shrub or sub-shrub, lianescent, small flowers See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 343. 1895 (Leaves for toothache, diabetes.) Achyrospermum schimperi (Hochst. ex Briq.) Perkins (Achyrospermum africanum Hook. f. ex Baker; Achyro­ spermum mearnsii Standl.; Achyrospermum schimperi (Briq.) Perkins; Achyrospermum schimperi Perkins; Achyrospermum schimperi auct.; Achyrospermum schimperi (Hochst. ex Briq.) Perkins ex Mildbr.; Elsholtzia schimperi Hochst. ex Briq.; Elsholtzia schimperi Briq.; Elsholtzia schimperi Hochst. ex Vatke) Trop. Africa, Zaire. Erect, aromatic See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 840. 1826, Linnaea 37: 325, nomen. 1872, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 2: 133. 1894, Nat. Pflanzenfam.: 325. 1894 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5(3): 465. 1900, Wiss. Erg. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped., Bot. 2: 553. 1907–1908 (publ. 1913), Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 68(5): 13. 1917, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8: 79. 1921, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108: 332–339. 2006 (Roots decoction laxative, purgative; leaves for jaundice, liver troubles. Veterinary medicine, leaves decoction for upper respiratory infections. Magic, against bad spirits.) in Burundi: akanukayi-co-mu-bunyovu in Kenya: cherugut, gacûgûna

Acisanthera P. Browne Melastomataceae From the Greek akis ‘a point’ and anthera ‘anther’, referring to the jointed anthers, see The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 217. 1756.

56

Acisanthera quadrata Pers. (Acisanthera acisanthera (L.); Acisanthera adscendens C. Wright; Acisanthera quadrata Juss.; Acisanthera quadrata Juss. ex Poir.; Rhexia acisanthera L.; Tibouchina adscendens (C. Wright) M. Gómez; Uranthera dicranophora Naudin) Jamaica, Nicaragua. Small See Species Plantarum 1: 346. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 998. 1759, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 445–446, pl. 177. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1: 111. 1810, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 3: 189. 1845, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 12(10): 283. 1849, Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Medicas … 6: 74. 1869, Anales de Historia Natural 23: 67. 1894 and Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 6: 2. 1925, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/4): 407–525. 1963, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): 1339–1419. 2001 (For skin diseases, leaves crushed and applied to infected area.)

Acmella L.C. Rich. ex Pers. Asteraceae From the Greek akme ‘a point, the highest point, bloom’, referring to the taste of the foliage, see also genus Spilanthes, see Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen (Ceratocephalus javanicus (Schultz-Bipontinus ex Miquel) Kuntze; Colobogyne langbianensis Gagnepain; Spilanthes acmella var. calva (DC.) Clarke ex Hooker f.; Spilanthes callimorpha A.H. Moore; Spilanthes calva DC.; Spilanthes javanica SchultzBipontinus ex Miquel; Spilanthes langbianensis (Gagnepain) Stuessy; Spilanthes rugosa Blume ex DC.; Spilanthes rugosa var. truncata Miq.) India. Annual herb, erect, pubescent, florets yellow See Contributions to the Botany of India 19. 1834, The Flora of British India 3: 307. 1881 and Systematic Botany Monographs 8: 41. 1985, Compositae Newsletter 27: 7–10. 1995, Parasitology Res. 102(1): 171–174. 2007 (Used in Sidha. Plant juice for peptic ulcer, applied in headache and toothache; whole plant and flower-heads rubbed into scabies. Flower-heads stimulant, used for headache, affections of the throat, tongue and gums, chewed to protect teeth from decaying; powdered flower-head applied in piles; a decoction drunk to get instant relief from stomachache. Leaf paste applied on sprains, also applied as plasters on dislocation of bones. Insecticidal, larvicidal, a system for biocontrol of malaria and filarial mosquito vectors. Leaf powder with DDT for fish poisoning; crushed plant as a fish poison.) in Bangladesh: hamfoi in India: aakarakarabha, aangaaravalli, abhijal, akkalgaro, angaravalli, baachanige balli, dodda vana mugali,

Acmella L.C. Rich. ex Pers. Asteraceae

hemmugulu, hommugali, hommugali hoo, hommugali soppu, mareti, nar-mundi, nilamarandaikkodi, perunkurinca, seeranige hambu, sheerange balli, sheeranige hambu, siranigehambu, siruattaankodi, vanamugali, vanthi balli in Nepal: ban marethi, marathee, saprumu, syaprumu Acmella caulirhiza Delile (Acmella linnaei Cass.; Eclipta filicaulis Schumach. & Thonn.; Spilanthes abyssinica Schultz-Bipontinus ex A. Richard; Spilanthes acmella DC.; Spilanthes acmella Murr.; Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray; Spilanthes acmella var. acmella; Spilanthes africana DC.; Spilanthes caulirhiza (Delile) DC.; Spilanthes caulirhiza var. madagascariensis DC.; Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach. & Thonn.) C.D. Adams; Spilanthes mauritiana DC.; Spilanthes mauritiana (Rich.) DC.; Spilanthes mauritiana (A. Rich. ex Pers.) DC.; Spilanthes mauritiana fo. madagascariensis (DC.) A.H. Moore; Verbesina acmella L.) Tanzania. Prostrate herb, procumbent, weed, slender, rooting at nodes, scrambling, creeping, crawling, ascending, trailing, stem red-green, flowers deep yellow, minute rays yellow, disc yellow, in damp soil among rocks, in forest, in grassland, in mud along streambank, in shallow standing water, in muddy area, in swampy places See Species Plantarum 2: 901–902. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8, 28. 1760, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 157, 286, [sic 159]. 1771, A System of Vegetables. Translated from the thirteenth edition 610. 1774, Syn. Pl. 2: 472–473. 1807, Voyage à Méroé 4: 335. 1826–1827, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 390. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 623, 625. 1836, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 145. 1848 and Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 42: 542. 1907, Webbia 12: 326. 1956, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Systematic Botany Monographs 8: 38. 1985 (Insecticidal, tincture from the flowers a mosquito larvicide. Leaves laxative, emetic, used to treat coughs, flu in children, tooth pain. Boiled stem and leaf used to treat stomachache. Leaves chewed for oral thrush, diarrhea, stomachache, toothache, as snakebite remedy. Crushed plant as fish poison.) in Kenya: kamutata in Nigeria: edingo in Tanzania: engairamirami, lumwaga, mt’hango, mtango, mtango wa nkoma, ntango, rumwaga Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen (Acmella caulirhiza Delile; Bidens fervida Lam.; Bidens fervida Hort. ex Colla; Bidens fusca Lam.; Cotula pyrethraria L.; Isocarpha pyrethraria Cass.; Isocarpha pyrethraria (L.) Cass.; Pyrethrum spilanthus Medik.; Spilanthes acmella var. oleracea (L.) Hook.f.; Spilanthes acmella var. oleracea (L.) C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f.; Spilanthes acmella var. oleracea (L.) Baker; Spilanthes acmella var. oleracea (Jacq.) Baker; Spilanthes fusca Hort. Par. ex Lam.; Spilanthes fusca Lam.; Spilanthes oleracea L.; Spilanthes oleracea Jacq.; Spilanthes oleracea

57

Acnistus Schott Solanaceae

var. fusca (Lam.) DC.; Spilanthes radicans Schrad. ex DC.; Spilanthes radicans Schrad.; Spilanthes radicans Jacq.; Spilanthus oleracea L.) Brazil. Annual herb, succulent, ascending, spreading to semi-erect, capitula discoid globose, heads yellow See Systema Naturae ed. 12. 2: 534. 1767, Mant. Pl. 116. 1767, Historia et Commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Litterarum TheodoroPalatinae. 3: 242. Mannheim, 1775, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 415–416. 1785, Collectanea [Jacquin] 3: 229. 1791, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. [F. Cuvier] 26: 280. 1823, Cent. Pl. Afr. Meroe 45. t. iii. f. 7. 1826 [Voyage à Méroé], Herb. Pedem. iii. 306. 1834, Prodr. (DC.) 5: 624. 1836, The Flora of British India 3: 307. 1881, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 6, pt. 3: 233. 1884 and Systematic Botany Monographs 8: 65. 1985, Glimpses Pl. Res. 8: 1–177. 1988, Compositae Newslett. 27: 7–10. 1995, Parasitol. Res. 102(1): 171–174. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda. Flower decoction drunk to treat stomachache. Insecticidal, larvicidal, a system for biocontrol of malaria and filarial mosquito vectors. Veterinary medicine, dried plant of Spilanthes oleracea applied as vulnerary to bruises, wounds.) in Ecuador: nátsampar, pirtuyákas in India: acharbondi, akalkar, akarkara, maharashtri, maratimagoo, maratimogga, maratitige, pakarmul, pipulka, pokarmul, spinach soppu, ukra, vanamugali, vanamukali, ukra Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K. Jansen (Spilanthes acmella var. albescentifolia A.H. Moore; Spilanthes acmella var. paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f.; Spilanthes grandifolia Miq.; Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC.; Spilanthes paniculata Jacq. ex S.S. Renner, Balslev & Holm-Niels., nom. nud.; Spilanthes paniculata fo. bicolor Koster) India, America. Herb, flowers white, whole plant as vegetable See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 625. 1836, The Flora of British India 3: 307. 1881 and American Journal of Botany 72: 1835–1841. 1985, Systematic Botany Monographs 8: 67. 1985, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, Parasitol. Res. 102(1): 171–174. 2007 (Plant extract given in case of stammering. Leaves and tender shoots eaten raw or boiled to treat stomachache; leaf paste used to relieve toothache. Paste of flowers and buds taken for relief from cough and cold. Insecticidal, larvicidal, a system for biocontrol of malaria and filarial mosquito vectors.) in India: aachaara jondi, aang-gyadu, bati, choveio, jati malkathi, oson-sak, savannamuguli, uisnai Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. (Ceratocephalus acmelia var. depauperata Kuntze; Ceratocephalus acmella var. depauperata Kuntze; Ceratocephalus acmella var. uliginosa (Sw.) Kuntze; Coreopsis acmella var. uliginosa (Sw.) K. Krause; Jaegeria uliginosa (Sw.) Spreng.; Spilanthes acmella (L.)

Murray; Spilanthes acmella var. uliginosa (Sw.) Baker; Spilanthes charitopis A.H. Moore; Spilanthes iabadicensis A.H. Moore; Spilanthes lundii DC.; Spilanthes salzmannii DC.; Spilanthes uliginosa Sw.; Spilanthes uliginosa var. discoidea Aristeg.) Senegal, Ghana. Creeping herb, slender, capitula ovoid, yellow tubular flowers See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 110. 1788, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 24: 331. 1822, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 590. 1826, Flora Brasiliensis 6(3): 233. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 326. 1891 and Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 32: 340. 1914, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 181–361, 503–570. 1976 (Leaves antiabortive, wound-healing. Leaves, flower and fruit hemostatic, analgesic, insecticide, antibacterial, for toothache.)

Acnistus Schott Solanaceae See Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(4): 1180. 1829, Linnaea 6: Litt. 54. 1831 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/1–2): 1–151. 1974. Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. (Acnistus aggregatus Miers; Acnistus aggregatus (Ruiz & Pav.) Miers; Acnistus arborescens Schltdl.; Acnistus benthami Miers; Acnistus campanulatus (Lam.) Merr.; Acnistus cauliflorus (Jacq.) Schott; Acnistus cauliflorus Schott; Acnistus cauliflorus Miers; Acnistus floccosus Werderm.; Acnistus floribundus G. Don; Acnistus floribundus (Kunth) G. Don; Acnistus frutescens Bello; Acnistus geminifolius Damm.; Acnistus guayaquilensis G. Don; Acnistus guayaquilensis (Kunth) G. Don; Acnistus macrophyllus (Benth.) Standl.; Acnistus macrophyllus Standl.; Acnistus miersii Dunal; Acnistus plumieri Miers; Acnistus pringlei Fernald; Acnistus punctatus Riley; Acnistus ramiflorus Miers; Acnistus sideroxyloides G. Don; Acnistus sideroxyloides (Roem. & Schult.) G. Don; Atropa arborescens L.; Atropa sideroxyloides Roem. & Schult.; Cestrum campanulatum Lam.; Cestrum cauliflorum Jacq.; Cestrum macrostemon Sessé & Moc.; Dunalia arborescens (L.) Sleumer; Dunalia arborescens var. campanulata (Lam.) J.F. Macbr.; Dunalia campanulata (Lam.) J.F. Macbr.; Dunalia campanulata J.F. Macbr.; Lycium aggregatum Ruiz & Pav.; Lycium arborescens Spreng.; Lycium arborescens (L.) Spreng.; Lycium floribundum Kunth; Lycium guayaquilense Kunth; Lycium macrophyllum Benth.; Pederlea aggregata Raf.; Pederlea aggregata (Ruiz & Pav.) Raf.; Pederlea arborescens Raf.; Pederlea arborescens (L.) Raf.; Pederlea cestroides Raf.) South America. Small tree with corky fissured bark, white bell-shaped fragrant flowers in sessile groups, small orange berries, many small flat seeds See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 688. 1785, Flora Peruviana 2: 45, t. 182a. 1799, Nova Genera et

58

Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 51. 1818, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1: 701. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(4): 1180. 1829, Linnaea 7: 67–68. 1832, Sylva Telluriana 54. 1838, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 461. 1838, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 49. 1840, London Journal of Botany 4: 337, 340–341. 1845, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(1): 497. 1852, Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 10: 299. 1881, Flora Mexicana 49. 1894 and Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 40(1): 56. 1904, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(4): 384. 1905, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(4): 1288. 1924, Kew Bulletin 139. 1925, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 8(2): 107, 109. 1930, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 372. 1935, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 29: 213. 1948, Lilloa 23: 124–126. 1950, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(5B/1): 45. 1962, Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 3: 41, t. 325. 1978, Kurtziana 15: 81–102. 1982, Phytochemistry 59(6): 635–641. 2002, J. Nat. Prod. 67(4): 710–713. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(3): 460–462. 2006 (Berries infusion to treat colic. Used as a diuretic, to treat liver infections, as well as an antitumor agent. Extracts of leaves to treat cancerous growths. Anticancer, diuretic, antimalarial, cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Leaf poultices for fever, migraine, mumps, neuralgia.) in English: bastard sirio, hollow heart, wild tobacco Common names: galán arbóreo, gallinero, marieneira, mata gallina, nigüito, siyou, tabaco de monte, tabak djab

Acokanthera G. Don f. Apocynaceae Greek ake, akis ‘a sharp point, a spike, a cutting edge’, akoke ‘a point’ and anthera ‘anther’, the anthers are pointed, see Kew Bulletin 37(1): 41–67. 1982, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1–483, 1–529. MIM, Deurne. 1995, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. Kew. 2003, Calane da Silva, M., Izdine, S. & Amuse, A.B. A Preliminary Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Mozambique: 1–184. SABONET, Pretoria. 2004, Thulin, M. (ed.) Flora of Somalia 3: 1–626. Kew. 2006. Ouabain, a white poisonous glycoside extracted from the seeds of the African trees Strophanthus gratus and Acokanthera ouabaio, that is used as a heart stimulant and by some African peoples as a dart poison. The compound is also present in A. longiflora, A. schimperi and A. venenata. Acokanthera schimperi, Euclea schimperi, Inula confertiflora, Melilotus elegans and Plumbago zeylanica are some of the medicinal plants used for treatment of various skin disorders. Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd (Acokanthera oblongifolia Benth. & Hook. f.; Acokanthera oblongifolia

Acokanthera G. Don f. Apocynaceae

(Hochst.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks.; Acokanthera spectabilis (Sond.) Hook. f.; Acokanthera venenata var. spectabilis (Sond.) Sim; Carissa oblongifolia Hochst.; Carissa spectabilis (Sond.) Pichon; Jasminonerium oblongifolium (Hochst.) Kuntze; Toxicophlaea spectabilis Sond.) Tropical Africa, Mozambique to South Africa. Evergreen shrub or small tree, white fragrant flowers See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 135, 189. 1767, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 485. 1837, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 135. 1841, Flora 27(2): 827. 1844, Linnaea 23: 79. 1850, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 696. 1876, Botanical Magazine 104: t. 6359. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 414. 1891 and The Forests and Forest Flora of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope 270, t. 154, f. 2. 1907, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, n.s., 24: 132. 1948, Bothalia 7: 449. 1961, Planta Med. 24(3): 234–242. 1973, Planta Med. 25(1): 17–21. 1974, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985 (Plants known or suspected of causing urticaria or skin irritation; fruit highly toxic, especially when unripe, but the ripe fruits have also caused fatalities in children. An ointment made from the fine scrapings of the root of Acokanthera spectabilis used by the Mpondo (also spelled Pondo, group of Nguni-speaking peoples who have for several centuries occupied the area between the Mtata and Mtamvuna rivers in Eastern province of South Africa) for the relief of itchy conditions, the application is said to be violently irritant. Contact with the plant may cause smarting of the eyes and skin, and throat irritation. Used to treat snakebites and as an emetic. Root scrapings rubbed into the skin against itch. Wood or leaf decoction drunk for internal worms, and to combat evil spirits; stem wood and leaves for tapeworm and snakebite. Stem bark and root bark used as arrow poison.) in English: bushman’s poison bush, dune poison-bush, Hottentot’s poison, Hottentot’s poison bush, kaffir poison, poison bush, winter sweet, wintersweet in Southern Africa: boesmansgif, duinegifboom, kaffergifboom; inHlungunyembe, uBuhlungu-benyoka, ubuHlungubenyoka, umHlagashiso (Zulu); iNtlungunyembe, inTlungunyembe, ubuHlungu (= poison), ziMlungu, iNxinebe (Xhosa) Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd (Acokanthera lamarckii G. Don, nom. illeg.; Acokanthera longiflora Stapf; Acokanthera rhodesica Merxm.; Acokanthera venenata sensu Stapf non G. Don; Acokanthera venenata (Burm. f.) G. Don; Acokanthera venatorium E. Mey.; Carissa acokanthera Pichon, nom. illeg.; Carissa longiflora (Stapf) G.H.M. Lawr.; Carissa oppositifolia (Lam.) Pichon; Carissa oppositifolium (Lam.) Pichon; Cestrum oppositifolium Lamarck; Cestrum venenatum Burm. f., nom. illeg.; Pleiocarpa hockii De Wild.; Toxicophlaea cestroides A. DC.; Toxicophlaea thunbergii Harv.; Toxicophlaea thunbergii Harv. var. scabra Sond.; Toxicophlaea cestroides A. DC.)

59

Acomastylis Greene Rosaceae

East Africa, Kenya, South Africa. Evergreen, small tree or lianescent shrub, sometimes multi-stemmed, twigs shiny pale green, damaged plant producing milky juice, stigma and style dark brown-purple, ovoid red purplish fleshy berry, white latex in fruits and leaves, fruits edible when really ripe, in dry forest margins, woodland, riverine forest See Species Plantarum 1: 191. 1753, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 2: 5, pl. 112, f. 2. 1794, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 485. 1837, London J. Bot. 1: 24. 1842 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1922: 28. 1922, Bull. Jard. Bot. État 22: 109. 1952, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 201. 1953, Baileya 7: 90. 1959, Bothalia 7(3): 448. 1961, J. Pharm. Sci. 63(3): 462–464. 1974 (Caution: bark, leaves, unripe fruit and roots very poisonous. Dangerous to stock. A decoction of roots used in the treatment of syphilis. Powdered dried leaves and roots used to treat headaches and snakebite. Weak leaf infusions taken for abdominal pain. Arrow poison.) in English: arrow poison tree, bushman’s arrow poison, bushman’s poison, bushman’s poison bush, common poison-bush, kaffir poison, poison arrow tree, poison bush, poison tree in China: chang yao hua in East Africa: kiororo, kiururu, mararu, marid, mshunguti, murichu, musongwa, ol morijoi, usungu in Kenya: kikweo, kiururu, msungusungu, msunguti, mudi ghwa wusungu [mudi=tree, wusungu=poison], mururu, ngweo kiruru in Southern Africa: boesmansgif, boesmansgifboom, gifboom, gewone gifboom, kaffergif; botholo, tsebe-dintlhe (= sharp ears) (North Sotho); inHlungunyembe, umHlagahliso (Zulu); inHlungunyembe (Swazi); iNtlungunyembe, inTlungunyembe, ubuHlungu, ubuHlungu benyoka (Xhosa) in Tanzania: mbuswa, msungu, msunguti in Zambia: ikubi Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. (Acokanthera abyssinica K. Schum.; Acokanthera deflersii Schweinf. ex Lewin; Acokanthera deflersii Schweinf.; Acokanthera deflersii Schweinf ex Markgr.; Acokanthera deflersii var. africana Markgraf; Acokanthera friesiorum Markgraf; Acokanthera ouabaio Cathelineau ex Lewin; Acokanthera ouabaio Poisson; Acokanthera ouabaio Cath.; Acokanthera scabra Schweinf. ex Markgr.; Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Schweinf.; Acokanthera schimperi Oliv.; Acokanthera schimperi Benth. & Hook.f.; Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Schweinf.; Acokanthera schimperi var. ouabaio (Cathelineau ex Lewin) Cufod.; Acokanthera wabajo Markgr.; Arduina ouabaio Cornu ex Holmes; Arduina schimperi (A. DC.) Baill.; Carissa deflersii (Schweinf. ex Markgraf) Pichon; Carissa deflersii (Schweinf. ex Lewin) Pichon; Carissa friesiorum (Markgraf) Cufod.; Carissa inepta Perrot & Vogt; Carissa

mepte Hochst.; Carissa ouabaio Poisson; Carissa schimperi A. DC.; Strychnos abyssinica Hochst.) Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, evergreen, multistemmed, very dense dark green crown, dark brown bark deeply fissured, shiny leaves, axillary clusters of white pinkish fragrant flowers, oval berries red purple and black when ripe, fruit flesh edible, in dry forest margins, scrub on dry soil, wooded grassland, rocky bushland See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 135, 189. 1767, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 485. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 675. 1844, Flora 27(1): 101, in syn. 1844, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 696. 1876, Thomson, Joseph (1858–1895), Through Masai land: a journey of exploration among the snowclad volcanic mountains and strange tribes of eastern equatorial Africa. London: Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1887, Boll. Soc. Africana D’Italia 10(11–12): 242 (–243). 1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xvii Beibl. 41 (1893) 44 et 45. 1893 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8: 462, 464–466, f. 4. 1923, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris n.s., xxiv. 132. 1948, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 30, Suppl. 684. 1960, Bothalia 7: 448. 1961, J. Ethnopharmacol. 14(2–3): 273–281. 1985, J. Ethnopharmacol. 40(3): 167–180. 1993, J. Ethnopharmacol. 100(1–2): 168–175. 2005, J. Ethnopharmacol. 104(1–2): 182– 187. 2006, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine. 3: 12. 2007 (Unripe fruits and seeds highly poisonous, and several cases of accidental poisoning of children have been recorded. Poisons, dangerous to stock. Stem bark and roots antiviral, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, used in the treatment of skin diseases of viral origin, an infusion for syphilis; roots infusion in the treatment of syphilis. Leaves and bark applied to treat skin disorders; dried pulverized leaves with honey taken as an antifertility medicine; leaves infusion gargled to treat tonsillitis. Bark, wood and roots are the usual ingredients for arrow poison, often in combination with the latex of Excoecaria madagascariensis (Baill.) Müll.Arg. and the tuber of Dioscorea quartiniana A. Rich. Veterinary medicine, leaf decoction given to cattle for cold.) in English: arrow poison plant, arrow poison tree, common poison bush, poison arrow tree in East Africa: argassi, gelwan, keliot, kelyo, khargesi, kibai, mchungu, msungu, murichu, mururu, ol morijoi, ol-morigye in Kenya: ilmorijoi, k’arraaru, karraru, kelion, keliot, kelyon, kelyot, kibai, kivai, marid, muricu, mururu, olmorijoi in Tanzania: mchungu, mshunguti, msongu, msungu, msunguti, olmorijoi Vernacular names: argassi, ghedulajowaba, maktat, menbt­ chen, mepti, mptah, murichu, mururu, ouabai, wabai

Acomastylis Greene Rosaceae Perhaps from the Greek a ‘not’ and kome ‘hair, hair of the head’ and stylos ‘style’, see Leaflets of Botanical Observation

60

and Criticism 1(12): 174. 1906, Illustrierte Flora von MittelEuropa, ed. 3 4(2a): 625. 1995. Acomastylis elata (Wall. ex G. Don) F. Bolle (Acomastylis elata var. leiocarpa (W.E. Evans) F. Bolle; Geum elatum Wall. ex G. Don; Geum elatum var. leiocarpum W.E. Evans; Sieversia elata (Wall. ex G. Don) Royle)

Aconitum L. Ranunculaceae

(Foliage and flowers cause food poisoning to cattle. Tuberous roots antipyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic; roots fried in ghee and rubbed to the skin for the treatment of rheumatism. Magic, whole plants, roots included, used to remove evil influence in cattle.) in India: bhangwa, bikh, bis, mitha bish, mittha

China, India. Suberect, rhizomatous, herbs, flowering stems with few leaves and 1–6 flowers, hairy achenes, see also Geum elatum

Aconitum balfourii Stapf (Aconitum atrox (Bruhl) Mukerjee; Aconitum atrox Goris; Aconitum atrox Walp.; Aconitum ferox var. atrox Bruhl; Caltha codua Buch.-Ham.)

See A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 526. 1832, Fl. Brit. India 2(5): 343. 1878 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 14(67): 29. 1923, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 72: 83. 1933, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 207. 1935

India, Himalaya. Tuberous perennial herbs, flowers in racemes, blue sepal, follicles

(Roots and shoots tonic, astringent, for dysentery, diarrhea and sore throat. Leaves decoction for dysentery and diarrhea.) in China: yu ye hua in India: gwali

See Bull. Bot. Surv. India iii. 101. 1962 (Used in Ayurveda. A fatal monkshood, intake of roots is fatal. Whole plant highly toxic, tuber very poisonous. Roots analgesic, antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, vermifuge. Paste of tuber to cure snakebite. Veterinary medicine, paste of tuber for curing wounds of domestic animals.) in India: banwa, bikh, bis, bismora, do, gobari, gobriya, meetha bish, metha, vatsanabha, visha in Nepal: gobaree

Aconitum L. Ranunculaceae

Aconitum bisma Rap. (Aconitum bisma (Buch.-Ham.) Rap.)

Akoniton, the ancient Greek name used by Theophrastus for a very poisonous plant, Greek koneion, konion ‘hemlock’, keno, kaino, kone ‘to kill, killing, massacre’, Latin aconitum ‘a poisonous plant, wolf’s bane, monk’s-hood, aconite’; see Species Plantarum 1: 532. 1753, Reichenbach, (Heinrich Gottlieb) Ludwig (1793–1879), Monographia generis Aconiti iconibus omnium specierum coloratis illustrata Latina et Germanice elaborata. Lipsiæ: Frid. Christ. Guil. Vogelii, 1820, Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 16: 326. 1868, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 14–15. Bologna 1870 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 51: 507–508. 1904, Kadota, Yuichi (1949– ), A revision of Aconitum subgenus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) of East Asia. 1987, Taxon 41: 555. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Taxon 47: 747–748. 1998, Taxon 49: 274–275. 2000, Luo, Yan, Taxonomic revision of Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) from Sichuan, with a study on the phylogeny of this genus based on molecular evidence. Beijing: The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2003. The genus Aconitum is phylogenetically most closely related to Delphinium Linnaeus. The aconites have been of interest since ancient times because they contain diterpene alkaloids that range from relatively nontoxic to deadly poisonous. In various parts of the world they have been used medicinally and as a source of poisons throughout history.

India, Himalaya. Tuberous perennial herbs

Aconitum atrox (Brühl) Mukerjee (Aconitum atrox Walp.; Aconitum atrox Goris) India. See Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 1: 57. 1842 and Bulletin des Sciences Pharmacologiques 3: 122. 1901, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 3: 101. 1962

See Curr. Sci. 48: 25–27. 1979 (Whole plant decoction in rheumatism and arthritis. Tuber and roots very bitter, extract given in diarrhea and for vomiting and bowel complaints. Paste of roots and tubers used to poison arrows.) in India: bih, bokmai, seto bikhooma, vichnag Aconitum brachypodum Diels China. See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh. 5: 268. 1912, China Pl. Red Data Book 1: 518–519. 1992 (Root caudex poisonous, used as an antipyretic.) in China: duan bing wu tou Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf (Aconitum angusticassidatum Steinb.; Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes) Pakistan, Western Himalayas. Herb, tuberous roots, flowers in racemes, blue sepals, follicles See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10: 142, pl. 96. 1905, Fl. URSS vii. 231, 734. 1937 (Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant highly toxic, very poisonous; intake of roots is fatal. Dried root analgesic, antidiabetic, anodyne, diaphoretic, diuretic, irritant and sedative, antirheumatic, useful in heart diseases and fever; dried pulverized roots mixed with butter and applied as ointment on abscess and boils. Root paste given with honey in fever.)

61

Aconitum L. Ranunculaceae

in China: zhan hua wu tou in India: amrta, dudhia mauhra, kauri patish, mauhari, mehri, mohra, mohri, mohru, mori, moura, patis kauri, sthavaravisa, vajranaga, vatsanabh, vatsanabha, vatsanagaka, visa in Pakistan: beshmolo Aconitum columbianum Nuttall (Aconitum geranioides Greene; Aconitum leibergii Greene) North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 532. 1753, Flora N. Amer. 1: 34. 1838 and Amer. J.Bot. 67: 263–273. 1980, Oecologia 47: 160–163. 1980, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109: 13–23. 1982, Sida 16: 13. 1994 (Highly poisonous, probably not one of the extremely toxic aconites. Used for witchcraft.) in English: Columbian monkshood Aconitum columbianum Nuttall subsp. columbianum (Aconitum columbianum subsp. pallidum Piper; Aconitum columbianum Nutt. var. bakeri (Greene) Harrington; Aconitum columbianum var. ochroleucum A. Nelson; Aconitum infectum Greene; Aconitum mogollonicum Greene; Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray; Aconitum uncinatum subsp. noveboracense (A. Gray) Hardin) North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 532. 1753 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7: 2, 5. 1909 (Poisonous. Magic, ritual, used for witchcraft.) in English: Columbian monkshood Aconitum deinorrhizum Stapf Himalayas. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10: 158. 1905 (Used in Ayurveda. Poisonous roots. A small piece of tuberous root given with hot water for fever and cold.) in India: atees, dudhia mauhra, gathia maurha, mauhari, mehri, mohra, mohri, mohru, mori, moura, vatsanabh, vatsanabha, vatsanagaka Aconitum delphiniifolium DC. (Aconitum chamissonianum Rchb.; Aconitum chamissonis Rchb.; Aconitum delphiniifolium fo. paradoxum; Aconitum delphiniifolium subsp. chamissonianum (Rchb.) Hultén; Aconitum delphiniifolium subsp. paradoxum (Rchb.) Hultén; Aconitum delphiniifolium var. americanum DC.; Aconitum delphiniifolium var. humile Rchb.; Aconitum delphiniifolium var. kamchaticum DC.; Aconitum delphiniifolium var. paradoxum (Rchb.) S.L. Welsh; Aconitum napellus var. delphinifolium Bong.; Aconitum napellus var. delphinifolium Ser.; Aconitum napellus var. semigaleatum (Pall. ex Rchb.) Ser.; Aconitum nivatum A. Nelson; Aconitum obscurum Rchb. ex S. Watson;

Aconitum paradoxum Rchb.; Aconitum productum Rchb.; Aconitum semigaleatum Pall. ex Rchb.) North America. Perennial herb See Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 380. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817] and Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 67(3): 360–365. 1982 (Roots poisonous.) in English: larkspurleaf monkshood Aconitum delphiniifolium DC. subsp. delphiniifolium (Aconitum delphiniifolium subsp. chamissonianum (Reichenbach) Hultén; Aconitum delphiniifolium subsp. paradoxum (Reichenbach) Hultén; Aconitum delphiniifolium DC. var. albiflorum A.E. Porsild; Aconitum delphiniifolium var. paradoxum (Reichenbach) S.L. Welsh) North America. Perennial herb See Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 380. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817] (Roots poisonous.) in English: larkspurleaf monkshood Aconitum falconeri Stapf Himalayas. See Journal of Biogeography 20(6): 659–668. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda. Poisonous. Roots decoction anodyne, antidiabetic, antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, antipyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative, narcotic, for cough and snakebite, as ointment to cure rheumatism.) in India: atis, bhotia-chanduk, bikh, bish, meetha-bis, vatsanabha Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. (Aconitum ferox Wall.) Temperate and subalpine Himalaya, Nepal. Herb, erect, leaves stalked alternate, flowers blue or violet in racemes, smelly See Species Plantarum 1: 532. 1753, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4721 A. 1831 and Taxon 29: 712. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 19: 114–115. 1984, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 74(3,VI): 184–185. 1987, Cell and Chromosome Research 11: 93–97. 1988, Cell and Chromosome Research 12: 22–29. 1989 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Roots poisonous, used as poison to kill a person and for arrow poisoning; sedative, antidote to lethal poison, alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, used in leprosy, cholera, body pain and rheumatism, fevers; dried root powdered and taken orally to relieve fever and pain; root decoction given for the treatment of mad dog bite.) in English: bish poison of Nepal, Indian aconite, monkshood in India: amrta, amuttam, atis, atis meethi chalu, atish meethi, atisingeeabish, atisingua bish, ativasa, ativasanabhi, ativisa, bacchang, bachhnag, bachnag, bachnak, bikh, bikhma,

62

bikhuma, bis, bis-h, bisfnag, bish, bishnag, butchnat, cattuvam, chandu, cirinkivisam, garala, irulmuka, irulpuka, kalakuta, karu napi, karunaabhi, karunapi, karunapu, karunavi, kat-bish, katbish, kshveda, mahoor, manchria, mansang, marutam, matukaram, mirukapalikai, mitavisam, mitha tilia mudabbir, mitha zahar, mithabish, mithazahar, nabhi, nabi, napam, napi, navi, nyine, paccai navi, paccanavi, piyusmirtam, prativisa, putacarikai, shingadio-vachnag, singya, singya-bis, singyabis, teliya-bis, telyabish, vacanapi, vacanavi, vaccanapi, vaccanvi, vacchang, vachnag, vachhnag kala, vachhnag safed, valsanaabi, valsanabhi, vanavacanam, varcanapi, vasa-nabhi, vasanaavi, vasanabhi, vasanubhi, vasha-navi, vashanabi, vashanavi, vatcanapi, vatsanabha (the root resembling the navel of a child), vatsanabhi, visa, visam, visanapi, visha, vishamavi, vishnanuir, visnanuyir, vitam, vuchnag, zher in Nepali: bikh, nilo bikh in Tibetan: bong-nag, gsang-dzim, nag-po bong-nnga, nangdzim, phyi-dzim, sman-chen Aconitum fischeri Rchb. (Aconitum lubarskyi Rchb. var. fischeri (Rchb.) Luferov) China. See Monogr. Acon. pl. 22. 1820, Illustratio Specierum Aconiti Generis t. 20. 1823 and Turczaninowia 7: 27. 2004 (Poisonous.) in English: Fischer monkshood in China: bao ye wu tou Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.) Central Nepal, India, Uttar Pradesh, Himalaya. Herb, cauline leaves toothed, flowers in raceme bright blue to greenish blue with purple veins

Aconitum L. Ranunculaceae

aticaracuracamaraci, aticarakkini, atirasa, atis, atis kadavi kashmiri, atis kadavi kullu, atis kashmiri, atis kullu, atis meethi, atis shirin, atisaraghni, atish, atish kadavi, ativacam, ativacampu, ativadayam, ativaka, ativasa, ativasu, atividyam, ativis kulu, ativis mitha, ativisa, ativisha, ativitai, ativitaiyam, ativitam, ativitayam, attakatitam, attam, attatam, attiranam, atvika, atvisha, avirukam, bhangura, bhringi, bikh, boa, bona-karpo, cattivinacini, cinki, cirinki, conga, cukkilakentam, cukkulakantam, ghuna-priya, ghunaisa, kalacu, kalacuvetam, kalacuvitaiyam, kalakavetam, kalarcipatam, kalarcupatam, kalarcuvatam, kantacukkilam, kashmira, kasmira, kauri patis, kenta, kukkilam, kunakkacikam, kunapalam, kunapalan, kunattam, kunavallapai, kunetakam, kunettam, madri, mahoshadha, mamche menthok, mantiri, matiri, matirivitaiyam, mitha bish, mohra, mridvi, nattuativitaiyam, padish, pankaram, pankura, pankurai, pankuram, patis, patish, ponkar, prativisa, prativisha, pravisha, shishubhaishyajja, shokapaha, shringi, shringika, shuklakanda, shveta, shvetakanda, shvetavacha, shyamkanda, sisubhaisajya, sitashringi, suklakanda, surala, upavishaaka, upavitai, upavitam, upvisha, vajje-turki, vajjeturki, vallabha, vicu, vicuvacan, vicuvam, vicuvankatti, vicuvatikkam, vira, virupa, visakhya, visapaka, visha, visharupa, vishva, vitam, vitaru, vitayam, yankura in Nepal: atis in Tibet: bon na, bon na dkar po, bon-na-dkar-po Aconitum hookeri Stapf Himalaya. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10: 147. 1905 (Fresh root juice taken for fever.) in India: atis, bhotia-ponkar Aconitum kashmiricum Stapf

See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4722. 1831, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 56, pl. 13. 1833

India, Himalaya.

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Poisonous, roots are non-poisonous. Roots chewed as aphrodisiac, antiperiodic, vermifuge, anthelmintic, stomachic, astringent, bitter tonic, febrifuge, used in cough, cold, headache, fevers, dyspepsia, gastric pain, dysentery and diarrhea, for intestinal worms, administered to infants for stomach troubles, fever and vomiting; root powder given against toothache, high fever, stomach disorders, headache; root paste given in diarrhea.)

(Leaves and root extract used to cure malaria and fevers.)

in English: atis root in India: aatish, adhividayam, adivitaiyam, akuculapu, alakavetam, alecuveppam, alecuveppu, alecuvitaiyam, alecuvitayam, amrita, arand, ariyan, ariyavitaiyam, ariyavitayam, arttiram, aruna, arunai, ataicha, atavish, atees, ateesh, ateicha, athibaje, athivaasa, athividayam, athividyam, athivish, athivisha, ati-vadayam, ati-vidayam, ati vitayam, atibaje,

See Wild Flowers of Kashmir 3: 25. 1930 Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichenbach Asia, Korea, China. Perennial herb, erect, smooth, purplish blue inflorescence, seeds winged, in grassland, at forest edges, on slopes See Reichenbach, (Heinrich Gottlieb) Ludwig (1793– 1879), Monographia generis Aconiti iconibus omnium specierum coloratis illustrata Latina et Germanice elaborata. Lipsiæ, 1820 (Root tuber very poisonous. arthralgia, contusions.)

Used

for

rheumatic

in English: Kusnetzoff’s monk’s hood, Kusnezoff monk’s hood in China: caowu

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Aconitum L. Ranunculaceae

Aconitum laciniatum Stapf (Aconitum ferox Wallich ex Ser. var laciniatum Brühl) India, Bhutan. Herb, tuberous roots, leaves reniform, dark red to blue flowers in a loose panicle, follicles See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4721 A. 1831 and Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10(2): 168. 1905, Economic Botany 8(4): 366–376. 1954, Nat. Prod. Rep. 12: 361–379. 1995 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots poisonous, intake of roots is fatal. Root and leaves used as anthelmintic, in gout, wounds, leprosy, mumps, arthritis. Diterpenoid and steroidal alkaloids.) in English: bikh root, Indian aconite, Indian aconite root, Nepal aconite, Nepal aconite root, Nepalese aconite in India: bikh, bish, haramala, kalo bikhma, kalo bikhuma, kalobikhmo in Nepal: kalo bikh Aconitum laeve Royle Pakistan. See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 56. 1834 (Antiinflammatory, antioxidant.) in India: anakkuruntotti, bariyara, gulsakari, kadumentya, mairmanikkam, nagabala, teranellabenda Aconitum lethale Griff. Nepal. See Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 732. 1854 (Tubers used as poison on tips of arrows for hunting.) Aconitum lycoctonum L. China. See Species Plantarum 1: 532. 1753 (The root inhibits growth of Ustilago, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.) in English: badger’s bane, wolfsbane Aconitum maximum Pallas ex DC. subsp. maximum Russia. See Syst. Nat. 1: 380. 1817 and Brittonia 16: 80–94. 1964, Sida 16: 9–15. 1994 (Extremely poisonous, used as a source of arrow poison.) in English: Kamchatka aconite Aconitum moschatum Stapf India. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10: 139. 1905

(Antidiabetic.) in India: karivi-valli Aconitum nagarum Stapf India. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10(2): 176–177, pl. 113. 1905 (Paste of rootstock applied to poison arrows.) in China: bao shan wu tou in India: mohital Aconitum napellus L. (Aconitum napellus Pall.; Aconitum napellus Thunb.; Aconitum napellus S.G. Gmel.; Delphinium napellus (L.) Baill.) Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 532. 1753, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 231. 1784 and Fiddes, F.S. “Poisoning by aconitine. Report of two cases.” Br. Med. J. 2: 779–780. 1958 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant highly toxic, contains poisonous alkaloids, toxic in humans when accidentally ingested, root contains more poison than the leaves; applied externally to unbroken skin in the treatment of rheumatism, painful bruises, neuralgia. Roots analgesic, anodyne, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, irritant, sedative, antidote to poisoning; used in the treatment of fevers, inflammation, bronchitis, neuralgia.) in English: aconite, bear’s-foot, friar’s-cap, garden monk’shood, garden wolf-bane, helmut-flower, Indian aconite, monk’s hood, monkshood, soldier’s-cap, Turk’s-cap, wolf’s bane in Brazil: capacete-de-júpiter, capuchon, capuz-de-frade, carro-de-vênus, madriette, mata-lobos in India: amrta, athivasa, atis nepali, bachnaag, bachnag, bachnanak, barmalees, bas, beesh, bheesh, cimainapi, circatacceti, kat-bish, meetha, mithabish, mithavis, mithazahar, naabhi, nabhi, napi, shingadio-vachnag, telyabish, vachhanag, vachnaag, vachnaag krishna, vachnaag shveth, vachnag, vasanaabhi, vasanabhi, vasanavi, vasanumbhi, vashanavi, vatsanaba, vatsanabha, vatsanabhi, vatsnabhi, visa, visha, vistsanabhah in Tibet: bi sa, btsan dug, dzim-pa, dzin-pa dkar-po, nag po, ra-dug Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf (Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. var. naviculare Brühl) India, Nepal. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 5(2): 111, pl. 3, f. 2. 1896 and Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10(2): 154–156, pl. 101. 1905 (Whole plant antibacterial, for fevers and jaundice.)

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Aconogonon (Meisn.) Rchb. Polygonaceae

in China: chuan kui wu tou

China, Himalayas. Robust herb, tuberous roots, flowers in racemes or panicles, blue sepals, follicles

in Nepal: ponkar Aconitum novoluridum Munz (Aconitum luridum Hook. f. & Thomson) India, Himalayas. See Species Plantarum 1: 532. 1753, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . 55. 1855 and Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 6: 472. 1945

See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10(2): 165–168, t. 106, 107. 1905 (Poisonous roots, cytotoxic. Paste useful in neuralgia, muscular, rheumatism, nasal catarrh, tonsillitis and coryza. Tubers used to poison arrows.) in English: Nepal aconite in China: ya dong wu tou

(Root poisonous.)

in India: bikh, bikhma, bikhuma, bish

in China: zhan hui wu tou

Aconitum uncinatum Linnaeus (Aconitum uncinatum subsp. muticum (DC.) Hardin; Aconitum uncinatum var. acutidens Fernald; Aconitum uncinatum var. alpinum Memm.; Aconitum uncinatum var. linnaeanum DC.; Aconitum uncinatum var. michauxianum DC.; Aconitum uncinatum var. muticum DC.)

in India: harenuka, kaunti, renuka in Tibet: ha re nu ka, kau-nti-dza-la Aconitum orochryseum Stapf Bhutan. See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1922: 149. 1922 (Aerial parts antidote, astringent, for snakebite, food poisoning, dysentery, jaundice.) Aconitum palmatum D. Don

in English: southern monk’s-hood, wild monk’s-hood, wild monkshood

See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 196. 1825 (Used in Ayurveda.)

Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf

in India: ativisa, bikh, bikhma, ghanduk, prativisa

Himalayas, India. Herb

Aconitum reclinatum A. Gray

See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 10(2): 144. 1905

North America. White flowers See Amer. J. Sci. Arts. 42: 34. 1842 (Poisonous.) trailing

white

monkshood,

Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. (Aconitum napellus var. rotundifolium (Kar. & Kir.) Hook. f. & Thomson) India. Erect or ascending herbs, hypogeous base, paired tuberous roots See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 15: 138–139. 1842, The Flora of British India 1: 29. 1855 and Flora URSS 7: 229. 1937 (Whole plant used and anti-rheumatic.)

as

See Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 750. 1762, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 379. 1817[1818] and Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 30: 134. 1915, Rhodora 44(526): 398–399, pl. 720, f. 2–4. 1942 (Aconitum uncinatum is probably not one of the extremely toxic aconites.)

China.

in English: monkshood, trailing wolfsbane

Japan.

antiinflammatory,

sedative

in China: yuan yie wu tou in India: mithazahar Aconitum spicatum Stapf (Aconitum ferox var. spicata Bruhl)

(Whole plant highly toxic, root might not be toxic. Antidote, tonic, antiinflammatory, febrifuge, used in the treatment of snake and scorpion bites, toothache, infections and intestines troubles; root powder given against gout, arthritis, disorder of heart, leprosy, paralysis; dried roots boiled in water and used in small doses to cure cough and stomachache of children. Tubers decoction given in high fever, cold, cough. Roots used as a substitute for Aconitum heterophyllum.) in India: bokar, bona-nagpo, dud atees, dudhia-bis, mita patish, mitha patish, mitha telia, mori, oonyalkas, patis, telia kachnag, tilla

Aconogonon (Meisn.) Rchb. Polygonaceae See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, Monographiae Generis Polygoni Prodromus 43, 55. 1826, Handbuch des Naturlichen Pflanzensystems 236. 1837 and Preslia 46 (2): 151. 1974, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 24: 77. 1987, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 60–64. 1993.

Acorus L. Acoraceae (Araceae)

Aconogonon rumicifolium (Royle ex Bab.) H. Hara (Aconogonon hissaricum (Popov) Soják; Aconogonon rumicifolium var. glaberrimum (Kitam.) S.P. Hong; Pleuropteropyrum rumicifolium (Royle ex Bab.) Munshi & Javeid; Polygonum glaberrimum Kitam.; Polygonum hissaricum Popov; Polygonum rumicifolium Royle ex Bab.; Polygonum rumicifolium var. cordatum Royle ex Bab.) India, Himalaya. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18: 112. 1838, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18: 112. 1841 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 17: 141. 1958, Flora of Eastern Himalaya 632, in adnot. 1966, Preslia 46: 150–151. 1974, Syst. Stud. Polyg. Kashm. Himal. 79. 1986, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 30(2): 68. 1992 (Rhizomes useful in headache and giddiness. Roots for fever and skin eruptions. Shrub, shoots and tender leaves fried and eaten.) in India: bakranda, bakronda, kanthula, khakjari Aconogonon tortuosum (D. Don) H. Hara (Aconogonon peregrinatoris (Paulsen) H. Hara; Aconogonon perigrinatoris (Paulsen) Hara; Aconogonon tortuosum var. tibetanum (Meisn.) S.P. Hong; Aconogonum tortuosum (D. Don) H. Hara; Pleuropteropyrum tortuosum (D. Don) Munshi & Javeid; Polygonum peregrinatoris Paulsen; Polygonum tortuosum D. Don; Polygonum tortuosum D. Don; Polygonum tortuosum (Los.) Lovelius; Polygonum tortuosum var. tibetanum Meisn.) India, Himalaya. Low dense shrub, spreading branches, creamy flowers See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 71. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14: 138. 1856 and Southern Tibet, Botany 6(3): 87, pl. 2, f. 4. 1922, Flora of Eastern Himalaya [H. Hara] 632. 1966, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 60(12): 1730. 1975, Syst. Stud. Polygonac. Kashmir Himalaya 80. 1986, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 30(2): 93. 1992 (Fresh plants and roots tonic, stimulant, febrifuge, astringent, used in fever, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles, fodder for milking animals, fed to pashmina goats.) in China: cha zhi shen xue ning in India: itimeng, serpalulu

Acorus L. Acoraceae (Araceae) Greek akoron and akoros (possibly from kore ‘pupil’ but also ‘Hypericum’), an ancient name applied to Acorus calamus and to Iris pseudacorus; see Alexander Trallianus [Alessandro di Tralle], 12 (2.521.20) (ed. T. Puschmann, Wien 1878–79); Latin acorus and acorum applied by Plinius to an aromatic plant, perhaps sweet-flag or calamus. Considerable confusion

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exists in the taxonomic literature over the status of Acorus in North America, see Species Plantarum 1: 324. 1753 and Wilson, K.A. “The genera of the Arales in the southeastern United States.” J. Arnold Arbor. 41: 47–72. 1960, Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1–560. Kew 2002. Acorus calamus L. (Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf.; Acorus americanus Raf.; Acorus asiaticus Nakai; Acorus calamus auct. non L.; Acorus calamus var. americanus (Raf.) H.D. Wulff.; Acorus calamus var. americanus Raf.; Calamus aromaticus Garsault; Calamus aromaticus Gueldenst. ex Ledeb.) India, North America. Herb, erect, long and branched aromatic creeping thick rhizomes, linear leaves radical, small flowers densely arranged, cylindrical spadix, oblong tepals, glaucous yellowish-green ellipsoid berries, seeds obconical, marshland, swamp, ponds See Species Plantarum 1: 324. 1753 Medical Flora 1: 25. 1828, New Flora and Botany of North America (Rafinesque) 1: 57. 1836, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4(12): 13. 1852, Walter “Walt” Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892), Leaves of Grass, 3rd ed., 1860 and Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 13: 89–94. 1931, Nature (London) 192: 1299–1300. 1961, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 25: 1–18. 1976, Cytologia 43: 289–303. 1978, Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 9: 12–17. 1979, Taxon 29: 707–709. 1980, Taxon 32: 130. 1983, Canad. J. Bot. 62: 2248–2252. 1984, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Belorusskoi SSR: Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 6: 3–8. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(7): 997–999. 1985, Cytologia 53: 59–66. 1988, Occasional Papers, Kagoshima University Research Center for the South Pacific 16: 11–14. 1989, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 28(1): 53–62. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1783–1786. 1990, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 17–18. 1991, Motley, T.J. “The ethnobotany of sweet flag, Acorus calamus (Araceae).” Economic Botany 48: 397–412. 1994, Trop. Biomed. 21(2): 61–67. 2004, Genome 48(6): 1052–1060. 2005, Int. Immunopharmacol. 5(9): 1470–1478. 2005, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 36(6): 1412–1422. 2005, Phytother. Res. 20(12): 1080–1084. 2006, Biotechnol. J. 1(10): 1093–1102. 2006, Genome Res. 16(6): 738–749. 2006, Pharmazie. 61(11): 952–956. 2006, Ann. Bot. (London). 98(6): 1145–1153. 2006, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 25(4): 187–194. 2006, Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 29(2): 79–92. 2007, Planta Med. 73(3): 283–285. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Chewed roots used as hallucinogen and stimulant, also eaten as a stimulant on long journey; in excessive doses known to induce strong visual hallucinations. Rhizomes contain an aromatic oil suspected of causing dermatitis in hypersensitive individuals. Stembark chewed to relieve toothache; bark decoction as a gargle for toothache. Powdered roots or the fresh rhizomes vermifuge, anthelmintic; dried root powder given with honey for

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epilepsy; rootstock paste antiseptic to wounds; root juice in case of itching; root extract taken for diabetes and stomachache. Rhizomes antibacterial, febrifuge, pungent, aromatic bitter, neuroprotective, mild hallucinogen, carminative, antimalarial, antidiabetic, antifungal, emetic, tonic, stomachic, analgesic, antispasmodic, antiasthma, antidysenteric, insecticide, larvicidal, adulticidal (against adult of Aedes aegypti), used for gastrointestinal disorders, colic pain and diarrhea, sore throat, toothache, fever and bronchitis, cough and cold; rhizome chewed for sore throat and cough; paste of fresh rhizome applied to abdomen to treat cholera and smallpox; rhizome eaten for gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea and dysentery; rhizome infusion drunk for snakebite; powdered mixture of rhizomes of Helminthostachys zeylanica and Acorus calamus taken to treat impotency. Household insect repellent; planted for keeping away snakes. Ceremonial, ritual, worship, amulet, cultivated near houses to protect from evil spirits, to keep away night spirits, to chase away ghosts; garland made from the rhizomes put around the neck to check cold and cough. Veterinary medicine, leaf paste applied externally on wounds of animals to kill the worms; administered to dogs to make them fierce watchdogs.) in English: calamus, cinnamon sedge, flag root, gladdon, kalmoes, kalmus, myrtle flag, myrtle grass, myrtle sedge, rat root, sweet calamus, sweet calomel, sweet cane, sweet flag, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweet root, sweet rush, sweet sedge in Brazil: acoro verdadeiro, cálamo aromático, cana-cheirosa, cana-odorífera, túnel-de-cobra in China: bai chang, ch’ang, ch’ang jung, ch’ang p’u, pai ch’ang, shui-ch’ang-p’u in India: agar, agre-turki, agreturki, agri-turki, akaraveci, akkitam, arpakeci, arpakecu, athi baje, athibaje, ativacam, attakam, avatampati, ayakam, ayamavati, ayavaci, ayavari, ayavariti, bac, bacc, bach, bacha, bachh, baj, bajai, baje, baje gida, bajegida, bajo, balabaj, bare, barian, barin, bhadra, bhuta nashini, bhutanashini, boch, bodhaniya, bojho, bojo, burhia mandardo, cakatai, camanam, canakantakam, canakantam, canakappulitam, canattanam, cantankotan, cantatikam, capinakam, capinam, cataikantam, cataikkantam, cataikkentam, catakantam, catakkotan, catakkotanam, catinam, catiyattakam, cattukantam, cavukanti, cetilolam, cirakakkoni, cirakkoli, cirakoni, citakentam, civayoki, cukkulakantam, cutuvan, dagade, donia, emavati, galani, gandhilovaj, ganghilovaj, ghodavach, ghor buch, ghora bhandi, ghorabach, ghorbach, ghur, ghur baz, goda-vaj, godavaj, golomi, gorabach, gorbacc, gorbach, gorbuch, gudbach, gudbach kam bal wala, gudvach, gurbach, haimavati, haimdvati, hnim-rimtui, ikshuparni, imavari, iraccollan, irusimulam, irutimulam, jalaja, jatila, kanga, kantakapasanam, kantam, kantamacceti, kantamam, kapatakkatti, kapatamitti, kavana, kayamalaki, kayamalakikam, kayamavati, kayimavati, kayiravati, khorasani bach, khurasani bach, kiravanattukkati, kshudrapatri, kulanjan, kulomicai, lang-abap, latree, mangalya, masha, matali, mattiri, mattirikam, mokai, motai, mukkikam, mukkil, naaru baeru, naglachh, napittari, narattam, narram, nattam,

Acorus L. Acoraceae (Araceae)

nattuvacampu, nokomolitong, oak hidak, okhidak, percollamaruntu, percollan, petiyaikkattumuli, petiyaikkattumulikai, peyarcollan, peyarcollatatu, phlang bet, pillaimaruntu, pillaivalarppan, puccikolli, pullai-valathi, rakshoghni, rusimulam, sadgrantha, safed bach, safeda bach, schleshmaghni, shadagrantha, shadgranth, shadgrantha, shadgranthagolomi, shataparvika, smarani, suatang, themepru, tikshna, tikshnapatra, u-bet, ugragandha, ugragandhaha, ugragantha (ugra, strong; gantha or gandha, smell), ugragranthi, vaca, vacampu, vacha, vacha-ugra-gandhaha, vasa, vavambu, vekhand, ukkirakantai, ukkirakantam, ukkirakanti, ukkirakentai, ukkirakentam, ukkiram, ukkiri, umiyal, uraippan, uromakkilanku, vaca, vacai, vacampu, vacar, vacavaci, vach, vacha, vadaja, vaembu, vaj, vajj, vasa, vasamboo, vasambu, vasampu, vash, vashambu, vashampa, vashampe, vashanapa, vayambhu, vayambu, vayampu, vayambu, vekhand, vekuvacamutaiyayoki, vekuvacamutaiyoki, veni, verkkattai, vicamattiri, vijaya, wadaja, waj-e-turki, wasa in Indonesia: daringo, dringo, jerango in Japan: shôbu, suruku-kusuri in Laos: hang khao nam in Malaysia: deringu, jeringau, jeringu

jerangau,

jerango,

jerangoh,

in Nepal: bojho, bonjho, shete, syueda in Okinawa: sobu in Papua New Guinea: eseue, gakoc, lep, lepe, titik, wamala in Philippines: acoro, bueng, dalau, dalaw, darau, daraw, dengau, dengaw, lubigan in Tamang: sete in Thailand: haang khaao phaa, kha chiang chee, wan nam, wann nam in Tibetan: shu-dag, su dag in Vietnam: th[ur]y x[uw][ow]ng b[oof], x[uw][ow]ng b[oof], b[oof] b[oof] n[ees]p in Arabic: vaj, vash Acorus gramineus Sol. (Acorus gramineus Aiton; Acorus gramineus var. japonica M. Hotta; Acorus gramineus var. macrospadiceus Yamam.; Acorus gramineus var. pusillus (Siebold) Engl.; Acorus humilis Salisb.; Acorus macrospadiceus (Yamam.) F.N. Wei & Y.K. Li; Acorus pusillus Siebold; Acorus xiangyeus Z.Y. Zhu) E. Himalaya, Japan, Philippines, India, Thailand. Perennial marsh herb, aroid, aromatic, rhizome creeping, leaves sheathed, yellowish green flowers, elongated berry, rhizome has a very bitter taste See Species Plantarum 1: 324. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second ed. 1 1: 474. 1789, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 263. 1796, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 12:

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Acosmium Schott Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Sophoreae)

2. 1830, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 218. 1879 and Contr. Fl. Kainan-to 1: 13. 1943, Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C: Biological and Medical Sciences 81: 428–441. 1978, Guihaia 5: 179. 1985, Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 5(2): 119. 1985, Phytother. Res. 14(5): 375–377. 2000, Life Sci. 68(13): 1567–1573. 2001, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26(7): 978–982. 2003 [Inhibitory effects of the fragrance inhalation of essential oil from Acorus gramineus on central nervous system.], Phytomedicine. 11(6): 544–548. 2004, J. Agric. Food. Chem. 52(4): 776–780. 2004, Int. Immunopharmacol. 5(9): 1470–1478. 2005 [Novel lectins from rhizomes of two Acorus species with mitogenic activity and inhibitory potential towards murine cancer cell lines.], J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(10): 4124–4129. 2005 (Fungicidal, astringent, antibiotic, antioxidative, sedative, spasmolytic, anticonvulsive, neuroprotective, pectoral, stomachic, insecticide, used for diarrhea, gastralgia, cough, asthma, fever, rheumatism; external application for dermatosis and hemorrhoids. Roots as insecticide and repellent. Used for improvement of memory and cognition in old age. Magic, protection, to prevent babies from being disturbed by ghosts and evil spirits.) in English: Chinese sweet grass, grass-leaved sweet flag, grass-leaved sweet rush, Japanese sweet flag, rock sweet flag in China: shi chang pu in Japan: seki-shô (= stone Acorus) in Okinawa: shichi-sôbu in Sarawak: jeriango putih in Tibetan: shu-dag in Vietnam: bo bo, bo hoang, khinh cho nam, lay nam, xinh pau chu

Acosmium Schott Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Sophoreae) Greek a ‘lacking, without, negative’ and kosmos ‘ornament, decoration, form’, kosmeo ‘to rule, adorn, dress’, see Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 171, 213. 1825, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 4(2, Cur. Post.): 406. 1827, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 8: 259–267. 1865 and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29(3): 347–355. 1969, N. Amer. Fl. Ser. II (7): 1–53. 1972, Listados Floristicos de Mexico 1: 47–61. 1983, Listados Floristicos de Mexico 4: 90–112. 1986. Acosmium nitens (Vogel) Yakovlev (Leptolobium nitens Vogel; Leptolobium nitidulum Miq.; Sweetia nitens (Vogel) Benth.) Brazil. Small tree, white flowers See Linnaea 11: 394. 1837, Stirpes Surinamensis Selectae 18. 1851, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 8: 262. 1865

and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 29(3): 353. 1969 (The bark as an ingredient of curare.) Acosmium panamense (Benth.) Yakovlev (Dalbergia laevigata Standl.; Dalbergia lavigata Standl.; Sweetia panamensis Benth) (Sweetia Sprengel, for the British botanist Robert Sweet, 1783–1835, 1812 Fellow of the Linnean Society; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 352. 1965, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 470. 1973, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 6: 122–125. 1986, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, ed., Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 264. Regione Siciliana, Palermo 1988, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 667. 1994.) Tropical America, Mexico. Perennial non-climbing tree, straight, fragrant flowers white cream or yellow in panicles, narrowly alate indehiscent oblong to elliptic oblong legumes See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4(2): 406. 1827, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 8: 263. 1865 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 29(3): 347– 355. 1969, Brenesia 18: 15–90. 1980, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 67(3): 523–818. 1980, Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1989, Harvard Pap. Bot. 7(2): 381–398. 2003, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(2–3): 217–220. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(1): 27–32. 2008, Taxon 57(3): 983. 2008 (Used against fever and malaria, diabetes, and for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract. Hypoglycemic, the infusion of bark.) in English: Billy Webb in South America: bálsamo amarillo, carboncillo, cencerro, chakté, chichipate, chile, corteza de Honduras, guayacán, huasillo, huesillo, huesito, malvecino, palo chile, quina silvestre, rejo, vera de agua, yacti

Acourtia D. Don Asteraceae See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 16(2): 203–204. 1830. Acourtia humboldtii (Less.) B.L. Turner (Acourtia alamanii (DC.) Reveal & R.M. King; Acourtia alamanii var. adnata (A. Gray) Reveal & R.M. King; Acourtia formosa D. Don; Acourtia mexicana (Lag. ex D. Don) H. Rob.; Acourtia thurberi (A. Gray) Reveal & R.M. King; Dumerilia alamanii DC.; Dumerilia humboldtii Less.; Perezia adnata A. Gray; Perezia adnata var. oolepis Bartl.; Perezia alamanii (DC.) Hemsl.; Perezia alamanii var. adnata (A. Gray) Bacig.; Perezia alamanii var. oolepis (Bartl.) Bacig.; Perezia formosa (D. Don) A. Gray; Perezia humboldtii (Less.) A. Gray; Perezia thurberi A. Gray; Proustia mexicana Lag. ex D. Don;

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Trixis pipitzahuac Sch. Bip.; Trixis pipitzahuac Schaffn. & Schulz) (Perezia Lagasca, for the Spanish apothecary Lázaro (in Stafleu: Laurentio) Pérez, botanist; see Georg Christian Wittstein (1810–1887), Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 670. Ansbach 1852; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 164. 1983.) Mexico, Sonora, Southern Arizona. Perennial, petals purplish, all the florets within one head, the three-toothed exterior lip of the corolla being even in the marginal flowers See Amenidades Naturales de las Españas 1(1): 31, 33. 1811, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 19: 64–65, 71–72, t. 15–16, pl. 6–7. 1812, Linnaea 5: 13. 1830, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 16(2): 201, 203–204. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7: 67. 1838, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 127–128. 1852, Plantae Novae Thurberianae 324–325. 1854, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 2(10): 255. 1881, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences n.s. 19: 58. 1883 and Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 44: 637. 1909, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 97: 64–65. 1931, Phytologia 27(4): 229. 1973, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 104: 105–110. 1977, Madroño 25(3): 160–169. 1978, Taxon 32: 510–511. 1983, Phytologia 69(2): 105–107. 1990, Phytologia 74(5): 385–413. 1993 (Rhizomes and roots contain a resinous substance, pipitzahoic acid, a substance which crystallizes in beautiful goldenyellow needles.)

Acridocarpus Guillemin & Perrottet Malpighiaceae

(Roots boiled and the liquid drunk to cure syphilis. Herb decoction drunk as an emmenagogue. Rhizomes and roots contain a resinous substance, pipitzahoic acid.)

Acridocarpus Guillemin & Perrottet Malpighiaceae Greek akris, akridos ‘locust, grasshopper’ and karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the winged seeds, see Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 123, t. 29. 1831. Acridocarpus alternifolius (Schumach. & Thonn.) Nied. (Acridocarpus corymbosus Hook.f.; Malpighia alternifolia Schumach. & Thonn.) West Tropical Africa. Shrub, glabrous, scrambling, woody, liana, reddish exudate, leaves coriaceous, yellow petals, reddish glandular calyx, winged red fruits See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 222–223. 1827, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 123, t. 29. 1831 and Arbeiten aus dem Botanischen Institut des Königl. Lyceums Hosianum in Braunsberg 6: 53. 1915, Evolution 56(12): 2395–2405. 2002 (Roots for stomachache.) Acridocarpus excelsus A. Juss. Madagascar. Small tree, shrub, leathery leaves, inflorescence a terminal raceme, flowers bright yellow on red pedicels

in Mexico: raiz del Pipitzahuac

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 13: 271. 1840

Acourtia nana (A. Gray) Reveal & R.M. King (Perezia nana A. Gray)

(Bark astringent, a decoction used against diarrhea and dysentery.)

Mexico. Herb, slender creeping or ascending rootstock woolly, slender wiry stem, simple or sparsely branched from the base, slightly flexuous, rough, rigid coriaceous leaves, large capitula terminal subsessile 20–30 flowered with a campanulate involucre of mucronate cuspidate ciliated scales, root of a slightly bitter and astringent taste

in Madagascar: fotsy avadika, mavoravina, mavoravo, matalazo

See Amenidades Naturales de las Españas 1(1): 31, 33. 1811, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 111. 1849 and Phytologia 27(4): 230. 1973 (A plant decoction used to cure asthma or a persistent cough. Rhizomes and roots contain a resinous substance, pipitzahoic acid.) in English: desert holly, dwarf desert peony

Acridocarpus longifolius (G. Don) Hook. f. (Acridocarpus brevipetiolatus Engl.; Acridocarpus cavanillesii A. Juss.; Acridocarpus goossensii De Wild.; Acridocarpus ledermannii Engl.; Acridocarpus rudis De Wildeman & T. Durand; Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr.; Acridocarpus smeathmannii var. b Oliv.; Acridocarpus smeathmannii var. dusenii Engl.; Anomalopteris longifolia G. Don; Anomalopteris spicata G. Don; Heteropterys smeathmannii DC.) Liberia, Nigeria. A small tree or lianescent shrub, woody, scandent, flowers bright yellow, winged reddish fruits

USA, Texas.

See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 163. 1821[1822], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 592. 1824, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 124. 1831, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 647. 1831, Niger Flora 244. 1849

See Amenidades Naturales de las Españas 1(1): 31. 1811, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 127–128. 1852 and Phytologia 27(4): 232. 1973

(Roots for venereal diseases, laxative, for stomach troubles. Leaf sap for eye treatment, febrifuge; leaf sap and roots for cutaneous and subcutaneous parasitic infection.)

in Mexico: hierba de la tarántula, raiz del Pipitzahuac Acourtia wrightii (A. Gray) Reveal & R.M. King (Perezia wrightii A. Gray)

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Acriopsis Blume Orchidaceae

in Cameroon: ndangi

(Whole plant infusion administered for fever.)

in Ghana: alasaayo

Malayan names: anggrek darat, angrek darat, sakat bawang, sakat rawang, sakat ubat kapialu, sakat ubat kepialu

in Nigeria: elerujo, eruju, gborígborí in Senegal: fu kéréfu, fu kir, fu litèn, fu tabéfu in Sierra Leone: golonge

Acrocephalus Benth. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Acridocarpus plagiopterus Guill. & Perr.

Greek akros ‘the summit, terminal, highest’ and kephale ‘head’, the flowers are at the top of the branches, see Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1282. 1829 and Biologisch Jaarboek 27: 222, 224. 1959.

West Tropical Africa, Senegal. A woody scandent shrub, liana, leaves coriaceous, flowers yellow orange or red, fruit reddish See Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 123, t. 29. 1831 (Roots febrifuge, vermifuge, reptiles repellent, for sleeping sickness. Superstitions, magic.) in Senegal: bu bögel, daxundol, diakundol, héruy éyol, hu luk, ka ñama, kańama, karab é sotébu, karab esotébu, koro Acridocarpus spectabilis (Niedenzu) Doorn-Hoekm. (Rhinopterys angustifolia Sprague; Rhinopterys kẹrstingii (Engl.) Niedenzu; Rhinopterys spectabilis Niedenzu) West Tropical Africa, Senegal. An undershrub, perennial rootstock, bitter root See Acta Bot. Neerl. 24 (1): 74. 1975 (Roots diuretic, for cutaneous and subcutaneous parasitic infection, kidneys and naso-pharyngeal affections. Ceremonial, religion, superstitions, magic.) in Gambia: krufano in Senegal: â-bata, a-mbatia, bu diing, budlêg, kuru, orovasulo

Acriopsis Blume Orchidaceae Greek akris ‘locust, grasshopper’ and opsis ‘resembling, like’, the auriculate column resembles a locust, see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 8: 376. 1825. Acriopsis liliifolia (J. König) Seidenf. var. liliifolia (Acriopsis annamica Finet; Acriopsis floribunda Ames; Acriopsis griffithii Rchb.f.; Acriopsis harae Tuyama; Acriopsis insulari-silvatica Fukuy.; Acriopsis javanica Reinw. ex Blume, nom. nud.; Acriopsis javanica var. floribunda (Ames) Minderh. & de Vogel; Acriopsis nelsoniana F.M. Bailey; Acriopsis papuana Kraenzl. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb., nom. nud.; Acriopsis philippinensis Ames; Acriopsis picta Lindl.; Acriopsis sumatrana Schltr.; Spathoglottis trivalvis Lindl.) Papua New Guinea, India. Epiphyte, leaves fleshy, tepals whitish with dull purple stripe See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 8: 376– 377. 1825 and Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 28: 3. 1938, J. Jap. Bot. 39: 129. 1964, Orchid Monogr. 1: 13. 1986, Opera Bot. 124: 58. 1995

Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicolson & Sivad. (Acrocephalus capitatus (Roth) Benth.; Acrocephalus indicus (Burm. f.) Kuntze; Gomphrena hispida L.; Ocimum capitatum Roth; Platostoma hispidum (L.) A.J. Paton; Prunella indica Burm. f.) Pakistan, India. See also Platostoma See Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 326. 1762, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 130. 1768, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1282. 1829, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 and Taxon 29(2–3): 324. 1980, Kew Bulletin 52(2): 273. 1997 (Leaves aromatic, stimulant, used for cold and high fever. Decoction of roots of Acrocephalus indicus along with Andrographis nallamalayana given orally for leucorrhea.) in English: Indian acrocephalus in China: jian tou hua in India: imramolitong, silhak, usturak, utkund in Nepal: lerui jhangi

Acrocomia Martius Arecaceae (Palmae) Greek akros ‘the summit, terminal, highest’ and kome ‘hair, hair of the head’, leaves at the top of the stem; see Palmarum familia 22. 1824, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2(3): 66–68. 1824, Rodrigues, Joao Barbosa (1842–1909), Palmae Hasslerianae novae, ou relaçâo das palmeiras encontradas no Paraguay pelo Dr. Emilio Hassler de 1898–1899 …1. Rio de Janeiro, 1900 and Claudio Urbano B. Pinheiro and Michael J. Balick, “Brazilian Palms. Notes on their uses and vernacular names, compiled and translated from Pio Corrêa’s “Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil e das Exóticas Cultivadas,” with updated nomenclature and added illustrations.” in Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. Volume 17. 1987. Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. (Acrocomia antiguana L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia antioquensis PosadaArango; Acrocomia belizensis L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia christopherensis L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia chunta Covas & Ragonese; Acrocomia cubensis Lodd. ex H. Wendl.; Acrocomia erioacantha Barb.Rodr.; Acrocomia erisacantha

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Barb. Rodr.; Acrocomia fusiformis Sweet; Acrocomia fusiformis (Sw.) Sweet; Acrocomia glaucophylla Drude; Acrocomia globosa (Gaertn.) Lodd. ex Mart.; Acrocomia grenadana L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia guianensis Lodd. ex G. Don; Acrocomia horrida Lodd. ex Mart.; Acrocomia hospes L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia ierensis L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia intumescens Drude; Acrocomia karukerana L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia lasiospatha Mart.; Acrocomia media O.F. Cook; Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart.; Acrocomia microcarpa Barb. Rodr.; Acrocomia minor Lodd. ex G. Don; Acrocomia mokayayba Barb. Rodr.; Acrocomia odorata Barb. Rodr.; Acrocomia panamensis L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia pilosa León; Acrocomia quisqueyana L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia sclerocarpa Mart., nom. illeg. superfl.; Acrocomia sclerocarpa var. wallaceana Drude; Acrocomia sphaerocarpa Desf.; Acrocomia spinosa (Mill.) H.E. Moore; Acrocomia subinermis León ex L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia tenuifrons Lodd. ex Mart.; Acrocomia totai Mart.; Acrocomia ulei Dammer; Acrocomia viegasii L.H. Bailey; Acrocomia vinifera Oerst.; Acrocomia wallaceana (Drude) Becc.; Acrocomia zapotecis Karw. ex H. Wendl.; Astrocaryum sclerocarpum H. Wendl.; Bactris globosa Gaertn.; Bactris minor Gaertn., nom. illeg.; Bactris pavoniana Mart.; Cocos aculeata Jacq., also aculeatus; Cocos fusiformis Sw.; Palma spinosa Mill.) Mexico to Trop. America. Tree, solitary, trunk and petiole heavily armed with long needle-like black spines, leaves regularly pinnate, infructescence compact paniculate, both shell and internal nut of fruit used as food, a fermented beverage made from the juice of the trunk See Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 278, t. 169. 1763, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 3. 1768, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 70. 1777, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 22. 1788, Palmarum familia 22. 1824, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2(3): 66–68, t. 56–57. 1824, Hortus Britannicus 432. 1826, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale 7(3): 78–81, pl. 9, f. 1, pl. 29b. 1844, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3(8): 285– 286, t. 138. 1845, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale 7(3) Palmiers 81. 1847, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1858(1–4): 47–49. 1859, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 25: 184. 1878, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 391. 1881, Vellosia (ed. 2) 1: 107. 1891, Palmae Mattogrossenses 48. 1898 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 566. 1901, Contributions du Jardin Botanique de Rio de Janeiro 85. 1902, Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany and Subtropical Horticulture 2: 362. 1912, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 6: 266. 1915, Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey” 14: 52. 1940, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 4: 444–445, 449, 466, 471, 473–474, f. 265, 269, 272–274, 296–297. 1941, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 8(1): 2, f. 1. 1941, Gentes

Acronema Falc. ex Edgew. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 8: 139– 140, 142, 144. 1949, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 9: 238. 1963, Botanica Acta 110: 79–89. 1997, Grayum, M.H. Arecaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.) Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 201–293. 2003, OliveiraFilho, A.T. Catálogo das Árvores nativas de Minas Gerais. Editora UFLA, Lavas, Brasil. 2006, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(8): 3186–90. 2007 (Heavily armed with long black spines. Acrid intoxicating drink from the milky sap. Roots decoction and tea used for regulating fertility.) in English: groo-groo, gru-gru, grugru palm, macaw palm, suppa palm, wine palm in Bolivia: totaí in Brazil: bacaiúva, bacaiuveira, chiclete-de-baiano, coco de catarro, coco-baboso, coco baboso, coco de espinhos, cocoyol, cocoyul, coquito baboso, coyol, guacoyul, macacaúba, macahuba, macaiá, macaíba, macaibeira, macaiuveira, macajuba, macaúba, macoiá, mocajuba, mucaiá, mucajá, mucajaseiro, mucajuba, tuk in British Antilles: gru-gru in Colombia: corozo grande, tamaco in Costa Rica: coyol in Cuba: corojo in Dominican Republic: catey, corozo criollo in Panama: coyol, palma de vino in Paraguay: mbokaja in Venezuela: corozo, macuja

Acronema Falc. ex Edgew. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) From the Greek akros ‘the summit’ and nema ‘filament, thread’, see Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1: 252. 1845, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20(1): 51. 1846. This is a taxonomically complex genus. Acronema nervosum H. Wolff Nepal, China. Slender solitary stem, unbranched, root tuberous, petals white yellowish-white or purple, primary umbel solitary and terminal See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20: 51. 1846 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(741–750): 315–316. 1930, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(2): 194–204. 1980 (For skin diseases, antiseptic.) in China: yu zhou si ban qin

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Acronychia Forst. & Forst.f. Rutaceae

Acronychia Forst. & Forst.f. Rutaceae

Acroptilon Cass. Asteraceae

Named from the Greek akros ‘the summit, terminal, highest’ and onyx, onychos ‘a claw, nail’, referring to the points of the petals, to the incurved apex of the petals, see Characteres Generum Plantarum 53, pl. 27. 1775.

Feather-tipped, from the Greek akros ‘the summit, terminal’ and ptilon ‘feather’, referring to the feathery appendages, to the pappus bristles, see Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 50: 464–467. 1827.

Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. (Acronychia apiculata Miq.; Acronychia arborea Blume; Acronychia barberi Gamble; Acronychia elliptica Merr. & L.M. Perry; Acronychia laurifolia Blume; Clausena simplicifolia Dalzell; Cyminosma pedunculata (L.) DC.; Gela lanceolata Lour.; Jambolifera arborea Kuntze; Jambolifera arborea Zoll. & Moritzi; Jambolifera arborea (Blume) Zoll. & Moritzi; Jambolifera pedunculata L.; Jambolifera resinosa Lour.; Jambolifera rezinosa Lour.; Laxmannia ankenda Raeusch.; Melicope conferta Blanco; Selas lanceolatum (Lour.) Spreng.; Ximenia lanceolata DC.; Ximenia lanceolata (Lour.) DC.)

Acroptilon repens (Linnaeus) DC. (Acroptilon angustifolium Cass.; Acroptilon australe Iljin; Acroptilon obtusifolium Cass.; Acroptilon picris (Pallas ex Willdenow) C.A. Meyer; Acroptilon picris (Pall.) C.A. Mey.; Acroptilon serratum Cass.; Acroptilon subdentatum Cass.; Centaurea picris Pallas ex Willdenow; Centaurea picris Pall.; Centaurea repens Linnaeus; Serratula picris (Pall.) M. Bieb.)

India, Sri Lanka. Shrub or subcanopy tree, opposite leaves with few oil dots and a faint odor, flowers yellow to white, in primary and secondary rainforest See Species Plantarum 1: 349. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum 53, pl. 27. 1775, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 231–232. 1790, Nomencl. Bot. [Raeusch.] ed. 3, 99. 1797, Catalogus Gew. Buitenzorg (Blume) 27: 63. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 533, 722. 1824, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 5: 244–245. 1825, Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel 3: 532. 1861, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 102. 1891 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1915, 345. 1915, J. Arnold Arbor. xxii. 56. 1941, Silvae Genet. 22: 182–188. 1973 (Leaves eaten to treat hookworm, after the larvae have been detected in the stools. Roots used for rheumatism, lumbago and snakebites. Fish poison.) in English: claw-flowered laurel in China: shan you gan in India: beenei, bhoothaali, bol-thimatchi, bolgrak, dieng sohphlang, kaloapkara, kumto, loajan, madhugodiyamado, mavurinji, mutta-nari, muttanari, muttanaru, orilatheeppettimaram, perin-panel, sarmon blai, vella maram, verugu theeni, vidukanalei, vidukanali, vitukanali in Papua New Guinea: shimalya in Vietnam: bai bai, co dong danh, co neng, mac thao sang Acronychia retusa A. Gray (Melicope retusa (A. Gray) T.G. Hartley) Pacific. Threatened or endangered See United States Exploring Expedition 338. 1854 and Allertonia 8: 169–170. 2001 Samoan name: togai

Iran. A serious weed pest See Species Plantarum 2: 816, 909–919. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1293. 1763, Tabl. Phys. Topogr. Taur. 58. 1795, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 3: 546. 1819, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 50: 464–467. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 663. 1837 [1838] and Cordy, D.R. “Centaurea species and equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia.” Pages 327–336 in Keeler, R.F., Van Kampen, K.R., James, L.F., eds. Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., USA. 1978, Watson, A.K. “The biology of Canadian weeds. 43. Acroptilon (Centaurea) repens (L.) DC.” Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 60: 993–1004. 1980, Revue de Biologie 33(5): 552–554. 1980, Panter, K.E. “Toxicity of knapweed in horses.” Wash. State Univ. Knapweed 4(3): 2. 1990, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1998(6): 50–52. 1998 (Very poisonous to horses, causing neurological symptoms. Because of its bitter taste, it is usually avoided by grazing animals, and consequently it tends to spread when more palatable plants are consumed. Aerial parts cooling, tonic, to relieve malarial fever and stomachache. Fish poison.) in English: Russian knapweed in Pakistan: talkha

Acrostichum L. Pteridaceae Greek akrostichon, akros ‘terminal, at the end, tip’ and stichos ‘a row, line’, possibly in reference to the upper fertile pinnae or to the arrangement of the sori; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1067–1072, 1073–1077. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 484. 1754, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea 767. 1823, Filicum Species 141. 1841, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 2(Hist. Acrostich.): 22–23, 97–98. 1845. Acrostichum aureum L. (Acrostichum guineense Gaudich.; Acrostichum inaequale Willd.; Chrysodium aureum (L.) Mett.; Chrysodium inaequale (Willd.) Fée; Chrysodium vulgare Fée; Tectaria fernandensis H. Christ)

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Acrotome Bentham ex Endl. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

West Indies. Edible

See Taxon 29: 165–166. 1980

See Species Plantarum 2: 1067–1072. 1753, Filices Horti Botanici Lipsiensis 21. 1856 and Plantae Madagascarienses ab Alberto Mocquerysio lectae. 1(6): 549–587. 1901, Fl. Lesser Antilles 2: 152. 1977, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 98(2): 366. 1985, Ferns of Jamaica 281. 1985

(Whole plant oil applied over the scalp to prevent hair loss.)

(Fronds antifungal, used in syphilitic ulcers, diarrhea, boils. Rhizome vulnerary, wound healing, anthelmintic, pounded and grated and applied as a paste to wounds and boils.)

in India: nilampunna

Actaea L. Ranunculaceae

Malayan names: larat, pebisi, piai lasa, piai raya, umbi peye

Latin actaea for a strong-smelling plant, herb Christopher (Plinius); Greek aktea, akte ‘the elder-tree, elder’, referring to the leaves or to the fruits; see Species Plantarum 1: 504. 1753, Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 382. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Bot. Jahrb. 16: 308. 1892, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 12: 68–69. 1898 and H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen 37. Basel 1996, Taxon 47(3): 613, 618–620, 623. 1998.

in Philippines: lagolo, pako-laut, paku laut

Actaea pachypoda Elliott (Actaea alba auct. non (L.) Mill.)

in Thailand: prong-thale

North America. Herb, white petals, showy stamens, fleshy fruits

in Brazil: avencão in India: paku laut in Japan: mimi-mochi-shida (= auricled fern)

Acrostichum cuacsaro Bert. South America. See Opusc. sci. Bol. 1. 241 t. 8. 1817 (Roots antiseptic.)

Acrotome Bentham ex Endl. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Greek akron, akros ‘summit, extremity, high’ and tome, tomos, temno ‘division, section, to slice’, see Genera Plantarum 627. 1838. Acrotome inflata Benth. (Acrotome amboensis Briq.; Lasiocorys eenii (Hiern) Baker; Leucas eenii Hiern) Zimbabwe, Angola, Botswana. Erect annual herb, corolla white to very pale mauve, flowers in spherical clusters, calyx, whitish See Genera Plantarum 627. 1838 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43: 89–124. 1994, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 603–606. 2005 (For headache, swelling, edema, epilepsy.) in English: tumbleweed in Southern Africa: isigagisa, perdeskrikbossie, seyalemoya, tolbossie, Vanzylsepluisie

Acrotrema Jack Dilleniaceae Greek akron, akros ‘summit, extremity, high’ and trema ‘perforation, hole, aperture’, referring to a hole at the tip of the anthers, see Malayan Miscellanies 1(5): 36. 1820. Acrotrema arnottianum Wight India. Herb

See A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 2: 15. 1821 and Fernald, M.L. “What is Actaea alba?” Rhodora 42: 260–265. 1940, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987, Annals of the Carnegie Museum 57: 255. 1988 (Stimulant, anticonvulsive, toothache and genito-urinary remedy. Infusions used as a gargle or throat aid. Decoction of root used for colds and coughs, childbirth pain, convulsions; infusion used for itch.) in English: baneberry, doll’s-eyes, white baneberry in North America: actée à gros pédicelles, doll’s-eyes Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. (Actaea americana (Aiton) Pursh; Actaea arguta Nuttall; Actaea arguta Greene; Actaea arguta Nutt. var. viridiflora (Greene) Tidestr.; Actaea arguta Nutt. var. viridiflora (Greene) Tidestr. & Kittell; Actaea brachypetala var. rubra (Aiton) DC.; Actaea eburnea Rydberg; Actaea neglecta Gillman; Actaea rubra subsp. arguta (Nuttall) Hultén; Actaea rubra subsp. rubra; Actaea rubra var. arguta (Nutt.) G. Lawson; Actaea rubra var. dissecta Britton; Actaea spicata subsp. rubra (Aiton) Hultén; Actaea spicata var. arguta (Nutt.) Torr.; Actaea spicata var. rubra Aiton; Actaea viridiflora Greene; Christophoriana rubra (Aiton) Nieuwl.) North America. Perennial herb, red berries See Hort. Kew. 2: 221. 1789, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 561. 1809, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 1: 385. 1818[1817], A Flora of North America: containing … (Torr. & A. Gray) 1(1): 35. 1838 and American Midland Naturalist 3: 326. 1914, Fl. Ariz. New Mex. 25. 1941, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40: 717. 1945, The Canadian Field-Naturalist 71(2): 54. 1957, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 13(1): 166. 1971, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982, Taxon 31: 120–126.

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Actephila Blume Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987 (Berries considered poisonous; decoction of roots considered poisonous if taken in large quantities. Poultice of chewed leaves applied to boils, wounds. Various preparations from the roots used to treat coughs and colds, rheumatism, arthritis, swollen joints, sores, hemorrhages, stomachaches, syphilis; root decoction taken to improve the appetite; root eaten for stomach troubles. Preparations from the entire plant as a purgative; infusions from the stems to increase milk flow. Magic, ritual, ceremonial.)

76: 905–907. 1991, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Taxon 47: 617. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999 (All parts of plant poisonous. Berries used for curing asthma and applied locally for skin diseases. Root antispasmodic, cytostatic, emetic, nervine and purgative, a rheumatic remedy, used in the treatment of goiter and asthma, nervous disorders and rheumatic fever, snakebite, especially of the rattlesnake. Powdered leaves and flowers are insecticide, repellent.)

Common names: actée rouge, baneberry, yerba del peco

in English: baneberry, black cohosh, grape wort, grapewort, herb Christopher

in English: baneberry, red baneberry, snakeberry

in China: sheng ma

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. subsp. rubra (Actaea spicata L. subsp. rubra (Aiton) Hultén)

in India: mamira, pholee, vishaphala

North America. Perennial herb, red berries See Hort. Kew. 2: 221. 1789, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 561. 1809, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 1: 385. 1818[1817], A Flora of North America: containing … (Torr. & A. Gray) 1(1): 35. 1838 and American Midland Naturalist 3: 326. 1914, Fl. Ariz. New Mex. 25. 1941, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40: 717. 1945, The Canadian Field-Naturalist 71(2): 54. 1957, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 13(1): 166. 1971, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987 (Berries considered poisonous; decoction of roots considered poisonous if taken in large quantities. Poultice of chewed leaves applied to boils, wounds. Roots to treat coughs and colds, rheumatism, arthritis, swollen joints, sores, hemorrhages, stomachaches, syphilis; root decoction taken to improve the appetite; root eaten for stomach troubles. Plant used as a purgative; stem infusions taken to increase milk flow. Magic, ritual, ceremonial.)

Actephila Blume Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) From the Greek akte ‘the seashore’ and philos ‘loving’, referring to the coastal habitat of the plants, see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 112: 581. 1826, Gen. Pl.: 1122. 1840, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 3: 228. 1851, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, vol. 7: 36, 39. 1851. Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. (Actephila dolichantha Croizat; Actephila excelsa Müll.Arg.; Actephila excelsa var. genuinum Pax & K. Hoffm., nom. inval.; Anomospermum excelsum Dalzell) India, China. Shrub, young shoots hairy, flowers in axillary clusters, depressed angled capsular fruits, leaves used as vegetable, seeds eaten fried See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 3: 228. 1851, Linnaea 32: 78. 1863 and Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XV: 192. 1922, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 23(1): 30. 1942

Common names: actée rouge, baneberry, yerba del peco

(Emetic, stomachic.)

in English: baneberry, red baneberry, snakeberry

in China: mao xi guang hua

Actaea spicata L. (Actaea spicata var. nigra L.; Christophoriana spicata (L.) Moench)

in India: mipri

Europe, British Columbia. Black creeping rootstock, flower stem arises from the roots, offensive smell

Actinidia Lindley Actinidiaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 504. 1753, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … [Moench] 277. 1894 and Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 13(1): 166. 1971, Taxon 29: 538–542. 1980, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982, Hessische Floristische Briefe 33: 46–48. 1984, Chromosome Information Service 39: 33–35. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(10): 1346–1354. 1985, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 43: 417–424. 1987, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 279– 282. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)

Greek aktin ‘ray’, in allusion to the radiating styles. Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia chinensis) is allergenic to sensitive patients, a major kiwi fruit allergen is actinidin. Because of its content of proteolytic enzyme, the kiwi fruit is a potential cause of contact dermatitis; contact urticaria to the fruit has been reported. Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. (Trochostigma arguta Siebold & Zucc.) China, Japan.

74

See Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 3(2): 726–727. 1843, Annales Museum Botanicum LugdunoBatavi 3: 15. 1867 (Sap from the stem, a viscous liquid, used as an expectorant.) in Japan: kutchi-punkar, kutichi Actinidia chinensis Planch. China. See A Natural System of Botany, ed. 2, 439. 1836, London Journal of Botany 6: 303. 1847 and Stuart, G.A. Chinese Materia Medica. Vegetable Kingdom. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1911, Bulletin of Botanical Research 3(3): 1–55. 1983, New Zealand Journal of Botany 27: 71–81. 1989, Guihaia 13: 139–143. 1993, Lucas, J.S. et al. “Comparison of the allergenicity of Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit) and Actinidia chinensis (gold kiwi).” Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 16(8): 647–54. 2005, Taguchi, H. et al. “Specific detection of potentially allergenic kiwifruit in foods using polymerase chain reaction.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(5): 1649–55. 2007 (The fruit of this and other Chinese gooseberries known as Yang Tao, Mi Hou Tao, or Fructus Actinidiae. A preparation of the root is known as Teng Li Gen or Radix Actinidiae Chinensis. Veterinary medicine, a decoction of the branches and leaves used for cure of mange in dogs.) in English: Chinese gooseberry, gold kiwi, kiwi fruit, monkey fruit, monkey peach Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson (Actinidia latifolia (Gardner & Champ.) Merr. var. deliciosa A. Chev.) China. See A Natural System of Botany, ed. 2, 439. 1836 and Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 86: 330. 1922, Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d’Agriculture Tropicale 20: 12. 1940, Guihaia 4: 181. 1984, New Zealand Journal of Botany 27: 71–81. 1989, Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 60: 777–784. 1992, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 13(2): 97–101. 1995, New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 181–186. 1997, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 17(1): 5–9. 1999, Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 16(8): 647–654. 2005, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(5): 1649–1655. 2007 (Allergenic to sensitive patients.) in English: Chinese gooseberry, kiwi fruit in China: yang-tao

Actiniopteris Link Pteridaceae (Actiniopteridaceae)

Actiniopteris australis Link (Acropteris australis Link; Acrostichum australe L.f.; Actiniopteris australis (L.f.) Link; Belvisia australis Mirb.; Blechnum flabellatum Presl) India. See Species Plantarum 2: 1077. 1753, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des plantes 5: 473. 1802, Hort. Berol. 2. 56. 1833, Tentamen Pteridographiae 103. 1836, Hist. Fil. 300. 1875 (Whole plant in the treatment of tuberculosis. Fronds antimalarial, antifertility. Young shoots paste for healing ulcers. Leaves anthelmintic, styptic. Rhizome tonic, antituberculosis.) Actiniopteris dichotoma Mett. (Actiniopteris dichotoma Kuhn; Actiniopteris dichotoma Bedd.) India. Small fern, rhizomatous See Filicum Species 79. 1841, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 29: 504. 1871 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fresh plants ground into a paste and applied externally on temple during acute headache. Powdered plant styptic and anthelmintic, useful for the treatment of dysentery, edema, kidney troubles.) in English: peacock’s tail in India: barhicuda, bhui tad, chudala, hevicarav, jahareelapodha, mauilatumsikha, mayilatumsikhai, mayircikai, mayoor shikha, mayoora shikhi, mayurasikha, mayurshikha, mayursiha, mayurskha, morpamkhi, morpankhi, morshikha, naanmukhappullu, nanmukappullu, navili juttu, nemali shikha, sanjeevani Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) Link (Acrostichum dichotomum Forssk.; Acrostichum radiatum (Sw.) Poir.; Actiniopteris radiata Link; Asplenium radiatum Sw.; Ripidium dichotomum (Forssk.) Bernh.) India. Terrestrial herb, fern, erect See Species Plantarum 2: 1067–1072. 1753, Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 50, 127, t. 2, f. 3. 1801, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1: 128. 1810, Filicum Species 80. 1841, Hist. Fil. 146. 1875 (Leaf decoction styptic, anthelmintic, taken against internal pains and fever; leaves ash taken for bronchitis; fresh green leaves paste applied on the stomach to reduce colic pain. A paste of the whole plant applied against sprains and injuries.) in English: peacock’s tail in India: jahareela podha, kallupannai, kalsiga, mayilkalpul, morpankhi, morpanki, sanjeevani

Actiniopteris Link Pteridaceae (Actiniopteridaceae) From the Greek aktin ‘ray’ and pteris ‘a fern’, fern fronds resemble a bird’s wing, see Fl. Madagasc. 5(3): 38–64. 1958, Fl. Madagasc. 5(4): 65–112. 1958, Fl. Trop. E. Africa 1–7. 1999.

Actinodaphne Nees Lauraceae Greek aktis, aktin ‘a ray, beam’ plus the genus Daphne.

75

Actinodaphne Nees Lauraceae

Actinodaphne angustifolia (Blume) Nees (Actinodaphne angustifolia Benth.; Actinodaphne angustifolia Hook.f. & Thomson ex Meisn.; Litsea angustifolia (Nees) Hook. f.; Litsea angustifolia Blume)

Actinodaphne madraspatana Bedd. ex Hook.f.

India. Tree, flowers unisexual dioecious, female flowers in umbels on short peduncle, globose berry

(Used in Ayurveda.)

See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 11: 566. 1826 [24 Jan 1826], Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 61, 68. 1831, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 31. 1832, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. II. 202. 1836, Flora Hongkongensis 293. 1861, Prodr. (DC.) 15(1): 218. 1864 [May 1864], The Flora of British India 5: 169. 1886 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 8(1): 22. 1927, Fl. Karnataka 2: 56. 1996 (Leaves anthelmintic and styptic, cardiovascular system stimulant; a spoonful of powder given with milk to children as nutrient.) in English: narrow-leaved actinodaphne in India: galavaara, gulchal, heggoddi mara, hoggodgimara, kaggodagina mara, malavirinji, mechchhim-ching, petarichawa, pichli, pisa, pisha, pishia, pissa, takara, tali, thali, tudgensu Actinodaphne cupularis (Hemsley) Gamble (Fiwa cupularis (Hemsl.) Nakai; Litsea cupularis Hemsley) China. Tree, thick dark green leaves, Laoying Cha (eagle tea) made from the dried leaves, seeds contain oils See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 574–575. 1792, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(176): 380– 381. 1891 and Plantae Wilsonianae 2(1): 75. 1914, Journal of Japanese Botany 16(3): 130–131. 1940, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 16(3): 219–222. 1998 (Roots and leaves used for curing Hong Kong foot, burn and piles. Leaves infusion to promote digestion, lowering blood lipids, help clear the fats from the system, also a remedy for stomachache.) in China: hong guo huang rou nan Actinodaphne hookeri Meisn. India, Sri Lanka. Tree See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 218. 1864 and Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. 3: 102–106. 2008

India. See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 149. 1886 [Aug 1886]

in India: irolimarom, iyela, iyola, iyoli, munali, mungali, munkali, nettee, nitte, patta-thali Actinodaphne obovata (Nees) Blume (Laurus obovata Hamilton ex Nees; Litsea hayatae Kaneh.; Litsea obovata (Nees) Nees; Tetradenia obovata Nees; Tetranthera obovata Hamilton ex Wallich) Himalaya, Thailand, Malaysia. This species is characterized by large fruit, the oily seeds may be used for extracting oil and for industry See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 574. 1792, Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 1: 59, t. 113. 1797, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] no. 2562. 1830, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: no. 1300. 1830, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 61, 64, 68. 1831, Systema Laurinarum 636. 1836, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1: 342. 1851 and Formosan Trees ed. rev., 217, f. 161. 1936 (The bark is a cure for fracture. Alkaloids.) in China: dao luan ye huang rou nan Actinodaphne pilosa (Loureiro) Merrill (Actinodaphne cochinchinensis Meissner; Laurus pilosa Loureiro; Machilus hainanensis Merrill; Machilus pilosa (Lour.) Nees; Tetranthera pilosa (Lour.) Spreng.) Vietnam. Small tree or shrub, evergreen, brown flowers, fruit globose See Fl. Cochinch. 1: 253–254. 1790, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 267. 1825, Systema Laurinarum 176. 1836 and Transactions of the American Philosophical Society NS 24(2): 156. 1935 (The bark and leaves used for rheumatism, relieving swelling, dispelling stasis, relieving cough, treating tuberculosis and strokes.) in China: mao huang rou nan

(Used in Sidha. Antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, leaves used for diabetes and disorders of the urinary tract. Seed oil used topically in treatment of rheumatic pain, nirgundi (Vitex negundo) leaves boiled in this oil.)

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. & Thoms. ex Hook.f. (Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. & Thomson ex Meisn.)

in India: galavaara, haggodgi mara, hoggodgimara, jarchampa, jhar-jhampa, jharehampa, kaggodi, kamati, malavirimji, malavirimvi, malavirinji, malavirinni, malavirinya, malavirinyi, neyalum, neyaram, nitthe, petarichawa, pichli, pisa, pisha, pissa, puvaca, puvaccha, puvacha, tali, thali, tudambo, tudgensu

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(1): 216. 1864, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 151. 1886 [Aug 1886]

Malaysia, India.

(Alkaloids.) in Malaysia: medang paying, pedalis

76

Actinorhytis H.A. Wendland & Drude Arecaceae (Palmae)

Actinorhytis H.A. Wendland & Drude Arecaceae (Palmae) From the Greek aktinos ‘ray, beam’ and rhytis ‘a wrinkle, fold’, referring to the ruminations of the endosperm, see Linnaea 39: 184. 1875. Actinorhytis calapparia (Blume) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff. (Actinorhytis calapparia H. Wendl. & Drude; Actinorhytis calapparia Vidal; Actinorhytis poamau Becc.; Areca calapparia Blume; Areca cocoides Griff.; Pinanga calapparia H. Wendl.; Pinanga calapparia (Blume) H. Wendl., nom. illeg.; Ptychosperma calapparia (Blume) Miq.; Ptychosperma calapparia Miq.; Seaforthia calapparia Mart.; Seaforthia calapparia (Blume) Mart.) Papuasia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Slender feather palm, oval red fruits See Rumphia 2: t. 100. 1843, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 454. 1845, Linnaea 39: 184. 1875, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 156. 1876, Palmiers [Kerchove] 253. 1878, Syn. Atlas 42, t. 94, f. B. 1883 and Webbia 4: 274. 1914, Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 3010. 1919 (Used as a betel nut substitute. Magical powers.) in English: calappa palm Malayan names: pinang sendawar

pinang

hantu,

pinang

penawar,

in Philippines: tangalo

Actinoscirpus (Ohwi) R.W. Haines & Lye Cyperaceae Greek aktinos ‘ray’ plus the genus Scirpus L., see Bot. Not. 124: 481. 1971. Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. & D.A. Simpson (Hymenochaeta grossa (L.f.) Nees; Hymenochaeta grossa Nees; Schoenoplectus grossus (L.f.) Palla; Schoenoplectus grossus Palla; Scirpus aemulans Steud.; Scirpus grossus L.f.; Scirpus maximus Roxb.) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia to N. Australia. Stoloniferous perennial, erect, tufted, trigonous, roots fibrous, inflorescence a large terminal corymb, spikelets solitary, perianth bristles slightly longer than fruit, apiculate nut widely obovoid, troublesome weed, soil improver, found in swampy or flooded localities, pools, ditches and rice fields See Species Plantarum 1: 47–52. 1753, Supplementum Plantarum 104. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Genera Plantarum 26. 1789, Hort. Bengal. 81. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants ed. Carey & Wall., 1: 237. 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 231. 1832, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 17(34): 264. 1834, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 2(8– 9): 87. 1855, Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien Sitzungsber.

38: 49. 1888 and Allegmeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 17: Beibl. 3. 1911, Botaniska Notiser 124: 481. 1971, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 65: 107–108. 1978, Fl. of Ceylon 5: fig. 6. 1985, Kew Bulletin 46(1): 169–178. 1991, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 173–174. 1994, Fl. Iran. 173: 15. 1998, Kew Bull. 56: 258. 2001, J. Jap. Bot. 81: 98–102. 2006 (Roots used both internally as well as externally in treatment of ulcers and wounds. Tubers highly nutritious, astringent, diuretic, cooling, laxative, tonic. Veterinary medicine for wounds, sap extracted from leaves and stem mixed with rasun (Allium sativum) and applied topically to the cattle.) in English: coarse bullrush, giant bulrush, greater club rush in India: bara kesuria, chesur, kaseruca, kesur, kesurta in Sri Lanka: thun iria

Actinostemma Griffith Cucurbitaceae Greek aktis, aktinos ‘a ray’ and stemma ‘crown, wreath, garland’, referring to the structure of the branches. Actinostemma tenerum Griffith (Actinostemma japonicum Miquel; Actinostemma lobatum (Maximowicz) Maximowicz ex Franchet & Savatier; Actinostemma palmatum (Makino) Makino; Actinostemma parvifolium Cogniaux; Actinostemma racemosum Maximowicz ex Cogniaux; Actinostemma tenerum Naudin; Mitrosicyos lobatum Maximowicz; Mitrosicyos racemosus Maximowicz; Pomasterion japonicum Miquel) India, China. Scandent herb, male inflorescence racemose or paniculate, female flowers solitary or fasciculate, fruit ovate or oblong-elliptic See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 23(7): 643 (–644). 1854 [post Sep 1854], Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 5, 5: 39. 1866 and Economic Botany 46(4): 349–367. 1992, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. (China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica.) 21(6): 332–335, 382. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(3): 431– 438. 2008 (All parts diuretic; leaves to treat snakebite; seeds-oil for snakebite. Antithrombotic, anticoagulatory, utilized for the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases.) in China: he zi cao

Adansonia L. Bombacaceae After the French botanist and philosopher Michel Adanson, 1727–1806, explorer, traveller in West Africa, the first botanist to study the flora of Senegal and Gambia, author of Histoire naturelle du Sénégal. Coquillages. Avec la relation abrégée d’un voyage fait en ce pays, pendant les années 1749, 50, 51, 52 & 53. Paris 1757 and Familles des plantes. Paris 1763 [–1764]; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1190. 1753,

77

Adansonia L. Bombacaceae

Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 352. 1754, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1144. 1759, Malvaceae, Buttneriaceae, Tiliaceae 5. 1822, Joseph Vallot (1854–1925), “Études sur la flore du Sénégal.” Bull. Soc. Bot. de France. 29: 168–238. Paris 1882, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 66. 1891 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 1907–1908: 136. 1908, Fl. Madagasc. 130: 1–21. 1955, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 16. 1965, F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant Collectors in West Africa. 1. 1971, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 22. 1988, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 440–470. 1995, Blaise Du Puy, “The Baobabs of Madagascar.” Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. 13(2): 86–95. May 1996. Adansonia digitata L. (Adansonia bahobab L.; Adansonia baobab Gaertn.; Adansonia integrifolia Raf.; Adansonia scutula Steud.; Adansonia situla (Lour.) Spreng.; Adansonia situla Spreng.; Adansonia somalensis Chiov.; Adansonia sphaerocarpa A. Chev.; Adansonia sulcata A. Chev.; Baobabus digitata (L.) Kuntze; Ophelus sitularius Lour.) East Africa, Kenya, Tanzania. Tree, deciduous, thornless, trunk short, smooth bark grey and fibrous, leaves digitate, solitary flowers unpleasantly scented, large oblong or subclavate indehiscent hard-woody-shelled capsule, in coastal and inland bush, in dry savanna, woodland See Species Plantarum 2: 1190. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1144. 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 960. 1763, Flora Cochinchinensis 412. 1790, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 3: 124. 1826, Sylva Telluriana 149. 1838, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel] Editio secunda 1: 24. 1840, Charles John Andersson, The Okavango River. Harper and Brothers, NY. 1861, Rev. Samuel Crowther, A grammar and vocabulary of the Nupe language. London 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 67. 1891 and Compt. Rend. Congres Inter. Bot. 1900: 27. 1900, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53: 494. 1906, Fl. Somala 2: 29–30. 1932, Hans Melzian, A concise dictionary of the Bini language of Southern Nigeria. [The Bini or Edo language spoken in the Benin district of Southern Nigeria.] London 1937, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 67. 1980, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 446. 1995, Ajose, Frances O. A. “Some Nigerian plants of dermatologic importance.” International Journal of Dermatology 46(Suppl. 1): 48–55. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Bark and leaves anti­ inflammatory, febrifuge, antioxidant, emollient, astringent and diaphoretic, antimicrobial. Leaves infusion expectorant, febrifuge, astringent, diuretic, a remedy for stomachache, fever, rheumatism, diarrhea, filariasis, intestinal worms, wounds, asthma, eye and ear diseases, given with jaggery and milk for spermatorrhea and impotence, taken with water to promote conception, to prevent miscarriage and to cure menorrhea and sexual weakness.. Bark used for treating menstrual problems, diarrhea, scorpion bites, coughs, diabetes, anemia; also an antidote to a variety of ingested poisons.

Roots used to treat fatigue. A refreshing drink from the fruit pulp used to treat fevers and diarrhea; fruit pulp mixed with jaggery and given in menstrual disorders, excessive menstrual bleeding. Religious ceremonies, complex myths and beliefs, a sacred and peaceful tree; roasted seeds chewed under the tree in order to relieve whooping cough.) in English: African baobab, baobab (from the Arabic bu hibab = the fruit with many seeds), baobab Giriama, bottle tree, cream-of-tartar tree, cream of tartar, Ethiopian sour gourd, Judas’s bag, lemonade tree, monkey bread, monkey bread tree, monkey bread tree of Africa in French: pain de singe in Burkina Faso: boki, bou touobou, ek lou, hor go, koukoulou, olohi, poh go, sira in Congo: mukondo in East Africa: maramba, mbuyu, ol-mesera in Ghana: odade in Ivory Coast: frondo, n’gigué, sira in Kenya: jag, lamai, mauyu, mbuyu, mlamba, muamba, mubuyu, muguna-kirindi, muramba, muuyu, muyu, mwaamba, olmesera, yak, yaka in Mali: nsira, sira in Nigeria: bumbu, kuka, muchi, murna, ose, usi in Senegal: bui, gif, gui in S. Rhodesia: muBuyu, mGuya, umKomo, muWiyu, muMungu in Southern Africa: kremertartboom, kremertart; isiMuku, umShimulu, isiMuhu (Zulu); muBuyu, muGuya, muKomo, muU, muUyu, muVei, muVugu, muWiyu, muWuyu, muYu (Shona); ximuwu (Thonga or Tsonga); mowana (Tswana: Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); moana (Tawana dialect, Ngamiland); muvhuyu (Venda); ibozu (Subya: Botswana, eastern Caprivi); mobuyu (Kololo); dovuyu (Mbukushu: Okavango Swamps and Western Caprivi); omukura (Northern South West Africa) in Tanzania: dakaumo, gele, gendaryandi, mabuyu, malembe, masera, mbuyu, mesera, mkondo, mkuu, mkuu hafungwa, mkuu hapingwa, mpela, mramba, muuyu, muwiye, mwandu, mwiwi, mwiwiye, mwuwiye, olmesera, ng’wandu, ngwandu, ngíwandu, tebwe in W. Africa: an derabai, bo-wului, sira in Yoruba: ose, ose igbeeluju in India: aanaipuliya maram, aane hunase, aane hunise, anaipuliya-maram, anai puliyamaram, anaimaram, anaippuli, anaippuliyamaram, anaipuli, anaipuliamaram, anaipuliyamaram, arucaka, arucakamaram, arukkankopikam, arukkankopikamaram, babbab, baobaab, baobab, baubab, brahma malika, brahmaamlika, brahmamilika, brahmamlika,

78

Adenanthera L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

brahmamlike, braksh, chitrala, choramli, chori chinch, cimaippuli, coramli, dirghadandi, gajabala, gandhabahula, gonik-chintz, gopali, gorak amli, gorak-chinch, gorak-imli, gorakamali, gorakh amli, gorakh chinch, gorakh-imli, gorakhambli, gorakhamli, gorakhchinch, goraksacinca, gorakshi, goraksi, goramlichora, hatti, hatti-kattian, hujed, kalp, kalpa dev, kalpadev, kalpviriksha, kalpvrikhsa, kasaan-aamli, kasmiramlika, korakkarmaram, korakkarpuli, lochora, maagi maavu, maggimaavu, maggimavu, magimaavu, magimavu, malukikam, malukikamaram, mansapooran, pancaparni, pancaparnika, panchaparnika, panchparnika (panch, five, parna, leaf), paparapuli, pappappuli, papparapa-puli, papparappuli, pappura puli, parpparappuli, pepper-appauli, perukkamaram, perukku, pontaippulimaram, pontampuli, puri, puri-maram, purimaram, purinelli, purippuli, ravanamlika, rukhado, sarpadandi, seemachinta, simachinta, simaechinta, sitaphala, sitaphalam, sudandika, sumpura, sunpura, toti, totimaram, totiyam, totiyamaram, yanaippuli, yanaippulimaram, yanaippuliyamaram

Adenanthera L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) Greek aden ‘gland’ and anthera ‘anther’, a small and deciduous gland on top of the anther; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 384. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 181. 1754. Adenanthera pavonina L. (Adenanthera gersenii Scheff.; Adenanthera polita Miq.) India, Asia tropical. Perennial non-climbing tree, spreading, deciduous, flared base with short rounded buttresses, grey orange bark, slash green and pale, feathery bipinnate shortly hairy leaves, small white pale yellow flowers in short racemes, leathery curved long pointed legume, scarlet seeds See Species Plantarum 1: 384. 1753 and Fl. Jamaica 4: 128. 1920, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 5: 161–176. 1989, Ceiba 44(2): 105– 268. 2003 [2005] (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant poisonous. Seeds poisonous when eaten, and also abortifacient; powdered seeds applied to wounds and sores. Plant powder applied in pimples, acne and skin diseases, sore throat, rheumatism. Bark and leaves decoction in rheumatism. Leaves astringent, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, weak cytotoxic, tonic, used for gastric complaints, diarrhea, dysentery, vomiting, fever, arthritis; a decoction given for gout, hematuria and rheumatism. Root emetic.) in English: bead tree, circassian bean, circassian seed, coralwood, curly bean, jumbi bead, jumbie beans, peacock flower-fence, red bead tree, red bean tree, red sandalwood, red sandalwood tree, sandalwood tree in Congo: ikaa, makaa in Madagascar: bonaramena, conori, kafe bonara

in Fiji: lera, vaivai ni vavalagi in China: hai hong dou in India: aanaikundrimani, aane gulaganji, aanegulaganji, adhangi, anai-kondumani, anai kundumani, anaik-kunri, anaikkunri, anaik-kunrimani, anaikkunrimani, anaikkuntumani, anaikundimani, anaikunrimani, anegundumani, attipotikam, bandi gurivenda, bandi gurvina, bandigurivenda, bandiguruginja, baragunchi, baragunci, barighumchi, barigumchi, bir mungara, calakai, cem, cemmaram, chandan, chem, cuvetakolam, dieng thing, dodda gulaganji, doddagulaganji, doddagulgunza, enugaguruginji, enugagurunginji, gurivenda, kamboji, ksharaka, kucandanah, kuchandana, kulirkirakam, kusandana, mancali, mancati, mancatige, mancatikkuntumani, mancatti, manchadi, manchataga, manchati, manchatige, mancittam, manda theeya, mandatiya, mandsjadi, mandsjati, manjaadi, manjadi, manjati, manjatthi, manjatti, manjeti, manjetti, manjitte, manjuti manjutti, mansenikottae, mensenikotta, mileccakamani, munjahi, munjatie, munjuti, muvutamani, peddaguriginja, periyakuntumani, perunkunri, peunkunrimani, potaikkancanamani, rakta chandan, rakta kambal, raktachandana, raktakambal, raktakanchan, ranjaka, ranjana, ratangunj, recheda, sem, tamirakam, tampulovalli, tamraka, tamrakah, thorla-gunj, thorlaguni, thorlagunj, thorligunj, thorligunji, tilagam, tilakah, tilam, val, vanakam, varnakam, vhadli-gunj, vikacam, yanaikkunrimani, yanaikuntumani Malayan names: kenduri batang, saga, suga in Papua New Guinea: divai na kalagar, kerenga in Philippines: saga, saga hutan

Adenia Forsskål Passifloraceae Aden is the Arabic vernacular name for Adenia venenata Forssk., the type species of Adenia, collected in Yemen, Al Hadiyah [Hadîe], March 1763; see Pehr (Peter) Forsskål (1732–1763), Flora aegyptiaco-arabica. 77. Copenhagen 1775 and Carl Christensen, Den danske Botaniks Historie med tilhørende Bibliografi. Copenhagen 1924–1926, Adansonia, n.s. 10(1): 111–126. 1970, Wilde, W. J. J. O. d. “A monograph of the genus Adenia Forsk. (Passifloraceae).” Meded. Landbouwhogeschool 71(18): 1–281. 1971, Phytochemistry 28(1): 127–132. 1989, Frank Nigel Hepper and Ib Friis, The plants of Pehr Forsskal’s ‘Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica’ collected on the Royal Danish Expedition to Egypt and the Yemen 1761–1763. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew [in association with the Botanical Museum, Copenhagen] 1994, Systematic Botany 31(4): 805–821. 2006, Brittonia 59(4): 308 327. 2007. Adenia aculeata (Oliv. ex Hook. f.) Engl. (Modecca aculeata Oliv. ex Hook. f.) Ethiopia, Somalia and northeastern Kenya. Liana, prickly, flowers yellowish-green

79

Adenia Forsskål Passifloraceae

See Icones Plantarum 14: 11, t. 1317. 1880, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 375. 1891 (Fresh root boiled in water, the decoction filtered and drunk to treat gastritis.) Adenia acuminata King (Adenia acuminata Koord.) India. See Exkursionsflora von Java … 2: 637. 1912 (Said to be irritant. Leaves and roots applied in headache, roots in ringworm.) in English: scarlet adenia Adenia bequaertii Robyns & Lawalrée Gabon. Large liana creeping on ground, flowers pale green, corolla slightly glaucous

(Poisonous to both humans and animals. Anti-hypertensive, febrifuge, laxative, abortifacient, lactation stimulant, larvicidal, emetic, astringent, pain killer, cytotoxic; stem used for diarrhea and dysentery, twigs for rheumatism. A decoction of the leaves or root taken to treat fever and malaria, and as a diuretic. Infusion or decoction of the root, stem or leaves for the treatment of gastro-intestinal complaints, stomachache, diarrhea and dysentery, headache, edema and rheumatism. Crushed plant as fish poison. Cyanogenic glycosides.) in English: gourd string, monkey rope, snake climber, wild granadilla in Central African Republic: ikululu in Congo: njombo in Gabon: tsotsokodi in Ghana: ekyem

See Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 18: 284. 1947

in Guinea: lá pô, malápè

(Leaves antalgic, for headache; leaf sap or a leaf decoction drunk to treat headache; leaf decoction and maceration drunk or used as a bath to treat insanity and possession. Veterinary medicine.)

in Sierra Leone: pwala-bindo

in Burundi: umuvugo Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Adenia adenifera Engl.; Adenia cissampeloides Harms; Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Benth.) Harms; Adenia gracilis Harms; Adenia gracilis subsp. pinnata W.J. de Wilde; Adenia guineensis W.J. de Wilde; Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms; Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. cerifera W.J. de Wilde; Adenia gummifera var. gummifera; Adenia lobulata Engl.; Adenia reticulata (De Wild. & T. Durand) Engl.; Adenia reticulata (De Wild. & T. Durand) Engl. var. cinerea W.J. de Wilde; Modecca cissampeloides Planch.; Modecca cissampeloides Planch. ex Hook.; Modecca gummifera Harv.; Ophiocaulon cissampeloides Mast.; Ophiocaulon cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Mast.; Ophiocaulon cissampeloides Hook.f.; Ophiocaulon gracile (Harms) Pellegr.; Ophiocaulon gummifer Mast.; Ophiocaulon reticulatum De Wild. & T. Durand) Tropical Africa. Vine, woody, herbaceous, climber, prostrate, rambling, scrambling, robust liana, thick at base, tendrils turning yellow with age, leaves papery, flowers pale green, infructescence axillary, moist bushland, in secondary vegetation, in forest clearing, primary forest, secondary jungle formations, seasonally flooded gallery forests, at savanna edge See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 77. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 208. 1797, Sylva Telluriana 129. 1838, Niger Flora [W.J. Hooker] 365. 1849, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 814. 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 518. 1871, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] 1 6A: 255. 1897 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76(3): 263–268. 2001

bobokaya,

makoinyi,

ndondo-eha,

in Tanzania: mandali, mkengeti in Yoruba: aro eke, dodo, edo, ikurere eluku, itakun aro keke Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. (Adenia digitata Burtt Davy, nom. illeg., non Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl.; Modecca digitata Harv.) South Africa. Herbaceous, climber, trailing, scrambling, creeper, ribbed stem, tendrils, large fleshy underground tuber, grey-green leaves deeply 3–5 lobed, two prominent glands at the leaf base, flowers greenish-cream, inflorescences axillary few-flowered often ending in a curled tendril, hanging fleshy inflated red fruit, may be confused with the ripe fruit of Trochomeria macrocarpa See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 208. 1797, Thesaurus Capensis 1: 8. 1859, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 375. 1891 and Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3: 121. 1912, Watt, J.M. & Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, edn 2. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London. 1962, Biochem. J. 174: 491–496. 1974, J. Biol. Chem. 260(27): 14589–14595. 1985 (Deadly poisonous, roots and fruits toxic to animals and humans, contain cyanogenic glycosides. Modeccin poisoning is a serious and potentially fatal event, modeccin resembles most closely volkensin, a ricin-like toxin. Root rubbed into swellings or applied warm to treat knee swellings; rubbed on the skin with boiled roots or a root decoction to treat skin ailment, leprosy or ulcers; root decoction applied externally and also taken to treat swollen legs.) in English: finger-leaved adenia, wild granadilla in Southern Africa: bobbejaangif; bovokgotlhlolo (Sotho); golobaje (Ndebele); mojaja (Tswana)

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Adenia dinklagei Hutch. & Dalziel Senegal to Ghana. See Flora of West Tropical Africa 1: 174. 1927 (Leaves ground with salt and water and the liquid taken to treat palpitations.) Adenia ellenbeckii Harms Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Leaves eaten as a vegetable See Die Vegetation der Erde 3(2): 606, f. 270. 1921 (Fruit decoction or fruit powder to treat wounds. The juice of the fruit added to meat used to poison hyenas.) Adenia firingalavensis (Drake ex Jum.) Harms (Adenia firingalavensis Harms; Ophiocaulon firingalavense Drake ex Jum.) Madagascar. Deciduous succulent liana, warty waxy trunk, tendrils simple, inflorescence axillary, fruit an ovoid capsule, slow-growing See Sylva Telluriana 129. 1838, Genera Plantarum 1: 813. 1867 and Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 137: 206. 1903, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage [Engler & Prantl] 21: 490. 1925, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 42–64. 1940, Cat. Pl. Madagasc. 2(28): 7–28. 1940, Fl. Madagasc. 143: 1–48. 1945, Adansonia, n.s. 10(1): 111–126. 1970

Adenia Forsskål Passifloraceae

Adenia rhodesica Suess.; Modecca gummifera Harv.; Ophiocaulon cissampeloides sensu Bak.; Ophiocaulon gummifer Mast., also gummiferum) Tanzania. Large woody climber, subsucculent, scrambler, stem green with white stripes, tendrils, flowers greenish axillary on loose drooping heads, perianth green-white, anthers orange pink, fruit yellow hanging down, persistent light green calyx at the base of fruits, white pitted seeds, male and female flowers on separate plants, leaves used as vegetable, at edge of riverine forest, dry and moist forest, common in Brachystegia woodland, open forest, woodland See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 77. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 208. 1797, Fl. Maurit. Seychell.: 106. 1877, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] 1 6A: 255. 1897 and Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 74. 1910, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3: 121. 1912, Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 43: 13. 1951, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9: 237–260. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12: 35–74. 1984 (Poisonous. Outer wood, bark, branches and leaves reported to be a fish poison; fruits poisonous. Roots used to treat hernia, dysentery, diarrhea, snakebites, malaria, leprosy; roots chewed to treat snakebite. Leaves decoction aphrodisiac. Veterinary medicine.) in English: monkey rope, wild grenadilla in Southern Africa: bopha, umPhindamshaya

in English: bottle liana

in Tanzania: gale, ghoye, gole, iyore, kungu-mti, lukenda, mandali, mbogaboga, mgore, mkengeti, mugore, munua nyoka, oloru, zokambago

Adenia globosa Engl.

in Zambia: chimboyi

East Africa, Kenya. Dioecious shrub or climber, more or less succulent, erect or scandent, swollen warty globular trunk, flowers greenish white, inflorescence an axillary cyme, leathery smooth green fruits

Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) de Wilde (Adenia palmata (Lam.) Engl.; Granadilla hondala Gaertn.; Modecca palmata Lam.)

(Plant very toxic.)

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan­ zengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 382, f. 8. 1891 (Cyanogenic glycosides. Stem water extract drunk to treat abdominal pain, as a bath to treat itches, scabies, skin diseases. Veterinary medicine, tuberous stem.) in Tanzania: mpaga Adenia gracilis Harms Tropical Africa. Slender herbaceous climber, liana, twiner, petals cream-fringed See Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] 1 6A: 255. 1897, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 236. 1899 (Believed to be poisonous. Stem and leaves used as fish poison.) Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Adenia gummifera Burtt Davy, nom. illeg., non Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms;

SE Asia, Vietnam. Herbaceous vine, tuberous climber, scandent glabrous herb, large conspicuous irregularly shaped tubers, tendrils arise in leaf axils and bear flowers, stems swollen at nodes, glands below the leaves, flowers white to light blue, capsules orange-red splitting into 3 valves with leathery rind, seeds with membranous white aril, leaves petioles and tender shoots cooked and eaten See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 77. 1775, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 480, t. 180, f. 10. 1791 and Blumea 15: 265. 1968, Ceylon Med. J. 16: 182–186. 1971 (Used in Ayurveda. Tubers poisonous, antimicrobial, antibacterial, used for treating hernia and skin diseases. Seeds for curing poisoning. Roots used as Ayurvedic plant drug Vidaari/Vidari, plant parts obtained from four different species are sold under the name Vidaari, they are Pueraria tuberosa, Cycas circinalis, Ipomoea mauritiana and Adenia hondala.)

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Adenia Forsskål Passifloraceae

in India: hiremaddu, hondala, kannaada, kempu chendu balli, kempu chendu hannina balli, matakku, modecca, modika, modikha, motta-modecca, muthalakkudam, muthukku, mutukku, orela-modecca, palmodecca, palmothakku, palmutukku, vidaari, vidari Adenia keramanthus Harms Kenya and Tanzania. Succulent, flowers green-cream

See Species Plantarum 2: 955–960. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 208. 1797, Sertum AustroCaledonicum 78, pl. 79. 1824[1825], A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 55. 1834, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 700. 1856, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 13(155): 326. 1875 and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 71: 52. 1902, Blumea 15(2): 266. 1967

See Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 6A: 84. 1893

(Leaves for chest pain, leaves and roots applied in headache, roots in ringworm. Paste of twigs applied in body ache.)

(Stem extract taken to treat syphilis; leaves and roots chewed to treat snakebites.)

in China: dian nan shuo lian

Adenia lanceolata Engl. Southern Sudan to Malawi. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 378. 1891 (Poisonous.) Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Adenia mannii (Mast.) Engl.; Adenia rumicifolia Engl. & Harms; Adenia schweinfurthii Engl.; Modecca lobata Jacq.) Tropical Africa. Vine, liane, creeping, climber, stem soft with tendrils, branches and branchlets warty, leaves slightly succulent, inflorescence an axillary cyme, thick waxy pale green yellowish flowers, winged pendent hard fruit pale green glaucous, seeds in whitish transparent pulp, flowers with slight fetid to repulsive odor, cooked leaves eaten as a vegetable, in roadside vegetation See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 208. 1797, Fragmenta Botanica 82, t. 131. 1800, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 375. 1891 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(1): 91–97. 2004, Phytothérapie 3(6) 252–259. 2005 (Plant antiplasmodial, aphrodisiac, diuretic, purgative, antiparasitic and antiamebic. Stem and leaves contain cyanogenic glycosides. A twig decoction drunk and used in a bath to treat malaria. A leaf decoction taken to treat cough, bronchitis and fever. Leaves and flowers for venereal diseases, fevers and coughs. Antidote, useful to drive away the snakes; the sap of the stem used as an arrow poison and to kill rats and street dogs. Stem, stem bark, fruit or sap used for fish poisoning.)

in India: tincham Adenia populifolia Engl. Malaysia. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 376. 1891 (For convulsions, burn the leaves and smoke the child.) Malay name: lelayang Adenia racemosa W.J. de Wilde Tanzania. Climber, flexible, flowers greenish to yellowish, used for fodder See Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool 71(18): 64. 1971 (Tubers a remedy for chickenpox. A leaf decoction drunk to treat mental illness.) in Tanzania: gole, nyang’oleko Adenia rhodesica Suess. (Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms) See Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 43: 13. 1951 (Veterinary medicine, leaves in cataplasm for wounds.) Adenia schweinfurthii Engl. (Adenia lobata subsp. schweinfurthii (Engl.) Lye) Tanzania. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 375, 377. 1891 and Lidia 4(3): 92. 1998

in English: snake rope

(Fish poison.)

in Sierra Leone: dandeh, jumeke, ka tol, mawoni

Adenia subsessilifolia Perr.

in Tanzania: ngole

Madagascar. Tubers bitter and inedible

in Yoruba: ajadigi, atewogbare, atewogbare yaga, okun ikale, popo, popo elero, yaga

See Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 9: 50–51. 1940

Adenia penangiana (Wall. ex G. Don) W.J. de Wilde (Adenia nicobarica King; Disemma penangiana (Wall. ex G. Don) Miq.; Modecca nicobarica Kurz; Passiflora penangiana Wall. ex G. Don)

(Pounded stems applied to wounds.)

India. Twiner, yellow flowers

See Acta Botanica Neerlandica 17: 133, 127, f. 1/f, 3. 1968

Adenia tricostata W.J. de Wilde Central Africa and Uganda.

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Adenium Roemer & Schultes Apocynaceae

(An infusion of the leaves used to treat fever.)

in Kenya: kilyambiti, laarakimak, loarakimak, lturmaei

Adenia trilobata (Roxb.) Engl. (Modecca trilobata Roxb.)

Adenia wightiana (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Engl. (Modecca wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.)

India. See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 93 or 94. 1820, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 375. 1891 (Leaves made into a paste and applied in snakebite.) in India: chersialap Adenia venenata Forssk. (Modecca abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Tropical Africa. Shrub or climber, arborescent, stipules narrowly triangular, male flowers tubiform-infundibuliform, female flowers infundibuliform, pericarp coriaceous, savanna See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 77. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 208. 1797, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 297. 1847–48 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 421–427. 2005 (Tonic, stimulant, antimicrobial, to treat intestinal worms. Ceremonial. Veterinary medicine, leaves to treat cattle suffering from mange.) in English: prince’s tree in Ethiopia: adenden in Kenya: elemu, kilyambiti, laarakimak, loarakimak in Nigeria: bambuhi, gantimi Adenia volkensii Harms Tropical Africa. Small shrub or herb, woody, pubescent, erect, tuberous rootstock, succulent stem, young foliage often purplish, triangular acute stipules gland-dotted, flowers bellshaped green or yellow with red-crimson spots, depressed globose leathery fruits, fruit cooked See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 77. 1775, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas 281. 1895 and Pl. E. Afr.: 37, fig. 3. 1969, Meded. Landb. Wag. 71, 18: 182, fig. 28–29. 1971, Amer. J. Veterin. Res. 35(6): 829–830. 1974, Bol. Soc. Brot. Sér. 2, 50: 168, t. 5. 1976, J. Biol. Chem. 260(27): 14589–14595. 1985 (Poisonous, human and mammals poisoning; volkensin, a highly toxic protein from the roots. Fruit and roots to poison hyenas. Powder of the roasted rootstock to treat coughs, colds and pneumonia and with milk to treat stomachache; drink infusion of roots for swelling. Leaf decoction taken orally to treat bronchitis, coughs and fever or used as a purgative enema. Ceremonial plant, tribal use, ritual, fruit and root poisonous and used by a lasakutoni, a sorcerer. Veterinary medicine, rootstock to cure trypanosomiasis and venereal diseases in livestock.) in English: Kilyambiti plant in East Africa: berendai, kalumbu, kilembide, kilimbiti, kilyambiti, mndiati

India. Climber See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 353. 1834, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 376. 1891 (Dried root powder made into a paste given to treat syphilis.) in Tanzania: gole in India: rogam gadda

Adenium Roemer & Schultes Apocynaceae The Arabic vernacular names Oddaejin, Öddaejn, Öddein or Aden, the first species was collected in Yemen, at Jebel Melhan [Milhan], 1763, see Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 35 & 411. 1819 and Rowley, G.D. The Adenium and Pachypodium handbook. Smart & Co. Ltd., Brackley, United Kingdom. 1983, Cactus and Succulent Journal 63: 223–225. 1991, Cactus and Succulent Journal 64(3): 110–111. 1992, Cactus and Succulent Journal 70(4): 199–200. 1998, Molecules 5: 51–81. 2000, Asklepios 83: 3. 2001, van Wyk, B.E., van Heerden, F. & van Oudtshoorn, B. Poisonous plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa. 2002, Asklepios 85: 4–6. 2002. Adenium comprises five species, which are sometimes merged into a single one, Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. with 6 subspecies; Adenium is closely related to Pachypodium and Nerium. Adenium boehmianum Schinz (Adenium obesum subsp. boehmianum (Schinz) G.D. Rowley) Angola and Namibia. Succulent shrub, white latex in all parts, inflorescence a dense terminal cyme, linear-oblong follicles coherent at base See Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand. xxx. (1888) 259. 1888 and Repert. Pl. Succ. (I.O.S.) 29: 3. 1978 (publ. 1980) (Poisonous compounds in the root and stem latex, cardiac glycosides. Extremely bitter root sap and latex boiled to prepare arrow poison.) in English: bushman poison Adenium honghel A. DC. Tropical Africa. See Prodr. (DC.) 8: 412. 1844 (Leaves, stem and roots for venereal diseases, tropical ulcers. Latex applied to carious tooth.) Adenium multiflorum Klotzsch (Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. multiflorum (Klotzsch) G.D. Rowley; Adenium obesum var. multiflorum (Klotzsch) Codd)

83

Adenium Roemer & Schultes Apocynaceae

S. Trop. & S. Africa. Succulent shrub or small tree, watery latex, brittle root, inflorescence a dense terminal cyme, oblong follicles opening by a longitudinal slit, hairy seeds, heavily browsed by livestock See Peters, Wilhelm Karl Hartwig (1815–1883), Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1864 and Bothalia 7: 452. 1961, Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 46: 160. 1974 (In some countries the watery latex is considered highly poisonous. Stem latex used to prepare arrow poison and fish poison. Veterinary medicine, an extract of root and stem latex given against diarrhea and eye diseases in domestic birds. Magic.) in English: impala lily, Sabi star in South Africa: impalalelie, kudu lily, Sabie star Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. (Adenium arabicum Balf.f.; Adenium arboreum Ehrenb.; Adenium coetaneum Stapf; Adenium honghel A. DC.; Adenium honghel Lindl.; Adenium micranthum Stapf; Adenium obesum Roem. & Schult.; Adenium obesum subsp. socotranum (Vierh.) Lavranos; Adenium obesum subsp. somalense (Balf.f.) Rowley; Adenium socotranum Vierh.; Adenium somalense Balf.f.; Adenium somalense var. caudatipetalum Chiov.; Adenium somalense var. crispum Chiov.; Adenium speciosum Fenzl; Adenium tricholepis Chiov.; Cameraria obesa (Forssk.) Spreng.; Nerium obesum Forssk.) W. Trop. Africa to Tanzania, Arabian Pen. A succulent shrub or a small tree, grey smooth bark, stout swollen stem, very thick-stemmed, pachycaul, semi-succulent branches, milky or clear sap, thick fleshy leaves simple narrow oblong to broadly lanceolate, inflorescence a more or less dense terminal cyme, pinkish to red funnel-shaped flowers, linear-oblong follicles tapering at both ends, dry scrub, coastal thicket, desert scrub, in dry bushland, in pure sand or well-drained soil, in rocky sites, Acacia-CommiphoraCombretum wooded grassland See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 205. 1775, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 411. 1819, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 32: t. 54. 1846, Balfour, Isaac Bayley (1853–1922), Botany of Socotra. Edinburgh, 1888 [Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 31: 162. 1888], Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 334. 1894 and Oesterr. Bot. Z. 54: 286. 1904, Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum 29: 3. 1978 [publ. 1980], Planta Medica 44: 123–124. 1982, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, Lebrun, J.-P. “Catalogue des plantes de la Mauritanie et du Sahara Occidental.” Boissiera 55: 1–322. 1988, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38: 669–672. 1990, Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied Biology 2(1): 39–43. 2000 (Plant regarded as poisonous, also to stock; latex dangerous to the eyes; used as ordeal poison and for criminal purposes; cardiotoxic glycosides. Plant molluscicidal, acaricidal, larvicidal, fungicidal and cytotoxic. Bark chewed as an

abortifacient; aqueous stem bark extract acaricide. A decoction from the roots to treat venereal diseases. Juice from stem and crushed leaves cytotoxic, applied to septic wounds and ulcers; stem and roots wound dressing, cardiac tonic, applied to septic wounds and ulcers; latex rubbed on the head against lice. Veterinary medicine, bark infusion used to remove tick and lice on camels and cows; powdered stems applied to kill skin parasites of camels and cattle. Root sap or sometimes the wood or stem latex used to prepare arrow poison. Arrow and fish poison from seeds and roots; chopped-up stems used as a fish poison; a decoction of the bark and leaves used as fish poison. Magic.) in English: desert rose, elephant’s foot, impala lily, poison tree, star of the Sabi, tornado thunder in French: baobab chacal, faux baobab, lis des impalas, pied d’éléphant, rose du désert in East Africa: egales, elemu, kilengandumba, kipera, kiperapera, mhongorongo, ojiko, ol eteti, oleteti, utupa in Ghana: saa tesaga in Guinea-Bissau: bulu kuruné, djindje pétè, fukala sitandi, kakalsita, kongosita, sita kolokuru, tukala sitandi in Kenya: egeles in Mali: bulu kuruné, fukala sitandi, hongel, kakalasita, kidi sarané, kongosita, sita kolokuru, tukala sitandi in Mauritania: teiduma es seba in Niger: karya, kuka meru, shagar-el-sim in Nigeria: gariya, kariya, kawameru, kuka meru, lekki peewuri, shagar-el-sim, sim-es-samak in Senegal: bulu kuruné, dar bogel, dara bogel, daraboghé, darabuki, darbugé, darbugol, darbuki, fukala sitadi, guy sidéri, hongel, kakalasita, kidi sarané, kongosita, kulukuruné, lisugar, nya-makoelimbar, pouri, sita kolokuru, teiduma es seba, tukala sitadi in Tanzania: madiga, mdagu, mdaguwanda, mdiga, mwadiga, wanja in Zambia: mbwayuma, nkalambe Adenium oleifolium Stapf (Adenium obesum subsp. oleifolium (Stapf) G.D. Rowley) Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. Succulent small shrub, white latex in all parts, narrow leaves, inflorescence a terminal cyme, cylindrical follicles spreading or recurved when mature See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1907, 53. 1907 (Cardiac glycosides. Root sap to treat fever and colic, in larger doses it is purgative and toxic. From the latex, or from a decoction of the extremely bitter tuber an arrow poison is prepared. A salve from the plant is applied to snakebites and scorpion stings.)

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Adenocaulon Hook. Asteraceae Greek aden ‘gland’ and kaulos ‘stalk, stem’, perennial herb stalked-glandular above, fruits stalked-glandular, see Botanical Miscellany 1(1): 19–20, pl. 15. 1829. Adenocaulon himalaicum Edgew. (Adenocaulon adhaerescens Maxim.; Adenocaulon bicolor var. adhaerescens (Maxim.) Makino) China, Himalaya. See Botanical Miscellany 1(1): 19–20, pl. 15. 1829, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20(1): 64. 1846, Mémoires Présentés à l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées 9: 152. 1859 and Botanical Magazine 13: 240. 1901 (Dried leaves used locally for treatment of dermatitis caused by poison ivy; plant paste applied on wounds.) in Japan: ognamat-kina, oynamat in Nepal: gnalep

Adenophora Fischer Campanulaceae Greek aden ‘gland’ and phoros ‘bearing, carrying’, phero, phoreo ‘to bear’, referring to the sticky nectar, see Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 6: 165. 1823. Some confusion regarding the nomenclature. Adenophora remotiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq. (Adenophora isabellae Hemsl.; Adenophora remotiflora f. albiflora Y.N. Lee; Adenophora remotiflora f. angustifolia Makino; Adenophora remotiflora f. cordata Kom.; Adenophora remotiflora f. leucantha Honda; Adenophora remotiflora f. longifolia Kom.; Adenophora remotiflora f. oreophila Hiyama; Adenophora remotifolia Miq.; Adenophora trachelioides f. puberula A.I. Baranov; Adenophora remotiflora var. angustifolia (Makino) Honda; Adenophora remotiflora var. cordatifolia (Deb.) Zahlbr.; Adenophora remotiflora var. hirsuta Honda; Adenophora remotiflora var. hirticalyx S. Lee; Adenophora remotiflora var. hirticalyx S.T. Lee, Y.J. Chung & J.K. Lee; Adenophora trachelioides Maxim.; Adenophora trachelioides subsp. giangsuensis D.Y. Hong; Adenophora trachelioides var. cordatifolia Deb; Campanula remotiflora Siebold & Zucc.) Japan, Russia, Korea. Perennial See Flora Japonica 4(3): 180. 1846, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 193. 1866, J. Bot. 14: 207. 1876 and Fl. Mansh. 3: 557. 1907, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 138 (-139). 1931, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 57: 107. 1943, J. Jap. Bot. 22: 56. 1948, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 16: 155. 1963, Korean J. Bot. 24(1): 29. 1981, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 73(2): 186. 1983, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 20(3): 192. 1990 (Root antidote, demulcent, expectorant, used in the treatment of poisonous bites and medicinal poisoning.)

Adenocaulon Hook. Asteraceae

Adenophora stricta Miq. (Adenophora argyi H. Lév.; Adenophora axilliflora Borbás; Adenophora confusa Nannf.; Adenophora polymorpha var. stricta (Miq.) Makino; Adenophora rotundifolia Lév.; Adenophora sinensis var. pilosa A. DC.; Adenophora stricta subsp. confusa (Nannf.) D.Y. Hong; Adenophora stricta subsp. sessilifolia D.Y. Hong; Adenophora stricta var. lancifolia Hara.) Asia, China. A perennial herb, simple, erect, branched in upper part, softly hairy, long robust conical roots, terminal raceme See Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 192. 1866 (Roots used for chronic bronchitis, cough.) in English: upright ladybell in China: nan sha shen Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC. (Adenophora hakusanensis Nakai; Adenophora insularis Kitam.; Adenophora kurilensis Nakai; Adenophora kurilensis f. albiflora Tatew.; Adenophora obtusifolia Merr.; Adenophora pereskiifolia var. japonica Regel; Adenophora polymorpha var. abbreviata H. Lév.; Adenophora polymorpha var. rhombifolia H. Lév.; Adenophora puellaris Honda; Adenophora pulchra Kitam.; Adenophora radiatifolia Nakai, nom. superfl.; Adenophora radiatifolia f. hirsuta (Hatus.) Nakai, nom. superfl.; Adenophora radiatifolia var. abbreviata (H. Lév.) Nakai, nom. superfl.; Adenophora radiatifolia var. angustifolia (Regel) Nakai, nom. superfl.; Adenophora radiatifolia var. hirsuta (F. Schmidt) Nakai, nom. superfl.; Adenophora radiatifolia var. rhombifolia (H. Lév.) Nakai, nom. superfl.; Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch.; Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. ex B.D. Jacks.; Adenophora tetraphylla var. abbreviata (H. Lév.) Chamb.; Adenophora tetraphylla var. angustifolia (Regel) Baranova; Adenophora tetraphylla var. angustifolia A.I. Baranov; Adenophora tetraphylla var. hirsuta (F. Schmidt) Chamb.; Adenophora tetraphylla var. integrifolia Y.Z. Zhao; Adenophora tetraphylla var. media (Korsh.) Baranov; Adenophora tetraphylla var. princeps (Korsh.) Baranov; Adenophora thunbergiana Kudo; Adenophora thunbergiana fo. brevidens Hara; Adenophora thunbergiana f. glabra (Makino) H. Hara; Adenophora thunbergiana f. hirsuta (F. Schmidt) Kudo; Adenophora thunbergiana fo. lancifolia (Hara) Hara; Adenophora thunbergiana f. totoki Hiyama ex Honda; Adenophora thunbergiana fo. violacea Hara; Adenophora thunbergiana var. hakusanensis (Nakai) Hara; Adenophora thunbergiana var. lancifolia Hara; Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC.; Adenophora triphylla f. albiflora Tawada, nom. illeg.; Adenophora triphylla f. albiflora (Tatew.) H. Hara; Adenophora triphylla fo. canescens (Franch. & Sav.) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla fo. glabra (Makino) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla fo. hirsuta Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla fo. lancifolia (Hara) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla fo. latifolia Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla f. leucantha H. Hara; Adenophora triphylla fo. linearis (Hayata) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla

85

Adenopodia C. Presl Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

fo. pilosa Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla fo. pilosissima Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla fo. princeps (Korsh.) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla fo. procumbens Shimizu; Adenophora triphylla fo. violacea (Hara) Shimizu; Adenophora triphylla subsp. apericampanulata Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla var. angustifolia (Regel) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla var. hakusanensis (Nakai) Pilg.; Adenophora triphylla var. hakusanensis (Nakai) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla var. insularis Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) Hara; Adenophora triphylla var. kurilensis (Nakai) Kitam.; Adenophora triphylla var. puellaris (Honda) Hara; Adenophora triphylla var. tetraphylla (Thunb.) Makino; Adenophora verticillata Fisch.; Adenophora verticillata Pallas ex Fisch.; Adenophora verticillata subf. alternifolia (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; Adenophora verticillata subf. glabra Makino; Adenophora verticillata subf. hirsuta (F. Schmidt) Makino; Adenophora verticillata fo. angustifolia (Regel) Makino; Adenophora verticillata fo. crenata Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata fo. dentata Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata fo. hirsuta (F. Schmidt) Makino; Adenophora verticillata fo. incisa Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata fo. linearis (Hayata) Matsum.; Adenophora verticillata fo. princeps (Korsh.) Kom.; Adenophora verticillata fo. serrulata Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata fo. subintegrifolia (Regel) Makino; Adenophora verticillata f. triphylla (Thunb.) Makino, nom. illeg.; Adenophora verticillata lusus alternifolia (Franch. & Sav.) Makino; Adenophora verticillata proles princeps Korsh.; Adenophora verticillata var. abbreviata H. Lév.; Adenophora verticillata var. alternifolia Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata var. angustifolia Regel; Adenophora verticillata var. angustifolia Korsh., nom. illeg.; Adenophora verticillata var. brevidens Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata var. canescens Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata var. denticulata Korsh.; Adenophora verticillata var. genuina Korsh., nom. inval.; Adenophora verticillata var. glabra Makino; Adenophora verticillata var. glabra (Makino) Makino; Adenophora verticillata var. hirsuta F. Schmidt; Adenophora verticillata var. latifolia Miq.; Adenophora verticillata var. linearis Hayata; Adenophora verticillata var. maritima Korsh.; Adenophora verticillata var. media Korsh.; Adenophora verticillata var. oppositifolia Franch. & Sav.; Adenophora verticillata var. pilosissima Engl.; Adenophora verticillata var. subintegrifolia Regel; Adenophora verticillata var. triphylla (Thunb.) Regel, nom. illeg.; Adenophora verticillata var. triphylla Miq., nom. illeg.; Adenophora verticillata var. typica Trautv., nom. inval.; Campanula tetraphylla Thunb.; Campanula triphylla Thunb.; Campanula verticillata Pall., nom. illeg.; Campanula verticillata Hill; Campanula verticillata Guss.) China, Siberia, Japan. Perennial, roots and leaves eaten See Reise 3: 320, 422, 436, App. 719, t. G, f. 1. 1776, Flora Japonica, … 87. 1784, Syst. Veg. ed. 14 (J.A. Murray): 211. 1784, Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 6: 167. 1823, Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 74. 1830, Monogr. Campan.: 365. 1830, Enum. Pl.

Jap. 2: 422. 1879, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12(Jap.): 59–60. 1898 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 167–168. 1908, Botanical Magazine 42: 14. 1928, Sunyatsenia 1(1): 82–83. 1930, Botanical Magazine 44: 10. 1930, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5: 204, 209. 1936, Botanical Magazine 50: 669. 1936, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 51: 896–897. 1937, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 10: 308–311. 1941, J. Jap. Bot. 26: 281. 1951, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 110–111. 1952, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 16: 159. 1963, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35: 249. 1977, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 33: 334. 1982, Fl. Intramongolica, ed. 2, 4: 847. 1993, Clavis Pl. Chinae Bor.-Or., ed. 2: 631. 1995, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 32: 42. 2006 (Roots antifungal, cardiotonic, expectorant, to treat bronchial catarrh and coughs.) in English: fourleaf bellflower, fourleaf ladybell in China: nan sha shen, sha shen Adenophora verticillata Pallas ex Fisch. (Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch.; Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC.) Russia. Corollas pale blue See Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 6: 167. 1823 (Roots antifungal, cardiotonic, expectorant.)

Adenopodia C. Presl Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) From the Greek words aden ‘gland’ and pous, podos ‘a foot’, podion ‘a little foot’, see Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 566–567. 1851 and Kew Bull. 41 (1): 73–90. 1986. Adenopodia spicata (E. Mey.) C. Presl (Entada natalensis Benth. var. aculeata Harv.; Entada spicata (E. Mey.) Druce; Entada spicata (E. Mey.) J.F. Macbr., nom. illeg., non Entada spicata (E. Mey.) Druce; Entadopsis spicata (E. Mey.) Gomes Pedro; Mimosa spicata E. Mey.; Pusaetha spicata (E. Mey.) Kuntze) South Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, large woody climber, scrambling shrub, flowers in short creamy-white spikes See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 318, 554. 1763, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 164. 1836, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4(30): 333. 1841, Flora Capensis 2: 270. 1862, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 204. 1891 and (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 1916: 621. 1917, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 19. 1919, North American Flora 23(3): 191. 1928, Bol. Soc. Estud. Mocamb. 25(92): 10. 1955, Duncan A.C., Jäger A.K., van Staden J. “Screening of Zulu medicinal plants for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.” J. Ethnopharmacol.

86

68(1–3): 63–70. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(3): 559–574. 2008 (Roots to treat chest pain and syphilis. Anti-hypertensive properties, used for the treatment of high blood pressure. Veterinary medicine, roots and bark for colds in horses.)

Adenosma R. Br. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)

Malay name: kuching kuching in Vietnam: bo bo, chè cat, chè dong, chè noi Adenosma retusilobum P.C. Tsoong & T.L. Chin China. Herb, slender, racemes terminal, corolla pale purple

in English: spiny splinter bean

See Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 396. 1979

in Southern Africa: doringsplinterboontjie, umBambangwe (Zulu)

(Diuretic.)

Adenosma R. Br. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae) Greek aden ‘gland’ and osme ‘a scent, perfume, fragrance’; see Robert Brown (1773–1858), Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. 442. 1810. Adenosma glutinosum (L.) Druce (Adenosma caerulea R.Br.; Adenosma caeruleum R. Brown; Adenosma glutinosa Druce; Adenosma glutinosa Merr.; Adenosma glutinosum (L.) Merr.; Adenosma glutinosum var. caeruleum (R. Brown) P.C. Tsoong; Digitalis sinensis Loureiro; Gerardia glutinosa L.; Pterostigma grandiflorum Bentham) China. Herb, erect, villous, flowers axillary and solitary or in dense racemes apically on stems and branches, corolla purple-red to violet See Sp. Pl. 2: 611. 1753, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 443. 1810 and Botanical Exchange Club and Society of the British Isles (Report) 3: 413. 1914, Philippine Journal of Science 12(2): 109. 1917, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25: 753–760. 2002 (Antiproliferative. Roots for colic.) in China: mao she xiang Malay name: timah tasek Adenosma indianum (Loureiro) Merrill (Adenosma capitata Benth. ex Hance; Adenosma capitatum Benth. ex Hance; Adenosma capitatum (Bentham) Bentham ex Hance; Adenosma indiana (Lour.) Merr.; Manulea indiana Loureiro; Pterostigma capitatum Bentham) Vietnam. Herb, erect See Fl. Cochinch. 2: 386. 1790, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 13: 114. 1872 [1873 publ. 1872] and Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s. 24(2): 351. 1935, Tsoong Puchiu, ed. Scrophulariaceae (2). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 68: 1–449. 1963, Tsoong Puchiu & Yang Hanbi, eds. Scrophulariaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 1–431. 1979 (Used in Ayurveda. Antibacterial, cholagogic, diuretic, stomachic, febrifuge, useful for the treatment of jaundice, oliguria, viral hepatitis. Roots for colic.)

in China: ao lie mao she xiang

Adenostemma Forster & Forster f. Asteraceae Greek aden ‘gland’ and stemma ‘crown, wreath, garland’, referring to the fruits or to the corolla-tubes or to the pappus bristles, see Characteres Generum Plantarum 45, pl. 45. 1775. Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze (Adenostemma brasilianum Cass.; Adenostemma brasilianum (Pers.) Cass.; Adenostemma flintii R.M. King & H. Rob.; Adenostemma glutinosum (Gaud.) Endl.; Adenostemma glutinosum DC.; Adenostemma lanceolatum Miq.; Adenostemma lavenia var. lavenia; Adenostemma viscosa J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Adenostemma viscosum Forst. & Forst.f.; Adenostemma viscosum Forst.; Lavenia glutinosa Gaud.; Verbesina brasiliana Pers.; Verbesina lavenia L.; Verbesina lavenia Roxb.) SE Asia, Pakistan and India. Herb, hispid, hairy, sticky, white flowers with pink spots, a weed of cultivation See Species Plantarum 2: 902. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum 45, t. 45. 1775, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(2): 472. 1807, Hort. Bengal. 62. 1814, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. [F. Cuvier] 25: 363. 1822, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 181. 1825, Voy. Uranie, Bot. 471. 1830, Prodr. (DC.) 5: 111. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 304. 1891 and Symb. Sin. 7(4): 1086. 1936, Economic Botany 27(2): 255–256. 1973, Phytologia 54(1): 29–30. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(2–3): 389–395. 2004, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 280–290. 2007 (For giddiness, plant paste consumed with milk. Leaves antispasmodic; leaves juice stimulant and sternutatory; crushed leaves made into a paste applied to cuts and wounds, skin diseases, headache, toothache, chest pain, to bites of poisonous insects and caterpillar; decoction of fruit pericarp of Cocos nucifera and leaves of Adenostemma lavenia gargled to treat toothache. Veterinary medicine, sap from the leaves of Cyathula prostrata, mixed with leaves of Adenostemma lavenia, applied as a drop to treat eye infections of chicken; crushed leaves applied on skin diseases.) in English: dung weed, sticky daisy in China: feng qi cao

in China: qiu hua mao she xiang

in India: butame, mi-top, soh-byrthit

in India: carim-tumba, karimtumpa, sprkka

in Indonesia: udu tai

kattusiruvanthanpatchilai,

mesapu,

87

Adenostoma Hook. & Arn. Rosaceae

in Japan: numa-daikon

in English: dung weed

Malayan names: rumput babi, rumput pasir, sembong gajah

in India: mayusundui

in Sarawak: bulu babi putih

in Indonesia: legetan warak, rumput babi, udu tai

in Hawaii: kamanamana

Malayan names: pulot-pulot, rumput babi, rumput pasir, rumput tahi babi, sembong gajah

Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze var. latifolium (D. Don) Handel-Mazzetti (Adenostemma latifolium D. Don; Adenostemma lavenia var. latifolia (D. Don) C.B. Clarke ex Kuntze)

in Papua New Guinea: pisirokot, tigtoni in Philippines: boton

China.

in Thailand: yieo muu

See Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 181. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 304. 1891 and Symb. Sin. 7(4): 1086. 1936

in Vietnam: c[us]c tr[aws]ng, c[or] m[ij]eh, c[us]c d[is]nk

(Used for skin diseases of the foot.)

Adenostoma Hook. & Arn. Rosaceae

in China: kuan ye bian zhong

From the Greek aden ‘gland’ and stoma ‘mouth’, referring to the glandular calyx, see The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 139, pl. 30. 1832.

Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze var. lavenia (Adenostemma tinctorium (Lour.) Cass.; Adenostemma viscosum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Anisopappus candelabrum H. Lév.; Myriactis candelabrum (H. Lév.) H. Lév.; Spilanthes tinctorius Lour.)

Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. North America. Perennial shrub

India.

See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 139, pl. 30. 1832

See Species Plantarum 2: 902. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum 45, t. 45. 1775, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 484. 1790, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 25: 364. 1822, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 181. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 304. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8(185–187): 451. 1910, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11(286–290): 303. 1912, Symb. Sin. 7(4): 1086. 1936, Economic Botany 27(2): 255–256. 1973, Phytologia 54(1): 29–30. 1983, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 581–592. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(2–3): 389–395. 2004, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 280–290. 2007

(Antirheumatic.)

(For giddiness, plants paste consumed with milk. Leaves antispasmodic; leaves juice stimulant and sternutatory; crushed leaves applied to cuts and wounds, skin diseases, toothache, chest pain, to bites of poisonous insects and caterpillar. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves applied on skin diseases.) in India: kattusiruvanthanpatchilai Adenostemma viscosum Forst. & Forst.f. (Adenostemma dregei DC.; Adenostemma lavenia auct.; Adenostemma perrottetii DC.) Tropical Africa and Asia. Erect to semi-procumbent herb, fleshy, sometimes rooting from lower nodes, sometimes confused with Adenostemma lavenia (Crushed stems and leaves applied as a poultice for headache, skin diseases, diarrhea, and as antiscorbutic; fresh juice of the plant to treat ear infections, lung congestion, pneumonia, edema and inflammation; leaves for dysuria, toothache, boils and ulcers, aphthae, sore throats, sun-burned skin, dysentery.)

in English: chamise, common chamise, greasewood Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. var. fasciculatum North America. Perennial shrub See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 139, pl. 30. 1832 (Disinfectant. Veterinary medicine.) in English: chamise, common chamise, greasewood Adenostoma sparsifolium Torrey North America. Perennial tree or shrub See Emory, William Hemsley (1811–1887), Notes of a military reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California: including part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. Washington, 1848 (Plant used for arthritis, colds, ulcers, stomach and chest ailments, stomach and intestinal pain, toothaches, colic, as emetic, laxative, analgesic, cathartic. Veterinary medicine, plant poultice applied to saddle sores on horses.) in English: red shank

Adhatoda Miller Acanthaceae The name of the genus from the Tamil ada or adu ‘goat’ and thodai or toda ‘not touching, not touch’, in allusion to the qualities of the bitter leaves, see Species Plantarum 1: 15–16. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 103.

88

Adiantum L. Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae)

1829–1830 and Heine, Hermann Heino (1923–1996), Fl. Gabon, Acanthacées. 13: 173. 1966, Taxon 41: 564. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995. Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke (Justicia beddomei (Cl.) Bennet) India. See Indian J. Forest. 5(4): 326. 1982 (Used in Ayurveda. Root, leaves and flowers decoction used to treat fever, hemorrhage, sciatica, cough, asthma, skin diseases, obesity, wasting, jaundice, edema, leucorrhea, difficult labor, vomiting, piles, retention of urine, diseases of mouth.) in India: aadalodaka veru, aadalodakathila, aadalodakathila pacha, aadusoge, addalasa, addasara, byaalada mara, vaasa, vasa, vrsah Adhatoda buchholzii S. Moore (Adhatoda latibracteata Benoist; Adhatoda maculata C.B. Clarke; Duvernoia buchholzii Lindau; Justicia buchholzii (Lindau) I. Darbysh.; Justicia latibracteata De Wild.) Nigeria. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xx. (1894) 42. 1894 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5(2): 223. 1900, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 5: 13. 1915, Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie n.s. i. II. 47. 1928, Cheek, Martin Roy (1960– ), The Plants of Kupe, Mwanenguba and the Bakossi Mountains, Cameroon. A Conservation Checklist, compiled and edited by Martin Cheek, Benedict John Pollard, Iain Darbyshire, Jean-Michel Onana and Chris Wild. 226. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2004 (Fruits and whole plant antiinflammatory and fish poison.) Adhatoda engleriana (Lindau) C.B. Clarke (Adhatoda engleriana C.B. Clarke; Justicia engleriana Lindau) Tanzania. See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(2): 327– 336. 2005 (Anticonvulsant, for the treatment of epilepsy. Leaves treat abnormal pains. Veterinary medicine, leaves infusion for swelling.) in Tanzania: iringoringo Adhatoda origanoides (Nees) Lindau)

Nees

(Drejerella

origanoides

Cuba. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 407. 1847 and Symbolae Antillarum 2: 222. 1900 (Leaves for boils.)

Adiantum L. Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae) Latin adiantum ‘the plant maiden-hair’ (Plinius), Greek adiantos (a ‘lacking, without’ and diainein ‘dry, unwetted, not capable of being wetted’, referring to the glabrous leaves, if plunged in water the fronds remain dry, the fronds shed water or raindrops and remain dry); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1094–1097. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 485. 1754 and Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(1): 101. 1980. Adiantum aethiopicum L. (Adiantum aethiopicum Thunb.; Adiantum marginatum Bory; Adiantum marginatum Schrad.; Adiantum thalictroides Willd. ex Schltdl.; Adiantum thalictroides Schlecht.) India. See Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1329. 1759, Species Plantarum 2: 1560. 1763, Flora Japonica, … : 339. 1784, Schlechtendal, Diederich Franz Leonhard von (1794–1866), Adumbratio filicum in Promontorio Bonae Spei provenientium. Berolini, 1825-[1832] and American Fern Journal 60(4): 137–143. 1970 (Plant decoction expectorant, tonic, against bruises, wounds, urinary disorders. Rhizome decoction used as an abortifacient, emetic and astringent, to promote parturition. Infusion of fronds used as emollient, astringent, emetic, in cough and diseases of chest, colds, stomach disorders and asthma. Leaf smoked to cure colds.) in English: true maidenhair fern in India: mayur pambi Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Mart. & Galeot.) Ching (Adiantum capillus Sw.; Adiantum capillus-veneris (L.) Hook.; Adiantum capillus-veneris fo. dissectum (M. Martens & Galeotti) Ching; Adiantum capillus-veneris fo. fissum (H. Christ) Ching; Adiantum capillus-veneris var. fissum H. Christ; Adiantum capillus-veneris var. laciniatum H. Christ ex Tardieu & C. Chr.; Adiantum capillus-veneris var. modestum (Underw.) Fernald; Adiantum capillus-veneris var. protrusum Fernald; Adiantum capillus-veneris var. rimicola (Sloss.) Fernald; Adiantum capillus-veneris var. trifidum H. Christ; Adiantum michelii H. Christ; Adiantum modestum Underw.; Adiantum schaffneri E. Fourn.; Adiantum tenerum Sw. var. dissectum Martens & Galeotti) Cosmopolitan. Slender fern, tiny smooth bright stems and petioles See Icon. Fil. 2: 36. 1851 and Webbia 12: 678. 1957, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6(4): 344. 1957, Fl. Madagasc. 5(5): 113168. 1958, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 15(2): 123–161. 1986, Indian Fern Journal 5: 162– 169. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 459–465. 1989, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 46(2): 563–569. 1989, Collectanea Botanica a Barcinonensi Botanico Instituto Edita 20: 23–33. 1991, Indian Fern Journal 11: 68–72.

89

Adiantum L. Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae)

1994, British Fern Gazette 15: 141–149. 1996, Chromosome Science 1: 89–96. 1997 (Used in Unani. Pectoral, antirheumatic, demulcent, expectorant and tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic, blood medicine, whole plants used for menstrual complaints, stranguria, tuberculosis and cough; plant infusion a lotion for bumblebee or centipede stings; plant paste applied to treat boils. Leaves paste applied to wounds, on snakebites and bee stings; leaves infusion abortifacient, febrifuge, antifungal, drunk for menstrual complaints and women diseases, vaginal discharge, against infertility; fresh fronds decoction taken as detoxicant, for menstrual complaints and women diseases, to expel worms; a paste from fronds used to relieve headache. Boiled in wine given in case of hard tumours of spleen, liver and other viscera. Smoke from fronds for respiratory tract disorders, for insanity.) in English: black maidenhair, black maidenhair fern, common maidenhair fern, maidenhair, maidenhair fern, net hair, rock fern, southern maidenhair, southern maidenhair fern, Venus hair, Venus’s-hair, Venus’s-hair fern in Arabic: kuzbarat el-bir, kuzbaret el-bir, saq el-akhal in Italian: capelvenere in Latin America: avenca, avenca-comun, cabelo-de-Vênus, chib, culantrillo, culantrillo de pozo in China: tiao lie tie xian jue, zhu zong cao in India: cha-kawk-te, chhota hansraj, dumtuli, hamsa raaja, hanspadi, hansraj, hansraj naya (parshesha), lota dhekia, mubaraka, parshoshan, parsiawashan, parsiya washan, parswshan, pursha, rani sinka, suwapankhi in Japan: hôrai-shida (= fairyland fern) in Nepal: nesinka jhar, pakhale unyu in Madagascar: ampanga, manilahy Adiantum caudatum L. (Adiantum caudatum Devol; Adiantum caudatum var. angustilobatum Bonap.; Adiantum lyratum Blanco) Himalaya. Epiphytic or lithophytic, terrestrial, single pinnate fron ending in a long rachis See Mantissa Plantarum Altera 308. 1771, Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 832. 1837 and Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 27: 179. 1917, Notes Pteridologiques 7: 173–174. 1918, Malayan Nat. J. 48: 79–82. 1994 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fronds antiviral, analgesic, astringent, for the treatment of Herpes zoster, abdominal pain, constipation, to relieve irritation and burning sensation; crushed fronds applied on skin diseases. Rhizome juice given as febrifuge and in case of indigestion. Veterinary medicine, a decoction for jaundice. Magico-religious beliefs, contact therapy, a traditional remedy through plant wreath, roots tied on hand for an easy delivery.)

in English: trailing maidenhair in India: aadishe, adashisi, cha-kawk-ria, gajkarna, hansraj, kalvatra, madhuchada, makraghas, malaikalakki, malaikalaicci, mayilkontai, mayur-pambi, mayurashikha, mayurasikha, mayurshikha, murithalai, mylekondai, nadappan pullu, patherchitte, perumalaikalakki in Nepal: daluko, dansinki, twalsilwa Adiantum chilense Kaulf. var. sulphureum (Kaulf.) Kuntze ex Hicken (Adiantum aethiopicum L.; Adiantum chilense var. subsulphureum (Remy) Giudici; Adiantum glanduliferum Link; Adiantum marginatum Bory; Adiantum poiretii Wikstr. var. sulphureum (Kaulf.) R.M. Tryon; Adiantum subsulphureum Remy; Adiantum sulphureum Kaulf.; Adiantum sulphureum var. subsulphureum (Remy) Looser; Adiantum thalictroides Willd. ex Schltdl.; Adiantum williamsii Moore) Chile. See Species Plantarum 2: 1560. 1763, Enumeratio Filicum 207. 1824, Flora Chilena 6: 486. 1853, The Gardeners’ Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 10: 45, f. 4. 1878 and Revista del Museo de La Plata 15: 261. 1908, Physis. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 225. 1939, American Fern Journal 47: 139. 1957, Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 839–937. 2002 (Sporophyll antibacterial.) Adiantum concinnum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Adiantum concinnum M. Martens & Galeotti; Adiantum concinnum var. subvolubile Mett.; Adiantum lutescens Moug. ex Fée) Venezuela. See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 5(1): 451. 1810 and Contr. Gray Herb. 194: 168. 1964, Journal of Ethno­ pharmacology 111(1): 63–81. 2007 (Leaves and flowers aqueous infusion used for stomachache and hepatic pain.) in Ecuador: culantrillo Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. (Adiantum caudatum var. edgeworthii (Hook.) Bedd.; Adiantum caudatum var. rhizophorum Wall. ex C.B. Clarke; Adiantum edgeworthii var. spencerianum (Copel.) Tagawa; Adiantum guilelmii Hance; Adiantum spencerianum Copel.) India, Himalaya. Rhizomes erect or suberect, scaly See Species Filicum 2: 14–15, pl. 81 B. 1851, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 5(57): 261–262. 1867, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 1(7): 453. 1880, Handbook to the Ferns of British India 84. 1883 and Philippine Journal of Science 1: (Suppl. 2): 154, t. 11. 1906, Journal of Japanese Botany 14(5): 311. 1938 (Whole plant antifungal. Fronds decoction given to cure mouth blisters.) in India: hansraj

90

Adiantum flabellulatum L. (Adiantum amoenum Wall.; Adiantum amoenum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Adiantum flabellulatum Wall.; Adiantum fuscum Retz.) China. Terrestrial See Species Plantarum 2: 1095. 1753, Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 2. 28 t. 5. 1781, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 78, 2177. 1829 (Rhizomes used for cough, fever, influenza and as an anthelmintic. Leaves as a cough medicine.) in English: fan fern in China: guo tan long, shan ye tie xian jue Adiantum incisum Forssk. (Adiantum capillus gorgonis Webb; Adiantum capillus-gorgonis Webb; Adiantum caudatum L.; Adiantum caudatum Devol; Adiantum caudatum Henriq.; Adiantum caudatum var. angustilobatum Bonap.; Adiantum caudatum var. laciniata Bonap.; Adiantum caudatum var. minor Pirottain; Adiantum incisum C. Presl; Adiantum lyratum Blanco) India, Yemen, Tanzania. See Species Plantarum 2: 1078–1082. 1753, Linnaei Regn. Veget. 97. 1756, Mantissa Plantarum 308. 1771, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 187. 1775, Tentamen Florae Germanicae 3(1): 31, 58–59, 65. 1800, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1): 61, t. 10, f. 3. 1825, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 832. 1837, A History of British Ferns 6. 1840, Niger Fl. 192. 1849, Hist. Fil. 316. 1875 and Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 27: 179. 1917, Not. Chin. Mus. Heude 7: 116. 1945, Fl. Madagasc. 5(5): 113–168. 1958, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(1): 101. 1980, Indian Fern Journal 5: 162–169. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 459–465. 1989 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant antibacterial, antidiabetic, febrifuge, antipyretic, aromatic, astringent, emetic, febrifuge, hypoglycemic, antitussive, a decoction given to treat cough. For headache and diabetes, pain in the chest, drink leaves and roots decoction; tender leaves to cure small wounds; aqueous extract of leaves given to treat jaundice; fronds mixed in butter and used for controlling fever, cough; young fronds infusion used against malaria, bronchial diseases. Roots paste applied on bone fracture and bandaged. Rhizome decoction given to promote bronchial secretion, and sexual desire in men.) in India: aadishe, adashisi, cha-kawk-ria, gajkarna, hansraj, lotan hansraj, madhuchada, malaikalaicci, malaikalakki, mayilkontai, mayur-pambi, mayurashikha, mayurasikha, mayurshikha, murithalai, mylekondai, nadappan pullu, perumalaikalakki, rajahamsa

Adiantum L. Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae)

See Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 22(4): 26 (25–26; t. 1, fig. 1). 1864 (Plant decoction of plant used to purify the blood, for stomach troubles.) in English: California maidenhair Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. (Adiantum arcuatum Sw.; Adiantum lunatum Cav.; Adiantum lunulatum Houtt.; Adiantum philippense L.) Tropics. Terrestrial fern, often a synonym of Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. See Species Plantarum 2: 1094. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 235. 1768, Nat. Hist. 14. 209. 1783 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 38: 370. 1974, Cuscatlania 1: 1–28. 1989, Pteridologia 2A: 149. 1989, Journal of Japanese Botany 71: 214–222. 1996, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 22–23. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda. Root febrifuge; root decoction given to cure discharge of blood in urine and in epilepsy; root paste given to women during menstrual period for permanent sterility; a paste applied on bone fracture and bandaged.) in English: maidenhair fern, walking maidenhair fern, wild tea leaves in India: avenka, baariki, bado sunsunia, banda nevali, brahmadani, cha-kawk-te, chitrapada, dharttarashtrapadi, dodhari, dung tuli, ghodkhuri, ghritamandalika, godepavlam, godhangri, godhapadika, hadson-deda, hamsahvaya, hamsapaadi, hamsapadi, hamsatamrapadi, hansaghri, hansapadi, hansapagi, hansavati, hanspadi, hansraj, hansraj raj, kalijhant, kali varuna, kalijhamp, kaliijhant, kalijhant, kamsaraj, karnati, kiramata, kirapadika, kitamari, kitamata, madhusrava, mahapul, mayurachulia, nadappanpullu, navalad, nilamparanta, padangi, paresiyavasan, poonaivanagi, raja, raja-hamsa, rajhans, raktakhai, raktapadi, sancharini, sanya, seniya, shitangi, sitangi, supli, sutapadika, suvaka, tridala, tripadi, tripadika, triphala, vikranta, vishvagranthi Malay names: paku mega, paku sisek in Philippines: helechos de Alambre, kaikai, kulantrillo, palsik Adiantum monochlamys Eaton (Adiantum monochlamys H. Christ; Adiantum monochlamys var. plurisorum H. Christ, nom. nud.; Adiantum veitchii Hance; Adiantum venustum var. monochlamys (Eaton) Luerss.; Adiantum venustum var. monochlamys (Eaton) Keyserl.) SE Asia.

Adiantum jordanii Müll.Hal.

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4: 110. 1858, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, 15: 229–230. 1861, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg, Septième Série(Sér. 7) 22(2): 36. 1875 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 20(2/243): 20. 1910

North America.

(Plant antibacterial.)

Malay name: paku siap-siap

91

Adiantum L. Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae)

Adiantum pedatum L. (Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) C.A. Paris; Adiantum boreale C. Presl; Adiantum pedatum Peter; Adiantum pedatum Raddi; Adiantum pedatum Diels; Adiantum pedatum G. Forst., nom. illeg.; Adiantum pedatum f. aleuticum (Rupr.) Clute; Adiantum pedatum fo. billingsae Kittr.; Adiantum pedatum fo. laciniatum Weath.; Adiantum pedatum f. laciniatum (Hopkins) Weath.; Adiantum pedatum L. subsp. aleuticum (Rupr.) Piper & Beattie; Adiantum pedatum subsp. aleuticum (Rupr.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor; Adiantum pedatum subsp. calderi Cody; Adiantum pedatum var. subpumilum W.H. Wagner; Adiantum pedatum subsp. subpumilum (W.H. Wagner) Lellinger; Adiantum pedatum var. aleuticum Rupr.; Adiantum pedatum var. glaucinum C. Chr.; Adiantum pedatum var. kamtschaticum Rupr.; Adiantum pedatum var. subpumilum W.H. Wagner) North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 1095. 1753, Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus: 83. 1786, Beitraege zur Pflanzenkunde des Russischen Reiches 3: 49. 1845 and Fl. N.W. Coast [Piper & Beattie] 4. 1915, Amer. Fern J. 19: 56, fig. 4. 1929, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih., 40(1, Anhang): 4, t. 5, f. 1. 1929, Canadian Journal of Botany 43(11): 1388. 1965, Canad. J. Bot. 56(15): 1727. 1978, Rhodora 85(841): 93. 1983, Amer. Fern J. 74(2): 62. 1984, Systematic Botany 13: 240–255. 1988, Rhodora 93(874): 112. 1991 (Rhizome stimulant, emmenagogue, expectorant, demulcent, astringent; a decoction used in cold, cough, catarrh. Fronds chewed or eaten for stomach troubles. Root decoction or infusion antirheumatic, for venereal disease, as a wash for sores; compound decoction of root used for dysentery. Infusion of leaves used as a hair wash; powdered leaves smoked for heart trouble; leaves chewed for internal hemorrhages from wounds, for sore chest and stomach troubles. Infusion or decoction of whole plant given as an emetic, analgesic, stomachic, febrifuge, to purify the blood, as a wash for gonorrhea; powdered plant smoked for asthma. Ceremonial medicine, good luck charm.) in English: Aleutian maidenhair, Aleutian maidenhair fern, American maidenhair fern, five-finger fern, fivefingered maidenhair fern, northern maidenhair, northern maidenhair fern in India: attuvanchi Adiantum peruvianum Klotzsch Ecuador, India, Himalaya. See Linnaea 18: 555. 1844 and New Bot. 10: 115–116. 1983, Indian Fern J. 5: 162–169. 1988 (Plant antibacterial.) Adiantum philippense L. (Adiantum arcuatum Sw.; Adiantum lunatum Cav.; Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f.; Adiantum lunulatum Houtt.) Tropics. Terrestrial fern, often a synonym of Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f.

See Species Plantarum 2: 1094. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 235. 1768, Nat. Hist. 14. 209. 1783 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 38: 370. 1974, Cuscatlania 1: 1–28. 1989, Pteridologia 2A: 149. 1989, Journal of Japanese Botany 71: 214–222. 1996, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 22–23. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant decoction, with Cuminum cyminum and dried ginger, taken to cure cough, asthma, throat affections; crushed plant applied around navel region to treat flatulence; plant infusion taken for fever and dysentery, diarrhea; plant extract for ulcers, asthma, bronchitis, dysentery, leprosy, fever, rabies and gonorrhea. Leaves crushed and applied on burns, wounds. Swellings in the neck, pound the leaves and poultice; mature leaves eaten to cure cold. Aqueous extract of fronds taken to treat blood dysentery, leprosy, acute diarrhea, mucus and blood in stool. Root febrifuge; root decoction given to cure discharge of blood in urine; root paste given to women during menstrual period for permanent sterility; a paste applied on bone fracture and bandaged; rhizome put on fire and the smoke inhaled to treat fevers.) in English: maidenhair fern, walking maidenhair fern, wild tea leaves in India: avenka, bado sunsunia, cha-kawk-te, dodhari, hadson-deda, hamsapadi, hansavati, hanspadi, hansraj, hansraj raj, kali varuna, kalijhant, mahapul, nadappanpullu, nilamparanta, poonaivanagi, raktakhai, sanya, seniya Malay names: paku mega, paku sisek in Nepal: kane unyu, ratamur in Philippines: helechos de Alambre, kaikai, kulantrillo, palsik Adiantum poiretii Wikstr. (Adiantum aethiopicum sensu Sim; Adiantum crenatum Poir., nom. illeg., non Adiantum crenatum Willd.; Adiantum crenatum Willd.; Adiantum cycloides Zenker; Adiantum gratum Fée; Adiantum pellucidum M. Martens & Galeotti; Adiantum poiretii J.E. Wikstr. var. sulphureum (Kaulf.) R.M. Tryon; Adiantum sulphureum Kaulf.; Adiantum thalictroides Willd. ex Schltdl.; Adiantum thalictroides Schlecht.) Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa. Slender rhizome short-creeping, fronds mesomorphic See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 5: 446. 1810, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1: 137. Sept 1810, Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 1825: 443. 1826, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 310. 1827, Adumbrationes Plantarum 5: 53, t. 33. 1832, Mémoires de l’Académie Royales des Sciences, Lettres et Beaux Arts de Belgique 15(5): 72, t. 19. 1842, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 119. 1852 and American Fern Journal 49(1): 10–24. 1959, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 16: 125– 142. 1963, BioScience 23(1): 28–33. 1973, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 46: 26. 1988, Pteridologia 2A: 151. 1989, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(1): 63–81. 2007

92

(Stem and leaves infusion used for asthma, influenza, diabetes; smoke from fronds for respiratory tract disorders. Veterinary medicine, leaves infusion stomachic.) in English: maidenhair fern, Mexican maidenhair in Tanzania: lisilu, machameri, marangu in Latin America: culantrillo, culantrillo de pozo Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (Adiantum amabile Liebm.; Adiantum amabile Moore; Adiantum boliviense C. Chr. & Rosenst.; Adiantum colpodes T. Moore; Adiantum cuneatum G. Forst.; Adiantum cuneatum Langsd. & Fisch., nom. illeg.; Adiantum decorum Moore; Adiantum decorum var. quadripinnata Rosenst.; Adiantum decorum var. quadripinnatum Rosenst.; Adiantum mexicanum C. Presl; Adiantum moorei Baker; Adiantum remyanum Esp. Bustos; Adiantum rubellum Moore; Adiantum rufopunctatum Mett. ex Kuhn; Adiantum tinctum Moore; Adiantum werckleanum H. Christ) South America. See Fl. Ins. Austr. 84. 1786, Tentamen Pteridographiae 158. 1836, Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabeli Mathematisk Afdeling 1: 265. 1849, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1862: 932. 1862, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1865: 530. 1865, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1869: 582. 1869, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1873: 811. 1873, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 1: 350. 1881 and Bull. Herb. Boissier sér. 2, 4: 1093. 1904, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 5: 230. 1908, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 19: 8. 1913, Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 15: 96, t. 3. 1936, Nucleus 20: 105–108. 1977, Cytologia 49: 49–59. 1984, Taxon 35: 410. 1986, J. Cytol. Genet. 22: 156– 161. 1987, Brit. Fern Gaz. 15: 141–149. 1996, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 22–23. 1998, Fern Gaz. 16(4): 177–190. 2001, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Pruhonice) 33: 25–26. 2001 (Leaves infusion antispasmodic, to relieve periodic menstrual pains. Rhizome antibacterial.) in English: delta maidenhair, delta maidenhair fern, fine maidenhair fern

Adinandra Jack Pentaphylacaceae (Theaceae)

Adiantum trapeziforme L. (Adiantum pentadactylon Langsd. & Fisch.; Adiantum pentadactylon (Langsd. & Fisch.) T. Moore; Adiantum trapesiforme Sessé & Moc.; Adiantum trapeziforme G. Forst.; Adiantum trapeziforme Huds.; Adiantum trapeziforme Schkuhr; Adiantum trapeziforme var. oblongatum T. Moore; Adiantum trapeziforme var. plumieri T. Moore; Adiantum trapiziforme L.) Mesoamerica. See Species Plantarum 2: 1097. 1753, Fl. angl. 391. 1762, Fl. Ins. Austr. 84. 1786, Plantes recueillies pendant le voyage des Russes autour du monde 22, t. 25. 1810, Index Filicum (T. Moore) 40. 1857, Fl. Mexic., ed. 2, 238. 1894 (Plant antibacterial.) Adiantum venustum D. Don (Adiantum venustum Ching; Adiantum venustum H. Christ) Nepal, Himalayas. Perennial herb, long creeping rhizome, reniform sori See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 17. 1825 and Sunyatsenia 6: 13. 1956, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(1): 101. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 459–465. 1989, Indian Fern Journal 11: 68–72. 1994, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115(2): 327–329. 2008 (Whole plant anodyne, febrifuge, expectorant, diuretic, emmenagogue, astringent, aromatic, emetic, used in bronchitis, tuberculosis, ophthalmia. Fronds decoction astringent, antimicrobial, diuretic, febrifuge, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, resolvent, tonic, used in the treatment of headaches and scorpion stings, biliousness, inflammation, chest pain, cold. Rhizome and fronds extract drunk against diabetes and liver problems, an infusion taken for circulatory disorders. A paste from the rhizomes to treat cuts and wounds; root paste mixed with sugar effective in stomachache.) in English: Venus hair fern in India: chtku, dodda navilu baalada farn, geu theer, hansraj, kalbatra, kalo hansraj, mayir sikki in Nepal: daluko

in Ecuador: culantrillo del pozo

Adinandra Jack Pentaphylacaceae (Theaceae)

in Japan: karakusa-hôrai-shida (karakusa = an Arabian decorative design)

From the Greek adinos ‘clustered, plentiful’ and aner, andros ‘male, stamen, man’, referring to the crowded or clustered stamens, see Malayan Misc. 2(7): 49–50. 1822.

Adiantum reniforme L. var. sinense Y.X. Lin China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18 (1): 102. f. 1: 1–5. 1980, Cathaya 1: 143–148. 1989

Adinandra borneensis Kobuski Borneo. Treelet See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 28(1): 81–82. 1947

(Whole plants diuretic.)

(Crushed leaves applied to scalds and burns.)

in China: he ye jing quan cao

in Borneo: bak buang

93

Adonis L. Ranunculaceae

Adonis L. Ranunculaceae

in China: jin huang ce jin zhan hua

The Greek classical name for the plant; in Greek legend Adonis was a beautiful youth beloved of Persephone and Aphrodite; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 547– 548. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 242. 1754, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 17. 1839, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames 7: 227. 1839 and Carlos Stellfeld, “As drogas vegetais da farmacopéia brasileira em face do sistema taxonômico.” Tribuna Farmacêutica 7(7): 141–145. Curitiba 1939, Taxon 41: 555. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995.

in India: kaadu choorna gadde, kaadu handi gadde

Adonis aestivalis L.

Europe. See Sp. Pl. 1: 547. 1753, Syn. Stirp. Aragon. 70. 1779 and Preslia 70(2): 103. 1998 (Leaves and roots said to be poisonous to humans and livestock.) in English: ox-eye, spring adonis

China. See Sp. Pl. 1: 547. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 242. 1754, Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 771. 1762 and Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 22: 37–69. 1980, Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V. Série Botanique 35: 1–168. 1988, Plant Systematics and Evolution 168: 181–193. 1989, Vet. Pathol. 41: 215–220. 2004 (Leaves and roots said to be poisonous to humans and livestock; Adonis toxicosis is well documented in horses. Whole plant used as cardiac stimulant and diuretic. Flowers cardiotonic, diuretic, laxative.) in English: adonis, pheasant’s-eye, summer pheasant’s-eye

Adonis vernalis L. (Adonis vernalis Asso; Chrysocyathus vernalis (L.) J. Holub)

summer

adonis,

in China: xia ce jin zhan hua Adonis amurensis Regel & Radde (Adonis vernalis L. var. amurensis (Regel & Radde) Finet & Gagnepain) Eurasia. See Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 35. 1861 (Diuretic.) in English: adonis, Amur adonis in China: ce jin zhan hua, fu shou cao in Japan: fukujuso Adonis annua L. (Adonis autumnalis L.) Europe. See Sp. Pl. 1: 547. 1753 (Leaves and roots said to be poisonous to humans and livestock.) in English: autumn adonis, bird’s-eye, pheasant’s eye Adonis chrysocyathus J.D. Hooker & Thomson (Adonis chrysocyathus Hook.f. & Thomson ex Hook.f.) Kashmir, Pakistan, Russia. Perennial, petals yellow, aggregate fruit globose See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 15. 1872 (Plant suspected to be poisonous to sheep and goats. Diuretic.)

in Brazil: adônis, grande-olho-de-boi, olhos-de-diablo

Aechmea Ruíz & Pavón Bromeliaceae From the Greek aichme ‘a point’, referring to the point on the calyx or to the seeds, see Species Plantarum 1: 286. 1753, Adanson, Michel (1727–1806), Familles des plantes 2: 67, 584. Paris, 1763, Fl. Peruv. Prodr. 47, t. 8. 1794, Jaarb. Kon. Ned. Maatsch. Aanm. Tuinb. (1853) 14. 1853, Flora 37: 348. 1854, Die Familie der Bromeliaceen 21–22, 103, 257. 1856 [1857 publ. Sep-Oct 1856], Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] 593. 1864, Gartenflora 16: 193, pl. 547. 1867, Revue Horticole 42: 12. 1870, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 17: 130– 133, 181, 231. 1879, La Belgique Horticole 29: 352. 1879, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 663–664. 1883, Handbook of the Bromeliaceae 33–34, 49, 64. 1889, Flora Brasiliensis 3(3): 179, 274–275. 1891, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 3(3): 306, 308. 1892, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 9: 191, 282. 1896 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 32(Heft 100): 120. 1934, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 380–476. 1958, Fl. Neotrop. 14(3): 1493–2142. 1979, Phytologia 66(1): 70, 73. 1989, Phytologia 67(4): 312–330. 1989, Phytologia 69(4): 271–272. 1990, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 150–155. 1994, Selbyana 15: 132–149. 1994, Selbyana 16(2): 230–234. 1995, Arnaldoa 9(2): 43–110. 2002 [2003], Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 297–375. 2003. Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker (Aechmea fernandae (E. Morren) Baker; Aechmea magdalenae André ex Baker; Aechmea magdalenae var. quadricolor M.B. Foster; Aechmea rubiginosa Mez; Ananas magdalenae (André) Standl. ex Standl. & S. Calderón; Ananas magdalenae (André) Standl.; Ananas magdalenae Standl.; Bromelia longissima Pos.-Arang., nom. subnud.; Bromelia magdalenae C.H. Wright; Bromelia magdalenae (André) C.H. Wright; Chevaliera fernandae (E. Morren) Baker; Chevaliera fernandae (E. Morren) L.B. Sm. & W.J. Kress; Chevaliera magdalenae André; Chevaliera magdalenae var. quadricolor (M.B. Foster) L.B. Sm. & W.J. Kress; Chevaliera rubiginosa (Mez) L.B. Sm. & W.J. Kress; Chevalieria magdalenae André) South America, Mexico, Ecuador. Strongly hooked See Rev. Hort. 60: 563. 1888, Handb. Bromel. 64–66. 1889, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 9: 285. 1896 and Bulletin

94

Aegialitis R. Br. Plumbaginaceae

of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1923: 267. 1923, Lista Pl. Salvador 45. 1925, The Bromeliad Society Bulletin 16: 27. 1966, Phytologia 66(1): 70, 78–79. 1989

in India: dudumara, guggilam, guggilamu, halsi, kalasi, kamdlam, kanjalaa, kanjala, khalshi, khalsi, kharsi, narikandam, pou-kandel, shule, siri-kamdelo, soole, sule, vittu-nakkandai

(Long arching leaves with noxious marginal hooks.)

Malayan names: changgai menora, kachang kachang, kuku lang, teruntum, tungkang mata

in English: ping wing, pingwing in Panama: pita

Aegialitis R. Br. Plumbaginaceae Greek aigialos ‘seashore’ (Akkadian agu ‘wave’, agu, agiu, aga’u ‘wave, flow of water, destructive flooding’), aiges ‘waves’, agnymi ‘to break’, hals, halos ‘sea’, referring to the habitat; see Robert Brown, Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. 426. 1810, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 127, t. 9. 1820, Mantissa 2: 13, 222. 1824, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 217. 1877. Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb. India. A source of honey and tannin See Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. i. 426. 1810, Flora Indica or Descriptions of Indian plants. 2(2): 111. 1824 (Tonic, stimulant, stomachic, astringent, for indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery; latex for toothache.) in India: banarua, banaruar

Aegiceras Gaertner Myrsinaceae Greek aix, aigos ‘a goat’ and keras ‘a horn’, referring to the cylindrical and incurved fruits; see Joseph Gaertner (1732– 1791), De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. 1: 216, t. 46, fig. 1. Stuttgart, Tübingen 1788–1791 [-1792] and Taxon 30: 695. 1981, Caryologia 48(3–4): 319–328. 1995, J. Trop. & Subtrop. Bot. 6(1): 40–46. 1998. Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco (Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco; Aegiceras majus Gaertn.; Rhizophora corniculata L.; Umbraculum corniculatum (L.) Kuntze; Umbraculum corniculatum Kuntze) Papua New Guinea, India. Small tree or shrub, sap white, inflorescence and fruit green, mangrove See Species Plantarum 1: 443. 1753, Herb. Amb. 3: 117, t. 77. 1743, Herbarium Amboinense 13. 1754, Amoen. Acad. 4: 123. 1759, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… 1(1): 216, pl. 46, f. 1. 1788, Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 79. 1837, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 405. 1891 and Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 33, 413. 1917 (Honey from flowers diluted with water and given to cure amebic dysentery. Stem bark poisonous to fish.) in English: corniculate aegiceras, river mangrove in China: la zhu guo

in Papua New Guinea: bula

Aeginetia L. Orobanchaceae (Scrophulariaceae) In honor of Paulus Aegineta (Paulos Aeginetes, Paul of Aegina), flourished as a medical doctor in 7th century Egypt, surgeon, his most important work is his medical encyclopedia. See Paulus Aegineta, Opera medica, libri VII, graece. Venetiis 1554, Pauli Aeginetae praecepta salubria, Guil. Copo basiliensi interprete. Parisiis 1510, Species Plantarum 2: 632. 1753, Flora Atlantica 2: 60. 1798, The Medical Works of Paulus Aegineta … Translated into English, with a copious commentary … by F. Adams. London 1834, The seven books of Paulus Aegineta. Translated from the Greek. With a commentary embracing a complete view of the knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabians on all subjects connected with medicine and surgery. London 1844– 1848, Ernst H.F. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik. II: 412–421. Königsberg 1854–1857 and Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Peradeniya 10: 153. 1927. Aeginetia indica Linnaeus (Aeginetia aeginetia (L.) Huth; Aeginetia aeginetia Huth; Aeginetia japonica Siebold & Zuccarini; Orobanche aeginetia Linnaeus; Phelipaea indica (Linnaeus) Sprengel ex Steudel) India, China. See Species Plantarum 2: 632. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 883. 1763, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. x. (1807) 298. t. 21. 1807, Flora Japonica 1: 17. 1835, Abh. Math. Akad. Muench. iv. III. (1845) 341. 1845, Helios 11(9): 132. 1893 and Zhang Zhiyun. Orobanchaceae. In: Wang Wentsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69: 69–124. 1990, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 22. 1997 (To cure dysentery fruits boiled taken, and seeds removed. Roots and flowers used for clearing away heat and toxic materials.) in English: Indian broomrape in China: ye gu in India: sanghar vai-bel, sanghar vaibel, tsjem-cumulu in Japan: Taiwan-giseru

Aegiphila Jacq. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae) Greek aix, aigos ‘a goat’ and philos ‘lover, loving’, some suggest from aiges ‘waves’, see Observationum Botanicarum 2: 3, t. 27. 1767, Sylva Telluriana 161. 1838 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/1–2): 167–236. 1970.

95

Aegle Corrêa Rutaceae

Aegiphila peruviana Turcz. Peruvian Amazon. Shrub, white flowers, understory, moist areas, lowland forest See Observationum Botanicarum 2: 3. 1767, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 36(2): 219. 1863 (To treat infected ulcers and skin problems, mycosis.) in Peru: arcosacha, chirapa sacha, huaca

Aegle Corrêa Rutaceae In Greek mythology Aegle was one of the Naiads (Naiades), the nymphs of the fresh water, rivers, springs and lakes, see Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 5: 222– 223. 1800. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa ex Roxb. (Aegle los Corrêa; Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa; Belou los (L.) A. Lyons; Belou marmelos W.F. Wight; marmelos Kuntze; Crateva marmelos Linnaeus; pellucida Roth)

marmemarmeBilacus Feronia

India. Tree, semi-deciduous, thorny, spines axillary, leaves stalked alternate, fragrant greenish-white flowers in axillary panicles, globose fruits, woody shell, delicious pulp of the ripe fruit eaten or used as a cooling drink, in dry forests See Species Plantarum 1: 444. 1753, Pl. Coast Corom. 2: 23. 1798, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 5: 222–223. 1800 and Taxon 28: 274–275. 1979, Taxon 30: 75. 1981, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 27(1): 29–35. 2003 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha/Sidha. Root as antidote, antivenom; contact therapy, or touch therapy, root tied to the arm to prevent cholera. Fruit, leaves and root used in the form of powder, juice and decoction to treat diarrhea, dysentery, sprue, piles, edema, jaundice, vomiting, obesity, eye diseases, fever. Unripe fruit astringent, digestive, stomachic, used to cure diarrhea and chronic dysentery. Fruit ash mixed with water and applied on forehead for headache; ripe fruits eaten for constipation; fruit of Aegle marmelos ground together with the leaves of Adhatoda vasica, roots of Cyperus rotundus, boiled and taken in menstrual disorders; fruit pulp given for the treatment of spermatorrhea. Mature fruit and seed botanical pesticides, used for fungal infections of fruit crops. Poultice of leaves used in eye and skin diseases; leaves fried in ghee and made into a paste applied for healing wounds and cuts; leaves juice antidiabetic; leaves for alcoholic hepatitis; tender leaves macerated taken for dysentery. Bark and leaves against intermittent fever. Veterinary medicine, fruit decoction given orally in tympany; leaf juice against foot-and-mouth disease in cattle; crushed leaves applied and bound in bone fracture; ashes of the leaves used to kill worms of animal wounds; leaf paste mixed with turmeric applied in boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds; leaf paste used as eye drops for opacity of cornea; leaves juice of Coix lacryma-jobi with leaf juice of Aegle marmelos given

as purgative; leaves of Aegle marmelos with leaves of Vitex negundo boiled in water and the warm extract given orally in retained placenta. Fruit pulp, stem bark and root to poison fish. Used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, tree worshipped during religious ceremonies, rosaries made of twigs and wood, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja; generally cultivated near temples, sacred to Parvati, it is considered sacrilege to cut it down; leaves employed in the ceremonial of the worship of Lord Shiva, leaves offered by Hindus to Lord Shiva.) in English: bael fruit, bael fruit of India, bael tree, bel fruit, bel tree, Bengal quince, golden apple, Indian bael fruit, Indian quince, stone apple, wood apple in Burma: okshit, opesheet in Cambodia: bnau in China: mu ju in India: adhararuha, akuvakananmeccumilai, alluram, alukam, aluvigam, aluvikam, anincil, aranpucaikkerramaram, arcanaiyati, aritaki, asholam, atimangaliya, bael, bael chakka, bael guda, bael patra, bael sripal, baela, baelada mara, bail guda, balva, beal, beel, beelgiri, beeley, bel, bel bitva, bel giri, bel kham, bel ki chhal, bel mool, bel-patra, bel patri, bel-thei, belapatre, belavina, belavina mara, belethi, belgiri, belgiri (bael), belguda, beli, bellapatre, bello, belmool, belmul, belo, belthei, belua, bil, bil kath, bila, bilapatri, bilapatri-hannu, bili, biligarbha, biligiris, biliptari, billa, billadu, bilpathra majja, bilpathre, bilpatre, bilpatre beru, bilpatri, bilpattiri, bilva, bilva mool, bilva-pandu, bilva patre, bilva pathre, bilvachettu, bilvah, bilvam, bilvamu, bilvapandu, bilvapatre, bilvaphalam, bilwa, bilwamool, bivalva, byaalada hannu, capalukam, catapalam, catippattiram, cattal, chalbel, cirettamaruntati, ciripalam, ciripalamaram, cirivirutcam, civankam, civattirumaram, civattiruvam, civatturumam, covalam, covalum, duraruha, gandhagarbha, gandhapatra, gohki, granthila, guda belgiri taza, heikhagog, heirikhagok, hridyagandha, iyalbudi, iyalpu, iyalpupati, iyalputi, kantakadhya, kantaki, kantapalai, kantapattiram, kapitana, karkatam, karkatavha, karuvila, karuvilakikamaram, karuvilakitam, karuvilam, katori, kentakakarpam, kentapattiram, koovalakkayu, koovalam, koovalathila, koovilam, kovalam, kovaritaki, kucapi, kulakam, kumbala, kuvalam, kuvalap-pazham, kuvilai, kuvilam, kuvilam palam, kuvinam, kuvvalam, lakshmiphala, maalaaramu, mado, mahaka, mahaka-marra, mahakapitha, mahakapithakhya, mahaphala, mahaphalah, maika, makakapittam, makapalai, makapalam, makapittam, makavali, makavalimaram, makavalli, malura, malurah, maluram, maluramaram, maluramu, mangalya, maradu chattu, maraedu, maredi, maredu, maruntirkati, mavilamaram, mavilavu, mikuttikam, mikuttikamaram, mikuttiyal, mirutiyal, mirutiyam, mirutiyamaram, mulamukkanai, munkalantavirutcatti, mutantamuli, muvilaicci, navacikaram, nilamalikkam, nilamallika, nimilaiccattumuli, ninmalli, nirmatalam, pacunakam, pacunakamaram, patir, patrashreshtha, pattiracirettam, pattiri, piracinapanacam,

96

pitapalam, pitaphala, pukku, pukkuli, pukkulimaram, putiiratam, putimarutam, putimarutamaram, putivakam, putivata, putivatam, puttiru, sadaphala, safarjale-hindi, safarjalehindi, sailusa, sailusah, sailushamu, salatuh, samirasara, sandiliyamu, sandilya, sandilyah, sangrahi, satyadharma, satyaphala, shailapatra, shailusha, shalatu, shalya, shandiliyamu, shandilya, shivadruma (Shiva, Lord Shiva, druma, tree, plant), shiveshtha, shreephalamu, shriphala, shul, si-phal, sinja, siriphal, sirphal, sitanuna, sivadruma (= the tree of Lord Siva), sivadrumah, sri-phal, sriphal, sriphala, sriphalah, sriphalamu, sunitika, sunmo, thaplia-araung, tiricakam, tiricakamaram, tiricam, tiricikam, tirucam, tripatra, trishakhapatra, trishikha, ushitben, vailavam, valaga, vanamuli, vatacaram, vatam, vatamaram, vel, viccanniyam, viccanniyamaram, vil, villai, villankam, villuvam, villvam, vilva, vilva-pazham, vilvah, vilvaka, vilvam, vilvapesika, vilvappu, vilwam, virinikamaram, virinka, virutiyakentam, viyalputi in Indonesia: madja, maja, maja batu in Laos: toum Malayan names: bel, bila, bilak, maja in Nepal: bel in Newari: bya in Philippines: bael in Sanskrit: mahaphala, shaibapatra in Thailand: ma pin, ma tum, matum, pha nong, tum

Aeglopsis Swingle Rutaceae

[Sprengel] 2: 678, 750. 1825, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 3: 329. 1897 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 5: 395. 1900, De Wildeman, Emile August(e) Joseph (1866–1947), Contribution à l’étude de la flore du Katanga. Bruxelles, 1921, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 29: 114. 1922 (publ. 1923), Symb. Bot. Upsal. 26(1): 1–152. 1986. Aeollanthus pubescens Benth. (Aeollanthus buettneri Gürke; Aeollanthus calvus Briq.; Aeollanthus chevalieri Briq.; Aeollanthus elongatus Briq.; Aeollanthus lujai De Wild.; Aeollanthus petasatus Briq.; Aeollanthus pubescens var. nudus A. Chev.; Aeollanthus purpureopilosus Wernham; Aeollanthus robynsii De Wild.; Aeollanthus stormsii Gürke; Aeollanthus stormsioides Stopp) Ghana, Tanzania. Herb, glandular-pubescent, erect, muchbranched, 4-angled, strongly aromatic leaves, corolla light purple with blue veins on upper lip, leaves eaten See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 12: 80. 1848, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 188, 222. 1894, Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 820. 1896, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 37: 62. 1898 and J. Bot. 49: 323. 1911, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(8): 196–197, 201. 1911 (publ. 1912), Contr. Fl. Katanga, Suppl. 1: 80. 1927, Pl. Bequaert. 4: 378. 1928, Bull. Jard. Bot. État 28: 313. 1958 (Leaves postpartum remedy, febrifuge, carminative.)

Aerangis Reichb.f. Orchidaceae

in Vietnam: trái mam

Greek aer ‘air’ and angeion, aggeion, angos ‘a vessel, cup’, referring to the slender spur, vessel-like or slightly swollen towards apex, see Flora 48: 190. 1865 and Die Orchideen 600. 1914, Fl. Cameroun 36: 832. 2001.

Aeglopsis Swingle Rutaceae

Aerangis thomsonii (Rolfe) Schltr. (Aerangis friesiorum Schltr.; Angraecum thomsonii Rolfe)

in Tibetan: bi lva, bil-ba, ka-bed-mo, se-yab

Resembling the genus Aegle Corrêa, see Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 505. 1906, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58 (Mém. 8d): 237. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]. Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle (Balsamocitrus chevalieri (Swingle) A. Chev.) Tropical Africa, Guinea. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France Mém. 58(Mém. 8d): 220, 237. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912], Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1913, 60: 406. 1913, Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 1: 102. 1920 (Fruit rind and leaves stomachic, anthelmintic, astringent and antiparasitic.) in Yoruba: sanga

Aeollanthus Martius ex Sprengel Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Greek aiollo, aiollein ‘to variegate, to shift colour’ and anthos ‘a flower’, see Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta

Tropical Africa. Epiphyte, stem with pendulous roots See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 7(1): 143. 1897 and Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 121. 1918, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. BerlinDahlem 9: 22. 1924 (Bark antiinflammatory, for abscesses, topic treatment of hernia.)

Aerides Lour. Orchidaceae Greek aer ‘air’, referring to the epiphytic habit of the plants, see Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 525. 1790. Aerides maculosa Lindl. (Aerides illustris Rchb.f.; Aerides maculosa var. schroederi (Rchb.f.) A.H. Kent; Aerides schroederi Rchb.f.; Gastrochilus speciosus (Wight) Kuntze; Saccolabium speciosum Wight) India. See Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 31: 58. 1845, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 661. 1891

97

Aerva Forsskål Amaranthaceae

(Juice of fresh fruits applied on wounds.) in India: lasun Aerides multiflora Roxb. (Aerides affine Lindl.; Aerides affinis Wall. ex J. Lindl.; Aerides godefroyana Rchb.f.; Aerides lobbii Lem., nom. illeg.; Aerides multiflora var. dactyloides M. Ahmed & al.; Aerides multiflora var. godefroyana (Rchb.f.) H.J. Veitch; Aerides multiflora var. lobbii H.J. Veitch; Aerides multiflora var. veitchii (E. Morren) H.J. Veitch; Aerides multiflorum Roxb.; Aerides veitchii E. Morren; Cleisostoma vacherotiana Guillaumin; Epidendrum geniculatum Hook.f.) Himalaya, India. Very fragrant rose-purple flowers in long pendulous sprays See Pl. Coromandel 3: 68. 1820, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 345. 1823 and Taxon 28: 406–408. 1979, Taxon 30: 512. 1981, Bangladesh J. Bot. 18: 152. 1989, Opera Bot. 114: 428–429. 1992 (Antibacterial.) in India: lawhlengpar, lawhlngpar, maana in Thailand: ueang kulab malai dang

Aerva Forsskål Amaranthaceae From râ, aerua, ärua, erona or eroua, the Arabic names for a species [without epithet] of the genus, locality of collection Cairo [“In desertis Káhirinis rarior”], 1762; see Familles des Plantes 2: 268. 1763, P. Forsskål, Flora aegyptiaco-arabica. 122, 170. Copenhagen 1775, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 4: 272. 1886, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(la): 105, 109. 1893. Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. (Achyranthes javanica (Burm.f.) Pers.; Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.; Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Schult., nom. illeg., non Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss.; Aerva javanica var. javanica; Aerva persica (Burm.f.) Merr.; Aerva persica Merr.; Aerva persica var. bovei Webb; Aerva persica var. latifolia Vahl; Aerva ruspolii Lopr.; Aerva tomentosa Forssk.; Celosia lanata L.; Celosia lanata L. var. latifolia Vahl; Illecebrum javanicum (Burm.f.) Merr.; Iresine javanica Burm.f.; Iresine persica Burm.f.) India. Undershrub, white flowers See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 358. 1756, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 212, t. 65, f. 2. 1768, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 122, 170. 1775, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 2: 131. 1803, Systema Vegetabilium 5: 565. 1819 and Philippine Journal of Science 19: 348. 1921, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 67: 1–51. 1954 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Powder of dried leaves taken to treat jaundice; leaf and root juice given for urinary disorders.

Seeds in rheumatism, for swollen liver, malaria; stems infusion emetic, used to stop bleeding. Veterinary medicine, roots juice to treat eye diseases in cattle.) in Arabic: alra, alreen, erwa, sadjaret ennaghi, sadjaret ennadje, aerua, râ in India: avalavi, avalavicceti, boi kalan, bui, buida, bur, cimili, cimilikacceti, cimilikam, dholimundi, dholphuli, doddahindi gidda, kamheda, kannuppilai, kannuppilaicceti, krishnavalli, kulirkonikacceti, kulirkonikam, lal bishalyakarani, maga beera, magavira, nilkanthi, pasanabheda, pasanapeti, pedda pindi, periyapulai, perum pilai, perumbulai, perumpilai, perumpilaicceti, perumpoolai, perumpuli, pincatacceti, pindi konda, pratanika, pulaippancu, pulaippu, safed-bui, tautikapilai, tautikapilaicceti, tripatra, tucikai, valliyaka in Kenya: ekwanga Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (Achyranthes lanata L.; Achyranthes villosa Forssk.; Aerva arachnoidea Gand.; Aerva incana Suess.; Aerva lanata (L.) Juss., comb. invalid.; Aerva lanata (L.) Schult.; Aerva lanata var. citrina Suesseng.; Aerva lanata var. intermedia Suesseng.; Aerva lanata var. leucuroides Suesseng.; Aerva mozambicensis Gand.; Aerva sansibarica Suess.; Cyathula polycephala Baker; Illecebrum lanatum (L.) L.; Illecebrum lanatum Hort. Par. ex Moq.; Illecebrum lanatum Hort. ex Moq.; Illecebrum lanatum Murr.; Illecebrum lanatum Raf.) Tanzania. Herb or shrub, dioecious, woody, trailing or erect, creeping, scrambling, climber, prostrate-ascending, straggling, suberect, leaves covered with woolly hairs, tiny yellow-white flowers on axillary stalkless spikes, tiny capsules, leaves eaten as vegetable, chicken feed, a common weed See Species Plantarum 1: 204–206. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 344. 1771, Syst. Veg., ed. 13. 206. 1774, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 2: 131. 1803, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 564. 1819, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 548. 1826, Autik. Bot. 153. 1840, Prodr. (DC.) 13(2): 299, 337. 1849, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1897: 278. 1897 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 80(2–3): 103–107. 2002, Fitoterapia 74(6): 578–582. 2003 [Effect of Aerva lanata on solid tumor induced by DLA cells in mice.], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(1): 81–86. 2004 [Effect of Aerva lanata on cisplatin and gentamicin models of acute renal failure.] (Used in Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani. Plant decoction to be taken internally as a remedy for diabetes, nephrological disorders, urinary infection, bladder and kidney stones; whole plant infusion given in fever. Leaves crushed and the juice applied to sore eyes, swellings; leaf paste smeared on the body for fever; leaves decoction drunk for fever, bronchitis and used for bathing babies suffering from malaria; dried leaves and flowers smoked during asthma. Flowers decoction taken to cure gonorrhea. Roots diuretic, astringent, anthelmintic, used

98

Aerva Forsskål Amaranthaceae

for treating snakebite, dysuria, diarrhea, headache, coughs, intestinal worms, constipation; decoction of the root given as tonic to pregnant women; root boiled along with tuberous roots of Cyperus rotundus and fennel and the decoction given to cure diarrhea in children. Veterinary medicine, whole plant with Aristolochia indica root, black pepper and garlic made into juice, given to cattle as antidote to snakebite and insect bites. Magic, pounded leaves believed to keep evil away from patient. Ceremonial, ritual, used in festivities for decoration; twigs used in worshipping.) in Arabic: schadjaret el athleb in Kenya: boraati, chepiskut, chepkumot, chivuma nyuchi, chivwa kuku, daraara, ediati-ormwaate, eleturot, fod cadde, kinongo, kivuma nyuchi, wario, simetwo in Tanzania: chivwa kuku, ediati-ormwaate, eleturot, kaganza ka mwana, kiburunkuku, kidelele, kinonga, luwecha, nyakaganza ka mwana, paramoyo, tebwa, tebwe in Yoruba: asefun, aje, sefun sefun, rajeraje in India: acuvamanaku, antipilai, antipilaiceti, asmabheda, asmabhedah, astmabayda, astmabayata, astmabayota, bahara, bhadra, bhadram, bhadrika, bilee sooli gida, bili hindee soppu, bili hooli, bili sooli, bilihindee soppu, bilihindi, bilihindisoppu, bilihooli, bisehri booti, calinilappu, canunkuvukai, cerula, cerupula, cerupulai, ceruvula, chaldhowa, chaya, cheroola, cheroola pacha, cherula, cherupula, chiru peelai, choti-bui, cirukanpilai, cirupilai, cirupulai, cokkali, cokkalicceti, cunnampukkirai, cuttiraciritam, gorakh bhanja, gorakh-boonti, gorakha ganjo, gorakhganja, goraksaganja, gorakshaganja, gorkhabundi, guanabana, hittina donne soppu, kallur vanci, kamahala, kanpilai, kanpulai, kapoor madhura, kapoorimadhuri, kapoorphuli, kapur-madhura, kapurijadi, kapurimadhuri, kapurmadhura, kapurphuti, karpeti, konda, konda pindi, kondapindi, kondapindichettu, kooraipoo, kumarapindi, kumrapindi, kurandaka, malacu, malacucceti, mukkili, naklo, nakloo, nanogorakhganjo, panru, pantu, pantukacceti, pantukam, pantumalar, pasanabheda, pasanabheda, pasanapeti, pashana bheda, pashanabheda, pashanbheda, pattura, paunsia, pilai, pincatam, pincetam, pindi kunda, pindi kura, pindichettu, pindiconda, pindidonda, pindikoora, pindikumda, pindikunda, pindikura, pindipoolu, polpola, poola poo, poolai, pulai, pulaiver, pulikacceti, pulikam, sadabahar, sanna sondo, scheru-bula, serupeelai, siru-peelai, sirupaulai, sirupeelai, sirupulai, tandlo, tevimulacceti, tevimulam, thelaga pindi konda, thelaga pindikunda, thelagapindi koora, tunkumuturam, umika, umikacceti, umil, uninam, uninputu, unkanimuli, uratam, uttuparamuli, uyinai

Aerva leucura Moq. (Aerva ambigua Moq.) Tanzania. A perennial woolly herb, often woody at the base, erect or low and spreading, slender stem simple or branched, all densely white hairy, disturbed ground to open woodland, bushland, grassland, swamp and forest edges See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 302. 1849 (Roots used for treating snakebite. Pounded leaves mixed with porridge and drunk in order to curtail lactation in women who have lost their babies.) in Tanzania: kilindila, mwenza, mweza

kinonga,

India. (Powdered seeds diuretic, anticancer and antihelmintic, taken with water against rheumatism and gastric troubles.) in English: Indian horse-chestnut in India: buari, bui Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume (Achyranthes sanguinolenta Linnaeus; Achyranthes scandens Roxburgh; Aerva sanguinea Hort. ex Moq.; Aerva sanguinolenta Blume; Aerva scandens (Roxburgh) Moquin-Tandon; Aerva scandens (Roxb.) Wall.; Aerva scandens (Roxb.) Wallich ex Moq.; Aerva timorensis Moq.; Aerva velutina Moq.) Java, Nepal, Bhutan. Herb, flexible stems See Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 294. 1762, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 11: 547. 1826 [24 Jan 1826], Prodr. (DC.) 13(2): 300. 1849 [5 May 1849], J. Bot. 17: 14. 1879 and Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan 229. 1972, Kuan Ke-chien. Amaranthaceae. In: Kung Hsien-wu & Tsien Cho-po, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 25(2): 194–241. 1979, Guihaia 13: 105. 1993, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8 (5): 740–743. 2005, Fitoterapia 79(5): 388–392. 2008 (Whole plant antibiotic, demulcent, diuretic, on wound and cuts for healing, gynecological disorders, irregular or painful menstruation. Roots in dysentery, throat pain.) in China: bai hua xian in India: kaliged, naria, nela hindi soppu, nuria, purititige, safed phulia, sufed phulia, thelagapindi in Indonesia: gondang kasih, ki sambang, sambang colok, sambang tjolok in Laos: do:k khaix ped

in Philippines: apug-apugan, pamaynap, tabang-ahas

in Nepal: aitin ko bot, aitinbot

in Vietnam: mao v[ix] l[oo]ng

karlatan,

mfungu,

Aerva pseudotomentosa Blatt. & Hall

in Indonesia: katumpangan uler, rumput upas-upasan apugapugan,

lifweni,

in Thailand: khruea khaao tok, phan nguu yai, yaa dok khaao in Vietnam: mao v[ix] d[or], m[oo]ng g[af], rau chua

99

Aeschynanthus Jack Gesneriaceae

Aeschynanthus Jack Gesneriaceae Greek aischyno, aischyne ‘shame’ and anthos ‘flower’, referring to the flowers, the species are mosty epiphytic, a few are lithophytic, see Edinburgh Philosophical Journal 7(13): 84–85. 1822, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14: 42, t. 2. 1823.

(Crushed leaves applied as a poultice to sprained, swollen joints.) in English: twisting vine in Indonesia: aka lepet

Aeschynanthus elongatus C.B. Clarke

Aeschynanthus parviflorus Ridl. (Aeschynanthus parviflorus C.B. Clarke; Aeschynanthus parviflorus Spreng.; Aeschynanthus ramosissimus Wall.)

Indonesia. Herbaceous climber, red flower

Nepal. Epiphytic herb, red flowers

See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5: 45. 1883

See Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 4(2, Cur. Post.): 238. 1827 [Jan–Jun 1827] and J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4: 48. 1909

(Crushed leaves applied as a poultice to sprained joints.) in English: sprain vine

(Fertility promotion, juice of plant given to sterile women. Powdered leaf baked and taken for headache.)

in Indonesia: aka pebejek

in Nepal: syabal, thirjo

Aeschynanthus hookeri C.B. Clarke

Aeschynanthus sikkimensis (C.B. Clarke) Stapf (Aeschynanthus maculatus Lindl. var. sikkimensis C.B. Clarke; Aeschynanthus sikkimensis Stapf)

Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar. Calyx red or purple, corolla scarlet to orange-scarlet, cymes pseudoterminal See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5: 21. 1883 and Selbyana 6: 1–219. 1983 (Aphrodisiac.) in China: shu hua mang mao ju tai in India: bawltehlantai, utangbi Aeschynanthus longicaulis Wall. ex R. Br. (Aeschynanthus marmoratus T. Moore)

India. See Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 27: t. 28. 1841, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5: 24. 1883 and Botanical Magazine 148: t. 8938. 1922 (Flowers infusion taken for tonsillitis, sore throat. Root decoction drunk as febrifuge. Crushed leaves juice applied on inflammation.) in India: bawl-te-hlan-tai, bawltehlan tai, bawltehlantai

China. See Plantae Javanicae Rariores 116. 1839 (For boils, pound the leaves with rice and poultice.) in China: chang jing mang mao ju tai Malay name: maman kurai Aeschynanthus novogracilis W.T. Wang (Aeschynanthus gracilis Parish ex C.B. Clarke, nom. illeg.; Aeschynanthus gracilis hort. ex Hanst.) India, China. See Flora Brasiliensis 8: 418. 1864, Commelynaceae et Cyrtandraceae Bengalenses 75. 1874 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(2): 65. 1975 (Pounded leaves applied on the body part affected with skin disorder and for relief from itching.) in China: xi mang mao ju tai in India: rasson Aeschynanthus obconicus C.B. Clarke Indonesia. Herbaceous climber, red flowers See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5: 50. 1883

Aeschynomene L. Fabaceae (Aeschynomeneae) Greek aischynomene, ancient name for a sensitive plant (Plinius, 24.167), from aischyno, aischyne ‘shame’, referring to the leaves, Latin aeschynomene for a plant which shrinks when touched, a sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica L. (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 713–714. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 319. 1754, C.S. Rafinesque, Florula ludoviciana. 137. New York 1817 and E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus. 147. 1949, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 86(2): 176. 1954, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 24: 70. 1954, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 32(1): 1–172. 1955, Reinwardtia 5(1): 23–36. 1959, Kew Bulletin 24(1): 14. 1970, Brenesia 18: 15–90. 1980, Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae-Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Listados Floríst. México 22: 1–55. 2001. Aeschynomene afraspera J. Léonard (Aeschynomene aspera auct., non L.; Aeschynomene lagenaria Lour.; Aeschynomene surattensis Wight & Arn.; Aeschynomene trachyloba Miq.; Hedysarum lagenarium (Lour.) Roxb.; Sesbania leptocarpa auct., non DC.) Tropical Africa. Annual non-climbing shrub, erect to suberect, glandular-pubescent, high nitrogen content, grazed by ruminants, palatable forage legume

100

See Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 24: 64. 1954, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 53: 342–371. 1983 (Applied externally to stop bleeding.) in English: pith plant, shola pith, sola pith plant in India: attuneddi, laugauni, maha diya siyambala, sola in Thailand: sano in Hausa: bambamko Aeschynomene americana L. (Aeschynomene americana var. depila Millsp.; Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa (Poir. ex Lam.) Rudd; Aeschynomene americana var. longifolia Micheli ex Donn. Sm.; Aeschynomene americana var. villosa (Poir.) Urb.; Aeschynomene floribunda M. Martens & Galeotti; Aeschynomene glandulosa Poir. ex Lam.; Aeschynomene guayaquilensis G. Don; Aeschynomene javanica var. luxurians Miq.; Aeschynomene mexicana Biroli ex Colla; Aeschynomene mexicana Colla; Aeschynomene mimulosa Blume ex Miq.; Aeschynomene mimulosa Miq.; Aeschynomene tricholoma Standl. & Steyerm.; Aeschynomene villosa Poir. var. longifolia (Micheli ex Donn. Sm.) Rudd; Hippocrepis mimulosa Noronha) Kenya, Sulawesi, South America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, erect or decumbent, glandular hispid, purplish flowers, verrucose pods, dark brown seeds See Species Plantarum 2: 713, 744. 1753, Verh. Batav. Gen. 5(4): 18. 1790, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 4(1): 76. 1816, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 284. 1832, Herbarium Pedemontanum 2: 195. 1834, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 10(2): 186. 1843, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 276. 1855, Botanical Gazette 20(7): 284. 1895, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 1(4): 363. 1898 and Symbolae Antillarum 4(2): 288. 1905, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(1): 10. 1943, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 32(1): 26, 35. 1955, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 34(1– 2): 119–122. 1999 (Parts of the plant applied to skin complaints, rherumatism.) in English: American joint vetch, American sensitive vetch, bastard sensitive plant, joint vetch in China: mei zhou jue ming, min gan he meng

Aeschynomene L. Fabaceae (Aeschynomeneae)

trachyloba Miq.; Hedysarum asperum Poir.; Hedysarum lagenarium Roxb.; Hedysarum lagenarium (Lour.) Roxb.; Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.; Sesbania leptocarpa auct., non DC.) India. Perennial green manure

non-climbing

shrub,

leaves

edible,

See Sp. Pl. 2: 713. 1753 [1 May 1753], Verh. Bat. Gen. 5(4): 5. 1790, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(2): 1163. 1802 [1–10 Nov 1802], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6(2): 408. 1805, Journal de Botanique, rédigé par une société de botanistes 1: 60. 1813, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5666. 1831–1832 and Reinwardtia 5(1): 23–36. 1959, Fl. W. Pakistan 100: 339. 1977, Economic Botany 32(3): 297–310. 1978, Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, Cytologia 54: 51–64. 1989 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Powdered root given for gastric pain. Applied externally to stop bleeding; leaf fomentation used for joints swelling.) in English: pith plant, shola pith, sola pith plant in India: aatru netti, alagina, alagina gida, aligina, amunkakkoti, arru netti, arrukatesam, athunetti, atru netti, attekudasa, attukatesham, attuneddi, ayariyam, ayiri, ayiriyam, bendu, bendu gida, catai, cataicci, cataikkoti, cayulatikam, damana, jeenangi, jiluga, jiluga bendu, jilugu, jinangi, kadessum, kare bendu, kataicci, kere bondu, kitai, kitaiccai, kitaicci, kitaiccu, kiteccai, kokkeri, kokketu, kotal, koti neti, kottirakakkoti, kottirakam, kottiram, laugauni, mamuti, narana, narukkunetti, narukkuvetti, neerunjiluga, nellitali, nellittali, nertattai, nertattaikkoti, netti, netticceti, nir jiluga, nirccunti takkai, niru-jilugu, punetti, sadai, shola, shulo, sitavirya, sola, solo, takkai, takkaipputu, tanakali, tankali gida, thige jluga, totalavakakkoti, totalavam, tuyilkana, tuyilkanacceti, venkitaicci, vintukavuli in Nepal: dhondiya, shakla Aeschynomene crassicaulis Harms (Smithia trochainii Berhaut) Senegal, Congo. Perennial non-climbing herb, often partially submerged, with procumbent stems on mud or floating on water, fodder See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzen­ geschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 38. 1907

in Japan: Amerika-kusa-nemu

(Leaves added to a mixture of other plants to treat rheumatism, arthritis.)

in the Philippines Isl.: makahiyang lalake, mala makahiya

in English: water Mimosa

Aeschynomene aspera L. (Aeschynomene afraspera J. Léonard; Aeschynomene aquatica Roxb. ex Steud.; Aeschynomene aspera Muhl. ex Willd.; Aeschynomene aspera Wall.; Aeschynomene aspera (Poir.) J. St.-Hil.; Aeschynomene aspera Noronha; Aeschynomene indica var. aspera Hassk. ex Miq.; Aeschynomene lagenaria Lour.; Aeschynomene surattensis Wight & Arn.; Aeschynomene

in Nigeria: inuwar tufi, kaddaji, kaddajin rúwá, yaron kogi Aeschynomene cristata Vatke (Aeschynomene dewevrei De Wild. & T. Durand; Aeschynomene mazangayana Baill.; Hedysarum aquaticum Bojer) Tropical Africa, Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing shrub, herb, robust, erect, stems soft and hollow, flowers light

101

Aeschynomene L. Fabaceae (Aeschynomeneae)

orange, long swollen floating stems, emerging from open water, floaters on fishing nets See Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 28(7): 215– 216. 1878 (Parts of the plant parasitic infections.)

applied

to

skin

complaints,

in Madagascar: fanisejetra, fotsy, hamotsy, poakaty Aeschynomene elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Aedemone excelsa Kotschy; Aedemone humilis Kotschy; Aedemone mirabilis Kotschy; Aeschynomene tchadica A. Chev.; Herminiera elaphroxylon Guill. & Perr.; Smithia elaphroxylon Baill.; Smithia elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) Baill.; Smithia grandidieri Baill.) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, large shrub or small tree, weedy, stems prickly, spongy wood very light, orange-yellow flowers, freshwater swamp, adapted to fluctuating, on the stem bark nitrogen-fixing bacteria See Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 201, pl. 51. 1832, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 8: 116. 1858, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(51): 404. 1883, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(3): 319. 1894 and Reinwardtia 5(1): 23–36. 1959, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85(1): 43–52. 2003 (For skin diseases.) in English: ambach, ambatch, balsawood tree, Nile pith tree, pith tree in Burundi: umusaabiro in Madagascar: bemaivara, dofonga, fagnivambe, odifonga, roiantanety, vodifomba, vodifonga in Nigeria: ambach, ambaj, fogo, fowo, fowu, marrea, mbilor, tororo Aeschynomene indica Linnaeus (Aeschynomene aspera auct.; Aeschynomene cachemiriana Cambess.; Aeschynomene diffusa Klein ex Willd.; Aeschynomene diffusa Willd.; Aeschynomene evenia sensu Rudd; Aeschynomene glaberrima Poir.; Aeschynomene hispida Willd.; Aeschynomene indica Wall.; Aeschynomene indica Burm. f.; Aeschynomene indica var. punctata Pers.; Aeschynomene indica var. viscosa Miq.; Aeschynomene kashmiriana Cambess.; Aeschynomene macropoda DC.; Aeschynomene montana Span.; Aeschynomene oligantha Welw. ex Baker; Aeschynomene oligantha Baker; Aeschynomene pumila L.; Aeschynomene punctata Steud.; Aeschynomene quadrata Schumach. & Thonn.; Aeschynomene richardiana Baill.; Aeschynomene roxburghii Spreng.; Aeschynomene subviscosa DC.; Aeschynomene virginica sensu auct.; Aeschynomene viscidula Willd.; Hedysarum alpinum Lour.; Hedysarum neli-tali Roxb.; Hedysarum virginicum Lour.; Smithia aspera Roxb.) Old World tropics, India. Perennial non-climbing shrub to shrublet, prostrate, erect, suffrutescent, fleshy, leaves

sensitive, flowers pinkish-yellow, petals pale yellow with pink reddish lines, aerial nodules on the stem, forage, green manure See Species Plantarum 2: 713–714. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis : 169. 1768, Schön, James Frederick (eigentl. Jakob Friedrich), Grammar of the Hausa Language. 1. Ausgabe. London, Church Missionary House, 1862 and Reinwardtia 5(1): 23–36. 1959, Trop. Plant Sci. Res. 1: 1–13. 1983, Cytologia 54: 51–64. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 145–147, 173–219. 1990, Veterinary Pathology 40(3): 311–316. 2003, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, I SILAPT, 24: 46. 2004, Vet. Human Toxicol. 46(6): 309–312, 2004, Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(3): 135–142. 2005 (Used in Sidha. Should be treated with caution due to reports of toxicity; there is evidence of toxicity to ruminants. Reported neurological disease in swine caused by the ingestion of the toxic seeds, causing functional derangement of the vestibulocerebellar system, followed by alterations in the microvasculature in the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. Spermicide.) in English: Buddha pea, curly indigo, hard sola, Indian joint vetch, kat sola, knuckle bean bush, northern jointvetch, sensitive joint vetch, sensitive vetch, shola pith, sola wood, trailing sesbania in Hausa: bambamko in Madagascar: hamoka in Senegal: bu sèngèt bu it, falfolodii, folo dié, gaandul, mbolo mbolo, ndorbadié gori, tiilambé, tiilambu in South Africa: kneukelboontjiebos in Cambodia: sano ach mon, sano bay, snaô ach mon, snaô bay in China: he meng in India: athunetti, bath-sola, bedukasa, bendu, bendu kasa, bendukasa, catai, catinam, chhuimui, chinggonglei, didhen, dyia-siyambala, heen-diya-siyambala, jeeluga, jiluga kaada, kath shola, kidaichi, kitai, kitaicci, kottiram, kuhila, lajuari, laugauni, nalabi, neli-tali, nelitali, nellithalli, nellittali, netti, nettithakkai, phulan, sadai poondu, sola, surlo, takkai, takkaippuntu, tella jeeluga, thakkapundu, thigejiluga, tiga jiluga, tigejiluga in Indonesia: dinding, katisan, peupeuteuyan in Japan: kusa-nemu in Laos: sanô in Thailand: sano-hin, sano-kangkhok in Vietnam: d[aa]u ma, di[ef]n di[ef]n b[us]ng Aeschynomene mimosifolia Vatke (Aeschynomene nyikensis Baker var. gracilis Suess.; Aeschynomene walteri Harms) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing shrub, erect, woody herb, sticky glandular, yellow petals with brownish stripes

102

See Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 29(7): 224. 1879, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1897, 259. 1897 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. liv. 385. 1917 (Leaves and twigs antiviral, analgesic.) Aeschynomene nilotica Taub. Cameroon, Namibia, Sudan. Annual non-climbing shrub, erect, yellow flowers, ripe pods dark brown, forage, freshwater swamp See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzen­ geschichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 189. 1896 (Stomachic.) in Congo: meboba, moboba Aeschynomene rubrofarinacea (Taub.) F. White (Geissaspis clevei De Wild.; Geissaspis rubrofarinacea (Taub.) Baker f.; Humularia maclouniei (De Wild.) P.A. Duvign.; Humularia rubrofarinacea (Taub.) P.A. Duvign.; Smithia rubrofarinacea Taub.) Tanzania. Perennial non-climbing shrub, leaves as fodder See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 216. 1895 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 46: 114. 1908, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 86(2): 176–177. 1954, Forest Fl. N. Rhodesia 142, 455. 1962, Kew Bulletin 24(1): 14. 1970 (Root decoction drunk to remedy children’s convulsions.) in Tanzania: msirahengi Aeschynomene uniflora E. Mey. (Aeschynomene bracteosa B. Boivin; Aeschynomene papulosa Baker; Aeschynomene papulosa Welw. ex Baker; Aeschynomene trachyloba Miq.; Smithia bernieri Baill.) South Africa. Perennial non-climbing shrub, erect herb, shrubby, prostrate, straggling, weak-stemmed, multibranched, flowers yellow, ripe fruit dark brown pods, leaves sensitive, fodder See Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 123. 1836 (Roots for stomach troubles.) in Madagascar: rangotsy

Aesculus L. Hippocastanaceae (Sapindaceae) Aesculus, i, the Latin name for a tree, probably for a kind of oak, the Italian oak; Greek askra, Akkadian isu, esu and Sumerian gis ‘tree’, Akkadian hursanu and Sumerian kur ‘mountain’, Akkadian esu ‘tree, wood’ and kallu ‘crown of the human skull, shell of the turtle, bowl’, Latin collis and collum, see Species Plantarum 1: 344. 1753 and Hardin, J.W., Arena, J.M. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. Duke University Press, Durham, N.C., USA. 1969, Cooper, M.R., Johnson, A.W. Poisonous Plants in Britain

Aesculus L. Hippocastanaceae (Sapindaceae)

and Their Effects on Animals and Man. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, England. 1984, Lampe, K.F., McCann, M.A. AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants. American Medical Assoc. Chicago, Ill., USA. 1985. Aesculus assamica Griff. (Aesculus chinensis Bunge; Aesculus chuniana Hu & W.P. Fang; Aesculus khassyana C.R. Das & Majumdar; Aesculus khassyana (Voigt) Das & Majumdar; Aesculus lantsangensis Hu & W.P. Fang; Aesculus megaphylla Hu & W.P. Fang; Aesculus polyneura Hu & W.P. Fang; Aesculus polyneura var. dongchuanensis X.W. Li & W.Y. Yin; Aesculus punduana Wallich ex Hiern, nom. illeg.; Aesculus punduana Wall.; Aesculus rupicola Hu & W.P. Fang; Aesculus wangii Hu var. rupicola (Hu & W.P. Fang) W.P. Fang) Vietnam, China, Himalaya. Tree, spreading branches, digitate leaves, yellow to red-brown flowers in terminal panicles, leathery capsules See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 1189. 1829, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 10. 1833, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 540. 1854, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 675. 1875 and Brittonia 12: 46. 1960, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 95. 1961 (1962), Journal of Sichuan University: Natural Science Edition 1960(3): 87–89, 91–93, 99–106, pl. 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12. 1962 [Act. Sci. Nat. Univ. Szech.], Journ. Nat. Sci. Secondary Schools, Biol. Exper. Issue No. 3: 220–221, 223, 229–230. 1965, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 46: 284. 1981, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(1): 53. 1990, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 53: 1310–1313. 2005 (Antifungal, cytotoxic, abortifacient, diuretic. Leaf decoction for ear problems; leaves pressed and the juice dropped into ear. Toxic to fish, leaf and bark juice. Magic, contact therapy, leaves infusion as a wash in skin eruptions believed to be due to evil spirit.) in English: East Himalayan horse chestnut in China: chang bing qi ye shu in India: bol rimmu, bol rimot, dieng dula, dieng sangkenrop, phak-lang-jam-araung, raman bih Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. (Calothyrsus californica Spach; Hippocastanum californicum (Spach) Greene) North America. Perennial tree, shrub, opposite palmately divided leaves, corolla pinkish white, flowers in a long terminal cluster, fruit a smooth leathery capsule, shiny seeds each with a pale scar See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 2: 62. 1834, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 251. 1838, Manual of the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay … 73. 1894 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts. Smashed fruit applied for hemorrhoids; bark decoction for toothaches. Veterinary medicine. Fruit used as a fish poison.)

103

Aesculus L. Hippocastanaceae (Sapindaceae)

in English: California buckeye, California horse-chestnut, Californian buckeye

Aesculus glabra Willd. var. pallida (Willd.) G. Kirchn.; Aesculus glabra Willd. var. sargentii Rehder)

Aesculus flava Aiton (Aesculus flava Sol.; Aesculus lutea Wangenh.; Aesculus octandra Marsh.; Aesculus octandra var. vestita Sarg.; Aesculus octandra var. virginica Sarg.; Aesculus pavia var. flava (Sol.) Kuntze)

Southeastern and Central N. America. Perennial tree, rough bark which has disagreeable order, a globular spine-roughened capsule

North America. Tree, thick canopy, small yellow green flowers in terminal panicles, smooth pear-shaped capsules, bitter seeds See Cat. Arbor. Fruticum Horto Edinensi Crescentium 1778: 3. 1778, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 1: 494. 1789 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts.) in English: sweet buckeye, yellow buckeye Aesculus glabra Willd. Southeastern and Central N. America. Tree, rough bark which has disagreeable order, a globular spine-roughened capsule See Species Plantarum 1: 344. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 405. 1809 and Kornheiser, K.M. “Buckeye poisoning in cattle.” Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 78: 769–770. 1983, Lampe, K.F., McCann, M.A. AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants. American Medical Assoc. Chicago, Ill., USA. 1985 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts; dangerous parts are buds, nuts, leaves, bark, seedlings and honey. The fruits of this plant may be attractive to children and could cause poisoning if ingested. Cattle, grazing animals have been poisoned, and also those consuming the honey. Antispasmodic, antirheumatic, seeds used internally in the treatment of spasmodic coughs, earache, asthma, externally as a tea or an ointment in the treatment of rheumatism and piles. Fruit used as a fish poison.) in English: buckeye, fetid buckeye, Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra Willd. var. arguta (Buckley) B.L. Rob. (Aesculus arguta Buckley; Aesculus glabra Willd. var. buckleyi Sarg.) N. America. Tree See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 405. 1809, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 12: 443–444. 1860[1861], Synoptical Flora of North America 2: 447. 1897 and Kalmia 12: 18. 1982 (Fruit infusion emetic.) in English: Ohio buckeye, Texas buckeye Aesculus glabra Willd. var. glabra (Aesculus glabra Willd. var. leucodermis Sarg.; Aesculus glabra Willd. var. micrantha Sarg.; Aesculus glabra Willd. var. monticola Sarg.;

See Species Plantarum 1: 344. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 405. 1809 and Kornheiser, K.M. “Buckeye poisoning in cattle.” Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin. 78: 769–770. 1983, Lampe, K.F., McCann, M.A. AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants. American Medical Assoc. Chicago, Ill., USA. 1985 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts; dangerous parts are buds, nuts, leaves, bark, seedlings and honey. The fruits of this plant may be attractive to children and could cause poisoning if ingested. Cattle, grazing animals have been poisoned, and also those consuming the honey. Antispasmodic, antirheumatic, seeds used internally in the treatment of spasmodic coughs, earache, asthma, externally as a tea or an ointment in the treatment of rheumatism and piles. Powdered nuts used as a fish poison.) in English: buckeye, fetid buckeye, Ohio buckeye Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanum vulgare Gaertn.) Cosmopolitan. Tree, flowers white with red and yellow, echinate fruits See Species Plantarum 1: 344. 1753 and Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 22: 37–69. 1980, Regnum Veg. 127: 15. 1993, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts; dangerous parts are buds, nuts, leaves, bark, seedlings and honey. The fruits of this plant may be attractive to children and could cause poisoning if ingested. It has poisoned cattle, grazing animals, horses, pigs and also those consuming the honey, causing sickness and death. Human poisoning has also occurred. Horsechestnut fruits, leaves, and flowers contain the chemical aesculin, a saponin. Young leaves and flowers especially toxic to cattle. Analgesic, antirheumatic, powdered roots used for chest pains.) in English: buckeye, common horse-chestnut, horse-chestnut, horse-chestnut tree in China: ou zhou qi ye shu in India: baloot Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. (Aesculus indica Coleb. ex Wall.; Aesculus indica (Coleb. ex Cambess.) Hooker; Aesculus indica Coleb.; Pavia indica Wall. ex Cambess.; Pavia indica Wall.)

104

NW Himalaya. Deciduous tree, large, compound opposite long-stalked leaves, white pinkish flowers in terminal pyramidal panicles, clawed petals, rounded depressed shining seeds, twigs and leaves fodder, seeds ground and mixed with flour, fragrant flowers in blooming stage See Species Plantarum 1: 344. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Voyage dans l’Inde 4(Bot.): 31, pl. 35. 1835–1844 [1841], Botanical Magazine 85: pl. 5117. 1859 and Fl. Iranica 92: 2. 1972 (Bark astringent, tonic, febrifuge. Seeds astringent, acrid, narcotic; seed oil used externally in rheumatism, cutaneous infections, scabies, ringworm; oil cake made into a paste and applied to the forehead to relieve severe headache. Powdered kernel warmed in water and used for healing skin fissures and cracks; ripe nut anti-colic. Roots for leucorrhea. Veterinary medicine, crushed seeds given to cattle to increase the quality and quantity of milk.) in English: forest walnut, horse-chestnut, Indian horse-chestnut, the Himalayan horse-chestnut in India: akhnor, ban-khor, bankhar, bankhor, goon, gugu, gun, han doon, handoon, hane, hanudun, haunudun, kanor, kanur, khanir, khanoor, khanor, pangar, pangara, pangla, pankar, seutoalla, torjaga in Nepal: naru, pangra, pangro in Sanskrit: saptaparna Aesculus parviflora Walter North America. See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 128. 1788 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts.) in English: bottlebrush buckeye, dwarf horse-chestnut Aesculus pavia L. (Pavia pavia (L.) Huth) (for the Dutch physician Pieter Pavius (Paaw, Paauw, Pauw), 1564–1617, botanist; see Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologischbotanisches Handwörterbuch. 662. Ansbach 1852; F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 327. Berlin & Hamburg 1989)

Aethusa L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Aesculus pavia L. var. pavia (Aesculus austrina Small; Aesculus discolor Pursh; Aesculus discolor Pursh var. mollis (Raf.) Sarg.; Aesculus pavia var. discolor (Pursh) A. Gray; Aesculus splendens Sarg.) (for the Dutch physician Pieter Pavius (Paaw, Paauw, Pauw), 1564–1617, botanist; see Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologischbotanisches Handwörterbuch. 662. Ansbach 1852; F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 327. Berlin & Hamburg 1989) North America. Tree, shrub See Species Plantarum 1: 344. 1753, Helios 11(9): 135. 1893 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts. Antirheumatic, stimulant. Poultice of pounded nuts used for wounds, sprains, sores and infections. Roots infusion taken for dyspepsia, colic; bark compound infusion given to stop bleeding after delivery. Good luck charm.) in English: firecracker plant, red buckeye Aesculus sylvatica W. Bartram North America. Tree, shrub See Travels Through North and South Carolina 476. 1791 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts.) in English: dwarf buckeye, Georgia buckeye, painted buckeye Aesculus turbinata Blume (Aesculus turbinata fo. pubescens (Rehder) Ohwi ex Yas. Endo; Aesculus turbinata var. pubescens Rehder) China. See Rumphia 3: 195. 1847 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 3: 219. 1922 (Capsular fruit used as an astringent, in the form of infusion.) in English: Japanese horse-chestnut in China: ri ben qi ye shu in Japan: jochi, tochi-ni

North America. Tree, shrub See Species Plantarum 1: 344. 1753, Helios 11(9): 135. 1893 (Highly toxic, raw seeds and fresh fruit said to be poisonous, may be fatal if eaten; poisonous parts, seeds and tea made from leaves and sprouts. Antirheumatic, stimulant. Poultice of pounded nuts used for wounds, sprains, sores and infections. Roots infusion taken for dyspepsia, colic; bark compound infusion given to stop bleeding after delivery. Good luck charm.) in English: firecracker plant, red buckeye

Aethusa L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Greek aitho, aithein ‘to light up, to burn, blaze, to scorch’, referring to the dangerous and poisonous nature of this weed; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 256. 1753; H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 43. Basel 1996. Aethusa cynapium L. Europe. Herb, evil smell, weed

105

Afraegle (Swingle) Engl. Rutaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 256. 1753 and Taxon 30: 856–857. 1981, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, BiologiaGeographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Hessische Floristische Briefe 33: 46–48. 1984, Acta Botanica Fennica 130. 1985, Fl. Iran. 162: 345. 1987, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 23: 457–481. 1991 (Entire plant poisonous. Sedative, stomachic, used in the treatment of gastro-intestinal problems, convulsions, vomiting in children and diarrhea.) in English: fool’s parsley in Italian: cicuta aglina, cicuta minore, falso prezzemolo

Afraegle (Swingle) Engl. Rutaceae From Africa and the genus Aegle, Greek aegle ‘splendor, glory, lustre’, see Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France: 58(Mém. 8d): 231, 233. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912], Pflanzenw. Afr. 3(1): 761 f. 355. 1915 (Engl. & Drude, Veg. der Erde, ix.). Afraegle paniculata (Schum. & Thonn.) Engl. (Balsamocitrus paniculata (Schum. & Thonn.) Swingle; Balsamocitrus paniculata Swingle; Citrus paniculata Schum. & Thonn.) Tropical Africa. Tree, thorny, globose smooth fruits, white mucilanginous flesh with white seeds See Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh., 4: 152. 1828, Schön, James Frederick (eigentl. Jakob Friedrich), Grammar of the Hausa Language. 1. Ausgabe. London, Church Missionary House, 1862 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France: 58(Mém. 8d): 231. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912], Pflanzenw. Afr. 3(1): 761 f. 355. 1915, West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research 2(2): 3–86. 1975, Nat. Prod. Commun. 5(4): 559–561. 2010 (Stem bark antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, fungicidal and algicidal. Fruit rind and leaves carminative, emetic, febrifuge.) in Nigeria: Nigerian powder flask in Nigeria: kokuwa (Hausa); sanga (Yoruba)

Aframomum K. Schumann Zingiberaceae From Africa and the genus Amomum Roxb.; see Casimiro Gómez de Ortega (1740–1818), Historia natural de la Malagueta, o pimienta de tavasco. Madrid 1780 and Francisco de Mello, Memoria sobre a malagueta … 2a edição prefaciada e revista por R.T. Palhinha. Lisboa 1945. Aframomum albiflorum Lock Tanzania. Herb, flowers white See Kew Bulletin 39: 839. 1984 (Aromatic, carminative, relieving flatulence, and stimulating the stomach while aiding digestion. Crushed seeds boiled with roots of Piper capensis and drunk as an aphrodisiac. Roots pain-killers, sedative, antivenomous, antidote. Magic, ritual.)

English: wild cardamom in Tanzania: msamaka, mtuguu, mtunguru, tunguru Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridl.) K. Schum. (Aframomum biauriculatum K. Schum.; Aframomum candidum Gagnep.; Aframomum latifolium K. Schum.; Aframomum macrospermum (Sm.) Burkill; Aframomum stipulatum (Gagnep.) K. Schum.; Amomum alboviolaceum Ridl.; Amomum bitacoum Gagnep.; Amomum latifolium (Afzel.) K. Schum.; Amomum latifolium Afzel., nom. illeg.; Amomum macrospermum Sm.; Amomum stipulatum Gagnep.; Cardamomum latifolium Kuntze; Ceratanthera beaumetzii Heckel) Tropical Africa. Perennial herb, leafy, lower lip orange, root aromatic, seed arils sweet-sour See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 25: 130. 1887, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 686. 1891 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 50: 260. 1903, Pflanzenr., IV, 46: 207, 209, 220. 1904, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 164. 1904, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: 351. 1906, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930: 37. 1930, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Aframomum macrospermum.], Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. Plants of Angola. Streliztia 22: 1–279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. 2008 (Rhizome anthelmintic.) Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K. Schum. (Aframomum baumanii K. Schum.; Aframomum baumannii K. Schum.; Aframomum hanburyi K. Schum.; Aframomum sanguineum (K. Schum.) K. Schum.; Aframomum sceleratum A. Chev.; Amomum angustifolium Sonn.; Amomum clusii Sm.; Amomum clusii T. Hanb., nom. illeg.; Amomum danielii Hook. f.; Amomum erythrocarpum Ridl.; Amomum madagascariense Lam., nom. illeg.; Amomum melegueta (Gaertn.) Giseke, nom. illeg.; Amomum nemorosum Bojer, nom. nud.; Amomum sanguineum K. Schum.; Amomum sansibaricum Werth; Cardamomum angustifolium (Sonn.) Kuntze; Cardamomum clusii (Sm.) Kuntze; Cardamomum melegueta Kuntze; Marogna paludosa Salisb., nom. illeg.; Zingiber melegueta Gaertn., nom. illeg.) Trop. Africa, W. Indian Ocean. Shrub, woody herb, spreading by underground rhizomes, leafy shoots arising from extensive rhizomes, inflorescences basal, flowers clustered at the base or on short peduncles, petals red, labellum yellow or pale orange, reddish fruits in erect bunches, clove-like or ginger fragrance, a substitute for pepper, in moist shady places, in disturbed areas, in forest understorey and at forest margins, riverine forest, marshy ground, wet ground See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 3. 1754, Voyage aux Indes Orientales 3: 276. 1782, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 34, t. 12, f. 2. 1788, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 283. 1812, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 75. 1820, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 129, t 5. 1854 and Das Pflanzenreich, IV, 46: 217–220. 1904, Journal of

106

Aframomum K. Schumann Zingiberaceae

Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 6 (2): 128–134. 2007

Cardamomum cereum (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Cardamomum sceptrum (Oliv. & Hanb.) Kuntze; Zerumbet autranii Heckel)

(Roots/rhizomes pain-killers, sedative, astringent, anthelmintic, antivenomous, antidote, antifungal, antiinflammatory, aromatic, carminative, for cough and fevers, body pains, stomachache, dysentery, relieving flatulence and stimulating the stomach while aiding digestion. Crushed seeds boiled with roots of Piper capensis and drunk as an aphrodisiac. Magic, ritual. The dense stands formed by the plant a favoured habitat for snakes, especially green mamba.)

Trop. Africa. Erect herb, weed, fruits eaten

in English: Cameroon cardamon, great Madagascar cardamom, wild cardamom

cardamon,

in Burundi: rutare in Central African Republic: bele, gbagbili, gbeli-bele, kopea, kopko in Congo: amatimbiri, bitakungurwa, matundula, matungulu in Kenya: menyua, mtangawizi, osaye in Liberia: doah di in Madagascar: longoza, longozy in Nigeria: barkonon dati, tsotsi in Tanzania: gobeni, itungulu, itungulua, matungula, msamaka, mtunguru, mtuguu, mtweve, omushaasha, samaka, tungulu, tunguru in Uganda: oseyo

See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 296. 1854, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 7: 109. 1863 [1864 publ. 1863], Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 686–687. 1891, Compt. Rend. 38: 138. 1899 and Das Pflanzenreich 4, 46: 212, 214. 1904, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Aframomum sceptrum.] (Leaves for urticaria, itch.) Aframomum corrorima (Braun) P.C.M. Jansen (Aframomum corrorima (C. Pereira) P.C.M. Jansen; Aframomum corrorima (C. Pereira) Engl.; Aframomum korarima (Pereira) K. Schum. ex Engl.; Aframomum korarima Pereira ex Engl.; Aframomum usambarense Lock; Amomum corrorima Braun; Amomum corrorima C. Pereira; Amomum korarima Pereira) Ethiopia, Tanzania. Herb, rhizomatous, aromatic, essential oils, edible arilloid flesh around the seed See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 75. 1820 and Kew Bull. 31: 269. 1976, Agric. Res. Rep. Center Agric. Publishing Doc. 1981: 906. 1981, Spices, condiments & medic. pl. Ethiopia (Agric. Res. Rep. 906 & Belmontia 12), 10. 1981 (Seeds tonic, carminative and purgative.) in English: Ethiopian nutmeg-cardamom

cardamom,

false

cardamom,

Aframomum aulacocarpos Pellegr. ex Koechlin

in Tanzania: tunguu

W. central Trop. Africa.

Aframomum daniellii (Hook.f.) K. Schum. (Amomum afzelii Hook.f.; Amomum angustifolium Sonn.; Amomum angustifolium T. Hanb., nom. illeg.; Amomum daniellii Hook.f.; Cardamomum daniellii (Hook.f.) Kuntze)

See Fl. Gabon 9: 44. 1964, Planta medica 54: 117. 1988, J. Nat. Prod. 57(7): 917–23. 1994, Phytochemistry 67(5): 433– 438. 2006, Tetrahedron 63(36): 8993–8998. 2007 (Trypanocidal, antifungal, antileishmanial, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial and cytotoxic.) Aframomum baumannii K. Schum. (Aframomum baumanii K. Schum.) Tropical Africa. See Pflanzenr. (Engler) Zingib. 220. 1904, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Aframomum angustifolium.] (Roots/rhizomes aromatic, pain-killers, analgesic, tonic, postpartum remedy, sedative, antivenomous, antidote, antifungal, antiinflammatory, carminative, for cough and fevers.) Aframomum cereum (Hook.f.) K. Schum. (Aframomum grana-paradisi (L.) K. Schum.; Aframomum granum-paradisi K. Schum.; Aframomum masuianum (De Wild. & T. Durand) K. Schum.; Aframomum sceptrum (Oliv. & Hanb.) K. Schum.; Amomum cereum Hook.f.; Amomum masuianum De Wild. & T. Durand; Amomum sceptrum Oliv. & Hanb.;

Tropical Africa, Angola. Herb, flowers clustered at the base or on short peduncles, waxy red perianth, yellowish labellum, red edible fruits in erect bunches, flowers fodder for gorilla, in moist shady places See Voyage aux Indes Orientales 3: 276. 1782, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 129, t 5. 1854 and Journal of Natural Products 50: 230–231. 1987, Journal of Food Technology in Africa 6(4): 135–137. 2001, Tetrahedron 58(14): 2725–2728. 2002, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 2(1): 128–131. 2004, Phytochemistry 67(5): 433–438. 2006 (Leaves antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, antifungal, astringent, for dysentery. Leaves and roots vermifuge, used for piles. Roots/rhizomes and seeds vermifuge, antifungal, analgesic, antiseptic, febrifuge. Veterinary medicine.) in English: bastard cardamom, bastard melegueta, cornleaved melegueta in Central African Republic: doko

107

Aframomum K. Schumann Zingiberaceae

in Ghana: sensam

Aframomum leptolepis (K. Schum.) K. Schum. (Aframomum dalzielii Hutch.; Aframomum leptolepis K. Schum.; Amomum leptolepis K. Schum.)

in Ivory Coast: alosso, tohohuin, tsugbun

Cameroon. Herb, rhizomatous, edible sour-sweet fruit

in Nigeria: aburo-wawa, uruanruon

See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 414. 1892 and Pflanzenr., IV, 46: 216. 1904, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 2: 330. 1936

in Fernando Po: barsalo

in Togo: kébeleka in Yoruba: oburo wawa Aframomum elliottii (Baker) K. Schum. (Amomum elliottii Baker) W. Trop. Africa, Guinea. Herb, a cluster of vanilla-scented flowers, inflorescences from the base of the stem, petaloid staminode white, red shining fruits, in swamp forest, wet grassland, in shady woods See Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 309. 1898 and Pflanzenr., IV, 46: 209, 217. 1904 (Leaves and stem pounded, poultice effective for measles.) Aframomum exscapum (Sims) Hepper (Aframomum cuspidatum (Gagnep.) K. Schum.; Aframomum leonense K. Schum.; Amomum cuspidatum Gagnep.; Amomum exscapum Sims; Amomum granum-paradisi L.) W. Trop. Africa. Herb, leafy stems, leaves borne on the upper part, flowers white flushed with pink, deeply corrugated fruits red pubescent, seeds shiny black pungent, fruit eaten by monkeys, in forest See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 253. 1903, Kew Bulletin 21: 133. 1967, Flavour Fragrance J. 21(6): 902–905. 2006 (Fruit for pulmonary troubles; roots laxative, purgative and anthelmintic, vermifuge.) in Burkina Faso: blaéblou, dadigogo, dia lélé, do, gogoué, yaya in Guinea: dadi-gogo, gogo, gogué in Ivory Coast: blaéblou, dadigogo, dia lélé, do, gogoué, yaya in Sierra Leone: e-pompolo, e-pompolo-ma-seba, kponi, kpowa woni, ngolo woni, ngunde woni, ponugye in West Africa: dadigogo, diabili, gogo, niamakou

(For stomachache.) Aframomum mala (K. Schum.) K. Schum. (Amomum mala K. Schum.) Tanzania. Herb See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 149. 1895 and Das Pflanzenreich 46: 218. 1904 (Roots pain-killers, sedative, antidote, aromatic, carminative, relieving flatulence, and stimulating the stomach while aiding digestion. Crushed seeds boiled with roots of Piper capensis and drunk as an aphrodisiac. Magic, ritual.) English: wild cardamom in Tanzania: msamaka, mtuguu, mtunguru, tunguru Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. (Aframomum granaparadisi (L.) K. Schum.; Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum.; Aframomum meleguetella K. Schum.; Alexis grandiflora (Sm.) Salisb.; Alpinia grana-paradisi (L.) Moon; Amomum elatum Salisb., nom. superfl.; Amomum grana-paradisi L.; Amomum grandiflorum Sm.; Amomum melegueta Roscoe, nom. illeg., non Giseke; Cardamomum grana-paradisi Kuntze; Cardamomum grana-paradisi (L.) Kuntze; Cardamomum grandiflorum (Sm.) Kuntze; Cardamomum grandiflorum Kuntze; Torymenes officinalis Salisb., nom. superfl.) W. Trop. Africa to Uganda. Herb, aromatic plant, short, rhizome geophyte scented flowers pinkish-orange, edible spicy fleshy indehiscent fruits, seed aromatic and pungent See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 686–687. 1891 and Pflanzenr., IV, 46: 205, 213. 1904, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Aframomum grana-paradisi.], Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1–438. 2006

Tropical Africa. Herb, rhizomatous, flowers pink purple, grooved edible fruits

(Masticatory, sedative, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, purgative, galactagogue, anthelmintic, hemostatic, carminative, antispasmodic, cough sedative, pectoral. Fresh fruit as an aphrodisiac. Leaf used for measles and externally for leprosy. Seeds chewed or in infusion for indigestion, stomachache, colic, fever, cold; seed made into a paste applied into the vagina as a bactericide. Veterinary medicine.)

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 7: 109. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 686. 1891

in English: alligator pepper, grains of paradise, Guinea grain, Guinea pepper, melegueta pepper

(Fruits for cough, juice fruit applied directly to open wounds and sores.)

in China: hsi sha tou

Aframomum giganteum (Oliver & Hanbury) K. Schum. (Amomum giganteum Oliver & Hanbury; Cardamomum giganteum Oliver & Hanbury) Kuntze)

in Congo: mesombo, mosombo, n’tongo ya mesombo, otongo a mosombo

Common African names: apokuo, awusa, chilla, dzekuli, ehie ado, gyan’damar yaji, ikehegh, mpoma, ntuen, ose oji, ose okwa

108

Afrocanthium (Bridson) Lantz & B. Bremer Rubiaceae

in Angola: dongos do Congo, iasasama, iaxixima mukanu, ndongo ia kongo, ndongua ia kongo, ndungu ia kongo

(Leaves and roots antiinflammatory, stomachic, for gastrointestinal disorders.)

in Benin: ata, ataare, ataare merin, atakoun, atanre, atayéé, bohangossa, takun, yiro, yiro guirou

Afrocanthium lactescens (Hiern) Lantz (Canthium lactescens Hiern; Canthium lactescens var. grandifolium S. Moore; Canthium randii S. Moore; Canthium umbrosum Hiern; Plectronia lactescens (Hiern) K. Schum.; Plectronia psychotrioides K. Schum. ex De Wild.; Plectronia randii (S. Moore) Eyles; Plectronia umbrosa (Hiern) K. Schum.)

in Congo: andou mokouli, graines de paradis, maniguette, mebongabonga, mobongabonga, ndoango ya banganga, ndongo, ndunga za nzo, nzan za nougou, nzo za noungou, poivre de Maniguette, tosekele in Ghana: apokuo, efom wisa, megbe-dogboe (= never lacking for the sick), wisa in Ivory Coast: niamakou, niangboulo, saâ in Mali: maniguette, niamako bara in Nigeria: ata, ata ire, atare, chitta, ehie ado, ehin-edo, erhie, obro, oburo, oburu, oburu-duru, oji, ose oji

West Africa, Ethiopia to Zimbabwe. Shrub or tree, short leafy shoots with only one pair of leaves, yellow gum from damaged branches, sweet smelling cream-yellow flowers, asymmetric oval fruit strongly 2-lobed, small fleshy sweet edible fruits, in dry savanna grassland, in riverine bushland, on rocky hillsides, often associated with Acacia tortilis, in well-drained sandy loams

in Togo: abalatchang’aï, ayre, bidjakogoro, dikambidjumdi, djomédiag, owlavu

See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 16. 1767, Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 26(1): 393. 1898 and Botanischer Jahresbericht 1898 (1): 393. 1900, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 161. 1905, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 5: 493. 1916, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146(3): 278. 2004

in Yoruba: abeokuta, aburo, ata, ata ire, ataare, ataye, ataye ijobi, ataye isa, ataye liya, ataye rere, etaluya, obro, oburo

(Roots pounded and soaked in warm water, decoction drunk as a purgative.)

Aframomum sulcatum (Oliv. & D. Hanb. ex Baker) K. Schum. (Amomum sulcatum Oliv. & Hanb. ex Baker)

in Kenya: ptere, putere, putoro

in Sierra Leone: kije, kponi

Trop. Africa. See Tetrahedron 58(14): 2725–2728. 2002 (Roots/rhizomes depurative, diuretic, anthelmintic, abortifacient, febrifuge. Veterinary medicine, anthelmintic.) in Guinea: gogo, gogué, tohin, yaya Aframomum zambesiacum (Baker) K. Schum. (Aframomum chlamydanthum Loes. & Mildbr.; Aframomum keniense R.E. Fr.; Amomum zambesiacum Baker) Trop. Africa. See Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 309. 1898 and Notizbl. Bot. Gart. BerlinDahlem 8: 665. 1924, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 706. 1929, Phytochemistry 67(5): 433–438. 2006 (Antioxidant, antiplasmodial.)

Afrocanthium (Bridson) Lantz & B. Bremer Rubiaceae See Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Rub. (Part 3) 864. 1991, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146(3): 278. 2004. Afrocanthium keniense (Bullock) Lantz (Canthium keniense Bullock) Kenya. Shrub or tree See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 377. 1932, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146: 278. 2004

in Tanzania: fraaki, kiviruviru, mapendo, msangati, olkumi, tlerghw Afrocanthium pseudorandii (Bridson) Lantz (Canthium pseudorandii Bridson; Canthium pseudosetiflorum Bridson) S. Trop. Africa to Botswana. Edible fruits See Kew Bull. 47: 385. 1992, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146(3): 278. 2004 (A boiled root extract added to children’s milk as a tonic.) in Kenya: emidakan, etoukoroe, ladana, molkotwo, natana

Afrocarpus (Buchholz & N. Gray) C.N. Page Podocarpaceae From Africa and Podocarpus L’Hérit. ex Pers. The nomenclature is confusing and in need of clarification, some authors consider Afrocarpus as comprising only a single, variable species, recently separated from Podocarpus, see Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 29(1): 57. 1948, Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse tome 2, sect. 1, vol. 1(2), chap. 20: 113, 122. 1974, Blumea 32: 209–211. 1987, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 45(2): 377–395. 1989 [dt. 1988, issued 22 Feb 1989], Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 112(1): 59–74. 1993, Bothalia 25(2): 233–236. 1995, South African Journal of Science 100: 629–632. 2004. Afrocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) C.N. Page (Afrocarpus falcata (Thunb.) Gaussen; Decussocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) de Laub.; Decussocarpus fleuryi (Hickel) de Laub.;

109

Afrolicania Mildbr. Chrysobalanaceae

Nageia falcata (Thunb.) Carrière; Nageia falcata (Thunb.) Kuntze; Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirbel; Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) Endl.; Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel; Podocarpus gracilior sensu Burtt Davy, non Pilg.; Podocarpus gracillimus Stapf; Taxus falcata Thunb.) East Africa. Evergreen tree, straight, bark flaking, narrow leaves shiny, 1–3 male axillary catkins, hard fruit rounded, edible oil from the seeds, inner flesh eaten by monkeys and birds, resinous ripe seeds edible, in upland rain forest, forest, often associated with Juniperus, Afrocarpus falcatus is included in the IUCN Red List as vulnerable See Species Plantarum 2: 1040. 1753, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 191. 1788, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 117. 1800, Syn. Pl. 2(2): 580. 1807, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 75. 1825, Synopsis Coniferarum 219. 1847, Revue Horticole 40: 370. 1869 and Bulletin de la Société Dendrologique de France 76: 75. 1930, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 50: 340, 355, 359. 1969, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 31(2): 137–138. 1975, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27(6): 613–622. 1999 (An infusion from the bark to treat stomachache, applied to itching rash. Seed oil in the treatment of gonorrhea. Leaves antileukemic.) in English: African fern pine, bastard yellowwood, common yellowwood, East African yellowwood, Outeniqua yellowwood, podo, smooth-barked yellowwood, weeping yew, yellowwood in East Africa: muthengera, mvavavi, ol-pirripirri in Southern Africa: Outeniekwageelhout, geelhout, nikolander, kolander, nietlander; umSonti (Swazi); mogobagoba (North Sotho); umSonti, uNomphumelo, umHlenhlane, umGeya, umKhandangoma, umPume (Zulu); umKhoba, umKoleya, umGeya (Xhosa) Afrocarpus usambarensis (Pilg.) C.N. Page (Afrocarpus dawei (Stapf) C.N. Page; Afrocarpus mannii (Hook.f.) C.N. Page; Decussocarpus mannii (Hook.f.) de Laub.; Nageia mannii (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Nageia mannii var. usambarensis (Pilg.) Silb.; Podocarpus dawei Stapf; Podocarpus mannii Hook.f.; Podocarpus usambarensis Pilg.)

Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 483–485. 1921, Paint, Oil and Chemical Review 99(9): 7–8. 1937, Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, London 40(2): 99–103. 1942, Plant Ecology 13: 233–248. 1966. Afrolicania elaeosperma Mildbr. (Licania elaeosperma (Mildbr.) Prance & F. White) Tropical Africa. Small tree, closely related to Licania See Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 483. 1921, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 46(3–4): 280. 1976 (Seed oil and leaves used as a topical analgesic, hair oil and body scent.) in English: mahogany nut, nikko, po-yok

Afzelia J.E. Sm. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae, Leguminosae) The name commemorates the Swedish doctor and botanist Adam Afzelius, 1750–1837, botanical collector, pupil of Linnaeus, correspondent of Banks, Smith and Thunberg, in 1812 professor of materia medica at Uppsala, traveller; among other works Afzelius was the author of Genera plantarum Guineensium revisa et aucta Uppsala [1804]. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4: 221. 1798, Joseph Vallot, “Études sur la flore du Sénégal.” in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France 29: 172. Paris 1882 and H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford 121. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 18. 1965, Anthonius Josephus Maria Leeuwenberg, “Isotypes of which holotypes were destroyed in Berlin.” Webbia 19(2): 862. 1965, A.P. Kup, ed., “Adam Afzelius Sierra Leone Journal 1795– 1796.” Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensae 27. 1967, F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant Collectors in West Africa 2. 1971. Afzelia africana Sm. (Afzelia africana J.E. Smith ex Pers.; Intsia africana (Sm.) Kuntze; Intsia africana (Sm. ex Pers.) Kuntze; Pahudia africana Prain; Pahudia africana (Sm. ex Pers.) Prain)

to

West Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, leaves used to feed livestock

See Das Pflanzenreich 5: 70. 1903, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 45: 384. 1988, Journal of the International Conifer Preservation Society 7(1): 28. 2000

See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4: 221. 1798, Syn. Pl. 1: 455. 1805, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 22. 1806, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 85. 1855, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 192. 1891 and Frederick William Hugh Migeod, The Mende Language. London 1908, Mende Natural History Vocabulary. London 1913, The Languages of West Africa. London 1911–1913, Guy Atkins, ed., Manding Art and Civilisation. London 1972, Taxon 29: 352– 353. 1980, Journal of Tree Sciences 4: 7–14. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 273–279. 2005, West African Journal of Medicine 25(2): 105–109. 2006, African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (20): 3662–3667. 2008

Congo to Kenya Afrocarpus falcatus

and

Tanzania.

Tree,

close

(An infusion from the bark to treat stomachache, applied to itching rash. Seed oil in the treatment of gonorrhea and venereal diseases.)

Afrolicania Mildbr. Chrysobalanaceae Africa and the genus Licania Aubl., see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 119, t. 45. 1775 and Notizbl.

110

Afzelia J.E. Sm. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae, Leguminosae)

(Powdered seeds said to be a violent poison. Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, for the treatment of diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders and gonorrhea. Veterinary medicine, antibacterial.) in English: African mahogany, counterwood in Benin: kaluma, obébu doksani in Burkina Faso: kankalga in Cameroon: bobai, doussié, kawo, njokele in Central African Republic: katagba in Ghana: ahanta, akpela, aligna, gbletsho, gboleetsho, holo, kakala, kakpari, kakpwala, kapkpa, kinkalga, kpalga, kpaliga, ngboro, opapao, papao, papawu, pepe, wokpa in Guinea-Bissau: butaua, gongo, lengue, pau konta in Ivory Coast: bo, dangha, kan, kankalga, kiépouin, kotogiben, koua koua, kpa kpa, kwassalio, liebé, lingué, m’boro, tiébé, tiégué, tiémé, toukouzingon in Nigeria: adja, adya, aja, akpalata, akpasi, aligna, alinyan, angwa, apa, aparata, arinyan, ariyan, auwe, avum, ayinbukbo, bachi, fasa-daga, gaiyi, gayio, gayo, gayohi, gayoje, iyiase, kawo, kawoje, kemkwa-epe, kwao, lingue, lingui, mbarakun, mbokora, mboroka, odja, odo-niyan, oja, talia, upa, utsabo, yasa

seeds with scarlet arils, leaves eaten as a vegetable, bark and leaves eaten by elephants, seeds eaten by baboons, monkeys See Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12: 35–74. 1984, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21: 253–277. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 327–336. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103: 350–356. 2006 (Root infusion antiinflammatory, a remedy for bilharzia, chest pains, kidney problems, rheumatism, arthritis, gonorrhea and eye complaints; fresh roots chewed for snakebite and as an aphrodisiac. Fruit infusion for mastitis. Bark or roots decoction for snakebite; stem bark decoction antitrypanosomal, antifungal; a mixture of pounded bark and python fat applied on eczematous spots of the skin. Magic, ritual, good luck charm.) in English: lucky bean, lucky bean tree, mahogany bean, mahogany bean tree, pod mahogany, Rhodesian mahogany in Angola: mbange, muala-to, mubala, mukungu, mupazo, muvala, muvanje, omubantya, omulatobo, omunaki, ovala, pupopo, uvala in Kenya: mkongo, mkumbakusi, mwamba, yam-ed, yamicha in Malawi: ipapa, mkongomwa, mngongomwa, mpapa, mpapadende mkongwe, msambamfumu, mtontho in Mali: dankan, lingué

in Senegal: bu lèv, daga, lengé, lenngeyi, lingue, linke, fok, folk, ngolõgdõg, ngot-ongdong

in N. Rhodesia: mupapa, muvulatowo, mwala

in Sierra Leone: gbende, ka-kontha, konta, kpende, kpendedeh, kpende-deli, lenke, senge-na, sengge, tena

in Southern Africa: peulmahonie, chemnen; iNkehli, inKehli, umDlavusa, umHlakuva, umHlavusi, umShamfuthi, iNkele (Zulu); umKholikholi (Swazi); nxenhe (Eastern Transvaal); mutokota (Venda); muwande (Subya: Botswana, eastern Caprivi); mukamba (Sarwa - Bushman: Kalahari bush)

in Togo: apaka, digbande, haku, ikpami, kebarre, kpa-kpa, ligbal, palga, wedde, welu in Uganda: azza, beyo, meli

in Somalia: atio collo, dabal, dhambal, ged bured

in W. Africa: cejige, cenge, danga, kacinge, kibi, lenge, linge, linke, pettohi, ticige, tiinge

in Tanzania: maharongome, mambakofi, mbamba-kofi, mbambakofi, mbarika, mbembakofi, mkomge, mkongo, mkongodeka, mkumbakusi

in Yoruba: ako apa, apa, bilinga

in Zaire: kibalebale, kipapa, mupapa

in Zaire: bamvutule, beyo, kpawe, pai, supa

in Zambia: mupapa

Afzelia quanzensis Welw. (Afrafzelia quanzensis (Welw.) Pierre; Afzelia attenuata Klotzsch; Afzelia cuanzensis sensu auct.; Afzelia petersiana Klotzsch; Intsia quanzensis Kuntze ex. Engl.; Intsia quanzensis (Welw.) Kuntze; Pahudia attenuata (Klotzsch) Prain; Pahudia quanzensis (Welw.) Prain) (the specific name comes from the African river Quanza. In Nigeria the seeds are called enyin mbukpo, ‘falcon eyes’. The Zulu name, for both the tree and the seeds, is inKehli, which means ‘the bethrothed’: the hard, shiny black seed with its red aril resembles the head of a girl wearing the scarlet head-dress which is traditionally carried during the engagement period.)

in Zimbabwe: umKamba, umGampa, muKogoma, muGorihondo, muNgoriondo, muSikosa, muWande, iHlene, muBapi, muGogoma, muKamba, muSikoza (Shona)

South Africa, Angola. Perennial non-climbing tree, deeprooted, flowers sweet-scented borne in erect clusters, black

Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib (Afzelia cochinchinensis (Pierre) Léon.; Afzelia siamica Craib; Pahudia cochinchinensis Pierre; Pahudia cochinchinensis Pierre ex Laness.; Pahudia xylocarpa Kurz) Laos, Cambodia. Perennial non-climbing tree, broad spreading crown, leathery leaves, tough persistent pods See Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 85. 1855, Forest Flora of British Burma 1: 413. 1877, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 5: pl. 386A. 1899 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1912(6): 267. 1912, Reinwardtia 1: 64. 1950

111

Agalinis Raf. Orobanchaceae (Scrophulariaceae)

(Seeds ground up and used for relieving stomachache, toothaches and eye diseases.)

in China: mian qie

publ. 12 Mar 1892], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 66: 104. 1897 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 103. 1910, Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 273. 1917, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927, 383. 1927, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 175–200. 1961, Kew Bulletin 25(2): 268. 1971

in Laos: mai kha, mai te kha

(Toxins. Leaves antibacterial.)

in Thailand: mai makha, tehnema

Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill (Aganope floribunda Miq.; Aganope macrophylla Miq.; Aganope subavenis Miq.; Aganope subavensis Miq.; Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill var. eualata (Bedd.) Thoth. & D.N. Das; Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill var. wallichii (Prain) Thoth. & D.N. Das; Deguelia thyrsiflora Taub.; Deguelia thyrsiflora (Benth.) Taub.; Derris eualata Bedd.; Derris latifolia Prain; Derris latifolia (Kunth) Ducke; Derris platyptera Baker; Derris pyrrothyrsa Miq.; Derris thyrsiflora Benth.; Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth.; Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth. var. eualata (Bedd.) Thoth.; Derris thyrsiflora (Benth.) Benth. var. wallichii (Prain) Thoth.; Derris thyrsoflora (Benth.) Benth.; Derris wallichii Prain; Millettia thyrsiflora Benth.; Pterocarpus thyrsiflorus Kuntze; Pterocarpus thyrsiflorus (Benth.) Kuntze)

in Cambodia: beng

Agalinis Raf. Orobanchaceae (Scrophulariaceae) See C.S. Rafinesque, in New Fl. N. Am. 2: 61. 1836 [1837] and E.D. Merrill (1876–1956), Index Rafinesquianus. The plant names published by C.S. Rafinesque, etc. 213. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA 1949. Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. (Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl; Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl subsp. typica (Vahl) Pennell, nom. inval.; Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl var. humilis Benth.; Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl var. typica Pennell) North America. See Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 79. 1794, Compan. Bot. Mag. 1: 174. 1836, New Flora and Botany of North America … 2: 64. 1836[1837] and Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia monographs 1: 460. 1935, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 53: 793–807. 1981, Canad. J. Bot. 62: 454–456. 1984 (Infusion used for diarrhea.) in English: slenderleaf false foxglove

Aganope Miq. Fabaceae (Millettieae) From the Greek aganos ‘gentle, loving, mild’, see Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 151. 1855 and Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 175–200. 1961, Kew Bull. 25(2): 259–273. 1971, A Revised Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon 7: 108–381. 1991, Rheedea 2: 62–63. 1992. Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill (Deguelia sinuata Taub.; Deguelia sinuata (Thwaites) Taub.; Derris diadelpha Merr.; Derris diadelpha (Blanco) Merr.; Derris exserta Craib; Derris heptaphylla Merr.; Derris heptaphylla (L.) Merr.; Derris macroloba Miq.; Derris sinuata Thwaites; Derris sinuata Benth. ex Thwaites; Derris sinuata Prain; Pterocarpus diadelphous Blanco; Pterocarpus diadelphus Blanco; Sophora heptaphylla L.; Sophora heptaphylla Wight; Sophora heptaphylla Arn.) SE Asia. Perennial non-climbing shrub, straggling See Species Plantarum 1: 373. 1753, Nova Acta Phys.Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 18(1): 328. 1836, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 563. 1837, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] 2: 93. 1859, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 2: 297. 1861, Botanisches Centralblatt 47(13): 386, 388. 1891, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 60(4): 311. 1892 [1891

India, Himalaya. Perennial climbing shrub See Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 249. 1852, Fl. Ned. Ind. i. I. 151. 1855, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 4(Suppl.): 114. 1860, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 2: 297, 299. 1861, Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. [Beddome] 42. [1868–1874], Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 245. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 204. 1891, Botanisches Centralblatt 47(13): 386, 388. 1891, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 99. 1897 [1898 publ. 1897], J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 288. 1898 and Kew Bulletin 25(2): 268. 1971, Rheedea 2(1): 63. 1992 (Fruit decoction taken for dysentery and stomachache.) in China: mi zhui hua yu teng in India: hulhu

Aganosma (Blume) G. Don Apocynaceae From the Greek aganos ‘gentle, loving, mild’ and osme ‘a scent, perfume, fragrance’, referring to the flowers, see The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 182. 1756, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1040. 1826, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 69, 77. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 433. 1844 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 96(5–6): 215–216. 1948. Aganosma calycina A. DC. India. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 432. 1844 (Used in Ayurveda.)

112

Agapanthus L’Hérit. Alliaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae)

in India: malati, palamalle

in Tibet: sridsin, snama i me tog, srisin gi me tog

Aganosma caryophyllata G. Don (Aganosma blumei Wight; Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum.; Aganosma dichotoma (Roth) K. Schum.; Echites blumei Voigt; Echites dichotomus Roth, nom. illeg.; Echites caryophyllatus Blume, nom. illeg.)

Aganosma marginata (Roxb.) G. Don (Aganosma acuminata (Roxb.) G. Don; Amphineurion acuminatum (Roxb.) Pichon; Echites acuminatus Roxb.; Echites marginatus Roxb.)

India. See A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 77. 1837 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves and flowers for pain in menstruation, toothache, earache.) in India: asanamallika, asphota, bhadramunja, bhadravalli, cerupaval, cherupaval, chitraleena balli, eri yadalalli, gudapalathige, gudapalatige, jati, kavettavalli, kayerravalli, kemettivalli, kemmatti balli, maalathi, maalathi latha, maalathi lathe, malajiti, malathi lathe, malati, malatilata, maloti, mogari, paalamalle, pala malle, palamalle, sumana, vasanti, visalyakrit, yuvati in Tibet: sna ma i me tog, srid sin, sri sin gi me tog Aganosma cymosa (Roxburgh) G. Don (Aganosma cymosa var. fulva Craib; Aganosma cymosa var. glabra A. DC.; Aganosma cymosa var. lanceolata Hook. f.; Aganosma harmandiana Pierre ex Spire & A. Spire; Aganosma harmandiana Pierre; Aganosma harmandiana Pierre & Tsiang; Echites cymosus Roxb.) India. See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 16–17. 1832, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 77. 1837 and Pharmaceutical Biology 29(4): 273–280. 1991, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2(4): 45–100. 1995 (Antisnake venom.) in English: Harmand aganosma in China: yun nan xiang hua teng in India: anaikaita, anakkayyerram, chidaralanabilu, chithra leena balli, citrelinaballi, manimalaankodi, sellakkodi, tsjeria-pu-pal-valli Aganosma dichotoma (Roth) K. Schum. (Echites dichotomus Roth) India. Evergeen woody climbers See Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 173. 1895 (Used in Ayurveda. Plant emetic, anthelmintic, useful in leprosy, skin diseases, ulcers, inflammations, bronchitis. Leaves cure biliousness and blood disorders. Flowers in the treatment of diseases of the eyes.) in India: cherupaval, chitraleena balli, gudapalathige, gudapalatige, jati, kavettavalli, kemmatti balli, maalathi, maalathi latha, maalathi lathe, malajiti, malathi lathe, malati, malatilata, maloti, paalamalle, palamalle, sumana, vasanti, yuvati

India. Climber, milky yellowish juice, oblong-acute leaves, small white flowers, cylindrical follicles See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 15–16. 1832, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 77. 1837, Flora de Filipinas 2(13A): 131. 1880 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 95(5–6): 215. 1948 (Roots diuretic, tonic, a decoction for urinary troubles, fever and as emmenagogue.) in China: xiang hua teng in India: ka-aungnwe Aganosma wallichii G. Don (Aganosma blumei A. DC.; Aganosma calycina A. DC.; Echites calycinus Wall., nom. inval.) Myanmar to W. Malesia. White fragrant flowers See Gen. Hist. 4: 77. 1837 (Used in Ayurveda.) in India: malati, palamalle

Agapanthus L’Hérit. Alliaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae) Greek agape ‘love’ (agapeo ‘to be well-contented with’, agapetos ‘beloved, desirable’) and anthos ‘a flower’; in Sanskrit bhag ‘to love’, bhaga ‘love’, in Greek the root is inverted: gap instead of bhag, bhakh. Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns. (Abumon africanum (L.) Britton; Agapanthus minor Lodd.; Agapanthus tuberosus L. ex DC.; Agapanthus umbellatus L’Hér., nom. illeg. superfl.; Crinum africanum L.; Crinum floridum Salisb.; Mauhlia africana (L.) Dahl; Mauhlia linearis Thunb.; Mauhlia umbellata (L’Hér.) Thunb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Tulbaghia africana (L.) Kuntze; Tulbaghia africana var. heisteri (Fabr.) Kuntze; Tulbaghia heisteri Fabr.; Tulbaghia minor (Lodd.) Kuntze) South Africa. Evergreen, thick fleshy roots, leaves strap-like, deep blue flowers, perianth segments thick See Species Plantarum 1: 291–292. 1753, Sertum Anglicum 10. 1788 [1789], Verzeichniss der Pflanzenkulturen 35. 1824, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 718. 1891, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 317. 1898 and Fl. Bermuda 72. 1918, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55(3): 185–191. 1997, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66(3): 257–262. 1999, Life Sciences 67(11): 1381–1388. 2000 (Suspected of causing haemolytic poisoning in humans, and the sap causes severe ulceration of the mouth. Oxytocic,

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Agarista D. Don ex G. Don Ericaceae

uterotonic, stomachic, used during pregnancy and childbirth, to treat pregnancy-related ailments and to augment labor. Juice from the rhizome antifungal.) in English: Africa lily, African lily, blue African lily, lily of the Nile in Japan: murasaki-kunshi-ran in Okinawa: hyaku-shirin in South Africa: bloulelie; uBani (Zulu) Agapanthus campanulatus F.M. Leight.

South African Botany 5(2): 57–58. 1939, Journal of South African Botany: Supplementary Volume 4: 21–22, t. 4, f. 8. 1965, Francis, D.F. and Southcott, R.V. Plants Harmful to Man in Australia (Miscellaneous Bulletin No. 1, Botanic Garden Adelaide). Adelaide. 1967, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 31. 1994, Plant Mol. Biol. 58(3): 435–45. 2005 (The sticky acrid sap in the leaves can cause severe ulceration and pain of the mouth if eaten; irritation of skin and eyes from cell sap. Antiinflammatory, anti-edema, antitussive, immunoregulatory, uterotonic. Suspected of causing haemolytic poisoning in humans.)

South Africa. Deciduous, clump-forming, light green straplike leaves, pale to deep blue flowers

in English: African blue lily, Agapanthus

See S. African Gard. 24: 71, 82. 1934, J. S. African Bot. Suppl. 4: 29, descr. emend. 1965

Agarista D. Don ex G. Don Ericaceae

Agapanthus praecox Willd. (Tulbaghia praecox (Willd.) Kuntze; Tulbaghia praecox Kuntze)

Cleisthenes (Kleisthenes), Athenian statesman, son of Megacles and Agariste; see A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 788, 837–838. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 7(2): 578, 602–603. 1839, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 586. 1876, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 11: 186. 1889, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 37[IV,1]: 42. 1889 and J. Arnold Arbor. 65(3): 274. 1984, Roger Lavergne, Tisaneurs et Plantes Medicinales Indigènes de l’île de La Réunion. 263–266. Editions Orphie, Livry Gargan 1990, Fl. Neotrop. 66: 222–350. 1995.

South Africa. Evergreen, rhizomatous roots, 6–20 leaves per individual plant, leaves strap-like, umbellate inflorescence, an extremely variable species

Agarista populifolia (Lam.) Judd (Andromeda populifolia Lam.; Leucothoe populifolia (Lam.) Dippel; Lyonia populifolia (Lam.) K. Koch)

See Sertum Anglicum 10. 1788 [1789], Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … [Willdenow] 1: 353. 1809, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 718. 1891 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 241: 115–123. 2003

North America. Evergreen shrub, leaves alternate simple leathery toothed margined, small urn-shaped white flowers in axillary clusters, fruit a capsule.

(Leaves used to wash young babies. Crushed roots used to bathe newborn babies to make them strong and to heal body rash, also administered to infants as a general tonic and to women with menstrual pains. Magic, a protective charm against lightning.) in English: agapanthus, bell agapanthus in South Africa: bloulelie, leta la phofu, leta-laphofu, ubani, ugebeleweni

(Antiinflammatory, anti-edema, antitussive, immunoregulatory, uterotonic. Suspected of causing haemolytic poisoning in humans, and the sap causes severe ulceration of the mouth. Boiled roots to sheep and goats to treat diarrhea.) in English: African lily, blue lily, common agapanthus, lily of the Nile in South Africa: bloulelie, agapant (Afr.), isicakathi (Xhosa), uBani (Zulu), umkhondo Agapanthus praecox Willd. subsp. orientalis (F.M. Leight.) F.M. Leight. (Agapanthus orientalis F.M. Leight.; Agapanthus umbellatus var. maximus Lindl.) South Africa. Evergreen, stem thick and short, fleshy roots, up to 20 arching leaves per plant, dense umbellate inflorescence, open-faced flowers pale to medium blue or pure white, short perianth segments, forming thick clumps See Sertum Anglicum 10. 1788 [1789], Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 353. 1809 and Journal of

See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 159. 1783, Dendrologie 2(1): 123. 1872, Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 356. 1889 (Highly toxic, leaves poisonous, may be fatal if eaten.) in English: Florida leucothoe

Agastache Clayton ex Gronovius Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Greek agan ‘very much’ and stachys ‘spike of wheat’, referring to the numerous spikes of flowers, see Flora Virginica 88. 1762, Fl. Peruv. Prodr. 86, t. 17. 1794, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 and Syst. Bot. Monogr. 15: 30, 41, 47, 68, 78. 1987, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(2): 113. 1993. Agastache foeniculum Kuntze (Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton; Agastache anethiodora Britton & A. Brown; Agastache anethiodora Britton; Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze)

114

North America. Perennial herb, subshrub, erect, aromatic, leaves and flowers raw or cooked See Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (Britton & Brown) 3: 85. 1898 (Antifungal, analgesic, antiviral, diaphoretic, antihemorrhagic, pectoral, febrifuge, leaves and roots infusion used to treat fevers, colds and coughs, sores of the Herpes simplex virus, stomach disorders, headache and angina; a poultice of leaves and stems used to treat burns. Ceremonial, and a charm for protection.) in English: anise hyssop, blue giant hyssop, fennel giant hyssop, fragrant giant hyssop, giant hyssop, golden anise hyssop, lavender giant hyssop, lavender hyssop, licorice mint, wonder honey plant Agastache mexicana (Kunth) Lint & Epling (Agastache mexicana Lint & Epling; Agastache mexicana (Kunth) H.P. Kelsey & Dayton; Brittonastrum mexicanum (Kunth) Briq.; Cedronella mexicana (Kunth) Benth.; Dracocephalum mexicanum Kunth) Mexico. Herb, erect, purple red flowers See Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 322 (-323) [quarto], 259 (-260) [folio], t. 160. 1818 and Amer. Midl. Naturalist 33: 227. 1945 (Flowers and leaves infusion sedative, nervine, relaxant, to treat epilepsy, earache, high blood pressure.) in English: giant hyssop, Mexican giant hyssop in Mexico: toronjil Agastache mexicana (Kunth) Lint & Epling subsp. mexicana (Brittonastrum betonicoides (Lindl.) Briq.; Gardoquia betonicoides Lindl.) Mexico. Herb, erect, purple red flowers See Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.): 86. 1838 and Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 5: 160. 1902, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 33: 227. 1945 (Flowers and leaves infusion sedative, nervine, relaxant, to treat epilepsy, hearache, high blood pressure.) in English: giant hyssop, Mexican giant hyssop in Mexico: toroji, toronjil Agastache nepetoides Kuntze (Agastache nepetodes Kuntze; Agastache nepetoides Shafer; Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub See Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 (Plant infusion used as wash for poison ivy and itch.) in English: catnip, catnip giant hyssop, giant hyssop, yellow giant hyssop

Agastache Clayton ex Gronovius Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Agastache pallidiflora (A. Heller) Rydb. var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders (Agastache neomexicana (Briq.) Standl.; Agastache pallidiflora subsp. neomexicana (Briq.) Lint & Epling; Agastache pallidiflora (A. Heller) Rydb. var. neomexicana (Briq.) R.W. Sanders; Brittonastrum neomexicanum Briq.) North America. Herb See Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien IV. 3a: 234. 1896 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 6: 158. 1902, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 150. 1906, American Midland Naturalist 33(1): 220. 1945, Brittonia 33(2): 195. 1981, Systematic Botany Monographs 15: 1–92. 1987 (Febrifuge, used for cough. Ceremonial, used to protect from witches.) in English: Bill Williams Mountain giant hyssop, New Mexico giant hyssop Agastache rugosa (Fischer et C.A. Meyer) O. Kuntze (Agastache rugosa Kuntze; Elsholtzia monostachya H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Lophanthus argyi H. Léveillé; Lophanthus formosanus Hayata; Lophanthus rugosus Fischer & C.A. Meyer) E. Asia, North America. Herb, coarse, robust, fragrant, angular, leaves with many oil-glands on upper surface, flowers purple, inflorescence a dense spike, bee forage, a source of an essential oil See Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 1: 31. 1835, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 and Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 31: 19–23. 1980, Systematic Botany 10: 445–452. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 195–200, 1572–1575. 1986, Arch. Pharm. Res. 27(3): 295–9. 2004 (Leaves and stems antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antifungal, anticancer, antipyretic, carminative, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, emetic, used for abdominal pain, gastrointestinal diseases, acute gastritis, headache, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, to improve the appetite and strengthen the digestive system. For external use, tinea on hands and feet.) in English: Chinese giant hyssop, hyssop, Korean mint, wrinkle giant hyssop, wrinkled giant hyssop in China: huo xiang in Korea: bae-cho-hyang in Guatemala: menta coreana Agastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze (Agastache scrophulariifolia Kuntze; Agastache scrophulariifolia Shafer; Agastache scrophulariifolia var. mollis (Fernald) A. Heller; Agastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze var. mollis A. Heller) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub

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Agastachys R. Br. Proteaceae

See Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 and Muhlenbergia 1: 4. 1900 (Infusion of root used as a diuretic.) in English: purple giant hyssop Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze (Agastache glaucifolia A. Heller; Agastache urticifolia Kuntze; Agastache urticifolia Rydb.; Lophanthus urticifolius Benth.) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub See Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1282. 1829, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 1(3): 32–33. 1904, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 4: 250. 1959 (Decoction or infusion of leaves taken for rheumatism, indigestion, measles, stomachache, colds.) in English: nettleleaf giant hyssop Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze var. urticifolia North America. Perennial herb, subshrub See Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1282. 1829, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 1(3): 32–33. 1904, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 4: 250. 1959 (Decoction or infusion of leaves taken for rheumatism, indigestion, measles, stomachache, colds.) in English: nettleleaf giant hyssop

Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl. (Agathis australis Steud.; Agathis brownii (Lem.) L.H. Bailey; Dammara australis D. Don; Dammara brownii Lem.; Salisburyodendron australis (Lamb.) A.V. Bobrov & Melikyan) New Zealand. See An Encyclopedia of Plants 802. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 34. 1841 (Gum for burns.) in English: kauri, kauri pine, New Zealand kauri Maori name: kauri Agathis borneensis Warb. (Agathis alba (Lamb.) Foxw.; Agathis alba Foxw.; Agathis beccarii Warb.; Agathis beckingii Meijer Drees; Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich.; Agathis dammara (Lambert) Richard & A. Richard; Agathis latifolia Meijer Drees; Agathis loranthifolia Salisb.; Agathis macrostachys Warb.; Agathis rhomboidalis Warb.) W. Malesia. Tree, reddish sapwood, opposite leaves, pollen cones axillary, seed cones terminal on side shoots, seeds obovate, confusion over the species name See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 312, t. 15. 1807, Comm. Bot. Conif. Cycad. 83, t. 19. 1826, Fl. Briti. India 5: 650. 1890 and Monsunia, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Vegetation des Süd- und Ostasiatischen Monsungebietes 1: 183–184. 1900, Philipp. Journ. Sci. 1910, v. A. 173. 1910, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 6: 459, 463. 1940, Taxon 33: 345. 1984, Trop. Biomed. 24(1): 29–35. 2007 (Antiplasmodial.)

Agastachys R. Br. Proteaceae

Malay name: damar minyak

Greek agan ‘much, very much, very’ or agastos ‘admirable’ and stachys ‘a spike, an ear of corn’; see Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 10: 158. 1810 and Telopea 7: 181–185. 1997.

in English: fragrant waratah, white waratah

Agathis dammara (Lambert) Richard & A. Richard (Abies dammara (Lamb.) Poir.; Agathis alba Jeffrey, nom. inval.; Agathis alba (Rumph. ex Hassk.) Foxw., nom. illeg.; Agathis celebica (Koord.) Warb.; Agathis hamii Meijer Drees; Agathis loranthifolia Salisbury, nom. illeg.; Agathis pinusdammara Poir., nom. superfl.; Dammara alba Rumph. ex Hassk., nom. illeg.; Dammara alba Rumphius ex Blume; Dammara alba var. celebica Hassk.; Dammara celebica Koord.; Dammara loranthifolia Link; Dammara orientalis Lamb.; Dammara rumphii C. Presl, nom. illeg.; Pinus dammara Lambert; Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. var. dalatensis (de Ferre) Silba)

Agathis Salisb. Araucariaceae

C. Malesia. The trunk contains the dammar or damar resin, widely used in industry and medicine, confusion over the species name of Agathis dammara

Greek agathis ‘a ball of thread’, referring to the catkin on the female trees; see Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 8: 311, t. 15. 1807. Extreme confusion regarding the nomenclature and origin of the resins called copals and damars. Copals and damars are produced by trees belonging to the Araucariaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Burseraceae families.

See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 100. 1790, A Description of the Genus Pinus 1: 61. 1803, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 311–312, t. 15. 1807, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 5: 35. 1817, Commentatio botanica de Conifereis et Cycadeis 83, pl. 19. 1826, Tijdschrift

Agastachys odorata R. Br. Australia. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 158. 1810 and Planta Med. 41(4): 379–385. 1981 (Alkaloids.)

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voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 9: 179. 1842 and Annals of Botany. Oxford 20: 387. 1906, Philippine Journal of Science C4: 442. 1909, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1938(2): 85. 1938, Bulletin de la Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 95: 178, f. 2–3. 1960, Taxon 33: 345. 1984, Phytologia 7: 59. 1984, Jost T. et al. “Contact allergy to Manilla resin. Nomenclature and physico-chemistry of Manilla, kauri, damar and copal resins.” Contact Dermatitis. 21(4): 228–238. 1989 (Dammar (or Manilla resin?) caused dermatitis. Resin applied externally on boils.) in English: Amboina pine, Amboina pitch tree, Manila copal, mountain agathis in China: bei qiao shan Malayan names: bedendang, damar minyak, penyum, sanum, tesanum in Philippines: almaciga

Agathisanthemum Klotzsch Rubiaceae Greek agathos ‘good, pleasant’ or agathis ‘a ball of thread’ and anthemon ‘flower’, see Naturwiss. Reise Mossambique Bot. 1: 294. 1861. Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch (Agathisanthemum bojeri Hiern; Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch subsp. australe Bremek.; Hedyotis bojeri (Klotzsch) Vatke; Oldenlandia bojeri (Klotzsch) Hiern) Tanzania, South Africa. See Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … [Peters] 6(Bot., 1): 294. 1861, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 25: 232. 1875, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 3: 53. 1877 and Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde; Tweede Sectie 48(2): 156. 1952, Fl. Trop. E. Africa 415–747. 1988 (Roots decoction drunk for venereal diseases. Flowers infusion a remedy for diarrhea, sore throat, syphilis, toothache; very bitter flowers chewed as a remedy for sore throat. Leaves chewed for toothache and also as an antidote for snakebite.) in Tanzania: chivumanyuki, kivumanyuki, mvumanyuki

Agathisanthemum Klotzsch Rubiaceae

Tisaneurs et Plantes Medicinales Indigènes de l’île de La Réunion. 263–266. Editions Orphie, Livry Gargan 1990. Agauria polyphylla Baker Madagascar. Tree or shrub, leaves very coriaceous, inflorescence ascending, flowers pendent, racts, bracteoles, pedicels and calyx strongly tinged red or red-purple, somewhat fleshy corolla deep red to red-purple See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 20: 194–195. 1883 [1884 publ. 1883] (Leaves for skin problems, itch, snakebites, eczema; flowers antidote.) in Burundi: bajentaraza, icotabatwa in Madagascar: angavodiana, angavodiandrano, angavtiana, angavvodina, rezinga, valanirana Agauria salicifolia (Comm. ex Lam.) Hook.f. ex Oliv. (Agarista salicifolia (Comm. ex Lam.) G. Don; Agauria goetzei Engl.; Agauria salicifolia Hook.f. ex Oliv.; Agauria salicifolia forma adenantha Sleumer; Agauria salicifolia var. pyrifolia (Pers.) Oliv.; Andromeda pyrifolia Pers.; Andromeda salicifolia Comm. ex Lam.; Leucothoe angustifolia var. pyrifolia DC.; Leucothoe salicifolia (Comm. ex Lam.) DC.) Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, multi-branched, entire broadleaved, lax racemes at the base of the leaves, bell-shaped stalked flowers, 5-angled globose fruit, ripe fruits blackish, in grassland, along stream See Species Plantarum 1: 393–394. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 159. 1783, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 788, 837. 1834, Genera Plantarum 2: 579, 586. 1876, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 3: 483. 1877 (Leaves and roots poisonous to man and stock; careful use because the plant would be a violent poison. Leaves vermifuge, analgesic, for skin problems, itch, snakebites, eczema. Flowers antidote.) in Burundi: bajentaraza, icotabatwa in East Africa: ekisheigura, likalati, mandale, mgagana, mgema, mkolongo, mkorongo, modi, mombolo, muhahana, mungi, murigetu, musagita, muserigeta, musikita, muthigita, mwana, mwandama, mwavi, myunguvo, mzize, ologomati, ordtet, tangotuet, zenya in Ethiopia: sotira

Agauria (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. Ericaceae Possibly from the Greek agauros ‘stately’; see A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 788, 837–838. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7: 602. 1839, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 586. 1876, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 37[IV,1]: 42. 1889 and J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 274. 1984, Roger Lavergne,

in La Réunion Island: bois de gale, bois de mapou, bois de rempart, mapou, mapou à petites feuilles, mapou des Hauts in Madagascar: angavodiana, angavodiandrano, angavtiana, rezinga, valanirana in Mauritius: bois cabris in Zambia: mulilangumba, mutantanshibu

117

Agave L. Asparagaceae (Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae)

Agave L. Asparagaceae (Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae) Greek agauos, agavos ‘admirable, noble, splendid’, in Greek mythology Agave (Agaue) was a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 323– 324. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 150. 1754, Biblioteca italiana ossia giornale di letteratura scienze ed arti 1: 106–107. 1816, Analyse des Familles de Plantes 58. 1829, Handbook of the Amaryllideae 164. 1888 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 103–145. 1952, Botanical Museum Leaflets—Harvard University 24(5): 85–112. 1975, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Howard Scott Gentry (1903–1993), Agaves of continental North America. Tucson, Arizona 1982, Carmen Aguilera, Flora y fauna Mexicana. Mitología y tradiciones. 141–145. México s.d. [1985], Davidse, G., Souse S., M. & Charter, A.O. (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1–543. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 1994, Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California 1997. Agaves contain saponin and minute stinging crystal of calcium oxalate. Agave americana L. (Agave americana var. marginata Trel.; Agave complicata Trel. ex Ochot.; Agave felina Trel.; Agave gracilispina Engelm. ex Trel.; Agave melliflua Trel.; Agave rasconensis Trel.; Agave subzonata Trel.; Agave zonata Trel.; Agave zonata Trel. ex Bailey; Aloe americana Crantz; Aloe americana (L.) Crantz) U.S.A., Mexico. Food See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753, Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 466. 1766 and Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica “Antonio Alzate” 33: 100. 1913, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 1: 234. 1914, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(1): 122–123, 128–129. 1920, Taxon 31: 769. 1982, Cytologia 52: 85–90. 1987, Cytologia 53: 415–420. 1983, de la Cueva P. et al. “[Contact dermatitis from Agave americana.]” Actas Dermosifiliogr. 96(8): 534–536. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant said to be toxic to livestock. Fresh juice very irritant, capable of producing irritative contact dermatitis, conjunctivitis, burning sensation. Fleshy leaves used as a poultice, gum exuding from the leaves and root used for toothache; Luffa tuberosa crushed tuber juice mixed with leaf pulp of Agave americana given to induce abortion; fresh juice purgative, diuretic, emmenagogue, used in scurvy. The fresh juice a good external application to bruises and contusions. Root decoction used as diuretic. Veterinary medicine, roots along with those of Curculigo orchioides, leaves of Andrographis paniculata and Vitex negundo pounded and the extract given for ephemeral fever.) in English: agave, American agave, American aloe, American century-plant, century plant, maguey in Brazil: caraguatu-açu, caraotá-açu, gravatá-açu, piteira

in Bolivia: chuchawi tika, chunta,pajpa in Mexico: ki’, maguey, maguey mexicana, metl, teometl (= maguey divino), toba la, tsonki (= pelos de maguey) in China: jin bian long she lan, long she lan in India: aane katthaale, airoppakkaita, alagai, alakai, allikkoni, anai-k-karralai, anai-kattaleyi, anaik-kartazhai, anaik-katrazhai, anaikkaralai, anaikkarralai, anaikkattalai, anakyitha, anekatali, anekatalle, anekattale, anekattali, anemundai, banda-kattala, bans-keora, banskeora, bara-kanvar, bara kanwar, barakanwar, barakhawar, bhoothaale, bhutale, bhuttala, bhuttale, bilatipat, chager-matta, changanara, daddoli, devva baale, devvabale, eroppakaita, gawar-patha, ghayal, guar-pato, guwar-pata, hathi-sengar, hathisengar, ilaitikedara, irakacimatal, irakacimattai, irakkacimattai, jangli-gawar-patha, jangli-kanvar, janglianarash, kalakantala, kalambanda, kalnaaru, kalnaru, kaluaru, kantala, karunkali, karunkalikarralai, karunkarralai, kathalai, katthaale naaru, kattukkarralai, kattukkatalai, kewa, kittanara, kuwar palla, marakkarralai, miruttari, miruttarikkarralai, murga, natkaida, nattukaita, naykkarralai, panam-katrazha, panamkatrazha, panankarrala, panankarralai, panankattaa, panankattazha, perunkarralai, peruntalai, peyccetikam, peykkarralai, peyuvitakkarralai, peyuvitam, piyyatikalabanda, rakas-pattah, rakashi-mattalu, rakashimatalu, rakaspatta, rakaspattah, rakshasa baale, rakshasabale, rakshasimatta, ram ban, ramban, ramkanta, redi-ananas, saga-nara, sai dai, saidai, sanga, seemakaitha, seubbara, vilayatikorkand in Japan: ryuzetsu-ran in Okinawa: rugway in Southern Africa: Amerikaanse-aalwee, Amerikanse aalwyn, blou-aalwee, gareboom, garingboom, kaalgaarboom, makaalwyn; lekhala (Sotho) in Tunisia: sabbara in Sicily: zabbara Agave americana L. subsp. americana (Agave altissima Zumagl.; Agave americana f. picta (Salm-Dyck) Voss; Agave americana f. virginica Voss; Agave americana var. marginata Trel.; Agave americana var. mediopicta Trel.; Agave americana var. picta (Salm-Dyck) A. Terracc.; Agave americana var. striata Trel.; Agave americana var. subtilis (Trel.) Valenz.-Zap. & Nabhan; Agave americana var. theometel (Zuccagni) A.Terracc.; Agave americana var. variegata Hook.; Agave communis Gaterau; Agave complicata Trel. ex Ochot.; Agave felina Trel.; Agave fuerstenbergii Jacobi; Agave gracilispina (Rol.-Goss.) Engelm. ex Trel.; Agave ingens A. Berger; Agave melliflua Trel.; Agave milleri Haw.; Agave ornata Jacobi; Agave picta Salm-Dyck; Agave ramosa Moench, nom. illeg.; Agave rasconensis Trel.; Agave salmiana var. gracilispina Rol.-Goss.; Agave spectabilis Salisb.; Agave subtilis Trel.; Agave subzonata Trel.; Agave theometel Zuccagni; Agave variegata Steud., nom. inval.; Agave virginica Mill., nom. illeg.; Agave zonata Trel.)

118

North America, Texas to Mexico. See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753, Bonplandia 7(7): 88. 1859, Primo Contributo ad una Monografia delle Agave 41. 1885 and Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1: 234–235. 1914, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 23: 116, 122, 128–129. 1920, Kaktus Klub 2004(1): 50. 2004, de la Cueva P. et al. “[Contact dermatitis from Agave americana.]” Actas Dermosifiliogr. 96(8): 534– 536. 2005 (Sap said to be particularly irritant, causing a burning rash. Roots infusion and decoction for rheumatic pains, venereal diseases.) Agave americana L. var. expansa (Jacobi) Gentry (Agave abrupta Trel.; Agave expansa Jacobi) Mexico, North America. Large, produces easily transplanted sucker shoots See Abhandlungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Cultur. Abtheilung fü Naturwissenschaften und Medicin. 1868: 151. 1868 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(1): 132. 1920, The Agave Family in Sonora 80. 1972 (Stalks, flowers and heart are bitter.) in English: house maguey in Mexico: galime, mescal maguey Agave bovicornuta Gentry Mexico, Sonora. Flowers eaten See Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 527: 92. 1942 (On sensitive skin, caustic juice of the leaves causes burning irritation, followed by blisters. Piscicide, stupefying fishes.) in Mexico: barranca, mescal lechuguilla, sa’pulì Agave cantala (Haw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck (Agave candelabrum Tod.; Agave cantala Roxb.; Agave rumphii Jacobi; Furcraea cantala Haw.) Mexico, Honduras. Shrubby rhizomatous, prostrate or ascending, amber flowers, boiled flowers and tubers eaten as vegetable See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 25. 1814, Index Pl. Succ. Hort. Dyck.: 1. 1829, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 167. 1832, Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung 261. 1865 and Phytochemistry 29(3): 937–940. 1990, Phytochemistry 30(12): 4187–4189. 1991 (Used in Ayurveda. Plant diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative, emmenagogue, used for dysentery, dropsy, ascites, syphilis, scurvy. Leaf juice poured in ear to cure earache. Chewed roots vermifuge; crushed roots extract used in the treatment of goiter; poulticed as antiinflammatory in case of superficial burning. Poulticed leaves or crushed plant as fish poison.)

Agave L. Asparagaceae (Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae)

in English: Bombay aloe, cantala, cantala fibre, maguey, Manila maguey in India: aanai katralai, aane kathhaale, aane mundi, bhoothaale, cantala, devva baale, ghaayapaatha, ghayal, ilaitikedara, kalabanda, kalnaaru, kalnaru, kantala, kathalai, kathhaale, kaththale, ketuki, kitki, kitthanaara, konga, mareba, murga, murobba, piyyatikalabanda, raakshasikalanbanda, raakshasimadalu, raakshasimatta, rakaspatta, ram ban, ram bans, rambans, rankanda, saidai, vilaaythikorkand in Nepal: ketuke, nalu in Spanish: maguey in the Philippines: magey, maguey, pita Agave fourcroydes Lem. (Agave fourcroydes Jacobi, nom. illeg., non Agave fourcroydes Lem.; Agave fourcroydes var. espiculata Dewey; Agave fourcroyoides Hemsl.; Agave rigida var. elongata Baker; Agave sullivani Trel.) Mexico to Guatemala. See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753, L’illustration horticole 11: 66. 1864, Versuch zu einer systematischen Ordnung der Agaveen 107. 1865, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3(17): 348. 1884 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(1): 119. 1920, Cytologia 52: 85–90. 1987, Cytologia 53: 415–420. 1988, Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1257–1264. 1991, Ohtsuki T. et al. “New chlorogenin hexasaccharide isolated from Agave fourcroydes with cytotoxic and cell cycle inhibitory activities.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12(14): 3841–5. 2004 (This plant contains saponin and stinging crystals of calcium oxalate.) Vernacular name: henequén Agave lecheguilla Torrey (Agave heteracantha Jacobi, nom. illeg.; Agave lechuguilla Torr.; Agave lophantha Schiede var. poselgeri (Salm-Dyck) A. Berger; Agave lophantha var. tamaulipasana A. Berger; Agave multilineata Baker; Agave poselgeri Salm-Dyck; Agave univittata var. tamaulipasana (A. Berger) Jacobson) Mexico. A source of istle or ixtle, a hard fiber used for rope and known by the trade name of Tampico fibre See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753, Bonplandia 7: 92. 1859, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany 2(1): 213–214. 1859, Handbook of the Amaryllideae 1888: 168. 1888 and Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association—New Series 93~46(3): 168–175. 1938, Archives of Pathology 25: 661–683. 1938, Gentry, H.S. The Agave Family in Sonora. Washington. [Agric. Handb. 399]. 1972, Gentry, H.S. The agaves of Baja California. Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 130. 1978, Steroids 35(5): 503–10. 1980, Veterinary and Human Toxicology 30(6): 533–535. 1988, J. Ethnopharmacol. 52(3): 175–7. 1996, J. ArizonaNevada Acad. Sci. 32: 1–21. 1999

119

Agave L. Asparagaceae (Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae)

(Piscicide. Irritant and poisonous to cattle, goats, and sheep. Ingestion of Agave lecheguilla has given rise in goats and sheep to photodermatitis accompanied by hepatic and renal damage, the condition is known as “swell-head”. Antimicrobial, a decoction of roots used to remove blood clots; main stem infusion used a wash to treat bruises and rheumatism.) in English: American aloe in Mexico: amole dulce, lecheguilla, lechuguilla Agave murpheyi F. Gibson Arizona, Mexico. See Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 7: 83, fig. 1. 1935 (Antimicrobial.) in North America: Hohokam agave, Murphey agave, Murphey’s century plant, Murphy’s agave Agave potatorum Zucc. (Agave amoena Lem. ex Jacobi; Agave auricantha Baker; Agave latifolia Karw.; Agave potatorum var. verschaffeltii (Lem.) A. Berger; Agave potatorum var. verschaffeltii (Lem. ex Jacobi) A. Berger; Agave pulchra Salm-Dyck; Agave quadrata Lem.; Agave saundersii Hook. f.; Agave schnittspahnii Jacobi; Agave scolymus Karw. ex Salm-Dyck; Agave scolymus var. polymorpha A. Terracc.; Agave verschaffeltii Lem.; Agave verschaffeltii Lem. ex Jacobi) Mexico.

(Ceremonial, ritual curing, small plants used during fertility rites for sheep and goats, and in ceremonies for the dead.) in Mexico: mescal blanco, o’tosá Agave sisalana Perrine (Agave rigida Mill. var. sisalana (Perrine) Engelm.; Agave rigida var. sisalana Baker; Agave segurae D. Guillot & P. Van der Meer; Agave sisalana (Engelm.) Perrine; Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm.; Agave sisalana f. armata (Trel.) Trel.; Agave sisalana var. armata Trel.) Mexico. Perennial, short stem or stemless, thick fleshy thorny leaves in rosette, inflorescence in panicle See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 8. 1768, Tropical Plants 25th Congres, 2nd session [Rep. no. 564] Ho. of Reps. Dr. Henry Perrine 8, 9, 16, 47, 60, 86. 1838, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 3: 316, t. 2–4. 1875, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1889: 254. 1889 and Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 11: 49, t. 111, f. 1. 1913, Lloydia 37(1): 10–16. 1974, J. Ethnopharmacol. 52(3): 175–177. 1996, Magn. Reson. Chem. 44(12): 1090– 1095. 2006 (Antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, juice from leaves used as a wash for skin diseases and for treatment of local inflammatory conditions; sap mixed in liquid and drunk as strength medicine. The raw sap of the plant is corrosive and highly irritating to the eyes and skin.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753, Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae LeopoldinoCarolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia Ephemerides sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta 16(2): 674–675. 1833, Hortus Dyckensis ou Catalogue des Plantes … 307. 1834, Botanical Magazine 1865: t. 5493. 1865, L’illustration horticole 15: t. 564. 1868 and Die Agaven, Beiträge zu einer Monographie 186. 1915

in North America: banana hemp, green agave, maguey de sisal, pulque agave, sisal, sisal agave, sisal hemp

(Used as a vesicant.)

African names: axomyis, bambara, katani, mkonge, sisal, tangbeka

Common names: drunkard agave, pulque agave Agave schottii Engelm. (Agave geminiflora var. sonorae Torr.; Agave mulfordiana Trel.; Agave schottii var. serrulata Mulford) USA, Arizona. See Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 3: 305–307. 1875 (Piscicide.) Agave shrevei Gentry Mexico. Whitish, hearts pit-baked for eating or employed in making mescal bread or a fermented drink, stalks cooked for food See Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 527: 95. 1942

in China: jian ma in India: boodu kathaale, kathaale, kohar patha, sisal in Japan: saisaru-sô in Hawaii: malina

in South Africa: garingboom in Tanzania: mkatani Agave vilmoriniana A. Berger (Agave eduardii Trel.; Agave houghii hort. ex Trel.; Agave houghii Trel.; Agave mayoensis Gentry) Mexico. See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 503. 1913, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(1): 134. 1920, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 527: 94. 1942 (Piscicide, stupefying fishes.) Agave vivipara L. (Aloe vivipara (L.) Crantz) Mexico to C. America.

120

See Species Plantarum 1: 323–324. 1753 and Bot. Commelins 35. 1983 (Used in Ayurveda. Sap irritant. Plant containing saponin and stinging crystals of calcium oxalate.) Common names: century plant, lirio de palo in India: kantala, kantula, kathalai, khetki Agave vivipara L. var. vivipara (Agave aboriginum Trel.; Agave angustifolia Haw., nom. illeg.; Agave angustifolia var. marginata Trel.; Agave angustifolia var. marginata Gentry, nom. inval.; Agave bergeri Trel. ex A. Berger, nom. nud.; Agave bromeliifolia Salm-Dyck; Agave costaricana Gentry; Agave cuspidata Baker; Agave donnell-smithii Trel.; Agave elongata Jacobi; Agave endlichiana Trel.; Agave excelsa Jacobi; Agave flaccida Haw.; Agave flavovirens Jacobi; Agave houlletii Jacobi; Agave ixtli Karw. ex SalmDyck; Agave ixtlioides Hook.f.; Agave jacquiniana Schult. & Schult.f.; Agave kirchneriana A. Berger; Agave lespinassei Trel.; Agave lurida Jacq., nom. illeg.; Agave owenii I.M. Johnst.; Agave pacifica Trel.; Agave panamana Trel.; Agave prainiana A. Berger; Agave prolifera Schott ex Standl.; Agave punctata Kunth; Agave rigida Mill.; Agave rigida var. longifolia Engelm.; Agave serrulata Karw.; Agave sicifolia Trel.; Agave theoxmuliana Karw. ex M. Roem.; Agave vivipara var. bromeliifolia (Salm-Dyck) A. Terracc.; Agave vivipara var. marginata P.I. Forst., nom. inval.; Agave wightii J.R. Drumm. & Prain; Agave yaquiana Trel.; Agave yxtli Karw. ex G. Don; Agave zapupe Trel.; Furcraea rigida (Mill.) Haw.) Mexico to C. America. Perennial herb, succulent, almost trunkless, tough leaves with curved tips and sharp needles at the end and short straight spines at the edges (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant containing saponin and stinging crystals of calcium oxalate. Sap causes dermatitis, itching, red rashes, followed by tiny red eruptions; plant juice applied on eczema.) in English: maguey of the woods, stick maguey in Mexico: gusime, mescal casero, mescal del monte in India: balurakkasi, balurakkisa, brahmarakasi, erumaik karralai, erumaikkattalai, kantala, kathalai, katkuva, kittanara, malaikkaralai, malaikkattalai, peddakalabanda, piramarakkaci, piramarakkadi, piramarakkati, piyyatikalawlebanda, ramban, samata, sisal Malay name: kelumpang telur Agave weberi F. Cels ex J. Poisson (Agave franceschiana Trel. ex A. Berger, nom. nud.) Mexico. See Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7: 231. 1901 (Irritant.) in North America: maguey liso, Weber agave Agave wocomahi Gentry

Agelaea Sol. ex Planchon Connaraceae

Mexico. Small, baked hearts and flowers eaten See Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 527: 96. 1942 (Piscicide, stupefying fishes.) in English: pine maguey in Mexico: mescal verde, ojcome

Agelaea Sol. ex Planchon Connaraceae From the Greek agele ‘a herd, crowd’, ago ‘to lead, to bring to’, see Linnaea 23: 437–438. 1850, Memorias, Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales de Madrid 2: 503. 1859, Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel 531. 1861 and Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 1(6): 549–587. 1901, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie sér. 7, 3: 325–356. 1921, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 58: 205–207, 209, 211, 214, 219. 1923, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 127(Heft 103): 67–68, 72, 77, 80, 84, 89. 1938, Fl. Madagasc. 97: 1–25. 1958, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 89(6): 136–168. 1989. Agelaea macrophylla (Zoll.) Leenh. (Erythrostigma macrophylla Zoll.) Malaysia, Borneo. Climber See Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië ser. 3 4: 174. 1857 and Flora Malesiana: Series I: Spermatophyta 1(5): 502. 1958 (Juice of plant applied to treat acne. Roots of Agelaea macrophylla boiled together with the roots of Koompassia excelsa and Eusideroxylon zwageri and the solution drunk to treat weakness in infants.) in Malaysia: akar malam Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill. (Agelaea baronii G. Schellenb.; Agelaea cordata G. Schellenb.; Agelaea dewevrei De Wild. & T. Durand; Agelaea emetica Baill.; Agelaea floccosa G. Schellenb.; Agelaea grisea G. Schellenb.; Agelaea heterophylla Gilg; Agelaea hirsuta De Wild.; Agelaea katangensis Troupin; Agelaea koneri O. Hoffm. & Hildebrandt; Agelaea lamarckii Planch.; Agelaea lucida G. Schellenb.; Agelaea macrocarpa G. Schellenb.; Agelaea marginata G. Schellenb.; Agelaea mayottensis G. Schellenb.; Agelaea mildbraedii Gilg; Agelaea neglecta G. Schellenb.; Agelaea nitida Sol. ex Planch.; Agelaea obliqua (P. Beauv.) Baill.; Agelaea obliqua var. cordata (G. Schellenb.) Exell; Agelaea oligantha Gilg ex Schellenb.; Agelaea pentagyna Baill.; Agelaea pentagyna Radlk.; Agelaea phaseolifolia Gilg ex Schellenb.; Agelaea pilosa G. Schellenb.; Agelaea preussii Gilg; Agelaea pseudobliqua G. Schellenb.; Agelaea setulosa G. Schellenb.; Agelaea thouarsiana Baill.; Agelaea trifolia (Lam.) Gilg; Agelaea trifolia Gilg ex Schellenb.; Agelaea ugandensis G. Schellenb.; Agelaea villosa Sol. ex Planch.; Cnestis obliqua Bojer; Cnestis trifolia Lam.; Connarus pentagynus Lam.;

121

Agelanthus Tieghem Loranthaceae

Connarus pinnatus Lam.; Omphalobium pentagonum DC.; Omphalobium pentagynum (Lam.) DC.)

Danser (Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Polhill & Wiens), Tapinanthus ophiodes (Sprague) Danser.)

Madagascar, Cameroon. Climber

in Nigeria: kauci

See Species Plantarum 2: 675. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 95. 1786, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 86. 1786, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 24. 1789, Genera Plantarum 374. 1789, Flore d’Oware 1: 97, t. 59. 1804, Hortus Mauritianus 84. 1837, Linnaea 23: 438. 1850, Adansonia 7: 238. 1866, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 1: 345. 1882, Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. xvi. (1886) 349. 1886, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 1(2): 65–66. 1895, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 10. 1896, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 38: 190. 1899 and Die Vegetation der Erde 3(1): 323. 1915, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 58: 208, 210– 211, 214, 216–217, 219–222. 1923, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 127(Heft 103): 74–75, 79, 83–84. 1938, Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Sao Tomé 148. 1944, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 21: 366. 1951

Agelanthus zizyphifolius (Engl.) Polhill & Wiens (Loranthus zizyphifolius Engl.; Tapinanthus zizyphifolius (Engl.) Danser)

(Stem and fruits for mouth infections; fruits antiinflammatory. Stem infusion taken for stomachache. Leaves for gonorrhea, dysentery.) in Madagascar: vahamainty

Agelanthus Tieghem Loranthaceae From the Greek agele ‘a herd, crowd’ and anthos ‘flower’, see Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 82, 92, 111. 1894, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42: 246, 254. 1895 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 270. 1910, Mistletoes of Africa 138–140, 142–143. 1998. Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Polhill & Wiens (Dentimetula dodoneifolia (DC.) Tiegh.; Loranthus chevalieri Engl. & Krause; Loranthus dodoneifolius DC.; Loranthus knoblecheri Kotschy; Loranthus uelensis Balle; Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Danser) West Africa. Parasite, stems grey rough, leaves glaucous, fruits dull red at maturity See Enumeratio Stirpium Plerarumque, quae sponte crescunt in agro Vindobonensi 55, 230, pl. 3. 1762, Collection de mémoires 6: 29, t. 9. 1830, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42: 265. 1895 and Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde; Tweede Sectie 29(2): 111. 1933, Enumération des Plantes à Fleurs d’Afrique Tropicale 2: 1–257. 1992 (Febrifuge, the decoction of the leaves of Guiera senegalensis, Piliostigma thonningii, Piliostigma reticulatum, Tapinanthus bangwensis, Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC.)

Tropical Africa. See Enumeratio Stirpium Plerarumque, quae sponte crescunt in agro Vindobonensi 55, 230, pl. 3. 1762, Der Deutsche Botaniker Herbarienbuch [1]: 73. 1841, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 92. 1894, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42: 246. 1895 and Enumération des Plantes à Fleurs d’Afrique Tropicale 2: 166. 1992 (Febrifuge.)

Ageratina Spach Asteraceae Resembling Ageratum, the diminutive form of the genus Ageratum L., see Species Plantarum 2: 836–839. 1753, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux (Spach) 10: 286–287. 1841, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 87. 1852, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 21: 383. 1886 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 503. 1900, Sida 3: 330. 1969, Phytologia 19(4): 218, 221, 225. 1970, Phytologia 23(1): 153–154. 1972, Phytologia 24(2): 93. 1972, Phytologia 38(4): 324–326. 1978, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Ageratina trapezoidea (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina trapezoides (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Eupatorium adenophora Spreng.; Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.; Eupatorium adenophorum Hort.Berol. ex Kunth; Eupatorium adenophorum var. peruvianum Hieron.; Eupatorium adenophorus Spreng.; Eupatorium cognatum Kunth & Bouché; Eupatorium glandulosum Hort. Berol. ex Kunth; Eupatorium glandulosum Kunth, nom. illeg.; Eupatorium glandulosum Michx.; Eupatorium glandulosum Sch. Bip. ex Baker, nom. nud.; Eupatorium trapezoideum Kunth) Mexico, North America. Shrub, herb, branched, erect, trailing, purplish, glandular-hairy, corollas pinkish white, flowers in axillary and terminal heads, green manure, a serious noxious invasive weed apparently unpalatable to cattle See Flora Boreali-Americana (Michaux) 2: 98. 1803, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] 4: 122–123. 1820, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 3: 420. 1826, Index Seminum [Berlin] 1847: 13. 1847 [Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.], Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 6(2): 314. 1876 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 36: 470. 1905, Phytologia 19(4):

122

Ageratina Spach Asteraceae

211. 1970, Phytologia 24(2): 98. 1972, Phytologia 69(2): 61–86. 1990

identity, analysis and prevention.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 32: 81–88. 1990

(Leaf juice hemostatic, antiseptic, used for cuts, wounds, pain, swellings and injuries; leaves chewed for toothache; poured in the eye to treat insomnia; fresh leaves on itchy skin; crushed leaves applied on fresh wounds and injuries to stop bleeding. Root juice to treat fever. Stems boiled and liquid applied directly to open wounds and sores; plant decoction febrifuge. Toxic to horses and most livestock, toxic disease caused in horses known as “blowing disease.” Leaves of this plant if used as toilet paper cause pile disease.)

(High toxicity, may be fatal if eaten; white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) has caused illness and death of humans and several types of livestock. All grazing animals can be affected by white snakeroot, several types of herbivorous livestock have also been poisoned by ingesting white snakeroot, resulting in a disease called trembles, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, delirium, prostration, coma. Cattle, goats, horses, sheep, and swine have shown toxic reactions.)

in English: catweed, crofton-weed, hemp agrimony, Mexican devil, sticky agrimony, sticky eupatorium, sticky snakeroot

in English: fall white snakeroot

in India: aza tesenba, azatesen, bakura, ban mara, banamara, banmarmukh, China-po, hingnyak, kali jhar, kalighar, kalojhar, muk, neelagiri, nhasa, penaari, shamathoru, soh pang, thravada

Ageratina aromatica (L.) Spach (Ageratina aromatica Spach; Eupatorium aromaticum L.; Eupatorium latidens Small; Kyrstenia aromatica Greene; Kyrstenia aromatica (L.) Greene)

in Nepal: banmara, mohini

North America.

in Hawaii: Maui pamakani, pamakani haole

See Species Plantarum 2: 839. 1753, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames (Spach) 10: 286. 1841 and Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1(1): 8. 1903, Manual of the Southeastern Flora 1327. 1933

Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. var. altissima (Ageratina altissima var. angustata (A. Gray) Clewell & Wooten; Cronquistianthus rugosus R.M. King & H. Rob.; Eupatorium ageratoides var. angustatum A. Gray; Eupatorium angustatum (A. Gray) Greene; Eupatorium bulliferum S.F. Blake; Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.; Eupatorium rugosum Schrader ex DC.; Eupatorium rugosum Spreng.; Eupatorium rugosum Kunth, nom. illeg., non Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.; Eupatorium rugosum var. angustatum (A. Gray) S.F. Blake; Eupatorium rugosum var. chlorolepis Fernald; Eupatorium rugosum var. tomentellum (B.L. Rob.) S.F. Blake; Eupatorium urticifolium Reichard; Eupatorium urticifolium var. angustatum (A. Gray) B.L. Rob.; Eupatorium urticifolium var. tomentellum B.L. Rob.; Kyrstenia angustata (A. Gray) Greene) See Species Plantarum 2: 836–840. 1753, Natuurlijke Historie 2 10: 558. 1779, Systema Plantarum 3: 719. 1780, Supplementum Plantarum 355. 1781 [1782], Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 89. 1820 [1818], Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 3: 39. 1822, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 174. 1836, Synoptical Flora of North America (2): 101. 1884 and Pittonia 4(24B): 277. 1901, Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(1): 8–12. 1903, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 47(6): 195. 1911, Couch, J.F. “The toxic constituent of richweed or white snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium).” J. Agric. Res., 35: 547–576. 1927, Rhodora 43(515): 557–558. 1941, Rhodora 44(528): 462–463, pl. 739. 1942, Phytologia 19(4): 212. 1970, Brittonia 23(2): 138. 1971, Phytologia 23(5): 410–411. 1972, Taxon 30: 515–516. 1981, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 89: 151– 152. 1982, Stotts, R. “White snakeroot toxicity in dairy cattle.” Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin., 79: 118–120. 1984, Beier, R.C., Norman, J.O. “The toxic factor in white snakeroot:

poison,

richweed,

white

sanicle,

(Crushed leaves to clean and heal ulcers, also applied as analgesic to sprains and contusions.) in Peru: chilca Ageratina herbacea (A. Gray) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Eupatorium ageratifolium var. herbaceum A. Gray; Eupatorium herbaceum (A. Gray) Greene; Kyrstenia herbacea (A. Gray) Greene) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 74. 1853 and Pittonia 4(24B): 279. 1901, Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1(1): 9. 1903, Phytologia 19(4): 222. 1970, Taxon 28: 273–274. 1979, Taxon 30: 844–845. 1981, Taxon 32: 509. 1983, Amer. J. Bot. 75: 652–668. 1988, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 581–592. 1995 (Infusion taken as febrifuge, analgesic, for headache.) in English: fragrant snakeroot Ageratina pichinchensis (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Ageratina aschenborniana (S. Schauer) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina bustamenta (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina cartagoensis R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina ciliata (Less.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina ibaguensis (Sch.Bip. ex Hieron.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina ibaquensis Sch.Bip. ex Hieron.; Ageratina ibaquensis (Sch. Bip. ex Hieron.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina nelsonii R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina pacifica (B.L. Rob.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina pichinchensis var. bustamenta (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina rufa (Greene) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina sinaloensis R.M. King & H.

Ageratum L. Asteraceae

Rob.; Ageratina vulcanica (Benth.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratina vulcanica (Benth. ex Oerst.) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Eupatorium aschenbornianum S. Schauer; Eupatorium bustamentum DC.; Eupatorium ciliatum Less.; Eupatorium donnell-smithii J.M. Coult.; Eupatorium ibaguense Sch. Bip. ex Hieron.; Eupatorium ibaguense var. indiscretum Maguire, Steyerm. & Wurdack; Eupatorium morelense B.L. Rob.; Eupatorium pacificum B.L. Rob.; Eupatorium pichinchense Kunth; Eupatorium pichinchense fo. glandulare B.L. Rob.; Eupatorium pichinchense fo. typicum B.L. Rob.; Eupatorium ptaretepuiense V.M. Badillo; Eupatorium tequendamense var. glabrata Hieron.; Eupatorium tequendamense var. glanduloso-pubescens Hieron.; Eupatorium vulcanicum Benth.; Kyrstenia rufa Greene) South America. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 95–96. 1820[1818], Bot. Gaz. 16: 95. 1891 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40(3): 384. 1908, Phytologia 19(4): 212–218. 1970, Phytologia 24(2): 85. 1972, Phytologia 69(2): 61. 1990 (For diarrhea, astringent.) in Ecuador: pedorrera

Ageratum L. Asteraceae Greek ageratos, ageraton ‘not growing old’, from ageraos ‘ageless’, from a ‘not, without’ and geras ‘old age’, in allusion to the long-lasting flowers; Latin ageraton, i ancient name applied perhaps to Achillea ageraton L. (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 839–840. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 363. 1754, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 6. Suppl. 8. 1817, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 10. 1817, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 3: 446. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 109. 1836, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1: 46. 1846[1847], Flora Brasiliensis 6(2): 197. 1876, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 93. 1884 and Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 36: 476. 1901, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49(8): 468. 1913, Sida 3: 329–342. 1969, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 58(1): 79–80, f. 18. 1971, Phytologia 24: 118. 1972, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997. Ageratum conyzoides L. (Ageratum album Willd. ex Steud.; Ageratum arsenei B.L. Rob.; Ageratum conyzoides Hieron., nom. illeg., non Ageratum conyzoides L.; Ageratum conyzoides Sieber ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Ageratum conyzoides L.; Ageratum conyzoides subsp. latifolium (Cav.) M.F. Johnson; Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum Hieron.; Ageratum cordifolium Roxb.; Ageratum hirsutum Poir.; Ageratum hirtum Lam., nom. illeg.; Ageratum humile Salisb.; Ageratum latifolium Cav.; Ageratum latifolium var. galapageium B.L. Rob.; Ageratum microcarpum (Benth.)

123

Hemsl.; Ageratum microcarpum Hemsl.; Ageratum pinetorum (L.O. Williams) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Ageratum scabriusculum (Benth.) Hemsl.; Ageratum suffruticosum Regel; Alomia microcarpa (Benth.) B.L. Rob.; Alomia microcarpa B.L. Rob.; Alomia pinetorum L.O. Williams; Cacalia mentrasto Vell.; Caelestina microcarpa Benth.; Caelestina scabriuscula Benth.; Carelia conyzodes Kuntze; Carelia conyzoides Kuntze; Carelia conyzoides (L.) Kuntze; Carelia scabriuscula (Benth.) Kuntze; Carelia scabriuscula Kuntze; Coelestina microcarpa Benth.; Eupatorium conyzoides (L.) E.H.L. Krause, nom. illeg.; Eupatorium conyzoides E.H.L. Krause; Eupatorium conyzoides Mill.; Eupatorium conyzoides Vahl) Tropical America. Annual herb, polymorphic, slender, stem and leaves hairy to tomentose, erect, branching, fibrous roots, aromatic opposite leaves, terminal inflorescence branched, flowers heads purple blue or white, many tubular florets surrounded by 2–3 rows of narrow pointed bracts, involucral bracts pale green, black achene ribbed or angled, a weed in waste places See Species Plantarum 2: 836–840. 1753, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum 85. 1759, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 54. 1783, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 4(1): 33–34, pl. 357. 1797, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, Suppl., 1: 242. 1810, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 10. 1817, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 118–119. 1820 [1818], Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 415. 1832, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1852(5–7): 72–73. 1853, Biologia CentraliAmericana; … Botany … 2(7): 82–83. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 325. 1891, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 19: 44. 1894[1895] and Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49: 452, 466. 1913, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 64: 3. 1922, Fieldiana, Botany 31(2): 25, f. 4. 1964, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 58: 31, 75. 1971, Phytologia 24(2): 115. 1972, Nucleus 18: 6–19. 1975, Taxon 24: 367–372. 1975, Fieldiana, Botany 24(12): 32–128, 466–482. 1976, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, Cell and Chromosome Newsletter 2: 7–9. 1979, Rev. H. Fl. Ceylon 1: 141. 1980, Current Science 50: 97–98. 1981, Taxon 30: 78. 1981, Cytologia 48: 679–690. 1983, Caldasia 14(66): 7–20. 1984, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 143–150. 1987, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 10: 177– 184. 1987, American Journal of Botany 75: 652–668. 1988, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, Glimpses of Cytogenetics in India 2: 293–298. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 427–437. 1989, Cell and Chromosome Research 12: 17–18. 1989, Feddes Repertorium 101: 49–62. 1990, Cytologia 56: 327–331. 1991, Regnum Veg. 127: 15. 1993, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Taxon 58(3): 1011. 2009

124

Ageratum L. Asteraceae

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Poisonous to rabbits and cows. Plant antiinflammatory, febrifuge, anthelmintic, antipyretic, styptic, hemostatic, antiseptic, analgesic, insecticide, pesticide, spasmolytic, carminative; used for treating common cold and headaches, fever, boils, eczema, bleeding wounds, postpartum uterine hemorrhage, diarrhea and burns. Dried whole plant insect and rat repellent, prevents fungal infection. Crushed leaves to treat flesh wounds and cuts, juice applied to infected wounds and as eye drops; crushed leaf juice applied on wounds and cuts to stop bleeding; poultice of boiled leaf paste used for headache; leaves poultice to treat centipede and snakebites; warm poultice of leaves and stem used in boils; leaves decoction hemostatic and emetic, for convulsions, stomach ailments. Root used to treat stomach problems; root juice antilithic. Magico-religious beliefs, flowers paste applied on forehead just before meeting somebody; contact therapy, leaves placed over pregnant woman’s belly to accelerate delivery.)

in India: ajganda, ajgandha, anename, appa, appa sedi, appakkoti, bhakumbar, dholi sadedi, dochunti, dochuntry, dochunty, gandhri, gendelabon, gha buti, ghanera osaadi, ghaneraosadi, gondhoabon, gondria, helukasa, imchenriza, injenriza, jangli pudina, kang-khapau, kattappa, khongjai napi, khongjainapi, khoobi, koobhi, kukrona, kupsunga, kynbatblu myngai, makadmari, mekipu, muriyan pacca, myngai, naayi thulasi, narsa gida, nilam, oorala gida, ooralada gida, osaadi, osadi, padri ban, parosaola, pashpai, pasupau, pokabanthi, pokapanthi povu, pokasunga, pokasungaa, pum-pillu, pumpillu, pumppillu, pumpul, semandulu, uchauty, uchunti, vai len hlo, vaihlenhlo, vailenhlo, vattai sedi, visadodi, visamustih, voilenhlo, vosadi

in English: appa grass, bastard agrimony, Billy-goat weed, blueweed, conyzoid floss-flower, goat weed, tropic ageratum, white dung herb, white weed

Malayan names: daun misai kuching, rumput jalang, rumput pereh jarang, rumput sekedok, sekedok, selaseh dandi, selasik dandi, senarong kambing, sianggit, tahi anjing, tahi ayam, tombok tombok jantan

in Central America: celestina, flor noble, hierba de chucho, mastranto, mejorana, mejorana chaparra, retentina, Santa Lucía in Central African Republic: dagere in Congo: basolo ba, isolo a m’mboli, konko, mudiadianga in East Africa: adwolo, atiraja, bukabuka, butabuta, bwutabwuta, galagachui, gathenge, ifuna, ilusa, ipfuna, itawana, ivuna, karura, kimavi cha kuku, knughai, kundambara, matawana, mososoyiah, mujungujungu, munywaniwenkanda, murigana, mwigara, nakache, namatori, namirembe, nosa, ntaenyeka, ol crowil el aijok, ol erowie el aijok, omonyaitira in Madagascar: bemaimbo, bembo, tsiafakanakandriana in Nigeria: ebebekeze, ebighojedoban

bokkruid,

in Japan: kakkô-azami

in Nepal: gande, ilame jhar, nimane jhar, raunja, than ninoba in Papua New Guinea: akikikanabebe, kalese, noningkepek, sambura, sikong in Philippines: asipukpuk, bahug-bahug, bulak-manok, bulak-manuk, damong-kambing, damong-pailaya, damongpalias, gamot-tulisan, kamubuag, karokanding, kolongkogong, pagpagai, singilan in Sarawak: oran, serak semalam, suokning in Thailand: saapraeng saapkaa, thiam mae haang, ya saap raeng in Vietnam: bu xich, cay cut lon, c[aa]y b[oo]ng c[uws]t heo, c[aa]y hoa c[uws]t l[owj]n, c[aa]y b[oo]ng th[us]i, co hoi, nho hat bo, thang hong ke, in Hawaii: maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula

in Sierra Leone: ngu gbe in South Africa: invading ageratum)

in Indonesia: babadotan, babadotan jukut bau, babandotan, babandotan leutik, bandotan, berokah, dus bedusan, dus wedusan, ki bau, udu pute bua, udu tai pute, wedusan

in Tonga: te’ekosi indringer-ageratum

(=

in S. Rhodesia: muNyani in Tanzania: beenge, kalula, kamiyambo, kundambara, matawana, mbelenge, ol crowil el aijok, olesongoyo in West Africa: belkeyan, wait head, yanigbei in Yoruba: ako yunyun, akwekwe-nwaosi n’aka, arun sansan, imi-eshu, imi esu in Arabic: berqam, borgoman in Bangladesh: achunai in China: huo xiang ji, sheng hong ji

Ageratum houstonianum Miller (Ageratum conyzoides var. mexicanum (Sims) DC.; Ageratum mexicanum Sims; Ageratum wendlandii Vilm.; Ageratum pinetorum (L.O. Williams) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Alomia pinetorum L.O. Williams; Carelia houstoniana (Mill.) Kuntze) Central America. An annual erect hairy herb, creeping, disc florets pinkish-blue, fruit hairy, in fields, roadsides and waste places See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Botanical Magazine 52: t. 2524. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 108. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 325. 1891 and Fieldiana, Botany 31(2): 25, f. 4. 1964, Phytologia 24(2): 115. 1972, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 862–888. 1976, Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, Curr. Sci. 50:

125

Aglaia Lour. Meliaceae

97–98. 1981, Taxon 30: 854. 1981, Phytologia 69(2): 93–104. 1990, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 800–808. 1994, Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115. 1995, Biodiver. Tabasco Cap. 5: 111–144. 2005

Indonesia. Tree, fruits eaten

(Herb used to clear away heat and toxic materials, as an antiphlogistic, to relieve swelling and pain in the throat. Leaves, mixed with cow’s ghee and urine of heifer, made into a paste and rubbed on head to get relief from body and muscle pain; leaf paste applied to cure alopecia; leaf paste mixed with lime applied on cuts by iron knives or machetes.)

in Indonesia: lengeset

in English: garden ageratum, Mexican ageratum in South Africa: tuin ageratum in China: xiong er cao in India: michangala, thaaraa poondu, vellaikkaaran poondu in Japan: murasaki-kakkô-azami, ô-kakkô-azami in Hawaii: maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula

See Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 505. 1854 (Inner bark or crushed seeds decoction drunk for malaria.) Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wallich (Aglaia acida Koord. & Valeton; Aglaia diffusa Merr.; Aglaia latifolia Miq.; Aglaia minahassae Koord.; Aglaia sulingi Blume; Aglaia testicularis C.Y. Wu; Milnea edulis Roxburgh) SE Asia. Tree, leaflets subopposite to alternate, fruit indehiscent 3-locular, aril of the seed edible, in primary evergreen forest along the seashore on sandstone or sandy loam, in secondary forest See Fl. Ind. 2: 430. 1824 (Antiamebic, pericarp used against diarrhea. Leaves and bark made into a paste applied on swellings, or rubbed for body pain.) in China: ma shen guo

Aglaia Lour. Meliaceae Named for one of the three Graces, the others being Euphrosyne and Thalia; Greek aglaia ‘splendor, brightness’, aglaos ‘bright, beautiful, pleasing’; see João (Joannes) de Loureiro (1717–1791), Flora cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes. 98, 173. Ulyssipone [Lisboa] 1790, Pl. Coromandel 3: 54. 1819[1820] and Pannell, C. M. “A taxonomic monograph of the genus Aglaia (Meliaceae).” Kew Bulletin add. ser., 16: 58, 237–242. 1992, Journal of Biology (Vietnam) 15(4): 5–8. 1993. Sap of fresh bark of Aglaia sp. used as fish poison. Aglaia argentea Blume Sumatra, Java. Tree, small tree, lower leaf surface bright silvery with scattered red glands, reddish shining drupes, lowland forest See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 170. 1825 (Leaves in a complex preparation taken to treat leprosy. Leaves and bark decoction drunk to treat fevers and a poultice of the boiled leaves applied to sprains. Cooling and astringent, an infusion of leaves included in oral remedies for abdominal pain, diarrhea and colic.) in Indonesia: balik angin, balik sempa Aglaia domestica Pellegr. Vietnam, Indonesia. Tree See Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H. Lecomte et al.] 1: 766. 1911 (Crushed seeds made into a paste applied for stomachache. Leaves decoction drunk for fevers.) in Borneo: langsat, riset Aglaia dookkoo Griff.

in India: dieng-soh-longar, khrang, mesuing, momailateku, sinakedang in Indonesia: langsatan in Philippines: curran kaniue in Thailand: kholaen Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A. Juss.) Benth. (Aglaia abbreviata C.Y. Wu; Aglaia elaeagnoidea var. formosana Hayata; Aglaia elaeagnoidea var. pallens Merr.; Aglaia formosana (Hayata) Hayata; Aglaia roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq.; Milnea roxburghiana Wight & Arn.; Nemedra elaeagnoidea A. Juss.) Cambodia, India, Indonesia, China. Tree, white latex See Bulletin des sciences naturelles et de géologie 23: 239. 1830, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 119. 1834, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 4: 41. 1868 and Enum. Pl. Formosana 78. 1906, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 52. 1913, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 36: 163– 174. 1992, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67(1): 45–51. 1999 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Aglaroxin A acts as both antifeedant and chronic toxin. Antiinflammatory, antifungal, used to treat ciguatera fish poisoning, ciguatera is a specific type of food poisoning associated with the ingestion of tropical fish, which, although normally safe for consumption, may at times contain high amounts of ciguatoxin, as well as other chemically related toxins.) in China: shan luo in India: aevaadu, cempuli, cheeralam, chokkala, chokla, cokkalai, erranduga, gadagayya, gandhapriyangu, kalla bendaka, kannikkompu, kempu nola, kondanduga, kunrapalam, nyalei, phalini, priyangu, priyangu beej, priyanguh,

126

punniyava, punyava, shempuli, syama, thottilu, tottilakayi, visvaksenakanta, yarra aduga, yerra adugu, yerraaduga Aglaia hiernii M.V. Viswan. & K. Ramach. (Aglaia hiernii King) India. See Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 24: 212. 1982 (publ. 1983) (Raw fruits eaten for relief from cough.) in India: pathi Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J. Saldanha ex Ramamoorthy (Aglaia attenuata H.L. Li; Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J. Saldanha; Aglaia lawii subsp. oligocarpa (Miq.) Pannell; Aglaia oligocarpa Miq.; Aglaia sibuyanensis Elmer; Aglaia stipitata T.P. Li & X.M. Chen; Aglaia tenuifolia H.L. Li; Aglaia tetrapetala Pierre; Aglaia trimera Merr.; Aglaia tsangii Merr.; Aglaia turczaninowii C. DC.; Aglaia wangii H.L. Li; Aglaia wangii var. macrophylla H.L. Li; Aglaia yunnanensis H.L. Li; Amoora calcicola C.C. Wu & H. Li; Amoora duodecimantha H. Zhu & H. Wang; Amoora ouangliensis (Lév.) C.Y. Wu; Amoora tetrapetala (Pierre) Pellegr.; Amoora tetrapetala (Pierre) C.Y. Wu; Amoora tetrapetala var. macrophylla (H.L. Li) C.Y. Wu; Amoora tsangii (Merr.) X.M. Chen; Amoora yunnanensis (H.L. Li) C.Y. Wu; Amoora yunnanensis var. macrophylla (H.L. Li) C.Y. Wu; Ficus ouangliensis Lév.; Nimmoia lawii Wight) (Nimmoia Wight, named for Joseph Nimmo, flourished 1830s–1854, at Surat 1819, plant collector in Socotra 1834–1839, sent plants to R. Wight; see Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 519. London 1994.) India. Tree, trunk slightly buttressed, leaves pinnately compound with a terminal leaflet, narrowly ovate leaflets, clustered globose yellowish fruit densely covered with tiny scales and splitting into 3 sections See Pl. Coromandel 3: 54. 1819[1820], Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India 7: 13. 1847, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 4: pl. 337. 1896 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 4(57–58): 66–67. 1907, Lingnan Science Journal 6: 281. 1928, Leaflets of Philippine Botany 9: 3308. 1937, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 16(1): 25–26, f. 1. 1994, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 25(3): 303–305. 1944, Observationes Botanicae 1: 717. 1948, Act. Phyt. Sin. 4(1): 24, 1955, Flora of Hassan District, Karnataka, India [Saldanha & Nicolson] 392. 1976, Flora Yunnanica 1: 231, 234–235, 237, pl. 55, f. 1–4, 6–9, pl. 56, f. 4–5. 1977, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 4(2): 180. 1986, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 16: 58. 1992 (Fresh bark in a mixture for tuberculosis.) in India: ragat rohida Aglaia minutiflora Bedd. India.

Aglaia Lour. Meliaceae

(Febrifuge.) in India: nirmulei, nirmuli Aglaia odorata Lour. (Aglaia odorata var. microphyllina C. DC.) SE Asia. Tree, small tree, shrub, crooked, grey bark, inflorescence of tiny fragrant yellow flowers, could be confused with some Rutaceae See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 173. 1790, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 1: 602. 1878 and Journal of Natural Products 59(7): 650–652. 1996 [Cyclopentabenzofuran lignan protein synthesis inhibitors from Aglaia odorata.], Antiviral Research 67(2): 107–119. 2005 (Antipyretic, leaves and roots. Flowers febrifuge. Decoction of roots and flowers febrifuge; decoction of leaves to treat venereal diseases, menstrual troubles. Leaves tonic.) in English: Chinese perfume plant, Chinese rice-flower, chulan tree, mock lemon, mock lime, orchid tree in China: mei sui lan, mi sui lan, mi zi lan, san yeh lan in India: akparni, anghriparni, anghriparnika, anghrivallika, arni, atiguha, atigupta, aughriparnika, brahmaparni, chakrakulya, chakraparni, chitraparni, chitraparnika, daula, davada, davala, debra, dhamani, dhavani, dirgha, dirghaparni, dirghapatra, ghastila, guha, jibilike, kadala, kalashi, kalasi, kankasharu, kola-ponna, kolaponna, kolkuponna, kroshtukamekhala, kroshtukapuchhika, kroshtupuchhi, kroshtuvinna, langali, langulika, mahaguha, mekhala, muvila, nabiyalbone, nakkatokaponna, orila, pishtaparni, pishthaparni, pishthparni, pishtparni, pisshthparni, pithauni, pithavan, pithavana, pitvan, prasniparni, prishniparni, prishthiparni, prisniparni, prithakparni, prsni, prsniparni, prthakparni, prushparni, purnaparni, salaparni, shirnamala, shrigalvinna, sinhalanguli, sinhapuchhi, sinhapuchhika, sinhapushpi, srigalavanta, srngalavinna, tanvi, vishnuparni in Indonesia: patjar tjina in Japan: ju-ran, muran in Malaysia: telur belangkas

belangkas,

chulan,

telor

belangkas,

Aglaia odoratissima Blume (Aglaia affinis Merrill; Aglaia diepenhorstii Miquel; Aglaia heterophylla Merrill; Aglaia odoratissima Benth.) India, Thailand. Dioecious trees, inner bark red with pale white latex, leaves imparipinnate, inflorescence paniculate or racemose, unisexual very fragrant yellow flowers, indehiscent fleshy ellipsoid yellow to orange-red berry, pinkish-orange stellate scales, yellow-pink sweet edible aril, in swamp forest, along roadsides See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 4: 171. 1825, London J. Bot. ii. 213. 1845 and Fitoterapia 53: 107– 109. 1982, Fitoterapia 58: 189–191. 1987, Journal of Tropical Plant Pests and Diseases 2: 35–41. 2002

127

Aglaomorpha Schott Polypodiaceae

(Used in Ayurveda. Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, insecticidal, antifertility and abortifacient; the essential oil has been found effective against earthworms. Veterinary medicine, anthelmintic.) in India: anganapriya, bhangura, bhedini, ettanduga, gandhaphala, gauri, gaurvalli, govandini, govarna, gundra, kanguni, kannikkombu, kanta, karambha, katu, kondanduga, krishnapushpi, lata, mahilavhaya, mangalya, mithavalli, narivallabha, parnabhedini, phalapriya, phalini, pita, preyasi, priyaka, priyangu, punyava, rishangi, sempuli, shubha, shyama, sokkalai, subhanga, tottila, vanita, vishvaksena, vritta in Indonesia: kayu apiek, kayu luit, pancal kidang, pi-kopijan, tanglu in Malaysia: kasai, merlimau, telur belangkas hutan in Sri Lanka: kannikkombu, sokkalai in Thailand: prayong paa, sangkhriat Aglaia salicifolia Ridl. Malaysia. See Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 54: 32. 1910

C. Chr.; Phymatodes coronans C. Presl; Pleopeltis coronans Alderw.; Pleopeltis coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Alderw.; Polypodium conjugatum Baker, nom. illeg.; Polypodium conjugatum Poir.; Polypodium coronans Wall. ex Mett.; Polypodium coronans Wall.; Pseudodrynaria coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Ching) India, Vietnam. Fern See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 288. 1828, Tentamen Pteridographiae 198. 1836, Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 1: 121, pl. 3, f. 40–41. 1856, Index Filicum 345. 1862, Synopsis Filicum (Hooker & Baker) 366. 1868, Ferns of British India, corrections, pl. 13. 1870 and Bulletin du Département de l’Agriculture aux Indes Néerlandaises 27: 11. 1909, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 23(284–286): 139–140. 1913, University of California Publications in Botany 16(2): 117. 1929, Sunyatsenia 6(1): 10. 1941 (Rhizome juice applied on herpes, scabies; rhizome paste applied to treat backache.) in India: awm-vel in Nepal: harchur

(Pound the leaves in cold water, and use the water for washing the body after childbirth.) Malay name: sikjot Aglaia saltatorum A.C. Sm. Tonga, Niue. See Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. xxx. 483. 1952 (Bark tonic.) in Tonga: langakali

Aglaomorpha Schott Polypodiaceae From the Greek aglaos ‘bright, beautiful, pleasing’ and morphe ‘a form, shape’, referring to the growth, see Species Plantarum 2: 1082–1094. 1753, Tentamen Pteridographiae 199–200. 1836, Gen. Fil. [Schott] 4: tt. 19, 20. 1836 [ante 27 Oct 1836], Gen. Fil. t. 95. 1841, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany (Hooker) 3: 399. 1841, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 155. 1842 and Philipp. J. Sci., Section C, botany. 6: 140–141. 1911, The Philippine Journal of Science. Section C, botany. Manila 9: 8. 1914, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16: 117. 1929, Manual of Pteridology 548. 1938, Sunyatsenia 5: 262. 1940, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975. Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) Copel. (Aglaomorpha coronans (Wall.) Copel.; Drynaria conjugata Bedd.; Drynaria conjugata (Baker) Bedd.; Drynaria conjugata T. Moore; Drynaria coronans (Wall. ex Mett.) J. Sm. ex T. Moore; Drynaria coronans J. Sm.; Drynaria esquirolii

Aglaonema Schott Araceae From the Greek aglaos ‘bright, beautiful, pleasing, manifest’ and nema ‘thread’, possibly referring to the stamens; see Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 892. 1829 and Nicolson, Dan Henry, “A revision of the genus Aglaonema (Araceae).” Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 1: 1–69. 1969, D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988, Nicolson, Dan Henry, A taxonomic revision of the genus Aglaonema (Araceae). Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1994. Aglaonema commutatum Schott (Aglaonema marantifolium Blume var. commutatum (Schott) Engl.; Scindapsus cuscuaria Presl) SE Asia, Malesia. Perennial herb See Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 892. 1829, Meletemata Botanica 21. 1832, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 602. 1851, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 123. 1856, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 441–442. 1879 and Cytologia 53: 59–66. 1988, Ann. Bot. (London). 93(2): 157–66. 2004 (These plants contain minute needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate which are intensely irritating, cause severe pain in the mouth if eaten, crystals are not poisonous. Leaves used to reduce swellings.) in English: Chinese evergreen

128

Malayan name: mata bisul Aglaonema modestum Schott ex Engler (Aglaonema acutispathum N.E. Br.; Aglaonema laoticum Gagnep.) China, Thailand, Bangladesh. Perennial herb, dark green stem, spadix surrounded by a spathe See Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 892. 1829, Gardener’s chronicle, new series 24(602): 39. 1885 and Not. Syst. Herb. Mus. Paris ed. Humbert 9: 117. 1941, Nucleus 25: 43–59. 1982 (These plants contain minute needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate which are intensely irritating, cause severe pain in the mouth if eaten, crystals are not poisonous. Used externally to treat snake and insect bites, hydrophobia, abscesses and swelling.) in English: Chinese evergreen in China: guang dong wan nian qing, yue wan nian qina Aglaonema nitidum Kunth (Aglaonema helferi Hook. f.; Aglaonema integrifolium (Link) Schott; Aglaonema nitidum (Jack) Kunth; Aglaonema oblanceolatum Alderw.; Aglaonema oblongifolium var. curtisii N.E. Br.; Arum integrifolium Link; Calla nitida Jack) Asia tropical. See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Malayan Miscellanies 1(1): 24. 1820, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 892. 1829, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 56. 1841 and Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 1: 1–69. 1969, Ann. Bot. (London). 93(2): 157–66. 2004 (Irritating.) Aglaonema simplex (Blume) Blume (Aglaonema angustifolium N.E. Br.; Aglaonema birmanicum Hook. f.; Aglaonema borneese Engl.; Aglaonema brevivaginatum Alderw.; Aglaonema elongatum Alderw.; Aglaonema emarginatum Alderw.; Aglaonema fallax Schott ex Engl.; Aglaonema grande Alderw.; Aglaonema latius Alderw.; Aglaonema longicuspidatum Schott; Aglaonema malaccense Schott; Aglaonema nicobaricum Hook. f.; Aglaonema nieuwenhuisii Engl. ex Alderw.; Aglaonema pierreanum Engl.; Aglaonema propinquum Schott; Aglaonema schottianum Miq.; Aglaonema schottianum fo. angustifolium (N.E. Br.) Engl.; Aglaonema schottianum var. malaccense (Schott) Engl.; Aglaonema siamense Engl.; Aglaonema simplex fo. angustifolium (N.E. Br.) Jervis; Aglaonema simplex fo. nicobaricum (Hook. f.) Jervis; Aglaonema simplex fo. nieuwenhuisii (Engl. ex Alderw.) Jervis; Aglaonema subarborescens Alderw.; Aglaonema subfalcatum Engl.; Aglaonema tenuipes Engl.; Caladium simplex Blume; Scindapsus tonkinensis K. Krause) Java, Borneo. See Catalogus … 103. 1823, Rumphia 1: 152. 1837, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 3: 216. 1856, Bonplandia (Hanover) 7: 30.

Agoseris Raf. Asteraceae

1859, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 280. 1864, The Flora of British India 6: 529–530. 1893, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1895: 18. 1895 and Botanisk Tidsskrift 24(3): 275. 1902, Das Pflanzenreich 23Dc: 20–24. 1915, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 4: 320, 324–326. 1922, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 331. 1932 (Roots for fever and dropsy. Leaves pounded in coconut oil and rubbed on the body of pregnant women to hasten delivery and reduce pain; aqueous extract of leaves given for easy delivery.) in English: Chinese evergreen in China: yue nan wan nian qing in India: pumroh Malayan names: sumpuh kring

penggele,

sagut,

sumpuh

bulau,

Aglaonema treubii Engl. SE Asia. See Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 892. 1829 and J. Nat. Prod., 60(2): 98–101. 1997, J. Nat. Prod. 61(3): 397–400. 1998, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9(21): 3171–3174. 1999 (Found to potently Anti­hyper­glycemic.)

inhibit

alpha

glucosidase.

in English: silver spear

Agoseris Raf. Asteraceae Greek agon ‘cluster, a collection’ and seris, seridos ‘chicory, lettuce’; some suggest from aigos ‘a goat’, goat chicory; see De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 360–361. 1791, C.S. Rafinesque, Florula ludoviciana. 58. New York, 1817 and E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus. 232, 242. 1949. Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene (Troximon aurantiacum Hook.) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub See Flora Boreali-Americana [Hooker] 1(6): 300, pl. 104. 1833, Pittonia 2(10B): 177. 1891 and Amer. J. Bot. 75: 652– 668. 1988 (Disinfectant, analgesic. Ceremonial, witchcraft, protection, an infusion against evil spirits and ghosts.) in English: orange agoseris Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene var. aurantiaca (Agoseris angustissima Greene; Agoseris arachnoidea Rydb.; Agoseris carnea Rydb.; Agoseris gaspensis Fernald; Agoseris gracilens (A. Gray) Greene; Agoseris gracilens subsp. greenei (A. Gray) S.F. Blake; Agoseris graminifolia Greene; Agoseris greenei (A. Gray) Rydb.; Agoseris

129

Agrimonia L. Rosaceae (Agrimoniaceae)

howellii Greene; Agoseris lackschewitzii Douglass M. Hend. & R.K. Moseley; Agoseris nana Rydb.; Agoseris naskapensis J. Rousseau & Raymond; Agoseris prionophylla Greene; Agoseris rostrata Rydb.; Agoseris subalpina G.N. Jones; Agoseris vulcanica Greene; Troximon aurantiacum Hook.)

of British Plants 2: 395, 574. 1822, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 588. 1825 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 432–484. 1946, Novit. Bot. 1971: 9, 17–20, 22. 1971, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(1): 95, 97. 1973, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 46. Basel 1996.

North America. Perennial herb, subshrub

Agrimonia bracteata E. Mey. ex C.A. Mey. (Agrimonia bracteosa E. Mey. ex Drège; Agrimonia bracteosa E. Mey.; Agrimonia caffra E. Mey. ex C.A. Mey.; Agrimonia eupatoria L.; Agrimonia eupatoria var. capensis Harv.; Agrimonia nepalensis Don)

See Flora Boreali-Americana [Hooker] 1(6): 300, pl. 104. 1833, Pittonia 2(10B): 177. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(3): 124, pl. 334, f. 1–2. 1898 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(3): 137. 1905, Amer. J. Bot. 75: 652–668. 1988 (Disinfectant, analgesic. Ceremonial, witchcraft, protection, an infusion against evil spirits and ghosts.) in English: orange agoseris Agoseris monticola Greene (Agoseris altissima Rydb.; Agoseris aspera (Rydb.) Rydb.; Agoseris covillei Greene; Agoseris decumbens Greene; Agoseris eisenhoweri B. Boivin; Agoseris glauca subsp. aspera (Rydb.) Piper; Agoseris glauca subsp. scorzonerifolia (Schrad.) Piper; Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. var. asper (Rydb.) Cronquist; Agoseris glauca var. aspera (Rydb.) Cronquist; Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala (Torr. & A. Gray) Jeps.; Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. var. monticola (Greene) Q. Jones; Agoseris glauca var. pumila J.K. Henry; Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. var. pumila (Nutt.) Garrett; Agoseris glauca var. villosa (Rydb.) G.L. Wittr.; Agoseris isomeris Greene; Agoseris lanulosa Greene; Agoseris leontodon var. aspera Rydb.; Agoseris leontodon var. pygmaea Rydb.; Agoseris maculata Rydb.; Agoseris pubescens Rydb.; Agoseris pumila (Nutt.) Rydb.; Agoseris scorzonerifolia (Schrad.) Greene; Agoseris turbinata Rydb.; Agoseris vestita Greene; Agoseris villosa Rydb.; Troximon glaucum Pursh var. dasycephalum Torr. & A. Gray) North America. Perennial herb See Herbarium Rafinesquianum 39. 1833, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(3): 490. 1843, Pittonia 4(20D): 37. 1899 and Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 2(7): 130–131. 1911, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 1005. 1925, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 5: 26. 1955, Amer. J. Bot. 65: 717–721. 1978 (Whole plant infusion to wash sores, rashes and wounds.) in English: pale agoseris

Agrimonia L. Rosaceae (Agrimoniaceae) Possibly from the Greek argemone, argemon, ancient name used by Dioscorides, Plinius and Galenus for the poppy; or from argemonion ancient Greek name applied by Dioscorides to the Anemone; or from agros ‘field’ and monos ‘alone, lonely’; or from agrios, agrimaios (agra) ‘wild’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 448. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 206. 1754, A Natural Arrangement

South Africa. Rhizomatous perennial herb See Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint- Pétersbourg 10: 349. 1842 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(3): 482– 500. 2008 (Antimycobacterial.) Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Agrimonia asiatica Juzepczuk; Agrimonia bracteosa E. Mey.; Agrimonia nepalensis D. Don) Europe. Erect perennial herb, leaning, forming clumps, leaves green, all flower parts yellow except anthers turn brown at anthesis See Species Plantarum 1: 448. 1753, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 229. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 214. 1891 and Botanical Magazine 47(556): 247. 1933, Weeds URSS 3: 138. 1934, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Belorusskoi SSR: Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 2: 7–12. 1983, Lagascalia 12: 286–290. 1984, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 9: 251–262. 1986, Iranian Journal of Botany 3: 183–188. 1987, Cell and Chromosome Research 12: 22–29. 1989, Lagascalia 15: 269–282. 1990, Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 128: 19–39. 1991, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999 South Africa. (Antimycobacterial, antiinflammatory and diuretic. Leaves for tapeworm.) in English: agrimony, cockle bur, common agrimony, liverwort, medicinal agrimony in Arabic: ghafith, terfaq in China: da hua long ya cao Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. (Agrimonia eupatoria var. parviflora (Aiton) Hook.; Eupatorium gryposepalum (Wallr.) Lunell; Agrimonia macrocarpa (Focke) Rydb.; Agrimonia parviflora Aiton var. macrocarpa Focke) North America. Perennial herb See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(4): 197. 1832, Beitrage zur Botanik 1: 49–50, pl. 1, f. 8. 1842, Botanical Gazette 16(1): 3.

130

1891 and North American Flora 22(5): 392. 1913, American Midland Naturalist 5(12): 237. 1918, Taxon 39(3): 513. 1990, Brittonia 16(1): 26. 2008 (Root or burs infusion taken as blood purifier, styptic, antiemetic, febrifuge, for gastrointestinal disorders, vomiting, diarrhea.)

Agropyron Gaertn. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in China: huang long wei, long ya cao in India: knukra palnchi in Nepal: bokromran, tinai, urman

Agrimonia parviflora Aiton (Agrimonia eupatoria var. parviflora (Aiton) Hook.; Agrimonia parviflora DC.; Eupatorium parviflorum (Aiton) Nieuwl.)

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. var. pilosa (Agrimonia eupatoria L. var. japonica (Miq.) Masam.; Agrimonia japonica (Miq.) Koidz.; Agrimonia obtusifolia A.I. Baranov & Skvortsov; Agrimonia pilosa subsp. japonica (Miq.) H. Hara; Agrimonia pilosa var. japonica (Miq.) Nakai; Agrimonia pilosa var. viscidula (Bunge) Kom.; Agrimonia viscidula Bunge; Agrimonia viscidula var. japonica Miq.)

North America. Perennial herb

China, Japan.

See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 130. 1789, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 588. 1825, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(4): 197. 1832 and American Midland Naturalist 4: 71. 1915, Brittonia 16(1): 16. 2008

See Species Plantarum 1: 448. 1753 and Botanical Magazine 44: 104. 1930, Annual Reports of the Taihoku Botanic Garden 2: 134. 1932

(Root or burs infusion taken as blood purifier, styptic, antiemetic, febrifuge, for gastrointestinal disorders, vomiting, diarrhea.)

Agrimonia striata Michx.

in English: harvestlice

See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 287. 1803

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (Agrimonia pilosa fo. davurica Nakai; Agrimonia pilosa fo. subglabra Nakai)

(Antiinflammatory and diuretic.)

in English: tall hairy agrimony

Korea, China. Perennial herb, green or reddish, rootstock horizontal, fibrous roots, small yellow flowers, hardened spinose calyx, in grassland, hillsides See Botanical Magazine 47(556): 245–246. 1933 (Decoction of whole plant used for gastrorrhagia, melaena, haematuria, metrorrhagia, dysentery; for external use, in vaginal trichomoniasis. Tea from dried leaves and flowering tops used for intestinal catarrh; the fresh leaves used locally for cuts; leaves decoction for cough.) in English: agrimony, hairy agrimony in China: long ya cao, xian he cao in India: kakriya, lesukuria, velu in Japan: kin-mizuhiki, kiva-rayta, seta-haymosa in Nepal: kathalange Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. var. nepalensis (D. Don) Nakai (Agrimonia eupatoria L. var. nepalensis (D. Don) O. Kuntze; Agrimonia nepalensis D. Don) India. Erect herb, yellow flowers See Index Seminum Hort. Dorpat., Suppl. 1. 1823, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 229. 1825 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 247. 1933 (Root paste for dysentery, stomachache; root powder mixed with honey and made into a paste and taken orally to check acute blood dysentery; root juice tonic and diuretic; root decoction in gastric disorders. Ash from burnt plant applied on wounds. Leaves vermifuge.)

(Roots antiseptic.)

Canada. Erect, stout, hairy, yellow flowers densely crowded

in English: grooved woodland agrimony

agrimony,

roadside

agrimony,

Agropyron Gaertn. Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Greek agros ‘a field, country’ and pyros ‘grain, wheat’, see Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 14(1): 539–540. 1770, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 190. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 102, 146, 180. 1812, Observations sur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique 95. 1823 [1824], Flora Altaica 1: 112. 1829, Flore de Lorraine 3: 191. 1844, Linnaea 21(4): 425. 1848, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 16: 377. 1858, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 18: 131. 1860, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1203. 1883 and Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 667. 1901, Flore de France 14: 315, 317. 1913, Handbok i Skandinaviens Flora 2: 273. 1926, Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, sér. 10, 14: 234. 1932, Flora URSS 2: 648. 1934, Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University 1: 19. 1963, Willdenowia 5(3): 471. 1969, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 10: 35. 1973, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 23: 317–325. 1977, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 76: 369–384. 1978, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 69(4): 511–517. 1984, Feddes Repertorium 95(7–8): 442. 1984, Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 31: 181–188. 1985, American Journal Botany 72: 767–776. 1985, Genome 29: 537–553. 1987, Annali di Botanica 45: 75–102. 1987, Genome 30: 361–365. 1988, Grassland of China 4: 53–60. 1989, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 12: 57–66. 1990, Genome 33: 563–570. 1990, Flora Mediterranea 1: 229–236. 1991, Acta Botanica Sinica

131

Agropyron Gaertn. Poaceae (Gramineae)

33(11): 833–839. 1991, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 30(4): 342–345. 1992, Genome 35: 676–680. 1992, Caryologia 46: 245–260. 1993, Hereditas; genetiskt arkiv. 119: 53–58. 1993, Nordic Journal of Botany 13: 481–493. 1993, Plant Systematics and Evolution 185: 35–53. 1993, Plant Systematics and Evolution 186: 193–212. 1993, Pakistan Journal of Botany 26: 353–366. 1994, Plant Systematics and Evolution 191: 199–201. 1994, Plant Systematics and Evolution 194: 189–205. 1995, Acta Genetica Sinica 22(2): 109–114. 1995, Plant Systematics and Evolution 197: 1–17. 1995, Phytologia 83(5): 345–365. 1997, Flora Mediterranea 8: 307–313. 1998, Am. J. Bot. 85: 1266–1272, 1680–1687. 1998, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10–15. 1999, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 25–42. 2003. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn.; Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Vasey; Agropyron dasystachyum var. dasystachyum; Agropyron dasystachyum var. riparium (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Bowden; Agropyron dasystachyum var. subvillosum (Hook.) Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron elmeri Scribn.; Agropyron lanceolatum Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron riparium Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron smithii var. riparium (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) M.E. Jones; Agropyron subvillosum (Hook.) E. Nelson; Andropogon riparium Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Gould; Elymus lanceolatus var. riparius (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Dorn; Elymus riparius (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould, nom. illeg., non Elymus riparius Wiegand; Elymus rydbergii Gould; Elymus subvillosus (Hook.) Gould; Elytrigia dasystachya (Hook.) Á. & D. Löve; Elytrigia riparia (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Beetle; Triticum dasystachyum (Hook.) A. Gray; Triticum repens var. acutum Vasey ex Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Triticum repens var. dasystachyum Hook.; Triticum repens var. subvillosum Hook.; Zeia dasystachyum (Hook.) Lunell; Zeia riparia (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Lunell) Northern America, Pacific Northwest, United States, Colorado. Perennial, long-lived, blue-green, coarse, erect, sod-forming, spreading readily from branched rhizomes, aggressive creeping root system See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 254. 1840, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 602 . 1848, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 10(7): 78. 1883, The grasses of the United States 45. 1883, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 4: 33–35. 1897, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 11: 54–55, t. 12. 1898 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 64. 1900, Botanical Gazette 38: 378. 1904, Contributions to Western Botany 14: 19. 1912, American Midland Naturalist 4: 226–227. 1915, Rhodora 20(233): 84–86. 1918, Man. Grass. U.S. 773. 1935, Madroño 9(4): 127. 1947, Madroño 10(3): 94. 1949, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 81(1): 33. 1954, Canadian Journal of Botany 43: 1434. 1965, Phytologia 55(3): 211. 1984, Vascular

Plants of Wyoming 298. 1988, Genome 32: 468–474. 1989, Genome 36: 72–76. 1993 (Stomachic, antibacterial, antifungal.) in English: Northern wheatgrass, streambank wheatgrass, streamside wild rye, thick-spike wheatgrass, thick-spiked wheatgrass, thickspike wildrye Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. (Agropyron leersianum (Wulfen ex Schweigger) Rydb.; Agropyron repens f. geniculatum Farw.; Agropyron repens f. heberhachis Fernald; Agropyron repens f. pilosum (Scribn.) Fernald; Agropyron repens f. setiferum Fernald; Agropyron repens f. stoloniferum Farw.; Agropyron repens f. vaillantianum (Wulfen & Schreb.) Fernald; Agropyron repens var. pilosum Scribn.; Agropyron repens var. subulatum Roem. & Schult.; Braconotia officinarum Godr.; Elymus repens (L.) Gould; Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jacks.; Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski, nom. illeg., non Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jacks.; Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv.; Trisetum repens subsp. magellanicum (E. Desv.) Macloskie; Triticum infestum Salisb.; Triticum leersianum Wulfen ex Schweigg.; Triticum repens L.; Triticum repens var. magellanicum E. Desv.; Triticum vaillantianum Wulfen & Schreb.; Zeia repens (L.) Lunell) Kashmir, West Tibet. Tufted perennial, troublesome weed, a source of essential oil, the plant used for straining milk, the roots utilized as a paper material, forage See Species Plantarum 1: 86. 1753, Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. 27. Londini [London] (Nov.-Dec.) 1796, Specimen Florae Erlangensis 1: 143. 1804, Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805, August F. Schweigger (1783–1821), Flora Erlangensis, ed. 2, 1: 144. 1811, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 102, 146, 180, t. 20, f. 2. 1812, Journal de Botanique, rédigé par une société de botanistes 1: 73. 1813, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 754. 1817, Flore de Lorraine 3: 192. 1844, Flora Chilena 6: 452. 1854, Index Kewensis 1: 836. 1893, Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine 183. 1894 and Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899, Volume viii, 1 [2], Botany 8(1,5,1): 205. 1904, American Midland Naturalist 4: 227. 1915, Brittonia 1(2): 85. 1931, Rhodora 35(413): 184. 1933, Madroño 9(4): 127. 1947, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 44: 132. 1950, Pl. Syst. Evol. 166: 99. 1989, Willdenowia 26: 267. 1996 (Used as a tisane or demulcent, rhizomes diuretic and demulcent, boil to wash swollen legs, the juice of the root used for cirrhous liver. Veterinary medicine, leaves rubbed on the tongue for the foot-and-mouth disease of cattle.) in English: couch grass, dog grass, English couch, English twitch, quack grass, twitch in French: chiendent in India: zamak in Brazil: grama in Mexico: k’an-suuk, pasto

132

Agrostemma L. Caryophyllaceae

in Morocco: âfar, âgesmir, en-najam, en njîl, njem, nnjem, taggamaît, tîl

Agrostemma L. Caryophyllaceae Greek agros ‘field’ and stemma ‘crown, wreath, garland’, see Species Plantarum 1: 435–436. 1753. Agrostemma githago Linnaeus (Agrostemma gitthago Retz.; Lychnis githago (Linnaeus) Scopoli; Lychnis githago Scop.) Europe, North America, Turkey. Erect annual herb, branching stems hairy, slender, narrowly lanceolate erect leaves, bright pink flowers on long stalks, fruit a capsule with numerous black pitted seeds, a common weed See Species Plantarum 1: 435–436. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 198. 1754, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 435. 1762, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 310–311. 1771, Retzius, Anders Jahan (1742–1821), Florae Scandinaviae prodromus. Editio Altera. Lipsiae, Apud Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, 1795 and Heuser, G. F., Shumacher, A.E. “The feeding of corn cockle to chickens.” Poult. Sci. 21: 86–93. 1942, Hardin, J.W., Arena, J.M. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. Duke University Press, Durham, N.C., USA. 1969, Fl. North. Caucasus 2: 51–62. 1976, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 21: 31–63. 1978, Taxon 27: 53–61. 1978, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Kulturpflanze 30: 45–96. 1982, Ann. Fac. Biol. Univ. Skopje. 36: 73–86. 1983, Firbank, L.G. “Biological flora of the British Isles. 165. Agrostemma githago L. (Lychnis githago (L.) Scop.).” J. Ecol. 76: 1232–1246. 1988, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 17: 5–7. 1991, Fl. Medit. 3: 367–373. 1993, Fl. Medit. 5: 279–288. 1995, Fl. Medit. 6: 223–243. 1996, J. Ethnopharmacol. 107(3): 418–423. 2006 (Stem, leaves and seeds poisonous, low toxicity if eaten. The saponin-containing seeds, occurring as contaminants in grain, are poisonous to livestock, birds, and humans; symptoms are severe stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, weakness, slow breathing. Human poisoning is rare. Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant.) in English: bastard nigella, cockle, common corn cockle, corn champion, corn cockle, corn pink, corn rose, mullen pink, old maid’s pink, purple cockle, rose champion, wild savager in North America: common corncockle, nielle, purple cockle in South Africa: rooikor­ingblommetjie

koringblommetjie,

koringroos,

in China: mai xian weng Agrostemma githago L. var. githago Turkey. See Kulturpflanze 30: 45–96. 1982, Planta Med. 69(10): 921–925. 2003 (Cytotoxic activity of the seeds.) Agrostemma gracilis Boiss. (Agrostemma gracile Boiss.)

Turkey. See Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 80. 1854 and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 351–356. 1987, Phytochemistry. 71(5– 6): 663–668. 2010 (Triterpene glycosides from Agrostemma gracilis.)

Agrostis L. Poaceae (Gramineae) Latin agrostis, is and Greek agrostis, agrostidos ‘grass, weed, couch grass’, agron, agros ‘field’, probably referring to the habitat; Latin ager, the ancient Indian ajrah, the Gothic akrs; there is considerable taxonomic confusion concerning this genus, this group is (or should be) currently under revision and review, intergeneric hybrids with Polypogon Desf., Calamagrostis Adans. and Lachnagrostis Trin., see Species Plantarum 1: 61–63. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 30. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 495. 1763, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 41–42, t. 8. 1803, Essai sur la Flore du Département de Maine et Loire 15, 28–29. 1809, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 5, 146–148, 182, t. 3, 4, f. 2, 7. 1812, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 134. 1816, Syst. Veg. 2(2): 343. 1817, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 128, t. 10. 1820, Observations sur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique 127–129. 1823 [1824], Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 259. 1825, Bulletin Botanique [Genève] 1: 220. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 273. 1840, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 6,4(3–4): 362. 1841, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 577. 1848, C.F. von Ledebour (1785–1851), Flora Rossica 4(13): 436. 1852 [Grisebach is the author of the Gramineae], Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 185, 198. 1854 [1855], Fl. Chil. 6: 317, 320. 1854 and Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 194. 1900, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 13(3): 58. 1910, Fl. France 14: 59. 1913, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 772: 127. 1920, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3(1): 187. 1930, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 46: 371. 1932 and 47: 146. 1933, Fl. N. Amer. 17: 515. 1937, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72(6): 543. 1945, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 1: 121. 1946, Claves Generum et Specierum Graminearum Primarum Sinicarum Appendice Nomenclatione Systematica 99. 1957, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 17, 1: 1–112. 1960, Records Dom. Mus. 5(15): 142–143. 1965, Bot. Zhurn. 53: 309. 1968, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 6: 2. 1970, Fl. Fenn. 5: 29. 1971, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 8: 59. 1971, The Flora of Canada 2: 93–545. 1978 [1979], Bothalia 12: 637. 1979, Darwiniana 24: 187–210. 1982, Blumea 28: 199–228. 1982, Fontqueria 3: 11–12. 1983, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 107: 203–228. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 155. 1986, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 61: 81–104. 1988, Ruizia 7: 135. 1988, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 122: 161–169. 1989, A Key to Australian Grasses 1–150. 1990, Gayana,

133

Agrostis L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Botánica 47: 3–7. 1990, Fitologija 39: 72–77. 1991, New Zealand J. Bot. 29: 139–161. 1991, Cytologia 56: 437–452. 1991, Flora Mediterranea 1: 229–236. 1991, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 1331–1332. 1991, Taxon 41: 556. 1992, Parodiana 7(1–2): 179–255. 1992, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 42: 73–80. 1993, Parodiana 8(2): 129–151. 1993, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(4): 36–47. 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 237–240. 1994, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 46–51. 1995, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Gayana, Botánica 54(2): 91–156. 1997, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 495–512. 2000 [The Deschampsia cespitosa complex in central and northern Europe: a morphological analysis.], Telopea 9(3): 439–448. 2001, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32(1): 89–112. 2002, Am. J. Bot. 89: 1303–1310, 1410–1421, 1431–1438. 2002, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 42–89. 2003.

decima sexta 1: 262. 1825, Révision des Graminées 1: 77. 1829, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 247. 1833, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 173, 192. 1854 and New Zealand Department Lands Report Botanical Survey Tongariro National Park 35. 1908, The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand 2: 474. 1909, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 99: 127. 1917, Candollea 7: 519. 1938, Revista Argentina de Agronomía 29(1–2): 19, f. 3. 1962 [1963], Palm. Hort. Franc. 3: 71. 1991, Blumea 37(1): 230. 1992, New Zealand J. Bot. 33: 19–20. 1995, Bothalia 26(1): 63–67. 1996

Agrostis avenacea J.F. Gmelin (Agrostis debilis Poir.; Agrostis debilis (Kunth) Spreng., nom. illeg., non Agrostis debilis Poir.; Agrostis filiformis (Forst.f.) Sprengel, nom. illeg., non Agrostis filiformis Vill.; Agrostis forsteri Roemer & Schultes; Agrostis leonii Parodi; Agrostis ligulata Steud.; Agrostis retrofracta Willd.; Agrostis solandri F. Muell.; Avena filiformis Forst.f.; Avena retrofracta Willd.; Calamagrostis avenacea (J.F. Gmelin) Bech., nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis avenacea (J.F. Gmel.) W.R.B. Oliv.; Calamagrostis avenacea (J.F. Gmelin) W.R.B. Oliv.; Calamagrostis filiformis (Forst.f.) Cockayne, nom. illeg., non Calamagrostis filiformis Griseb.; Calamagrostis retrofracta (Willd.) Link; Calamagrostis willdenowii (Trin.) Steud.; Deyeuxia filiformis (Forst.f.) Petrie, nom. illeg., non Deyeuxia filiformis (Griseb.) Hook.f.; Deyeuxia forsteri Kunth, nom. illeg.; Deyeuxia retrofracta (Willd.) Kunth; Lachnagrostis avenacea (J.F. Gmelin) Veldkamp; Lachnagrostis filiformis (Forst.f.) Trinius; Lachnagrostis retrofracta (Willd.) Trin.; Lachnagrostis willdenowii Trin.; Vilfa debilis (Poir.) P. Beauv.; Vilfa retrofracta (Poir.) P. Beauv.)

in Hawaii: he’upuea, he’upueo

Australia, New Zealand. Annual or perennial, tufted, clump forming, erect or geniculate in lower part, slender to robust, glabrous, herbaceous, rhizomatous, very variable species, weed, fodder, grazed when young, grows on moist soils, on damp disturbed soils, grassland, in vernal pools, on dry bare soil, along a stream, riverbanks, riparian woodland, clearings, clayey soil, roadsides, gardens, landslips, drains, channels See Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 9. 1786, Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné 2: 78. 1787, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2(1): 171. 1791, Mantissa Prima Florae Halensis 32. 1807, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 94. 1809, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1: 249. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 16, 147–148, 181–182. 1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 128. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium 2: 359. 1817, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 128, t. 10. 1820, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 217. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio

(In New South Wales livestock poisonings associated with this grass.) in English: avens bent grass, bent grass, bents, blown grass, common blown grass, fairy grass, New Zealand wind grass, Pacific bent, Pacific bentgrass Agrostis scabra Willd. (Agrostis geminata Trin.; Agrostis geminata f. exaristata Fernald; Agrostis geminata f. geminata; Agrostis hiemalis auct.; Agrostis hiemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., Agrostis hiemalis var. laxiflora (Michx.) Beetle; Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Agrostis hyemalis f. exaristata (Fernald) Scoggan; Agrostis hyemalis f. tuckermanii (Fernald) Scoggan; Agrostis hyemalis var. geminata (Trin.) A.S. Hitchc.; Agrostis hyemalis var. keweenawensis Farw.; Agrostis hyemalis var. laxiflora (Michx.) Beetle; Agrostis hyemalis var. nutkaensis (Kunth) Scribn. & Merr.; Agrostis hyemalis var. scabra (Willdenow) H.L. Blomquist; Agrostis hyemalis var. tenuis (Tuckerman) Gleason; Agrostis laxa Muhl.; Agrostis laxa Schreb. ex Pursh; Agrostis laxiflora (Michx.) Richardson, nom. illeg., non Agrostis laxiflora Poir.; Agrostis laxiflora var. caespitosa Torr.; Agrostis laxiflora var. montana (Torr.) Tuck.; Agrostis laxiflora var. scabra (Willd.) Torr.; Agrostis laxiflora var. tenuis (Tuck.) Torr.; Agrostis michauxii var. laxiflora (Michaux) A. Gray; Agrostis nootkaensis Trin., nom. illeg., non Agrostis nutkaensis Kunth; Agrostis nutkaensis Kunth; Agrostis peckii House; Agrostis scabra R. Br., nom. illeg., non Agrostis scabra Willd.; Agrostis scabra f. exaristata (Fernald) Hultén; Agrostis scabra f. setigera Fernald; Agrostis scabra f. tuckermanii Fernald; Agrostis scabra subsp. septentrionalis (Fern.) A.& D. Löve; Agrostis scabra var. aristata Hultén; Agrostis scabra var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen; Agrostis scabra var. keweenawensis (Farw.) Farw.; Agrostis scabra var. montana (Torr.) Fernald; Agrostis scabra var. oreophila Alph. Wood; Agrostis scabra var. scabra; Agrostis scabra var. septentrionalis Fern.; Agrostis scabra var. tenuis Tuck.; Agrostis scabrata Nutt. ex A. Gray; Agrostis scabriuscula Buckley; Agrostis torreyi Tuck., nom. illeg., non Agrostis torreyi Kunth; Trichodium album J. Presl; Trichodium laxiflorum Michx.; Trichodium montanum Torr.; Trichodium scabrum (Willd.) Muhl.; Vilfa scabra P. Beauv.) USA, Northern America. Perennial or short-lived perennial, clump-forming, slender, ascending to erect, leafy, no

134

Aidia Lour. Rubiaceae

auricles, open sheaths, basal leaves often scabrous, fibrous root system, very open-branched drooping flowerheads, inflorescences break away at maturity, relatively unpalatable, a pioneer species, suitable for rehabilitation of disturbed sites, useful for erosion control, invasive, found in dry or wet open soil, in moist meadows, dry habitats, on streambanks, swamps, wet moss, marshes, bogs, woodlands

Aidia cochinchinensis Lour. (Aidia densiflora (Wall.) Masam.; Aidia henryi (E. Pritz.) T. Yamaz.; Aidia merrillii (Chun in Merr. & Chun) Tirveng.; Aidia racemosa (Cav.) Tirveng.; Randia acutidens Hemsl. & E.H. Wilson; Randia caudatifolia Merr.; Randia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.; Randia densiflora (Wall.) Benth.; Randia oppositifolia Koord.; Randia suishaensis Hayata)

See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1: 370. 1797, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4: 236. 1799, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 42, t. 8. 1803, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 172. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 16, 182. 1812, Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis 10. 1813, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 61. 1814, Botanical Appendix to Captain Franklin’s Narrative 731. 1823, A Flora of the Northern and Middle Sections of the United States 84. 1823, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 207. 1824, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 244. 1830, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 222. 1833, North American Gramineae and Cyperaceae 1: 17. 1834, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de SaintPétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 6,4(3–4): 326. 1841, American Journal of Science, and Arts 45: 43, 45. 1843, Fl. New York 2: 442. 1843, Magazine of horticulture, botany and all useful discoveries and improvements in rural affairs 9(4): 143. 1843, A Class-book of Botany 774. 1861, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 90, 334. 1862, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York City 68. 1888, Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History 2: 91. 1895 and Report of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 6: 203. 1904, U.S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 68: 44, t. 28, f. 1. 1905, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 13(3): 56. 1910, American Midland Naturalist 7(4–5): 126. 1921, Rhodora 35: 207, 209–211, pl. 246, f. 1–2. 1933, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 23: 125. 1938, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 54: 45. 1941, Acta Universitatis Lundensis n.s. 38: 156, map 111 b. 1942, The Grasses of North Carolina 82. 1948, Phytologia 4(1): 21. 1952, The Flora of Canada 1: 51. 1978, Phytologia 52(1): 11. 1982

SE Asia. Small tree with many pedicelled bisexual flowers in cymes See Flora Cochinchinensis 143. 1790, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 4: 45, pl. 368. 1798, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 394. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus 2: 649. 1841, Forest flora of British Burma 2: 47. 1877, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(4): 80. 1891, Handleiding tot de Kennis der Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 129. 1891 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(5): 581. 1901, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1906(5): 160. 1906, Catalogue des plantes du Jardin botanique de Saigon 6. 1919, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 3: 244. 1923, Philippine Journal of Science 23(3): 268. 1923, Sunyatsenia 2(1): 46. 1934, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 24(2): 365–366. 1935, Science Reports of Kanazawa University 4: 85. 1955, Journal of Japanese Botany 45(11): 338. 1970, Nordic Journal of Botany 3(2): 455. 1983, Adansonia 8(3): 262, 271. 1986 (Wood and bitter bark used in fever, malaria. Root decoction in bowel complaints.) in India: kari, madana bheda Aidia micrantha (K. Schum.) Bullock ex F. White (Aidia micrantha (K. Schum.) Bullock ex F. White; Randia micrantha K. Schum.) Tropical Africa. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 438. 1896 and Forest Fl. N. Rhodes. 398. 1962, African Study Monographs 24(1, 2): 1–168. 2003 (Stem bark and roots for fevers, skin diseases and parasitic infections. Roots for backache, aphrodisiac.) in Congo: etiiba, kalu, karu, tiba

(Species not known to be poisonous.)

Ailanthus Desf. Simaroubaceae

in English: fly-away grass, hair bentgrass, hairgrass, rough bent, rough bentgrass, ticklegrass, winter bentgrass

From the local Moluccan name ai lanit or ailanto ‘reaching for the sky, the tree of heaven, sky tree, heaven tree’, see Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences 1786: 265, pl. 8. 1788 [Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique. Paris].

in Japan: ezonukabo

Aidia Lour. Rubiaceae Possibly from the Greek aidios ‘everlasting’, referring to the wood; or from aidia ‘deformity’, aides ‘unseen’; see J. de Loureiro, Flora cochinchinensis. 143. 1790.

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Ailanthus altissima Swingle; Toxicodendron altissimum Mill., Anacardiaceae) Asia, China, Japan. Deciduous tree, small flowers in muchbranched panicles, samara twisted

135

Ailanthus Desf. Simaroubaceae

See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 10. 1768, Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences 1786: 265, pl. 8. 1788 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(14): 495. 1916, Muenscher, W.C. Poisonous Plants of the United States. Revised. Collier Books, New York, N.Y., USA. 1975, Mitchell, J.C., Rook, A. Botanical dermatology. Greenglass Ltd, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. 1979 (Root bark or bark used for enteritis, chronic dysentery, tapeworms, uterine bleeding, leucorrhea, diarrhea. Exposure to the leaves may have caused dermatitis in humans and it is suspected of being a poisonous plant as well. The tree has been suspected of causing gastroenteritis.) in English: ailanthus, Chinese sumac, copal tree, false varnish tree, stinking cedar, tree of heaven, varnish tree in China: chou chun, chu bai pi, chun pi, ch’u, ch’ou ch’u, ch’ou ch’un in Japan: Shin-ju (= tree of God) in Vietnam: ph[uw][owj]ng nh[ax]n th[ar]o, thanh th[aas]t n[us]i cao Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle var. altissima (Ailanthus cacodendron (Ehrh.) Schinz & Thell.; Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.; Albonia peregrina Buc’hoz; Pongelion glandulosum (Desf.) Pierre; Rhus cacodendron Ehrh.; Toxicodendron altissimum Mill.) See Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(14): 495. 1916 (Antispasmodic, cardiac depressant, astringent. Root-bark used in cardiac palpitation, asthma and epilepsy.) in China: chou chun in India: perumaram Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (Pongelion excelsum (Roxb.) Pierre; Pongelion wightii van Tiegh.) India. Many-branched tree, ill smelling leaves, flowers greenish-yellow in lax tomentose panicles, samara many nerved, on roadsides See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 24, pl. 23. 1795 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves antispasmodic, cardiac depressant, astringent; pounded leaves tied on wounds; leaf infusion a tonic during pregnancy; leaf juice mixed with coconut milk to cure rheumatism. Bark decoction used internally for ringworm and wounds, also applied for wounds; bark paste given in dysentery; bark febrifuge, a bitter tonic; bark paste mixed with water given for abortion; fresh stem bark chewed and the juice swallowed for immediate relief from stomach pain; leaves and bark applied on skin diseases; bark and leaf infusion given as a postpartum remedy. Pasted root used for driving out field rats from the paddy fields and food stores. Veterinary medicine, bark paste given to ailing animals; powdered stem bark fed to livestock for strength

and vigour; bark extract given in loss of appetite; stem bark paste applied for skin diseases; crushed bark given to cattle to dissolve iron pieces eaten by them; for body lice, leaves crushed and applied to the body of animal; leaves warmed and bandaged on swellings of the animals; leaves decoction for fever and tympany.) in English: tree of heaven in India: adulsa, adusa,aduso, agal, akal, aldua-bhoot-jhad, aldua bhootjhad, aralu, aralu ki chhaal, araluka, araluvrksa, arar, ardusa, ardusi, arduso, arlu, arru, arua, arulavam, aruluvam, atarusha, bende, churan, dakhina kabata, dharni, dirghavrnta, dodabevu, dodda, dodda baevu, dodda bevu, dodda hebmani, dodda mara, doddabevu, doddamani, doddamara, gauli vaepa, ghoranim, hebbevu, hebmani, hem, hemmara, hire, hire mara, hiremara, kankam, katvanga, limbado, lohagal, madala, mahaa nimba, mahaanimb, mahaaruksha, mahala, mahanim, mahanimb, mahanimba, maharakha, maharuk, maharuka, maharukh (maha = taller to tallest; rukh = tree), maharukha, mahrukh, makanimpam, makatimpam, makatimpamaram, marook, maruf, marukh, mateslimbiru, matti pongilyam, mattipongilyam, motio aduso, motoarduso, mundayigatch, naru, narumaram, paba aldua, papari, pedda, pedda manu, pedda vaepamnu, pedda vepa, peddamaandu, peddamaanu, peddamandu, peddamanu, peemaram, peenari, peethari, peetherai, periamaram, peru, perumaram, perumaruntu, perumaruttu, perumaruttoo puttay, perumuttai, perupinari, peruppai, peruppi, peyyavaepa, peyyavepa, piamaram, pimaram, pinari, pinnari, pisasha, pulattavirutcam, putivrksah, rukhdo, syonaka, varul, vilayti-neem Ailanthus grandis Prain India. See Ind. Forester, xxviii. (1902) 131. 1902, Taxon 28: 630. 1979 (Used in diarrhea and dysentery.) Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston (Adenanthera triphysa Dennst., Fabaceae; Ailanthus malabarica DC.; Ailanthus triphysa Alston) India, Sri Lanka. Deciduous canopy tree, cylindrical bole, compound leaves in clusters, small polygamous flowers, seed centrally placed in a broad wing See Schlüssel Hortus indicus malabaricus, … 32. 1818, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 89. 1825 and A Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6(suppl.): 41. 1931 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark and leaves tonic after childbirth, febrifuge. Gum mosquito repellent.) in English: white bean, white siris in Burma (Myanmar): o-dein in China: ling nan chou chun in India: aralu, atisarahita, baaga dhoopa, bagadhup, bagadhupa, bagadoop, baggada dhoopa, baggadadhupa,

136

baggadadupta, bhaaga dhoopa, daeva dhoopa, devadaru, dhoop, dhup, dhupa, dupa, erumai-pinari, goguldhup, googuldhoop, guagguladhoop, guagguladhup, guggaladupa, guggul dhup, guggula dhoopa, guggula-dhup, gugguladhup, gugguladhupa, gugguladhoopa, gugguldhup, gugguldhupa, gugul dhupa, guguldhupa, guguludhupa, gujjaladhupa, haalmaddi, hal-maddi, hem, hemmara, katvanga-phalam, katvangah, maddi, maddi dhoopa, maddi dhoppa, maddidhupa, maddidhupada, maddidupa, maddipaalu, maddipalu, mahanimba, mahanimbu, manda dhoopa, mandadupa, matippalam, matippomaliyam, matipponnalyam, matti, matti-pal, mattipal, mattipalai, mattipalam, mattipaul, mattipongilyam, mattippal, mattippalai, mudde dhoopa, paddathavetti, padatthavetti, patattavetti, payan, payana, pedda-manu-patta, peddamanu, perru, peru, peru-marat-toli, peru-marattuppattai, perumaram, perumaruntuppal, pisaca, pisasha, pishachavraksa, pongallyam, pongelion, pongiliam, pongilium, pongiliyam, ponkiliyam, ponnaliyam, ponnalyam, thuma, tumam, uguludupa, velicci-picin in Indonesia: kayu langit, ki pahit, kirontasi, selangke

Ainsliaea DC. Asteraceae

Botanical Society of the British Isles, News 4: 603. 1916 (1917), Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 12: 514. 1922, Taxon 26: 443–452, 557–565. 1977, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 19: 53–66. 1978 (Powdered roots diuretic and stomachic.) in India: karuibuti Ainsliaea aptera DC. Himalayas, Kashmir to Bhutan. Erect herb, perennial rootstock See Prodr. (DC.) 7(1): 14. 1838 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92(2–3): 167–176. 2004 (Crushed roots used for stomach problems, acute abdominal pain, painful urination, cuts, wounds; leaf and root juice taken to neutralize the effect of poison.) in India: durwa, kalighati, kandyari, karu buti, karui booti, khadjari, kruibuti, sath jalari, sathjalani, sathjalari, sathjilari, satjaladi

in Philippines: kalauag, malakamias in Thailand: makkom, mayom-hom, mayom-pa

Aiphanes Willdenow Palmae

in Vietnam: b[us]t, c[af]ng hom th[ow]m

From the Greek aiphanes ‘ever shining, ever appearing’, aei ‘always’ and phaino ‘to shine, to bring to light’, referring to the beauty and to the long flowering period of these palms, or to the jagged and erose tips of the leaves (pinnae); see Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 70. 1777, Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 148. 1794, Samml. Deutsch. Abh. Köningl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1803: 250. 1806, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Hist. (Berlin) 1804: 32. 1807, Linnaea 28: 389. 1857 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28: 561, 565. 1901, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11(107): 557–558, 563–564. 1932, Gentes Herb. 3: 245–274. 1963, F. Borchsenius & R. Bernal, “Aiphanes (Palmae).” Flora Neotropica. Volume 70. The New York Botanical Garden. 1996, Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. World Checklist of Palms. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2005.

Ainsliaea DC. Asteraceae Named after the British (b. Berwickshire) physician Sir Whitelaw Ainslie, 1767–1836 (d. London), medical botanist, M.D. Leyden 1786, from 1788 to 1815 surgeon to East India Company, knighted 1835, his works include Materia indica. London 1826, Materia medica of Hindoostan. Madras 1813, Clemenza; or, the Tuscan Orphan: a tragic drama. Bath 1822, Observations on the Cholera Morbus of India. London 1825 and Letters on the Cholera. London 1832; see Francis Balfour (?-1812), A treatise on the influence of the moon in fevers. Calcutta 1784, Hugh Murray (1779/1780–1846), Historical and Descriptive Account of British India. Edinburgh 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 7(1): 13. 1838 and D.G. Crawford, A History of the Indian Medical Service, 1600–1913. London 1914, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 24. 1965. Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch. Bip. (Ainsliaea hypoleuca Diels ex H. Limpr.; Ainsliaea hypoleuca Diels; Ainsliaea pteropoda DC.; Ainsliaea pteropoda var. silhetensis DC.; Ainsliaea silhetensis C.B. Clarke; Ainsliaea triflora (Buch.Ham. ex D. Don) Druce; Ainsliaea triflora Druce; Liatris latifolia D. Don; Perdicium triflorum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) India, Himalaya. See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 169. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 7(1): 14. 1838, Jahresbericht der Pollichia 18–19: 169, 190. 1861, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 14(78): 411–412. 1875 and

Aiphanes minima (Gaertn.) Burret (Aiphanes acanthophylla Burret; Aiphanes acanthophylla (Mart.) Burret; Aiphanes corallina H. Wendl.; Aiphanes corallina (Mart.) H. Wendl.; Aiphanes erosa Burret; Aiphanes erosa (Linden) Burret; Aiphanes erosa (Mart.) Burret; Aiphanes luciana L.H. Bailey; Aiphanes minima Burret; Aiphanes vincentiana L.H. Bailey; Bactris acanthophylla Mart.; Bactris erosa Mart.; Bactris martineziifolia H. Wendl.; Bactris martineziifolia Hort. ex H. Wendl.; Bactris minima Gaertn.; Curima colophylla O.F. Cook; Curima corallina (Mart.) O.F. Cook; Martinezia acanthophylla (Mart.) Becc.; Martinezia acanthophylla Becc.; Martinezia corallina Mart.; Martinezia erosa Linden; Martinezia erosa (Mart.) Linden) Neotropics. Tree, long broad leaves borne near crown modified into hooked spines at the apex

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Ajania Poljakov Asteraceae

See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 269–270, t. 139, f. 5. 1791, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale 7(3; Palmiers): 66, 70, 76. 1844, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 281, 284. 1845, Cat. Pl. Exot. (Linden) 87: 5. 1871, Les Palmiers [Kerchove] 230, 234. 1878 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28: 561, 563, t. 46, 48c. 1901, Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis (Urban) 8(1): 79. 1920, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11(107): 558–559. 1932, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 8: 166, 170, f. 65, 68. 1949, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 9(3): 251. 1963, Fl. Neotrop. 70: 71. 1996 (Injuries caused by leaf apex terminated by a rigid spine.) in Brazil: cariota-de-espinho, macaw palm, palmeira rabo de peixe

Ajania Poljakov Asteraceae From Ajan, East Asia, coast of Siberia, see Flora URSS 26: 401, 405, 408. 1961, Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of North-Eastern Forestry Institute 6: 12. 1980. Ajania tibetica (Hook. f. & Thomson) Tzvelev (Ajania sikangensis Ling; Chrysanthemum tibeticum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Hoffm.; Chrysanthemum tibeticum (Hook. f. & Thomson) S.Y. Hu; Chrysanthemum tibeticum C.B. Clarke; Chrysanthemum tibeticum B. Fedtsch.; Tanacetum emodi R. Khan; Tanacetum tibeticum Hook. f. & Thomson)

old Latin name abiga, ae (abigo ‘to drive away’) applied by Plinius to a plant which has the power of producing abortion, to Chamaepitys or chamaipitys, ground-pine, a species of Teucrium; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 561. 1753, Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 28 Jan 1754, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 246. 1754, Brit. Herb. 371. 1756, Labiatarum Genera et Species 692. 1835, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon. 7: 85. 1880, Mel. Biol. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 11: 808–809, 819. 1883, Rev. Gen. 2: 512. 5 Nov 1891 and Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University 2: 287–288. 1929, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(1): 21–23. 1974, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 47. Basel 1996. Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. (Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.; Ajuga bracteosa Benth. var. canescens (Benth.) Engl.; Ajuga bracteosa Benth. var. crenata (Hochst. ex Vatke) Baker; Ajuga bracteosa var. densiflora (Wall. ex Benth.) Hook. f.; Ajuga crenata (Hochst. ex Vatke) Chiov.; Ajuga densiflora Wall. ex Benth.; Ajuga integrifolia Buch.Ham. var. canescens (Benth.) Cufod.; Ajuga remota Wall. ex Benth.; Ajuga remota Benth.; Ajuga remota var. canescens; Ajuga remota var. crenata Hochst. ex Vatke) India, Nepal. Perennial aromatic herb, pale blue to whitish flowers See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 59. 1830

See Compositae Indicae 147, 154. 1876 and Paulsen, Ove Vilhelm (1874–1947), Lieutenant Olufsen’s second Pamir Ekspedition: plants collected in Asia-Media and Persia. 1903, Flora URSS 26: 410. 1961, Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 19: 44. 1966, Edinburgh J. Bot. 48(1): 45, nom. nov. 1991

(Plant bitter tonic, antidiabetic, astringent, febrifuge, toxic, diuretic, used to stop bleeding and reduce inflammation. Juice of the leaves as a blood purifier, for fevers, in earache, applied on cuts for quick relief and healing; powdered leaves for burns, cuts and boils; leaves mixed with black pepper used for diabetes and body swellings; leaves infusion given in pneumonia, bronchitis, headache, diabetes, gastric pain and typhoid fever.)

(Sedative.)

in English: many-bracteole bugle

Ajania variifolia (C.C. Chang) Tzvelev (Ajania manchurica Poljakov; Chrysanthemum variifolium C.C. Chang; Phaeostigma variifolium (C.C. Chang) Muldashev)

in China: jiu wei yi zhi hao

India, Tibet.

China. See Sinensia 5(1–2): 161–163. 1934, Flora URSS 26: 401. 1961, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 66(4): 587. 1981 (Whole plant used for relieving spasms.) in China: yi ye ya ju

in India: faniadaur, janiadam, kadwipatti, neelbadi, neelkant, neelkanthi, neelkhanti, nilkanthi, rat patya, ratpatia, ratpatiya Ajuga campylantha Diels (from the Greek kampylos ‘curved’ and anthos ‘flower’.) China. Herbs, prostrate, tubular corolla white with purple lines See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5: 243–244. 1912 (For malaria and cold.)

Ajuga L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Origins obscure; possibly from the Greek a ‘not, without’ and Latin iugum, i (iungo) ‘a yoke’, the calyx is undivided, Greek zygon, zygos ‘yoke’; it also could be a variant of the

in China: wan hua jin gu cao Ajuga ciliata Bunge China.

138

Ajuga L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

See Mémoires Presentés à l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées 2: 125. 1833

(Used for nephritis. Whole plant pounded and applied to a sore gum, tooth or cheek. Magic, contact therapy, amulet, stem tied to treat bodyache.)

(Used for hemolysis, tonsillitis and sore throat.)

in China: da zi jin gu cao

in English: ciliate bugle

in India: chinggi-sangbrei, phulomari

in China: jin gu cao Ajuga decumbens Thunberg

Ajuga multiflora Bunge var. multiflora (Ajuga amurica Freyn; Ajuga lanosa Sun)

East Asia.

China.

See Fl. Jap. 243. 1784, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 525. 1784

See Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 125. 1833 and Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 52(10): 408. 1902, Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China: Botanical Series 7: 14, f. 1. 1932, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 195–200. 1986

(Analgesic, anticoagulant, depurative, febrifuge, haemostatic. Leaves decoction, or leaf juice, used internally in the treatment of bladder ailments, diarrhea, eye troubles, externally applied to burns, cuts.)

(Used as a diuretic.)

in China: jin chuang xiao cao

in China: duo hua jin gu cao

Ajuga forrestii Diels (Ajuga mairei H. Léveillé)

(Used for dysentery and ascariasis.)

Ajuga nipponensis Makino (Ajuga decumbens Thunberg var. pallescens (Maximowicz) Handel-Mazzetti; Ajuga genevensis L. var. pallescens Maximowicz; Ajuga labordei Vaniot; Ajuga macrosperma Kudô; Ajuga matsumurana Kudô; Ajuga nipponensis var. pallescens (Maximowicz) C.Y. Wu & C. Chen; Ajuga pallescens Price & Metcalf; Ajuga pallescens (Maxim.) W.R. Price & F.P. Metcalf)

in China: li zhi hao

Japan.

Ajuga iva Schreb. (Ajuga humilis Porta; Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.; Ajuga iva subsp. humilis (Porta & Rigo) Sennen & Mauricio; Ajuga iva var. grandiflora Faure & Maire; Ajuga iva var. pseudoiva (DC.) Benth.; Ajuga iva var. robertiana Maire; Teucrium iva L.)

See Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 525. 1784, Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. SaintPétersbourg 11: 816. 1883 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 14(183): 185–186. 1904, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo). 23(267): 67–68. 1909, Lingnan Science Journal 13(1): 135. 1934, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 9(5): 72. 1934, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(1): 28. 1974, Taiwania 40(2): 157–172. 1995, Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology 43(6): 583–585. 2005, Pak. J. Bot. 40(5): 1983–1992. 2008

China. See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(25): 242–243. 1912, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(341–345): 533. 1913

Mediterranean. See Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91(1): 43–50. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93(1): 69–74. 2004 (Vasorelaxant, hypoglycemic, antimalarial. Used for gastrointestinal disorders and diabetes, and as an anthelmintic and diuretic.) Ajuga lupulina Maxim.

(Toxic, acute poisoning, renal failure. A remedy for traumatic injuries, hepatoma and inflammation. Antifeedant, insecticides, pesticides.)

China, Nepal.

in English: Japanese bugle

See Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 23(2): 390–391. 1877 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(1): 22. 1974

in China: zi bei jin pan

(Plant paste on muscular pain.) in China: bai bao jin gu cao in Nepal: jhyasuk Ajuga macrosperma Wallich ex Bentham (Ajuga macrosperma Kudô) China. See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 58. 1830 and Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University 2: 290. 1929

Ajuga ophrydis Burch. ex Benth. South Africa. Small herb, perennial rootstock, round-tipped leaves in a rosette See Prodr. (DC.) 12: 597. 1848 (A natural fertility herb, roots infusion used to enhance fertility, to cure menstrual disorders, and also hyperactivity in children.) in English: bugle in Lesotho: senyarela

139

Akebia Decne. Lardizabalaceae

Ajuga parviflora Benth. (Bulga parviflora (Benth.) Kuntze; Bulga parviflora Kuntze) India. Herb, diffusely branched from the base, ovate leaves, blue flowers See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 59. 1830, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 512. 1891 (Plant juice in gonorrhea and intermittent fevers. Root powder decoction taken to get relief from fever and malaria; root extract for typhoid. Paste of leaves for headache; powdered leaves useful for bleeding piles.) in India: neelkanth, neelkanthi, nilkanthi, titpatti Ajuga salicifolia Schreber (Ajuga salicifolia (L.) Schreb.; Ajuga salicifolia Steven, nom. illeg.) Europe. See Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 265. 1812 and Z. Naturforsch. 58c, 177–180. 2003, Journal of Natural Products 66(4): 461–5. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91(1): 43–50. 2004 (Antileukemic and cytotoxic sterols from the aerial parts.)

in Japan: akebi in China: ba yue sha, ba yue zha, bai mu tong, mu tong, mu t’ung, t’ung ts’ao, wu fu tzu, yen fu tzu Akebia trifoliata (Thunberg) Koidzumi (Akebia clematifolia Siebold & Zuccarini; Akebia lobata Decne.; Akebia lobata var. clematifolia (Siebold & Zuccarini) Ito; Akebia lobata var. quercifoliata (Siebold & Zucc.) Ito; Akebia quercifolia Siebold & Zuccarini; Akebia sempervirens Nakai; Akebia trifoliata var. clematifolia (Siebold & Zuccarini) Nakai; Akebia trifoliata var. honanensis T. Shimizu; Clematis trifoliata Thunberg) China. Flowers sweetly scented See Species Plantarum 1: 543–545. 1753, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 337. 1794, Flora Japonica 1: 146. 1835, Arch. Mus. Paris 1: 196, pl. 13b, 1839, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 12: 107. 1839, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 425. 1887 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 310. 1925, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51(8): 960–965. 2003 (Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactagogue.) in China: mu tong, san ye mu tong

Akebia Decne. Lardizabalaceae From the Japanese name akebi applied to these shrubs, see Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 5: 394. 1837. Akebia quinata (Houttuyn) Decaisne (Akebia micrantha Nakai; Akebia quinata fo. diplochlamys (Makino) T. Shimizu; Akebia quinata fo. polyphylla (Nakai) Hiyama; Akebia quinata fo. viridiflora Makino; Akebia quinata var. diplochlamys Makino; Akebia quinata var. polyphylla Nakai; Akebia quinata var. yechi W.C. Cheng; Akebia quinata var. yiehii W.C. Cheng; Rajania quinata Houttuyn) China, Japan. Deciduous vine, woody See Species Plantarum 1: 1032. 1753, Natuurlijke Historie 11: 366, pl. 75, f. 1. 1779, Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 1: 195, pl. 13a. 1839 and Botanical Magazine 16: 182. 1902, Journal of Japanese Botany 7: 376. 1931, Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China: Botanical Series 8: 289. 1933, Flora Sylvatica Koreana 21: 44. 1936, Journal of Japanese Botany 36: 246. 1961, Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 14: 202. 1961, Journal of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 12: 55–57. 1988, Chinese Wild Plant Resources 19(1): 36–38. 2000 (Anodyne, antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antiphlogistic, tonic, contraceptive, antimicrobial, depurative, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, galactagogue, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, vulnerary.) in English: akebia, akebia fruit, chocolate vine, five-leaf akebia

Alafia Thouars Apocynaceae See Genera Nova Madagascariensia 11. 1806 and Kew Bulletin 52(4): 769–839. 1997. Alafia barteri Oliv. (Alafia giraudii Dubard; Alafia glabriflora Pichon; Alafia klaineana Pierre ex Pichon) W. Tropical Africa. Large liana, lianescent shrub, climbing, clear sap or milky juice, swollen nodes, papery leaves, sweetly fragrant flowers, green calyx, corolla white, fruits 2 separate cylindrical linear dehiscent dark brown manyseeded follicles See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 20: t. 1992. 1891 and Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 201. 1912, Bull. Jardin Bot. État 24. 173. 1954 (Stem and leaves for inflammation and fevers. Leaves antifungal, leaf infusion to treat malaria, a decoction to treat rheumatic pains.) Alafia caudata Stapf (Alafia butayei Stapf; Alafia caudata subsp. latiloba Kupicha; Alafia conica Pichon; Alafia sarmentosa Stapf) Gabon, Kenya, Angola. See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 123. 1894 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 199. 1902, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl, Belg. 51: 161. 1981 (Bark scrapings, along with the fruit of Capsicum annuum, rubbed on the skin to treat kidney pain.) Alafia erythrophthalma (K. Schum.) Leeuwenb. (Alafia grandis Stapf; Tabernaemontana erythrophthalma K. Schum.)

140

Alangium Lam. Cornaceae (Alangiaceae)

Senegal, Central African Republic.

in Zaire: auta, belombólómbo, hautu, tshelombólómbo

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 224. 1896 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 196. 1902, Novon 6(3): 271. 1996

Alafia perrieri Jum. (Alafia insularis Pichon; Alafia intermedia Pichon; Alafia lutea Boivin ex Pichon; Alafia parvifolia Pichon; Alafia perrieri var. parvifolia (Pichon) Markgr.)

(Leaves decoction to treat rheumatic pains. Seeds and roots an ingredient of arrow poison.)

Madagascar. Liana, woody, scrambling, white latex, flowers coral pink heavily sweet scented

Alafia landolphioides (A. DC.) K. Schum. (Alafia landolphioides Benth. & Hook.f.; Alafia landolphioides (A. DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex K. Schum.; Alafia scandens (Thonn.) De Wild.; Holarrhena landolphioides A. DC.)

See Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, II, 5: 346–348, t. 6–7. 1907, Bull. Jardin Bot. État 24. 129–222. 1954

Tropical Africa. Liana, white latex, fragrant flowers, corolla white, fruits 2 separate cylindrical linear dehiscent dark brown many-seeded follicles See Prodr. 8: 414. 1844, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 708, in obs. 1876 and Not. Apocyn. Latic. Congo 15. 1903, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Alafia scandens.], Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. Kew. 2003 [as Alafia scandens.] (Leaf decoction taken to treat rheumatism. Latex an ingredient of arrow poison.) Alafia lucida Stapf (Alafia cuneata Stapf; Alafia major Stapf; Alafia reticulata K. Schum.; Wrightia stuhlmannii K. Schum.) Uganda, Angola. Large liana, woody vine, white juice, green buds, yellow green sweet scented flowers, red at mouth of corolla tube, fruits 2 separate cylindrical linear dehiscent dark brown many-seeded follicles See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 122. 1894, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1898: 307. 1898 (Leaf decoction to wash sores, also taken orally to treat stomach complaints. A paste made from bark and plant sap applied as a dressing to promote the healing of wounds. Aerial parts infusion taken to treat jaundice and swollen glands, also dripped into the eye to cure eye problems. Latex, with sap of Costus sp., used as arrow poison.) in Zaire: autu Alafia multiflora (Stapf) Stapf (Alafia malouetioides K. Schum.; Holalafia multiflora Stapf) West Tropical Africa. Tall liane, milky latex, creamy white fleshy flowers in dense terminal heads, mild fragrance, fruits a cylindrical linear dehiscent glabrous many-seeded capsule See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 123. 1894 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1908: 303. 1908 (Stembark or fruit decoction taken to relieve abdominal pain. Fresh latex antibacterial, to treat yaws. Latex antibacterial, mixed with bark scrapings applied to wounds and ulcers, latex diluted with water taken to cure stubborn wounds. Seeds an ingredient of arrow poison. Ritual, magic.)

(Leaf decoction to wash sores, also taken orally to treat stomach complaints. Bark decoction taken to treat jaundice, measles and fevers. A paste made from bark and plant sap applied as a dressing to promote the healing of wounds. Aerial parts infusion taken to treat jaundice and swollen glands, also dripped into the eye to cure eye problems.) Alafia schumannii Stapf (Alafia bequaertii De Wild.; Holalafia schumannii (Stapf) Woodson) Sierra Leone, Uganda. See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 4(1.2): 197, t. 3, f. 3, 17. 18, 36, 37. 1902, Plantae Bequaertianae 1: 407. 1922, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37(3): 406. 1950 (Latex for treating wounds, dropped directly into the wound to improve healing.)

Alangium Lam. Cornaceae (Alangiaceae) From a Malayalam vernacular name, alangi or angolam, used in Kerala for Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wang, see Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 174. 1783, Adansonia 5: 193, 195. 1864–1865, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 8: 261. 1898 and Das Pflanzenreich 41: 6–7. 1910. Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms (Alangium begoniifolium (Roxb.) Baill.; Alangium begoniifolium subsp. eubegoniifolium Wangerin, nom. inval.; Alangium chinense Rehder; Alangium chinense (Lour.) Rehder & E.H. Wilson; Alangium chinense subsp. chinense; Alangium chinense subsp. pauciflorum W.P. Fang; Alangium chinense subsp. strigosum W.P. Fang; Alangium chinense subsp. triangulare (Wangerin) W.P. Fang; Alangium chinense var. pauciflorum W.P. Fang ex Y.C. Ho; Alangium chinense var. vulgare Merr., nom. inval.; Alangium kenyense Chiov.; Alangium octopetalum Hanes ex Blanco; Alangium octopetalum Blanco; Alangium platanifolium f. triangulare Wangerin; Guettarda jasminiflora Blanco; Karangolum chinense Kuntze; Karangolum chinense (Lour.) Kuntze; Marlea affinis Decne.; Marlea begoniifolia Roxb., nom. nud.; Marlea chinensis (Lour.) Druce; Marlea virgata Zoll.; Stelanthes solitarius Stokes; Stylidium bauthas Lour. ex B.A. Gomes; Stylidium chinense Lour.; Stylis chinensis (Lour.) Poir.) Trop. Africa, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Small fast growing tree, twigs with a little weak white sap, rank odor, leaves arranged

Alangium Lam. Cornaceae (Alangiaceae)

in zigzag arrays on long horizontal branches, flowers in axillary clusters See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 174. 1783, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 221. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 7, 146. 1805, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 28. 1814, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 5(1): 260. 1817, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 80. 1820 [1819], Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 310. 1845, Histoire des Plantes 6: 270. 1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 272. 1891, Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 15: 24. 1897 and Plantae Wilsonianae (Sargent) 2(3): 552. 1916, Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 240. 1923, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. s. xxiv. II. 16, 296. 1935, Racc. Bot. Miss. Consol. Kenya 47. 1935, Flora of Tropical East Africa 1–4. 1958, J. Sichuan Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 2: 93–95. 1979, Fl. Tsinlingensis 1(3): 455. 1981, J. Nat. Prod. 63(1): 95–8. 2000, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 49(10): 1343–5. 2001 (Used in Ayurveda. Bark and root highly toxic. Leaved and fruits for mental illness, coughs, cold. Leaves decoction carminative, laxative, emetic, astringent, stomachic, contraceptive, tonic, antalgic, used for rheumatism, traumatic injuries, body pain, skin diseases, fever, pregnancy disorders, wounds and snakebites. Veterinary medicine. Magic, ritual.) in India: aksikiphala, aksipidaka, bodi dhili, chagali gach, chia amrulia, chika maruli, chorai hara, kodal kania, phagrang in Burundi: umugofo in Cameroon: mekeheu, mekekeu in Congo: busele, lubese in East Africa: mutobolo in Rwanda: umuvugangoma in Tanzania: albassa, mringonu Alangium kurzii Craib (Alangium begoniifolium var. tomentosum (Blume) Palm, nom. illeg.; Alangium begoniifolium var. typicum Wangerin; Alangium chinense var. tomentosum (Blume) Merr.; Alangium handelii Schnarf; Alangium kurzii var. handelii (Schnarf) W.P. Fang; Alangium kurzii var. laxiflorum (Y.C. Wu) W.P. Fang; Alangium kurzii var. pachyphyllum W.P. Fang & H.Y. Su; Alangium kurzii var. umbellatum (Yen C.Yang) W.P. Fang; Alangium kwangsiense Melch.; Alangium rotundifolium var. laxiflorum Y.C. Wu; Alangium tomentosum (Blume) Hand.-Mazz., nom. illeg.; Alangium umbellatum Yen C. Yang; Diacicarpium tomentosum Blume; Marlea tomentosa (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk.) China to W. Malesia. Similar to Alangium chinense See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 174. 1783 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1911(1): 60. 1911, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 59: 107. 1922, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 823. 1929, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 71(2): 199. 1940, Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China:

141

Botanical Series 12(3): 135. 1941[1942], Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Szechuanensis 1979(2): 96, pl. 2, f. 1–2, 97, pl. 3, f. 1, 98. 1979, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 48(3): 415–9. 2000 (The juice of the fruit is poisonous to the skin, causing itching.) Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin (Alangium decapetalum Lam.; Alangium lamarckii Thwaites; Alangium lamarckii var. glandulosum (Thwaites) C.B. Clarke; Alangium salviifolium subsp. decapetalum (Lam.) Wangerin; Alangium salviifolium subsp. hexapetalum (Lamarck) Wangerin; Alangium tomentosum Lam.; Grewia salviifolia L.f.; Karangolum salviifolium (L.f.) Kuntze; Karangolum salviifolium Kuntze) Trop. Africa, China, Trop. Asia. Small tree, thorny or unarmed, pale white flowers, violet to deep purple berries, slightly acrid ripe odorous fruits eaten See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Supplementum Plantarum 409–410. 1781 [1782], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 174. 1783, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] 133. 1859, The Flora of British India 2: 742. 1879, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 272 (-273). 1891 and Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) 41(IV.220b): 9, 11. 1910, Taxon 25: 631–649. 1976, Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979, Planta Medica— Journal of Medicinal Plant Research (Suppl.): 5–7. 1980, Taxon 30: 513–514. 1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 308–320. 1990, Mosaddik, M.A., Kabir, K.E., Hassan, P. “Antibacterial activity of Alangium salviifolium flowers.” Fitoterapia 71(4): 447–449. 2000, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 33 Suppl. 3: 152–154. 2002, Anjum, A. et al. “Antibacterial compounds from the flowers of Alangium salviifolium.” Fitoterapia 73(6): 526–528. 2002 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plants as insect repellent. Root bark toxic, poisonous, purgative, anthelmintic; root bark decoction given in snakebite and dropsy; powdered root taken in stomach disorders. Stem bark paste applied or eaten for snakebites, cat bites and mad dog bites; bark decoction given for skin diseases, jaundice, tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis. Leaves antifungal, antibacterial, a poultice for rheumatism. Bark and roots in jaundice and bodyache. Root paste or decoction to cure skin diseases and fevers. Fruits eaten as a preventive and a cure for ailments of eye. Veterinary medicine, root juice given orally for cattle in case of snakebite, dog bite or against poisonous herbs; bark extract with dried leaves of Hygrophila auriculata, leaves of Premna latifolia, dry chilies and salt pounded and fermented and given orally in edema; aqueous bark extract applied to eliminate skin louse infection of cattle; boiled leaves applied on wounds. Bark as fish poison. Ceremonial, rituals, festivals, the branches; oil from seeds placed in contact with the eyes to attain a magical eye sight.) in India: aankol, aankula, accan, acchan-chedi, ainkolam, ainkolavirutcam, akar, akar-kanta, akel, akol, akola, akura, alancai, alanci, alangi, alanji, alinci vittu, alincil, alincil vitai, alincilver, alincilver-pattai, alincu, alingi, alinnil, amkol, angol, angolam, animulai, anincil, anisa, ankar, ankar kanta,

142

ankera, ankodah, ankol, ankola, ankolah, ankolam, ankolamu, ankolavairavamaram, ankolavairavan, ankolavam, ankole, ankole mara, ankoli, ankolla, ankollakah, ankool, ankot, ankota, ankotakam, ankotha, ankra, ankuel, ankul, ankulo, anmaram, anroli, ansroli, antai, apakolam, arulavam, aruluvam, asroli, atikolam, atikovam, attikolam, attu, avakolam, azhingil, azhinjal, azhinjil, azihcil, azinnil, baranga, cemmaram, cemmaratti, cenamaram, cenamarappattai, cey, civi, civini, dela, dhaalaanku, dheergha, dhela, dhelkanta, dhera, dhola anko, dhola ankul, dirghakila, dirghakilaka, dirghakilakah, ekin, ekinam, ghaul, guddada doani, guddaga goni, gudhamallika, guptasneha, intiracali, irinjil, jivi, kallalincil, kallu maavina mara, kallu-maavu, kantaputpam, kara angolam, kare ankole gida, karikkolam, karikkolamaram, karikolam, kariyanaccan, karumuli, kolakam, koliniram, kolumaram, kotakam, koyemara, kunatiyakam, kuyyamallikam, lucki, malaimamikam, mantukapanni, murunkai, nalla ankolamu chettu, nallankolam, nallankolamu, nallauduga, nallaukolamu, nalludugu, nettilangi, nisto, onkla, ooduga, oru, pallam, pallatiki, pili, pitasarah, pittacattu, rechi, talokota, tamirapalam, tamraphala, tamraphalah, tanakku, tericini, tirkkamulakam, udaga, uduga, udugachettu, ulge, ulincil, unnati, unnatimaram, unni, urgu, uru, velittondi, ventotikam, viracaki, viracakimaram, vittuni, yankola in Nepal: asare in Tibet: a go ta, a ke ta, a ko ta, a-rko-ta Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin subsp. hexapetalum (Lamarck) Wangerin (Alangium callosum Wangerin, nom. nud.; Alangium frutescens Zoll. & Moritzi; Alangium glandulosum Thwaites; Alangium hexapetalum Lam.; Alangium lamarckii var. glandulosum (Thwaites) C.B. Clarke; Alangium salviifolium subsp. sundanum (Miq.) Bloemb.; Alangium salviifolium var. hexapetalum (Lam.) Gamble; Alangium sundanum Miq.; Alangium sundanum var. insularum Kurz) India to New Guinea. See Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 133. 1859, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46: 119. 1877, Fl. Brit. India 2: 742. 1879 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38(84): 65. 1906, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 220b: 9. 1910, Fl. Madras 3: 572. 1919, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 16: 156. 1939, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 33 Suppl. 3: 152–4. 2002 (Used in Sidha. Antifungal. Traditionally used for tonic and treatment of hemorrhoids. This plant shows promising antimicrobial activity.) in India: eralineil Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin subsp. salviifolium (Alangium acuminatum Wight ex Steud., nom. inval.; Alangium decapetalum Lam.; Alangium lamarckii Thwaites; Alangium latifolium Miq. ex C.B. Clarke; Alangium mohillae Tul.; Alangium salviifolium subsp. decapetalum (Lam.) Wangerin; Alangium sundanum var. miqueliana Kurz; Alangium tomentosum Lam.; Karangolum mohillae (Tul.) Kuntze)

Albertisia Becc. Menispermaceae

E. Trop. Africa, Indian Subcontinent, China. See Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 133. 1859 and Das Pflanzenreich 41(IV.220b): 9. 1910 (Used in Ayurveda. Antifungal, antibacterial.) in India: adigolam, akarkanta, akhaul, akol, akola, akolah, alanci, alangi, alincil, alinjil, alinnil, amgolum, amkolam, amkolam-chettu, amkole, anedhera, angkula, angkura, angolam, angolavayirravan, ankalige, ankili, ankoda, ankoelaemara, ankol, ankola, ankolaka, ankolam, ankolamu, ankolare, ankole, ankoleda, ankoli, ankollah, ankolo, ankolu, ankolum, ankora, ankota, ankotaka, ankotha, ankukalam, ankul, anosroli, ansroli, arinil, arinjil, arulavam, ashunji, asroli, atikoevam, attigolam, ayan-golam, azhinji maram, azhinji-maram, baghankura, bhushita, cem, chem, chemmaram, dhalakura, dhera, dirghakila, dirghakilaka, dridhakantaka, eginam, eralinjil, erashunji, gandhapyshpa, ghalanta, guddadagoni, gudhapatra, gudhavallika, gunadhyaka, guptasneha, irangashunji, itikolam, kallumavina, kallumavu, kankarola, kanthora, karaangolam, karangolam, karankolam, kimri, kolaka, kothara, kudagu, kweli, lambakarna, lucki, madana, morata, nallankolamu, nalluduga, nedishta, nikochaka, nikothaka, pita, pitasara, ramatha, rechi, rochana, shoedhanam, sodana, sodhanam, tamraphala, thailaankul, uduga, udugachettu, uru, vallithondi, vamaka, vishaghna, vishalatailagarbha, vlittonti, vvallittonti

Albertisia Becc. Menispermaceae See Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(1): 36. 1862, Malesia Raccolta … 1: 161. 1877 and Kew Bulletin 30(1): 77–100. 1975, Journal of Natural Products 50: 529–599. 1987, Journal of Natural Products 54: 645–749. 1991. Albertisia cordifolia Forman (Albertisia cordifolia (Mangenot & J. Miège) Forman; Epinetrum cordifolium Mangenot & Miege) Tropical Africa, Ivory Coast. Shrub or liana, scandent, dioecious, inflorescence an axillary few-flowered cyme, see also Epinetrum cordifolium See Revue Générale de Botanique 58: 443, t. 1. 1951, Kew Bulletin 39(1): 83. 1975 (Said to be poisonous to sheep. Leaves and stems antiinflammatory, astringent, for anemia and circulation troubles. Root aphrodisiac and stimulant, to treat anemia and edema of the legs; root pulp sedative, hemostatic, for gonorrhea and uterus complaints.) Albertisia delagoensis (N.E. Br.) Forman (Epinetrum delagoense (N.E. Br.) Diels; Epinetrum delagoense Diels; Synclisia delagoense N.E. Br.) Mozambique, South Africa. Small shrub or liana, dioecious See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew (1892) 196. 1892 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) Menispermac. 96. 1910, Kew Bull. 30(1): 83. 1975,

143

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

Farmaco 41(6): 185–189, 190–196. 1986, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38: 96–103. 1994, Fitoterapia 78(6): 420–422. 2007 (Plant bitter, antiamebic, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal; leaves cytotoxic; leaves and roots antiplasmodial, antiprotozoal, spasmolytic. Root anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, analgesic, to treat fever, influenza, diarrhea, vomiting, menstrual disorders, chest and body pain. Ash of burnt roots applied to heal sores, ulcers and wounds.) Albertisia mangenotii (Guillaumet & Debray) Forman (Albertisia mangenotii Forman; Epinetrum mangenotii Guillaumet & Debray) Ivory Coast. See Adansonia sér. 2, 4: 315. 1964, Kew Bull. 30(4): 688. 1975 (publ. 1976) (Leaf sap applied to treat toothache.) Albertisia scandens (Mangenot & J. Miège) Forman (Epinetrum scandens Mangenot & Miege) Ghana, Ivory Coast. See Revue Générale de Botanique 58: 442, t. 1. 1951, Kew Bull. 30(1): 83. 1975 (Leaf sap applied to treat toothache and skin affections.) Albertisia undulata undulatum Hiern)

(Hiern)

Forman

(Epinetrum

Tropical Africa. See Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853—61 1: 21. 1896 and Kew Bull. 30(1): 83. 1975 (Used as an abortifacient. Crushed leaves in palm oil are applied to treat wounds.) Albertisia villosa (Exell) Forman (Epinetrum villosum (Exell) Troupin; Synclisia villosa Exell) Gabon, Congo. Dioecious liana, see also Epinetrum villosum See J. Bot. 70(Suppl. 1): 214. 1932, Fl. Congo Belge & Ruanda-Urundi ii. 222. 1951, Kew Bull. 30(1): 84. 1975, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71(3): 411–423. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93(2–3): 331–335. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102: 89–94. 2005 (Abortifacient. Root extract astringent, cytotoxic, abortifacient, antifungal, antiamebic, antidiarrheal, antibacterial and antiplasmodial; root bark for the treatment of malaria.)

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae) After Filippo degli Albizzi, an Italian nobleman who introduced Albizia julibrissin from Costantinopoli into Europe about 1749; see Antonio Durazzini, Magazzino Toscano. 3(4): 11, 13–14. 1772.

Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W. Wight (Albizia adianthifolia var. adianthifolia; Albizia adianthifolia var. intermedia (De Wild. & T. Durand) Villiers, nom. superf. illeg.; Albizia ealaensis De Wild.; Albizia fastigiata (E. Mey.) Oliv.; Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth.; Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.; Albizia gummifera auct. non (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.; Albizia gummifera sensu R.O. Williams; Albizia gummifera sensu Capuron; Albizia gummifera var. gummifera; Albizia intermedia De Wild. & T. Durand; Albizia sassa sensu Aubrev.; Inga fastigiata (E. Mey.) Oliv.; Inga ferruginea Guill. & Perr.; Mimosa adianthifolia Schumach.; Sassa gummifera J.F. Gmel.; Zygia fastigiata E. Meyer) (Latin adianthifolia ‘leaves like a maiden-hair fern’) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, slender, conspicuous flat crown, sweet-smelling gum or resin, leaves papery, petiole a gland at the base, creamy white fragrant flowers, fruit a thin pod, foliage browsed by cattle and wild ruminants, in savanna, frequently confused with Albizia gummifera See Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 1038. 1791, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 322. 1827, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 236. 1830, London Journal of Botany 3: 88. 1844 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 751. 1901, Études de systematique et de géographie botaniques sur la flore de Bas- et du Moyen-Congo 2: 126. 1907, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Industry, Bull. 137, 12. 1909, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930(5): 218. 1930, Kew Bulletin 7(4): 518. 1952 [1953], Flore du Gabon 31: 147. 1989, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43: 89–124. 1994, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007 (Bark known to be poisonous. Fruit extract drunk to relieve stomachache. Leaves decoction antiseptic, cytotoxic, astringent, for asthma, diarrhea and gonorrhea; bark stem, leaves, branches and trunk haemostatic, laxative, febrifuge, emetic, antiseptic, analgesic, for bronchitis, cough, pulmonary diseases, diabetes, malaria. Powdered snuffed seeds for headache. Bark sap applied to the eye to treat conjunctivitis, and internally against respiratory complaints and to treat allergic reactions. Bark decoction or infusion anthelmintic, vermifuge, purgative, for Guinea-worm, to treat fever, scabies, boils and itching skin, to improve memory and to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Veterinary medicine. Plant used to ward off evil spirits; love charm emetic. Bark and leaves serve as fish poison; bark used in hunting poison.) in English: flat crown, flat-crown albizia, rough-bark flatcrown, West African albizia in Burundi: igihoza, ikivusa in Cameroon: essac, moh, saka, salieman, saliémo in Central Africa: betempré, mepepe

ayinre

bona

bona,

bangban,

in Congo: hikungushebeye, moulou, moululu lulu, mulu, mululu lulu, nlu

144

in Ivory Coast: ananzo, bangbaye, diomolibangban, kuangan, mepepe, pangban, petgngbwé, pian pian, san in Madagascar: sabalahy, sambalahe, sambalahy, volomborona, voulouni-bourou in Nigeria: sakanchi (Nupe); ayinre bona bona (Yoruba); uwowe nolaghabor (Edo); ugbongbe (Itsekiri); uworuwe (Urhobo); eyanyan (Ijaw); avu (Igbo) in Rwanda: igihondohondo in S. Rhodesia: muZeze in Southern Africa: aGowane, iGowane, muomba-ngoma, muelela, muvhada-ngoma (= material for drums), platkroon, sivangatane, umBhelebhele, umgadankawu, umGadankawu, umGadawenkawu, umHlandlothi, umNalahanga, umNebelele, uSolo in Swahili: mcha-piatumbili, mchane, mchani-mabo, mchanimbawa, mchani-mbawe, mgendagenda in Tanzania: mkenge, mshai, msolankanga, mtanga, mtanga wa msitu in Togo: ziwa, ziwé, ziwo in Tropical Africa: aynre oga, bakbaboi, ejem in Yoruba: ayinre, ayunre weere, banabana in Zaire: abua, damba, dikassa-kassa, ebamba, kasimba dimba, kassa kassa, liamba, libamba, lilembe, mbama, muluangalunga, ngole, oamab, sassabanza, wehu Albizia altissima Hook.f. (Albizia altissimum (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dandy var. altissimum; Albizia passargei Harms; Arthrosamanea altissima (Hook. f.) G.C.C. Gilbert & Boutique; Arthrosamanea altissima Gilbert & Boutique; Cathormion altissimum (Hook.f.) Hutch.; Cathormion altissimum (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dandy; Cathormion altissimum Hutch.; Cathormion altissimum var. altissimum (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dandy; Cathormion altissimum var. busiraensis G.C.C. Gilbert & Boutique; Feuilleea altissima (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Pithecellobium altissimum (Hook.f.) Oliv.; Pithecellobium stuhlmannii Taub.; Pithecolobium altissimum (Hook.f.) Oliv.) (Arthrosamanea Britton & Rose, from the Greek arthron ‘a joint’ plus Samanea (DC.) Merr.) (Cathormion (Benth.) Hassk., Greek kathormion (kata and hormos ‘a chain, collar’) ‘a necklace’, referring to the fruit, see Justus Carl Hasskarl, Retzia sive Observationes Botanicae. 231. 1855.) Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, spreading flat-topped crown, low-branching, white flowers, fruit pulp and seeds edible, fermented seeds called ‘oso’ used as condiment in soups, in riverine forest, freshwater swamp forest, in secondary forest See Magazzino toscano 3(4): 13–14. 1772, Flora 20(2): Beibl. 114. 1837, Niger Flora 332. 1849, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 364. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891 and Flora of West Tropical Africa 1(2): 364. 1928, Bulletin of

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

Miscellaneous Information Kew 1928(10): 401. 1928, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 35(3): 128. 1936, Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 3: 195. 1952, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 12(1–2): 129–138. 2006 (Fruit pod astringent. Bark decoction to treat toothache, subcutaneous parasitic infection, stomachache, pulmonary affections, sores. Burned leaves applied to snakebites, venomous stings. Bark as fish poison. Magic, ritual.) in Guinea: nétéchango in Nigeria: akamugada, ekpenpen ilewe in Senegal: busé, foraberu in Sierra Leone: mee Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv. (Acacia amara (Roxb.) Willd.; Acacia amara Willd.; Acacia nellyrenza Wight & Arn.; Acacia wightii Wight & Arn.; Feuilleea amara (Roxb.) Kuntze; Mimosa amara Roxb.; Mimosa pulchella Roxb.) East Africa, India and Sri Lanka. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, deciduous, resinous, dark bark roughly cracked, leaves compound, flowers in creamy heads, large pods with thick margins, edible gum, foliage used as fodder, in wooded grassland, Acacia-Commiphora bushland, resembles Albizia schimperiana See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2: 13, pl. 122. 1799, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1074. 1806, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 19me Siècle, 2: 34. 1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves and fruits antibacterial, febrifuge, analgesic. Root infusion drunk to treat pneumonia, tuberculosis, infertility of women and as an aphrodisiac; roots applied externally to warts and against uterus complaints. Bark emetic, to treat jaundice and mouth inflammations; fresh bark paste taken to get relief from stomachache; bark powder mixed with milk of a black goat with turmeric to cure rheumatic joint pains. Crushed leaves in the treatment of wounds, diarrhea, edema; leaf paste applied on forehead for dizziness. Pods emetic, for the treatment of cough and malaria. Veterinary medicine, leaves paste bound in bone fracture.) in English: bitter albizia, oil cake tree in East Africa: mhogolo, mwowa, ruga in Kenya: boria, gisrep, gisrip, kiundua, kukutwo, kyundua, orperelong’o, panan in India: arappu, arappumaram, balukambi, beelkambi, belkambi, belkhaambi, belkhambi, bilatti, bilkambi, chajjalmara, chalavagai, chigara, chigare, chigari, chiguru, chikkareni, chikondi, chikreni, cholaivagai, chugalu, chujjallu, chujjalu, cigiriya, cikkiram, cikkiran, cikkiranmaram, cikkiriyan, cikkuran, culivaka, curanci, dosulay, iruvaccita, kadshige, kadu seege, kadusige, kalikai, kanukkari, kanukkarimaram, karuvaagai, karuvatai, kaunthia, konda chigara,

145

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

krishna sirish, krishnasirisa, krishnasirish, krishnasirisha, kryshnasirisha, lali, lalisurangi, lallei, lulai, lullei, moto sarsio, munnam, nalla regi, nalla renga, nallangi, nallaregu, nallarenga, narlingi, oonjal, oosulay, ruggli, sayalvagai, seejali, seekireni, seljhari, shekrani, sigara, sikkram, sikkri, silyanmaram, sirikenu, sujil, sujjali, sujjallu, sujjalu, sulivaka, thugli, thungli, thuringi, thurinji, tuggali, tugli, turincalmaram, turinci, turincilmaram, turinjil, ucal, ucalam, ucila maram, ucilam, ucilamaram, ucilampattai, udu, uncalmaram, uncamaram, uncil, unjaa, unjai, unjal, unjil, urincumaram, ushil, ushilai, ushilam, usil, usil ujil, usila maram, usilai, usilam, usilamaram, utu, utuci, utucimaram, utumpai, utuppai, uva ver, uvappattai, varacchi, varachi, varasi, wunja Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin subsp. amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin (Albizia gracilifolia Harms) East Africa, India. white-cream flowers

Perennial

non-climbing

tree,

Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. (Acacia inermis Marloth; Acacia marlothii Engl.; Albizia anthelmintica var. australis Baker f.; Albizia anthelmintica var. pubescens Burtt Davy; Albizia conjugato-pinnata Vatke; Albizia umbalusiana Sim; Besenna anthelmintica A. Rich.) South Africa, Ethiopia. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, multibranched, sweet-smelling white flowers See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 7: 902. 1860 and Frank R. Vivelo, The Herero of Western Botswana St. Paul 1956 (Stem bark for fever and skin diseases; bark boiled for intestinal worms; bark and roots boiled to treat stomach problems; roots for stomach problems.) in English: cherry-blossom tree, mucenna albizia, wormbark false-thorn, worm-cure albizia in Kenya: kyowa

See Kew Bulletin 10(2): 190. 1955

in N. Rhodesia: musakayaze

(Leaves and fruits antibacterial, febrifuge, analgesic. Paste of leaves and seeds applied for eye troubles. Flowers and seeds eaten for asthma and venereal diseases.)

in S. Rhodesia: umSalati

in Tanzania: mtanga in India: sigara, sikkram, sikkri, ushil, ushilai, ushilam, usil, usil ujil, usila maram, usilai, usilam, usilamaram Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv. subsp. sericocephala (Benth.) Brenan (Acacia sericocephala Fenzl; Albizia amara sensu G.C.C. Gilbert & Boutique; Albizia harveyi E. Fourn.; Albizia sericocephala Benth.; Albizia struthiophylla MilneRedhead; Albizia struthiophylla Milne-Redh.; Inga sericocephala A. Rich.) East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, resinous, dark bark roughly cracked, large semi-spherical white flowers, pods with thick margins, in wooded grassland, Acacia-Commiphora bushland See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2: 13, pl. 122. 1799, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1074. 1806, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 19me Siècle, 2: 34. 1834, London Journal of Botany 3: 91. 1844, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 12: 399. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187–188. 1891 and Kew Bulletin 10(2): 190. 1955 (Bark as an emetic; crushed leaves in the treatment of wounds.) in English: bitter albizia in East Africa: mhogolo, mwowa, ruga in S. Rhodesia: muGuru, muWara, umBola in Southern Africa: muvola; muvhola (Venda); muBora, muBuru, muGara, Jirihanga, iMola, muWara (Shona) in Tanzania: mpogolo, mufugo, mupogu, mwimbula

in Southern Africa: bonthout, monoga, kersieblomboom, wurmbasvalsdoring; umNala, umNalahanga (Zulu); shivulanguva (Eastern Transvaal); monoga (= snake tree, probably after the word dinoga = worms) (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); uchundwe (Botswana, eastern Caprivi); omuuama (Herero: Central South West Africa); arub (Southern South West Africa) in Tanzania: almoro, mfuelta, mfuleta, mfwita, muoto, olmukutan, olmukutani Albizia antunesiana Harms Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, spreading drooping crown, white flowers, yellow stamens and a rust-red calyx, glossy brown fruit, dunes, highveld, in deciduous woodland, wooded grassland, floodplains See Species Plantarum 1: 376–380. 1753 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 30: 75. 1901, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74(3): 257–264. 2001 (Anthelmintic, antischistosomic, aphrodisiac. Bark infusion applied externally to cuts; crushed leaves as an enema, purgative, a dressing to treat edema of the legs. Roots infusion or decoction used as a cold remedy, to treat sore throat, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, abdominal pains, infertility in women, applied externally to treat sore eyes, cuts, ulcers, pneumonia, painful and swollen legs.) in English: purple-leaved albizia, purple-leaved false thorn in N. Rhodesia: mtanga in Southern Africa: muBvangasi, muBvonga, muDidamanyenze, muGaranyenze, muGarayene, muGerakenzwa, muRirenyendzi, muTserere, muVinyimo

146

in S. Rhodesia: muBvangazi, muBvonga in Tanzania: izambilia, kagubha, mgando, mnyingafimbu, mpilipili Albizia arenicola R. Vig. Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing tree, arching, greenish white flowers, brown fruit See Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 13(4): 335. 1948 (Diuretic.) in Madagascar: alimboro, alomboromahalao, alomborona, ambilazo, arakara, avoabe, avoha, fandrianakanga, halimborono, havoa, kofaty, maroampotra, maroampotrotra, sambalahy, sarafany, singena, soroboky, tsingena, tsitohimbadimalay, tsitohizambadimalaina, tsitohizambadimalay, tsitoizambadimalaina Albizia bernieri Villiers (Acacia bernieri (E. Fourn.) Baill.; Albizia arenicola R. Vig.; Albizia bernieri E. Fourn., nomen nudum; Albizia bernieri E. Fourn. ex Villiers; Albizia boinensis R. Vig.; Albizia sahafariensis Capuron) Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, greenish white flowers slightly scented, inflorescence an axillary head, pods brown, woody fruits sweet, in open grassland, deciduous woodland, scrubland, dense woodland See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 14: 372. 1860, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(46): 363. 1883 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 13(4): 336. 1948, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 11(2): 364–365, 367. 1970, The Leguminosae of Madagascar 254. 2002 (An extract from the bark used to treat asthma, fever, and against stomachache. Seed extracts haemolytic, antibacterial, toxic to mice.) in Madagascar: alimboro, alomboro, alomborona, anamorongo ala, falaidambo, falaydambo, fanamponga, fandria, fandrianakanga, fandriantomondry, fandriatomondry, halim­ boro, halimboro mahalao, halomboro, hazomboro, hazomborona, hitsankitsana, kifiatry, kifiaty, kintsakintsana, kintsakitsana, komy, mampihomehy, morango, moromotraka, sakoakombo, tamorovoay, tomondry, tsitohizombadimalaina Albizia boivinii E. Fourn. (Acacia boivini (E. Fourn.) Baill.; Acacia boivinii (E. Fourn.) Baill.; Acacia hova Drake; Acacia zygia (DC.) Baill.; Albizia glaberrima (Schumach. & Thonn.) Benth.; Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell.; Feuilleea boivini (E. Fourn.) Kuntze; Pithecellobium pervilleanum Benth.; Pithecolobium pervilleanum Benth.) Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree or shrub, inflorescences white in axillary cluster, fruits reddish brown, in deciduous woodland

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

See Fragmenta Botanica 15, pl. 9. 1800, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 321. 1827, London Journal of Botany 3: 88. 1844, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 14: 378. 1860, Select Plants … Melbourne 12. 1876, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(46): 363. 1883, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891 and Adansonia, n.s. 11(2): 357–382. 1970 [1971], South African Journal of Botany 72(4): 656–660. 2006 (Febrifuge. Seed extracts haemolytic, antibacterial, toxic to mice.) in Madagascar: bonaramanty, fandriamponenga, fandrianakanga, halombovo, haraka, hazombaro, hazomborona, hazovola, hitsakitsana, kintsakintsa, kintsakintsana, kitsakintsambe, kitsakitsabe, kitsakitsona, magnariboraka, mamarimbokamalamy, manary, manary boraka, mondoravina, sambalahirano, sambalahy, sanda, sandaky, sikidiala, tabotabo, tainakanga, taipapango, tanoravovona, tsiandalana Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. (Acacia stipulata DC.; Albizia harveyi E. Fourn.; Albizia marginata (Lam.) Merr.; Albizia marginata Merr.; Albizia marginata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Albizia minyi De Wild.; Albizia stipulata Boivin; Albizia stipulata (DC.) Boivin; Inga purpurascens Hassk.; Mimosa chinensis Osbeck; Mimosa marginata Lam.; Mimosa stipulacea Roxb.; Pithecellobium serronii Glaz.) Tropical and Subtropical Asia. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, deciduous, unarmed, flat spreading crown, leaves compound, opposite tiny leaflets, flower heads white yellowish-green clustered in leaf axils or in branched groups at end of twigs, flat fruit, cattle fodder See Dagbok ofwer en Ostindisk Resa 233. 1757, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 469. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5243. 1831, Encycl. 19(2): 33. 1838, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 12: 399. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 188–189. 1891 and Philippine Journal of Science 5: 23. 1910, American Journal of Botany 3(10): 575. 1916[1917], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49(1): 1–16. 1995, Cytologia 65: 135– 139. 2000 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem bark antibacterial, antimalarial, spermicidal; bark crushed into a paste and applied as an antidote on snake and spider bites; bark juice applied to treat ringworm, insect bites and scabies. Repellent and resistant to termites. Used with Gnetum and Garuga to treat swellings and boils. Pounded fresh bark used to stupefy and kill fish; tender shoots and leaves as fish poison. Veterinary medicine, stem bark given in impaction.) in English: Chinese albizia, silk tree in Comoros: m’siro, m’zilanzi in Madagascar: albizi, bonara vazaha in Tanzania: mlonge in Cambodia: kôôl

147

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

in India: adal, amluki, arbhu, baage, baage sujjulu, bagana, bagane, bage, balesujjal, banda chigara, bandi chinduga, beolphiu, bettabaage, bettabage, bhandi, bilkumbi, bolphi, bolphu, borphi, boumeza, chakua, chapot, cheoli, chikla, chindaga, chinduga, chindugu, cilai, cilaivakai, cinduga, dic, dieng phallut, dieng phyneat, fope, ghogesiri, ghoralenja, godalanjia, godhunchi, goira, goiri, gudanaudia, ohi, hotebage, hotebaghi, hoti-baghi, hotta, hotte baage, hottebage, hottibage, hottubage, hottubhage, jairi, kabal, kabalmaragass, kala siris, kalasiris, kalbaage, kalbage, kalbaghe, kalbaghi, kalbagi, kali siris, kallu baage, kalo sarasio, kalvaghee, kalvaghi, kalvagi, kanujera, kanujerla, kar, karrurincil, kasir, kerasarom, konda-chiragu, konda chiragu, kondachigara, kondachiguru, kondachiragu, kondachiruga, kondadirisanamu, kotepale, kottapale, kottapali, kotte baage, kottepaale, laeli, luang khoi, lullei, mottavaga, mottavagai, mottavaka, mottuvaga, nalla regi, nirusil, ohi, pattavaga, pattia, phalari, pila vagei, pili-vagai, pili vagei, pilivagai, ponthanvaka, potta vaga, pottavaga, pottavaka, pottubage, pottublage, pottuvaka, reyi, sairisam, samsundra, sau, saw, saw koroi, sawkoroi, selcho, sethu siris, shirshs, silai, silaivagai, silaivagai, singriang, siran, sirar, siri tantia, siris, sirisah, sirish, sirn, sow, tat-kungasing, turuncil, udala, udul, vang, woddiabaji in Indonesia: enep, jeungjing, jengung, keura, pui, senggung, sengon in Laos: kha:ng, kha:ng hu: in Nepal: arbhu, ghoge siris, kala siris, kalo siris, siran in Thailand: kang luang, khang hung, san-kham, yeh in Vietnam: cham, chu m[ef], s[oos]ng r[aws]n t[af]u Albizia coriaria Oliv. (Albizia coriaria Welw.; Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv.; Albizia katangensis De Wild.; Albizia poissonii A. Chev.; Feuilleea coriaria (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze; Feuilleea coriaria Kuntze) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, spreading crown, white flowers, a pioneer species, closely related to Albizia ferruginea See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 360. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891 and Economic Botany 44(3): 369– 381. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46: 17–23. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88: 19–44, 279–286. 2003, African Journal of Ecology 45 (Supplement 3): 126–129. 2007 (Toxins. Bark decoction or infusion astringent, for diarrhea, threatened abortion, postpartum haemorrhage, syphilis, dysentery, stomachache; infusion of leaves and barks for snakebite; roots infusion antiseptic, wound healing; bark and roots decoction for cough, pulmonary disease, stomachache. Bark molluscicidal, fishing poison; bark and leaves used as fish poison. Veterinary medicine, roots decoction or infusion for East coast fever, a tick-borne protozoal infection of cattle in East and Central Africa.) in Angola: palangonga, zende, zuemba, zuembe

in Ghana: akowa, awiafu samina, awiemfo samina, kuo in Ivory Coast: kunderon, samaneré in Kenya: mugavu, musisiya, mwita, ober, omubele in Nigeria: akudinrin, dorowar mahalbi in Tanzania: mkenge, mugavu in Uganda: musita in Upper Volta: bonbali in Yoruba: ayinre, ayinre bonnabonna Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth. (Albizia angolensis Welw. ex Oliv.; Albizia corbisieri De Wild.; Albizia malacophylla (A. Rich.) Walp.; Feuilleea ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Kuntze; Inga ferruginea Guill. & Perr.; Inga malacophylla A. Rich.) Gabon, Senegal. Perennial non-climbing tree, rounded to flattened crown, spreading branches, watery red exudate, twigs densely rusty-pubescent, white or greenish-white flowers in globose heads, reddish-brown glossy pod, foliage eaten by goats and camels, gorillas and small antelopes (duikers) eat fruit, nectar for bees, elephants eat fruit and leaves, monkeys eat seeds, closely related to Albizia coriaria See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 2. 1754, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 236. 1830, London Journal of Botany 3: 88. 1844, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 235. 1847, Annales Botanices Systematicae 2(3): 457. 1852, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891 and Kew Bull. 1916: 238. 1926, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 62: 117–130. 1989, Forest Ecology and Management 29(4): 311–314. 1989, Journal of Plant Nutrition 17(10): 1769–1780. 1994, Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas 5(2): 31–35. 2006 (Leaf and stem bark extracts with antimicrobial and uterine smooth muscle activity, when used during pregnancy this plant could therefore have a side effect of inducing abortion. Roots used to treat conjunctivis and backache. Leaf decoctions used externally to treat headache, fever, malaria and toothache. Stem bark decoction for dysentery, wounds, sickle cell anemia and gonorrhea. Bark vermifuge, for diarrhea, dysentery, pulmonary troubles; bark decoction a wash for wounds, sores and pimples. Root bark laxative, powdered root bark taken with salt to relieve constipation. Bark and leaves fish poison. Root bark and the gum from the stem bark used in the preparation of arrow poison.) in English: albizia, musase, West African albizia in Cameroon: do, elonda, esak, evousvous, evuvus in Central African Republic: gbaya, kakala, londa, londa gbeya in Congo: sifou-sifou in Gabon: iatandza

148

in Ghana: awiem-fosemena, awiemfo samina, awiemfo semina, awiemfosamina, iatandza, kulo, muchole, musase, sifou-sifou, yayatandza in Ivory Coast: aciainbaka, doumouti, iatandza, istandza in Liberia: musase in Nigeria: ayinre ogo, ngu, uwowe in Senegal: a fèndèn, a sum, banéto, bu kunden, bu lim, bu silinga, bu yay, furbirõ, kadio, kula, pantimbol, samba tene, si dib, timbol in Yoruba: ayinre, ayinre bonnabonna, ayinre semise olose, ipe erin, iperin in Zaire: bonbo, dikasakasa, elele, likosa

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

in Tanzania: kafunampasa, muanza, mugavu

mgelenge,

mkenge-maji,

in Yoruba: ayinre, ayinreta Albizia grandibracteata Taub. (Albizia bequaertii De Wild.; Albizia gillardinii G.C.C. Gilbert & Boutique) East Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, round or flat crown, pink white flowers, dark red anthers, flat glossy fruit, leaves eaten by primates and wild chimpanzees, in lowland and upland rain forest, grassland, riverine forest, closely related to Albizia gummifera See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C 193. 1895 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101(1–3): 1–15. 2005, Journal of Natural Products 68(6): 897–903. 2005

Albizia glaberrima (Schum. & Thonn.) Benth. (Acacia comorensis Baill.; Acacia purpurea Bolle; Albizia eggelingii Baker f.; Albizia glaberrima Hutch. & Dalziel; Albizia glaberrima var. glabrescens (Oliv.) Brenan; Albizia glabrescens Oliv.; Albizia purpurea Boivin ex Fournier; Albizia purpurea Fournier; Albizia warneckei Harms; Albizia warneckii Harms; Albizia welwitschii Oliv.; Inga glaberrima (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty; Mimosa glaberrima Schumach. & Thonn.; Mimosa glaberrima Schumach.; Pithecellobium glaberrimum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Aubrév.)

(Roots infusion used in the treatment of tonsillitis; bark decoction anthelmintic, for wounds, cuts, lumbago; leaves astringent, for diarrhea. leaf infusion, together with other ingredients, is used in a vapor bath to treat fever, in Uganda the pounded leaf is taken mixed with other ingredients to treat diarrhoea, and in Kenya a root infusion is drunk to treat tonsillitis. Veterinary medicine, bark anthelmintic.)

Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, flattened crown, white or whitish flowers, yellow-brown thin pods, foliage forage for livestock, flowers a bee forage, very similar to and confused with Albizia zygia

in East Africa: awak, mulongo, owak

See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 321. 1827, London Journal of Botany 3: 88. 1844, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 14: 378. 1860, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(46): 363. 1883 and Flora of West Tropical Africa 1: 362. 1928, Bull. Inst. Franc. Afrique Noire, sér. A, 16: 343. 1954, Adansonia, n.s. 11(2): 357–382. 1970[1971] (Anthelmintic, febrifuge, bark for stomach troubles, fever; root bark to treat bilharzia. Dried pulverized twig bark applied to scarifications for blenorrhagia; ash of burned roots applied to scarifications to treat liver complaints.) in English: white nongo in Cameroon: bamba, esak in Central Africa: opo in Ghana: korosante, okuro-fi in Guinea: kéké-cama-cama, nétè-cula, tangalamara, uarnána in Ivory Coast: aloukouaka, alukuaka, kolibangban in Madagascar: tainakanga in Malawi: chikwani, msankusanku, msenjere, mtanganga in Nigeria: ayinreta

in English: large-leafed albizia, red nongo in Congo: hikungushebeye, mkungusebere, mushebe, mushebeye, mushemeye, nkungu, umusebeya in Tanzania: mkenge, nongo Albizia gummifera (J. Gmelin) C.A. Smith (Acacia sassa (Willd.) Baillon ex Drake; Albizia ealaensis De Wild.; Albizia fastigiata (E. Mey.) Oliv.; Albizia sassa (Willd.) Chiov.; Albizia sassa (Willd.) J.F. Macbr.; Feuilleea sassa (Willd.) Kuntze; Inga sassa Willd.; Mimosa sassa (Baillon ex Drake) Poir.; Sassa gummifera J.F. Gmelin; Zygia fastigiata E. Mey.) East Africa, Kenya. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, flat crown, wide-spreading, shiny leaves, calyx green, corolla white pinkish, flowers head dark red, bright red anthers, ripe fruit green, glossy papery fruit, foliage browsed by goats, bushland, dry or wet lowlands, grassland, upland forest edges, in riverine forest, related to Albizia zygia and frequently confused with Albizia adianthifolia and Albizia viridis See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 2. 1754, Magazzino toscano 3(4): 13–14. 1772, Syst. Nat. 2: 999, 1038. Apr-Oct 1792, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1027. 1806, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1(1): 49. 1810, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 165. 1836, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 361. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 186. 1891 and Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar 1: 71. 1902 [1903], Monogr. Rapp. Colon., Roma (Etiopia: Osserv. Bot. Agrar. Indust.) 24: 103. 1912, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 4. 1919,

149

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930(5): 218. 1930, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 11(2): 357–382. 1970[1971] (Very poisonous; wood dust may cause irritation to nose and throat. Leaves astringent, for diarrhea, toothache and eye infections. Bark and roots used for skin diseases, eczema. Bark used for fevers, malaria and inflammation of the eyes; powdered bark a snuff for headaches. Crushed pods to cure stomachache. Crushed roots for skin diseases; root infusion for asthma and sleeping sickness.) in English: flat crown, peacock flower, red nongo, smoothbark flat-crown in Cameroon: ewim in East Africa: chiruku, kirongo, mboromo, mcani mbao in Madagascar: alimboro, halomboro, sambalahimanga, sambalahy, vitanona jijy tenany, volomborona in Malawi: chikwani, msankusanku, msenjere, mtanganga in S. Rhodesia: muCherenje, muPambangoma in Southern Africa: uSolo (Zulu); muCherenje, muJerenje, muNjerenje, muPambangoma, muRenjerenje, muTsherenje (Shona) in Tanzania: mchanimbao, mchapiatumbili, mfuranje, mkenge, msaamaji, msanga, mshai, mtanga, ol geturai in Yoruba: ayinre, ayinre isingede, ayinre ogo in Zaire: dianzi, ebamba, ilambo, mushebere Albizia harveyi E. Fourn. (Acacia irrorata Sieber ex Spreng.; Acacia mearnsii De Wild.; Albizia hypoleuca Oliv.; Albizia pallida Harv.; Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Miq.; Feuilleea hypoleuca Kuntze) (for the Irish botanist William Henry Harvey, 1811–1866 (d. Torquay, Devon), Treasurer General of the Cape Colony, traveller and professor of botany, author of The Genera of South African Plants. Cape Town 1838, of Thesaurus capensis. Dublin, London, Capetown 1859–1863, and also (with Otto Wilhelm Sonder, 1812–1881), of the first three volumes of Flora capensis. Dublin, Capetown 1860–1865; see Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 324. London 1994) Tropical Africa, Botswana. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree or shrub, slender, flat-topped, sweetly fragrant white cream flowers, foliage browsed by livestock, in woodland See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 141. 1826, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 271. 1834, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 48. 1855, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 12: 399. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 188. 1891 and Plantae Bequaertianae 3(1): 61. 1925, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92(3): 249. 1986, Austrobaileya 2(4): 350. 1987, American Species of Acacia 124. 2007

(Roots used to treat epilepsy, cystitis, vomiting; boiled roots used to treat infertility in women and to prevent miscarriage.) in English: common false-thorn, sickle-leaved albizia in Malawi: mbwalankanga, mjenjete, mkwangu, mpalankanga in S. Rhodesia: umBola, umKangala, umSehla in Southern Africa: bleekblaarboom; umThololwane (Swazi); mmolela (Tsonga: Eastern Transvaal); molalakgaka (= guineafowl roost) (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); parahanga (Shona); umBola (Ndebele) in Tanzania: itomonji, mjanda, msisimisi, msisimizi, msisiwiri, nkongoe, nyasutu Albizia inundata (Mart.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes (Acacia inundata Mart.; Acacia multiflora Spreng.; Acacia polyantha Spreng. ex Benth.; Acacia polyantha A. Spreng.; Acacia polyantha Zipp. ex Span.; Albizia polyantha (Spreng. f.) G.P. Lewis; Arthrosamanea polyantha (A. Spreng. ex Benth.) Burkart; Arthrosamanea polyantha (A. Spreng.) Burkart; Arthrosamanea polycephala (Griseb.) Burkart; Cathormion polyanthum (A. Spreng.) Burkart; Cathormion polycephalum (Griseb.) Burkart; Cathormion polycephalum Burkart; Enterolobium polycephalum Griseb.; Feuilleea polycephala (Griseb.) Kuntze; Pithecellobium multiflorum (Kunth) Benth. var. brevipedunculata Chodat & Hassl.; Pithecellobium pendulum Lindm.; Pithecolobium multiflorum var. brevipedunculata Chodat & Hassl.; Pithecolobium pendulum Lindm.) South America. Perennial non-climbing tree See Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 5(Index): 3. 1828, Linnaea 15: 199. 1841, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 591. 1875 and Darwiniana 9: 66. 1949, Darwiniana 13(2–4): 447. 1964, Legumes of Bahia 164. 1987, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 74(1): 238. 1996, Revista Soc. Boliv. Bot. 2(1): 46–59. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda.) in India: kadarah, kovil, silaiyuncai, somarayattoli, somavalkah, svetakhair, venkarinnali Albizia julibrissin Durazzini (Acacia julibrissin (Durazz.) Willd.; Acacia nemu Willd.; Albizia nemu (Willd.) Benth.; Albizzia julibrissin Durazz.; Feuilleea julibrissin (Durazz.) Kuntze; Mimosa arborea Forssk.; Mimosa julibrissin (Durazz.) Scop.; Mimosa speciosa Thunb.; Sericandra julibrissin (Durazz.) Raf.) (Sericandra Raf., from the Greek serikos ‘silky’ and aner, andros ‘male’, with silky stamens; see Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783–1840), Sylva Telluriana. 119. Philadelphia 1838.) China, Japan. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, pubescent, flowers reddish, thin pods pale brown or yellowish, young leaves and flowers cooked See Magazzino toscano 3(4): 11. 1772, Delic. Insub. 1: 18. 1786, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1065. 1806, Sylva Telluriana 119. 1838, Revisio Generum Plantarum

150

1: 188. 1891 and N. Amer. Fl. 23(1): 1–76. 1928, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5: 135. 1983, Carbohydrate Research 324(3): 182–188. 2000, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 15(20): 4493–4495. 2005, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16(10): 2765–2768. 2006, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54(8): 1211–1212. 2006 (Analgesic, cytotoxic, anthelmintic, vermifuge, carminative, antitumor, anodyne, antiinflammatory, digestive, diuretic, oxytoxic, sedative, tonic, vulnerary. Bark juice applied to cuts and wounds. Bark, flowers or floral buds used for insomnia, carbuncles, amnesia, irritability, boils, anxiety and pulmonary abscess, injuries and swellings. Bark and seeds given in piles and diarrhea. Powdered root bark used to strengthen gums of teeth. Younger leaves juice put in eyes for night blindness.) in English: mimosa, mimosa tree, Persian acacia, pink siris, pink siris tree, silk siris, silk tree, silk tree albizia in China: he huan, he huan pi, ho huan, yeh ho in India: barau, bhokra, bukarna, cela, celabage, cencu, cendugu, chanchu, chela baage, cheliva, chellebaagi, chellebage, chenchu, chensu, cinduga, elesujjalubage, eleusujjalu baage, kalkora, karmaru, katu-baramareca, kondaganam, kondaganaru, nalla sinduga, nallacinduga, nallasinduga, sansu, sela, selai, selavagai, sinduga, tentuliya, yelesujilbage in Japan: nemu-no-ki (= sleeping tree, sleepy tree) in Lepcha: tuk chyer koong in Nepal: kawasing, rato siris Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd.; Acacia lebbek (L.) Willd.; Acacia macrophylla Bunge; Acacia speciosa (Jacq.) Willd.; Albizia latifolia B. Boivin; Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. var. leucoxylon Hassk.; Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. var. pubescens Haines; Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. var. rostrata Haine; Albizia lebbek Benth.; Albizia lebbek sensu auct.; Feuilleea lebbeck (L.) Kuntze; Feuilleea lebbeck Kuntze; Feuilleea lebbek Kuntze; Inga borbonica Hassk.; Inga leucoxylon Hassk.; Mimosa lebbeck L.; Mimosa lebbek Forssk.; Mimosa sirissa Roxb.; Mimosa speciosa Jacq.; Pithecellobium splitgerberianum Miq.) Paleotropics. Perennial non-climbing tree, multi-stemmed, spreading, leaves bipinnate, rachis with gland, fragrant greenish yellow flowers, flat paper-thin yellow brown pods, leaves utilized by fruit bats, seeds and pods important source of minerals, used for rearing insects and producing lacs See Species Plantarum 1: 516. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1066. 1806, London Journal of Botany 3: 87. 1844, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 184, 188. 1891 and N. Amer. Fl. 23(1): 1–76. 1928, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314. 1950, Adansonia, n.s. 11(2): 357–382. 1970 [1971], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1: 397–406. 1979, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Australian Wildlife Research 16: 203–206. 1987, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 7: 26–39, pl. 1. 1991, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

[2005], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(1–2): 31–36. 2005, Phytomedicine 13(4): 277–283. 2006, American Journal of Food Technology 2 (5): 435–439. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Fruits poisonous. Bark extract used against conception in women. Stem bark, flowers and seeds antimicrobial, astringent, cardiotonic, antibacterial, antiallergic, antifungal, tonic, antiinflammatory, antianaphylactic, antispermatogenic, antiandrogenic, hypocholesterolemic, psychoactive, for insect bites, cough, allergic disorders, rhinitis, edema, bronchial asthma, skin diseases, eczema, flu, high blood cholesterol, boils, diarrhea, poison; bark juice of Ficus auriculata with bark of Albizia lebbeck and Ficus rumphii applied on pox; bark powder mixed with milk of a black goat with turmeric to cure rheumatic joint pains; bark of Oroxylum indicum along with barks of Pterocarpus marsupium, Bridelia retusa, Dalbergia lanceolaria and Albizia lebbeck crushed with water and the extract given for jaundice; bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria along with prop roots of Ficus benghalensis and bark of Oroxylum indicum crushed with water and the extract given for jaundice; bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria along with barks of Oroxylum indicum, Albizia lebbeck and Pterocarpus marsupium crushed with water and the extract given for jaundice; bark and seeds astringent, aphrodisiac, given in piles and diarrhea. Seed powder, latex of Euphorbia caducifolia (danda thor) and cow urine, applied on bleeding piles; seed paste applied to treat wound; seed paste with seeds of Abrus precatorius given to cure cataract. Root paste applied to relieve leprosy; root bark for dental care. Veterinary medicine, stem bark crushed and made into a paste applied around the rat bite, around the wound; bark powder with leaves of Piper betel and jaggery made into a paste and given to relieve fever; root bark of Dioscorea pentaphylla along with stem bark of Albizia lebbeck crushed and applied locally for rheumatism, the decoction given orally; leaves ground with those of Cleome gynandra and stem bark of Pongamia pinnata, a decoction dropped into nostrils in trypanosomiasis.) in English: acacia, black siris, east Indian walnut, frywood, kokko, koko, lebbeck, lebbeck tree, lebbek, lebbek tree, mother-in-law’s tongue, parrot tree, rain tree, raom tree, rattle pod, silk flower, silk tree, silver raintree, siris, siris rain tree, siris tree, sizzling tree, soros-tree, woman’s tongue (because the pods rustle in the slightest breeze and are said to be … whispering all the time), woman’s tongues, women’s-tongue-tree in Madagascar: alomboro, bonara, fany, faux mendoravina in Nigeria: eshegeshege in South Africa: lebbeckboom, lebbekboom in Tanzania: mfureta in Yoruba: ayinre, ayinreye in Cambodia: chreh

151

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

in India: adukkavagai, akashmoni, antutim, atukkuvakai, baage, baage mara, baagichettu, bage, bageda, bagemara, baghi, bagi, baji, barhapushpa, begemara, belisiras, beymada, bhandi, bhandika, bhandila, bhandira, billa, billa vaara, bodosirsi, charas, chekola, chelinge, chichola, chinchola, cilipam, cinapam, ciritakam, ciritakamaram, ciritam, conakam, conatamaram, cukattirakam, cukattiram, cukattiramaram, cukattiravam, cukatturumam, culika, culikamaram, darakhtejakheria, darash, dirasan, dirasana, dirisana, dirisanamu, dirisena, dirishanam, dodda baage, dodda hombaage, dodda sirisha, doddabafe, doddabage, doddasirisa, eluvakai, eluvakaimaram, fanjhi, gachoa, garso, ghulmero, girisamu, goddu hunase, gulmhora, hombaage, hombage, ilaivakai, kaadu manjeete, kaalashiras, kadace, kadache, kalashiras, kalbaage, kalbaghi, kalincakam, kalindi, kalinga, kalinkam, kalinti, kalintimaram, kalio siras, kaliosaras, kallu baage, kallukam, kaloshirish, kalshish, kalsis, kanipala, kanmuracu, kapitaka, kapitana, kapitanam, kapitanamu, kapithanamu, kapittaci, karintakara, karnapura, karuppuvakai, katabhi, kattu chindhula, kattu vagai, kattu vakai, kattuvagai, kattuvaka, kattuvakai, khok, kinihi, kirusnapiram, koko, kona, kopattirai, kothia koroi, kottancilai, krishnashirisha, lasrin, lebach, lomashapushpaksaparni, madhupushpa, mara, mathirishi, mayurakari, mirutuputpam, mirutuputpamaram, mothasiras, motisarsiro, mrdupushpa, mrdupushpah, mridupushpa, murdhapushpa, nakappattiri, nakappittirimaram, nattuvakai, nenmani, nenmeni, nenmeni vaka, nenmenivaka, nenneni, nentukam, pallukam, pallukamaram, pandil, pangar, pantakaccam, pantil, paruvakai, patikam, patil, pedda dirisinam, peddadirisanamu, periyavakai, perunvagai, peruvakai, peruvakaimaram, pilavam, pilavatitam, pilavatitamaram, pilo sarshio, piram, pit shirish shirisha, pitshirish, plavaga, pruthushrangi, putamaram, putavirotikam, putavirotikamaram, putavirukkam, puvicilai, puvitavirukkam, safed siris, sahasraki, sankesar, saras, sares, sarin, shankiniphala, shikiniphala, shiris, shirish, shirisha, shitapushpa, shivson, shrisha, shukadruma, shukapriya, shukapushpa, shukataru, shukeshta, shuksatam, shyamavarna, shymala, sirai, sirar, siras, sirasa, sireesha, siridam, sirin, siris, siris kala, sirisa, sirisah, sirisamu, sirish, sirisha, sirishamu, sirs, sirsa, sirsala, sirsool, sirsul, sissa, sonagam, sugattram, sukapriya, sukataru, sukataruh, sukhataru, supushpaka, svarnapushpaka, telladirisanachettu, theng-chamai, thingri, tinya, tirchul, tukhme siris, uddanaka, ulincil, ulincilaivakai, undugam, untukam, utuntakam, utuntukam, vaagai, vaakatholi, vaakaveru, vaga, vagai, vagai maram, vagei, vageri, vaghai, vaivai ni vavalagi, vaka, vakai, vakaimaram, vakaiyilai, vakattimaram, vakattiram, vannika, vannikavakai, variyankam, vellaivenkai, vellankam, velu-vake, velvariyankam, velvenkai, vinneyavam, viruttaputpam, viruttaputpamaram, vishaghati, vishahanta, vishanashana, vrittapushpa, yamavarana in Indonesia: kitoke, tarisi, tekik in Japan: Biruma-gokan (= Burma sleeping tree) in Java: tekik

in Malaysia: oriang in Nepal: kalo siris, siris, tate in Philippines: aninapla, langil in Thailand: chamchuri, ka se, kampu, khago in Tibet: si-ri-sa, si ri si (d), sri sa, sri si ka, sri si ka (d), sri si ks (d), su-ka-ta-ru in Vietnam: bô kêt tây, lim xanh, trât in Fiji: vaivai, vaivai ni vavalagi, vaivai ni vavalangi in Hawaii: ‘ohai in Pacific: ‘arapitia, gumorningabchey, kalaskas, kasia, mamis, ngumormingobchey, schepil kalaskas, tamaligi pa‘epa‘e, trongkon kalaskas, trongkon-mames, tronkon mames in West Indies: tipid Albizia lebbekoides (DC.) Benth. (Acacia lebbekoides DC.; Albizia julibrissin sensu auct.; Albizia julibrissin sensu Fern.Vill.; Albizia lebbekioides (DC.) Benth.; Mimosa carisquis Blanco; Pithecellobium myriophyllum Gagnep.) Southeast Asia. Perennial non-climbing tree See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 467. 1825, London Journal of Botany 3: 89. 1844 (Bark used as a remedy for colic.) in Cambodia: châmri:ek, kântri:ek in Indonesia: kedinding, tarisi, tekik in Laos: h’uung, kh’aang in Malaysia: koko, siris in Philippines: haluganit, maganhop-sa-bukid in Thailand: chamari dong, chamari pa, kang in Vietnam: câm tr[â]ng, sóng r[â] Albizia lucidior (Steud.) I.C. Nielsen (Albizia gamblei Prain; Albizia lucida Benth.; Albizia meyeri Ricker; Feuilleea lucida Kuntze; Inga lucidior Steud.; Mimosa lucida Roxb., nom. illeg.; Mimosa lucida Vahl) Tropical Asia, China, India. Perennial non-climbing tree, wide-spreading branches, bipinnate leaves, fodder See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 2. 1754, Eclogae Americanae 3: 31, pl. 24. 1807, Hort. Bengal. 40. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 544. 1832, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 810. 1840, London Journal of Botany 3: 86. 1844, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 188. 1891 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 8: 242. 1918, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 19(2): 222. 1979

152

(Used in Ayurveda. Bark juice antibacterial, anticancer, astringent, given for diarrhea and dysentery. Bark squeezed as fish poison.) in English: burmese siris, silk tree in India: dieng ri-i, dieng tilpot, katabhi, macha bonga, macha borga, michha gach, michhagach, moj, padake, setha siris, sirisa, tambai in Nepal: musi, padake Albizia myriophylla Benth. (Albizia microphylla J.F. Macbr.; Albizia myriophylla Benth. var. foliolosa Baker; Albizia thorelii Pierre; Albizia vialeana Pierre var. thorelii (Pierre) P.H. Ho; Mimosa microphylla Roxb.; Mimosa microphylla Glaz.; Mimosa microphylla Sessé & Moc.; Mimosa microphylla Dryand. ex Sm.; Mimosa microphylla Sm. ex Steud.; Mimosa microphylla Poir.) Thailand. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1. 36. 1810, Hort. Bengal. 40. 1814, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel] 533. 1821, London Journal of Botany 3: 90. 1844, Fl. Mexic., ed. 2 233. 1894 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53(Mém. 3b): 184. 1906, Castanea xiii. 69. 1948, Mycoses 51(4): 308–312. 2008 (Juice from the pounded roots febrifuge. Leaves of Holmskioldia sanguinea, Albizia myriophylla and Nymphaea nouchali boiled and taken as blood purifier. Stem anticandidal, antimicrobial; extracts of these plants added to some toothpastes and mouthwashes to control dental caries.) in India: madhurang lata Malay name: tebu gajah in Thailand: cha-em-thai Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. (Acacia lomatocarpa DC.; Acacia odoratissima (L.f.) Willd.; Albizia kalkora auct. non Prain; Albizia micantha Bovin; Albizia micrantha B. Boivin; Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. var. mollis Baker; Feuilleea odoratissima (L.f.) Kuntze; Mimosa odoratissima L.f.) Tropical Asia, India. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, bipinnate leaves, four opposite pinnae, numerous and opposite asymmetric leaflets, flowers creamy white See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, Supplementum Plantarum 437. 1781[1782], London Journal of Botany 3: 88. 1844, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 188. 1891 and Chem. Pharm. Bull. 50(9): 1271–1272. 2002, Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 1(4): 128–133. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Toxins. Leaf juice applied to treat cuts and wounds. Bark juice for cough, cold, dysentery, leprosy, ulcers; bark for vitiligo, external application. Antibacterial, astringent, leaves, seeds and roots used for treatment of skin diseases, ulcers, leprosy and cough. Fish poison, the bark.)

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

in English: albizia, black siris, Ceylon rosewood, fragrant albizia, silk tree, siris in India: aenu baage, bachaari, bachari, bandisinduga, bansa, bas, basari, bassein, bassein bersa, betta sujjalu, betta sujjulu, bettasujjalu, bettasujil, bhandir, bhusirisah, bilikambi, bilivaara, bilivara, bilkambi, bilkimbi, billawar, bilmara, bilvaara, bilvaarada mara, bilvara, bilvarada, bilwara, calavuncai, carruvakai, caruvakai, cattuvakam, cattuvakamaram, caupalikam, caupalikamaram, celaiyuncai, celanni, cham koroi, chelani, chellanji, chichunda, chichwa, chienhalela, chiehonda, chikunda, chinchawa, chinduga, chinta yelaga, chinta yelaguku, chittalavagai, chittilam-vagai, chittilavaga, ciku, cilai, cilaiyuncai, cincapaki, cirrilaivakai, cittilavakai, cukaputpam, cuvacakaci, dieng krait, dieng saw, enubage, gadad, ganara, goddu hunase, godhunchi, godhunchigolanchu, golanchi, golanchu, golancu, goroi, hejui bang ching, hiharu, jatikoroi, kaadu baage, kaalashirish, kacimakamaram, kadache, kadubage, kakur siris, kala siris (= krsna sirisa), kalakincu, kalakincukam, kalakincukamaram, kalangi, kalasiris, kali-siras, kaliasiris, kalinja, kalinji, kalitturincil, kalitturinjil, kaliyuncai, kaliyunjai, kalluncai, kalsirisa, kalsirish, kalturinci, kangtekpa, kantukki, kargtek, karintakara, karinthakara, karinthakurra, karivaka, karmaru, karoovagai, karppacatani, karu vakai, karu-vagai, karuvaga, karumukilmeni, karuvagai, karuvaghe, karuvagi, karuvaka, karuvakai, kasuvagei, katbagei, kavaittipam, kavaittipamaram, kelingi, khelbi, kollikkanni, kollikkannimaram, konda sigara, kondachigara, krishnashirisha, krsna sirisa, kuki, kunnivaka, kurruvakai, makamaru, nellivaga, nellivaka, pandurashirish, ponkunamurunkai, puli vaga, pulibagi, pulivaga, pulivaka, pulli-baghe, pullibage, pullibaghi, purusilai, raanshirishe, ram-saras, rumri, safed-siras, sarasio, selanni, shiras, shirish, shirisha, silai, silaiyunjai, silavagai, sinduga, sira, siris, sirisa, sirisah, sirisha, sirsa, sisso, sittilaivagai, sittilavakai, svetashirisha, telchinduga, thelasu, tiniya, uin, urpalacakitam, urpalacakitamaram, utuntakam, utuntukam, vaga, vaka, vakai, vannivakai, vannivakaimaram, waga, yenebage in Laos: du:x, du:x salen, kh’a:ng h’ung, len in Nepal: khankar in Thailand: kang khi mot, khang-daeng, ma kham pa in Vietnam: s[os]ng r[aaj] th[ow]m, x[us]a Albizia perrieri (Drake) R. Vig. (Acacia perieri Drake; Acacia perrieri Drake; Albizia aurisparsa (Drake) R. Vig.; Albizia perrieri var. monticola Capuron) Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing tree, white flowers See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2: 1303–1304. 1896 and Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 11(2): 357–382. 1970, African Study Monographs 19(3): 127–148. 1998 (An extract from the bark used to treat asthma, and an extract from the boiled leaves used to treat fever and against stomachache.)

153

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

in Madagascar: bonary, fandrianakanga, kintsankintsana, manariboraka, mendoravina, mendoravy, sambalahirano, sambalahy, sandraha, sandraza, sandrazy, tainakanga, tsambalahy, volomboro Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. (Albizia brachycalyx Oliv.; Feuilleea petersiana (Bolle) Kuntze; Zygia petersiana Bolle) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 362. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 188. 1891 and Kew Bulletin 46(3): 495. 1991 (Stem with molluscicidal activity. Leaves for stomachache. Roots for hernia and lung diseases; root decoction drunk for influenza, as a diaphoretic. Pounded bark, maceration, drunk for the rheumatism. Veterinary medicine, infusion of leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.) in Tanzania: mkenge, mkuu, mlanga langa, mlau, molangalanga, msisigulu, mtanga mbelete, mwilu Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. (Acacia elata Voigt; Acacia procera (Roxb.) Willd.; Acacia procera var. elata (Roxb.) Baker; Acacia procera var. roxburghiana E. Fourn.; Albizia procera var. elata (Roxb.) Baker; Albizia procera var. roxburghiana Fourn.; Feuilleea procera (Roxb.) Kuntze; Lignum murinum-majus Rumph.; Mimosa coriaria Blanco; Mimosa elata Roxb.; Mimosa procera Roxb.) Tropical Asia, Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, erect, open canopy, spreading branches, reddish-brown gum, rachis with gland, white-yellow heads, smooth flattened red or reddish-brown pods, brown seeds, bark can be ground with flour and eaten, cooked leaves eaten as a vegetable, protein-rich fodder See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2: 12–13. 1799, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1063. 1806, London Journal of Botany 3: 89. 1844, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 184, 188. 1891 and Journal of Natural Products 61(4): 440–445. 1998, Phytochemistry 68(9): 1261–1266. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Paste of gum applied to treat boils. Anticancer, roots spermicidal. Leaves insecticide, also poulticed onto ulcers; roots and leaves decoction rubbed on muscular pain. Bark decoction taken for stomachache, fever, rheumatism and haemorrhage, as a gargle for sore throat; bark decoction with table salt prescribed to expel threadworms, a bath given for scabies; bark pounded with bark of Xeromphis spinosa and applied on painful swelling of scrotum; bark juice, mixed with plant juice, given as antidote for snakebite; decoction of bark of Albizia procera with barks of Combretum ovalifolium and Acacia ferruginea and root of Blumea eriantha given as an antidote for snakebite. Veterinary medicine, bark given with salt as a medicine for water buffalo. Pounded bark as fish poison, and leaves said to be insecticidal and piscicidal. Seeds toxic to mice and rats.)

in English: acacia, albizia, bastard lebbeck, brown albizia, forest siris, lebbeck tree, safed siris, silver bark rain tree, siris tree, tall albizia, white siris, white siris tree in Bangladesh; choipang in Burma: kokko-sit, sit, sitpen in Cambodia: tramkang, tronum’ kamphe:m in India: adenji, adhanji, athanji, baagi, bag, bagai, bage, baro, belathi, belati, bellate, bellati, bellatte, bikul, bili baage, bilibaage, billibage, calaiyuncil, calavaka, calliyuncal, cavarecam, cavarecamaram, chaalia chukul, chalavaka, chalia, chellabage, chigara, chikoli, chikul, cikul, cilaiyuncai, cilaiyuncil, dholi-pini, dholio hiras, dholio-hiras, dieng rilong, dirisanamu, dirissanamu, ganaru, garar, garso, goriyo hiras, goriyo-hiras, gurar, gurbari, gurkur, haya, jalavaga, jalavaka, kalsis, kandaivagai, kangtek pa, kangteknu, karah, karahi, karanji, karhar, karo, karolu, karra, karuntakara, karunthagara, katabhi, khelvi, kheruvi, ki, kinai, kinhai, kinhay, kini, kinihi, kinnigurai, konda vagei, konda vaghe, kondadirisanamu, kondavaghe, kontaivakai, korai, kori, koroi, kottuvaga, kovarakki, kovarakkimaram, kurha, kutamvaka, luwangkhoi, mahasveta, nallavagai, nallavakai, narlaung-araung, otukkuvakai, pachardu, pandhra siris, pasar ganni, peddapachcharu, peddapachharu, saalu baage, saed siris, safed-charas, safed-siras, safed siris, safedsiris, salabage, salaindi, salaiyunjil, salayudi, salvagai, sidak, siris, siris safed, sirisa, sufed siris, suropotri, tantari-araung, tantariasing, tella chinduga, tella-chinduga, tella chinta, tellachinduga, telladinisanamu, thella dinisanamu, thellachinduga, thellasapara, vaga, vagai, vaivai ni vavalagi, vaka, vel-vagai, vellavaga, vellavaka, veluvagai, veluvaka, velvagai, velvaka in Indonesia: ki hiyang, wangkal, weru in Laos: `tho:n, tho:nx in Malaysia: oriang in Nepal: dun siris, karati, seto siris in Philippines: akleng parang in Thailand: suan, thingthon in Vietnam: mu[oof]ng xanh in South Africa: basterlebbeck, lebbeckboom Albizia rhombifolia Benth. (Albizia glaberrima sensu auct.; Cathormion rhombifolium (Benth.) Hutch. & Dandy; Cathormion rhombifolium (Hook. f.) Hutch. & Dandy; Pithecellobium glaberrimum auct., sensu Aubrév. p.p.) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, white flowers, in swamp forest (Veterinary medicine.) in Guinea: nétè-cula, quéquè-camacama in Senegal: kéké kamakama, nete kulayi, nétékula

154

Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. (Acacia propinqua A. Rich.; Albizia nicoyana Britton & Rose; Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell.; Albizzia saman (Jacq.) Merr.; Calliandra saman (Jacq.) Griseb.; Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) Prain ex King; Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) Prain; Feuilleea saman (Jacq.) Kuntze; Inga cinerea Willd.; Inga cinerea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Inga salutaris Kunth; Inga saman (Jacq.) Willd.; Mimosa pubifera Poir.; Mimosa saman Jacq.; Pithecellobium cinereum Benth.; Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.; Pithecellobium saman var. saman (Jacq.) Benth.; Pithecolobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.; Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.; Zygia saman (Jacq.) A. Lyons) Tropical America. Perennial non-climbing tree, umbrellashaped canopy, tiny flowers in pinkish heads, black-brown oblong straight or slightly curved pods filled with a sticky brownish sweet and edible pulp, bee forage, ripe fruits fed to cattle, seeds readily dispersed by domestic livestock, gum exudes from wounded trees See Magazzino toscano 3(4): 13–14. 1772, Fragmenta Botanica 15, pl. 9. 1800, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1024. 1806, London Journal of Botany 3: 216. 1844, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 225. 1860, Select Plants … Melbourne 12. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 189. 1891, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 66: 252. 1897 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6(2): 46–47. 1916, North American Flora 23(1): 47. 1928, Phytologia 44(6): 379. 1979, Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1989, Kew Bull. 46(3): 493–521. 1991, Legum. Agric. Boliv. 409–423. 1996, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(1): 100–105. 2008, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2(10): 268–270. 2008

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

in Pacific: filinganga, gouannegoul, gumorni spanis, kasia kula, mohemohe, sirsa, tamaligi, tamalini, trongkon-mames, vaivai ni vavalangi in Latin America: acacia preta, algarrobo, algarrobo del país, arbor de lluvia, campano, carabeli, carreto, carreto negro, cenicero, coco tamarind, couji, delmonte, dormilón, gouannegoul, guango, guannegoul, guannegoule, lara, samán, urero, zamang Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. (Abarema nediana Kosterm.; Albizia lucida sensu Fern.-Vill.; Albizia salajeriana Miq.; Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Blume; Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Blume ex Miq.; Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. var. saponaria (Lour.) Miq.; Albizia tomentella Miq. var. salajeriana (Miq.) Koord.; Feuilleea saponaria (Lour.) Kuntze; Inga saponaria (Lour.) Willd.; Mimosa saponaria Lour.) East Africa, Sabah. Perennial non-climbing tree, umbrellashaped, flat or rounded crown, smooth bark, leaves compound, creamy flowers in loose heads, fruit persistent, in riverine forest, dry forest, evergreen bushland See Flora Cochinchinensis 653. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1008. 1806, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 189. 1891 (Toxins. Anti cancer, high saponin content in bark and wood. An infusion of the roots added to porridge and taken as a pain reliever.) in English: long-podded albizia, whiteflower albizia in East Africa: mfuranje, mruka, mukurue in Philippines: salingkugi

(Toxic. Fruit decoction sedative, for convulsions. Seeds chewed for sore throat or also used for the juice. Leaves and fruits for convulsions and venereal diseases. Leaves antiseptic, antibacterial, astringent, for conjunctivitis, drops of aqueous extract of green leaves; leaf infusion laxative; leaf juice applied on cuts and wounds, also used as bed bug repellent. Boiled bark applied as a poultice to cure constipation; a decoction of the inner bark and fresh leaves used for diarrhea, colds, headache, intestinal ailments and stomachache. Roots decoction made into a hot bath for stomach ailments.)

Albizia schimperiana Oliv. (Albizia amaniensis Baker f.; Albizia maranguensis Taub.; Albizia maranguensis Engl.; Albizia schimperana Oliv.; Feuilleea schimperiana (Oliv.) Kuntze)

in English: cow tamarind, East Indian walnut, French tamarind, friendly tree, full power, kindly tree, licorice, licorice tree, monkey pod, rain tree, saman

(Bark for cough, antitussive; stem bark to treat warts. Root infusion added to porridge used against headache. Ground seeds mixed with water used as an insecticide.)

in Madagascar: bonara, bonarambaza, kily vazaha, madiromany, mampihe, mampohehy in India: male mara, mara, nedraganneru, nithravathi, reni, thella thurai, toonoka, vilayati siris

Tropical Africa, Malawi. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, slender, erect, very soft fern-like leaves, white or yellowish flowers, inflorescence an axillary head, bee forage, browsed by cattle, in upland forest and evergreen bushland See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 359. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 189. 1891

in English: forest long-podded albizia, large-podded albizia in Tanzania: mfuranje, mkenge, mshai, olsanguwesi

in Hawaii: ‘ohai, pu ‘ohai

Albizia splendens Miq. (Pithecellobium confertum Benth.; Pithecellobium splendens (Miq.) Corner; Pithecellobium splendens Prain; Pithecellobium splendens (Miq.) Prain; Pithecellobium splendens Merr.; Serialbizzia splendens (Miq.) Kosterm.)

in New Guinea: marmar

Malaysia, Sumatra. Perennial non-climbing tree

in the Philippines: acacia, akasya, palo de China

155

Albizia Durazzini Fabaceae (Ingeae)

See Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 2: 280. 1861, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 577. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 186. 1891, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66(2): 516. 1897 [1898 publ. 1897] and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 35: 137. 1954, Bull. Org. Sci. Res. Indonesia No. 20, 17. 1954 (Leaves for diarrhea.) Albizia versicolor Oliv. (Albizia mossambicensis Sim; Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv.; Feuilleea versicolor (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze) Tropical Africa, Angola. Perennial non-climbing tree, large rooting system, creamy yellowish flowers, inflorescence an axillary head, flat brown pod, bee forage, in deciduous woodland and wooded grassland See Species Plantarum 1: 516. 1753, London Journal of Botany 3: 87. 1844, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 359. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 189. 1891, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 294. 1895 and Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 67(4): 217–221. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(1–2): 31–36. 2005, Fitoterapia 78(7– 8): 561–564. 2007, South Afr. J. Epidemiol. Infect. 23(2): 26–28. 2008 (Pods and seeds toxic, poisonous to livestock, cattle, sheep and goats. Wood dust may cause serious irritation to nose and throat. Root and bark decoctions anthelmintic and purgative, to treat swollen glands and venereal diseases. Dried and powdered roots taken or sniffed to treat headache and sinusitis; root maceration taken against gonorrhea. Bark antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, a decoction to treat anemia and diabetes, applied externally to treat ophthalmia and skin rash; bark maceration taken against cough, bark powder sniffed for the cough.)

letestui Pellegr.; Albizia welwitschioides Schweinf. ex Baker f.; Feuilleea zygia (DC.) Kuntze; Inga zygia DC.; Zygia brownei DC.) Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree, reddish pink white flowers, inflorescence an axillary head, staminal tube red projecting beyond corolla, flat oblong pod, bee forage, young leaves eaten cooked, low-quality fodder, related to Albizia gummifera See Mémoires sur la Famille des Légumineuses 12: 440, pl. 65. 1826, Repertorium Bot. Systematicae. 1(5): 928. 1843, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 362. 1871, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(46): 364. 1883, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891 and Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar 30, tome 1(pt. 1, fasc. 50): 71. 1902[1903], Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 3. 1919, Kew Bulletin 46(3): 495. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93: 231–241. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109: 1–9. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(1): 8–12. 2007 (Wood dust may cause irritation to nose and throat. Ground roots expectorant, to treat cough. Decoction of dry stem with leaves for diarrhea, dysentery, fevers; root bark juice on wounds. Pounded bark applied externally to treat sores, wounds and toothache; bark decoction purgative, stomachic, antidote, vermifuge, aphrodisiac, used for internal parasitism, fever, malaria, female sterility, bronchial diseases.) in English: red nongo, West African albizia in Benin: djinwa in Cameroon: ango oyome, angoyem, essak, ongo ayem, saka

in English: large-leaved albizia, large-leaved false-thorn, poison-pod albizia

in Central African Republic: dop, kapo, kasa kasa, liamba, lilamba, lilembe, ndola, ndolo, opo ndolo, popo, saka

in N. Rhodesia: mulungwe, mtanga

in Congo: kamgba

in Southern Africa: grootblaarvalsdoring, umvanghaas (common name used also for Pterocarpus angolensis, the kiaat), umpiso albizia; umVangazi, umPhisu, umBhangazi (Zulu); muKanuvuri, muNyabombwe, muNyamdina (Shona); siVangatsane (= the little kiaat), umVangatana (Swazi); mbheswi (Tsonga: Eastern Transvaal); muvhamba-ngoma, mutambapfunda (Venda); linko (Botswana, eastern Caprivi); kakomo (Ngamiland); mokongotshi (Mbukushu: Okavango Swamps and western Caprivi)

in Ghana: okuro

in S. Rhodesia: muBuba, muChecha

in Nigeria: ayinreta, ekpaghudo, nyie avu

in Swaziland: sivangatana, sivangatane, umvangatana

in Sierra Leone: fe-neku

in Tanzania: izambila, mchani ndovu, mchingu, mduruasi, mkenge, mkingu, mnduruasi, mtanga, mtangu

in Tanzania: mkenge, nongo

Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. (Acacia zygia (DC.) Baill.; Acacia zygia (DC.) Baillon ex Drake; Albizia brownei (Walp.) Oliv.; Albizia brownii Walp. ex Oliv.; Albizia

in Guinea: ton’bon gbèn in Ivory Coast: ouochi in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: dekan, droupahia, gori, koa, koli, koli-bangban, koro, kouin, koulé, laranoudio, mahé, naramougou digo, niapoï, niépé, séa, tomoubé, toumoughi, wochi, zaa, zazé

in Uganda: muragaza, sesut in West Africa: kouloh in Yoruba: akudinrin, ayinre popo, ayinreta, ayunre, olota

156

Albuca L. Asparagaceae (Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae)

Albuca L. Asparagaceae (Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae)

(Magic, protective charm plants, good luck charm.)

Latin albus, a, um ‘white’, albico, are (albus) ‘to be white’, albicans ‘becoming white’, in reference to the white flowers. See C. Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. Ed. 2. 438. 1762, Genera Plantarum 221. 1789 and S.H. Knudtzon & B. Stedje, “Taxonomy and cytology of the genus Albuca in East Africa.” Nordic Journal of Botany. 6(6): 773–786. 1986, Edinburgh J. Botany 60(3): 533–568. 2003 [2004].

in English: Wild Coast albuca

Albuca abyssinica Jacq. (Albuca abyssinica Welw. ex Baker, nom. illeg.; Albuca allenae Baker; Albuca angolensis Welw.; Albuca asclepiadea Chiov.; Albuca bainesii Baker; Albuca beguinotii Cufod.; Albuca blepharophylla Cufod.; Albuca capitata Gilli; Albuca chaetopoda Chiov.; Albuca elastica Salisb.; Albuca elwesii Regel; Albuca erlangeriana Engl.; Albuca fibrillosa De Wild.; Albuca fischeri Engl.; Albuca fleckii Schinz; Albuca hysterantha Chiov.; Albuca lugardii Baker; Albuca melleri (Baker) Baker; Albuca melleri Baker; Albuca nemorosa Chiov.; Albuca parviflora Perkins, nom. illeg.; Albuca praecox Engl. & K. Krause; Albuca purpurascens Engl.; Albuca tayloriana Rendle; Albuca wakefieldii Baker; Asphodelus abyssinicus (Jacq.) Schult. & Schult. f.; Asphodelus africanus Lam.; Ornithogalum fleckii (Schinz) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt; Ornithogalum melleri Baker; Ornithogalum monteiroi Baker; Ornithogalum quartinianum (A. Rich.) Lanza; Pallastema abyssinica (Jacq.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Scilla petitiana A. Rich.; Scilla quartiniana A. Rich.; Urginea acinacifolia Schinz; Urginea beccarii Baker; Urginea petitiana (A. Rich.) Solms; Urginea quartiniana (A. Rich.) Solms) Tropical Africa. Herb, fleshy, slender, underground bulb, flowers greenish-yellow See Icon. Pl. Rar. 1(3): t. 64. 1783, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 239. 1796, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 7: 500. 1829, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 328–329. 1850, Genera Plantarum 36. 1866, The Gardeners’ Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1872: 392. 1872, Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 532–533. 1898 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 143. 1910, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo 9: 34. 1910, Wiss. Erg. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped., Bot. 2: 61. 1910, Ann. Bot. (Rome) 9: 145–146. 1911, Fl. Somala 2: 426. 1932, Miss. Biol. Borana, Racc. Bot., Angiosp.-Gymnosp.: 318, 320. 1939, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 69: 52. 1966, Nordic J. Bot. 16(2): 121–126. 1996, Edinburgh J. Bot. 60: 548. 2003 [2004] (Bulb for inflammatory diseases, wound dressing.) in Tanzania: kitunguu pori, koyosa Albuca batteniana Hilliard & B.L. Burtt (Ornithogalum battenianum (Hilliard & B.L. Burtt) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt) (named in honor of Auriol Ursula Batten, a botanical artist)

Albuca cooperi Baker (Albuca flaccida Baker, nom. illeg.; Albuca karooica U. Müll.-Doblies) South Africa. Herb, flowers greenish-yellow, nodding See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 12: 366. 1874 and Feddes Repertorium 105(5–6): 367. 1994 (Used for wounds and cuts. Magic, a protective charm plants and for good luck.) Albuca fastigiata Dryand. (Falconera fastigiata (Dryand.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Nemaulax fastigiata (Dryand.) Raf.; Ornithogalum fastigiatum (Dryand.) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt) South Africa. See Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 1784: 296 (1784, Flora Telluriana 3: 52. 1837, Genera Plantarum 36. 1866 and Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60: 548. 2003 [2004] (Protective charm plants.) in English: spreading white albuca in Swaziland: umaphipha-intelezi (A number of plant species are referred to as intelezi (good luck charms) in different ethnic groups of South Africa.) Albuca nelsonii N.E. Br. (Ornithogalum nelsonii (N.E. Br.) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt) (specific epithet given for a British nurseryman, William Nelson, who first collected the species.) South Africa. Bulbous, robust, fleshy bulb, leaves strapshaped, white greenish flowers See Gard. Chron., n.s., 1880: 198. 1880 and Edinburgh J. Botany 60(3): 549. 2003[2004] (Magic, protection against sorcery, protective charm plants, Albuca nelsonii bulbs and tubers of Kniphofia sp. infusion, drunk as an emetic.) in English: Nelson’s slime lily in South Africa: intelezi, umaphipha Albuca setosa Jacq. (Albuca baurii Baker; Albuca pachychlamys Baker; Albuca patersoniae Schönland) South Africa. Bulb, erect flowers See Edinburgh Journal of Botany 48: 107–128. 1991

South Africa. Evergreen bulb

(Protective charm plants, lightning protection.)

See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 42(2): 247–249. 1985, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60: 547. 2003 [2004]

in English: small white albuca in South Africa: gibi’z’phoso, ingcina, mfazothethayo

157

Alcea L. Malvaceae

Alcea L. Malvaceae Greek alkea ‘mallow’, Latin alcea, ae for Malva alcea L. (Plinius), see Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 324–386. 1949, Biologia 48: 441–445. 1993, Fitologija 46: 12–32. 1993. Alcea rosea Linnaeus (Alcea ficifolia L.; Alcea glabrata Alef.; Alcea rosea Falk; Althaea caribaea Sims; Althaea chinensis Wall.; Althaea coromandeliana Cav.; Althaea cretica Weinm.; Althaea ficifolia Cav.; Althaea ficifolia Sibth. & Sims; Althaea flexuosa Sims; Althaea meonantha Link; Althaea mexicana Kunze; Althaea rosea Hohen. ex Boiss.; Althaea rosea Cav.; Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.; Althaea rosea var. sinensis (Cav.) S.Y. Hu; Althaea sinensis Blanco; Althaea sinensis Cav.; Althaea × cultorum Bergmans; Malva florida Salisb.; Malva hortensis Schimp. & Spenn.; Malva rosea (L.) E.H.L. Krause) China. Biennial or perennial herb, erect, densely hirsute, flowers solitary or fascicled, corolla red, purple, white, pink, yellow or black-purple, young leaves eaten raw or cooked, flower petals and flower buds eaten raw See Species Plantarum 2: 687. 1753, Diss. 2, Secunda Diss. Bot. 91 (t. 28, f. 1). 1786 [Jan-Apr 1786] (Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 2: 91. 1786), Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 5: 67. 1856 [Sep-Oct 1856] and Fl. W. Pakistan 130: 50. 1979, Plantsman n.s., 6(4): 231. 2007 (Antiinflammatory, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge; flowers for the treatment of chest complaints, constipation, dysmenorrhea, hemorrhage; roots and flowers antiinflammatory, leaves used to apply infusion of flowers to inflamed areas, boils; dried flowers infusion as a gargle to help soothe sore throat. Roots crushed and applied as a poultice to ulcers, internally used in the treatment of dysentery, enteritis; decoction of roots boiled with water and milk applied for dermatitis, also given to pregnant women to ease delivery. Seeds for jaundice. Petioles decoction laxative.)

Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 540, 574. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 578. 1799, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 809. 1805[1806], Catalogue of a portion of the valuable Library of the late Stanesby Alchorne, etc. [R.H. Evans, 22 May, 1813.] London 1813, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 449. 1827, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 6: 2–4. 1854, Retzia, sive, Observationes botanicae, quas de plantis horti botanici Bogoriensis 1: 38. 1855, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 448. 1858, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(2): 407. 1859 and F.D. Drewitt, The romance of the Apothecaries’ Garden at Chelsea. London 1924, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 25–170. 1949, Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 6: 302. 1954, American Journal of Botany 56: 752. 1969, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1087–1144. 1988, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 73(2): 155– 281. 2002. Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg. (Alchornea cordata Benth.; Alchornea cordata (A. Juss.) Müll.Arg., nom. illeg., non Alchornea cordata Benth.; Conceveiba cordata A. Juss.; Conceveibum cordatum A. Juss.; Schousboea cordifolia Schumach. & Thonn.) Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, sarmentose, scandent, climbing, spreading, erect, multi-stemmed, many-branched, leaves alternate, small greenish white scented flowers, female inflorescences pendulous racemes, fruits greenish, seeds with red aril, leaves with a pleasant taste when chewed See De Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viribus tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18 illustratum 43, pl. 13, f. 42a. 1824, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 449. 1827, Niger Fl. 507. 1849, Linnaea 34: 170. 1865, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 901. 1866 and Willdenowia 21: 233–238. 1991

in Japan: tachi-aoi

(Roots and leaves purgative, for malaria, skin infections. Leaves in the treatment of coughs; chewed leaves effective for treating diarrhea; leaves mixed with Aframomum, Capsicum and ginger, ground and inserted in vagina after childbirth as a postpartum remedy and to bring back the muscular integrity of the vaginal walls. Juice of leaves and fruit rubbed on ringworm and other skin infections. Leaves and stem bark used for urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. Fruit for cough. A decoction of the leaves used as an eye lotion and against the fever.)

in Nepal: gurbo

in English: Christmas bush, Christmas stick, Christmas tree

in English: Antwerp hollyhock, garden hollyhock, hollyhock in China: chien, jung k’uei (= mallow of the wild tribes of the west), shu k’uei (= mallow from Szechuan), shu kui, shu kui hua in India: dodda bindige gida, gulkhair, kempu seeme thutthi, khatmi, saj posh

Alchornea Swartz Euphorbiaceae Genus named after the English botanist Stanesby Alchorne, 1727–1800, plant collector, from 1771 to 1773 honorary Demonstrator at Chelsea Physic Garden. See Olof Peter Swartz (1760–1818), Nova genera et species plantarum seu Prodromus descriptionum vegetabilium maximam partem incognitorum. 6, 98. Stockholm, Uppsala & Åbo, 1788,

African names: bambami, epai, mbom, oje, ose, tahi, ububo, uwonowen in Cameroon: bondji, dibo-bunji, dìbobongì in Congo: m’poso, mubundzila, oposo in Gambia: garagasaki, gulekemo, hira, jambokano, kabanunkano, surugba in Ghana: ogyama

158

in Ivory Coast: adiama, adiamba, adièké, bulora, diéca, djéka, holanta, kodjiram, kohira, n’dzè, n’dzin, vidjo in Nigeria: akogoho, bambami, ipa in Senegal: lah in Sierra Leone: njaekoi, njekoi in Togo: holentschess, tschifu, tschufu in Upper Volta: kotiâ in West Africa: an toma, krismes tik, njekoi in Yoruba: asiyin, epa, esin, esin abata, ewe epa, ipa, isin Alchornea floribunda Müll.Arg. Sierra Leone, Uganda. A leaning shrub or small tree, sometimes subscandent, flowers pale green, in forest undergrowth, leaves eaten as a vegetable See Harris, D.J. The Vascular Plants of the Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic: 1–274. National Botanic Garden (Belgium), Meise. 2002, Sosef, M.S.M. et al. “Checklist des plantes vasculaires du Gabon.” Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1–438. 2006 (Religion, superstitions, magic, used in initiation rites. Stimulant, used to induce a temporary excitement or vigor, physical or verbal, and for an aphrodisiac effect, but is apparently not hallucinogenic. Antidotes, venomous stings, bites; antidote to poison, natural or superstitious. Sap from the leaves and roots applied to skin affections.) in Zaire: niando Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Müll.Arg. (Adelia glandulosa Blanco; Alchornea hainanensis Pax & K. Hoffm.; Alchornea hainanensis var. glabrescens Pax & K. Hoffm.; Alchornea hainanensis var. pubescens Pax & K. Hoffm.; Alchornea javanensis (Blume) Müll.Arg.; Alchornea javanensis Müll. Arg.; Alchornea javanensis (Blume) Backer & Bakh.f., nom. illeg.; Alchornea javensis Müll.Arg.; Alchornea petalostyla Airy Shaw; Alchornea pubescens Merr.; Alchornea pubescens (Britton) R. Secco; Alchornea rugosa Müll.Arg.; Alchornea rugosa var. macrocarpa Airy Shaw; Alchornea rugosa var. pubescens (Pax & K. Hoffm.) H.S. Kiu; Aparisthmium javanense (Blume) Hassk.; Aparisthmium javanicum Baill.; Aparisthmium javense Hassk.; Cladodes rugosa Lour.; Conceveiba javanensis Blume; Conceveiba latifolia Zipp. ex Span.; Croton apetalum Blume; Croton apetalus Blume, nom. nud.; Conceveiba pubescens Britton; Tragia innocua Blanco, nom. illeg.) India. Small tree or large shrub, leaves spiral, leaf base with tiny laminar glands, narrow needle-like stipules, flowers in unisexual spikes, fruit trilobed capsule with persistent divided style See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 574. 1790, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 814. 1837, Linnaea 34: 170. 1865 and Pflanzenr.,

Alchornea Swartz Euphorbiaceae

(Engler) Euphorb.-Mercurial. IV, 147, VII: 242–243. 1914, Philipp. J. Sci., 20(4): 399. 1922, Fl. Java 1: 485. 1963, Kew Bull. 26(2): 211. 1972, Kew Bull. 35(2): 395. 1980, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 44(2): 69. 1996, Revista Brasil. Bot. 22(2): 142. 1999 (Aqueous extract of leaves given in fever; leaves pounded in coconut oil and applied on abdomen for pain near belly; leaves rubbed on chest against pain; leaf juice along with the leaf juice of Syzygium samarangense and Terminalia catap­pa taken for abortion.) in China: yu mai shan ma gan in India: kalifato, ki-fat, kifetov, miltich, thamfathu Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr. (Alchornea sicca Merr.; Exoecaria sicca Blanco; Homalanthus populifolius Graham; Homalanthus populneus var. sicca (Blanco) Pax; Homalanthus populneus var. siccus (Blanco) Pax) Philippines. See Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. (Apr.-June 1827) 175. 1827, Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 787. 1837, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 619. 1891 and Philippine Journal of Science C 5: 192. 1910, Das Pflanzenreich 147,5(Heft 52): 46. 1912 (Leaves and fruits used for poisoning fish.) Alchornea villosa (Benth.) Müll.Arg. (Alchornea villosa var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Alchornea villosa var. lanceolata Müll.Arg.; Alchornea villosa var. latisepala Hook.f.; Alchornea zollingeri Hassk.; Aparisthmium sumatranum Rchb. & Zoll.; Bleekeria zollingeri (Hassk.) Miq.; Stipellaria villosa Benth.; Stipellaria zollingeri Miq.) (Bleekeria Hassk., after the Dutch physician Pieter Bleeker, 1819–1878, naturalist and zoologist, friend of the Dutch botanist Justus Carl Hasskarl (1811–1894), one of the founders of the Society of Natural Curiosities of the Indies at Batavia, collaborator to Natuur- en geneeskundij archief voor Nederlandsch Indië. 1844, his works include Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises. Amsterdam 1862–1878, Catalogus van de bibliotheek van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. (Bibliothecae Societatis Artium Scientiarumque quae Batavia floret, catalogus systematicus, etc.) 1853, De Cholera. ‘s Gravenhage 1866, De Dysenterie. Batavia 1849, Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici prodromus. Batavia 1858.) Pen. Thailand to W. Malesia. See Justus Carl Hasskarl, Retzia sive Observationes Botanicae. 38. 1855 and Pooma, R. (ed.), A Preliminary Check-list of Threatened Plants in Thailand. National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok. 2005 in English: swallow-tail bush Malayan names: rambahan bukit, rami hutan, rami utan, ramin bukit, sumin jantan

159

Alectoria Ach. Alectoriaceae (Usneaceae)

Alectoria Ach. Alectoriaceae (Usneaceae) Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach. North America. (For wounds. Ceremonial.) in English: black tree moss, maidenhair moss, witch’s hair lichen

Alectra Thunb. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae) Greek alektros ‘unwedded’, a ‘without’ and lektron ‘couch, bed, marriage-bed’, or from Greek alektor ‘a cock’, referring to the flowers; see Bergius, Peter Jonas (1730–1790), Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei, … Stockholmæ: Typis et Impensis direct. L. Salvii, 1767, Nova Genera Plantarum 4: 81–82. 1784 and Kew Bulletin 14: 402–416. 1960, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 18: 45–65. 1996, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 49. 1996, Weed Research 44(4): 265–270. 2004. Alectra parasitica Hochst. ex A. Rich. India. Herb, erect, root parasite, red purplish stem, leaves scale-like, inflorescence terminal, flowers bright yellow, calyx bell-shaped, fruit a capsule, minute seeds, fresh rhizomes fleshy bright yellow See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 117. 1850 and Economic Botany 21(3): 277–283. 1967 (Used in Ayurveda. For leprosy, vitiligo, skin diseases, rheumatism, constipation, intestinal worms, fevers, swellings, paralysis, tuberculosis. Rhizomes destroy gas, increase bile and correct disorders of blood.) in India: bhramarari, bhrngari, gaiya, midaki, nirgundi, nirgundi bandaka, nirgundi vandaka, nirugundikanda Alectra parasitica Hochst. ex A. Rich. var. chitrakutensis M.A. Rau (Alectra chitrakutensis (M.A. Rau) R. Prasad & R.D. Dixit; Alectra parasitica Hochst. ex A. Rich. subsp. chitrakutensis (M.A. Rau) K.K. Khanna & An. Kumar) India. Parasitic herbs, perennial, yellow-orange underground stem strongly rhizomatous, small yellow flowers in terminal racemes, parasite on the roots of Vitex negundo (nirgundi) plants See Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 3: 25. 1961, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 31: 537. 2007, Ethnobotany 20: 154–156. 2008, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33(4): 814–817. 2009 (Rhizome in the treatment of leprosy, leucoderma, virility and general weakness.) in India: bhramarari, bhrngari, gaiya, midaki, nirgundi, nirgundi bandaka, nirgundi vandaka, nirgundikala, nirugundikanda

Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) Kuntze (Alectra asperrima Benth.; Alectra barbata (Hiern) Melch.; Alectra communis Hemsl.; Alectra melampyroides Kuntze; Alectra melampyroides (Rich.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Alectra melampyroides Benth.; Alectra rupestris Bonati, nom. nud.; Alectra senegalensis var. pallescens Bonati; Alectra senegalensis var. pallescens Bonati ex Melch., nom. nud.; Alectra vogelii Benth.; Gerardia sessiliflora Vahl; Melasma barbatum Hiern; Melasma sessiliflorum Hiern; Melasma sessiliflorum (Vahl) Hiern; Nigrina sessiflora Kuntze; Rhinanthus scaber Thunb.) Tropical Africa. Herb, very variable, hemiparasitic weed, erect, stiff white trichomes, corolla pale yellow-orange See Symbolae Botanicae … (Vahl) 3: 79. 1794, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 98. 1800, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 10: 339. 1846, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 458. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 237. 1898, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853—61 3: 767. 1898 and Flora Capensis (Harvey) 4, 2: 374. 1904, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 4: 372. 1906, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 74: 96. 1927, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 15: 125. 1940, Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 2, 44: 303– 305. 1970, Fitoterapia 72: 351–368. 2001 (Crushed fresh plants eaten as a galactagogue. Leaf sap taken to hasten childbirth. Root decoction given to small children to treat diarrhea.) in English: yellow witchweed

Alectryon Gaertn. Sapindaceae Greek alektor ‘a cock’, alektryon ‘a cock, a rooster’ (Greek alezo ‘to ward, keep off, keep one off from oneself’; Akkadian alik idi ‘helper, protector’, alaku idi ‘to assist, to protect’, alaku ‘to move about, to serve, to act, to do service’), referring to the red aril; see Joseph Gaertner (1732–1791), De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. 1: 216, t. 46, fig. 2. 1788 and Austrobaileya 2(4): 328–338. 1987, Blumea 33(2): 315. 1988. Alectryon diversifolius (F. Muell.) S.T. Reynolds (Heterodendron diversifolium F. Muell.; Heterodendrum diversifolium F. Muell.; Nephelium diversifolium (F. Muell.) F. Muell.) (Heterodendrum Desf., from the Greek heteros ‘different, variable, diverse’ and dendron ‘a tree’, alluding to the variable flower structure, see Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 8, t. 3. 1818.) Australia. Shrub, flowers in small clusters or racemes, petals absent, black seeds, red aril See Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Mueller) 1(3): 46. 1858 and Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 4, 263–265. 1976, Austrobaileya 2(4): 335. 1987, Australian Journal of Entomology 44: 344–353. 2005

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(Sapinds are known to vary substantially in the chemistry of their defensive cyanogenic lipids.)

Alepidea Delaroche Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

New Zealand. Tree, rusty, leaves compound, narrow leaflets often toothed, brown capsule, single shiny black seed surrounded by bright scarlet pulp

abdominal pains, diarrhea, stomachache, gastrointestinal and chest complaints, rheumatism, bleeding wounds; an infusion is made, together with Cannabis sativa, for treating asthma and chest inflammation. Magic, ritual, lucky charm, ubulawu (African dreaming), dry rhizome and roots smoked or powdered and taken as snuff by diviners and healers to assist in divination, communication with the ancestors and as protection against evil spirits.)

See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 216. 1788

in English: giant alepidea, larger tinsel flower

(Poisonous fruit, should not be eaten. Leaves insecticide, to keep sand flies away; leaves rubbed on the bites to ease the pain and take away swelling. Green oil from the seeds applied to sores, wounds, sore eyes and ears, bruises, sore breasts and rheumatic joints.)

in Southern Africa: ikhathazo, Iqwili, iQwili, kalmoes, kalmos, lesoko

in Australia: holly bush, scrub boonaree Alectryon excelsus Gaertner

in Swaziland: inkhatsankhatsa, likhatsato

in English: New Zealand ash

Alepidea longifolia E. Mey. (Alepidea longifolia Dümmer; Alepidea longifolia E. Mey. ex Steud.; Eryngium caffirum (E. Mey.) Koso-Pol.; Eryngium caffrum K. Pol.)

in New Zealand: titoki, titongi

Tropical Africa.

Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S. Reyn. (Heterodendrum oleaefolium Desf.; Heterodendrum oleifolium Desf.; Nephelium oleifolium (Desf.) F. Muell.)

See Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 48. 1840, Zwei Pflanzengeografische Dokumente 63. 1843 and Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 3: 11. 1913, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou n.s., 29: 158. 1915[1916]

Australia. See Austrobaileya 2(4): 335. 1987 (Cyanogenetic.) in Australia: boonaree, bullock bush, cattle bush, minga bush, rosewood, Western rosewood

Alepidea Delaroche Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Greek a ‘not, without’ and lepis, lepidos ‘a scale’, see La Roche (Delaroche, de Laroche), François Etienne de (1743– 1813), Eryngiorum nec non Generis Novi Alepideae Historia 19. Parisiis, 1808 and Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève. 3: 132–144. 1911, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic literature. 1: 613 [“François Delaroche, 1780–1813, Daniel Delaroche, 1743–1812.”] 1976 and 4: 821–822. [“F. de la Roche, 1782–1814.”] 1985.

(Leaves and fruits antipyretic, febrifuge.) Alepidea peduncularis Steud. ex A. Rich. (Alepidea gracilis Dümmer; Alepidea longifolia Dümmer) Congo, Sudan and Ethiopia. Perennial herb, fleshy fibrous roots, basal leaves in a rosette, flowers white to slightly pink or greenish, inflorescence a head-like umbel, young leaves used as a cooked vegetable, in montane forest and Brachystegia woodland See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 320. 1848 and Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 3: 11. 1913 (Root decoction taken to treat cough and fever.) in Southern Africa: ikhokwana

Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal. Erect robust perennial herb, flowering stalk hollow, aromatic rhizomatous strong rootstock, oval leaves with pointed tips, small white yellowish flowers arranged in panicles See Eryng. Hist. 19. 1808, Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis Extratropicae [Ecklon & Zeyher] 3: 339. 1837 and South African Journal of Botany 60(6): 345–350. 1994, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 77(2–3): 165–174. 2001, South African Journal of Botany 70(2): 319–322. 2004, J. Ethnopharmacol. 97(1): 107–15. 2005 (Raw or cooked rhizome and root antibacterial, antifungal, psychoactive, sedative, styptic, cytotoxic, hypotensive, antiviral and diuretic, a remedy for respiratory tract infections, fever, headache, bronchitis, colds, asthma, sore throat, flu,

Aletris L. Nartheciaceae (Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae) Greek aletris, aletridos (aletho, aleo ‘to grind’) used for a female slave who grinds the grain or corn; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 319. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 149. 1754, Flora Anglica 127. 1762, Die Botanischen Ergebnisse der Reise Seiner Königl. Hoheit des Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen 49. 1862. Aletris farinosa L. (Aletris alba Michx.; Aletris farinosa (Thunb.) Thunb., nom. illeg.; Aletris farinosa Thunb.; Aletris farinosa Ker Gawl.; Aletris lucida Raf.) SE. Canada to C. & E. U.S.A. Perennial herb, cooked bulb See Species Plantarum 1: 319. 1753, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 136. 1784, Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1: 189. 1803, Bot. Mag. 34:

Aleurites Forst. & Forst.f. Euphorbiaceae

t. 1418. 1811, Autik. Bot. 136. 1840 and Regnum Veg. 127: 16. 1993 (Fresh root mildly poisonous. Leaves antidiarrheal, antiinflammatory, bitter, diuretic, narcotic, tonic, stomachic, infusion taken for dysentery, jaundice, colic and stomach disorders, bloody dysentery, strangury, rheumatism, lung diseases, coughs, to strengthen womb. Root stomachic, emmenagogue, abortifacient, tonic.) in English: ague root, colic root, crow corn, stargrass, unicorn root, white colic root in Brazil: aletris, cadenaco, cometa-orinito, erva-da-febres, erva-estrela, raiz-da-cólicas Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz. (Aletris nepalensis Hook.f., nom. illeg.; Stachyopogon pauciflorus Klotzsch) India, Himalaya, China. See Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar: 49. 1862, Fl. Brit. India 7: 264. 1892 and Symbolae Sinicae 7(5): 1220. 1936, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 172. 1978 (Aerial parts used in lung and liver disorders, respiratory diseases, pneumonia, bronchitis.) in China: shao hua fen tiao er cai Aletris spicata (Thunb.) Franch. (Aletris dickinsii Franch.; Aletris farinosa (Thunb.) Thunb., nom. illeg.; Aletris japonica Thunb.; Aletris japonica Houtt.; Aletris japonica Lamb., nom. illeg.; Aletris spicata Franch.; Aletris spicata var. micrantha Satake; Aletris spicata var. microantha Satake; Hypoxis farinosa Thunb.; Hypoxis spicata Thunb.) E. Asia, China, Japan. Herb, young leaves cooked, a famine food See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 972-, 986, 1366. 1759, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 3: 208. 1780, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta (J. A. Murray). 326. 1784, Flora Japonica, … (Thunberg) 33, 136. 1784, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 407. 1811, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris sér. 7, x. (1886) 102. 1886, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 10(12): 199–200. 1896 and J. Jap. Bot. 17: 725. 1941 (Root antitussive and vermifuge.) in China: fen tiao er cai

Aleurites Forst. & Forst.f. Euphorbiaceae Greek aleurites ‘floury bread’, from aleuron, aleurinos ‘floury’, stems and leaves of the plant are covered with a farinaceous coating, see Characteres Generum Plantarum 111, pl. 56. 1775, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 194. 1791, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 197. 1810, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 345. 1858 and Blumea 44: 73–98. 1999, Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G.

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& Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). Kew. 2000, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 73(2): 155–281. 2002, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Chayamarit, K. & Van Welzen, P.C. Euphorbiaceae (Genera A-F). Flora of Thailand 8(1): 1–303. Bangkok. 2005. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (Adelia monoica Blanco; Aleurites ambinux Pers.; Aleurites angustifolia Vieill.; Aleurites angustifolia Vieill. ex Guillaumin; Aleurites commutata Geiseler; Aleurites commutatus Geiseler; Aleurites cordifolia (Gaertn.) Steud.; Aleurites cordifolius (Gaertn.) Steud.; Aleurites integrifolia Vieill.; Aleurites integrifolia Vieill. ex Guillaumin; Aleurites javanica Gand.; Aleurites javanicus Gand.; Aleurites lanceolata Blanco; Aleurites lanceolatus Blanco; Aleurites lobata Blanco; Aleurites lobatus Blanco; Aleurites moluccana Willd.; Aleurites moluccana var. alaunii O. Deg. & I. Deg.; Aleurites moluccana var. aulanii O. Deg. & I. Deg.; Aleurites moluccana var. floccosa Airy Shaw; Aleurites moluccana var. katoi O. Deg., I. Deg. & B.C. Stone; Aleurites moluccana var. katoi O. Deg. & I. Deg.; Aleurites moluccana var. remyi (Sherff) Stone; Aleurites moluccana var. serotina O. Deg. & Sherff; Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd.; Aleurites moluccanus var. serotinus O. Deg. & Sherff; Aleurites pentaphylla Wall., nom. inval.; Aleurites remyi Sherff; Aleurites triloba Forst. & Forst.f.; Aleurites trilobus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Camerium moluccanum Kuntze; Camerium moluccanum (L.) Kuntze; Camirium cordifolium Gaertn.; Camirium moluccanum (L.) Kuntze; Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Blume; Camirium oleosum Reinw. ex Müll.Arg.; Croton moluccanus L.; Dryandra oleifera Lam.; Jatropha moluccana L.; Juglans camirium Lour.; Mallotus moluccanus (L.) Müll.Arg.; Mallotus moluccanus var. genuinus Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Manihot moluccana (L.) Crantz; Ricinus dicoccus Roxb.; Rottlera moluccana (L.) Scheff.; Rottlera moluccana Scheff.; Telopea perspicua Sol. ex Seem.) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, Australia. Tree, leafy, smooth bark finely fissured, softwood, large shiny palmate leaves, small white flowers in dense terminal clusters, big rounded fleshy fruit, seeds rich in oil, nut may be eaten, seed kernel edible, branches exude a white latex when cut, lowland forest See Species Plantarum 2: 1006. 1753, Institutiones Rei Herbariae 1: 167. 1766, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 590. 1805, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 756–757. 1837, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 49. 1840, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 561. 1845, Numer. List: 7959. 1847, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., IV, 16: 59–60. 1862, Linnaea 34: 185. 1865, Ann. Mus. Bot. LugdunoBatavi 4: 122. 1869, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 595. 1891 and Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, II, 9: 225. 1911, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 60: 27. 1913, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 17: 558. 1939, Amer. J. Bot. 38: 57. 1951, Kew Bulletin 20: 26, 393. 1966, Pacific Sci. 21: 553. 1967, Phytologia 21(5): 315–316. 1971 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. All parts of the tree are toxic, moderate toxicity of the seed; raw kernel and the fruit are

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poisonous; fruits and seeds violently purgative and emetic. Plant antibacterial, analgesic, antinociceptive, purgative. Bark used to treat wounds. Grated nuts applied to boils and cuts, to leprous sores and ringworm. Seeds applied externally to male genitals as a contraceptive; kernel cooling, carminative, improves appetite and acts as a cardiotonic; oil from the seeds for dressing ulcers, mild purgative, cathartic action without nausea. Leaves used to treat food poisoning and constipation. Oil for hair tonic.) in English: belgaum walnut, candle nut, candle nut oil tree, candle nut tree, candleberry, candleberry tree, country walnut, Indian walnut, kukui nut, lumbang oil, Otaheite walnut, varnish tree in Salvador: arbol de Indias in Venezuela: nogal de la India in East Africa: kabakanjagala in Nigeria: kafar mutuwa, oju-eja, okpokirinyan in Tanzania: mkaa, mkaakaa in Yoruba: are, atori igbo, eja, iruja in Fiji: lauci, qereqere, sikeci, toto in Hawaii: kuikui, kukui in Pacific: tuitui (Tonga); lama (Samoa); tuitui (Cook islands); tutu’i, ti’a’iri (Society Islands); ‘ama (Marquesas Islands); tutu’i (Tahiti) in China: shi li zi, shih li

Alhagi Gagnebin Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae)

in Thailand: ku-ra, kue-ra, ma-ya, mak-ya, mak-yao, mayao, pho-ti-sat, phothisat, purat in Vietnam: cay lai, cay thau, cay trau, dau lai, lai

Alhagi Gagnebin Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae) Al-haggi ‘the pilgrim’, is the Arabic name for Alhagi pseudalhagi, see Acta Helvetica, Physico-Mathematico-AnatomicoBotanico-Medica 2: 59. 1755. Alhagi maurorum Medik. (Alhagi camelorum Fischer; Alhagi camelorum DC.; Alhagi camelorum Fisch. var. spinis-elongatis Boiss.; Alhagi kirghisorum sensu Grossh.; Alhagi maurorum Medik. subsp. maurorum; Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse; Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Desv.; Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Fisch.; Alhagi pseudalhagi M. Bieb. subsp. persarum (Boiss. & Buhse) Takht.; Hedysarum alhagi L.; Hedysarum pseud-alhagi M. Bieb.; Hedysarum pseudalhagi M. Bieb.) Syria. Perennial non-climbing shrub, undershrub, root cooked, famine food, application of the name much confused See Species Plantarum 2: 745. 1753, Acta Helvetica, Physico-Mathematico-Anatomico-Botanico-Medica 2: 59. 1755, Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öconomischen Gesellschaft 2: 397. 1787, Hort. Goenk. ed. II 72. 1812 and United Arab Rep. J. 21: 211–212. 1979, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799. 1994

in India: akharota, akhod, akhoda, akhota, akhrot, akola, akroda, akrot, akrota, akrottu, akrotu, akrut, akshota, arkod, askhota, akshotam, asphotaka, bangle-akrot, chahar-maghze-hindi, girdagane-hindi, gudashaya, jaiphala, jangli-akhrot, jangli akrot, jangliakrot, japhala, jouzebarri, kandarala, karankolam, karparala, katakrote, kaureshta, khasife-hindi, madanabhaphala, naadu aakrotu, naadu akrotu, naati akrotu, naattakrotu, natakrodu, natakrotu, nattakkarottu, nattkkarotu, nattu-akrotta-kottai, nattu akrottu, natu akrotu, natuakrodu, parvatiya, phalasneha, pritakchhada, ramakrot, ranakot, rekhaphala, svadumajja, uduga, vadam, vrittaphala, woodooga

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant antibiotic, cooling and bitter, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and laxative. Flowers in the treatment of piles. Sweet sap laxative. Fresh leaves to relieve soreness of the eyes; oil from the leaves used in the treatment of rheumatism. Root decoction used as an external treatment for swellings and abscesses; root crushed and soaked to purify blood and to treat infertility in women.)

in Indonesia: bintalo, buah kareh, buah tondeh, buah tordeh, buwa hare, buwa kare, buwah keras, derekan, dudulaa, dudulas, gambiri, hambiri, kamili, kamiri, kawilu, kembiri, kemili, kemiling, kemiri, kereh, kumili, miri, muncang, pidekan, saketa, sapiri

in South Africa: kameeldoringbos, volstruisdoring

in Japan: kukui-no-ki in Laos: kôk namz man in Malaysia: buah keras, gembiri, kembiri, kemili, kemiri in Papua New Guinea: tutui in Philippines: biao, biaw, kalumban, kami, kapili, lumbang, lumbang-bato, rumbang

in English: Arabian manna plant, camel thorn, camel thorn bush, Caspian manna, Persian manna plant in Arabic: agoul, alhaju, augal, haj

in India: aagul, aaqul, adhikantaka, alhaju, ananta, asal-ulhaj, ashtar-khar, atharium, athariyun, bahukantaka, balapatra, balli duraba, balli thurachi, ballituruche, bharbharra, bikh jawansa, billiduruva, dhanvayasa, dhanvayasah, dhanvayasaka, dhirghamula, dhurlava, duhsparsa, dulallabha, duralabha, duramula, durlabha, durlava, dusparsha, farakiyum, farakiyun, gandhari, girikarmika, girikarnika, girikarnika-yavasa, haj, janappa, jasava, javaas, javansa, javasa, javasha, javaso, jawas, jawasa, jawaso, jawassa, jawassi, jayasi, junwasa, juwasa, kachhura, kantakaluka, kantaki, kantechumbaka, kappattumba, kappattumpa, kas, khare-shutar, khar-i-shutr, khare-shutar, kharebuz, kharishutr,

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Alisma L. Alismataceae

kshudrengudi, marudbhava, oant-jhari, rodanika, samudranta, sh-oukul-jamal, shouk-ul-jamal, shoukul jamal, shoukuljamal, shutar-khar, shutarkhar, tamiya, tamramuli, tell-giniyachettu, tella giniya chettu, tellaginiya, thella giniya chettu, thurinjibin, thurnjbin, tikshnakantaka, toreyingalu, triparnika, turalapam, turalappai, turancipin, turanjabeen, turanjabin, ushtar-khar, ushtarkhar, vanadarbha, vasanta, vishaghna, vivarnaka, yas, yasa, yavas, yavasa, yavasah, yavasaka, yawas, zoz, zozani

Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Taxon 30: 829– 842. 1981

in Pakistan: janasa, jiwasa, shez, shiz

See Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 1: 23. 1858, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 2: 479. 1882

Alhagi pseudalhagi Desv. (Alhagi pseudalhagi Fisch.; Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Desv.) India, SW Asia, North Africa. Shrub, spiny, intricately branched, perennial, many rigid branches armed with numerous sharp yellow-tipped spines, small pea-like flowers, indehiscent pea-like seed pods reddish brown strongly constricted between seeds, flowers and seed pods borne on thorns, fodder for camels and cattle, rapid and aggressive growth, strongly competitive with other plants, application of the name much confused, often in Alhagi maurorum See Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 120. 1813 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaf decoction in fever; leaf smoke for asthma; juice of fresh leaves dropped in nostrils for curing headache. Sap laxative, expectorant, diuretic, analgesic, blood purifier. Flower paste coagulates the blood.) in English: camel thorn, Caspian manna, Persian manna in India: aaqool, ananta, asal-ul-haaj, asal-ul-nadi, balli duruba, dhanva, dhanvayasa, dhanvayavasa, dhirghamula, dirghamula, duhsparsa, duralabha, jawansa, jawasa, kotittuva, ratan jaute, turangabeen, turanjabeen, yasa, yavasa, yavasaka in Pakistan: janasa in Tibet: bi dza ra ba, bi tsher ba (p), byi tsher ma (d), dug-nun

Alisma L. Alismataceae From alisma, the ancient Greek name for this plant, from halismos ‘movements of the sea’, from hals, halos ‘sea’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 342–343. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 160. 1754, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(2): 1005. 1883 and Hendricks, A.J. “A revision of the genus Alisma (Dill.) L.” Amer. Midl. Naturalist 58: 470–493. 1957, Voss, E.G. “Confusion in Alisma.” Taxon 7: 130–133. 1958. Alisma lanceolatum With. (Alisma plantago-aquatica var. lanceolatum (With.) Lej.) North America, India, Europe. Scapigerous, bisexual trimerous flowers See An Arrangement of British Plants, Third Edition 2: 362. 1796, Flore des Environs de Spa 74. 1824 and Bot. Not. 129: 251–256. 1976, Taxon 27: 375–392. 1978, Acta Fac. Rerum

(Extract from rhizome in water used as insecticide.) in English: lance-leaf water-plantain Alisma oligococcum F. Muell. (Caldesia oligococca (F. Muell.) Buchenau) Australia. Perennial herbs, red brown seeds

(Leaves infusion astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic, vulnerary.) Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juz. (Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz.; Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam.; Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. orientale Sam.) India, China. Perennial marsh herb, corms whitish, many fibrous roots, leaves all basal, small white flowers, achenes obovate, in damp soil, swamps See Species Plantarum 1: 342–343. 1753 and Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 24(7): 11, 16 f. 16, 2b, 3 c-d. 1932, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 2(2): 84–85. 1926, Flora URSS 1: 281. 1934, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 4: 421–423. 1986, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 25: 254–263. 1987, Acta Crystallographica Section E Vol. 59(11): 1858–1859. 2003, Zhi-Yong Jiang et al. “A new triterpene and anti-hepatitis B virus active compounds from Alisma orientalis.” Planta Med. 72(10): 951–954. 2006, Hong X., Tang H., Wu L., Li L. “Protective effects of the Alisma orientalis extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58(10): 1391–1398. 2006, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 55(6): 905–907. 2007 (The dried rhizomes are a crude drug for the treatment of diabetes and diuretics, diarrhea, enteritis.) in English: oriental water plantain in China: dong fang ze xie Alisma plantago R. Br. (Alisma intermedium Griff. ex Voigt; Alisma intermedium Mart.) India. Swollen fleshy rhizome, whorled bisexual white or pink flowers, compressed membranaceous achenes, brown curved seeds See Species Plantarum 1: 342–343. 1753, A Voyage to Terra Australis 2(3): 592. 1814, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1609. 1830, Hort Suburb. Calcutta 680. 1845, Fl. Brit. India 6: 559. 1893 and Beng. Pl. 2: 119. 1903 Naucn. Dokl. Vyss. Shkoly, Biol. Nauki 4: 114–119. 1974 (Raw fresh fruits poisonous, a poultice applied in sores, wounds, bruises, swellings. Plant infusion tonic, stimulant, laxative, diuretic, used for womb troubles, dropsy, stomach ailments, hydrophobia. Seeds against beriberi. Leaves an antidote for opium; powdered leaves infusion astringent,

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diuretic, diaphoretic, vulnerary, galactagogue, lithotriptic, used for gravel and kidney and urinary ailments.) Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Alisma plantago-aquatica L. subsp. subcordatum (Raf.) Hultén; Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. parviflorum (Pursh) Torr.; Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. parviflorum (Pursh) Farw.; Alisma subcordatum Raf.; Alisma triviale Pursh) China. Aquatic, robust, spindly, perennial, scapigerous herbs, basal leaves, long stalked ovate leaves, terminal rounded clusters of small white flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 342–343. 1753, Medical Repository, ser. 2, 5: 362. 1808, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … (Pursh) 1: 252–253. 1814 [1813] and Rhodora 48: 86–88. 1946, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Alismataceae 5. 1960, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 8(5): 160. 1962, Leafl. W. Bot. 10: 90–95. 1964, Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 79: 433–435. 1975, Taxon 27: 375–392. 1978, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Informatore Botanico Italiano 12: 161–165. 1980, Cytologia 49: 295–304. 1984, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 25: 254–263. 1987, Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der Heimischen Flora 59: 13–22. 1988, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 116–118. 1990, Watsonia 21: 365–368. 1997, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 419(2–3): 127–138. 2001, Rau, O. et al. “Screening of herbal extracts for activation of the human peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor.” Pharmazie 61(11): 952–956. 2006 (Leaves can irritate the skin. Rootstock eaten raw or cooked in leukemia, heart burn, hydrophobia, hypertension, stomachache, cramps; root poultice applied to bruises, wounds, swellings. Rhizome diuretic, used in treating edema, dysuria, nephritis, vomiting and diarrhea. Raw fruits applied to wounds. Alisol B acetate, a triterpene from Alisma plantagoaquatica, has a glucocorticoid-like structure.) in English: American water plantain, common water plantain, European waterplantain, mad-dog weed, mud plantain, water alisma, water plantain in Arabic: seif el-maa, semouma in South Africa: padda lepel, wateralisma in China: ze xie, tse hsieh, shui hsieh, chi hsieh, ku hsieh, mang yu, yu sun in India: kakthrum in Nepal: jala pernee in Vietnam: trach ta

Alkanna Tausch Boraginaceae From Arabic al-hinna, henna, see Species Plantarum 1: 132– 133. 1753, Flora 7(1): 234. 1824, Linnaea 17: 304. 1842 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 120(1): 45–85. 1998.

Alkanna Tausch Boraginaceae

Alkanna tinctoria Tausch (Anchusa tinctoria (L.) L.; Anchusa tinctoria L.; Anchusa tinctoria Woodv.; Anchusa tinctoria Sieber ex Steud.; Anchusa tinctoria Pall.; Alkanna lehmannii (Tineo) DC.; Alkanna lehmanni A. DC.; Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch; Alkanna tinctoria (L.) DC., nom. illeg.; Alkanna tinctoria subsp. lehmannii (Tineo) Nyman; Lithospermum tinctorium Bertol.; Lithospermum tinctorium L.; Lithospermum tinctorium Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg.; Lithospermum tinctorium Vahl; Lithospermum tinctorium Aucher ex DC.) Northern Africa, Western Asia. Biennial or perennial, herbaceous, blue to purple trumpet-shaped flowers, edible leaves, see also Plagiobothrys myosotoides See Species Plantarum 1: 132–134. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 192. 1762, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) ii. 33. t. 28. 1791, Woodville, William (1752–1805), Medical botany. London, 1790–1793, Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 2: 4, t. 114. 1799, Flora 7: 234. 1824, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 86. 1840, Prodr. (DC.) 10: 86, 99, 101, 588. 1846 and J. Arnold Arbor. 34: 281. 1953, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 23: 1–23. 1974, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS) 34(11): 1499–1501. 1978, Fl. Medit. 5: 289–317. 1995, Taxon 45: 567. 1996, Taxon 48: 84. 1999, Taxon 53(3): 802. 2004, Phytotherapy research 19(2): 141–147. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Root antibacterial, antibiotic, wound healing, astringent and vulnerary, used externally in the treatment of varicose veins, indolent ulcers or indolent leg ulcers, bed sores and itching rashes. Radical scavenging activity of Alkanna tinctoria root extracts.) in English: alkanet, Spanish bugloss

dyer’s-alkanet,

dyer’s

bugloss,

in India: ratanajota in Arabic: henna el-ghula, kahla in Italian: arganetta azzurra

Allamanda L. Apocynaceae The genus was named to honor the Swiss botanist Jean Frédérique (Frédéric) François Louis Allamand, 1735–1803, physician, correspondent of Linnaeus, traveller, plant collector in Suriname about 1770, author of “Plantarum genera nova, aut accuratius observata, earumque species.” Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. 4: 93–95. 1770; see Mantissa Plantarum 2: 146, 214–215. 1771 [Mant. Pl. Altera 146 (214). 1771], Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks. London 1796–1800 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 36. 1965, F.S. Markgraf and R. Steiger, Taxon. 18: 421–424. 1969, Revista Brasil. Bot. 9(2): 125–149. 1986, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 116–132. 2001, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, Darwiniana 44(2): 453– 489. 2006, Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184. 2009.

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Allamanda L. Apocynaceae

Allamanda blanchetii A. DC. (Allamanda violacea Gardner) Brazil. See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 146, 214–215. 1771, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 319. 1844 and Taxon 30: 855–856. 1981, Smith, A.C. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 4: 1–377. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai. 1988 [as Allamanda violacea.], J. Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sci. 9(2): 200–8. 2006 (Antiproliferative, cytostatic, cytotoxic.) in English: purple allamanda

verrmifuge and cathartic. Toxin in the fruits and in the cell sap of the stem and leaves; ingesting the fruits may cause upset stomach. Used for malaria, jaundice and snakebites, usually used to treat different types of wounds in human beings. Antinematodal, antidermatophytic; the plant was once used as a cathartic, it showed strong fungitoxicity against some dermatophytes causing dermatomycosis to animals and human beings. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual.) in English: allamanda, buttercup, common allamanda, golden-trumpet, golden trumpet vine, yellow allamanda, yellow bell

Allamanda cathartica L. (Allamanda aubletii Pohl; Allamanda cathartica Schrader; Allamanda cathartica f. salicifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Voss; Allamanda cathartica var. grandiflora L.H. Bailey & Raffill; Allamanda cathartica L. var. hendersonii L.H. Bailey & Raffill; Allamanda cathartica var. hendersonii (W. Bull ex Dombr.) L.H. Bailey & Raffill; Allamanda cathartica L. var. schottii L.H. Bailey & Raffill; Allamanda cathartica var. schottii (Pohl) L.H. Bailey & Raffill; Allamanda cathartica var. williamsii (auct.) L.H. Bailey; Allamanda grandiflora Lam.; Allamanda grandiflora (Aubl.) Lam., nom. illeg.; Allamanda hendersonii W. Bull. ex Dombrain; Allamanda latifolia C. Presl; Allamanda linnaei Pohl; Allamanda linnei Pohl; Allamanda schottii Hook., nom. illeg.; Allamanda schottii Pohl; Allamanda wardleyana Lebas; Allamanda williamsii auct.; Allamanda williamsii Hort.; Echites salicifolius Raf.; Echites salicifolius Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Echites salicifolius Willd.; Echites verticillatus Sessé & Moc.; Orelia grandiflora Aubl., nom. illeg.)

in Caribbean: baruda balli, porcupine batty

Tropical America. Perennial shrub, robust, climbing, straggling, semi-erect, woody vine, copious milky sap, opposite leaves pointed at each end, bell-shaped bright yellow flowers, prickly fruiting capsule

in Thailand: ban buri lueang

See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 146, 214–215. 1771, Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 270, t. 271. 1775, Encycl. (Lamarck) 4(2): 601. 1798, Syst. Veg. ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 796. 1819, Gött. Gel. Anz. (1821) 707. 1821, New Fl. (Rafinesque) 4: 59. 1836 [late 1838], Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 533. 1845, Botanische Bemerkungen (C. Presl): 103. 1846, Bot. Mag. 74: t. 4351. 1848, Fl. Mag. (London) 5: t. 263. 1866, Rev. Hort. (1877) 20. 1877, Fl. Mexic.: 43. 1893 and The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 1: 247. 1914, Cycl. Amer. Hort.: 246. 1933, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 68 (Sect. VI): 74. 1981, Current Science 50: 92–94. 1981, Taxon 30: 855–856. 1981, Regnum Veg. 127: 16. 1993, J. Nat. Prod. 60(12): 1294–1297. 1997, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73(1–2): 233–241. 2000, Phytother. Res. 16(4): 393–394. 2002, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 6: 12. 2006 (All parts of the plant exude an acrid milky sap. Considered poisonous on ingestion; leaves and stems purgative; all parts of the plant may cause irritant dermatitis in susceptible persons, the sap may irritate the eyes; bark juice emetic,

in Central America: allamanda, bejuco de San Jose, canario, cantiva, jalapa, jasmin amarillo, San Jose, San Jose amarillo in Bali: alamanda, bungan kemoning in China: ruan zhi huang chan in India: allamaande gida, allamandagide, allemandatheega, araba, arasinahu, arba, arishina hoo, bothi, haladi hoo, haladilu, harkakra, jahari sontakka, kanagnee hoo, kanangani, kolaambi, mittaayi hoo, pilajara, pivli-kanher, saitanapu in Indonesia: alamanda, lame areuy in Japan: ariake-kazura, ô-bana-ariake-kazura in Malaysia: akar chempaka hutan, akar chempaka kuning, bunga akar kuning in Philippines: kampanilya

campanero,

campanilla,

kampanero,

in Vietnam: huynh anh, d[aa]y hu[yf]nh Allamanda schottii Pohl (Allamanda brasiliensis Schott ex Pohl, nom. inval.; Allamanda cathartica Schrad., nom. illeg.; Allamanda cathartica var. schottii (Pohl) L.H. Bailey & Raffill; Allamanda magnifica B.S. Williams; Allamanda neriifolia Hooker; Allamanda schottii Hook.) French Guiana, SE. & S. Brazil. Shrub, semi-erect shrub, fruit with spines See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 146, 214–215. 1771, Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones 1: 73, pl. 58. 1827, Botanical Magazine 77, pl. 4594. 1851 and The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 1: 247. 1914, Taxon 29: 711. 1980, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, J. Nat. Prod. 51(2): 307–308. 1988, Welsh, S.L. Flora Societensis: 1–420. E.P.S. Inc. Utah. 1998 [as Allamanda cathartica.], J. Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sci. 9(2): 200–208. 2006 (Anti-proliferative, cytostatic, cytotoxic.) in English: bush allamanda, oleander-leaf allamanda in China: huang chan in Thailand: ban phara

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in Vietnam: d[aa]y hu[yf]nh l[as] h[ej]p

Allanblackia Oliver Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

Allanblackia Oliver Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

in Zaire: bondjo, bondjondjolo onongo, bonfonfo, bongbongonu, bongbulu, bonzo, bonzonzo, kilungulungu, koma mutoke, mondgondjo, monze, nionzo, nyonzo, nzibu, tshiakoho Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev.

For the British (b. Morayshire) botanist Allan A. Black, 1832–1865 (d. Bay of Bengal), gardener, 1853–1864 first Curator of Kew Herbarium, in 1864 Superintendent of the Botanic Garden of Bangalore, contributed to J. Lindley and T. Moore’s Treasury of Botany. London 1866, see Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 980. 1867.

Tropical Africa. Shrub or tree, fleshy leaves coriaceous, red pink fragrant flowers, copious whitish yellow sticky latex, sometimes considered a synonym of Allanblackia floribunda

Allanblackia floribunda Oliver (Allanblackia klainei Pierre ex A. Chev.; Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev.)

(Fruit pulp decoction used to relieve elephantiasis of the scrotum. Leaves decoction for cough, asthma, bronchitis. Pounded bark rubbed on the body to relieve pain.)

Tropical Africa. Shrub or tree, fleshy leaves coriaceous, red pink fragrant flowers, copious whitish yellow sticky latex, gorillas eat young leaves and fruit, wood resistant to termites See Trans. Hort. Soc. London 5: 457. 1824, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 43. 1867 [1869 publ. 5 Sep 1867], Genera Plantarum 1: 980. 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 163. 1868 and Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale Française 5: 163. 1909, Vég. Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. Fasc. 9, 62. 1917, Phytochemistry 60(4): 381–384. 2002, J. Pharm. Bioresour. 2: 116–119. 2005, Biotechnology 7(1): 129–133. 2008 (Fruits and leaves analgesic, antiviral. Extracts of the leaves, stem bark and root bark antimicrobial or antibacterial, antiseptic, analgesic, employed to treat skin disease and other microbial diseases. Leaves decoction for cough, asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary troubles. Bark boiled and water drunk for cough, asthma, bronchitis, stomachache, diarrhea, dysentery; bark root astringent; stem bark mixed with Capsicum frutescens or Solanum anguivi used for the treatment of cough.) in English: lacewood, tallow tree in Cameroon: anyoe, bianji, eboungo matalo, ebungo matatolo, mbawandje, nsangomo, nyonne in Central Africa: banoummabi, boko, orogbo erin, ouotera pissalé, pom, soku in Gabon: agnubé, bouandjo, sangoma, sangoun in Ghana: anane, banummabi, bohwe, esonye duku, okisidwe, okusie-dua, soin, sonkyi, sonye, sookyi, suein, suenkyi, sunkyi in Ivory Coast: akumasé, alabénun, banummabi, bissaboko, essuinduku, ewotébo, otéro laha, otéro lakya, ouotera, pissalé boko, tiabokebihia, utéra, wohotelimon, wotobé in Liberia: gbar-chu in Nigeria: ala-enyi, alenyi, balanono, edian, édíáng, egba, izeni, izokhain, mia, obobiobo, ocha, orogbo-erin in Sierra Leone: mbrembra, njailing, sole in West Africa: kisidwe, lalnjo

See Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale Française 5: 163. 1909

in Ghana: anane, banummabi, bohwe, esonye duku, okisidwe, okusie-dua, soin, sonkyi, sonye, sookyi, suein, suenkyi, sunkyi Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. (Stearodendron stuhlmannii Engl.) Tanzania. Evergreen tree, ridged drooping branches, a yellow resinous sap if cut, fleshy male and female solitary fragrant cream to reddish flowers on different trees, large red-brown berries hanging down, seeds with fleshy aril, cooking oil from seeds, blue monkeys eat the flowers, thicked-tailed galago (komba mkubwa) eat seeds, squirrels and a giant pouched rat (kuhe) depend on the Allanblackia seeds as a source of food See Genera Plantarum 1: 980. 1867, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 1: 43. 1895, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. ii-iv Teil [1]: 249. 1897 and Journal of Natural Products 62(1): 130–132. 1999 (Antiviral, HIV-inhibitory activity. Fresh leaves chewed to treat coughs; dried leaves a medicinal tea against chest pain; leaves and roots to treat impotence. Oil from seeds drunk in small quantities to treat rheumatism; heated oil smeared on aching joints, rashes and wounds, to treat rheumatism.) in Tanzania: makanye, mkange, mkani, mkanye, mkanyi, mkimbo, msambu, msambu-mzazi, mshambo, msumbubwiti, mwaka Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl. Tanzania. Tree or shrub, rough leaves, pink purple fleshy flowers, yellow latex, edible fruits and fat See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 435. 1900, Journal of East African Natural History 95(2): 235–240. 2006 (Fruit and leaves for stomachache. Oil from seeds drunk in small quantities to treat rheumatism; heated oil smeared on aching joints, rashes and wounds, to treat rheumatism.) in Tanzania: mkange, mkani, mkanye, mkanyi, mkimbo, msambu, mshambo, msumbu bwiti, msumbubwiti, mwaka

Allantodia R. Br. Woodsiaceae (Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae)

Allantodia R. Br. Woodsiaceae (Aspleniaceae, Dryopteridaceae) Greek allantoeides ‘sausage-shaped’, allas, allantos ‘sausage’ and eidos, oides ‘resemblance’; see [Edited by Heinrich Adolph Schrader], Journal für die Botanik. 2: 4, 61. (Oct.Dec.) 1801, Voyage dans les Quatre Principales Îles des Mers d’Afrique 1: 282–283. 1804, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 149. 1810, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die Neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 5: 304. 1811, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 44–45. 1830, Tentamen Pteridographiae 115– 117, pl. 4, f. 6, 13, 18. 1836, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 177. 1841, Linnaea 20: 358. 1847, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: 450–451, 453–454. 1851 and Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis 4: 31. 1903, Botanical Magazine 42(499): 343–345. 1928, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 9(1): 57–59, 73–74. 1964, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 16(2): 127. 1994. Allantodia gigantea (Baker) Ching (Diplazium flaccidum H. Christ; Diplazium giganteum (Baker) Ching; Gymnogramma gigantea Baker) China, Nepal. Tender portions cooked as vegetable See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 27(6): 177– 178. 1889 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 16(199–200-201): 125–126. 1906, Index Filicum, Supplementum Tertium 73. 1934, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 9(1): 55. 1964 (Poultice.) in Nepal: daude Allantodia maxima (D. Don) Ching (Asplenium maximum D. Don; Diplazium maximum (D. Don) C. Chr.) China. See Species Plantarum 2: 1078–1082. 1753, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 8. 1825 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 9(1): 53. 1964 (Root stock of Diplazium maximum crushed with those of Angiopteris evecta, Colysis hemionitidea and stems of Raphidophora decursiva and Raphidophora hookerii and applied on fracture.) in India: chakawkeichi

Allenrolfea Kuntze Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) Dedicated to the British (born at Ruddington, near Nottingham) botanist Robert Allen Rolfe, 1855–1921 (Kew, Surrey), authority on orchids, plant collector, 1879 to Kew as a gardener, 1880 appointed the first Curator of the Orchid

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Herbarium by Sir Joseph Hooker (then Director of Kew Gardens), 1885 elected an Associate of the Linnean Society, 1893–1920 founder and editor of The Orchid Review, wrote “Revision of the Genus Phalaenopsis.” in the Gardeners’ Chronicle. 1886, monographed Orchidaceae for volume 7 of the Flora of Tropical Africa. 1898, edited the English edition of Lindenia, with Charles Chamberlain Hurst (1870– 1949) wrote The Orchid stud-book. Kew 1909. See Species Plantarum 1: 3–4. 1753, Bulletin de la Classe PhysicoMathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 1: 361. 1843, Versuch einer Systematik der Salicornieen 100. 1866, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 545–546. 1891 and Anon., “Robert Allen Rolfe.” Gardeners’ Chronicle. 69: 74, 204. 1921, Elmer Drew Merrill, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 30(1): 258. 1947 and “Bibliography of Polynesian botany.” Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 144: 160. 1937, Frederico Carlos Hoehne, M. Kuhlmann and Oswaldo Handro, O jardim botânico de São Paulo. 175. 1941, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. 641. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 173. Boston 1965, Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China. Leipzig 1981, Alec M. Pridgeon, “Robert Allen Rolfe (1855–1921).” The Kew Magazine. Volume 10. Part 1: 46–51. February 1993. Allenrolfea occidentalis (S. Watson) Kuntze (Allenrolfea occidentalis Kuntze; Halostachys occidentalis S. Watson; Salicornia occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene; Spirostachys occidentalis (S. Watson) S. Watson) North America. Perennial subshrub and shrub, food See United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 293–294. 1871, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 125. 1874, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 546. 1891, Flora Franciscana 2: 173. 1891 and Phytologia 64: 390–398. 1988 (Stimulant, tonic seeds used as starvation food.) in English: iodine bush

Alliaria Heister ex Fabr. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Latin allium, alium, ii ‘garlic’, referring to the smell, see Fabricius, Philipp Conrad (1714–1774), Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum horti medici Helmstadiensis subiuncta stirpium rariorum val nondum satis extricatarum descriptione. 161. Helmstadii: Ioannis Drimborn, 1759. Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Alliaria alliacea Britten & Rendle; Alliaria alliaria (Scop.) Britton; Alliaria alliaria Britton; Alliaria alliaria Huth; Alliaria alliaria (L.) Huth; Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex DC.; Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex M. Bieb.; Alliaria petiolata Cavara & Grande; Arabis petiolata M. Bieb.; Crucifera alliaria E.H.L. Krause; Crucifera alliaria (L.) E.H.L. Krause; Erysimum

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alliaria L.; Hesperis alliaria (L.) Lam.; Hesperis alliaria Lam.; Sisymbrium alliaceum E. Fourn.; Sisymbrium alliaceum Salisb.; Sisymbrium alliaria Scop.; Sisymbrium alliaria (L.) Scop.) Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia and the Himalayas. Herb, highly invasive weed, slender white taproot, white flowers in clusters at the end of the stems, small black seeds, young leaves high in vitamins A and C eaten raw or cooked, apparently palatable to livestock See Sp. Pl. 2: 660. 1753, Fl. Carniol., ed. 2. 2: 26. 1772, Fl. Franç. (Lamarck) 2: 503. 1779 [1778 publ. after 21 Mar 1779], Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 126. 1808, Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 489. 1821, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 167. 1894 and Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2. 6: 88. 1902, Bull. Orto Bot. Regia Univ. Napoli 3: 418. 1913, Univ. Wyoming Publ. Sci., Bot. 1(1 & 2): 16. 1922, CIS Chromosome Information Service 20: 17–18. 1976, Taxon 25: 631–649. 1976, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 19: 107–148. 1976, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 25: 1–18. 1976, Canadian Journal of Plant Science 59(1): 217–229. 1979, Lagascalia 17: 173–184. 1993, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Watsonia 21: 365–368. 1997, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Flora Mediterranea 9: 331–339. 1999 (Leaves and stems antiasthmatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, vermifuge, vulnerary, to treat bronchitis, asthma, ulcers and eczema, bites and stings. Juice of the plant antibacterial.) in English: garlic mustard, garlic root, garlicwort, hedge garlic, jack-by-the-edge, jack-in-the-bush, mustard root, poor man’s mustard, sauce alone in Arabic: hashisha thawmiyah in China: cong jie

Allionia L. Nyctaginaceae For the Italian botanist Carlo Ludovico Allioni, 1728–1804, naturalist, physician, professor of botany, correspondent of Linnaeus. See Löfling, Pehr (1729–1756), Iter Hispanicum 176, 180–181. Stockholm, 1758, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 890. 1759, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum, quas in insulis Caribaeis 8, 28. 1760, Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae 68. 1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 533. 1891 and Torreya 9(8): 167. 1909, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13(11): 401. 1911, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 174–192. 1946, Arturo Ceruti, “L’Orto Botanico di Torino.” Agricoltura. 7. 1963, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 42. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 8. 1972, G. Forneris, “Flora Pedemontana e Iconographia Taurinensis.” in Allionia. 27. 1985–1986, C. Siniscalco and G. Forneris, “Allioni e i botanici esteri suoi contemporanei.” Allionia 27. 1985–1986, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura

Allionia L. Nyctaginaceae

di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 27–28. [“Allione”] Palermo 1988, Phytologia 77(1): 45–55. 1994. Allionia incarnata L. (Allionia mendocina Phil.; Allionia puberula Phil.; Wedelia incarnata L.; Wedelia incarnata (L.) Kuntze; Wedeliella incarnata Cockerell; Wedeliella incarnata (L.) Cockerell) Venezuela. Creeping, semi-woody base, flat trailing or sprawling stems, stout root, flowers pale violet to rose-magenta, groundcover See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 890. 1759, Anales Mus. Nac., Santiago de Chile 1891: 71. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 533. 1891 and Torreya 9(8): 167. 1909, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 518–546. 1937, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 174–192. 1946, Phytologia 54: 302–309. 1983, Phytologia 77(1): 45–55. 1994 (Plant cooked in water and the tea drunk for diarrhea and fever. Cold infusion of root used as a lotion for swellings and skin ailments.) in English: pink windmills, trailing four-o’clock, trailing umbrella-wort, trailing windmills, windmills in Spanish: hierba de la hormiga Allionia incarnata L. var. incarnata (Allionia cristata (Standl.) Standl. Wedelia cristata Standl.) Venezuela. Creeping, semi-woody base, flat trailing or sprawling stems, stout root, flowers pale violet to rose-magenta, groundcover See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 890. 1759, Anales Mus. Nac., Santiago de Chile 1891: 71. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 533. 1891 and Torreya 9(8): 167. 1909, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 518–546. 1937, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 174–192. 1946, Phytologia 54: 302–309. 1983, Phytologia 77(1): 45–55. 1994 (Plant cooked in water and the tea drunk for diarrhea and fever. Cold infusion of root used as a lotion for swellings and skin ailments.) in English: pink windmills, trailing four-o’clock, trailing umbrella-wort, trailing windmills, windmills in Spanish: hierba de la hormiga

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae) Latin allium, alium, ii ‘garlic’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 294–302. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 143. 1754, Archiv für die Botanik 1(3): 40. 1798, Icones plantarum rariorum horti regii botanici berolinensis … 1: 33. 1828, Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. [W.D.J. Koch] 714. 1837, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 184. 1838, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 400. 1840, Edwards’s Botanical Register 30(Misc.): 66. 1844, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural

169

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

Sciences of Philadelphia 20(6): 171. 1868, Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 350. 1871, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 14: 231. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 703. 1891 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 59–100. 1952, J. Korean Res. Inst. Ewha Women’s Univ. 11: 455– 478. 1967, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Report of a working group on Allium. Rome, 1992, Linz. Biol. Beitr., 26(2): 966, 969–970. 1994, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 31–32. 1994, Aliso 22: 386. 2006. It has been shown that Allium species may help to prevent tumor promotion, cardiovascular diseases and aging; all processes that are associated with free radicals. Onions (Allium spp.) contain various toxins that can cause problems. Allium acuminatum Hook. (Allium acuminatum var. cuspidatum Fernald; Allium cuspidatum (Fernald) Rydb.; Allium cuspidatum Rydb.; Allium elwesii Regel; Allium murrayanum Regel; Allium wallichianum Regel, nom. inval.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 294. 1753 and Bull. Soc. Sci. Isère 61: 610. 1947, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 43–45. 2003 (Anthelmintic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, febrifuge, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, expectorant, antiasthma, antispasmodic, repellent, pain-killer.) in English: elephant garlic, great-head garlic, great-headed garlic, kurrat, leek, pearl onion, wild leek in Arabic: kourrath in India: khorat in Japan: nira-negi Malayan name: bawang kuchai Allium anceps Kellogg (Allium platycaule S. Watson)

North America. Perennial herb, bulbs, seeds and leaves eaten

North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked

See Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 2: 184, pl. 196. 1838, Zoë 4(4): 380. 1894 and Fl. Rocky Mts.: 160. 1917

See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2: 109, t. 32. 1863, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 234. 1879

(Repellent, insecticide, bulbs rubbed on the skin to repel insects.)

(Insecticide, repellent.)

in English: tapertip onion

Allium ascalonicum L. (Allium ascalonicum auct.; Allium carneum Ten.; Allium carneum Willd.; Allium carneum Targ.-Tozz.; Allium carneum Hort. ex Schult.f.; Allium fissile Gray; Allium fissile Steud.; Allium hierochuntinum Boiss.; Cepa ascalonica (L.) Garsault; Cepa ascalonica Garsault; Cepa ascalonica Noronha; Porrum ascalonicum (L.) Rchb.; Porrum ascalonicum Rchb.)

Allium aflatunense B. Fedtsch. C. Asia. Herb, bulb geophyte, leaves eaten raw or cooked, flowers eaten raw, bulb eaten raw or cooked See Bull. Herb. Boissier, II, 4: 917. 1904 (Antibiotic, germicidal, repellent.) Allium akaka S.G. Gmel. ex Schult. & Schult.f. (Allium akaka S.G. Gmel.; Allium latifolium Jaub. & Spach) Turkey, Iran. See Syst. Veg. 7: 1132. 1830 (Repellent, plant is said to repel insects and moles.) Allium altaicum Pall. (Allium ceratophyllum Besser ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Allium microbulbum Prokh.; Allium sapidissimum R. Hedw.) Siberia to N. China. See Reise Russ. Reich. 2: 737. 1773 (Repellent, plant is said to repel insects and moles.) Allium ampeloprasum L. (Allium ampeloprasum subsp. euampeloprasum Hayek, nom. inval.; Allium porrum L.; Allium porrum subsp. euampeloprasum Breistr.; Allium porrum var. ampeloprasum (L.) Mirb.; Porrum ampeloprasum (L.) Mill.) Mediterranean region, Asia. Herb, bulb eaten raw or cooked

in English: broadstemmed onion, twinleaf onion

Mediterranean. See Flora Palaestina 17. 1756, Geoffroy, Etienne-Francois (1672–1731), Description, vertus et usages de sept ceuts dix-neuf plantes … : et de cent trente-quartre animaux…, de m. de Gersault [Garsault, Francois Alexandre Pierre de, 1691–1778], par mm. de Fehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet, & c. / et rangées suivant l’ordre du livre intitulé Matiere médicale de m. Geoffroy … Paris, 1767 [Vols. 2,5 have title: Les figures des plantes et animaux d’usage en medecine, décrits dans Matiere médicale de m. Geoffroy … dessinés d’apres nature par m. de Garsault … Paris, L’auteur.], Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(Art. 4): 11. 1790, Inst. Bot., ed. 2 1: t. 6. 1802, Enum. Pl. [Willdenow] 1: 359. 1809, Fl. Napol. 1: 159. [1811–1815], Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1028. 1830, Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 110. 1830, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 51. 1840, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5(1): 244. 1882 and Nucleus (Calcutta) 43(1,2): 46–57. 2000 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Bulb rubbed on skin for itching and burns. Underground stem crushed and boiled, the mixture used as a remedy for throat pain. Leaves and bulbs for fevers.) in English: shallot

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Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

in China: huo cong

See Botany [Fortieth Parallel]: 350. 1871

in India: ek-kanda-lasun, ekakandalasum, gandana, grnjana, lehsun, rasona, rumpurun, tukhm gandana

(Repellent, insecticide. An infusion or a poultice of ground root and stems used as a wash for carbuncles.)

in Nepal: chhyapi

in English: shortstyle onion

Allium bisceptrum S. Watson (Allium bisceptrum var. palmeri (S. Watson) Cronquist; Allium bisceptrum var. utahense M.E. Jones; Allium palmeri S. Watson)

Allium canadense L.

North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked

See Flora of the Southeastern United States [Small] 263, 1328. 1903, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 42(6): 351–352. 1915, Pipal, F.J. “A suspected case of stock poisoning by wild onion (Allium canadense).” Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1917: 139. 1918, Amer. J. Bot. 74: 1087–1092. 1987, Scoggan, R.D. “Wild onion toxicosis and other hemolytic anemia toxins.” Equine Professional Topics. Univ. Ill. Urbana-Champagne Ext., 14(1): 1–2. 1989, Benevenga, N.J., Case, G.L., Steele, R.D. “Occurrence and metabolism of s-methyl-l-cysteine and s-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide in plants and their toxicity and metabolism in animals.” Pages 203–228 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. III. Proteins and Amino Acids. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., USA. 1989, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10–15. 1999, Pl. Biol. (Stuttgart) 3: 654–660. 2001

See Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 5: 351, pl. 37, f. 1–3. 1871 [Watson, Sereno (1826–1892), Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by order of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1871] and Contr. W. Bot. 10: 33. 1902, Taxon 25: 155–164. 1976, Intermountain Fl. [Cronquist et al.] 6: 515. 1977 (Repellent, appetizer, insecticide.) in English: Aspen onion, twincrest onion Allium bisceptrum S. Watson var. bisceptrum North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked

North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked

in English: Aspen onion, twincrest onion

(Antiasthmatic, carminative, cathartic, mild cathartic, diuretic, repellent, expectorant and stimulant, used for dropsy, asthma, scurvy; tincture used to prevent worms and colic in children. Plant rubbed on body for protection from poisonous snakebites, and insect, lizard, scorpion and tarantula bites. Gastroenteritis in young children who ingest parts of this plant.)

Allium bolanderi S. Watson

in English: meadow garlic, wild onion

North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked

Allium canadense L. var. canadense (Allium acetabulum (Raf.) Shinners; Allium canadense var. ovoideum Farw.; Allium canadense var. robustum Farw.; Allium continuum Small; Kalabotis canadensis (L.) Raf.)

See Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 5: 351, pl. 37, f. 1–3. 1871 and Intermountain Fl. [Cronquist et al.] 6: 515. 1977 (Repellent, appetizer, insecticide.)

See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 229. 1879 and Taxon 25: 155–164. 1976 (Repellent, insecticide.) in English: Bolander’s onion

North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked

Allium brevistylum S. Watson

See Flora of the Southeastern United States [Small] 263, 1328. 1903, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 42(6): 351–352. 1915, Pipal, F.J. “A suspected case of stock poisoning by wild onion (Allium canadense).” Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1917: 139. 1918, Scoggan, R.D. “Wild onion toxicosis and other hemolytic anemia toxins.” Equine professional topics. Univ. Ill. Urbana-Champagne Ext., 14(1): 1–2. 1989, Benevenga, N.J., Case, G.L., Steele, R.D. “Occurrence and metabolism of s-methyl-l-cysteine and s-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide in plants and their toxicity and metabolism in animals.” Pages 203–228 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of plant origin. Vol. III. Proteins and Amino Acids. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., USA. 1989

North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked

(Antiasthmatic, carminative, cathartic, mild cathartic, diuretic, repellent, expectorant and stimulant, used for

Allium bolanderi S. Watson var. bolanderi (Allium bolanderi var. mirabile (L.F. Hend.) McNeal) North America. Perennial herb, leaves and bulbs eaten raw or cooked See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 229. 1879 and Phytologia 73(4): 307. 1992 (Repellent, insecticide.) in English: Bolander’s onion

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Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

dropsy, asthma, scurvy; tincture used to prevent worms and colic in children. Plant rubbed on body for protection from poisonous snakebites, and insect, lizard, scorpion and tarantula bites. Gastroenteritis in young children who ingest parts of this plant.) in English: meadow garlic, wild onion Allium carolinianum DC. (Allium aitchisonii Baker, not Regel; Allium aitchisonii Boiss., nom. illeg.; Allium blandum Wall.; Allium obtusifolium Klotzsch; Allium obtusifolium Klotzsch et Garcke; Allium platyspathum Schrenk var. falcatum Regel; Allium platystylum Regel; Allium polyphyllum Kar. & Kir.; Allium polyphyllum var. nudicaule Regel; Allium thomsonii Baker) C. Asia to Himalaya. Fresh tender leaves edible, dried leaves as a flavouring agent See Liliac. 2: t. 101. 1804

in English: mountain garlic in China: lian ye jiu chamcham,

in English: bulb onion, common onion, Egyptian onion, garden onion, garden shallot, onion, shallot, tree onion in Arabic: bassal, besla in Brunei: bawang besar in Cambodia: khtüm barang, khtüm krâhââm in China: hsieh, hsieh pai, hu cong

(Repellent. Tonic, stimulant, anthelmintic, leaves and bulbs used in indigestion.)

in India: arum, lo-adh, sukosh

an emetic in snakebite; fresh juice of bulb applied over scorpion bite; touch therapy, the smell of the bulb inhaled to stop nasal bleeding in children. A preparation of the bulb mixed with honey applied in burns. Ceremonial, rituals, festivals, superstitions, magico-religious beliefs, not used during fast or pious and religious days. Contact therapy, bulb kept in the pocket to protect from the hot winds during summers. Veterinary medicine, root paste of Thalictrum foliolosum along with Allium cepa given orally for treating fever and shuffle in cattle.)

jungli-pyaz,

koshuk,

in Nepal: jangali lasoon in Tibetan: ri sgog Allium cepa L. (Allium angolense Baker; Allium ascalonicum auct.; Allium nigritanum A. Chev.) C. Asia. Perennial herb, hollow scape often inflated, inflorescence with up to 2000 flowers, greenish-white to purplish tepals, stamens slightly exceeding tepals, style shorter than stamens at anthesis See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753 and Thorp, F., Harshfield, G.S. “Onion poisoning in horses.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 94: 52–53. 1939, Hutchinson, T.W. “Onions as a cause of Heinz body anaemia and death in cattle.” Can. Vet. J., 18: 358–360. 1977, Am. J. Vet. Res., 40: 397–399. 1979, Acta Agron. Acad. Sci. Hung., 29: 25–37. 1980, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Cultivated onion (Allium cepa) has caused hemolytic anemia in livestock including cattle, horses, and experimentally in sheep. Death can occur in severe cases. The formation of Heinz bodies in the red blood cells is a common occurrence. Bulbs cough sedative, expectorant, astringent, anthelmintic, pesticide, insecticide, antifungal, antiseptic, febrifuge, antiinflammatory, insect repellent, antispasmodic, rubefacient, carminative, diuretic, anticholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, stomachic and tonic, used for dysentery, colds, coughs, boils, pimples, lung congestion and gas; young bulbs eaten to start menstruation; bulb paste smeared for foot sores; fresh juice of bulb and oil from Brassica campestris given to drink as

in India: acam, aleriyam, aritarapasakam, basal, basl, bawang, bellulli, ceriyaulli, chuvannulli, cukantam, cukantanam, cukantaram, cukantarapputu, cukarantam, cukkirantam, cumirtam, cuvannulli, dirghapatra, dungari, durgandha, eeravengayam, eerulli, enkalapputu, enkanapputu, erra ulligadda, erragaddalu, etcam, ira-vengayam, irakayam, irakkacciyam, irakucci, irakuccipputu, irakuccittam, irakucittam, irankayam, iratam, iravengayam, iravenkayam, iravulli, irulli, kaccanakayam, kaccankayam, kamdo, kanda, kandaa, kando, kantaculikam, kantam, kapalakini, kapalakinipputu, karam, katikaropi, kayam, kayatari, kayattiri, kecaram, kumbali, kunbali, kuranacam, kutam, kutamakayam, latarka, mahakanda, mannai, matukkamam, mesakaputpam, mukantakam, mukattusanam, mukatusikam, mukhadusaka, mullittalati, muttuppuvali, naimamicam, naimamicappuntu, nattirulli, neermulli, neerulli, niccayam, nicciyam, niruli, nirulli, nripakanda, nripapriya, nripavhaya, nripeshtha, ouel, palan, palandu, palanduh, palanduhu, palantu, palankayam, palantukam, pantu, peanj, perullattali, piaj, piaz, piyaj, piyas, piyav, piyaz, piyaz safaid, piyaz taza, purun-sen, pyaj, pyanj, pyaz, racakam, rajapalandu, rajapriya, rajeshtha, raktakanda, recanam, rochaka, soan, sukandaka, tati, tilhou, tirkkapattira, tirkkapattirakam, tirkkapattiram, titcanakantakam, titcanakantam, titcanakkantakayam, titcanakkantam, travenkayam, travulli, tukhm piyaz, tukhm-i-piyaz, turturumam, ukkiranamam, ullagaddi, ullegaddi, ulli, ulli gaddalu, vallimatarai, vekuracakam, vekuracakappuntu, vella-vengayam, vellai venkayam, vellavengayam, vengayam, vengazam, venggayum, venkaayam, venkan, venkayam, venkayappuntu, vuligaddalu, vulli-gaddalu, vulligaddalu, vullipayalu, yavaneshtha, yavanesta, yerragadda, yiravenkayam in Indonesia: bawang beureum, bawang bombay, bawang merah in Japan: tama-negi in Laos: bwàx fàlangx, hoom bwàx in Lepcha: mung goo

172

in Malaysia: bawang besar, bawang kecil, bawang merah in Papua New Guinea: anian, lip anian in the Philippines: bauang pula, lasona, sibuyas in Thailand: hom farang, hom hua yai in Tibet: ba la ndap, pa la na dad, pa la nda in Vietnam: h[af]nh t[aa]y, h[af]nh c[ur], h[af]nh t[aw]m in Sierra Leone: ta yabas, yabas, yawe in Tanzania: kitunguu in Tunisia: bsal in Yoruba: alubosa, alubosa elewe, alubosa gambari, alubosa keta, alubosa onisu, elubasa Allium cernuum Roth (Allium allegheniense Small; Allium cernuum Schult. & Schult. f.; Allium cernuum fo. obtusum Cockerell; Allium cernuum subsp. neomexicanum (Rydb.) Traub & Ownbey; Allium cernuum subsp. obtusum (Cockerell) Traub & Ownbey; Allium cernuum var. neomexicanum (Rydb.) J.F. Macbr.; Allium cernuum var. obtusum Cockerell ex J.F. Macbr.; Allium cernuum var. obtusum (Cockerell) Cockerell; Allium neomexicanum Rydb.; Allium oxyphilum Wherry; Allium recurvatum Rydb. North America. Perennial herb, bulbs and leaves eaten, closely related and very similar to Allium stellatum See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753, Archiv für die Botanik 1(3): 40. 1798, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 7: 1081. 1830, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 18: 173. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(10): 541. 1899, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 1(4): 279–280. 1899 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 94. 1900, Contributions to Western Botany 10: 8. 1902, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 56: 5. 1918, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 15(15): 370–371, f. 1–2. 1925, Plant Life 23(1): 69, 110. 1967, Taxon 25: 155–164. 1976, Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981, Plant Systematics and Evolution 144: 17–24. 1984, Phytologia 56(1): 55–60. 1984, American Journal of Botany 73: 529–534. 1986, Sida 12: 409–417. 1987, American Journal of Botany 74: 1087–1092. 1987, Phytologia 64: 390–398. 1988, Plant Systematics and Evolution 163: 87–92. 1989, Pl. Biol. (Stuttgart) 3: 654– 660. 2001 (Febrifuge, antiseptic, analgesic, a poultice on the chest for the treatment of respiratory ailments and for pleurisy pains, sores and swellings, croup, for infections, to throat for sore throat. Juice in the treatment of kidney stones, dropsy, colds, hives, liver complaints, croup, sore throat, urinary problems. Infusion taken for colic. Repellent, bulbs rubbed on the skin to repel insects.) in English: lady’s leek, nodding onion, nodding wild onion, wild onion

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

Allium chinense G. Don (Allium bakeri Regel; Allium bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot; Allium exsertum G. Don; Allium exsertum Baker, nom. illeg.; Allium martini H. Lév. & Vaniot; Allium martinii H. Lév. & Vaniot; Allium schoenoprasum auct. non L.; Allium splendens Miq., nom. illeg.; Caloscordum exsertum (G. Don) Herb.; Caloscordum exsertum Herb.) S. China. A biennial herb, bulb ellipsoid, ridged leaves deltashaped or nearly triangular in transverse section, solid scape terete, inflorescence with up to 30 flowers, purplish tepals, stamens and style much longer than tepals See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 6: 83. 1827, Edwards’s Botanical Register 33: sub t. 5. 1847, Alliorum Adhuc Cognitorum Monographia 141. 1875 (Whole plant astringent, carminative and expectorant, repellent. Bulbs used in the prevention of thrombosis, for the treatment of heart failures, and also against fever, stomachache and eye infections.) in China: ch’iao t’ou, jiao tou in India: sangtemlashing, sunglasiing, tejanglasing in Indonesia: bawang ganda in Japan: rakkyo in Malaysia: lokyo in Okinawa: datcho in Thailand: hom-paenyuak, hom-prang, krathiam-chin in Vietnam: ki[eej]u Allium consanguineum Kunth Himalaya, Pakistan. See Enum. Pl. 4: 431. 1843 and Nucleus (Calcutta) 24: 147– 151. 1981, Taxon 30: 707. 1981 (Hypoglycemic.) in India: jambu Allium drummondii Regel (Allium drummondii f. asexuale Ownbey; Allium helleri Small; Allium nuttallii S. Watson; Allium reticulatum var. nuttallii (S. Watson) M.E. Jones) North America. Perennial, used for food See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 6: 36. 1827, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 14: 227. 1879 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 264, 1328. 1903, Contributions to Western Botany 12: 80. 1908, Res. Stud. State Coll. Wash. 18: 204. 1951 (Fresh onions crushed and applied to pimples; onions eaten raw to stop diarrhea. Repellent.) in English: Drummond’s onion Allium fistulosum L. (Allium wakegi Araki)

173

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

China. A perennial herb, bulb indistinct, leaves 4–12 terete hollow bluish-green, scape 1 terete hollow, inflorescence composed of flowers or of bulbils, flowers with greenish-white to white tepals, stamens and style much longer than tepals See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753 and Journal of Japanese Botany 25(9–12): 206–207. 1950, Chromosoma 51: 19–23. 1975, Acta Agron. Acad. Sci. Hung., 29: 25–37. 1980, Taxon 30: 707. 1981, Cytologia 46: 649–659. 1981, Japanese Journal of Genetics 57: 65–73. 1982, Stain Technology 63: 235–240. 1988, Genome 30: 339–410. 1988, Biologicheskie Nauki (Alma-Ata) 8: 50–56. 1989, Egyptian Journal of Botany 33: 141–151. 1990, Journal of the Faculty of Science, Shinshu University 27: 49–90. 1990, Japanese Journal of Genetics 66: 485–489. 1991, Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 63: 593–602. 1994, CIS Chromosome Information Service 59: 25–26. 1995, Plant Systematics and Evolution 196: 227–241. 1995, Plant Systematics and Evolution 199: 203–215. 1996, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 16(3): 280–282. 1998, Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 68: 960– 966. 1999, Egyptian Journal of Botany 39(1): 27–40. 1999, Nucleus 43(1,2): 46–57. 2000, Phytother. Res. 20(7): 581– 584. 2006, Phytomedicine 13(6): 394–400. 2006 (Antifungal, neurostimulant, stomachic, diuretic, antibacterial, febrifuge, expectorant, repellent, for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders, to enhance recovery from common colds, headaches, wounds and festering sores. Buboes, axillary and inguinal boils and abscesses poulticed with the bulb.) in English: bunching onion, Chinese onion, Japanese bunching onion, Japanese leek, spring onion, stone leek, Welsh onion in Cambodia: khtüm sânlök in China: tsung pai in Indonesia: bawang bakung, bawang daun, bawang oncang in Malaysia: daun bawang in Philippines: buyah in Thailand: hom-cheen, hom-ton in Vietnam: hanh, hom bua, h[af]nh hoa, h[af]nh h[uw][ow] ng, song, thong bach Allium hookeri Thwaites

Allium humile Kunth (Allium gowanianum Wall. ex Baker; Allium nivale Jacquem. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; Allium nivale Jacquem. ex Regel, nom. inval.) India, Himalaya. See Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 4: 442–443. 1843, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 178. 1875 and Nucleus (Calcutta) 24: 147–151. 1981, Taxon 30: 707. 1981 (Leaves for indigestion, stomachache.) in China: xue jiu in India: farn Allium macranthum Baker (Allium oviflorum Regel; Allium simethis H. Lév.) India, Himalaya, China. See J. Bot. 12(142): 293. 1874, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 8: 658. 1884 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12(325–330): 288. 1913 (Whole plant used in gastritis, stomachache, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, menstrual and gynecological disorders.) in China: da hua jiu Allium ochotense Prokh. (Allium latissimum Prokh.; Allium ochotense f. variegatum (Nakai ex T. Mori) Nakai; Allium victorialis L.; Allium victorialis f. variegatum (Nakai ex T. Mori) S.O. Yu, W.T. Lee & S. Lee; Allium victorialis subsp. platyphyllum Hultén; Allium victorialis var. asiaticum Nakai; Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (Hultén) Makino; Allium victorialis var. variegatum Nakai ex T. Mori; Allium wenchuanense Z.Y. Zhu) Russia, Korea, Japan. Fetid smell See Species Plantarum 1: 295. 1753 and Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii 24(2): 174. 1930, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. (Tokyo) 31: 147. 1952, J. Korean Pl. Taxon. 11: 35. 1981, Flora of Japan 1067. 1984, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 11(1): 34. 1991, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum.] (Magic, used in incantations to prevent infectious diseases.) in Japan: huraruykina, kito, pakusa, pukusa Allium porrum L.

Sri Lanka, China. Herb, fleshy roots, bulb raw or cooked, leaves raw or cooked, flowers raw

Asia.

See Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 339. 1864

See Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Allium ampeloprasum.]

(Bulbs paste applied on cuts and wounds, and for relief from body pain; bulbs eaten raw for relief from cough and congestion. Repellent.) in China: kuan ye jiu

(Fungicidal, repellent, anthelmintic, diaphoretic, diuretic, antiseptic, febrifuge, stomachic, vasodilator, anticancer, tonic and parasiticidal, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, expectorant.)

in India: maroi napakpi, maroinapapkpi, nishi lahsun, racka

in English: great-head garlic, leek

174

in Arabic: kourrath in Japan: nira-negi Malayan name: bawang kuchai Allium przewalskianum Regel (Allium jacquemontii Regel, nom. illeg.; Allium jacquemontii var. parviflorum (Ledeb.) Aswal; Allium junceum Jacquem. ex Baker, nom. illeg.; Allium rubellum var. parviflorum Ledeb.; Allium przewalskianum var. planifolium Regel; Allium stenophyllum Wall., nom. inval.; Allium stoliczki Regel; Allium stoliczkii Regel) Himalaya, China, Tibet. Perennial herb, ovoid bulbs, linear leaves, globose umbels, edible leaves See Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 264. 1808, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 226. 1809, Fl. Sicul. (Presl) 1: 42. 1826, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5073. 1831–1832, Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Petersb. iii. (1844) 210. 1844, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4(12): 171. 1852, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou xli. (1868) II. 446. 1868, J. Bot. 12: 295. 1874, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 107, 160, 162, 164. 1875, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 343. 1887 and Fl. Lahaul-Spiti: 599. 1994 (Fresh bulb made into a paste and eaten as aphrodisiac. Leaves decoction taken to cure dysentery and stomach disorders.) in India: chuzeksa, skotche Allium rubellum M. Bieb. (Allium albanum Grossh.; Allium leptophyllum Wall., nom. inval; Allium leptophyllum Schur.; Allium rubellum Willd. ex Ledeb.; Allium rubellum C. Presl; Allium rubellum Regel; Allium rubellum subsp. syntamanthum (K. Koch) Ogan.; Allium rubellum var. stellatum K. Koch; Allium syntamanthum K. Koch; Allium tenue Friv. ex Griseb.; Allium tenue G. Don; Allium tenue K. Koch, nom. illeg.; Allium tenue Regel; Allium vulcanicum Boiss.; Geboscon rubrum Raf.) Turkey to C. Asia. Herb, solitary buld, large tere scapes, pink flowers See Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 264. 1808, Fl. Sicul. (Presl) 1: 42. 1826 Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5073. 1831–1832, Autik. Bot. 61. 1840, Linnaea 22: 238. 1849, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 4(12): 179. 1852, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 13: 33. 1854, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 674. 1866, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada iii. II. (1875) 107, 206. 1875 and Fl. Kavkaza [Grossheim] 1: 211. 1928 (Whole plant diuretic, laxative; said to repel insects and moles, the juice of the plant used as a moth repellent, in insect bite, vomiting, giddiness, bleeding from the nose, as expectorant, in respiratory troubles, earache. Flowers useful in skin diseases.) in India: fern masala, garam masala, jangli piaz Allium sativum L. (Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb.; Allium arenarium Sadler & Fl. Pesth. ex Rchb.; Allium arenarium Thunb.; Allium arenarium Wahlenb.; Allium arenarium L.; Allium controversum Schrad. ex Willd.; Allium

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

controversum Schrad. Cat. Goett. ex Willd.; Allium controversum Costa; Allium longicuspis Regel; Allium ophioscorodon Link; Allium pekinense Prokhanov; Allium sativum f. pekinense (Prokh.) Makino; Allium sativum subsp. ophioscorodon (Link) Holub; Allium sativum var. controversum (Schrad. ex Willd.) Nyman; Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll; Allium sativum var. pekinense (Prokh.) F.Maek.; Allium sativum var. subrotundum Gren. & Godr.; Allium sativum var. sativum; Allium sativum var. vulgare Döll; Allium scorodoprasum var. viviparum Regel; Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb.; Porrum ophioscorodon Rchb.; Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb.; Porrum sativum Rchb.; Porrum sativum Mill.) C. Asia, Cosmopolitan. An erect herb, lateral bulbs, leaves blades flat or V-shaped in transverse section, scape solid, inflorescence composed solely of bulbils or of bulbils and flowers, flowers often rudimentary or absent, greenish-pink to purplish tepals, stamens and style shorter than tepals See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 1. 1768, Enum. Pl. [Willdenow] 1: 358. 1809 and Taxon 22: 81. 1973, Euphytica 28: 457–464. 1979, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (IV, A) 67: 35. 1980, Protoplasma 105: 77–85. 1980, Taxon 30: 707. 1981, Cytologia 46: 781–790. 1981, J. All. Clin. Immunol., 69: 448–454. 1982, Caryologia 36: 203–210. 1983, Genetica 71: 39–46. 1986, Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 55: 312–319. 1986, Cytologia 55: 501–504. 1990, Journal of the Faculty of Science, Shinshu University 27: 49–90. 1990, Botanical Research 1: 435–436. 1993, CIS Chromosome Information Service 59: 26–28. 1995, Plant Systematics and Evolution 196: 227–241. 1995, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 31(1): 49–54. 1996, Breeding Science 46: 349–353. 1996, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 32(2): 125–128. 1997, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 33(1): 21–24. 1998, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 34(1): 25–29. 1999, Acta Horticulturae Sinicae 26(4): 268–270. 1999, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 1(1): 41–46. 2000, Nucleus 43(1,2): 46–57. 2000, J. Ethnopharmacol. 86(2–3): 235–241. 2003, Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 53(5): 63–67. 2007, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 38(2): 343– 348. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Active burning and blistering if bulbils applied to skin; human allergy to garlic dust, occupational asthma. Ingesting garlic leaves can also cause allergic reactions. Antimicrobial, antifungal, aphrodisiac, antibiotic, antibacterial, expectorant, antiinflammatory, mild cathartic, anthelmintic, hypocholesterolemic, diuretic, carminative, tonic, stimulant, used for hypertension, diabetes, cough, bronchitis, lung abscesses, asthma, skin diseases, menstrual disorders, contusion, arthritis, ringworm, dropsy, scurvy, to increase sexual potentiality. Fresh cloves of garlic used externally by friction to treat dermatitis; juice mixed with water and sprinkled in and around the house drives out snakes, scorpions and insects. Crushed flakes made into a paste and applied over scorpion bite. Extract of leaves applied

175

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

for controlling fruit borer, bacteria and viruses in vegetables. Ceremonial, rituals, festivals, the bulbs, used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, not used during fast or pious and religious days, some people do not eat it all considering it impious. Contact therapy, cloves tied with a sacred thread as a necklace worn to cure typhoid and jaundice. Veterinary medicine, bulb juice an antidote for dog bite; mixture of leaves of Pergularia extensa, Piper nigrum seeds and Allium sativum juice put into eyes for any kind of disease in cattle.)

in Laos: kath’ièm in Lepcha: aoo tsong in Malaysia: bawang china, bawang puteh, bawang putih in Nepal: lasun in Papua New Guinea: galik in Philippines: ahus, ajos, bawang

in English: cultivated garlic, garlic

in Thailand: hom khaao, hom-tiam, hua thiam, krathiam, krathiam cheen, krathiam khaao, pa se waa, thiam

African names: ayo ishi, kitunguusumu, tafanuwa

in Tibet: sgog gcig, sgog skya, sgog-skyam

in Tanzania: kitunguu saumu, somu, thumu

in Vietnam: dai toan, hom kia, sluon, toi, t[or]i

in Yoruba: ayo, ayu

Allium schoenoprasum L. (Allium schoenoprasum subsp. euschoenoprasum (L.) Syme; Allium schoenoprasum var. laurentianum Fernald; Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm.; Allium schoenoprasum var. vulgare (L.) Alef.; Allium sibiricum L.; Ascalonicum schoenoprasum (L.) P. Renault; Cepa schoenoprasa (L.) Moench; Porrum schoenoprasum (L.) Schur; Schoenissa schoenoprasa (L.) Salisb.; Schoenoprasum vulgare (L.) Fourr.)

in Cambodia: khtüm sââ in China: da suan, hsiao suan, suan in India: acanam, acanapanni, acanapputu, accanam, acunam, acunan, acunapputu, acuram, aghlees, alalhoum, amirtai, araconam, araipavanati, arakacam, arakacappuntu, arishtha, arital, arittam, arittampokki, arittampokkipputu, attankal, awqariyo saqardeen, belluli, bellulli, bhutabhna, bhutagna, cavukkiriya, cavukkiriyacceti, chanam, cocanam, cocanapputu, corutca, cunakam, cunakapputu, cunam, diete, dirghapatraka, eripuntu, faom, fom, gohari lusoon, gopa, grinjana, grnjana, hana, ilacunam, iletitacceti, iletitam, iracanai, iracanam, iracanappuntu, iraconakam, iraconam, iraconopi, iracunam, irecan, irecani, irecapputu, jawari gadde, kalinkam, kantakam, kantam, katukanda, katukantam, kautatam, kayam, kirancam, kirancanam, kulamarccam, kutiraippallan, lacunam, lahasan, lahasun, lahsan, lahsoon, lahsun, lasan, lashuna, lasoon, lassan, lassun, lasun, lasuna, lasunah, lasunas, lehann, lehesun, lehsan, lehsun, maha-ushadha, mahakanda, mahausa, mahaushadha, mahusudha, makorakattam, malacanati, matalam, matamatu, matamatupputu, matukiyakentam, mileccakantakam, mileccakantam, mlecchakanda, mlecha-gandha, naharu, nattotarici, nicciyam, paccainirulli, palantu, poondu, pundu, puntu, purun-var, purunvar, raconakam, raconam, racunam, racunapputu, rahuchhishta, rahutsrishta, rasona, rasonah, rasonaka, rasonam, rasoon, rasun, sangtemlashing, saum, seer, seer lahsan, sir, som, soom, soom-ul-haiya, sum, taum, tejanglasing, tellagadda, tellulli, temekavitayam, thellagaddalu, thellavayalu, tiri, tiripuravanitacceti, tiripuravanitam, tiryaqe, uccatai, ugragandha, ukkirakantam, ulli, ulli-poondu, ulliccuvetam, ullipoondu, ullippuntu, ullipputu, umiyarpuntu, umiyarputu, vacikaram, vacikarapputu, vacu, vallai pundu, vallaipundu, vatari, velathulli, vellai-poondu, vellaipuntu, vellaippundu, vellaippuntu, vellaipputu, vellaipundu, vellaipuntu, vellaivenkayam, vellapundu, vellipayalu, velluli, velluli-talla-gadda, vellulli, vellullitellagadda, velvankayam, velvenkayam, venkavali, venkaveli, vetpuntu, virutalam, vullay poondoo, yavanasta, yavaneshta, yavanesta in Indonesia: bawang bodas, bawang putih, lasun putih

Temp. Northern Hemisphere. Perennial herb, bulbs and leaves eaten See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753 and Japan. J. Vet. Sci., 12: 209. 1950, Chromosoma 53: 273–282. 1975, Chromosoma 56: 301–307. 1976, News Sib. Depart. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Biol. 15(3): 46–52. 1976, New Phytol. 79: 183–201. 1977, Nucleus 20: 33–41. 1977, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62(7): 1034–1042. 1977, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 63(8): 1132–1144. 1978, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Taxon 28: 405. 1979, Chromosoma 75: 369–383, 385–392. 1979, Taxon 30: 707. 1981, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 16: 45–81, 83–104. 1984, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 28–39. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(7): 1001–1002. 1985, Annales Botanici Fennici 22: 315–317. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 72: 846–847. 1987, Phytochemistry 54(3): 317– 23. 2000, Pl. Biol. (Stuttgart) 3: 654–660. 2001, Phytother. Res. 18(7): 522–524. 2004, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 30(13): 1017–1018. 2005 (Antioxidant, digestive, fungicide, repellent, hypotensive and tonic. An ointment prepared from chives has caused dermatitis. Horses poisoned by ingesting the leaves of chives.) in English: chives, wild chives in China: bei cong Allium schoenoprasum L. var. schoenoprasum (Allium raddeanum Regel; Allium schoenoprasum subsp. sibiricum (L.) Syme; Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Garcke; Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm.; Allium sibiricum L.; Porrum sibiricum (L.) Schur) Temp. Northern Hemisphere. Perennial herb, bulbs and leaves eaten

176

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 562–563. 1771 and Japan. J. Vet. Sci., 12: 209. 1950, Chromosoma 53: 273–282. 1975, Chromosoma 56: 301–307. 1976, Taxon 28: 405. 1979, Chromosoma 75: 369– 383, 385–392. 1979, Taxon 30: 707. 1981, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 16: 45–81, 83–104. 1984, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 28–39. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(7): 1001–1002. 1985, Annales Botanici Fennici 22: 315–317. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 72: 846–847. 1987, Carinthia II 182: 497–533. 1992, Phytochemistry 54(3): 317– 23. 2000, Phytother. Res. 18(7): 522–524. 2004, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 30(13): 1017–1018. 2005

See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 1: 428. 1789, Wallroth, Carl Friedrich Wilhem (1792–1857), Schedulae criticae de Plantis Florae Halensis selectis. Halae, Kümmelil, 1822, Flora Telluriana 2: 17. 1836[1837], Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 239. 1837, Autikon Botanikon 58. 1840 and Flora of the Southeastern United States [Small] 264. 1903, Syst. Bot. 4: 29–43. 1979, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 29: 19–30. 1987, Amer. J. Bot. 74: 1087–1092. 1987, Ludoviciana 29: 74–79. 2000

(Antioxidant, digestive, fungicide, repellent, hypotensive and tonic. An ointment prepared from chives has caused dermatitis. Horses poisoned by ingesting the leaves of chives.)

in English: ramp

in English: chives, wild chives in China: bei cong Allium stellatum Nutt. ex Ker Gawl. (Allium stellatum Fraser ex Ker Gawl.; Hexonychia stellatum (Nutt. ex Ker Gawl.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Stelmesus stellatus (Nutt. ex Ker Gawl.) Raf.) North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 38: t. 1576. 1813, Flora Telluriana 2: 19. 1837, Genera Plantarum [Salisbury] 88–89. 1866 and Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981, Plant Systematics and Evolution 210: 57–86. 1998, Microbiology 146 (Pt 2): 315–321. 2000, Pl. Biol. (Stuttgart) 3: 654–660. 2001 (Root decoction taken for cold. Insect repellent.) in English: autumn onion, prairie onion, wild onion Allium stracheyi Baker (Allium longistamineum Royle; Allium longistaminum Royle, nom. nud.) Pakistan, Nepal, Himalayas. Bulb raw or cooked, leaves raw or cooked See Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 392. 1833–1840, J. Bot. 12: 293. 1874 and Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta 1989 [as Allium consanguineum.], Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 8(4): 47–64. 2001 (Used in Ayurveda. Dried corms, to cure body pains, colic, also insect repellent, stomachic, anthelmintic.) in India: gyamen, jamboo, jambu, jimbu, kechay, pharna Allium tricoccum Aiton (Aglitheis tricoccum (Aiton) Raf.; Allium tricoccum Blanco; Allium tricoccum Sol.; Ophioscorodon tricoccum (Aiton) Wallr.; Ophioscorodon tricoccon Wallr.; Validallium tricoccum (Aiton) Small; Validallium tricoccum Small) North America. Perennial herb, food

(Antihemorrhagic, anthelmintic, tonic, emetic, the juice used for earache; plant eaten for colds, croup.)

Allium triquetrum L. (Allium triquetrum Lour., non L.) Mediterranean. See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 202. 1790 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 128: 23–35. 1977, Chromosoma 64: 1–23. 1977, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Chromosoma 75: 191–205, 335– 346, 369–383, 385–392. 1979, Lagascalia 9: 249–284. 1980, Cytologia 47: 689–697, 779–783. 1982, Protoplasma 116: 24–33. 1983, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 16: 83–104. 1984, Cytologia 49: 95–103. 1984, Cutis. 67(4): 328–30. 2001, J. Nat. Prod. 66(11): 1405–1411. 2003, Ann. Bot. (London). 97(4): 521–527. 2006 (Plant contact dermatitis. Fingertip dermatitis. Repellent.) in English: three-cornered leek, triangle onion, triangularstalked garlic Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. (Allium argyi H. Lév.; Allium chinense Maxim., nom. illeg.; Allium clarkei Hook. f.; Allium roxburghii Kunth; Allium sulvia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Allium tuberosum Roxb., nom. nud.; Allium uliginosum G. Don; Allium yesoense Nakai) Himalaya to China. Perennial herb, bulb narrowly ovoid, leaves blades flat above slightly keeled below, scape compressed solid, inflorescence many-flowered without bulbils, white tepals, stamens and style about as long as tepals, forming dense clumps See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 53. 1825, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 6: 83. 1827, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 141. 1832, Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 4: 454, 457, 462. 1843, Primitiae Florae Amurensis 284. 1859, The Flora of British India 6(18): 344. 1892 and Botanical Magazine 36(431): 117. 1922, Korean J. Bot. 20: 71–76. 1977, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 54: 304–309. 1978, Taxon 28: 405. 1979, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (IV, A) 67: 35. 1980, Protoplasma 102: 171–176. 1980, Taxon 30: 707. 1981, Nucleus (Calcutta) 24: 147–151. 1981, Chin. Bull. Bot. 3(5): 43–46. 1985, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35(5): 434–444. 1997, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 16(3): 280–282. 1998, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36(1): 36–46. 1998, Grassl. China 1999(5): 72–74. 1999, Nucleus (Calcutta) 43(1,2): 46–57. 2000

177

Allium L. Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

(Plant antibacterial, repellent, antiemetic, cardiac, depurative, digestive, stimulant, stomachic, carminative and tonic. Used for intestinal disorders, as a stomachic and as bactericide in pulmonary infections. Leaves and bulbs used as antiseptic and vulnerary; leaves and the bulbs applied to bites, cuts and wounds. Seed used in spermatorrhea, against toothache, as an antiseptic mouthwash.) in English: Chinese chives, garlic chives in Cambodia: kachaay in China: jiu cai in Indonesia: kucai in Malaysia: kuchai in Philippines: amput di imayyaw, ganda, kutsay in Thailand: hom-paen, kuicha in Vietnam: h[ej], n[es]n t[af]u Allium unifolium Kellogg (Allium grandisceptrum Davidson; Allium unifolium Vieill. ex Greene, nom. illeg.; Allium unifolium var. lacteum Greene) North America. Perennial herb See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2: 112, f. 35. 1863, Pittonia 2(8A): 55. 1890, Manual of the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay 321. 1894 and Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 23(4): 126. 1924 (Plant considered poisonous.) in English: oneleaf onion Allium ursinum L. Europe to Caucasus. See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753 and Linzer Biologische Beiträge 16: 45–81, 83–104. 1984, Caryologia 37: 415–421. 1984, Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 193–215. 1988, Chromosoma 97: 449–458. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 279–282. 1990, Carinthia II 182: 497–533. 1992, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 88–90. 1992, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 21–23. 1995, Acta Pol. Pharm. 57(2): 131–133. 2000, J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(18): 7288–7294. 2005, Phytother. Res. 20(7): 581–584. 2006 (Plant anthelmintic, repellent, disinfectant, stomachic, antiasthmatic, stimulant, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, anticholesterolemic, tonic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, vasodilator, rubefacient. Bruised leaves applied to abscesses and boils.) in English: broad-leaved garlic, ramson, ramsons, wild garlic, wood garlic Allium victorialis L. (Allium convallarifolium Pall. ex Ledeb.; Allium latissimum Prokh.; Allium longibulbum

Dulac; Allium microdictyum Prokh.; Allium ochotense Prokh.; Allium plantaginense Willk. & Lange; Allium plantagineum Lam.; Allium reticulatum St.-Lag., nom. illeg.; Allium victorialis subsp. platyphyllum Hultén; Allium wenchuanense Z.Y. Zhu; Anguinum victorialis (L.) Fourr.; Berenice victorialis (L.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Cepa victorialis (L.) Moench; Geboscon lanceolatum Raf.; Geboscon triphylum Raf., nom. illeg.; Loncostemon victoriale (L.) Raf.) Himalaya. Bulb, flowers and leaves eaten raw or cooked See Species Plantarum 1: 295. 1753 (Root antiscorbutic, repellent, vermifuge, carminative, diuretic, used in the treatment of profuse menstruation.) in English: alpine leek, serpent garlic in China: ge cong, li, shan suan, tse suan in India: linchi, pangari Allium vineale L. (Allium kochii Lange; Allium kochii Lange ex Nyman; Allium vineale Sch.Bip. ex Regel; Allium vineale var. typicum (L.) Asch. & Graebn., nom. inval.; Getuonis vinealis (L.) Raf.; Getuonis vinealis Raf.; Porrum vineale Schur; Porrum vineale (L.) Schur) Europe, Medit. to N. Iran. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Flora Telluriana 2: 20. 1837 [1836 publ. Jan-Mar 1837], Consp. Fl. Eur. 4: 736. 1882 and Synopsis der Mitteleuropäischen Flora 3: 110. 1905, Inform. Bot. Ital. 6: 303–312. 1974, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 17: 133–164. 1974, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 25: 1–18. 1976, Nucleus 20: 33–41. 1977, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 16: 45–81, 83–104. 1984, Annales Musei Goulandris 7: 233–247. 1985, Blyttia 1985: 7–15. 1985, Annales Musei Goulandris 8: 115–128. 1990, Carinthia II 182: 497–533. 1992, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 36: 23–30, pls. 2–3. 1994, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 21–23. 1995, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 361–373. 1997, Thaiszia 9(1): 31–40. 1999, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 40: 1–3. 2003, Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 76: 85–110. 2006, Phytother. Res. 20(7): 581–584. 2006 (Plant antiasthmatic, cathartic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, blood purifier, hypotensive, stimulant and vasodilator, repellent, weak lachrymatory activity.) in English: crow garlic, false garlic, field garlic, stag’s garlic, wild garlic, wild onion in South Africa: kraaiknoffel Allium vineale L. subsp. vineale Europe, Medit. to N. Iran. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 294–302. 1753 and Fitologija (Sofia). 11: 40–46. 1979, Phytother. Res. 20(7): 581–584. 2006

178

(Plant antiasthmatic, cathartic, carminative, antidote, diuretic, expectorant, blood purifier, hypotensive, stimulant and vasodilator, repellent, weak lachrymatory activity.)

Allmania R. Br. ex Wight Amaranthaceae

tikkirai, kumittikkirai, kummattikkirai, mannu keerai, muttikkirai, pee-coipa, pee-tardavel

in English: crow garlic, false garlic, field garlic, stag’s garlic, wild garlic, wild onion

Allomorphia Blume Melastomataceae

in South Africa: kraaiknoffel

From the Greek allos ‘different, other, diverse’ and morphe ‘a form, shape’, see Flora 14: 522. 1831.

Allium wallichii Kunth (Allium bulleyanum Diels; Allium bulleyanum var. tchongchanense (H. Lév.) Airy Shaw; Allium feddei H. Lév.; Allium liangshanense Z.Y. Zhu; Allium polyastrum Diels; Allium praelatitium H. Lév.; Allium tchongchanense H. Lév.; Allium violaceum Wall. ex Regel; Allium wallichii var. albidum F.T. Wang & T. Tang; Nothoscordum mairei H. Lév.) China, Pakistan, Nepal to Bhutan, Himalayas. Young tender leaves cooked as a vegetable, bulb eaten raw or cooked, dried leaves used as condiment See Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 4: 443. 1843 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves decoction carminative, blood purifier. Bulbs eaten in the treatment of cholera and dysentery; raw bulb chewed to treat coughs and colds; cut bulb to relieve headache. Repellent.)

Allomorphia alata Scort. ex King Malaysia. See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 69: 12. 1900 (For stomachache, boil the leaves, stem and root, and drink the decoction.) Malay name: puding hutan Allomorphia exigua Blume Malaysia, India. See Flora 14: 522. 1831 (Roots decoction as a postpartum remedy. Leaves for headache; for fevers, heat the leaves and apply them to the abdomen.)

in English: wild garlic

Malay names: gajah, keduduk hutan, kenduduk, poko kedukok

in China: duo xing jiu

Allomorphia malaccensis Ridl.

in India: bpyazi, doona, dudu, gobka, gogpa, ksirapalandu, laddu, ladu, skatche

Malaysia.

in Nepal: ban lasun, banlasun, dhwapa, jimbu ghans, jimbu jhar

See Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 79: 69. 1918 (Roots decoction as a postpartum remedy.) Malay name: lidah buaya

Allmania R. Br. ex Wight Amaranthaceae After the Irish (b. Kingston, Jamaica) botanist William Allman, 1776–1846 (d. Dublin), professor of botany at Dublin; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 43. 1965. Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. (Allmania albida R. Br. ex Hook. f.; Celosia nodiflora L.; Chamissoa albida (R. Br. ex Hook. f.) Moq.; Chamissoa nodiflora (L.) Mart.) China. See Species Plantarum 1: 205. 1753, Wallich Numer. List n. 6890, 1832, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 226. 1834 and Taxon 28: 393– 395. 1979

Allophylus L. Sapindaceae Greek allos ‘different, strange, foreign’ and phylon ‘tribe, family’, Latin allophylus, a, um ‘of another stock or race, foreign’, not European, coming from a distant country; according to other authors the generic name could mean ‘different leaves’, from the Greek allos and phyllon ‘a leaf’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 348. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 164. 1754, Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph (1752–1820), Flore d’Oware et de Benin en Afrique. Paris, 1805–1821 and Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, LXXVI, 6, 1936, 899–920. 1936 [Merrill, Elmer Drew (1876–1956).].

(Used in Sidha. Leaves eaten as cooling, stomachic.)

Allophylus africanus P. Beauv. (Schmidelia africana (P. Beauv.) DC.)

in China: sha xian

Tropical Africa. Shrub or tree

in India: gurugu koora, hasiru budde soppu, kamatcikkirai, kandu budde gida, kiraikkummatti, kumatti keerai, kumat-

See Flore d’Oware 2: 75, t. 107. 1807, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 610. 1824

179

Allophylus L. Sapindaceae

(Fruits, leaves and roots lactogenic, antirheumatic, febrifuge, vermifuge, anthelmintic, abortifacients, sedatives, for infantile fevers, hemorrhoids, menstrual cramping, arthritis, rheumatism, menstrual cycle, dropsy, swellings, edema, gout, iron loss, diarrhea, dysentery, naso-pharyngeal affections, nasal congestion, headache, venereal diseases. Veterinary medicine, lactogenic.)

Leaves of Allophylus cobbe, Antidesma roxburghii and Artocarpus heterophyllus used in the preparation of choarak, a local wine, health tonic, but intoxicating when consumed in large amount.)

in English: African allophylus, black false currant

in India: aeravaala, aeravaalu, arhik-bouna, cevitibukka, challikukudu, chi-cehirum, chindroma, choarak, eravalu, erra avalu, ervaala, gaju chettu, guaguti, guvva gutti, guvvagutti, juttika, kasaballi, lichi-manbi, molago-maram, moorele bende, mukannanperu, mukkaabara, mukkannamperu, mukkannanpezhu, paladondathivva, paladondativva, perrakudikai, rakhalphul, salikukudu, salli kunkudu, sallikukuti, sallikunkudu, savitibukka, sidisaale, sidisale, siduguli, sirugoli, siruguli, sirusale, sirusalle, tangutaru, taualikoe, tauatikee, tavaeikit, tavutiki, thangutam, thantisa, thavathiki, theepani, thivana, thogaratthi, tsallunia

in Burundi: umuvumereza in Cameroon: eligamonone, wokeke in Congo: teba, umutwetwe, wobyebye in East Africa: kotia, miula-swagallo in Nigeria: akaito, akanro, akara afin, akara esu, ebe aghadeha, eekan-ehoro, ekan-ehoro, eyin-eiye, lanari in Senegal: banotoren, basigili, busigili, fu singilit, gi-pendélù, gono gonio, kôkômaulo, tuguyuféré in Togo: weti Allophylus chartaceus (Kurz) Radlk. (Allophylus chartaceus Radlk.; Allophylus zeylanicus L. var. grandifolius Hiern; Schmidelia chartacea Kurz) India, Himalaya. Shrub, flowers in axillary racemes, red globose fruits See Species Plantarum 1: 348. 1753, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 371. 1760, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43(2): 183. 1874, The Flora of British India 1(3): 673. 1875, Das Pflanzenreich [Engler & Prantl] 3(5): 313. 1895 (Leaves paste applied on boils. Plants repel leeches and hairy caterpillar.) in China: da ye yi mu huan in India: bap-kang-tang Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. (Allophylus arboreus Choux; Allophylus cobbe (L.) Blume; Allophylus cobbe Raeusch.; Allophylus cobbe Blume; Schmidelia integrifolia DC.) Madagascar. Shrub or small tree with several stems, trifoliate densely hairy coriaceous leaves, green white flowers, yellow reddish fruits See Nomenclator Botanicus [Raeusch.] ed. 3 108. 1797, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 610. 1824, Rumphia 3: 131. 1849, Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 8: 335. 1878 and Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 11/12: 35–135. 1908, Mémoires de l’Académie Malgache 4: 20–21, f. 3. 1927 (Leaf extract taken against stomachache; leaf paste applied on scabies. Root powder mixed with honey taken for diarrhea. Used for coughs. Holigarna arnottiana, Ocimum gratissimum, Allophylus cobbe and Centratherum anthelmintica used as antiseptic in treating cuts and wounds.

in Madagascar: karambito, lakamisy, tanantanampotsy, taolam-bita, taolambita maitso, tsizanazana, voalanary

Allophylus rheedei Radlk. India. See Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(5): 313. 1895 (Paste of leaves applied for relieving acute back pain.) Allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz India. Small tree or shrub, small white flowers See Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(3): 361–366. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant antiinflammatory, astringent, digestive, bitter, vulnerary, anticatarrhal, carminative, tonic, nourishing, for constipation, bone fractures, dislocations, ulcers, wounds, dyspepsia, anorexia, diarrhea. Potential antiulcerogenic activity.) in India: amalai, eravalu, guvvaguti, juttika, memdri, mirisat, mukkanamperu, mukkannanpelu, mukkannanperera, mukkannanpezhu, mukkannaperiyalam, mukkannaperuku, mukkannapperuku, nukkannanperera, paladondativva, perakkutikkay, perrakudikai, sallikunkudu, savitibukka, sidisale, sirusalle, sisidale, tangutam, tantisa, tavatiki, tipani, tipin, tippani, togaratti, triputah Allophylus ternatus Lour. (Allophylus ternatus (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Radlk.) SE Asia. See Flora Cochinchinensis 232. 1790 (For thrush, apply the juice of the leaves.) Malay names: chichang, chinchang Allophylus timoriensis (DC.) Blume (Allophylus timorensis (DC.) Blume; Schmidelia timorensis DC.; Schmidelia timoriensis DC.) New Guinea, Indonesia. Tree or shrub, diffusely branched, leaves glossy dark green above with white-yellow nerves,

180

white greenish flowers, bird feed, wood used to make traps and fishing pole See Species Plantarum 1: 348. 1753, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 371. 1760, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 611. 1824, Rumphia 3: 130. 1847 (Leaves tonic, healing, antibacterial, promote circulation, prevent sickness.) in China: hai bin yi mu huan, hai bing yi mu huan in Japan: akagi-modoki in Marshall Islands: k’taak, keda, kfltaak in Palau: chebeludes, ebeludes, ngou in Pacific: engel, ngou, surichuhcheruh Allophylus viridis Radlkofer China, Vietnam. Shrub, red globose fruit See Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 38: 229. 1909 (Shuixiazicao Qushi Zhentong, made up by using the Chinese medicinal materials of shuixiazicao, Allophylus viridis, Citrus reticulata, xueshanlin and jingangsan and adding white liquor, medicine liquor to treat the diseases of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic numbness, arthralgia and myalgia, traumatic injury and soft tissue contusion.) in English: green allophylus in China: yi mu huan Allophylus zeylanicus L. India, Himalaya. See Species Plantarum 1: 348. 1753 (Leaves applied on boils.)

Alloteropsis J. Presl Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Greek allotrios ‘foreign, strange, stranger, alien’, allotereon ‘foreign’ and opsis ‘resemblance’, see Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 192. 1810, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 343–344, t. 47. 1830, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 15: 381. 1833, Delectus Seminum quae in Horto Hamburgensium Botanico 1834: 8. 1834, Fl. Afr. Austr. Ill. 1. Gramineae, 61. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 118. 1854, Index Kewensis 1: 618. 1893, The Flora of British India 7(21): 63. 1897 [1896] and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 12(6): 210. 1909, F.M. Bailey, in Queensland Agricultural Journal. 27: 69, t. XIX. 1911, Annali di Botanica 13: 47. 1914, Willdenowia 4: 209, 21. 1966, Flora of Tropical East Africa 451–898. 1982, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 866–873. 1988, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 97: 255–259.

Alloteropsis J. Presl Poaceae (Gramineae)

1988, ASBS Symposium 1990: Indo-Pacific Biogeography, 14. 1990, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 16. 2003. Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf (Agrostis cimicina (L.) Poir.; Agrostis digitata Lam.; Agrostis digitata (Sw.) Poir., nom. illeg., non Agrostis digitata Lam.; Alloteropsis latifolia (Peter) Pilg.; Alloteropsis quintasii (Mez) Pilg.; Axonopus cimicinus (L.) P. Beauv.; Axonopus latifolius Peter; Coridochloa cimicina (L.) Nees ex Chase; Coridochloa cimicina (L.) Nees; Coridochloa cimicina (L.) Nees ex B.D. Jacks.; Eriachne melicacea f. fragrans F.M. Bailey, nom. inval.; Eriachne melicacea var. fragrans F.M. Bailey; Milium cimicinum L.; Milium digitatum Sw.; Panicum cimicinum (L.) Retz.; Urochloa cimicina  (L.) Kunth; Urochloa quintasii Mez) Old World tropics, SE Asia, tropical Africa. Short-lived perennial or annual, erect or decumbent or ascending, tufted, inflorescence 1-whorled, spike-like racemes on the top of the peduncle, weed species, hay, forage, moderate fodder value, useful for erosion control See Mantissa Plantarum Altera 184. 1771, Obs. Bot. 3: 9. 1783, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 59. 1783, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 24. 1788, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique Suppl. 1: 258. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 12, 154. 1812, Révision des Graminées 1: 31. 1829, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 15: 381. 1833, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5: 358. 1864, Index Kewensis 1: 618. 1893 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 166. 1900, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 24: 129. 1911, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 487. 1919, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 57: 195. 1921, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40: 164, 165, Anhang 21. 1930, Handb. Fl. Ceylon vol. 6: 327. 1931, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 382. 1935, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 13: 263. 1936, Grasses of Ceylon 149, pl. 35. 1956, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2(2): 128. 1959, Grasses of Burma… 276. 1960, Bull. Bot. Soc. Beng. 32: 48–53. 1978, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(2): 143–157. 2005 (Roots used in toothache.) in English: bug seed grass, carpet grass, Cockatoo grass, summer grass in China: chou chong cao in India: neeru sajjae hullu, siuri, suni in Sri Lanka: budeni tana, unni pul

Alnus Miller Betulaceae From the classical Latin name alnus, i ‘the alder’; Akkadian alanu, elanu ‘oak, acorn, acorn-shaped suppository’, see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1.

181

Alnus Miller Betulaceae

1754, Herbarium Britannicum 510. 1756, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 54. 1790 and Fieldiana, Bot. 40: 56–58. 1977, Rhodora 81(825): 1–121, 151–248. 1979. Alnus acuminata Kunth (Alnus acuminata subsp. arguta (Schltdl.) Furlow; Alnus acuminata var. ferruginea (Kunth) Regel; Alnus acuminata var. genuina Regel, nom. inval.; Alnus acuminata var. mirbelii (Spach) Regel; Alnus acuminata var. spachii Regel; Alnus acutissima (Winkl.) Callier; Alnus acutissima Callier; Alnus arguta (Schltdl.) Spach; Alnus arguta var. punctata Regel; Alnus castaneifolia Mirb.; Alnus ferruginea Kunth; Alnus ferruginea var. aliso Griseb.; Alnus ferruginea var. aliso Lorentz & Hieron.; Alnus ferruginea var. obtusifolia Callier; Alnus jorullensis var. acuminata (Kunth) Kuntze; Alnus jorullensis var. acutissima Winkl.; Alnus jorullensis var. castaneifolia (Mirb.) Regel; Alnus jorullensis var. ferruginea (Kunth) Kuntze; Alnus jorullensis var. mirbelii (Spach) Winkl.; Alnus jorullensis var. spachii Regel; Alnus lanceolata Phil.; Alnus lindenii Regel; Alnus mirbelii Spach; Alnus mirbelii var. acutissima (Winkl.) Callier; Alnus rufescens Liebm. ex Hemsl.; Alnus spachii (Regel) Callier; Betula arguta Schltdl.) South America. Tree, inflorescence a many-flowered catkin, browsed, palatable to livestock, Andean alder fixes nitrogen See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 20–21. 1817, Linnaea 7(1): 139–140. 1832, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 15: 204–205. 1841, Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13(2): 90, 144, 148, 152. 1861, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 38(3): 424. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 638. 1891, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 91: 514. 1895, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 295. 1898 and Das Pflanzenreich 4(61): 126–127. 1904, Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 132. 1904, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 27: 163. 1918, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 63(2): 380. 1976[1977] (Crushed leaves to treat joint and muscular pains, rheumatism, skin infections and diseases.) in English: alder, Andean alder, Andes alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Alnus alnus (L.) Britton, nom. illeg.; Alnus rotundifolia Stokes; Alnus vulgaris Hill; Betula alnus var. glutinosa L.; Betula glutinosa L.; Betula glutinosa (L.) Lam.) North America, Europe. Tree, perennial See Species Plantarum 2: 983. 1753, The British Herbal 510. 1756, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 454. 1785, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 54. 1790 and An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 1: 613. 1913, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 23: 1–23. 1974, Taxon 31: 367. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 24: 113–126. 1982, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Serie 3, Sciences de la Vie 303: 755–757. 1986, Studia Botanica,

Universidad de Salamanca 6; 169–171. 1987, Zapovedniki Belorussii Issledovaniia 12: 3–8. 1988 (Bark alterative, galactagogue, astringent, antiinflammatory, haemostatic, cathartic, febrifuge and tonic, vermifuge, emetic, for skin problems. Leaves astringent, galactagogue and vermifuge; decoction for treating cancer of the breasts, duodenum, esophagus, pancreas, rectum, throat, tongue and uterus. Parasiticide, insecticide.) in English: alder, black alder, common alder, European alder in French: aulne commun, aulne glutineux in Arabic: oud, oud ahmar Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr. (Alnus hirsuta f. inokumae (Murai & Kusaka) H.Ohba; Alnus hirsuta f. macrophylla Callier; Alnus hirsuta f. sibirica (Spach) H. Ohba; Alnus hirsuta var. microphylla (Nakai) Tatew.; Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica (Fisch. ex Turcz.) C.K. Schneid.; Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica (Spach) C.K. Schneid.; Alnus incana subsp. hirsuta (Spach) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Alnus incana var. glauca Regel; Alnus incana var. hirsuta Spach; Alnus incana var. sibirica Spach; Alnus incana var. tinctoria (Sarg.) H.J.P. Winkl.; Alnus inokumae Murai & Kusaka; Alnus sibirica Fisch.; Alnus sibirica (Spach) Turcz. ex Kom.; Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz.; Alnus sibirica f. acutiloba Koidz.; Alnus sibirica f. glabra (Callier) Koidz.; Alnus sibirica f. hirsutoides Koidz.; Alnus sibirica f. obtusiloba Koidz.; Alnus sibirica var. hirsuta (Spach) Koidz.; Alnus sibirica var. oxyloba Callier; Alnus sibirica var. oxyloba C.K. Schneid.; Alnus sibirica var. paucinervis Callier; Alnus sibirica var. paucinervis C.K. Schneid.; Alnus sibirica var. tinctoria (Sarg.) Koidz.; Alnus tinctoria Sarg.; Alnus tinctoria f. acutiloba (Koidz.) H. Hara; Alnus tinctoria f. hirsutoides (Koidz.) H. Hara; Alnus tinctoria var. glabra Callier; Alnus tinctoria var. mandschurica Callier; Alnus tinctoria var. microphylla Nakai; Alnus tinctoria var. obtusiloba Callier; Alnus tinctoria var. velutina H. Hara) Siberia to Japan. See Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 424. 1794, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscou 11: 101, 1838, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 207. 1841, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 27: 406. 1854, Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 376. 1857, Nouveau Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13(2): 154. 1861, Garden & Forest 10: 472, f. 59. 1897 and Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 891, f. 557 g. 1912, Botanical Magazine 27(319): 144–145. 1913, Plantae Wilsonianae 2(3): 498. 1916, Res. Bull. Coll. Exp. Forest. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 7: 189. 1932, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 804–805. 1934, Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. Sta. 141: 158, 166. 1962, Botaniska Notiser 128: 505. 1975[1976], Fl. Japan 2a: 29. 2006 (Extract of the bark used before or after childbirth to supplement loss of blood. In the treatment of obesity.)

182

in English: Manchurian alder

Alnus Miller Betulaceae

Alnus incana (L.) Moench (Alnus februaria var. incana (L.) Kuntze; Betula alnus L. var. incana L.; Betula alnus var. (ß) incana Linnaeus; Betula incana (L.) L.f.)

C.L. Hitchcock; Alnus incana var. virescens S. Watson; Alnus occidentalis Dippel; Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Sprengel var. occidentalis (Dippel) C.L. Hitchcock; Alnus tenuifolia Nutt.; Alnus tenuifolia var. occidentalis (Dippel) Callier; Alnus tenuifolia var. virescens (S. Watson) Callier; Alnus × purpusii Callier)

Europe, Siberia, Turkey, N. America. Tree or shrub, perennial

Alaska, California to New Mexico. Perennial shrub or tree

See Species Plantarum 2: 983. 1753, Diss. Observ. Bot. 31. 1771, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 424. 1794, Taschen-Flora von Leipzig 239. 1867 and Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 291: 8. 1949

See Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 424. 1794, The North American Sylva 1(1): 10, 48. 1842 and Madroño 5: 152. 1940, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 58(1): 25. 1957, Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W. 2: 73. 1964

(Used to treat anemia, as an emetic, a compress or wash for sore eyes, and a diaphoretic, for internal bleeding, urinary problems, sprains, bruises or backaches, itches, flux, and piles, to cure saddle gall in horses, and when mixed with powdered bumblebees, as an aid for difficult labor.)

(Infusion of bark taken for pains in the lungs or hips, for scrofula, colds, as a laxative, and as a diuretic for gonorrhea.)

in Japan: ihurekani, kene

in English: alder, gray alder, speckled alder, white alder Alnus incana (Linnaeus) Moench subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen (Alnus americana (Regel) Czerep.; Alnus canadensis Lodd. ex Loudon; Alnus glauca Michaux; Alnus glutinosa lusus rugosa (Du Roi) Regel; Alnus incana f. tomophylla Fernald; Alnus incana var. americana Regel; Alnus incana var. glauca (F. Michx.) Loudon; Alnus incana var. tomophylla (Fernald) Rehder; Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.; Alnus rugosa fo. emersoniana Fernald; Alnus rugosa fo. hypomalaca Fernald; Alnus rugosa f. tomophylla (Fernald) Fernald; Alnus rugosa var. americana (Regel) Fernald; Alnus rugosa var. rugosa; Alnus rugosa var. tomophylla (Fernald) Fernald; Alnus serrulata var. rugosa (Du Roi) Regel; Betula alnus var. rugosa Du Roi; Betula-alnus glauca Marshall, nom. subnud.; Betula rugosa (Du Roi) Ehrh.) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Diss. Observ. Bot. 31. 1771, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 424. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 848. 1826 and Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 291: 8. 1949

in English: mountain alder, thinleaf alder Alnus jorullensis Kunth (Alnus acuminata var. jorullensis (Kunth) Regel) Mexico, Guatemala. See Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 20. 1817, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 149. 1861 (Leaves for rheumatism.) Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Alnus boshia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Alnus fruticosa subsp. kamtschatica (Regel) Kozhevn.; Alnus kamtschatica (Regel) Kudô ex Masam.; Alnus viridis lusus kamtschatica Regel; Betula boshia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, nom. nud.; Clethropsis nepalensis (D. Don) Spach) Nepal, Himalayas. Tree, straight, fast growing, extensive root system, male and female flowers See Species Plantarum 2: 982–983. 1753, Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3(3): 304. 1805, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 58. 1825, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 183, 201–202. 1841, Nouv. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13(2): 139. 1861 and Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 179– 183. 1989

(Roots emetic, diaphoretic, cathartic, laxative, antihemorrhagic, astringent; compound decoction of root used as a wash or compress for sore eyes; infusion of young plant and twigs analgesic, a liniment for pain of sprains, bruises, backache and headache. Infusion of bark abortifacient, astringent, diaphoretic, emetic, laxative, cathartic, for diarrhea; bark chewed for ulcerated mouths; decoction a wash for sores. Veterinary medicine, infusion of root bark used as a wash for horses with saddle gall.)

(Plant hypoglycemic, spasmolytic. Green bark ground into a paste and eaten for stomachache and dysentery; juice of the bark boiled and the gelatinous liquid applied to burns; powdered bark to treat cuts and burns. Root and bark decoction diuretic, astringent, to treat severe diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache, fever, pain, cold, for reducing swelling of the leg. Veterinary medicine, leaves paste warmed and applied on sprain.)

in North America: aulne blanchâtre, mountain alder, speckled alder, swamp alder, tag alder

in China: ni po er qi mu

Alnus incana (Linnaeus) Moench subsp. tenuifolia (Nuttall) Breitung (Alnus communis Desf. ex Kuntze; Alnus densiflora C.H. Mull.; Alnus glutinosa var. virescens (S. Watson) Kuntze; Alnus incana var. occidentalis (Dippel)

in English: alder, Indian alder, Nepal alder, Nepalese alder

in India: alnas, entsung taluba, intsung-tong, intsungtong, kohi, koi, pao, pareng, piak, rupuo, sarpli, seur, tratpe, udis, ust, utis in Nepal: ghozel, udis, utils

183

Alnus Miller Betulaceae

Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. (Alnus nitida Endl.; Clethropsis nitida Spach)

serrulata (Aiton) Willd. var. subelliptica Fernald; Betula serrulata Aiton)

India, Himalayas.

North America. Tree or shrub, perennial

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 202. 1841, Genera Plantarum Suppl. [Endlicher] Suppl. 4(2): 20. 1848 and Taxon 31: 592–593. 1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 179–183. 1989

See Hort. Kew. 1: 338. 1789, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 181. 1803, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(1): 336. 1805, Nomenclator Botanicus 1: 29. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 848. 1826, Nouv. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13(2): 164. 1861 and Torreya 4(8): 124. 1904, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 19(Heft 61): 120. 1904, Rhodora 47(563): 358. 1945, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94: 651. 1967

(Astringent, bark decoction applied externally to treat swellings, rheumatism and body pains; bark used to treat diphtheria.) in India: chamb, koi, kosh, kunis, kunish, nyun, piak, sharol, utis kunis Alnus rhombifolia Nuttall (Alnus rhombifolia var. bernardiana Munz & I.M. Johnst.; Alnus rhombifolia var. bernardina Munz & I.M. Johnston) California. Tree, inner bark for food See N. Amer. Sylva 1(1): 33, 49. 1842 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 52(5): 222–223. 1925 (Decoction of dried bark taken for diarrhea, stomachaches, consumption, burns, as a blood purifier, an emetic, and a wash for babies with skin diseases, sores, diaper rash, itching skin, and to facilitate childbirth.) in English: California alder, white alder Alnus rubra Bongard (Alnus oregana Nutt.; Alnus oregona Nuttall; Alnus rubra Desf. ex Spach; Alnus rubra var. pinnatisecta Starker) North America. Tree, perennial See Nomenclator Botanicus 1: 29. 1821, Mém. Acad. Sci. St.Pétersbourg. Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2(2): 162. 1833, Journal of Forestry (Washington) 37: 115. 1939, The North American Sylva 1(1): 9. 1842 and Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs 104. 1949 (Infusion of stem bark emetic, purgative, for headache. Decoction of bark purgative, emetic, cathartic, wound dressing, tonic, antihemorrhagic, for aching bones, headaches, coughs, biliousness, stomach troubles, scrofula sores, tuberculosis, asthma, eczema, colds; poultice of bark applied to sores, eczema and aches; infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis and asthma. Staminate aments chewed and used for sores, pistillate aments chewed and used for the stomach, lungs. Catkins chewed for diarrhea. Ceremonial, ritual, bark dyed red and used for ritual applications.) in English: Oregon alder, red alder Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willdenow (Alnus incana (L.) Moench var. serrulata (Aiton) B. Boivin; Alnus noveboracensis Britton; Alnus rubra Desfontaines ex Spach; Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Sprengel var. serrulata (Aiton) Winkler; Alnus serrulata fo. noveboracensis (Britton) Fernald; Alnus

(Bark infusion analgesic, emetic, cathartic, hypotensive, purgative, taken to purify blood, cough, for swellings and sprains. Various preparations used to alleviate pain of childbirth, as a blood tonic, an emetic and purgative, for coughs and fevers, to stimulate kidneys, to bathe hives or piles, for eye troubles, indigestion, biliousness, jaundice, heart trouble, mouth soreness in babies, and toothaches, to lower blood pressure, and to clear milky urine.) in English: hazel alder, smooth alder Alnus viridis (Vill.) DC. subsp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill (Alnaster crispus (Aiton) Czerep.; Alnus alnobetula (Ehrhart) K. Koch var. crispa (Aiton) Winkler; Alnus alnobetula var. repens (Wormsk. ex Hornem.) H.J.P. Winkl.; Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh; Alnus crispa f. mollis (Fernald) Murai; Alnus crispa f. stragula Fernald; Alnus crispa var. elongata Raup; Alnus crispa var. harricanensis Lepage; Alnus crispa var. mollis (Fernald) Fernald; Alnus crispa var. stragula Fernald, also strangula; Alnus mitchelliana M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray; Alnus mollis Fernald; Alnus ovata f. macrophylla Lange; Alnus ovata f. repens (Wormsk. ex Hornem.) Kjellm.; Alnus ovata var. repens (Wormsk. ex Hornem.) Lange; Alnus repens Wormsk. ex Hornem.; Alnus undulata Willd.; Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.; Alnus viridis f. groenlandica Callier; Alnus viridis subsp. crispa (Aiton) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Alnus viridis var. crispa (Aiton) House; Alnus viridis var. crispa (Michaux) House; Alnus viridis var. repens (Wormsk. ex Hornem.) Callier; Betula alnus var. crispa (Aiton) Michx.; Betula alnus-crispa Steud.; Betula crispa Aiton; Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar) Subarctic America to North Carolina. See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné 3(1): 789. 1789, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 339. 1789, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 181. 1803, Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3(3): 304. 1805, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 181. 1814 [1813], American Journal of Science, and Arts 42(1): 42. 1842, Dendrologie 2(1): 625. 1873 and Rhodora 6(67): 162–163. 1904, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 19(Heft 61): 107. 1904, Rhodora 15(170): 44. 1913, New York State Museum Bulletin 254: 271. 1924, J. Arnold Arbor. 17: 243. 1936, Rhodora 17: 144. 1945, Le Naturaliste Canadien 77: 44.

184

1950, Botanical Magazine 173: 382. 1962, Preslia 36: 339. 1964, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982 (Bark astringent, to treat dropsy.) in English: American green alder in North America: aulne crisp, aulne vert, green alder, mountain alder Alnus viridis (Vill.) DC. subsp. sinuata (Regel) A. Löve & D. Löve (Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh subsp. sinuata (Regel) Hultén; Alnus crispa var. sinuata (Regel) Breitung; Alnus fruticosa var. ainuata (Regel) Hultén; Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydberg; Alnus sitchensis (Regel) Sargent; Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.; Alnus viridis lusus sitchensis Regel; Alnus viridis var. sinuata Regel) North America. Tree, extensive root system, catkins eaten raw or cooked See Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3(3): 304. 1805, Nouv. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13(2): 138. 1861, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(3): 422. 1865, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(4): 190. 1897 and The Silva of North America 14: 61. 1902, Flora of the Aleutian Islands 153. 1937, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40(1): 587. 1944, The Canadian Field-Naturalist 71(2): 51. 1957, University of Colorado Studies: Series in Biology 17: 20. 1965 (Bark astringent, emetic, hemostatic, stomachic and tonic, freshly harvested inner bark emetic.) in English: mountain alder, Sitka alder

Alocasia (Schott) G. Don f. Araceae Greek a ‘without’ plus the closely allied genus Colocasia Schott, different from Colocasia; some suggest from aulax, aulakos, alox, alokos ‘a furrow’; see Meletemata Botanica 18. 1832, Flora Telluriana 3: 64. 1837, R. Sweet, Hortus Britannicus ed. 3. 3: 631. 1839, Bonplandia (Hanover) 9: 368. 1861, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 124. 1863 and J. Sichuan Chinese Med. School 4(5): 49–50. 1985, William T. Stearn, Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. 38. Cassell, London 1993, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 52. Basel 1996.

Alocasia (Schott) G. Don f. Araceae

Alocasia rugosa Schott; Alocasia rugosa (Desf.) Schott; Arum cucullatum L.; Caladium colocasia Schott ex Wight; Caladium colocasia W. Wight; Caladium cucullatum (Lour.) Pers.; Caladium cucullatum Pers.; Caladium rugosum Desf.; Colocasia cochleata Miq.; Colocasia cucullata (Lour.) Schott; Colocasia cucullata Schott; Colocasia rugosa Kunth; Colocasia rugosa (Desf.) Kunth; Panzhuyuia omeiensis Z.Y. Zhu) India, Taiwan, Sri Lanka. See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 536. 1790, Description des Plantes Nouvelles … Jardin de J.M. Cels 30. 1801, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(2): 575. 1807, Tableau de l’École de Botanique 386. 1829, Meletemata Botanica 18. 1832, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet], ed. 3. 3: 631. 1839, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum [Kunth] 3: 41. 1841, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis [Wight] 3: 6, pl. 787. 1844, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 4: 410. 1854 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. ix. 206. 1905, Biological Magazine (Okinawa) 25: 1–11. 1987, Goonasekera C.D. et al. “Is Nai Habarala (Alocasia cucullata) a poisonous plant?” Toxicon. 31(6): 813–816. 1993, Blumea Suppl. 8: 1–161. 1995, Ceylon Med. J. 42(2): 110–111. 1997, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 59–200. 2003 [Araceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica.], Biotechnol. Lett. 27(22): 1815– 1820. 2005 (Irritant, high content of needle-like calcium oxalate crystals. Not documented as a poisonous plant, however, reported cases of fatal poisoning following ingestion of its fruit; the clinical manifestations have a similarity to cyanogenic glycoside poisoning. Corm eaten to cure rheumatism and gout, bodyache, anti-snake-venom action, mitogen.) in English: Chinese ape, Chinese taro in China: bu jie in India: alu, charakanda, maanaka, manaka, mankanda, marambu, merukankilangu, pallucabi in Japan: shima-kuwazu-imo in Okinawa: nbashi in Sri Lanka: nai habarala

Borneo. Aroid

Alocasia fornicata (Roxb.) Schott (Alocasia fornicata Schott; Arum fornicatum Roxb.; Arum fornicatum Roth; Arum fornicatum Wight; Colocasia fornicata (Roxb.) Kunth)

See Bull. Societá Toscana di Orticultura 4: 300. 1879, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 25: 205. 1887

India, Sri Lanka. Erect herb, inflorescence erect, towards the base of the spadix green female flowers with white stigma

(Magic, ceremonial, ritual, plant waved over the patient to treat cough.)

See Hort. Bengal. 65. 1814, Novae Plantarum Species 362. 1821, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 501. 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 41. 1841, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] iii. t. 789. 1844, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 410. 1854 and Cytologia 43: 289–303. 1978

Alocasia beccarii Engl. (Alocasia perakensis Hemsl.)

in Sarawak: gamba Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don (Alocasia cucullata Schott; Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) Schott, nom. inval.;

Alocasia (Schott) G. Don f. Araceae

(Latex from fresh stem a remedy against scorpion, snake and insect bites, also applied for relief from skin irritation and to reduce inflammation. Rhizome made into a paste applied to cure fractured parts. Veterinary medicine, rhizome paste an insecticide for cattle.) in India: baibing, nyarak Alocasia longiloba Miq. (Alocasia amabilis W. Bull; Alocasia cochinchensis Pierre ex Engl. & K. Krause; Alocasia curtisii N.E. Br.; Alocasia cuspidata Engl.; Alocasia denudata Engl.; Alocasia denudata var. elongata Engl.; Alocasia eminens N.E. Br.; Alocasia korthalsii Schott; Alocasia leoniae Engl. & K. Krause; Alocasia longifolia Engl. & K. Krause; Alocasia lowii Hook.f.; Alocasia lowii var. picta Hook.f.; Alocasia lowii var. veitchii (Lindl.) Engl.; Alocasia lucianii Pucci ex Rodigas; Alocasia pucciana André; Alocasia putzeysii N.E. Br.; Alocasia singaporensis Linden; Alocasia spectabilis Engl. & K. Krause; Alocasia thibantiana Mast.; Alocasia veitchii (Lindl.) Schott; Alocasia watsoniana Sander; Caladium lowii Lem.; Caladium veitchii Lindl.) China, Indochina, Malesia. See Hortus Britannicus [Sweet], ed. 3. 3, 631. 1839, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 3: 207. 1855, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] ii. 507. 1879, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1: 105. 1887 and Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970 (Irritant, a contact poison, used as an irritant in dart poison; severe itching and sometimes death may occur. Acrid juice used as a poison. Whole plant applied as a poultice to relieve soreness and pain in the feet. Leaf stalk base applied as a poultice to sores caused by insect stings. Veterinary medicine, leaf stalk and root applied as a poultice to dogs’ wounds.) in English: arrow-leaf in Indonesia: bia kalong, udu biak pibang Malayan name: berar kijang, keladi chandek Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don (Alocasia alba Schott; Alocasia cordifolia (Bory) Cordem.; Alocasia cordifolia Cordem.; Alocasia crassifolia Engl.; Alocasia grandis Clemenc.; Alocasia grandis N.E. Br., nom. illeg.; Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach; Alocasia indica (Roxb.) G. Don; Alocasia indica (Lour.) Schott, nom. illeg., non Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach; Alocasia indica var. diversifolia Engl.; Alocasia indica var. heterophylla Engl.; Alocasia indica var. metallica (Schott) Schott; Alocasia indica var. rubra (Hassk.) Engl.; Alocasia indica var. typica Engl.; Alocasia indica var. variegata (K. Koch & C.D. Bouché) Engl.; Alocasia macrorhiza Schott; Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott & Endl.; Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don; Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott; Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott, nom. inval.; Alocasia marginata N.E. Br.; Alocasia metallica Schott; Alocasia montana (Roxb.) Schott; Alocasia odora (Roxb.) K. Koch; Alocasia pallida K. Koch & C.D. Bouché; Alocasia

185

plumbea Van Houtte; Alocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Schott; Alocasia uhinkii Engl. & K. Krause; Alocasia undipes K. Koch & C.D. Bouché; Alocasia variegata K. Koch & C.D. Bouché; Arum cordifolium Bory; Arum indicum Lour.; Arum macrorrhizon L.; Arum macrorrhizum L.; Arum montanum Roxb.; Arum mucronatum Lam.; Arum odorum Roxb.; Arum peregrinum L.; Arum rapiforme Roxb.; Caladium indica Hort. ex K. Koch; Caladium indicum K. Koch, nom. inval.; Caladium macrorrhizon (L.) R. Br.; Caladium macrorrhizon R. Br.; Caladium metallicum Hort. ex Engl.; Caladium metallicum Engl.; Caladium odoratissimum Hort. ex K. Koch; Caladium odoratum Lodd.; Caladium odorum Lindl.; Caladium plumbeum K. Koch, nom. inval.; Calla badian Blanco; Calla maxima Blanco; Colocasia boryi Kunth; Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth; Colocasia indica (Lour.) Hassk.; Colocasia indica var. rubra Hassk.; Colocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott & Endl.; Colocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott; Colocasia montana (Roxb.) Kunth; Colocasia mucronata (Lam.) Kunth; Colocasia odora (Lindl.) Brongn.; Colocasia peregrina (L.) Raf.; Colocasia rapiformis (Roxb.) Kunth; Philodendron peregrinum (L.) Kunth; Philodendron peregrinum Kunth; Philodendron punctatum Kunth) Sri Lanka, Malay Archipelago. Perennial, short-trunked stout herb, coarse, rhizomatous, succulent, aquatic, broad massive rootstock, large ornamental foliage, leaves borne on long large stem, small flowers attached to an erect spadix enclosed by a yellowish spathe, faintly fetid smell, rhizomes eaten during scarcity, petioles used as vegetable See Species Plantarum 2: 964–966, 968. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 536. 1790, Description des Plantes Nouvelles … Jardin de J.M. Cels 30. 1801, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 336. 1810, Bot. Reg. 8: t. 641. 1822, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 780. 1829, Meletemata Botanica 18. 1832, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet] ed. 3. 3: 631. 1839, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 39, 51. 1841, Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 9: 160. 1842, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux—Phanérogames (Tome) 12: 47. 1846, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 8(2): 59, 410. 1854, Index Seminum [Berlin] App. 5. 1854, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 4: 410. 1854, Berliner Allg. Gartenzeitung 25: 20, 136. 1857, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 2: 890. 1886, Fl. Réunion (E.J. de Cordemoy) (1895) 136. 1895 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) Arac.-Colocas. 82. 1920, Blumea 35: 499–545. 1991, Immunol. Invest. 24(5): 845–855. 1995, Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 34(9): 895–896. 2006, Pharm. Biol. 49(4): 354–361. 2011 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Cyanogenic, whole plant irritant, corneal injury, crystalline keratopathy; the mature plant can cause severe dermatitis; leaves acrid juice blisters skin, causes swelling of the mouth and throat if leaves chewed. Rootstock styptic, astringent, antifungal, analgesic, diuretic, laxative, appetizer, aphrodisiac. Rhizome paste applied on ulcers and wounds. Leaves and rhizome

186

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

for the treatment of impetigo, stomachache, snakebite, scorpion sting; sliced tubers and leaves used as a rubefacient. Leaves styptic, to relieve sunburns, rheumatism and sores. Petiole decoction given to increase lactation. Stem squeezed to extract liquid drunk for sore throat. A bath for skin conditions, itching or new burns. Mitogenic potential towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Alocasia indica used to treat diarrhea and in gastrointestinal disorders. Veterinary medicine, a horse medicine; leaves given to cattle during pregnancy.) in English: Australian cabbage, big-rooted taro, elephant ear, elephant’s ear, giant alocasia, giant elephant’s ears, giant taro, Indomalayan alocasia, kopeh root, Kuanyin lotus, spoon lily, taro, wild coco, wild taro in India: aalu, alooka, alu, attikanni, attikkani, attikkanni, avantikkanni, baalaraaksha, balarakshigidda, boromankachu, brihachhada, chara kanda, chhatrapatra, dudh kachu, gajakarni, genasoo, hastikarnah, hen resau, hen-ru, hongngoo, kaamsaalu, kaasaalu, kacakanni, kacakarani, kacakarni, karanaippala, karanippala, kare menasangi, karikanni, kecakkanni, koli, labe, loth, maanaka, madialum, mahapatra, man kachu, mana, manaka, manakanda, mankachu, mankanda, mankochu, marambu, marasa kaage, marasanige, merukan, merukan kizhangu, merukankilangu, merukankilanku, meruku, mucalam, mucali, mundi gedde, mundigida, nankanda, neeru genasu, piracai, piri, saru, saruara, sthalapadma, tantikarni, ulakkai, varatcempu, verukankilanku, veruku, viruku, vistirnaparna in Malaysia: birah, keladi sebaring

birah

negeri,

keladi

sebarang,

in Thailand: kayah, sawga in Vietnam: co vat, da vu, hia hau, khoai sap, ray, ray dai, vat veo in Guam: papao apaca, piga in Hawaii: ‘ape Alocasia odora (Lindl.) K. Koch (Alocasia commutata Schott; Alocasia tonkinensis Engl.; Arum odoratum Heynh.; Arum odorum (Lindl.) Roxb.; Caladium odoratissimum K. Koch; Caladium odorum Lindl.; Colocasia odora (Lindl.) Brongn.) India, Japan and Indonesia. See Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.): 2. 1855 (Cyanogenic, whole plant irritant; toxic symptoms following the ingestion of raw Alocasia odora.) in Thailand: kayah, sawga Alocasia portei Schott (Alocasia portei Becc. & Engl.; Schizocasia portei Schott; Schizocasia portei (Schott) Engl.; Schizocasia regnieri L. Linden & Rodigas) Philippines.

See Bonplandia 10: 148. 1862, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 185. 30 Jul 1880 [1881], Malesia 1: 295. 1883, Ill. Hort. xxxiv. (1887) 17. t. 6. 1887, Gard. Chron. (1888) ii. 328. 1888 (Irritant juice.) Alocasia sanderiana W. Bull (Alocasia sanderiana (W. Bull) Engl.; Alocasia urdanetensis Elmer) Philippines. See Hortus Britannicus ed. 3. 3: 631. 1839, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 26. 1898 and Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10: 3699. 1939 (Irritant, juice blisters skin.) in English: Philippine taro

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae) Arabian alloch, Greek aloe ‘the dried and very bitter juice of the leaves’, Latin aloe, French aloès (in 1150), Anglo-Saxon aluwe; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 319. 1753 and Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 150. 1754; Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English 1: 35. Dover Publications, New York 1967; Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana 1: 42. Bologna 1979; G. Ernst, “Un ricettario di medicina popolare in romanesco del Quattrocento.” in Studi linguistici italiani 5: 138–175. [“alove, aluve, luve”] Friburgo 1965; [Crusca], Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca Venezia 1612; Gilbert Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa 10, 37–38. Rotterdam 1982, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen 52. Basel 1996, O.M. Grace et al. “Therapeutic uses of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) in southern Africa.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(3): 604–614. 2008. Aloe arborescens Mill. (Aloe arborea Medik.; Aloe arborescens var. frutescens (Salm Dyck) Link; Aloe arborescens var. milleri A. Berger; Aloe arborescens var. natalensis (J.M. Wood & M.S. Evans) A. Berger; Aloe arborescens var. pachystyrsa A. Berger; Aloe arborescens var. viridifolia A. Berger; Aloe frutescens Salm-Dyck; Aloe fruticosa Lam.; Aloe fulgens Tod.; Aloe mutabilis Pillans; Aloe natalensis J.M. Wood & M.S. Evans; Aloe perfoliata var. arborescens (Mill.) Aiton; Aloe perfoliatum Meyen; Aloe principis (Haw.) Stearn; Aloe salm-dyckiana Schult. & Schult.f.; Aloe salm-dyckiana var. fulgens (Tod.) A. Berger; Aloe sigmoidea Baker; Catevala arborescens (Mill.) Medik.; Pachidendron principis Haw.) S. Trop. & S. Africa. Shrub, succulent, very variable species, grey green leaves arranged in rosettes, flower spikes, inflorescence usually unbranched, living fence See Species Plantarum 1: 319–323. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 3. 1768, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

18: 177. 1880, Hort. Bot. Panorm. 2: 40. 1889 and Natal Colon. Herb. Annual Rep. 1900: 9. 1901, Pflanzenr., IV, 38: 288, 290, 292, 302. 1908, S. African Gard. 23: 167. 1933, Cact. J. (Croydon) 7: 42. 1938, Cytologia 45: 515–532. 1980, Contact Dermatitis 8: 164–167. 1982, Bothalia 14: 215–217. 1983, Contact Dermatitis 11: 51. 1984, New Botanist 17: 255–266. 1990, Chromosoma 109: 201–205. 2000, American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1578–1583. 2000 (Some humans develop allergic contact dermatitis from this plant. Ingesting the plant latex can cause a cathartic action. Excessive doses may cause nephritis. A first-aid treatment for burn wounds and abrasions. Wound healing, stomachic, antibacterial, antihistamine, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, hypoglycemic, purgative. Leaves dried and pounded into a powder, used as a protection against storms.) in English: candelabra aloe, Kidachi aloe, Krans aloe, Krantz aloe, mountain bush aloe, octopus plant, sword aloe, torch plant in Portuguese: foguetes de Natal in Brazil: aloé, azebra, babosa, erva-babosa, zebra in Southern Africa: Kransaalwyn, Sayyan (Bakone, Secocoeniland); iNhlaba-encane, umHlabana, umhlabana, inkalane, inKalane-encane, inKalene encane, inHlazi (Zulu); iKhala, ikalene, uNomaweni (Xhosa) Aloe asperifolia A. Berger Namibia. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 63. 1905, Journal of Ethno­ pharmacology 119(3): 604–614. 2008 (Leaves infusion taken to treat arteriosclerosis, kidney problems, asthma, colds and epilepsy. Leaves decoction drunk to cure arteriosclerosis, kidney problems, asthma, epilepsy and colds, also taken by humans and livestock to expel the placenta, to induce discharge of the afterbirth, and given to donkeys when they have eaten poisonous plants. Leaves chewed or a decoction drunk for the relief of stomach and chest pains.) in Namibia: aukoreb, heksekringe (= witches circles), kraalaalwyn (= kraal aloe)

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(Aloe bainesii named for the British (b. Norfolk) explorer and artist Thomas Baines, 1822–1875 (d. Natal), traveller and plant collector, who first recorded it from the Greytown area, Natal, South Africa, in June 1873; see Russell Braddon, Thomas Baines and the North Australian Expedition. Sydney 1986; F.A. Stafleu and E.A. Mennega, Taxonomic literature. Supplement I: A-Ba. 273. Königstein 1992; Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 34. [“born 1820”] London 1994; Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 85–86. Cape Town 1981) Mozambique to S. Africa. Tree, solitary, many-branched, massive trunk, high rounded crown, greyish brown bark, terminal rosettes of long and narrow leaves, leaf margin armed with small teeth, erect spikes of orange-pinkish flowers, dry capsules, pollinated by sunbirds See Gard. Chron. 1874(1): 566–567. 1874, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 178. 1880 and Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) Plants of Southern Africa: An Annotated Checklist. Strelitzia 14: i-vi, 1–1231. Pretoria. 2003 (Medicinal. Juice purgative.) in English: tree aloe in Southern Africa: boomaalwyn, mikaalwyn; umGxwala, inDlabendlazi, imPondondo, imPondonndo, inKalane enkulu (= the big one) (Zulu) Aloe broomii Schönland (Collected by Dr R. Broom in 1905 at Pampoenpoort) S. Africa. Short-stemmed, robust, green leaves with reddish brown teeth along the margins, slender snake-like inflorescence densely flowered, flowers completely hidden by longer bracts, winged seeds See Rec. Albany Mus. 2: 137. 1907, Phytochemistry 45(1): 97–102. 1997 (Disinfectant, insecticide. Veterinary medicine, used to kill ticks, an ear remedy for sheep.) in English: mountain aloe, snake aloe in South Africa: bergaalwee, slangaalwyn

Aloe ballyi Reynolds

Aloe buettneri A. Berger (Aloe barteri Baker p.p.)

Kenya and Tanzania. Leaves contain poisonous chemicals that smell of rat

West Africa, Gabon. Succulent perennial herb, stemless, related to Aloe schweinfurthii

See J. S. African Bot. 19: 2. 1953, J. S. African Bot. 30: 123. 1964

See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 60. 1905, Sosef, M.S.M. et al. Checklist des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica. [as Aloe tenuifolia.]

(Leaf sap taken as a purgative, dangerous, poisonous alkaloids.) in English: rat aloe Aloe barberae Dyer (Aloe bainesii Dyer; Aloe bainesii var. barberae (Dyer) Bak.; Aloe zeyheri Baker, nom. illeg.) (for Mary Elizabeth Barber, born Bowker, England, 1818–1899, South African natural historian, plant collector and artist)

(Leaves applied externally for skin troubles, burns, wounds, insect bites, Guinea worm sores, rheumatism and vitiligo; leaf decoction drunk to cure cough; dried powdered leaves taken to treat malaria. Leaf sap taken to treat intestinal and urogenital problems. Bulbs and roots decoctions taken for liver problems, jaundice. Decoctions of leaves, roots and whole

188

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

plants taken as a laxative, to treat stomachache, infertility in women, venereal diseases and internal parasites. Veterinary medicine, leaf sap given to cattle as an anthelmintic.) Aloe camperi Schweinf. (Aloe albopicta A. Berger; Aloe eru A. Berger; Aloe eru var. cornuta A. Berger) Eritrea, Ethiopia. Short-stemmed, many offshoots, light green arching leaves, tubular orange-yellow flowers on long stalks, grows in colonies See Das Pflanzenreich, IV, 38: 249–250. 1908

See J. S. African Bot. 2: 171. 1936, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 9: 90. 1954, Kirkia 9: 151. 1973 (Leaf infusion taken to induce abortion, but is considered too poisonous; leaves juice for gonorrhea, wounds, coughs, skin infections, snakebites and stomach ailments.) Aloe citrina S. Carter & Brandham (Aloe trichosantha A. Berger) Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya. Branched, leaves grey green

(Exudate antifungal.)

See Bradleya; Yearbook of the British Cactus and Succulent Society 1: 17–24. 1983

Aloe capitata Baker (Aloe cernua Todaro ap. Berger; Aloe cernua Todaro)

(The exudate used to cure inflammation of the eye.)

Madagascar. Succulent, leaves marginal teeth pungent, racemes densely capitate, flowers orange-yellow narrowly campanulate

Congo. Shrub, clumped, fleshy leaves, orange flowers, closely related to Aloe tenuifolia and Aloe buettneri

See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 272. 1883, Hort. Bot. Panorm. 2: 49, t. 36. 1890 and Pflanzenreich, Aloineae 274. 1908 (Leaf sap used as a cathartic and purgative; whole plant to cure dropsy.) Aloe carolineae L.E. Newton (for Caroline Wheeler, 1960– 2000, Kenya, who was active in conservation of Kenya’s environment and protection of Ngar Ndare Forest) Kenya. See Brit. Cactus Succ. J. 20: 205. 2002 (Leaf sap to cure eye disorders.) Aloe chabaudii Schönland Congo, Tanzania and Southern Africa. Shrub, suckering succulent herb, yellow sap when cut, rosette of big toothed grey-green leaves, tubular flowers reddish pink, manybranched inflorescence See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 140. 1895 and Gard. Chron., III, 1905(2): 102. 1905, Journal of Ethno­pharm­ acology 12: 35–74. 1984, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19: 67–80. 1987 (Leaves infusion abortifacient, insecticide, astringent, for diarrhea, dysentery, toxic to poisonous, fatal casualties have been reported; leaves decoction toxic, taken orally as a purgative, cathartic; leaf sap rubbed into scarifications. Root decoction drunk to treat blood in the urine; roots infusion antinausea, antiemetic. Veterinary medicine, cattle drenched with the leaf infusion to cure diarrhea.) in English: dwala aloe in South Africa: tshikhopha Aloe christianii Reynolds Congo, Tanzania, Southern Africa. Shrub, succulent, erect, acaulescent, lanceolate blue green leaves with pungent teeth, erect branched inflorescence, flowers orange red

Aloe congolensis De Wild. & T. Durand

See Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., II, 1: 61. 1899 (Leaf sap to treat sores, wounds, burns, pain in the joints, inflammation of the breasts and as a laxative; dried and powdered leaves used for asthma, diabetes, sore throat, rheumatism, stomachache, and said to prevent cancer of the colon and rectum.) Aloe cryptopoda Baker (Aloe pienaarii Pole Evans; Aloe wickensii Pole-Evans; Aloe wickensii var. lutea Reynolds; Aloe wickensii var. wickensii) Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa. Stemless succulent herb, greyish-green smooth leaves, leaf-margins armed with small and sharp teeth, branched inflorescence, tubular dark red to yellow flowers See Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 5: 29. 1915, J. S. African Bot. 3: 145. 1935, Aloes Trop. Africa & Madagascar: 181, pl. 37. 1966, Kirkia 9: 151. 1973 (Leaf juice to treat constipation, venereal diseases and as abortifacient. Pounded leaves for gonorrhea, and a dressing for wounds. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, protective at the time of a funeral.) in South Africa: geelaalwyn Aloe dawei A. Berger (Aloe beniensis De Wild.; Aloe poleevansii Christian) Zaire, Uganda, Kenya. Shrub, reddish green leaves, orange red flowers, multiple branching inflorescences, attracts hummingbirds See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 4: 246. 1906, Fl. Pl. South Africa 10: 782. 1940, Chromosoma 51: 269–275. 1975 (Leaf extract drunk to cure malaria, and used as drops to treat inflammation of the ear; leaves powdered for skin diseases, eczema, vitiligo.) in English: Dawe’s aloe

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

Aloe dichotoma Masson (Rhipidodendrum dichotomum (Masson) Willd.) Namibia. Shrub, tree-like, copious sap, crown often densely rounded, smooth branches, thin layer of whitish powder, succulent, blue-green leaves, bright yellow flowers, young flower buds can be eaten, sheep eat the dry leaves See Philos. Trans. 66: 310. 1776, Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 5: 166. 1811 and Journal of South African Botany 48: 409–418. 1982 (Roots decoction drunk to treat asthma and tuberculosis.) in English: quiver tree in Namibia: garab in Southern Africa: garas, kokerboom Aloe divaricata A. Berger (Aloe sahundra Bojer, nom. nud.; Aloe sahundra Bojer ex Baker, nom. nud.; Aloe sahundra Bojer, nom. nud.; Aloe vahontsohy Decorse, nom. nud.; Aloe vaotsohy Decorse & Poisson) Madagascar. Shrub, erect inflorescence, viscous sap bright yellow See Hortus Mauritianus 345. 1837, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20: 267. (n.s., vol. 11). 1882 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 36: 64–65. 1905, Recherches sur la Flore Méridionale de Madagascar 96. 1912, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74: 123–125. 1987 (Leaves for stomachache, venereal diseases, a decoction as a purgative, reported to induce labor.) in Madagascar: vahintsofy, vaho, vahotsoy Aloe duckeri Christian (Aloe chimanimaniensis auct.) Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia. Succulent, solitary or suckering, sometimes decumbent, sap clear, unspotted or lightly spotted leaves in a dense rosette, leaf margins with strong red-brown teeth, erect branched inflorescence, dull orangered flowers, confused with Aloe lateritia See Fl. Pl. South Africa 16: 639. 1936, J. S. African Bot. 6: 179. 1940 (Leaf sap used to help childbirth.) Aloe esculenta L.C. Leach Southern Africa, Zambia, Namibia. See J. S. African Bot. 37: 249. 1971, Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. 2003 [as Aloe angolensis.], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(3): 438–454, 700–704. 2008 (Antimalarial, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial. Leaf sap applied to burns and cuts. Pulverized dried root made into a paste and applied to painful and swollen body parts.)

189

Aloe excelsa A. Berger Southern Africa. Tree-like, single-stemmed, dense rosettes of dull green leaves, many-branched panicles of orange-red to scarlet flowers See Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 247. 1906, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 16: 117–151. 1986, Cent. Afr. J. Med. 51(11–12): 115–120. 2005, African Journal of Biotechnology 6 (20): 2406–2410. 2007 (Leaf infusion taken as a malaria prophylactic and to cure stomachache, stomach ailments, diabetes, asthma, jaundice, sexually transmitted diseases, burns, wounds, spasms and ulcers; leaf exudate antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, for the treatment of wounds, burns, sun burn, rashes, itches, cracked lips and cracked skin; diluted tea from leaf exudates laxative, blood purifier. Veterinary medicine, leaf gel effective in controlling coccidiosis in broilers.) in English: noble aloe, Zimbabwe aloe, Zimbabwe tree aloe in Southern Africa: ruMangamunu, iMangani, wuNdumba in S. Rhodesia: muNdumba, ruMangamuru Aloe ferox Mill. (Aloe candelabrum A. Berger, nom. illeg.; Aloe candelabrum Tod.; Aloe ferox var. galpinii (Baker) Reynolds; Aloe ferox var. incurva Baker; Aloe ferox var. subferox (Spreng.) Baker; Aloe galpinii Baker; Aloe horrida Haw.; Aloe muricata Haw.; Aloe pallancae Guillaumin; Aloe perfoliata Meyen; Aloe perfoliata Thunb.; Aloe perfoliata L. var. e; Aloe perfoliata var. g; Aloe perfoliata var. q (Mill.) Aiton; Aloe perfoliata var. z Willd.; Aloe perfoliata var. ferox (Mill.) Aiton; Aloe pseudo-ferox Salm-Dyck; Aloe pseudoferox Salm-Dyck; Aloe subferox Spreng.; Aloe supralaevis Haw.; Aloe supralaevis var. erythrocarpa A. Berger; Aloe supralaevis var. erythrocarpa Baker; Busipho ferox (Mill.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Busipho ferox Salisb.; Pachidendron ferox (Mill.) Haw.; Pachidendron ferox Haw.; Pachidendron pseudo-ferox (Salm-Dyck) Haw.; Pachidendron pseudoferox (Salm-Dyck) Haw.; Pachidendron pseudoferox Haw.; Pachidendron supralaeve (Haw.) Haw.; Pachidendron supralaeve Haw.) South Africa. Succulent, perennial, thick, single-stemmed, dark brown spines along the leaves margins, erect branched inflorescence, mountain slopes, rocky slopes, flat open areas See Sp. Pl. 1: 319 (-320). 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 22. 1768, Hort. Kew. 1: 467. 1789, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 7: 22. 1804, Revis. Pl. Succ. 38, 40. 1821, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 73. 1825, Reise Erde 2: 45. 1834, Gen. Pl. [Salisbury] 76. 1866, Hort. Panorm. (1876) 46. 1876, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 180. 1880, Fl. Cap. 6: 327. 1896 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1901: 135. 1901, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 246. 1906, J. S. African Bot. 3: 127. 1937, Cytologia 45: 515–532. 1980, American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1578–1583. 2000 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaf juice applied externally to treat skin irritations, burns and bruises. Boiled leaves or roots taken as

190

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

a laxative, and for eczema, hypertension, arthritis, conjunctivitis; leaves for venereal diseases, syphilis; burning leaves in houses to expel mosquitoes and insects. Veterinary medicine, leaf juice purgative, laxative.) in English: bitter aloe, candelabra aloe, Cape aloe, red aloe African names: sabr, shubiri in Lesotho: lekhala le leholo in Southern Africa: aalwyn, bitteraalwyn, kanniedood, tapaalwyn; iNhlaba, umHlaba (Zulu); Hlaba (= to pierce), Lekhala la Quthing (= the aloe of Quthing) (Basutoland); iKhala (= the month of July), umhlaba (Xhosa); hlaba (Sotho) in India: kumari Malayan names: lidah buaya Aloe fibrosa Lavranos & L.E. Newton Kenya, Tanzania. See Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 48: 273. 1976, African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (7): 912–915. 2008 (Larvicidal, for mosquito control.) Aloe flexilifolia Christian Tanzania. Succulent perennial shrub, stout, erect, slender, pendulous, many-branched from the base forming large clumps See Journal of South African Botany 8: 167. 1942 (Exudate known to be caustic, purgative. Sap from crushed roots and leaves applied to reduce swelling of the testicles and scrotum.) Aloe fosteri Pillans South Africa. See S. African Gard. 23: 140. 1933 (Leaves, warmed in hot ash, used on wounds.) Aloe globuligemma Pole-Evans Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Perennial herb, stemless or short-stemmed, suckering, leaves in a dense rosette, reddish pink flowers, erect multibranched inflorescence See Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 5: 30. 1915 (Sap of this species poisonous, known to have caused fatal poisoning, toxic plants smell of rats which indicate the presence of an alkaloid. Leaf infusion abortifacient, taken to relieve stomachache and for venereal diseases.) in Southern Africa: knoppiesaalwyn Aloe greatheadii Schönland var. davyana (Schönland) Glen & D.S. Hardy (Aloe barbertoniae Pole-Evans; Aloe comosibracteata Reynolds; Aloe davyana Schönland; Aloe davyana var. davyana Schönland; Aloe davyana var. subolifera Groenew.; Aloe graciliflora Groenew.; Aloe greatheadii var.

davyana Glen & Hardy; Aloe labiaflava Groenew.; Aloe longibracteata Pole-Evans; Aloe mutans Reynolds; Aloe verdoorniae Reynolds) (Aloe greatheadii was first collected by Dr. S. Schonland and Dr. J.B. Greathead at Mapellapoede (= Mabela-e-Pudi = the goat’s nipples), 18 miles North of Serowe on the road to Lake Ngami, Bechuanaland, in August 1903; see A. Sillery, The Bechuanaland Protectorate. London 1952; R.A.R. Bent, Ten Thousand Men of Africa: the story of the Bechuanaland Pioneers and Gunners 1941–1946. London 1952. The variety, davyana, named after Dr. J. Burtt Davy, head of the Botany Division (later Botanical Research Institute) of the Department of Agriculture in 1903.) S. Africa. Perennial herb, acaulescent, succulent leaves arranged in a basal rosette, leaf margins armed with sharp dark brown teeth, branched inflorescence, flowers pale pink to red, bee plant See Tijdschr. Natuurk. Wetensch. Kunsten 14: 57, 137. 1936, J. S. African Bot. 2: 27, 173. 1936, Fl. Pl. South Africa 19: 732. 1939, S. African J. Bot. 53: 490. 1987, Phytochemistry 67(14): 1486–1492. 2006, Molecules 13(9): 2169–2180. 2008 (Antioxidant, bitter sap used to treat arthritis, skin cancer, sores, burns, eczema, psoriasis, wounds, digestive problems, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and diabetes.) in English: spotted aloe in Southern Africa: bontblaaraalwyn, grasaalwyn, kgopane, kleinaalwyn, kxophane, Transvaalaalwyn Aloe greatheadii Schönland var. greatheadii (Aloe pallidiflora A. Berger; Aloe termetophyla De Wild.) Zimbabwe, S. Africa. Perennial herb, acaulescent, solitary or suckering, spotted, leaf margin with stout pungent redbrown teeth, erect branched inflorescence, perianth dull-red to pinkish-red or coral-coloured See Rec. Albany Mus. 1: 121. 1904, Pope, G.V. (ed.) Flora Zambesiaca 12(3): 1–106. Kew. 2001 (Leaf sap used as eye drops to cure chronic conjunctivitis, applied externally to bruises, snakebites, burns and skin irritations. Leaves infusion or decoction drunk to treat gonorrhea, as a malaria prophylactic and taken as a purgative.) Aloe hendrickxii Reynolds Zaire, Congo. See Journal of South African Botany 21: 51. 1955 (Veterinary medicine, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, disinfectant, used externally for healing wounds of cattle and the diluted leaf sap is applied orally to calves to cure ear problems.) in Congo: enkokorutanga, enkokorutange, igikakarubamba Aloe hereroensis Engl. var. hereroensis (Aloe hereroensis var. orpeniae (Schönland) A. Berger; Aloe hereroensis var. orpeniae Schönland; Aloe orpeniae Schönland)

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

Angola, S. Africa, Namibia. Succulent shrub See Pflanzenr., IV, 38: 204. 1908 (Leaf infusion taken to treat digestive problems, chest and heart pains, urinary incontinence and venereal diseases. Leaf sap and roots used to treat gonorrhea; leaf sap to cure eye problems.) Aloe kedongensis Reynolds (Aloe nyeriensis Christian subsp. kedongensis (Reynolds) S. Carter) Tropical East Africa, Kenya. Succulent, erect, spreading, rosette-forming, multiple stems, orange flowers in unbranched spikes See J. S. African Bot. 19: 4. 1953, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 313. 1980, Carter, S. Aloaceae. Flora of Tropical East Africa: 1–60. 1994, Grace N. Njoroge and Rainer W. Bussmann, “Diversity and utilization of antimalarial ethnophytotherapeutic remedies among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya).” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 8. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(1): 33–42. 2008, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(2): 370–376. 2008, African Journal of Traditional, Complimentary and Alternative Medicines 5(1): 103–105. 2008 (Leaves to treat colds, fever, diarrhea, malaria; leaves and roots infusion for typhoid, skin diseases, malaria, colds, ear problems, wounds, coccidiosis. Veterinary medicine, treatment of poultry diseases and East Coast fever in cattle.) in English: Kenyan aloe in Kenya: tangaratwet Aloe kilifiensis Christian Kenya. Succulent, acaulescent, spotted leaves, deep winered flowers, branched inflorescence, growing under trees and bushes, confused with Aloe lateritia Engl. See Journal of South African Botany 8: 169. 1942, Journal of the East African Natural History 94(1): 5–120. 2005, Journal of East African Natural History 95(2): 227–229. 2006 (Sap from roasted leaves applied to the skin to reduce swelling; leaves exudate used externally to treat headache. Leaves decoction taken to cure an enlarged spleen.) Aloe lateritia Engl.

191

in Congo: cigaka, chizimymuliro, cizimya muliro, cizimyamuliro, ekikakaluganga, engaka, igikakarubamba, kishinie-shinie in Kenya: kiiruma in Rwanda: igikakarubamba in Tanzania: iwata, mlalangao Aloe lateritia Engl. var. graminicola (Reynolds) S. Carter (Aloe graminicola Reynolds; Aloe solaiana Christian) Kenya. Shrub, often decumbent, usually suckering to form dense clumps, head-like racemes See Fl. Pl. South Africa 20: 781. 1940, J. S. African Bot. 19: 9. 1953, Flora of Tropical East Africa, Aloac. 17. 1994, Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 6: 1–586. Uppsala 1997 [as Aloe lateritia.] (Leaves used in treatment of wounds; leaves decoction emetic, for fever, malaria, stomachache.) in Kenya: olkos in Uganda: olkos Aloe littoralis Baker (Aloe angolensis Baker; Aloe rubrolutea Schinz; Aloe schinzii Baker) S. Trop. Africa, Namibia. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 263, 293. 1878, Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 459. 1898 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaf sap applied to cure eye problems and to arrest progress of venereal disease. Powdered leaves antiinflammatory. Daily use of leaf extract is said to be effective as a malaria prophylaxis. Chopped leaves, boiled in water purgative both for humans and livestock. Chopped leaves added to drinking water protect cattle against ticks and ear lice and chickens against lice.) in India: chennanayakam, cheru-katru-vazha, chhota-kanvar, chhota-rakus-pattah, chhotakanvar, chinikalabanda, chinnakalabanda, chinnarakashi-matta, chirukattalai, cirukkaralai, elva, irattapolam, janninayakam, kalaboel, kariabolam, kariambolam, kariapolam, kariya polam, kariyapolam, kattavala, kumari, kuttalay, lahanikumari, lolisara, mucamparam, musambar, musamparam, mushambaram, raktapolam, ratta polam, shime-kattali, shiru-katrazh-ai, sirrooghoo kuttalay

E. Trop. Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. Shrub, often stemless, succulent, spotted leaves, corollas red orange, confused with Aloe kilifiensis and Aloe wollastonii

Aloe lomatophylloides Balf.f. (Lomatophyllum lomatophylloides (Balf.f.) Marais)

See Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 140. 1895

Rodrigues, Mauritius. Succulent herb, short, decumbent, unbranched

(Leaf exudate used locally for treating colds, fevers, wounds and malaria; leaves decoction taken to treat hepatitis, stomachache; leaves fragments for piles and retained placenta; maceration of leaves for snakebites. Roots decoction, together with Solanum incanum L. roots, taken to treat anemia.) in Burundi: ingagari, ingarigari

See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 22. 1877 and Kew Bull. 29: 722. 1974 (publ. 1975), Bosser, J. et al. (eds.) Flore des Mascareignes 177–188: IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris. 1978 [as Lomatophyllum lomatophylloides.], Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Lomatophyllum sp.]

192

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

(Crushed leaves applied as a poultice to relieve muscle pain; leaves decoction taken to increase the menstrual flow.) Aloe macrocarpa Tod. (Aloe borziana A. Terracc.; Aloe edulis A. Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel; Aloe macrocarpa var. major A. Berger) West Africa, Benin, Ethiopia. Flowers eaten as a vegetable, leaves juice very bitter See Hort. Bot. Panorm. 1: 36. 1875 and Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2(6): 132–153. 2008 (Traditional healers treat hemorrhoids using Aloe macrocarpa, Ranunculus multifidus Forssk., Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif. and Solanum anguivi Lam. Leaf exudate used for skin troubles; stem exudate for eye disease.) in Eritrea: ere Aloe macroclada Baker Madagascar. Solitary, without stem See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 273. 1883 (Leaves used to cure ascites, leaf pulp rubbed on the head to treat dandruff. Anticarcinogenic, antiseptic.) in Madagascar: vahona Aloe maculata All. (Aloe commutata Tod.; Aloe commutata var. bicolor A. Berger; Aloe disticha Thunb.; Aloe distans Haw.; Aloe disticha L.; Aloe disticha Mill., nom. illeg.; Aloe gasterioides Baker; Aloe grahamii Schönland; Aloe latifolia (Haw.) Haw.; Aloe latifolia Haw.; Aloe leptophylla N.E. Br.; Aloe leptophylla N.E. Br. ex Baker; Aloe leptophylla var. stenophylla Baker; Aloe macracantha Baker; Aloe maculosa Lam.; Aloe obscura Mill.; Aloe obscura Willd.; Aloe perfoliata L. var. l; Aloe perfoliata var. q; Aloe perfoliata var. obscura (Mill.) Aiton; Aloe perfoliata var. saponaria Aiton; Aloe picta Thunb.; Aloe picta var. major Willd.; Aloe saponaria (Aiton) Haw.; Aloe saponaria Haw.; Aloe saponaria var. brachyphylla Baker; Aloe saponaria var. ficksburgensis Reynolds; Aloe saponaria var. latifolia Haw.; Aloe saponaria var. obscura (Mill.) Haw.; Aloe spuria A. Berger; Aloe tricolor Baker, nom. illeg.; Aloe tricolor Haw.; Aloe trichotoma Colla; Aloe umbellata DC.; Aloe umfoloziensis Reynolds) South Africa. Succulent shrub, usually stemless, triangular fleshy leaves white-spotted on the surface, leaves margin with sharp reddish-brown teeth thorn-like, seeds broadly winged, does not produce suckers, leaves yield a yellow dye, plant readily grazed by goats See Sp. Pl. 1: 321. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 5, 6. 1768, Auct. Syn.: 13. 1773, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 87. 1783, Hort. Kew. 1: 467. 1789, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 7: 17, 25. 1804, Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 5: 275. 1811, Synopsis Plantarum Succulentarum 82. 1812, Bot. Mag. 103: t. 6324. 1877, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 166–167. 1880 [1881 publ.

1880], J. Bot. 27: 44. 1889 and Pflanzenr., (Engler) Liliac.Asphodel.-Aloin., IV, 38: 214. 1908, J. S. African Bot. 3: 42, 148. 1937, Candollea 61: 93–134. 2006 (Plant infusion applied to dermatitis; Aloe maculata mixed with Rhus divaricata roots used to cure diabetes; mixed with Aloe striatula used for treating burns. Leaves infusion for cardiac problems, stomachache, headache, as an anthelmintic, and rubbed on boils, sores, bruises and rheumatic joints, used as eye drops to treat conjunctivitis; pulped leaves to treat human ringworm. Pulverized flower infusion drunk or given as an enema to treat colds with fever in children.) in English: spotted aloe in Lesotho: lekhala Aloe marlothii A. Berger subsp. marlothii (Aloe ferox Mill. var. xanthostachys A. Berger; Aloe marlothii var. bicolor Reynolds; Aloe marlothii var. marlothii; Aloe spectabilis Reynolds; Aloe supralaevis Haw. var. hanburyi Baker) (the specific and subspecific names honor the South African botanist Hermann Wilhelm Rudolph Marloth, 1855–1931, see Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California 1997) Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, South Africa. Succulent, robust, large, erect, single-stemmed, sometimes suckering with decumbent stems, light green to greyish green to bluegreen leaves covered with brown spines or prickles, flowers orange-red to yellow or bright red on horizontal racemes on a branched candelabra-shaped inflorescence, thin papery seeds, nectar eaten from the flowers, bee forage See South African Journal of Science 83: 498–550. 1987, Aloe 26, 3: 55. 1989 and African Entomology 7(1): 169–172. 1999, Journal of the South Africa Veterinary Association 72: 189–196. 2001, A. Spickett et al. “The effect of orally administered Aloe marlothii leaves on Boophilus decoloratus tick burdens on cattle.” Experimental and Applied Acarology 4(1–2): 139–146. 2007, South African Journal of Botany 73: 378–383. 2007, South African Journal of Botany 74(4): 598–605. 2008 (Leaf decoction taken with porridge to treat stomachache and intestinal worms, roundworm and tapeworm; leaf and root decoctions used for roundworm infestations and for stomach problems; fresh leaf pulp rubbed on women’s breasts to wean children; leaves crushed and the juice applied on sores. Ash from the leaves, mixed with maize, effectively protects the latter from storage pests, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, maize weevil. Veterinary medicine, laxative, oxytocic, anthelmintic, insecticide, leaf and root decoctions used for horse sickness, diarrhea, retained placenta, gall disorders.) in English: flat-flowered aloe, mountain aloe, spiny aloe in Southern Africa: bergaalwyn, bergalwyn, boomaalwyn, snuifaalwyn; inHlaba (Swazi); mhanga, mhangani (Tsonga); mogopa, mokgopa (Tswana/ Setswana); binda-mutsho,

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

khopha, tshikopa (Venda); iNhlaba, inHlaba (the diminutive being inHlabane), umHlaba, ikhala (Zulu) Aloe mayottensis A. Berger

193

Kenya. Succulent, red flowers See American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1578–1583. 2000 Leaf sap locally used by women to clear up pimples and blemishes on the face.)

Mayotte, Comoros. See Das Pflanzenreich 246. 1908, South African Journal of Botany 74(4): 606–612. 2008 (Leaf sap applied as eye drops to cure conjunctivitis, and to nipples to wean children; leaves poultice to treat wounds and burns.) Aloe microdonta Chiov. (Aloe defalcata Chiov.) Kenya, Somalia. Succulent, lanceolate fleshy leaves, reddish flowers See Plantae Novae vel Minus Notae ex Aethiopia 208. 1928, Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique / Bulletin van de National Plantentuin van België 41(3): 1483–1578. 1971, Kew Bulletin 37: 389–395. 1982, Planta Med. 58(1): 88–93. 1992

Aloe ortholopha Christian & Milne-Redh. Zimbabwe. Succulent, solitary, acaulescent, leaf margin with pungent light brown teeth, perianth coral-red to orange, branched inflorescence, horizontal racemes, related to Aloe greatheadii (Leaves infusion or decoction drunk to treat gonorrhea, as a malaria prophylactic and taken as a purgative. Leaf sap used as eye drops to cure chronic conjunctivitis, applied externally to bruises, snakebites, burns and skin irritations.) in English: Dyke aloe Aloe perryi Baker Socotra.

(Exudate, leaf juice, dissolved in water and drunk to treat jaundice, applied topically to cure skin diseases.)

See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 161. 1880 and American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1578–1583. 2000

Aloe ngongensis Christian (Aloe rabaiensis auct.)

(Used in Ayurveda. Laxative.)

Kenya, Tanzania. Aloe rabaiensis

Considered

as

conspecific

with

in English: Socotrine aloe, Zanzibar aloe in India: kumari

See Journal of South African Botany 8: 170. 1942, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Aloe rabaiensis.], African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (7): 912–915. 2008

Aloe polyphylla Pillans (Aloe polyphylla Schonl. ex Pillans)

(Larvicidal, for mosquito control. Leaf decoction emetic, taken to cure an enlarged spleen; heated and pounded leaves applied to swellings. Small portions of the root taken as a purgative. Exudate is part of an arrow poison, together with Acokanthera schimperi.)

(Poultice.)

Aloe nuttii Baker (Aloe brunneopunctata Engl. & Gilg; Aloe corbisieri De Wild.; Aloe mketiensis Christian) Tanzania to E. Angola. Herb, succulent, short thick stem, often shortly branched, leaves whorled, tubular corolla orange-red-pink, large cream-orange-brown bracts wrap around the stem, flowers arise beside each bract on a stalk, ovoid capsule, dark brown seeds, mountain grassland, on rocky slopes See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2513. 1897 (Juice of leaves rubbed on the skin to treat ringworm. Roots a treatment for kidney problems and an aphrodisiac. Leaves decoction drunk to treat diarrhea, leaves also used for heart pains and to treat spleen problems.) in Tanzania: ikori, ikuri, iratune, itembwe, kidingulio, kisimamleo, kongokowe, litembwetembwe, mshubili, msubili Aloe nyeriensis Christian & I. Verd. (Aloe nyeriensis Christian; Aloe ngobitensis Reynolds)

Lesotho. See S. African Gard. 24: 267. 1934

in English: spiral aloe in Lesotho: kharetsa Aloe purpurea Lam. (Aloe marginalis DC., nom. illeg.; Aloe marginata (Aiton) Willd.; Aloe marginata Willd., nom. illeg.; Aloe rufocincta Haw.; Dracaena dentata Pers.; Dracaena foetida Salisb.; Dracaena marginata Aiton; Drakaina marginata (Hoffmanns.) Raf.; Drakaina marginata Raf.; Lomatophyllum aloiflorum (Ker Gawl.) G. Nicholson; Lomatophyllum aloiflorum G. Nicholson; Lomatophyllum borbonicum Willd.; Lomatophyllum macrum auct. non (Haw.) Salm-Dyck; Lomatophyllum marginatum Hoffmanns.; Lomatophyllum purpureum (Lam.) T. Durand & Schinz; Lomatophyllum rufocinctum (Haw.) Salm-Dyck ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Lomatophyllum rufocinctum (Haw.) Salm-Dyck; Phylloma aloiflorum Ker Gawl.; Phylloma aloifolium Steud.; Phylloma borbonicum (Willd.) Schult. & Schult.f.; Phylloma borbonicum Schult.f.; Phylloma rufocinctum (Haw.) Sweet; Phylloma rufocinctum Sweet) Mauritius. See Bot. Mag. 38: t. 1585. 1813, Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 74. 1824, Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 423. 1826, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer

194

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

& Schultes] 7(1): 361. 1829, Fl. Tellur. 4: 17. 1838 [1836 publ. mid-1838], Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 328. 1841 and Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Lomatophyllum borbonicum.] (Febrifuge. Leaf sap applied to the nipples to wean children.) in Réunion: mazambron, mazambron marron, sauvage socotrin Aloe rabaiensis Rendle Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania. Succulent perennial shrub, erect or sprawling, branching from base (Leaf decoction emetic, taken to cure an enlarged spleen, it causes vomiting and diarrhea; heated and pounded leaves applied to swellings. Small portions of the root taken as a purgative. Exudate is part of an arrow poison, together with Acokanthera schimperi. Veterinary medicine, used for chicken diseases.) Aloe ruspoliana Baker (Aloe jex-blakeae Christian; Aloe stefaninii Chiov.) Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia. See Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 460. 1898 and J. S. African Bot. 8: 176. 1942, Kew Bulletin 37: 389–395. 1982, Phytochemistry 66(12): 1399–1406. 2005 (Poisonous to sheep and camels, used to poison hyenas and wayward dogs.) Aloe schweinfurthii Baker (Aloe barteri Baker p.p.; Aloe barteri var. lutea A. Chev.; Aloe edulis A. Chev.; Aloe trivialis A. Chev.) Sudan, Ghana. Perennial, suckering, fleshy leaves with toothed margins, flowers scarlet-apricot edible See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 175. 1880 (Leaves applied externally for skin troubles, burns, wounds, insect bites, Guinea worm sores, rheumatism and vitiligo; leaf decoction drunk to cure cough; dried powdered leaves taken to treat malaria. Leaf sap taken to treat intestinal and urogenital problems. Bulbs and roots decoctions taken for liver problems, jaundice. Decoctions of leaves, roots and whole plants taken as a laxative, to treat stomachache, infertility in women, venereal diseases and internal parasites. Veterinary medicine, leaf sap given to cattle as an anthelmintic.) Aloe secundiflora Engl. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania. Succulent, perennial herb See Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 140. 1895 (Leaves antiviral, analgesic, antifungal, a decoction and diluted leaf sap for malaria, diarrhea, nosebleed, headache, pneumonia, chest pain, edema, typhoid, wounds; leaf sap drunk as an appetizer and antiemetic. Exudate applied into the eyes, to cure conjunctivitis, and to nipples to wean children.)

in Kenya: kiluma Aloe sinkatana Reynolds Sudan. Stemless, forms clumping, fleshy blue green reddish leaves with marginal spines, pale yellow to bright orange flowers in pyramidal clusters See Journal of South African Botany 23: 39. 1957 (Leaves and leaf exudate antibacterial, antiseptic, for skin disorders and diseases of the digestive system, inflammation of colon, constipation, fever, tonsillitis, hemorrhoids, diabetes.) Aloe spicata L.f. (Aloe sessiliflora Pole-Evans) Zimbabwe, S. Africa. Tree or shrub, woody, simple or branched, erect, branches decumbent, thick fleshy leaves, greenish-yellow to golden-yellow perianth, purplish honey See Suppl. Pl.: 205. 1782 and Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 5: 708. 1917, Haseltonia 3: 92. 1995 (Used in Sidha. Leaves juice emetic, tonic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, purgative, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, for dyspepsia, constipation. Veterinary medicine, coccidiosis in chickens.) in English: Cape aloe, spiked aloe in India: carriabolum Aloe striatula Haw. Southern Africa, Lesotho. Succulent, robust, shrub, recurved leaves, hard thorny edges of leaves See Philos. Mag. J. 67: 281. 1825 (A drink from crushed leaves in water has a very bitter taste, antiacid, purifier, used as laxative and for stomachache. Plant mixed with Aloe maculata used for treating burns. Veterinary medicine, Rhus divaricata mixed with Aloe striatula a remedy for bloating.) in English: shrub aloe in Lesotho: seholobe Aloe succotrina Lam. (Aloe perfoliata var. purpurascens Aiton; Aloe perfoliata var. succotrina (Lam.) Aiton; Aloe purpurascens (Aiton) Haw.; Aloe sinuata Thunb.; Aloe sinuata Willd., nom. illeg.; Aloe soccotorina Schult. & Schult.f.; Aloe soccotrina Garsault, orth. var.; Aloe socotrina DC.; Aloe socotrina Lam.; Aloe vera Mill., nom. illeg.; Aloe succotrina var. purpurascens (Aiton) Ker Gawl.; Aloe succotrina var. saxigena A. Berger) SW. Cape Prov. Succulent, cluster-forming, tubular flowers shiny dark orange red, simple flower spikes See Encycl. 1: 85. 1783, Syst. Veg. 7: 701. 1829 and Pflanzenr., IV, 38: 283. 1908 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Juice emollient, for skin troubles, burns, wounds. Homeopathy, laxative.)

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

in English: fynbos aloe in South Africa: bergaalwyn in India: bole-siyah, intupolam, irulapolam, iyankolli, kacappolam, kacappuppolam, kariyapolam, katticcennayam, kirusnapolam, kisnapolam, kittinapolam, maippolam, makkikkarrala, makkikkattazha, pauttirapolam, polam, sabir, sibr, sibr-sagotari, turakakalabanda, vainakapolam, vainakappolam, yavanakumari Aloe swynnertonii Rendle (Aloe chimanimaniensis Christian; Aloe melsetterensis Christian; Aloe petrophila Pillans; Aloe vogtsii Reynolds) (for the British (b. India) naturalist Charles Francis Massey Swynnerton, 1877–1938 (d. Tanganyika/Tanzania, in an air crash), farmer, botanical collector in Rhodesia and Mozambique, 1907 Fellow of the Linnean Society; see Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 339. Cape Town 1981; Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 668. London 1994) Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Shrubby, solitary or suckering, acaulescent, spotted leaves bright green, erect branched panicle with rounded racemes of pendulous orange-red flowers, taxonomic confusion See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 40: 215. 1911, J. S. African Bot. 2: 118. 1936, Fl. Pl. South Africa 18: 697. 1938, Kirkia 1: 51. 1961, Succ. Fl. South. Africa: 125. 1981, Fl. South. Africa 5, 1 (1): 44. 2000 (Leaves and roots pounded a remedy for infertility, gonorrhea, stomach ailments, snakebites, wounds. Fish poison; in a mixture with other plants to kill pests in vegetable crops. Magic, ritual, protective at funerals.) in English: Swynnerton’s aloe, vumba aloe Aloe tenuifolia Lam. (Aloe agavifolia Tod.; Aloe barteri Baker; Aloe barteri var. dahomaensis A. Chev., nom. inval.; Aloe barteri var. dahomensis A. Chev.; Aloe barteri var. sudanica A. Chev.; Aloe buettneri A. Berger; Aloe congolensis De Wild. & T. Durand; Aloe paedogona A. Berger; Aloe paedogona Rendle; Aloe paludicola A. Chev., nom. nud.) W. Trop. Africa, Namibia. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 78. 1783, Hort. Bot. Panorm. 1: 85. 1875, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 168. 1881[1880] and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 60. 1905, J. Bot. 44: 57. 1906, Etudes Fl. Afr. Centr. Franç. 1: 313. 1913, Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 31: 592, 594. 1952 (Leaf sap laxative, antiinflammatory, antiviral, wound dressing, to treat sores, wounds, burns, pain in the joints, inflammation of the breasts. Leaves used in several arrow-poison mixtures.)

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in Nigeria: balli nyibi, gbadu, giiwaa, moodaa, nantsar giiwaa, omvi, zaabuwaa in Senegal: bangio fauru, sogoba hu Aloe tenuior Haw. (Aloe tenuior var. decidua Reynolds; Aloe tenuior var. densiflora Reynolds; Aloe tenuior var. glaucescens Zahlbr.; Aloe tenuior var. rubriflora Reynolds) Cape Province Shrub, sprawling, rambling, red or yellow flowers in slender nodding racemes See Philos. Mag. J. 67: 281. 1825 and Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 15: 16. 1900, J. S. African Bot. 2: 108, 111. 1936, Aloes S. Afr. 349. 1950, American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1578–1583. 2000, Chromosoma 109: 201–205. 2000 (Leaves purgative, anthelmintic, vermifuge, a tapeworm remedy; root decoction used as a purgative to treat tapeworm, internal worms. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, powerful charm to ensure good luck, a bath taken in the foam of the leaves. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves decoction given to cows to treat retained placenta, intestinal parasites, hematuria.) in Southern Africa: iKhalana, umjingqa Aloe trichosantha A. Berger (Aloe percrassa Schweinf.; Aloe percrassa var. albo-picta Schweinf.) Eritrea, Somalia. Suckering, grey green spotted leaves, panicles of reddish flowers covered with light wool See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 62. 1905, Bradleya; Yearbook of the British Cactus and Succulent Society 1: 17–24. 1983, African Journal of Ecology 45 (Suppl. 1): 34–40. 2007 (Leaves for painful menstruation.) in Ethiopia: hargisu Aloe turkanensis Christian Kenya, Uganda. Succulent sprawling shrub, ascending, decumbent, branching from the base, roots used to flavor beer See Journal of South African Botany 8: 173. 1942, African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (7): 912–915. 2008 (Larvicidal, for mosquito control. Leaf sap applied to wounds and as a cure for eye diseases. The juice from boiled roots added to a drink to induce vomiting, to relieve persistent headaches.) Aloe vaombe Decorse & Poiss. Madagascar. Small succulent tree, unbranched, recurved long smooth green leaves, red flowers in erect branched racemes See Recherches sur la Flore Méridionale de Madagascar 96. 1912

in English: West African aloe

(Skin lesions treated with leaf juice; leaves boiled in water and drunk to cure yellow fever, venereal diseases.)

in Ivory Coast: bamalagba, kpipiko, sinzé toro, wudie

in English: Malagasy tree aloe

196

Aloe L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Aloaceae, Aloeaceae, Liliaceae)

in Madagascar: vahombe, vahombre Aloe variegata L. (Aloe ausana Dinter; Aloe punctata Haw.; Aloe variegata var. haworthii A. Berger) Namibia. Dwarf stemless aloe, dense clumps, dark green leaves with a V-shaped cross section, white spots on the leaf surfaces, alternate white and green bands on the leaves, pink to red tubular pendent flowers with green edges, racemes sometimes branched, underground suckers See Sp. Pl.: 321. 1753 and Cytologia 45: 515–532. 1980, Journal of South African Botany 47: 7–10. 1981 (Used in Ayurveda. Externally to relieve skin discomforts and internally as purgatives. Magic, ritual.) in English: kanniedood aloe, partridge-breast, partridgebreast aloe, pheasant’s-wings, tiger aloe in India: kumari in South Africa: bont alwyn, kannie dood, kanniedood Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Aloe barbadensis Miller; Aloe barbadensis var. chinensis Haworth; Aloe chinensis (Haworth) Baker; Aloe chinensis Steud. ex Baker; Aloe chinensis Steud.; Aloe elongata Murray; Aloe flava Pers.; Aloe indica Royle; Aloe lanzae Tod.; Aloe littoralis Baker; Aloe littoralis J. König ex Baker, nom. inval.; Aloe maculata Forssk., nom. illeg.; Aloe maculata Desf.; Aloe maculata Thunb.; Aloe maculata Ker Gawl.; Aloe perfoliata L. var. barbadensis (Mill.) Aiton; Aloe perfoliata var. vera L.; Aloe rubescens DC.; Aloe variegata Forssk., nom. illeg.; Aloe variegata L.; Aloe vera Mill., nom. illeg.; Aloe vera L. ex Webb; Aloe vera var. chinensis (Haworth) A. Berger; Aloe vera var. chinensis (Steud. ex Baker) Baker; Aloe vera var. lanzae Baker; Aloe vera var. littoralis J. König ex Baker; Aloe vulgaris Lam.; Aloe vulgaris Garsault) SW. Arabian Pen. Perennial herb, caespitose, stoloniferous, rosettes of long pointed fleshy leaves, clear yellowish viscous sap See Sp. Pl. 1: 319–321. 1753, Fig. Pl. Med. 1: t. 103. 1764, Descr. Pl. Anim. 74. 1767, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Flora Indica 83. 1768, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 73–74. 1775, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 86. 1783, Tabl. École Bot. 25. 1804, Bot. Mag. 20: t. 765. 1804, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 378. 1805, Supplementum Plantarum Succulentarum … 45. 1819, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 390. 1839, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 56. 1840–1841, Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries 3: 348. 1848, Bot. Mag. 103: t. 6301. 1877, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1(5): 293. 1878 [1880 publ. Jan 1878], J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 176, 230. 1880 [1881 publ. 1880], Hort. Bot. Panorm. 2: 39. 1890 and Das Pflanzenreich 33(IV. 38. 3): 230. 1908, Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 22: 418–424. 1980, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 31. 1994 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani, Sidha. Whole plant for fever, cold and cough, skin diseases, healing of wounds, ulcers. Leaf decoction applied on the head to cure headache,

lunatic patients, madness and hysteria; leaf extract inhibits the growth of mycobacterium; crushed leaves juice given to ladies suffering from white discharge; leaves pulp eaten for sexual vigor; dried decoction purgative, used to eradicate intestinal worms; leaf paste rubbed for rheumatic pains. Latex antiviral, cathartic, wound healing acceleration, antiinflammatory, laxative, purgative, refrigerant, anesthetic, antiulcer, anthelmintic, depurative, emmenagogue, an excessive dose may cause nephritis; a remedy for burns, Guinea worms, vertigo, headache, boils, blisters, pimples, rashes, bed sores, spleen enlargement, epilepsy, abdominal distensions, abscess, jaundice, hemorrhoids. Fresh juice infusion for urinary and bladder conditions. Whole plant uprooted and tied in houses as a repellent for mosquitoes. Contact therapy, leaves tied on waist to relieve pain of sciatica, lumbago and backache. Veterinary medicine, pulp or leaf juice applied locally in insect bite, mastitis, sores, swellings and wounds.) in English: aloe vera, Barbados aloe, bitter aloe, burn plant, coastal aloe, common aloe, Curaçao aloe, elephant’s gall, Indian aloe, Jafarabad aloe, lily of the desert, medicinal aloe, Mediterranean aloe, sinkle bible, true aloe, Urguentinecactus, West Indian aloe in Arabic: saqal in China: hsiang tan (= elephant’s gall), lu hui, no hui, nu hui in India: ab ghaikwar, adala, ailwa, ajara, akbar kandal, akki, aliyo, alunku, alva, alva asli, alva chalu, amara, amari, ambudhisrava, ametamnikki, ametanikki, angani, angini, ankani, ankili, anmatacekam, aphala, aralai, as-saber, atipichhila, bahupatri, bhottu-katrazhae, bhringeshta, borelingte, brahmaghni, brahmi, catevala, cenkarralai, cenninayakam, cerukarrala, chalkuwari, chenninaayakam, chenninayakam, cherukattala, cherukattazha, chinnakalabanda, chinnaraakasimatta, chinnarakasimatta, chirukattalai, chotthu kaththalai, chuvannakattala, chuvannakattazha, cirukarralai, cirukki, cokkunitani, corrukkarralai, coti, cotrukkarralai, cottiyam, curuvavacini, cuvannakarrala, dara-khte-sibr, darakhte-sibr, darakhtesinn, dirghapatrika, elba deshi, eluva, eluwa, elva asal, elwa, eratha bolam, erra kalabanda, errakalanbanda, ettakalabanda, ganwar-patho, ganwarpatha, gawar patha, gawarapatha, geevkumaari, geevkumari, ghaikwar, ghee-ganwar, ghee gwar, ghee-kanwar, ghee kunwar, ghee kwar, gheekawar, ghi kanwar, ghikuvar, ghigavar, ghiguvara, ghikanvar, ghikawar, ghikuamr, ghikumari, ghiqwara, ghirtakumari, ghrit-kumari, ghritakumari, ghritakumari, ghritkumari, ghrtakumari, ghrtakumarika, ghrytakumari, ghue kumari, golisara, grhakanya, grhakumari, grihakanya, guarpatha, gvarapatha, gwar patha, gwar patta, gwar pattha, gwarpatha, ikshuramallika, ilampen, irattapolam, kaakanonokachaara, kadanaku, kadenaku, kadvi kunvar, kala manda, kalabanda, kalanbanda, kamte-kuvar, kanayakumari, kanni, kantakani, kantakapravrita, kanvar, kanya, kanya kumaari, kanyasara, kapila, kariabolam, kariyapolam, karpurani, karrala, karralai, karralam, karrazai, kathalai, kathaligida, kathazhai, kathligida, katrazhai, katrazhai pal, katru-vazha,

197

Alonsoa Ruíz & Pav. Scrophulariaceae

kattaarvazhappola, kattaarvazhappola pacha, kattaavala, kattala, kattalai, kattali, kattarvala, katali gida, kattavala, kattavaya, kattavazha, kattazhai, katthalai, katthaligida, kattrazhai, kattuvala, khorpad, kilimukan, kilimukkan, kilmukkan, kodiyan, kolasoar, kole sara, komarika, koraphada, koraphanta, korkand, korpad, korphad, kotiyon, kottaalai, kumaari, kumaree, kumari, kumarika, kumarpathu, kunawar, kunthi kalabanda, kunvar, kunvarpata, kunwar, kunwarpathu, kuruvaikkumari, kuvarapatha, kuwarpatha, lavalasaara, loayisara, logu sara, lok sara, loka sara, lolasara, lole, lole sara, lolesara, loli, lolisara, lolu, loyisara, lumisura, mahabharavacha, malai, malanecittaci, malattaittallicci, manchikatthaali, mandala, manjikattali, mata, maulisara, moosaambaram, mridughritakumarika, mucamparam, musaambra, musabar, musambara, musambaramu, musbar kaghzi, mushaboro, mushoboro, nabatussibr aalsi, nali, nari, natbatussibr aalsi, nolisara, nubatussibi, ocitam, okitam, patangar, pen, peruppircava, pivalaboel, pulipputu, pulittatukki, pumatu, raktabala, raktapavala, rama, rambans, rasayani, rathapolam, rattabolan, sabbara, sabbarah, saha, shimekattale, shottu katrazhai, sibr, sibr-e-zard, simekattale, sirukattalai, sivappukkattalai, sivappusottukkattalai, sothukattalai, sotru kattraazhai, sthaleruha, sthuladala, surasa, suvaha, tarana, tarani, taruni, tarunikam, tiriculi, vaittanki, valumuki thalai, vamal, vamalocikam, varivali, varivalikkarralai, varttacaki, varttaki, vatankirai, veligam, velikam, vipulasrava, vira, viyakkiracana, yociyocitam in Indonesia: jadam, jadem, lidah buwaja in Philippines: acibar, aloe, dilang-boaia, dilang-buwaya, dilang-halo, sabila, sabila-pinya in Thailand: haang takhe, waan faimai, waan hang chorakhe in Tibet: ku ma ra, ku ma ri (d) in Vietnam: l[oo] h[ooj]i, l[uw] h[ooj]i, nha d[ar]m in Bolivia: aloe, agave, sabila, sawila, lank’u, lap’i, jaya jaya in Guatemala: sábila in Mexico: toba xa, toba xha, zotollin Aloe volkensii Engl. Rwanda, Kenya, E. Trop. Africa. Succulent shrub or small tree, usually unbranched

(Leaf juice used externally to cure eye infections, headache and body pains, infusion of the whole plant taken as an emetic; pounded roots and leaves applied to aching teeth.) Aloe wollastonii Rendle (Aloe angiensis De Wild.; Aloe angiensis var. kitaliensis Reynolds; Aloe bequaertii De Wild.; Aloe lanuriensis De Wild.; Aloe lateritia var. kitaliensis (Reynolds) Reynolds) E. Tropical Africa, Kenya, Tanzania. Succulent perennial herb, stemless See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 38: 238. 1908, Pl. Bequaert. 1: 23, 26, 27. 1921 (Leaves infusion taken for uterine inflammation. Roots and leaves decoction drunk to cure jaundice. Exudate, crushed leaves and dried leaves applied topically to cure hemorrhoids. Veterinary medicine, anthrax, piles, burns, parasites and retention of the afterbirth treated with fresh leaves or dried leaf powder, as is East Coast fever in cattle.) in Tanzania: mlalangao Aloe zebrina Baker (Aloe ammophila Reynolds; Aloe angustifolia Groenew., nom. illeg.; Aloe bamangwatensis Schönland; Aloe baumii Engl. & Gilg; Aloe constricta Baker; Aloe komatiensis Reynolds; Aloe laxissima Reynolds; Aloe lettyae Reynolds; Aloe lugardiana Baker; Aloe platyphylla Baker; Aloe transvaalensis Kuntze; Aloe vandermerwei Reynolds) Southern Africa, Angola, Namibia, Mozambique. Succulent herb, usually stemless, freely suckering, spotted glaucous dark green leaves, many-branched erect terminal panicles, orange-red to deep red flowers, swollen flower bases, yellowish leaf sap See Journal of the South Africa Veterinary Association 72: 189–196. 2001 (Leaves for snakebites, abscess, fever, nausea, hemorrhoids, epilepsy, madness, intestinal worms, jaundice; roots for hematuria, constipation, chest pain. Plant juice purgative, disinfectant and anthelmintic. Decoction of the powdered stem and leaf bases taken by women after delivery to cleanse the system. Veterinary medicine, leaves for burns, whole plant vermifuge.) in English: maculate aloe, spotted aloe, zebra leaf aloe

See Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 141. 1895

in Angola: andala

(Leaf sap applied to burns, wounds and sores, taken to expel a retained placenta. Leaves purgative. Bitter exudate applied to nipples to wean children, and rubbed on the forehead to treat headache, also taken as a purgative. Veterinary medicine, leaves used to deworm livestock.)

in South Africa: kgophane

Aloe wilsonii Reynolds Uganda, Kenya. See J. S. African Bot. 22: 137. 1956

Alonsoa Ruíz & Pav. Scrophulariaceae For Alonso Zanoni, a Spanish soldier in Bogotá, Colombia, see Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 150–151. 1798. Alonsoa meridionalis (L.f.) Kuntze (Alonsoa caulialata Ruiz & Pav.; Alonsoa incissaefolia Ruiz & Pav.; Alonsoa

198

incissaefolia var. latifolia Benth.; Alonsoa linearis (Jacq.) Ruiz & Pav.; Alonsoa meridionalis var. lactea Diels; Alonsoa mutisii Steud.; Alonsoa mutisii (Kunth) G. Don; Alonsoa parviflora (Kunth) Steud.; Alonsoa parviflora (Kunth) G. Don; Alonsoa procumbens Ruiz & Pav.; Alonsoa urticeaefolia Steud.; Alonsoa warscewiczii Regel; Celsia urticaefolia Sims; Hemimeris caulialata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Hemimeris intermedia Lodd; Hemimeris mutisii Kunth; Hemimeris parviflora Kunth; Hemimeris procumbens Pers.; Hemimeris urticaefolia Willd.; Scrophularia meridionalis L.f.) Peru. See Species Plantarum 2: 619–621. 1753, Supplementum Plantarum 45, 280–281. 1781[1782], Botanical Cabinet; consisting of coloured delineations . . t. 1456. 1829, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 457. 1891 and Bibliotheca Botanica 29(Heft 116): 139. 1937, Raymondiana 3: 155–246. 1970 (Hot decoction to bathe nervous children, also for fleas and lice.) in Ecuador: giz-giz, guizch-guizch

Aloysia Palau Verbenaceae In honor of Maria Luisa (1751–1819), princess of Parma, wife of King Charles IV of Spain (1748–1819). Aloysia citriodora Palau (Aloysia citriodora Ortega ex Pers., nom. illeg.; Aloysia citriodora (Lam.) Ortega ex Pers., nom. illeg.; Aloysia citrodora Palau; Aloysia sleumeri Moldenke; Aloysia triphylla (L’Hér.) Britton, nom. illeg.; Aloysia triphylla f. serrulata Moldenke; Cordia microcephala Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Lippia citriodora (Lam.) Kunth; Lippia triphylla (L’Hér.) Kuntze; Verbena citriodora Cav., nom. illeg.; Verbena citriodora (Lam.) Cav.; Verbena fragrans Salisb.; Verbena triphylla L’Hér.; Zapania citriodora Lam.; Zappania citriodora Lam.) Peru, Uruguay. Shrub, deciduous, narrow green leaves, tiny white flowers in terminal inflorescence, aromatic See Species Plantarum 2: 633–634. 1753, Parte práctica de Botánica 1: 767–768. 1784, Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 1: 21, t. 11. 1784, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 58–59. 1791, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 269. 1818, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 299. 1833, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 253. 1898 and Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 6: 140. 1925, Phytologia 10: 170. 1964, Phytologia 50: 308. 1982, Taxon 41: 88–90. 1992, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(2): 305– 311. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113(2): 258–266. 2007, Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas 7(4): 190–198. 2007 (Leaves digestive, stomachic, tonic, antioxidant, spasmolytic, eupeptic, carminative, febrifuge, sedative, antimalarial, antimicrobial, anti-Candida albicans, used for

Aloysia Palau Verbenaceae

gastrointestinal disorders, dyspepsia, cold, indigestion and flatulence. Insecticide, repellent.) in English: lemon beebrush, lemon scented verbena, lemon verbena in Arabic: lwiza in Central America: cedrón, hierba Luisa, te María Luisa, verbena olorosa Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. (Aloysia chacoensis Moldenke; Aloysia chacoensis var. angustifolia Tronc.; Aloysia floribunda M. Martens & Galeotti; Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) L.D. Benson; Aloysia gratissima f. macrophylla Moldenke; Aloysia gratissima var. angustifolia (Tronc.) Botta; Aloysia gratissima var. chacoensis (Moldenke) Botta; Aloysia gratissima var. oblanceolata Moldenke; Aloysia gratissima var. paraguariensis (Briq.) Moldenke; Aloysia gratissima var. revoluta (Moldenke) Moldenke; Aloysia gratissima var. schulziana (Moldenke) Botta; Aloysia gratissima var. sellowii (Briq.) Botta; Aloysia ligustrina var. paraguariensis (Briq.) Moldenke; Aloysia ligustrina var. schulzii (Standl.) Moldenke; Aloysia lycioides Cham.; Aloysia lycioides var. paraguariensis (Briq.) Moldenke; Aloysia lycioides var. revoluta Moldenke; Aloysia lycioides var. schulzii (Standl.) Moldenke; Aloysia meyeri Moldenke; Aloysia schulziana Moldenke; Aloysia sellowii (Briq.) Moldenke; Aloysia uruguayensis Moldenke; Lantana virgata Larrañaga; Lippia affinis Briq., nom. illeg.; Lippia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) L.D. Benson; Lippia gratissima var. schulzii (Standl.) L.D. Benson; Lippia ligustrina (Lag.) Britton; Lippia ligustrina var. paraguariensis Briq.; Lippia ligustrina var. schulzii Standl.; Lippia lycioides Steud.; Lippia lycioides (Cham.) Steud.; Lippia sellowii Briq.; Verbena gratissima Gillies & Hook.; Verbena integerrima Larrañaga) USA, Mexico, Argentina. Shrub or subshrub, slender, white inflorescence, aromatic See Species Plantarum 1: 18–21. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 633–634. 1753, Botanical Miscellany 1: 160. 1830, Linnaea 7: 237. 1832, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 254. 1841 and Darwiniana 12(3): 527–528. 1962, Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 4(5): 121–152. 1965, Phytologia 29: 75. 1974, Darwiniana 22: 85, 87, 89. 1979, Fl. Il. Entre Ríos 6(5): 229– 294. 1979, Trees Shrubs Southw. Deserts, ed. 3: 202–203. 1981 (Antimicrobial, anti-Candida albicans, used for diseases of the bladder. Toxic to horses, nervous symptoms.) in English: Texas white-brush, white brush Aloysia macrostachya (Torr.) Moldenke (Lippia macrostachya (Torr.) S. Watson; Lippia wrightii var. macrostachya Torr.) North America, Mexico. Suffrutex See Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2 127. 1859, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 134. 1882 and Phytologia 1: 95. 1934 (Stems and leaves infusion taken for stomachache.)

199

Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. Rhamnaceae

in English: sweet stem

fish and extracts of bark and roots could relieve muscular pain or toothache.)

in Mexico: cedron de castilla

in English: Cooper’s wood, leather jacket, red ash, soap tree

Aloysia oblanceolata Moldenke

in New Guinea: poketa

Paraguay, Brazil. See Phytologia 3: 108. 1949, Economic Botany 31(3): 298– 300. 1977 (Leaves and stem for regulating fertility, abortifacient.) in Paraguay: poleo Aloysia wrightii (A. Gray) A. Heller (Aloysia wrightii A. Heller ex Abrams; Aloysia wrightii Abrams; Aloysia wrightii A. Heller; Lippia wrightii A. Gray) USA. Small shrub, slender, stem and foliage strongly aromatic, tiny whitish flowers See Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2: 126. 1858 and Muhlenbergia 1(9): 147. 1906, Pharmaceutical Biology 31(2): 101–115. 1993 (Analgesic, stomachic, antimicrobial, plant decoction taken for headache, rheumatism, gonorrhea, indigestion; do not use during pregnancy due the plant’s potential of stimulating uterine vasculature.) in English: beebrush, beebush, desert oregano, Wright’s beebrush, Wright’s beebush, Wright’s oregano

in Sabah: pekudita Alphitonia petriei Braid & C.T. White (Alphitonia petriei Braid) (after W.R. Petrie and the Scottish (b. Morayshire) botanist Donald Petrie (1846–1925), plant collectors, members of the pioneer Queensland family; Donald went to Australia in 1868, in New Zealand 1874–1925, in 1894 chief inspector of schools, Auckland, New Zealand, wrote “List of the flowering plants indigenous to Otago.” Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst. 1896, “The Gramina of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand.” Subantarct. Is N.Z. 2: 472–481. 1909 and “Some additions to the Flora of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand.” T.N.Z.I. 47: 59–60. 1915; see John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 76. 1965; I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (5), Collectors N-R. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 109. 1983; Thomas Frederick Cheeseman, Manual of the New Zealand flora. xxvii. Wellington 1906) Australia. Tree, aggressive root systems, buds and young shoots reddish brown hairy, branchlets prominently ribbed, fruit depressed-globose blackish (Used externally to relieve muscular pain.)

in Spanish: altamisa, oreganillo, vara dulce

in Australia: pink ash, red almond, red ash, white ash, white leaf

Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. Rhamnaceae

Alphitonia zizyphoides A. Gray (Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth.; Alphitonia zizyphoides (Spreng.) A. Gray; Rhamnus zizyphoides Solander ex Forst. f.; Rhamnus zizyphoides Spreng.)

Greek alphiton ‘barley meal, pearl barley’, referring to the mesocarp or fruit pulp. Alphitonia ferruginea Merr. & L.M. Perry New Guinea. Small secondary growth

tree,

in

disturbed

areas,

in

See J. Arnold Arbor. 1939, xx. 338. 1939 (Used to treat toothache.) in Papua New Guinea: piheng Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz (Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Reissek ex Endl.; Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth.; Alphitonia philippinensis Braid; Ceanothus excelsus (Fenzl) Steud.; Colubrina excelsa Fenzl; Rhamnus incana Roxb.) India. Saponin-rich leaves See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 350. 1824, Genera Plantarum 1098. 1840, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 11: 208. 1873 (Bark used in the treatment of swellings; leaves for pancreatitis. Leaves used for upset stomach, sore eyes, headaches, bites and stings. Along with berries, used to poison or stupefy

Pacific. Tree, leaves simple, individual flowers bisexual small whitish light green fragrant arranged in fives, sepals light green, fruit a globose to broadly ovoid drupe, two arillate seeds each enclosed by a hard case (Antiinflammatory. Bark decoction, often along with the bark of other tree species, taken for stomachache, constipation, eczema, coughs, headache, menstrual pain, prolapsed rectum in postpartum women. Sap used to treat earache, swelling, fever, and cancer.) in Fiji: doi, doi damu, doi selawa in Samoa, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna, and Niue: toi in French Polynesia: manee, toi in Vanuatu: aurie, dove, nafa, nahmah, nampou, napoth, navasvas, neho, nevilvil, ondova, reha, vihumeri, vilvile

Alphonsea Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae Named after the Swiss (born in Paris, France) botanist Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle, 1806–1893

200

Alpinia Roxb. Zingiberaceae

See Flora de Filipinas 431. 1837 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 10(4): 233. 1915

Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe (Alpinia aquatica Roscoe; Alpinia cornu-cervi Ridl.; Alpinia cornucervi Ridl.; Alpinia exostylis K. Schum.; Alpinia fraseriana Oliv.; Alpinia melanocarpa Valeton; Alpinia melanocarpa Ridl.; Alpinia melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Ridl.; Alpinia rosella Ridl.; Alpinia rubella Ridl.; Alpinia quadriloba Ridl.; Hellenia aquatica (Retz.) Willd.; Hellenia aquatica Willd.; Hellenia melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Burkill; Hellenia melanocarpa Teijsm. & Binn.; Heritiera aquatica Retz.; Languas aquaticum (Retz.) J. König; Languas aquaticum J. Koenig; Languas cornu-cervi Merr.; Languas cornu-cervi (Ridl.) Merr.; Languas cornucervi (Ridl.) Merr.; Languas exostylis (K. Schum.) Merr.; Languas exostylis Merr.; Languas fraseriana (Oliv.) Merr.; Languas fraseriana Merr.; Languas melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Burkill; Languas melanocarpa Burkill; Languas rubella Merr.; Languas rubella (Ridl.) Merr.; Martensia aquatica (Retz.) Raeusch.; Martensia aquatica Raeusch.)

(Fruits decoction febrifuge, for menstrual disorders.)

India, Malaysia.

in India: rulangbu phang

See Observationes Botanicae (Retzius) 3: 67. 1783, Observationes Botanicae (Retzius) 6: 17. 1791, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1(1): 5. 1797, Nomencl. Bot. [Raeusch.] ed. 3, 2. 1797, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 346. 1807, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië xxiv. (1862) 328. 1862, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 16: t. 1567. 1887 [1886–1887 publ. Feb 1887], Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 32: 163–164. 1899 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) Zingib. 314. 1904, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 46: 243. 1906, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xliv. 529. 1910, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 90. 1926, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 33–35. 1929, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 6: 260. 1930

(Geneva, Switzerland), professor of botany and Director of the Botanical Garden of Genève, son of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778–1841), among his most valuable writings are Mémoire sur la famille des Anonacées. Genève 1832, La phytographie ou l’art de décrire les végétaux considérés sous différents points de vue. Paris 1880 and Origine des plantes cultivées. Paris 1880; see Genera Plantarum 257. 1789, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . 152. 1855 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 306. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 64. 1972, P.E. Pilet, in D.S.B. 3: 42–43. 1981. Alphonsea arborea Merr. (Alphonsea arborea (Blanco) Merr.; Macanea arborea Blanco) Philippines.

in Philippines: bolon, kalai, lanutan, lanutan-itum, sapiro Alphonsea ventricosa (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Uvaria ventricosa Roxb.) India. Big canopy tree, bole cylindrical above and fluted at the base, grey shaggy bark, hard yellow inner bark with violet markings, smooth gabrous leaves almost sessile See Species Plantarum 536. 1753 and Tetrahedron 32(6): 737–740. 1976 (Alkaloids. Roots contain several diacetylenes.) in India: noga-kola, nogakola

(Plant decoction as a postpartum remedy. Flowers for cholera. Rhizome rubbed as antifungal, in skin diseases.) in English: galangal

Alpinia Roxb. Zingiberaceae For the Italian botanist Prospero (Prosper) Alpino (Alpini, Alpinus), 1553–1617, professor of botany at Padova [Padua], 1603–1616 Praefectus of the Botanical Garden of Padua, plant collector in tropical Africa, introduced exotic Egyptian plants in Europe, his writings include De plantis Aegypti liber. Liber de balsamo. Venetiis [Venice] 1592, De balsamo dialogus. Venetiis 1591 and De medicina Aegyptorum libri quatuor. Venetiis 1590. See Species Plantarum 1: 2. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1(1): 12. 1797, Sertum Hannoveranum 4: 3. 1798, W. Roxburgh, Asiatic Researches 11: 350–352. 1810, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 2. 1821, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 27: 272. 1892 and Pflanzer. 20(IV. 46): 325, 332. 1904, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 191–203. 1952, Garrison and Morton, Medical Bibliography. 2194, 6468. 1961, Jerry Stannard, in D.S.B. 1: 124–125. 1981, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 28–29. 1988.

in Borneo: lengkuas Malay names: lengkuas, meroyan siamang, munkanang Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe (Alpinia alata A. Dietr.; Alpinia bracteata Roscoe; Alpinia calcarata var. compacta Gagnep.; Alpinia cernua Sims; Alpinia erecta Lodd. ex Steud.; Alpinia roscoeana Steud., nom. illeg.; Alpinia simsii Gasp.; Alpinia spicata Roxb., nom. illeg.; Catimbium erectum (DC.) Juss. ex Lestib.; Globba erecta DC.; Languas calcarata (Haw.) Merr.; Languas calcarata (Roscoe) Merr.; Renealmia calcarata Haw.; Renealmia erecta (DC.) Boos; Renealmia minor Roem. & Schult.) China, Vietnam, Indonesia. Perennial herb with non-tuberous pungent rootstock, pseudostems, no white markings on the leaves, young shoots cooked as vegetable, essential oils See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 347. 1807 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 85. 1902, Flora of the Southeastern United States … Ed. 2 307. 1913, Lingnan Sci. J. 5(1–2): 51. 1927 [1928], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 95(2–3): 311–316. 2004

201

Alpinia Roxb. Zingiberaceae

(Used in Ayurveda. Rhizome antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, antirheumatic, to cure cardiac diseases, cold, to treat throat inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, diseases of nervous system, stimulating digestion, purifying blood, and also to adulterate sugandha. Dried powdered rhizome stimulant, febrifuge and carminative, for rheumatism, bronchial catarrh.) in English: Indian ginger, snap ginger in China: ju hua shan jiang in India: amkolinji, aratha, aratta, chikkadumparaasme, chirattai, chittaratha, citrathai, gonth thara, kattuchena, kulainjan, peraratta, rasna, toroni Alpinia chinensis (Retz.) Roscoe (Alpinia chinensis (J. König) Roscoe; Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata; Hellenia abnormis Lindl.; Hellenia chinensis (Retz.) Willd.; Heritiera chinensis Retz.; Heritiera chinensis (J. König) Retz.; Languas chinensis (Retz.) J. König; Languas chinensis J. König; Monocystis abnormis (Lindl.) Lindl.) China, Vietnam. Shrub See Observationes Botanicae 3: 65–67. 1783, Observationes Botanicae 6: 18. 1791, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 346. 1807 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 5: 215–216, f. 79d-e. 1915, J. Nat. Prod. 60: 904. 1997, J. Org. Chem. 72: 4826. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda. Analgesic, to treat pregnancy gingivitis and asthma.) in English: lesser galangal in China: hua shan jiang in India: arattai, chhota-kalijan, chhota-kulanjan, chitharathai, chitta-rattai, chittalatti, chittarattai, dumpa-rashtrakam, irattai, kulinjan, rasna, rasnah, sanna-dumparashtrakam, sannarasmi, sannarastram, sanrashtam, sanrashtram, shitta-rattai Alpinia conchigera Griffith (Alpinia humilis Teijsm. & Binn., nom. illeg.; Alpinia laosensis Gagnep.; Alpinia sumatrana (Miq.) K. Schum.; Languas conchigera (Griffith) Burkill; Languas sumatrana (Miq.) Merr.; Strobidia conchigera (Griff.) Kuntze; Strobidia conchigera Kuntze; Strobidia oligosperma Kuntze; Strobidia sumatrana Miq.) India, China, Indonesia. Herb, slender, leaves oblong, flowers small, calyx short thick, corolla tube short, lobes ellipticaloblong white to greenish-white, labellum obovate strongly concave yellowish or pinkish-white with red stripes on each side, 2 short teeth (staminodes) at base, yellow curved filament, pink red globular capsule, seed strongly aromatic, in swampy open areas See Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 424. 1851, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 3: 614. 1861, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 698. 1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27: 291. 1899 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: 133. 1906, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 35. 1929, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930: 37. 1930

(Rhizome stimulant, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, postpartum tonic, used in female diseases, dysentery, rheumatism, bronchitis, jaundice, headache, vertigo, ringworm, gastritis, indigestion and abscesses. A poultice of the boiled leaves, or leaves and rhizome together, applied topically for rheumatism; leaves poulticed for ringworm.) in Bangladesh: khet ranga in China: jie bian shan jiang in India: khetranga in Malaysia: chengkenam, jerunang, langkuas kechil, lankwas, lengkuas padang, ranting in Thailand: khaa ling in Vietnam: ri[eef]ng r[uwf]ng Alpinia coriandriodora D. Fang South China. Short purple rhizome, flowers solitary or in clusters, labellum purple-red striped, red capsule, aromatic, used as a condiment See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 79–80, pl. 6, f. 4. 1978, Guihaia 4: 13–18. 1984, Flora of China 24: 333–346. 2000 (Tonic.) in China: xiang jiang Alpinia elegans (C. Presl) K. Schum. (Alpinia elegans K. Schum.; Alpinia gigantea Fern.-Vill.; Alpinia gigantea Blume; Alpinia gracilis (Blanco) Rolfe; Alpinia gracilis Rich.; Alpinia gracilis Rolfe; Alpinia gracilis Rich. ex Petersen; Hellenia gracilis (Blanco) Hausskn.; Hellenia gracilis Hassk.; Kolowratia elegans C. Presl; Languas elegans (C. Presl) Burkill; Languas elegans (K. Schum.) Burkill; Renealmia gracilis Blanco; Renealmia gracilis Petersen) Philippines. See Reliq. Haenk. i. 113. t. 20. 1827, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 59. 1827, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 1. 1837, Flora 47: 19. 1864, Nov. App. 225. 1880, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 316. 1884 [1886 publ. 1884], Fl. Bras. (Martius) 3(3): 47. 1890, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27(3): 288. 1899 and Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. Penins. ii. 1304. 1935, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 318. 1935 (Rhizomes decoction taken for hemoptysis; young rhizomes soaked in water and the infusion drunk for headache. Leaves poultice rubbed on paralysis. Juice from young stems used for urticaria.) in Philippines: bagombon, katkatan, tagbak, tagbak-babui, talbak, tugbak Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (Alpinia alba Roscoe; Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe; Alpinia alba D. Dietr.; Alpinia bifida Warb.; Alpinia carnea Griff.; Alpinia galanga Willd.; Alpinia galanga var. pyramidata (Blume) K. Schum.; Alpinia pyramidata Blume; Alpinia rheedei Wight; Alpinia viridiflora Griff.; Amomum galanga (L.) Lour.; Amomum galanga

202

Lour.; Amomum medium Lour.; Galanga major Garsault; Galanga officinalis Salisb.; Hellenia alba (Retz.) Willd.; Hellenia alba Willd.; Heritiera alba Retz.; Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz; Languas galanga Stuntz; Languas galanga (L.) Merr.; Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr.; Languas pyramidata Merr.; Languas vulgare J. König; Maranta galanga L.; Zingiber galanga (L.) Stokes; Zingiber galanga Stokes; Zingiber medium Stokes; Zingiber sylvestre Gaertn., nom. illeg.) China, Malesia. Perennial, herbaceous, robust, pseudostem erect, rolled leaf sheaths, subterranean creeping muchbranched fleshy rhizome, leaves alternate, pubescent inflorescence terminal erect many-flowered racemose, bracts ovate, bracteoles similar to the bracts but smaller, yellow-white fragrant flowers, oblong-lanceolate recurved lobes, labellum (central staminode) petaloid spatulate, capsule orange-red, bulb and flowers edible and also young shoots See Species Plantarum 1: 2. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 3. 1762, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 4–5. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 1(1): 12. 1797, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 346. 1807, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 281. 1812, Bot. Mat. Med. i. 72. 1812, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 75. 1820, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 58. 1827, Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 420, 423. 1851, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 275. 1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 275. 1899 and Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 261: 21. 1912, Flora of the Southeastern United States … Ed. 2 307. 1913, Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 1: 233. 1923, Lingnan Science Journal 5(1–2): 51. 1927, Guihaia 4: 13–18. 1984 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Rhizome antidiabetic, expectorant, antibacterial, digestive, hot, carminative, stimulant, fungicide, antioxidant, antiulcer, aphrodisiac, used for skin diseases, scabies, indigestion, colic, dysentery, enlarged spleen, ear pain, respiratory diseases, stomachache, for treatment of systemic infections and cholera; juice given in heart diseases; powder or decoction given in rheumatism, fever, bronchitis, catarrh; macerated rhizomes taken for leprosy, included in a preparation known as awas empas. Seed powder in gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, vomiting. Veterinary medicine.) in English: fermented rice spice, galanga, galangal, greater galanga, greater galangal, Java galangal, Siamese galangal, Siamese ginger in Arabic: adkham, galangal, khulanjan in Burma (Myanmar): pa de gaw gyi, padagoji in Cambodia: madeng, pras sva, romdeng, rumdéng in China: da gao liang jiang, da liang jiang, gao liang jiang, hong dou kou, liang jiang, shan jiang in India: aichal, akkulati, anaivacampu, anandam, anantam, anantatam, ananti, aracanam, araddai, aratha, aratta, arattai, ardubam, arppatumam, arttupam, arttuvam, artupam, aruna, atitipam, attumam, atumam, badi khulanjan, bara-kalijan,

Alpinia Roxb. Zingiberaceae

bara-kulanjan, barakalijan, barakulanjan, barakulanjar, barakulinjan, cakunam, canna rastakam, caramarutam, cattiratci, cattiratti, cencaram, cerukkampam, chitta-ratta, cikamatakikam, cikamatam, cirenki, citakampam, cittaratta, cukantam, curacam, curatakku, curatakkutam, dhumala, dhumarasmi, dhumparastma, doddadumprashme, doopparaasme, dumbaraasme, dumbarasme, dumbraashta, dumpa rasme, dumpa-rasmi, dumparaashtrakamu, dumparaasme, dumparashtrakamu, dumparastma, dumrashta, elaparani, elaparni, erarattai, gandha tara, gandhamoola, gandhamula, gandhavaruni, iracana, iracanacikam, iracanakikam, iracina, iratanai, irattaputpam, irattarenu, kacchuramu, kachoramu, kandanaguliyam, kanghoo, kanghu, kangu, kantamulam, kantanakuliyam, kapidruma, karphul, katiyastakam, kattiratci, kentacamakan, kentakanarani, khowlanjan, khulanjan, khulanjan-e-kabir, khulanjan kabeer, khulanjan nim kofta, khulanjane-kabir, khulanjane-qasbi, khulanjanekabir, khulanjaneqasbi, khurduwara, khusrave-darue-kalan, khusrave-durue-kalan, khusravedruekalan, khusrodaru-e-kalan, kolinjan, koraja, kosht-kulinjan, koshtakulinjan, koshtkolijan, koshtkulinjan, kottakarai, kulancam, kulangana, kulanajn, kulanja, kulanjam, kulanjan, kulanjana, kulijan, kulimjan, kulin-jana, kulinjan, kulinjana, mahabaravach, mahabharavacha, mahabhari vaca, mahabharivaca, malayavaca, mitintarattai, mitintu, mulatiracam, mutical, nakuli, narayanam, natanatam, oramrundu, ormaruntu, paan ki jadh, palla, pan ki jar, patala, pavanam, pedda-dhumpa, peddadumpa-rashtrakam, peddadumparaashtrakmu, peddadumparashtrakamu, pera-ratta, pera-rattai, peraraddai, perarathai, perarathi, peraratta, perarattai, perasatta, perearetei, periareta, phlang sow, punnagchampa, purantam, purusha, putakani, raasmi, raasna krishna, raktapushpa, rash-trakam, rashnamool safed, rasme sanna, rasmi, rasmi sanna, rasmini, rasna, rasna krishna, rasna shveth, rasnamool, sannadumparashtramu, saphed-panaki-jhad, sarra, sattiradji, sthulagranthi, sugandam, sugandha, sugandhamula, sugandhavacha, sugandhavachi, sugandhavaci, sughandavachi, sugandhayoga, sugandhvach, thumbrashtagam, tikshnamula, tiritosavatakacakkini, tittikam, tittipam, tittiram, tittiyam, tontha, tummarastakam, tumpakam, tumparastakam, tumparattakam, tumparattam, tumpurastakam, tumpurattakam, tumpurattam, tumras takam, turani, uttamam, vacha, vamanaci in Indonesia: aliku, galiasa, halawas hingkuase, isem, kelawas, kourola, laawasi, laja, lakuwase, lakuwe, lakwase, langkuas, langkueueh, langkuwas, langwas, laos, laos merah, lauwasel, lawas, lawase, lawasi, lengkuas, lengkueus, lengkuwas, lia buke borak, lincuas, lingkoas, lingkobotu, lingkuwas, logoase, ringkuwas in Korea: kallengal in Laos: kha ta deng, kha:x ta: dè:ng in Malaysia: langkwas, lengkuas, meranang, puar in Nepal: sarra in Philippines: langkauas, langkawas, langkuas, palla

203

Alpinia Roxb. Zingiberaceae

in Thailand: dok kha, ginza, katuk karohinee, kha, khaa, khaa-ling, khaa luang, khaa yuak, sa-e-choei, seh-ae-khoei in Tibet: sga-skya in Vietnam: cao khuong huong, cao khương hương, cao luong khuong, cao lương khương, hau kha, mot loai gung, một loại gừng, rieng, rieng am, rieng nep, ri[eef]ng n[ees]p, s[ow]n n[aj]i, son nại, sơn nại Alpinia globosa (Lour.) Horan. (Amomum globosum Lour.; Cardamomum globosum (Lour.) Kuntze; Languas globosa (Lour.) Burkill; Zingiber globosum (Lour.) Stokes) China, Vietnam. Erect, perennial herb, leaves ovate-oblong margin finely dentate-ciliate, inflorescence terminal spikelike, each bract with 4 flowers, flower white-reddish, fruit a globose capsule with brittle whitish pericarp, seeds threeangled compressed

bracteoles caducous as the flower opens, white calyx shortly 3-lobed, corolla white, labellum broadly ovate, red globose capsule shortly pubescent, seed angular, rhizome occasionally used as a spice and eaten as a vegetable, young shoots roasted and eaten, fruit and stem edible, whole plant as fodder, in primary forest, hill slopes See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 2. 1768, Nomencl. Bot., [Raeusch.] ed. 3: 1. 1797, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 8: 345. 1807, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 110. 1827 and Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 343. 1921, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 155. 1950, Food Chemistry 109(3): 477– 483. 2008

(Seeds decoction against disorders of the intestines, colic, stomachache, dysentery.)

(Antimicrobial, antioxidant, emetic. Pounded rhizome to cure wounds and sores, also an ingredient of poison. An infusion of the ripe and unripe fruits with a little salt taken as an emetic; dried fruit powder mixed with salt and used as emetic. Fruit decoction or crushed seed applied for gastralgia, earache and stomachache; fruits with salt as an emetic. A decoction used for bathing people with fever. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, ceremonial, leaves burnt to ward away evil spirits that cause epidemics; plant used for decorating the altar, and leaves used for offering divine meals to the gods.)

in English: ground Chinese cardamom

in Bangladesh: deo tara, deotara

in Vietnam: s[ej] (northern), m[ef] tr[ef]

in China: mao ban shan jiang

Alpinia japonica (Thunberg) Miquel (Alpinia agiokuensis Hayata; Alpinia japonica var. kiushiana Kitam.; Alpinia kiushiana Kitam.; Globba japonica Thunberg; Languas agiokuensis (Hayata) Sasaki; Languas agiokuensis Sasaki; Languas japonica (Thunberg) Sasaki)

in India: gara dun did, gond tara, jagai, jangai, puprere, tara

See Nguyen Van Duong. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 1993

China, Taiwan, Japan. Low growing, foliage fragrant, labellum white marked with red stripes See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 143–, 170, 1287. 1771, Syst. Veg., ed. 14: 73. 1784, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 140. 1867 and Flora of the Southeastern United States … Ed. 2 307. 1913, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 118–119. 1920, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 14(74): 22, 84. 1924, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 59: 37. 1946, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 44(8): 1603–1606. 1996 (Spasmolytic, expectorant, antibacterial, stomachic, used for irregular menstruation, cough, intestinal troubles, indigestion, stomachache, diarrhea, malaria.)

in Indonesia: laja gowah, langkuas malaka, susuk in Laos: mak kha in Malaysia: bangle, puar in Philippines: barapat, birao-birao, tagbak babae in Thailand: kha paa, mehdu in Vietnam: ri[eef]ng malacca Alpinia mutica Roxb. (Alpinia korthalsii K. Schum.; Alpinia laxiflora Gagnep.; Catimbium muticum (Roxb.) Holttum; Languas korthalsii (K. Schum.) Merr.; Languas korthalsii Merr.; Languas laxiflora Merr.; Languas laxiflora (Gagnep.) Merr.; Languas mutica (Roxb.) O. Deg.; Languas mutica Merr.; Languas mutica (Roxb.) Merr.; Renealmia mutica (Roxb.) Salisb.; Renealmia mutica Salisb.)

in China: shan jiang

India, Indochina. Herb, slender, glabrous leaves narrowly lanceolate, bracts absent, very small bracteoles, calyx tubular, labellum broadly ovate, capsule orange-red, in swampy areas

Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe (Alpinia malaccensis C. Presl; Buekia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Raeusch.; Buekia malaccensis Raeusch.; Catimbium malaccense (Burm.f.) Holttum; Languas malaccensis Merr.; Languas malaccensis (Burm.f.) Merr.; Maranta malaccensis Burm.f.)

See Asiatic Researches 11: 354–355. 1810, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 280. 1812 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 88. 1902, Pflanzenr., IV, 46: 327. 1904, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 34–35. 1929, Fl. Hawaiiensis [Degener] Fam. 76. 1932, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 150. 1950

India, China, Pen. Malaysia. Herb, shrub, robust, strongly aromatic, leaves narrowly lanceolate, ligule entire, racemose inflorescence erect or slightly curved, bracts absent,

(Rhizome infusion taken as a stomachic and for abdominal troubles; tender pith of young stalk boiled and the pith eaten and the decoction drunk to treat dysentery and diarrhea.)

in English: Japanese alpinia

204

in English: forest kerapat, orchid ginger, small shell ginger, small shellflower in Indonesia: kerapat bai, seki pui bai in Malaysia: chengkenam in Vietnam: ri[eef]ng hoa th[uw]a Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L. Burtt (Alpinia allughas (Retzius) Roscoe; Alpinia allughas Roscoe; Alpinia aquatica Roscoe; Alpinia aquatica (J. König) Roscoe; Amomum bifidum Stokes; Amomum nigrum Raeusch.; Amomum nigrum (Gaertn.) Raeusch.; Amomum taraca Horan.; Hellenia allughas (Retz.) Willd.; Hellenia allughas Willd.; Heritiera allughas Retzius; Languas allughas (Retzius) Burkill; Languas allughas (Roscoe) Burkill; Languas aquatica J. König; Zingiber nigrum Gaertner) Sri Lanka, China, Himalaya. Shrub, herbaceous, perennial, erect, fibrous leaf-sheaths, pinkish-white flowers in pubescent panicles, black globose capsule, rhizome edible, central portion of the stem taken as vegetable, in mangrove forest See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 3. 1754, Observationes Botanicae 3: 65. 1783, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 35, pl. 12. 1788, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 546. 1789, Observationes Botanicae (Retzius) 6: 17, pl. 1. 1791, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1(1): 4. 1797, Nomencl. Bot. [Raeusch.] ed. 3, 1. 1797, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 346. 1807 and Flora of the Southeastern United States … Ed. 2 307. 1913, Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. Penins. ii. 1304. 1935, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935(5): 317. 1935, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35(2): 213–214. 1977 (Soft tender portion of the shoots eaten raw against intestinal worms, roasted and eaten for relief from cough and cold. Rhizomes used in colic, gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatism, gout, fever, bronchitis, diabetes, eaten fresh to cure scabies and skin diseases; crushed rhizome applied on the forehead during fever. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, leaves burnt to ward away evil spirits that cause epidemics; plant used for decorating the altar, and leaves used for offering divine meals to the gods.) in Bangladesh: tara in China: hei guo shan jiang, shui shan jiang in India: aane dumparaasme, betta shunthi, buk-barara, girikulimjan, gong, mala-inschi-kua, malainschikua, malayinchikkuva, malayincikkuva, malayinjikkuva, mitdinglei, mun-cheo, mun-kyeo, munheo, pindaung, pullei, tara, taraka, taruko, tora, toroka Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe (Alpinia molucana Gagnep.; Alpinia nutans Roscoe; Alpinia nutans K. Schum.; Alpinia speciosa D. Dietr.; Alpinia speciosa K. Schum.; Alpinia speciosa (J.C. Wendl.) K. Schum.; Globba nutans L.; Globba sylvestris Rumph. ex Dum. Cours.) Indonesia. Perennial herb, aromatic glabrous leaves, erect spikes, yellow lip emarginate at apex, hairy rounded fruits

Alpinia Roxb. Zingiberaceae

See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 170. 1771, Exotic Botany 2: t. 106. 1805, Exot. Bot. 2: 93. 1807, Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land [K.M. Schumann & M.U. Hollrung] (1889) 28. 1889, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15(4): 418. 1892 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48(Sess. Extraord.): xc. 1902 [1901 publ. 1902], Bull. Herb. Boissier sér. 2, 3: 1108. 1903, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Alpinia zerumbet.] (Antioxidant.) in India: doombarashakam, dumbarashtaka Alpinia oceanica Burkill (Alpinia engleriana K. Schum.; Alpinia nutans K. Schum, nom. illeg.; Alpinia nutans Roscoe; Alpinia rechingeri (Gagnep.) Loes., nom. illeg.; Guillainia rechingeri Gagnep.) Papua New Guinea, Pacific. Erect perennial herb, fleshy creeping rhizome, inflorescence terminal, whitish flowers subtended by pinkish red bracts See Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 9(2): 93. 1896, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 102. 1898 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 433. 1908, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a: 622. 1930 (Fresh leaves chewed for sore tongue. Leaves applied on wounds. Magic, ritual ceremonial, leaves and roots in sorcery.) in Papua New Guinea: audu, goragora, gorgor Alpinia officinarum Hance (Languas officinarum (Hance) Farwell; Languas officinarum Farw.; Languas officinarum (Hance) P.H. Hô) China, Indochina. Perennial herb, leafy-stemmed, reddish branched creeping rhizome, glabrous papery leaves, erect racemose inflorescence, caducous bracts, flowers white, labellum white, stamens awl-shaped, 3-valved capsule, in grassland, on slopes, woods See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 6. 1871 [1873 publ. 17 Aug 1871] and Druggists’ Circular 63: 49. 1919, Cayco Vietnam (Illustr. Fl. Vietnam) 3(1): 543. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Rhizome used in epigastric pain, colic, dyspepsia, indigestion, vomiting, chronic gastritis, stomachache, flatulence, diarrhea, fever and malaria, and locally applied to infected gums. Seeds used for heartburn, cholera, toothache, ague and colds.) in English: galanga, galanga cardamom, galangal, ginger of the Man-tzu, lesser galangal, lesser galangal root, small galangal in Arabic: hodengal, khulingan in China: gao liang jiang, man chiang, kao liang chiang, shan chiang, kao liang chiang tzu, hung tou k’ou, liang chiang in India: chittarathai, cirrarattai, khulanjan, khulinjan, khusro-daru, malayavaca, punnagchampa in Thailand: khaa lek

205

Alpinia Roxb. Zingiberaceae

in Vietnam: cao luong khuong, cao l[uw][ow]ng kh[uw][ow] ng, rieng, ri[eer]ng, rieng thuoc, ri[eer]ng thu[oos]c

Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker (Languas rafflesiana (Wall. ex Baker) Burkill)

Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel (Amomum amarum F.P. Sm.; Languas oxyphylla (Miquel) Merrill)

Thailand. Slender herb, pubescent lanceolate leaves, short compact panicle, cup-shaped red calyx, lobes orange redtipped, orange labellum broadly ovate, short staminodes, green hairy capsule, in secondary forest

China to Vietnam. Perennial herb, rootstock horizontal, leaves lanceolate, raceme terminal, oval capsule, coriaceous pericarp, angular seeds, in damp places See J. Bot. Néerl. 1: 93. 1861, Contr. Mat. Med. China: 13. 1871 and Sunyatsenia 1: 11. 1920 (Fruit stomachic, tonic in stomachache.) in English: black cardamon, sharp-leaved galangal in China: yi zhi Alpinia polyantha D. Fang China. Creeping rhizome, erect panicles, red calyx See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 78–79, pl. 6, f. 3. 1978, Guihaia 8(2): 143–147. 1988 (Digestive, stomachic.) in China: duo hua shan jiang Alpinia psilogyna D. Fang S. China. Densely pubescent erect spikes, labellum yellowish with red stripes See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 80–81, pl. 6, f. 5. 1978 (For sore tongue.) in China: ai shan jiang Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Alpinia grandis K. Schum.; Alpinia purpurata var. albobracteata K. Schum.; Alpinia purpurata var. anomala Gagnep.; Alpinia purpurata var. grandis (K. Schum.) K. Schum.; Guillainia novo-ebudica F. Muell.; Guillainia purpurata Vieill.; Languas purpurata (Vieill.) Kaneh.) Indonesia, SW. Pacific. Erect, arching stems, large clumps, glossy green leaves, solid crimson red to pink bracts, erect inflorescences See Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie 10: 92–94. 1866, Contr. Phytogr. New Hebrides 20. 1873 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 46(Heft 20): 323, f. 40A. 1904, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 128: 59. 1935 (Leaves infusion antiinflammatory, spasmolytic, for bladder inflammation, stomachache, indigestion.) in English: ginger lily, jungle king, jungle queen, ostrich plume, pink ginger, red ginger in Ecuador: caña agria, zaragosa

See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 318. 1935, Z. Naturforsch. 59c, 811–815. 2004 (Ripe fruits antioxidant, radical scavenging constituents. Leaves used for poulticing boils.) in Malaysia: puar mengkang, tepus kijai Alpinia roxburghii Sweet (Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schumann; Alpinia blepharocalyx var. glabrior (Hand.Mazz.) T.L. Wu; Alpinia bracteata Roxburgh, nom. illeg.; Languas blepharocalyx (K. Schumann) Handel-Mazzetti; Languas blepharocalyx var. glabrior Hand.-Mazz.) Nepal, China. Pale yellow inside rhizome aromatic See Hort. Brit. (Sweet) 390. 1826 and Pflanzenr. 20 (IV. 46): 334. 1904, Symb. Sin. Pt. 7: 1322. 1936, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 35. 1978 (Rhizome slightly irritating. Crushed rhizomes antiinflammatory, placed in mouth against toothache and decay, given with water to cure dysentery; powdered rhizome used for stomatitis. Roots and fruits taken in case of food poisoning.) in China: yun nan cao kou in India: aichal, latara, tara Alpinia samoensis Reinecke Samoa. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 597. 1898 (Tonic.) in Samoa: ‘avapui tuasivi Alpinia scabra (Blume) Náves (Hellenia scabra Blume; Languas scabra (Blume) Burkill) Thailand. See Enum. Pl. Javae 60. 1827, Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 4(13A): 226. 1880 and Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 6: 260. 1930 (Vertigo, heated leaves applied to the abdomen.) Malay name: lengkuas, lengkuas raya Alpinia sichuanensis Z.Y. Zhu (Alpinia jianganfeng T.L. Wu) China.

in Hawaii: ‘awapuhi ‘ula’ula

See Novon 7: 441. 1997 [1998], Flora of China 24: 322– 377. 2000

in Samoa: teuila

(Febrifuge.)

206

in China: jian gan feng, si chuan shan jiang Alpinia tonkinensis Gagnepain China, Vietnam. See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 85. 1902, Acta Botanica Sinica 24: 226–230. 1982 (Stomachic.) in China: hua ye shan jiang Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl. (Amomum vitellinum Lindl.; Cardamomum vitellinum (Lindl.) Kuntze; Cenolophon vitellinum (Lindl.) Horan.; Languas vitellina (Lindl.) Alston) Pen. Malaysia. See J. Hort. Soc. London 2: 245. 1847, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 687. 1891 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.): 282. 1931 (Febrifuge.)

Alseodaphne Nees Lauraceae

20: 84. 1904, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 447. 1904, Fl. S.E. U.S., ed. 2. [Small]. 307, 1375. 1913, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 227. 1915, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 14(74): 23. 1924, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 218. 1927, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 152. 1950, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31(2): 204. 1972 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Antiseptic, antispasmodic, juice of petiole squeezed into ear for earache. Rhizome boiled into a soup and taken for indigestion.) in English: ginger-lily, pink porcelain lily, shell ginger, shell plant, shellflower in China: yan shan jiang in India: chitharaththai, cirraraddai, cirrarattai, dumaraasme, dumbaraashtaka, dumbaraasme, dumbarashtaka, kastazerambet, nag-damani, puna-champa, sittarattai, sthulagranthi

Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl. var. cannifolia (Ridl.) I.M. Turner (Alpinia cannaefolia Ridley; Alpinia cannifolia Ridl.; Alpinia vitellina (Lindley) Ridley var. cannaefolia (Ridley) I.M. Turner; Languas cannifolia (Ridl.) Burkill)

Alseodaphne Nees Lauraceae

Pen. Malaysia. Herb, stout, erect pubescent panicle, bracteoles small, calyx pubescent, corolla tube slender, linear lobes yellow, labellum orange, staminodes short red, oblong pubescent capsule, black oblong seed, in dense secondary forest

Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees (Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Nees)

See Asiatic Researches 11: 350–352. 1810, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 32: 174. 1899 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 318. 1935, Novon 6(2): 223. 1996 (Leaves and rhizomes decoction drunk for fever.) in Malaysia: pua minyak, puar minyak, temu Alpinia zerumbet (Persoon) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Smith (Alpinia cristata Griff.; Alpinia fimbriata Gagnep.; Alpinia fluviatilis Hayata; Alpinia schumanniana Valeton; Alpinia speciosa D. Dietr.; Alpinia speciosa K. Schum.; Alpinia speciosa (J.C. Wendland) K. Schumann, nom. illeg.; Alpinia speciosa var. longiramosa Gagnep.; Amomum nutans Roem. & Schult.; Amomum nutans (Andrews) Schult.; Catimbium nutans Juss. ex T. Lestib.; Catimbium nutans (Andrews) Juss. ex Lestib.; Catimbium speciosum (J.C. Wendl.) Holttum; Costus zerumbet Persoon; Languas schumanniana (Valeton) Sasaki; Languas schumanniana Sasaki; Languas speciosa (J.C. Wendland) Small; Languas speciosa Small; Renealmia nutans Andrews; Renealmia spectabilis Rusby; Zerumbet speciosum J.C. Wendland) Japan, Taiwan, China. Herb, flowers and seeds edible See Syn. Pl. (D. Dietrich) 1: 3. 1805, Asiatic Researches 11: 350. 1810, Mant. 1 (Schultes) 40. 1822, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 15: 342. 1841, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15(4): 418, in obs. 1892 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48: 87. 1902, Bull. Herb. Boissier sér. 2, 3: 1108. 1903, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg

Greek alsos ‘a grove’ and daphne ‘bay laurel’, see Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 61, 71. 1831.

India. Tree, leaves glaucous, bee plant See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 72. 1831 and Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 195–203. 2008 (Used in Sidha. Leaf and bark paste applied for beetle and scorpion stings.) in India: dodda karuvaade, dodda mashaayi, karuvaade, karuvadi, maramamidi, mashaavyi, mashe gida, massi, mooche mara, naramaamidi, naramamidi, nelthare, neralutare, phudgus, phudugus, ranai, vandukadi maram, yavaranai in Sri Lanka: rannai, waeaewerani

Alsodeia Thouars Violaceae Greek alsodes ‘woodland, growing in woods’, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 235, pl. 93. 1775, Histoire des Végétaux Recueillis dans les Isles Australes d’Afrique 55, 57, t. 17, f. 1. 1805, Theoria Systematis Plantarum 197. 1858. Rinorea Aubl. nom. cons. Alsodeia membranacea King Malay Peninsula. See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 58(4): 402. 1889 (Roots as febrifuge.) Malay name: melora angin

207

Alsodeiopsis Oliv. Icacinaceae

Alsodeiopsis Oliv. Icacinaceae Greek alsodes ‘woodland, growing in woods’, see Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 996. 1867. Alsodeiopsis poggei Engl. West tropical Africa. Shrub, red fruits See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 17(1–2): 71. 1893 and Phytothérapie clinique 4(1): 9–14. 2006 (Roots aphrodisiac.) Alsodeiopsis poggei Engl. var. robynsii Boutique West tropical Africa. Shrub See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 17(1–2): 71. 1893 and Phytothérapie clinique 4(1): 9–14. 2006 (Roots aphrodisiac, genital stimulants.) Alsodeiopsis rowlandii Engl. West tropical Africa. Shrub, yellow flowers, ripe fruits red See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan­ zeng­ eschichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 479. 1898 (Roots aphrodisiac.) Alsodeiopsis schumannii (Engl.) Engl. (Alsodeiidium schumannii Engl.) Tanzania. An evergreen shrub or tree, branched, leaves tip long-pointed, flowers in loose branched heads beside leaves, yellow narrow petals, an oblong drupe orange-red, woody stone ridged, edible fruit, in lowland and upland rainforest See Genera Plantarum 1: 996. 1867, Die Pflanzenwelt OstAfrikas C: 248. 1895, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. zu III.5: 226. 1897 and Journal of East African Natural History 95(2): 235–240. 2006

of botany and materia medica at Edinburgh University, 1718–1719 at Leyden with Boerhaave, King’s Botanist, in 1721 (in Stafleu: 1725) a Fellow of the Royal College of the Physicians of Edinburgh, his works include Index plantarum praecipue officinalium, quae in Horto Medico Edinburgensi demonstrantur. Edinburgi 1740, Index Medicamentorum simplicium Triplex. Edinburgi 1752 and Tirocinium botanicum Edinburgense. Edinburgi. 1753. See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 268. 1775, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 198. 1777, R. Pulteney, Historical and biographical sketches of the progress of botany in England. 2: 9–16. London 1790, R. Brown, “On the Asclepiadeae.” Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society. 1: 75–76. Edinburgh 1811 and Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér. 2, 19: 297. 1947, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 45. 1965, Henry Guerlac, in D.S.B. 2: 173–183. 1981. Alstonia angustifolia Wall. ex A. DC. (Alstonia angustifolia Wall.; Alstonia angustifolia var. elliptica King & Gamble; Alstonia angustifolia var. latifolia King & Gamble; Alstonia beccarii (Benth.) Pichon; Alstonia latifolia (King & Gamble) Ridl.; Amblyocalyx beccarii Benth.) W. Malesia. Trees, bole fluted, smooth outer bark fissured or scaly, inner bark yellowish without sap, leaves usually in whorls of 3, inflorescence many-flowered, calyx and corolla densely tomentose outside, slender long follicles glabrous splitting along one side, flat seeds with tufts of silky hairs at both ends, in primary forest See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 409. 1844 and Planta Med. 55(5): 463–466. 1989, Phytochemistry 65(5): 603–608. 2004 (Leaves externally applied to the spleen area to treat remittent fever. Bark used for treating malaria. Alkaloids from the stem bark and from the leaf extract.) in Indonesia: medang pasir, pulai pipit

(Fruit tonic.)

in Malaysia: itai setapoh, mergalang, pulai

in Tanzania: mbululu, mkalanga mwitu, mkaranga mwitu, mmavimavi, munozambeyu, muozambeyu, muvalambe, muvulambe

in Vietnam: l[aas]c, s[uwx]a l[as] h[ej]p

Alsodeiopsis staudtii Engl. West tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, edible fruit See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzeng­ eschichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 479. 1898 (Roots aphrodisiac.) in Ghana: bonsa dua

Alstonia angustiloba Miq. (Alstonia angustiloba var. glabra Koord. & Valeton; Alstonia calophylla Miq.; Paladelpha angustiloba (Miq.) Pichon) Thailand, Malesia. Tree, bole tall straight fluted, inner bark mottled yellow-brown with copious latex, corolla glabrous outside, slender long follicles brownish tomentose splitting along one side, flat seeds with tufts of silky hairs at both ends, in mixed dipterocarp forest, freshwater swamp forest, secondary forest

Alstonia R. Br. Apocynaceae

See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811, Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 1: 120. 1894 and Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 19: 299. 1947

After the Scottish (b. Lanarkshire) botanist Charles Alston, 1685–1760 (Edinburgh), physician, 1716–1760 professor

(Leaves externally applied to the spleen area to treat remittent fever. Latex used to heal boils and abscesses, to soothe

208

toothache. An extract of the pounded bark an ingredient of febrifuges and vermifuges.) in Brunei: pulai lilin in Indonesia: pulai hitam in Malaysia: pulai, pulai bukit in Thailand: tin pet lek Alstonia boonei De Wild. (Alstonia congensis Engl.; Alstonia congensis var. glabrata Hutch. & Dalziel) W. Trop. Africa, Zaire. Tree, straight fluted stem, dark brown bark, copious white latex when cut, small yellowish-white flowers, fruits borne in follicles hanging down in pairs from the branches, silky hairy seeds See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 8: 64. 1887 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13: 382. 1914, Flora of West Tropical Africa 2(1): 42. 1931, Planta Med. 21(4): 343–346. 1972, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, J. Ethnopharmacol. 33(1–2): 129–133. 1991, J. Ethnopharmacol. 33(3): 263–267. 1991, J. Ethnopharmacol. 46(1): 7–15. 1995, Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 25(4): 373–375. 1996, Phytother. Res. 14(8): 630–634. 2000, J. Ethnopharmacol. 71(1–2): 179–186. 2000, Planta Med. 66(3): 206–210. 2000, International Journal of Dermatology 46(Suppl. 1): 48–55. 2007 (The wood of these species is said to be irritant. Latex applied to snakebites, skin complaints and swellings caused by filaria infections. Roots and stem bark febrifuge, aphrodisiac. Bark decoction used for the treatment of dysentery, dysmenorrhea, jaundice, cough, sore throat, typhoid fever, gonorrhea, yaws, asthma, and applied to sores, ulcers, skin complaints, snakebites, rheumatic pain toothache. Extract of the stem bark and/or from the leaves antimicrobial, diuretic, hypotensive, anthelmintic, galactagogue, antiarthritic, antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic; used against gastrointestinal parasites of animals and man. Leaves applied topically to reduce edemas and to treat sores; squeezed leaves in water for stomach pain. Religion, superstitions, magic, ritual.) in English: alstonia, boone’s alstonia, cheesewood, pattern wood, stool wood

Alstonia R. Br. Apocynaceae

in Ghana: adawura, bakunin, emee, emenle, emie, nyamedua, nyamelebaka, o-nyamedua, o-nyemidua, onyame-dua, o-sinuru, osen-nuru, senuro, senuru, siaketekre, sindru, sinduro, sinduru, sinu, sinuro, sinuru in Guinea: bantan-forô, bantera-fôrô, ioro, lâpra, leguéré, portagaré, tiendo, zolo in Ivory Coast: améné, amia, ebien, emien, honguié, idjhièlle, kié, kliméné, kokpè, kokué, kolaton, kolatu, korogbé, korokué, léguéré, leroï, lerué, lerwé, méa, miéï, moh(a)in, muê, niamé dua, o-uruzi, onguié, senuro, sindolo, sindro, tenulo, tié, tien, uro in Liberia: gona-tu in Nigeria: ahùn, ako-ibepo, ano, àwiń, awùn, awun, awun ukhu, bekugbro, bokuk, ébó, egbu, égbū, égbú-ọrà, ekhu, èndóúndóú, etiap, idu, iyanzi, kígbó, kìngbòù, kungbo, ndondo, ofem, ogiebukhu, ogudu(g)bu, oguk, okugbo, owéí bálá, uguwa, uk(h)u, úkhú, úkpò, ukpo, ukpukuhu in Senegal: bain, bâtâ foro, bâtâforo, bikes, búdafélèk, butétup, légér, ti keung, tigögé in Sierra Leone: ka, kalo wulo, kalowui, kalui kalo, wul in Uganda: mujwa in Upper Volta: léguéré in Yoruba: ahun, ahun erihun, awun in Zaire: metóko, motóko Alstonia congensis Engl. (Alstonia congensis var. glabrata Hutch. & Dalziel; Alstonia gilletii De Wild.; Alstonia gilletii De Wild. var. laurentii De Wild.; Alstonia pedicellata Pierre ex A. Chev., nom. inval.; Echites scholaris L.; Pala scholaris (L.) Roberty) Trop. Africa, Zaire, Nigeria. Tree, milky sap, pubescent flowers, corolla yellow-green to pale green, corolla lobes yellowish white, fruit linear dehiscent pubescent follicles, wind dispersed seeds See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 8: 64. 1887 and Flora of West Tropical Africa 2(1): 42. 1931, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, Phytochemistry 28(4): 1241–1244. 1989, African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (6): 701–705. 2008

in Congo: n’tsonguti, okuka

(Bark and roots febrifuge, diuretic, hypotensive, astringent, abortifacient, vermifuge, bark decoction antimalaria. Stem, leaves and roots for malaria, fevers and arthritis. Used in the treatment of diabetes, an herbal formulation prepared with Alstonia congensis bark and Xylopia aethiopica fruits. Alkaloids isolated from the root bark, stem bark and leaves. Bark arrow-poisons; latex bark antidote, for insect stings and snakebites. Magic, ritual, dolls and fetish emblems.)

in Gabon: ekouk, ofouga

in English: alstonia, pattern wood

in Gambia: bain

in Cameroon: bokuk, kanja

in Benin: ukhu in Cameroon: bokuk, bokuka, bókùkà, ekouk, guga, kanja, kokomatt, kuge, kwfa, wokuka in Central African Republic: ekouk, gouga, gouka, guga, guka, mogouga, moguga

209

Alstonia R. Br. Apocynaceae

in Central African Republic: bokuka, ekouk, ekuk, emien, gouka, guka, lomba, okouba, okuba, mogouga in Congo: mutondo in Gabon: ekouk, ekuc, nguga, ofouga in Ghana: sindru in Ivory Coast: émiem, emien, idjhièlle, kié, kokoûé, korogbé, korokoué, léguéré, leroi, lerwé, méa, miéi, mohin, o-ourouzi, onguiéguié, oro, senouro, sindolo niamédua, tenoulo, tié, yourou in Nigeria: ahun, atikekereheyin, awun, dagunro kekere, egbu, égbū, égbú-ọrà in Sierra Leone: kaiwi, kauwi in Uganda: mujua, mujwa Alstonia constricta F. Muell. (Alstonia constricta var. mollis F.M. Bailey; Alstonia constricta var. montmariensis F.M. Bailey; Alstonia mollis Benth.) Australia. Erect shrub or tree, often suckering and forming thickets, small whitish scented flowers, pair of slender compressed follicles, flat pubescent fringed seeds See Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Mueller) 1(3): 57. 1858 (Used in Sidha. Dried bark antiperiodic, tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, hypotensive, astringent, bitter, for gastro-intestinal disorders, dysentery, rheumatism, backache, chronic diarrhea, malaria, intermittent fever; toxic in large doses.) in English: Australian quinine, bitter bark, fever bark, quinine bush, quinine tree in India: kaippup pattai Alstonia glaucescens (K. Schum.) Monach. (Alstonia glaucescens (Wallich ex G. Don) Monachino; Alstonia pachycarpa Merrill & Chun; Alstonia rostrata C.E.C. Fisch.; Alstonia undulifolia Kochummen & K.M. Wong; Alyxia calophylla Wall., nom. nud.; Alyxia glaucescens G. Don, nom. illeg.; Alyxia glaucescens Wallich ex G. Don, non Wallich; Winchia calophylla A. DC.; Winchia glaucescens (Wallich ex G. Don) K. Schumann; Winchia glaucescens K. Schum.) China, Indonesia. Tree, bole rounded cylindrical, glabrous branchlets, twigs exude white sap, papery leaves in whorls, pubescent white corolla, connate follicles See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 469. 1810, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 97. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 326. 1844, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 125. 1895 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1929(10): 315–316. 1929, Sunyatsenia 2(3–4): 310–311, f. 42. 1935, Pacific Science 3: 144. 1949, Blumea 29: 513. 1984, Flora of China 16: 143– 188. 1995, Planta Medica 63(2): 97–101. 1997, Journal of

Integrative Plant Biology Formerly Acta Botanica Sinica 47(7): 892–896. 2005, Middleton, D.J. Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). Flora Malesiana 18. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta. 2007 [as Alstonia rostrata.] (Root bark cytotoxic, antineoplastic. Leaves and bark to treat acute and chronic bronchitis, respiratory diseases; stem bark anti-cough and anti-asthmatic, for chronic bronchitis, chronic tracheitis.) in China: pen jia shu Alstonia iwahigensis Elmer (from the river Iwahig, a river on the island Palawan in the Philippines) Borneo, Indonesia, Philippines. Tree, straight, fluted, inner bark yellowish with copious latex, leaves in whorls, small creamy white flowers, inflorescence of dense many-flowered clusters, paired follicles glabrous, small hairy seeds, in primary and secondary forest See Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1447. 1912, International Journal of Pharmacognosy 32(4): 378–383. 1994 (The diluted latex drunk to cure fevers; latex mixed with honey taken as a tonic. A decoction of the roots taken to treat diabetes and lumbago.) in Indonesia: pelantan, pilai, pulai basung, pulai gunung, pulantan, selutong, tambirag, tomboilik in Malaysia: tambalait, tombalik Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don (Alstonia acuminata Miq.; Alstonia batino Blanco; Alstonia brassii Monach.; Alstonia costata Wall. ex Miq., nom. illeg.; Alstonia glabriflora Markgr.; Alstonia macrophylla Wall.; Alstonia macrophylla var. acuminata (Miq.) Monach.; Alstonia macrophylla var. glabra A. DC.; Alstonia macrophylla var. mollis Merr.; Alstonia oblongifolia Merr.; Alstonia pangkorensis King & Gamble; Alstonia paucinervia Merr.; Alstonia subsessilis Miq.) China to Trop. Asia. Slender tree, perennial, straight, bark smooth, leathery leaves in whorls, cymes rather lax arranged in a sessile umbel, cymes terminal 3-branched, corolla glabrous without except for the ciliolate lobes, petals broadly rounded, pair of follicles linear, seeds pubescent, invasive See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 87. 1837 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 77(1): 49–55. 2001, Phytomedicine 9(7): 632–635. 2002, J. Ethnopharmacol. 89(2–3): 185–191. 2003, Fitoterapia 75(7–8): 673–682. 2004, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 8(3): 558–564. 2005, Contraception 71(5): 372–378. 2005, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 43(11): 1104–1109. 2005, Chemotherapy 52(3): 151–157. 2006 (Plant antipyretic, analgesic, antidepressive, antiprotozoal, antiinfective, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, a potent inhibitor of sperm motility. Bark febrifuge, bitter tonic, anthelmintic, antimalarial, antiperiodic, antidysenteric, galactagogue, emmenagogue, anticholeric,

210

vulnerary, tonic, antiamebic. Leaves antiseptic, antimicrobial, stomachic; young leaves decoction drunk to cure lung and ear congestions; leaves mixed with the leaves of Cordia obliqua pounded in water and taken for stomachache; leaf paste applied as a postpartum remedy; leaf juice mixed with water given for painful urination. Veterinary medicine, leaves mixed with lime powder made into a paste applied to wounds and sores of pigs.) in English: broad-leaved pulai, devil tree, devil-tree alstonia, hard alstonia, hard milkwood in China: da ye tang jiao shu in India: chatian, chuharoi, janthaala mara, saptacchada bheda, tachoroi, tachuroi in Indonesia: ai oi, kai riti, pule batu Malayan names: beburus, broad-leaved pulai, buta buta darat, changgai puteri, itai setapoh, medang tahi kerbau, pulai daun besar, pulai penipu bukit, sayongan, setinggi, tinjau belukar, tujok setapoh in Papua New Guinea: berekou, fono in Philippines: basikal-lang, basikalang, basikalon, basikarang, bayikalang, batino, dalakan, itang-itang, kuyau-kuyau, malatapai, pangalamutien, pangalanud-dien, pangalisok, pangolaksien, tangal-tungan, tangitang Alstonia mairei H. Léveillé (Alstonia paupera HandelMazzetti; Blaberopus mairei (H. Lév.) Lý; Wikstroemia hemsleyana H. Léveillé) China, Vietnam. Shrub, erect, corolla white, linear follicles See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811, Kongl. Vetensk Acad. Handl. 1821: 167. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 410. 1844 and Catalogue des Plantes de Yun-Nan 9. 1915, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 25: 41. 1915. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 62: 241. 1920, Feddes Repertorium 97(9–10): 616. 1986 (Roots and leaves astringent, to stop external bleeding.) in English: Maire alstonia in China: yang jiao mian Alstonia neriifolia D. Don (Alstonia guangxiensis D. Fang & X.X. Chen; Alstonia neriifolia var. glabra Monach.; Alstonia sericea Blume; Blaberopus neriifolius (D. Don) A. DC.; Blaberopus sericeus (Blume) A. DC.) Nepal, Bhutan, Himalaya. See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 131. 1825 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(2): 227–228, pl. 1. 1980 (Leaves and roots antiinflammatory, to cure abscesses.) in China: zhu ye yang jiao mian

Alstonia R. Br. Apocynaceae

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Alstonia kurzii Hook.f.; Alstonia scholaris var. avae A. DC.; Alstonia scholaris var. blumei A. DC.; Alstonia scholaris var. velutina Monach.; Alstonia spectabilis R. Br.; Alstonia spectabilis Kurz, nom. illeg.; Beluttakaka malabarica (Lam.) Kuntze; Beluttakaka malabarica Kuntze; Chonemorpha malabarica G. Don; Chonemorpha malabarica (Lam.) G. Don; Echites malabaricus Lam.; Echites pala Buch.-Ham. ex Spreng.; Echites scholaris Linnaeus; Pala scholaris (Linnaeus) Roberty) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, Paleotropics. Tree, evergreen, bole cylindrical, copious white milky sap, leathery leaves in a whorl, small strongly fragrant greenish yellow to white flowers, calyx pubescent, corolla pubescent outside, hanging slender narrow fruits in pairs, wood formerly used for school blackboards, common in monsoon areas, lowland, in primary and secondary forest, savanna woodland See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 182. 1756, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 53, 55. 1767, Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(1): 342. 1786, On the Asclepiadeae 75. 1810, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 15: 346. 1810, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75–76. 1811 [dt. 1809; issued in 1811], Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1: 633. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 643. 1882, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 413. 1891 and Pacific Sci. 3: 150. 1949, Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire 15: 1426. 1953, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. Kew. 2003, Fitoterapia. 74(7–8): 736–740. 2003, J. Nat. Prod. 67: 1591–1594. 2004, J. Pharm. Pharmac. Sci. 8(3): 558–564. 2005, Jagetia G.C., Baliga M.S. “The effect of seasonal variation on the antineoplastic activity of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. in HeLa cells.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 96(1–2): 37–42. 2005, J. Ethnopharmacol. 97(3): 469–476. 2005, Pharmacology. 75(2): 57–62. 2005, Fitoterapia. 76(7–8): 747–751. 2005, Jagetia G.C., Baliga M.S. “Evaluation of anticancer activity of the alkaloid fraction of Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) in vitro and in vivo.” Phytother. Res. 20(2): 103–109. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Indole alkaloids from the leaves, stem and bark. Molluscicidal, anthelmintic, cytotoxic, antiseptic, tonic, antibacterial, bronchodilatory, emmenagogue, antidysenteric, astringent, anticholeric and vulnerary. Raw leaf juice applied to kill head lice; roots insect repellent. Bark and leaves used to treat headache, influenza, diarrhea, dysentery, bronchitis, arthritis, fever and pneumonia; leaves and bark decoction given in dysentery. Bark bitter, febrifuge, tonic, antidote, antiperiodic, used in malaria and diarrhea, dysentery, rheumatism, snakebite, cold and bronchitis; dry powdered bark with bark of Tabernaemontana divaricata given in consumptive fever; bark paste applied for skin diseases and chest pain; bark extract with Cuscuta reflexa and bark of Rhamnus napalensis given to kill intestinal worms; bark decoction drunk to treat genital troubles in men; bark decoction with bark of Flacourtia jangomas,

211

Alstonia R. Br. Apocynaceae

seeds of Luffa aegyptiaca and rootstock of Momordica cochinchinensis given in asthma; powdered stem bark with cow milk given in gonorrhea; infusion of bark and leaves of Mallotus roxburghianus with bark of Alstonia scholaris drunk for hypertension. Latex applied to ulcers, ulceration of mouth, open sores, rheumatic pains; gum taken with sugar for dysentery. Bark sap said to induce abortion; sap mixed with hot water and the suspension drunk to treat malaria; leaves chewed as an oral contraceptive. Seeds pounded with ginger and applied on painful swelling of scrotum. Ceremonial, plant very sacred, worship tree, abode of spirits, stone-gods consecrate on the bottom of the trunks; rain-making through sacrifices in the sacred forest; leafy branch held in hand at the time of religious ceremonies; the souls of forefathers supposed to take rest on this tree after the death. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves juice applied or dropped on wounds and sores, leaves and bark decoction given in dysentery; crushed stem bark given to cure diarrhea.)

sapta-parna, saptacchada, saptacchada bheda, saptacchadah, saptachadah, saptachhada, saptahva, saptanga, saptaparna (sapta, seven; parna, leaves), saptaparna chhal, saptaparnachal, saptaparnah, saptaparni, sapthaparna, sapthaparni, sapthpoorna chaal, sarada, satene gaachh, sathuin, sathvin, sathwin, satiana, satiun, satni, satuin, satveen, satvin, satwin, satyana, shaitan, shalmalipatraka, sharada, sharadipushpa, shirarujam, shuktiparna, sokson, sotiana, sringiritika, suparnaka, sutipatra, taala mraanu, taalamraanu, theng-muaraung, thengpi-rechau-araung, thuam riat, thuamriat, thum riat, tirunamappalai, vadirasi, vidha, vinada, vinyaka, visalatvak, visaltvak, visamacchada, vishalatvaka, vishamachhada, wodrase, yaksippala, yedakulapala, yelelebaale mara

in English: blackboard tree, common alstonia, devil tree, devil’s wood tree, dita bark, dita bark tree, dried njau, Indian pulai, milkwood, milky pine, shaitan wood, white cheesewood

in Nepal: chatiwan, chhatiwan, chition, palimara

in French: arbre à lait

in Indonesia: njau lutungpulai, pule, rite in Lepcha: pur vok koong Malayan names: basong, geceh, kacau gitik, petai agong, pulai, pulai basong, rejang, rutih in Papua New Guinea: budo, herina, hibom, jijima, kambu, kambuu, katung, puto, sipuel, watsil, zopang

in Burma (Myanmar): lettok, taung meok

in Philippines: alipauen, alipauin, andarayan, dalipaoen, dalipauen, dilupaon, dirita, dita, lipauen, tanitan

in China: tang jiao shu, xiang pi mu

in Sarawak: gite, pelai

in India: aelele haale, ayugmachchhada, ayugmaparna, ayukachhada, azhilaip-palai, bahuparna, bantale, bolchhak chhan, bomudu, bor chhak chhan, brihattvaka, brihatvaka, captaparanam, captaparani, chatian, chatiana, chatiani daru, chatin, chatiun, chativan, chatiyan, chatnia, chatraparna, chattin, chattiyan, chatuan, chatwan, chhatiaanaa, chhaiten, chhatan, chhatim, chhatin, chhatium, chhatiwan, chhatni daru, chhatnia, chitawan, chition, chitwan, chochina, daevasurippi, daivapala, daivappala, dalegandhi, devasurippi, devavriksha, dieng ryteng, dieng rythen, doddapala, doddapale, edaakulapaala, edaakulaponna, edakula-ariti, edakula-pala, edakulapala, edakulaphala, edakula-ponna, edakulaponna, edakularati, edakularaticettu, elaaramu, elalaipalai, elaramu, elelebale, elelehale, elelepale, elilai-p-palai, elilai-ppalai, elilampala, elilapala, elilapalei, elilaippalai, elilappalai, erilampala, ezhilai palai, ezhilaippalai, ezhilaippalai, ezhilampaala, ezhilampala, ezhilapala, ezilai palai, ezilampala, gandhiparna, grahanasha, grahanashamaparna, grahashi, guchhapushpa, haale, haale mara, hale, jantala, jantale, janthaale mara, janthalla, janthalle, janthatthi, janthra haale, jantrahale, jivani, kaadu haale, kaadu saale, kadusaale, kadusale, kalyanappala, kashim, khiromula, kodaale, kodale, kodapala, kodu haale, koduhale, koduhale madale, konda ganneru, kotapala, kshatrya, lazarongpangtong, madagandha, maddaale, maddale, madi haale, mangalapala, mangalappala, maranallari, mokkanpala, mudhol, mudihale, mukam-palei, mukampala, mukkampala, mukkan-pala, mukkanbalai, munichhada, paalagaruda, paale, pala, pala-garuda, palagaruda, palai, pale, palegaruda, palegarudu, palembu, payasya, rukni, saitankajhad, saittan ka jat,

in Thailand: gah bo, hassaban, sattaban, tin pet in Tibet: lo ma bdun in Vietnam: co tin pat, may man, mo cua, m[of] cua, mua cua, sura, s[uwx]a Alstonia spatulata Bl. (Alstonia cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.; Alstonia cuneata Wallich ex G. Don; Alstonia cuneata Wall.) Indochina, New Guinea. Tree, bole at first cylindrical becoming fluted and shortly buttressed at the base, inner bark pale yellow with copious latex, calyx glabrous, corolla glabrous outside, follicles glabrous, wood of the roots used for rafters for fishery and as a replacement for cork, near streams, in secondary or shrub vegetation See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 16: 1037. [Oct 1826-Nov 1827], Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1645. 1829 and Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H. Lecomte et al.] 3: 1165. 1933 (Latex applied to sores, toothache and skin diseases. An aqueous extract of the bark used as a natural remedy for diabetes mellitus. An extract of the pounded bark an ingredient of febrifuges and vermifuges. Crushed fresh leaves made into a paste applied for shingles.) in English: milkwood in Indonesia: gabusan, lame, pulai gabus in Malaysia: pulai, pulai basong, pulai paya, pulai puteh in Sarawak: pelai

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in Thailand: sia, thia, tinpet phru in Vietnam: s[uwx]a l[as] b[af]ng, m[ows]p, m[of] cua n[uw][ows]c Alstonia spectabilis R.Br. (Alstonia linearis Benth.; Alstonia longissima F. Muell.; Alstonia ophioxyloides F. Muell.; Alstonia somersetensis F.M. Bailey; Alstonia spectabilis Kurz; Alstonia spectabilis subsp. ophioxyloides (F. Muell.) P.I. Forst.; Alstonia villosa Blume; Alstonia villosa f. calvescens Markgr.; Alstonia villosa var. glabra Koord. & Valeton; Blaberopus villosa var. petiolata Miq.; Blaberopus villosus (Blume) Miq.) Malesia, Australia. Tree, inner bark yellowish, leaves in whorls, many-flowered inflorescence usually grouped, corolla pubescent outside, follicles glabrous, in primary and secondary forest See On the Asclepiadeae 75. 1810, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 75–76. 1810[1811], Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 183. 1877, Descr. Notes Papuan Pl. 1: 91. 1877, Queensland Agric. J. 1: 229. 1897 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 178. 1928, Austral. Syst. Bot. 5: 758. 1992 (A decoction of the leaves and bark used to treat cough, asthma and sore throat. A decoction of the leaves drunk to treat malarial fever and to relieve asthma. Diluted stem sap applied on tropical ulcers. Plant decoction a basis of a mixture used as an abortifacient or antifertility. Leaves may also be chewed with betel nut (Areca catechu L.) and lime to ease the pain of cough. Plant stated to be poisonous, though a leaves decoction used as a poison antidote.) in English: hard milkwood in Indonesia: langkerang, legarang, pole in Papua New Guinea: foro, inhopu, kackacna, mirun, silibu, tutu, tutua, tutuwana in Philippines: kuyau-kuyau Alstonia venenata R.Br. (Alstonia venenata var. pubescens Monach.; Blaberopus venenatus (R.Br.) A. DC.; Echites venenatus Roxb. ex A. DC.) India. Shrub or small tree, whorled branches, lanceolate leaves, small white flowers in terminal inflorescences, beaked fusiform follicles, hairy flattened seeds See Asclepiadeae: 64. 1810, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 77. 1810[1811] and Pacific Sci. 3: 156. 1949, American Orchid Society Bulletin 51: 937– 939. 1982 (Used in Ayurveda. Stem bark, fresh or dry, along with cow’s milk given for snake poison. Milky latex antifungal, to cure wounds and cuts. Leaf juice applied to heal injuries; leaves decoction taken as febrifuge. Root powder poisonous, used to kill tigers. Seeds used as an aphrodisiac and stimulant in tantric sex rituals. Fruits for syphilis, epilepsy. Roots bitter, astringent, thermogenic, depurative, antitoxic, febrifuge,

Alstroemeria L. Alstroemeriaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae)

anodyne, used for skin diseases, leprosy, snakebites, venomous bites, fevers, epilepsy; crushed roots juice drunk as antivenom, especially for bite of viper.) in English: devil tree in India: adda sarpa, addasarpa, addasoppu, anadana, analivegam, analivegom, ankola, bagmari, bagmuhi, edaakula paala, edakula pala, gandu ganneru, othalam, paalai, palamunnipalai, raja-adana, sinnappalai, theepaala, theeppala, visaghni, vishagni Alstonia yunnanensis Diels (Acronychia esquirolii H. Lév.; Alstonia esquirolii H. Lév.) China. Shrub, erect, corolla pink to red See Characteres Generum Plantarum 53, pl. 27. 1775, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 75. 1811 and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh. 5(25): 165. 1912, Flore du Kouy-Tchéou 374. 1915, Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan: 10. 1915, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Planta Med. 49(9): 62. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 117(2): 362–377. 2008 (Alkaloids from stems, roots and leaves. Roots to cure hypertension; leaves to treat hemostasis.) in English: Yunnan alstonia in China: dian ji gu chang shan, ji gu chang shan

Alstroemeria L. Alstroemeriaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae) After the Swedish naturalist Baron Clas Alströmer, 1736– 1794, plant collector for Linnaeus and his friends, merchant. See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 461. 1762, Pehr Dubb, Aminnelse-Tal, öfver … Friherre C. Alströmer, etc. Stockholm 1796, Analyse des Familles de Plantes 57, 58. 1829 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 45. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 9. 1972, Gayana Bot. 57(1): 55–59. 2000, Gayana Bot. 60(2): 101–106. 2003. Alstroemerias are one of the most common plants that cause allergic contact dermatitis in floral workers. Alstroemeria aurea Graham (Alstroemeria araucana Phil.; Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don; Alstroemeria aurea Meyen; Alstroemeria chiloensis Phil.; Alstroemeria concolor Steud.; Alstroemeria mutabilis Kunze ex Kunth; Alstroemeria nivali Meyen; Alstroemeria peruviana Van Houtte; Alstroemeria pulchella H. Vilm., nom. illeg.; Alstroemeria xanthina Phil.) Chile, Argentina. Herb, tuberous, narrow stem leaves twisted at the base, bright orange or yellow flowers streaked dark red, stomata only on the adaxial surface See Planta Alströmeria 8. Upsaliae 1762, Edinb. Phil. Journ. (1833) 181. 1833, Reise Erde 1: 311. 1834 [25–31 May 1834], The British Flower Garden, … series 2, t. 205. 1835,

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Alstroemeria L. Alstroemeriaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae)

Linnaea 29: 71. 1857 and Flora Patagónica 8(2): 152–164. 1969, Gayana, Botánica 42: 1–157. 1985, Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989, Contact Dermatitis 34(5): 330–335. 1996, Annals of Botany 78: 449–457. 1996, Plant Systematics and Evolution 212: 87–106. 1998, McGovern T.W., Barkley T.M. “Botanical briefs: Peruvian lily—Alstroemeria (L.) spp.” Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 63(3): 137– 138. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): 109–119. 2006, Int. J. Plant Sci. 168(5): 555–562. 2007 (Dermatitis, skin contact with the sap. Tuliposide A, from which the allergenic lactone tulipalin A is produced by enzymatic hydrolysis following damage to the plant, has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants. For gynecological–obstetric problems.) in English: Dover orange Peruvian lily, golden lily-of-theIncas, Inca lily, lily of the Incas, parrot Lily, Peruvian lily in Argentina: amancay Alstroemeria hookeri Sweet (Alstroemeria citrina Phil.; Alstroemeria hookeri Lodd.; Alstroemeria hookeriana Schult.f.; Alstroemeria hookeriana Schult.; Alstroemeria hookeriana Schult. & Schult.f.; Alstroemeria hookeriana C. Gay; Alstroemeria rosea Hook., nom. illeg.; Alstroemeria tenuifolia Herb.) Chile. See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(1): 733. 1829 and Taxon 30(1): 15. 1981, Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989 (Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.) in English: Inca lily Alstroemeria inodora Herbert SE. & S. Brazil. Herb, flowers red-orange See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Amaryllidaceae 90, t. 2, f. 1. 1837 and Annals of Botany 78: 449–457. 1996, Zuloaga, F.O. & Morrone, O. (eds.). Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledoneae). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina 1: 1–323. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. 1996 [as Alstroemeria psittacina.], Walderley, M.G.L., Shepherd, G.J., Melhem, T.S. & Giulietti, A.M. (eds.) Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo 4: 1–392. Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo. 2005 (Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.) Alstroemeria ligtu L.

Dermatitis 12: 215–219. 1985, Marks, J.G. “Allergic contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria.” Arch. Dermatol., 124: 914–916. 1988, Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989, Plant Systematics and Evolution 212: 87–106. 1998, Plant Cell Physiol. 48(2): 310– 21. 2007 (This plant causes contact dermatitis to workers who may be sensitized to the chemical tuliposide A, which is also found in tulip plants. This chemical readily penetrates vinyl gloves. Nitrile gloves may prevent the allergic reaction of workers sensitive to this chemical. The lactone 6-tuliposide A occurs in both the Peruvian lily and in tulip plants. A human who becomes sensitized to one of the plants generally becomes cross-reactive to the other plants. A white starch from the roots, a soft food taken for stomach ailments.) in English: Lily-of-the-Nile, Peruvian lily, St. Martin’s flower Alstroemeria ligtu L. subsp. ligtu (Alstroemeria chilensis Lem.; Alstroemeria curtisiana E. Mey. ex C. Presl, nom. illeg.; Alstroemeria feuillaeana E. Mey. ex C. Presl; Alstroemeria flava Phil.; Alstroemeria haemantha Ruiz & Pavón; Alstroemeria haemantha var. albida Herb.; Alstroemeria inaequalis Phil.; Alstroemeria ligra Crantz; Alstroemeria ligtu f. carnea Ravenna; Alstroemeria ligtu f. flavens Garaventa; Alstroemeria ligtu f. haemantha (Ruiz & Pav.) Ravenna; Alstroemeria ligtu f. nivea Ravenna; Alstroemeria ligtu var. heterophylla Kuntze; Alstroemeria lothiam Utinet; Alstroemeria presliana Kunth, nom. illeg.; Alstroemeria stenopetala Phil.; Priopetalon pallidum Raf.) Peru to C. Chile. See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 310. 1898 and Anales Mus. Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 4: 94. 1974, Taxon 30: 696–697. 1981, Gayana, Botánica 42: 1–157. 1985, Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989, Onira 5: 42. 2000 (Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.) Alstroemeria magnifica Herb. subsp. gayana (Phil.) Ehr. Bayer (Alstroemeria gayana Phil.) Chile. Tuber geophyte See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Linnaea 29: 71. 1857 (Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.) Alstroemeria paupercula Phil. (Alstroemeria violacea Phil.) Peru to N. Chile. See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Florula Atacamensis seu Enumeratio … 51. 1860 and Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989

Peru to C. Chile.

(Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.)

See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 462. 1762, Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762 and Santucci, B., Picardo, M., Iavaroni, C., Trogolo, C. “Contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria.” Contact

Alstroemeria pelegrina L. (Alstroemeria amoena Salisb.; Alstroemeria pelegrina Vell., nom. illeg.; Alstroemeria peregrina Ruiz & Pav.; Alstroemeria peregrina f. alba Voss;

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Alternanthera Forssk. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

Alstroemeria peregrina var. albescens Herb.; Alstroemeria peregrina var. squamata Herb.)

Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.)

Peru to C. Chile.

Alstroemeria revoluta Ruiz & Pavón (Alstroemeria herbertiana M. Roem.; Alstroemeria inconspicua Phil.; Alstroemeria reflexa M. Roem.)

See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 461. 1762, Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762 and Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989, International Journal of Plant Sciences 154: 565–571. 1993, Annals of Botany 78: 449–457. 1996

Chile. See Planta Alströmeria 8. Upsaliae 1762

(Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.)

(Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.)

in English: Peruvian lily

Alstroemeria versicolor Ruiz & Pavón (Alstroemeria meyeniana Schauer; Alstroemeria sotoana Phil.; Alstroemeria tigrina Phil.)

Alstroemeria philippii Baker (Alstroemeria philippii var. albicans Muñoz-Schick) N. Chile.

Chile.

See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762 and Annals of Botany 78: 449–457. 1996, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 88(6): 638–9. 2002, Not. Mens. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. 352: 22. 2003

See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Fl. Peruv. 3: 59. 1802, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 440. 1843, Linnaea 29: 68. 1857, Anales Univ. Chile 93: 159. 1896 and Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989

(Allergic contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria has been well documented. Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.)

(Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plant.)

Alstroemeria pulchella L.f. (Alstroemeria atrorubra Ravenna; Alstroemeria banksiana M. Roem.; Alstroemeria hassleriana Baker; Alstroemeria psittacina Lehm.; Lilavia psittacina (Lehm.) Raf.)

Alternanthera Forssk. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

Brazil to N. Argentina. See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762 and Bull. Herb. Boissier, II, 3: 1101. 1903, Healey, A.J. & Edgar, E. Flora of New Zealand 3: 1–220. Wellington 1980, Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989, Annals of Botany 78: 449–457. 1996, Onira 4: 38. 2000, Taxon 53: 183. 2004, Tavares B., Loureiro G., Pereira C., Chieira C. “Home gardening may be a risk factor for contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria.” Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr). 34(2): 73–5. 2006 (Tuliposide A has been detected in this species, in all parts of the plants.) in English: New Zealand Christmas bell, parrot alstroemeria, parrot flower, parrot lily, red parrot beak Alstroemeria pulchra Sims (Alstroemeria ligtu f. pulchra (Sims) Voss) Chile. See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Supplementum Plantarum 206. 1781 [1782] and Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 62: 116–117. 1975, CIS Chromosome Information Service 20: 20–21. 1976, Taxon 30: 696–697. 1981, Herbertia 45: 163–170. 1989 (We stress the importance of Alstroemeria as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis; the allergen involved in sensitization is tulipalin A (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone).

Latin alterno, avi, atum, are (alternus, a, um) ‘to alternate’ and anthera, ae ‘anther’, in most species the alternate anthers are barren, in this genus the stamens are alternatively fertile and sterile; see Species Plantarum 1: 206. 1753, P. Forsskål (1732–1763), Flora aegyptiaco-arabica. 28, 59. Copenhagen 1775, Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Gewachse 2(1): 317. 1817 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 143–174. 1946. Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson (Achyranthes bettzickiana (Regel) Standl.; Alternanthera amoena (Lem.) Voss; Alternanthera bettzickiana Standl.; Alternanthera bettzickiana Regel; Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) Standl., isonym; Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) Voss, isonym; Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br. ex Griseb.; Alternanthera ficoidea (Linnaeus) R. Brown; Alternanthera ficoidea var. amoena (Lem.) L. B. Sm. & Downs; Alternanthera ficoidea var. bettzickiana (Regel) Backer; Alternanthera ficoidea var. bettzickiana (Regel) Backer; Alternanthera ficoidea var. versicolor (Lem.) L.B. Sm. & Downs; Alternanthera spathulata Lem.; Alternanthera versicolor (Lem.) Regel; Telanthera bettzickiana Regel; Telanthera ficoidea (Linnaeus) Moquin-Tandon var. versicolor Lem.; Telanthera picta C. Koch) Tropical America, Brazil. Herb, bedding plant, bushy or prostrate, trailing, erect or creeping, weak stemmed, manybranched, stems red and knobbly swollen at each node, narrow leaves tinged with various colors, round clusters of white flowers with silver-white bracts beside leaves, tender leaves and shoots as vegetable, fodder for goats and rabbits,

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Alternanthera Forssk. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

probably a cultigen of Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br. ex Griseb. See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Charles O’Brien, A treatise on calico printing, theoretical and practical: including the latest philosophical discoveries: accompanied with suggestions relative to various manufactures. [Two volumes in one duodecimo, first edition.] Islington 1792, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 1862: 28. 1862, The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, … 1: 59. 1884, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei. Dritte neubearbeite Aflage 869. 1896 and North American Flora 21(2): 138. 1917, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 3: 254. 1930, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 143–174. 1946, Flora Malesiana: Series I: Spermatophyta 4: 93. 1949, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 129(1): 16–19. 1977, Taxon 27: 313. 1978, Pharmaceutical Biology 34(1): 2–14. 1996, Pharmaceutical Biology 35(4): 237–254. 1997, Pharmaceutical Biology 36(3): 153–161. 2005, Pharmaceutical Biology 38(1): 61–67. 2000, Pharmaceutical Biology 43(3): 237–242. 2005 (Antibacterial, antifungal. Cooked vegetable given to anemic children in order to improve their health.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Centuria II. Plantarum … 13. 1756, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 119. 1783, Suppl. Meth. 273. 1802, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 477. 1818, Hort. Ripul. 4, t. 18. 1824, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 2: 29, 31–32, 35, pl. 130. 1826, Catalogus horti academici vindobonensis 2: 265. 1842, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 381–382. 1849, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 1862: 28. 1862, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 537–538. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 354. 1913, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5(3): 74. 1915, North American Flora 21(2): 138. 1917, Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 16(13): 11–12. 1921, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 3: 254. 1930, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2/2): 478–518. 1937 [Flora of Peru.], Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: 142–180. 1983 [Flora Costaricensis.], Taxon 33(3): 444. 1984, Listados Florísticos de México 4: 31. 1986, Biomedical Letters 51(202): 127–135. 1995 [Inhibition of Herpes simplex virus replication by different extracts of Caryophyllales.]

in English: baptist plant, border plant, calico plant, Jacob’s coat, Joseph’s coat, parrot leaf, red calico plant

(Antiviral.)

in China: jin xiu xian

Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv. (Achyranthes ficoidea (L.) Lam.; Alternanthera ficoidea Griseb.; Achyranthes ficoidea Sm.; Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br., comb. inval.; Alternanthera ficoidea R. Br.; Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm.; Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br. ex Griseb.; Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.; Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.; Alternanthera tenella Colla; Bucholzia ficoidea (L.) Mart.; Gomphrena ficoidea L.; Telanthera ficoidea (Lam.) Moq.)

in India: jal-sachiba in Japan: akaba-moyô-biyu in Tanzania: mchicha, mchicha maua Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze (Achyranthes bettzickiana (Regel) Standl.; Achyranthes bettzickiana Standl.; Achyranthes brasiliana (L.) Standl.; Achyranthes capituliflora Bertero; Achyranthes geniculata Pavon ex Moquin; Achyranthes jacquini (Schrader) Standl.; Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) Standl., nom. illeg., non Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson; Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze; Alternanthera brasiliana (Torner) O. Kuntze; Alternanthera brasiliana var. jacquinii Kuntze; Alternanthera brasiliana var. sericea Kuntze; Alternanthera dentata (Moench) Stuchlik ex R.E. Fr.; Alternanthera dentata Scheygrond; Alternanthera jacquini (Schrader) Standl., nom. inval.; Alternanthera strigosa Hassk.; Gomphrena brasiliana L.; Gomphrena brasiliensis (L.) Lam.; Gomphrena brasiliensis Jacq.; Gomphrena dentata Moench; Mogiphanes brasiliensis (Jacq.) Mart.; Mogiphanes jacquini Schrader; Mogiphanes ramosissima Mart.; Mogiphanes straminea Mart.; Telanthera bettzickiana Regel; Telanthera brasiliana (L.) Moq.; Telanthera brasiliana var. villosa Moq.; Telanthera capituliflora Moq.; Telanthera dentata Moq.; Telanthera ramosissima (Mart.) Moq.; Telanthera ramosissima Moq.) Tropical America. A perennial herb, stout, decumbent, ascending, erect, clambering, many-branched, leaves ovatelanceolate, flowering heads stalked, tepals yellowish-white, fruit ellipsoidal, on moist areas, stream banks

in India: choora cheera, mashicheera (mashi, ink)

Mexico, South America. Herbaceous perennial, stout, lowgrowing, moderately to many-branched, erect to procumbent, rooting in lower part, forming dense tufts, elliptic to broad ovate green leaves, insignificant white flowers in small axillary clusters, leaves sometimes eaten as a vegetable, used to protect soil against erosion, sometimes in Alternanthera sessilis See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205, 224–225. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 548. 1785, Annalen der Botanick. ed. Usteri 18: 54. 1796, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 417. 1810, Flore d’Oware 2: 66. 1807 [1818], Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 477. 1818, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 39(1): Alternanthera no. 8. 1818, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 2: 51. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 363. 1849 (Antiviral. Leaves used for wounds; leaves infusion for burning sensation in urination. Root juice applied for sore in finger; root chewed to cure stomachache and intestinal worms. Root of the plant, pepper and head of earthworm made into a paste and given as a postpartum remedy.)

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in English: bloodleaf, calico plant, copperleaf, dwarf rose Joseph’s coat, Jacob’s coat, Joseph’s coat, joyweed, parrot leaf, sanguinaria, shoofly in China: lian zi cao in India: chechi, jal-sachiba in Indonesia: bayam merah, jukut jatinangor, kecicak abang in Japan: aoba-moyô-biyu in Philippines: kutsarita in Thailand: phakpet daeng, phakpet farang, phrommi daeng in Vietnam: rau d[eej]u d[or] in Brazil: periquito in Dominican Republic: rosea nana Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz (Achyranthes lehmannii (Hieron.) Standl.; Achyranthes panamensis Standl.; Achyranthes stenophylla Standl.; Alternanthera lehmannii Hieron.; Alternanthera mexicana (Schltdl.) Hieron.; Alternanthera mexicana var. gracilis Suess.; Alternanthera microcephala (Moq.) Schinz; Alternanthera panamensis (Standl.) Standl.; Alternanthera stenophylla (Standl.) Standl.; Brandesia lanceolata Benth.; Brandesia mexicana Schltdl.; Mogiphanes soratensis Rusby; Telanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Moq.) Central America. See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 247. 1846, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 371. 1849 and Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 16c: 75. 1934 (Inflorescences febrifuge.) in Ecuador: moradilla Alternanthera littoralis P. Beauv. (Alternanthera littoralis Beauv. ex Moq.; Alternanthera littoralis var. littoralis P. Beauv.; Alternanthera littoralis P. Beauv. var. maritima (Mart.) Pedersen; Alternanthera maritima (Mart.) A. St.-Hil.; Alternanthera maritima var. africana Hauman; Bucholzia maritima Mart.; Telanthera maritima (Mart.) Moq.) Senegal, Angola. Herb, creeping, halophyte, fleshy, stoloniferous, angular stems rooting at the nodes, flowers white, fruit an indehiscent capsule, in coastal sands, coastal sand dunes, leaves eaten as a cooked vegetable See Prodr. (DC.) 13(2): 365. 1849 [5 May 1849] (Pulped up and applied to frictions to treat edema.) Alternanthera obovata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Millsp. (Achyranthes obovata Standl.; Achyranthes obovata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Standl.; Alternanthera obovata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Standl., isonym, nom. illeg., non Alternanthera obovata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Millsp.; Bucholzia obovata M. Martens & Galeotti; Telanthera

Alternanthera Forssk. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

obovata Moq.; Telanthera obovata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Moq.) Tropical America. Herb, weak, suberect or usually decumbent or prostrate, rooting stem, white flowers, spikes axillary and terminal See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Flora AegyptiacoArabica 28, 59. 1775, Annalen der Botanick. ed. Usteri 18: 54. 1796, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 477. 1818, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 10(1): 348. 1843, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 370. 1849, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 1(4): 360. 1898 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5: 74. 1915, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 8(1): 9. 1930, Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A., Amaranthaceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds), Flora of Guatemala—Part IV. Fieldiana, Botany 24(4): 143–174. 1946, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 5: 111– 144. 2005 (Decoction to stop bleeding, antiviral; crushed and applied to heal ulcers, bruises and cuts.) Common names: yerba del moro, yerba del moro macho Alternanthera paronichyoides A. St.-Hil. (Alternanthera paronychioides Hort. ex Regel) India. Herbs, axillary white sessile heads, leafy vegetable See Saint-Hilaire de, Auguste (1779–1853), Voyage dans le District des Diamans et sur le Littoral du Brésil… 2: 439. Paris: Librairie-Gide, 1833, Gartenfl. (1869) 102. 1869 (Used in liver and spleen diseases; crushed plant applied as hair tonic.) in India: minnamganni Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Achyranthes philoxeroides (C. Martius) Standley; Alternanthera paludosa Bunbury; Alternanthera philoxerina Suess.; Alternanthera philoxeroides fo. angustifolia Suesseng.; Alternanthera philoxeroides var. acutifolia (Mart.) Hicken; Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. var. acutifolia (Mart. ex Moq.) Hicken; Alternanthera philoxeroides var. lancifolia Chodat; Alternanthera philoxeroides var. luxurians Suesseng.; Alternanthera philoxeroides var. obtusifolia (Mart.) Hicken; Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. var. obtusifolia (Mart. ex Moq.) Hicken; Bucholzia philoxeroides C. Martius; Bucholzia philoxeroides var. acutifolia Mart.; Bucholzia philoxeroides var. obtusifolia Mart.; Telanthera philoxeroides (C. Martius) Moquin-Tandon; Telanthera philoxeroides var. acutifolia (Mart.) Moq.; Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Moq. var. acutifolia Mart. ex Moq.; Telanthera philoxeroides var. linearifolia Chodat; Telanthera philoxeroides var. obtusifolia (Mart.) Moq.; Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Moq. var. obtusifolia Mart. ex Moq.)

217

Alternanthera Forssk. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

Tropical South America. Perennial herb, aquatic to terrestrial habitats, stoloniferous, massive underground rhizomatous root system, hollow stems creeping and layering, shiny spear-shaped leaves opposite sessile entire, small white papery flower heads, young tops eaten raw or cooked, a noxious aquatic weed in irrigated rice, rivers, lakes, estuarine habitats, ponds, irrigation canals, as well as many terrestrial habitats, one of the worst aquatic weeds in the world See Species Plantarum 1: 204–206. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 299–300. 1762, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 28, 59. 1775, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 13(1): 107. 1825, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leopol. Carol., Nat. Cur. 13(1): 316. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 362–363. 1849, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 36. 1879, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 1: 64. 1899 and Apuntes de Historia Natural 2: 94. 1910, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5(3): 74. 1915, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève (2me. sér.) 18: 257. 1927, Feddes Repertorium 35: 303. 1934, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 2: 68. 1950, Darwiniana 14: 430–462, 1 lám. 1967, Plant Physiol. 75(2): 281–284. 1984, Plant Physiol. 75(4): 1044–1047. 1984, Flora of Ecuador 28: 1–138. 1987, Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina) 6(3): 160–203, 251–291. 1987, Chinese Medical Journal (Engl). 101(11): 861–886. 1988 [Inhibitor against the human immunodeficiency virus in aqueous extracts of Alternanthera philoxeroides.], Investigatio et Studium Naturae 12: 48–65. 1992, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 65(1): 55–61. 2000, Aust. Vet. J. 81(6): 361–2. 2003 (Plant able to accumulate cadmium in its leaves. Antiviral, an oral preparation of Alternathera philoxeroides may be effective for treatment of RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) infection. This species possesses antiviral effects on dengue virus in vitro. It has been confirmed that Alternanthera philoxeroides can markedly protect suckling mice from being infected by epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) virus. Shoot extract in dysentery. Leaves eaten as anthelmintic.)

porrigens (Jacq.) Moq.; Telanthera riveti Danguy & Chermezon) Peru, Ecuador. See Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 3: t. 350. 1798, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 208. 1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 819. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 377. 1849, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 538. 1891 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 478– 518. 1937 (Used for influenza and colds.) in Ecuador: moradilla rosada Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Kuntze var. porrigens (Achyranthes atra Pavon ex Moquin; Achyranthes bangii Standl.; Achyranthes porrigens Jacq.; Achyranthes purpurea Pavon ex Moquin; Alternanthera elongata var. nigriceps (Hook.) Suess.; Alternanthera fastigiata Suess.; Alternanthera gomphrenoides Kunth; Alternanthera nigriceps Hook.; Alternanthera nigripes (Hook.) Steud.; Alternanthera paniculata Kunth; Alternanthera sericea Kunth; Brandesia porrigens (Jacq.) Mart.; Celosia elongata Spreng.; Celosia peruviana Zucc.; Gomphrena sericea Moq.; Illecebrum gomphrenoides Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Illecebrum paniculatum (Kunth) Spreng.; Illecebrum sericeum Spreng.; Mogiphanes paniculata Rusby; Telanthera bangii Rusby; Telanthera elongata var. nigriceps (Hook.) Moq.; Telanthera gomphrenoides Moq.; Telanthera gomphrenoides var. ovata Moq.; Telanthera luzuloides Moq.; Telanthera meyeriana Regel & Körn.; Telanthera paniculata (Kunth) Moq.; Telanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Moq.; Telanthera riveti Danguy & Chermezon) Peru.

in English: alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig weed

See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 208. 1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 819. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 377. 1849, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 538. 1891 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 478–518. 1937

in Burma (Myanmar): kanabaw

(Used for influenza and colds.)

in China: xi han lian zi cao

in Ecuador: moradilla blanca

in India: danta, dodda honagone, mosale honagone, phakchet in Indonesia: krokot, tolod in Thailand: phakpet, phakpet-nam Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Kuntze (Achyranthes porrigens Jacq.; Achyranthes purpurea Pavon ex Moquin; Alternanthera gomphrenoides Kunth; Alternanthera piurensis Standl.; Alternanthera sericea Kunth; Brandesia porrigens (Jacq.) Mart.; Celosia elongata Spreng.; Celosia peruviana Zucc.; Gomphrena sericea Moq.; Illecebrum gomphrenoides Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Illecebrum sericeum Spreng.; Telanthera gomphrenoides Moq.; Telanthera

Alternanthera pungens Kunth (Achyranthes leiantha (Seub.) Standl.; Achyranthes repens L.; Alternanthera achyrantha (L.) Sweet; Alternanthera achyrantha R. Br.; Alternanthera achyrantha (L.) R. Br., comb. inval.; Alternanthera achyrantha var. leiantha Seub.; Alternanthera achyrantha var. pungens (Kunth) Suess.; Alternanthera caracasana Kunth; Alternanthera caracasana Humboldt et al.; Alternanthera echinata Sm.; Alternanthera peploides (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Urb.; Alternanthera pungens fo. pauciflora Suess.; Alternanthera repens Kuntze; Alternanthera repens (L.) Link, not Alternanthera repens J. F. Gmelin; Alternanthera repens (L.) Kuntze, nom. illeg., non Alternanthera repens (L.) J.F. Gmel.; Celosia echinata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.;

218

Illecebrum achyrantha L.; Illecebrum obliquum Schumach.; Illecebrum pungens (Kunth) Spreng.; Telanthera pungens (Kunth) Moq.) West Africa. Perennial, usually found in water, procumbent herb, creeper, prostrate, often woody at base, many-branched, solid, stout taproot, leaves papery elliptical-obovate, flowering heads sessile, perianth green white, inflorescence whitish to light green, spiny, fruit broadly ovoid much compressed, common at roadsides, streams, canals, irrigation ditches, on waste land, forming dense sprawling mats, a noxious weed See Species Plantarum 1: 204–206. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 299–300. 1762, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 28, 59. 1775, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 417. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2(7): 206. 1817, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 477. 1818, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … Suppl. No. 10. 1802–1820, Systema Vegetabilium 5: 531. 1820, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 154. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 820. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 371. 1849, Flora Brasiliensis 5(1): 183, pl. 55. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 536, 540. 1891 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5(3): 73. 1915, Kew Bulletin 1: 171–175, fig. 3. 1958, Darwiniana 11: 766–768. 1959, Darwiniana 14: 430–462. 1967, Flora of Ecuador 28: 1–138. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93: 43–49. 2006 (Suspected of causing dermatitis. Leaves juice, external use, for snakebite, spider, scorpion; applied to forehead in headache. Whole plant diuretic, purgative in case of edema, used for infant diarrhea, gonorrhea; tender shoots crushed and put on the eyes to relieve eye sores or irritation.) in English: burweed, khaki bur weed, khaki weed in Benin: ahuwaglon, haglon, oroilé, waglon, wanglo in Burkina Faso: sibgpoonre in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: abéné moulo, abénémoure, diangérofia, kamélé sabara, koto barani, kouto blamien, monigbé, nakourou, sabré boué in Mali: nalnaale in Mauritania: nalnaale in Senegal: nalnaale in South Africa: dubbeltjie, kakie-onkruid, kakiebos, kakieklits, kakiekweek, khakidubbeltjie in Togo: dugba, ghieputchu, gubolonia, klagba, kunegurré in Yoruba: sawewe in China: ci hua lian zi cao in India: mirjaa mullu, mullga gutti, mullu honagonne, mullu ponna ganti, rosagutho, rose guttho in Thailand: khok krasun, khok krasun lek

Alternanthera Forssk. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

Alternanthera repens (L.) J.F. Gmel. (Achyranthes repens L.; Alternanthera repens (L.) Kuntze; Alternanthera repens Kuntze; Alternanthera repens Gmel.; Alternanthera repens Steud.; Alternanthera repens (L.) Link) Tropical Africa, South America. Creeping herb See Species Plantarum 1: 205. 1753, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2(1): 106. 1791, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel] 34. 1821, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 154. 1821, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel] Editio secunda 1: 65. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 536, 540. 1891 (Leaves and stem for fevers, constipation, headache, neuralgia, diarrhea, abortion, lactation.) Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. (Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. ex Wikstr.; Achyranthes linearifolia Sw.; Achyranthes polygonoides Retz.; Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam.; Achyranthes polygonoides Lam.; Achyranthes polygonoides B. Heyne ex Wall.; Achyranthes polygonoides R. Br.; Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Besser; Achyranthes sessilis Steud.; Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Desf. ex. Steud; Achyranthes triandra Roxb.; Achyranthes villosa Blanco; Alternanthera achyranthes Forssk.; Alternanthera angustifolia R. Br.; Alternanthera decipiens Benth.; Alternanthera denticulata R. Brown; Alternanthera ficoidea Griseb.; Alternanthera ficoidea R. Br.; Alternanthera ficoidea P. Beauv.; Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P. Beauv.; Alternanthera ficoidea Sm.; Alternanthera glabra Moq.; Alternanthera major (Benth.) Domin; Alternanthera micrantha (Benth.) Domin; Alternanthera nana R. Br.; Alternanthera nodiflora R. Brown; Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R. Br.; Alternanthera prostrata D. Don.; Alternanthera repens (L.) J.F. Gmel.; Alternanthera sennii Mattei; Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.; Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult., nom. illeg., non Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC.; Alternanthera sessilis R. Br.; Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.; Alternanthera sessilis Lem.; Alternanthera sibirica (de Vest ex Schult.) Steud.; Alternanthera tenella Moq., nom. illeg., non Alternanthera tenella Colla; Alternanthera tenuissima Suess.; Alternanthera triandra Lam.; Alternanthera uliginosa (Domin) Dinter; Bucholzia polygonoides (L.) Mart.; Gomphrena ficoidea L.; Gomphrena polygonoides L.; Gomphrena sessilis Linnaeus; Illecebrum angustifolium (R. Br.) Spreng.; Illecebrum denticulatum (R. Br.) Spreng.; Illecebrum nanum (R. Br.) Spreng; Illecebrum polygonoides (L.) L.; Illecebrum polygonoides L.; Illecebrum sessile (L.) L.; Illecebrum sessile L.; Illecebrum sessile Pall. ex Moq.; Illecebrum sibiricum de Vest ex Schult.; Illecebrum triandrum Llanos; Paronychia sessilis (L.) Desf.; Paronychia tetragona Moench; Steiremis repens Raf.; Telanthera polygonoides (L.) Moq.; Telanthera polygonoides Seem.; Telanthera polygonoides Moq.) Tropical. Herb, weedy, ascending, straggling, decumbent, procumbent or scrambling, creeping, succulent, stems reddish purple at base, leaves papery, bracts and perianth white,

219

Alternanthera Forssk. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

inflorescence bracts pink whitish, fruits white axillary and terminal, young shoots and leaves eaten as vegetables, noxious aquatic or terrestrial weed, a pest of sugarcane, a weed of rice in tropical areas, at forest edge, disturbed wet areas, in damp shady places, aquatic to submerged in water, along river bank, in muddy areas, clump forming See Species Plantarum 1: 206, 224–225. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 300. 1762, Flora AegyptiacoArabica 28, 59. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 95. 1783, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 547. 1785, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 416–417. 1810, Catalogus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis 77. 1813, Fl. Oware 2: 66 (t. 99, fig. 1). 1818, Systema Vegetabilium 5: 554. 1819, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. ii. 505. 1824, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 678. 1832, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6926. 1832, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 16. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 355, 360, 363. 1849, Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] 67. 1859 and CIS Chromosome Information Service 20: 32–33. 1976, Taxon 30(1): 14–15. 1981, Flora of Ecuador 28: 1–138. 1987 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant sap pain killer, antioxidant; plant juice taken for dysentery; entire plant infusion febrifuge, cholagogue, galactagogue, abortifacient, hypothermic, histaminergic, antiulcerative, molluscicidal, used for diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal inflammation, malaria, fever, hepatitis, bronchitis, asthma, lung troubles, to stop bleeding, and externally as a hair tonic and a cooling agent to treat fever and wounds, snakebites, boils, rheumatism; juice of Alternanthera sessilis along with that of Ocimum sanctum used against cough; cooked plant eaten against nausea. Stem and leaves as poultice in snakebite. Leaves used for wounds, headaches, vertigo, hepatitis, biliousness, stomachache, gastrointestinal problems, dyspepsia, cystitis, gonorrhea, snakebite, bronchitis, asthma, cough. Roots used in a formulation to cure rickets and marasmus. Root crushed with stem bark of Alstonia scholaris and the extract taken with milk for spermatorrhea. Veterinary medicine.)

honagonne soppu, intiranikani, intiranur, iruncatuvamaippuntu, kalavativalaki, kallukkalaikkattan, kallukkalaittan, kallukkattanceti, kanchari, kani, kannukkanimuli, kannukkiniyan, karippavai, karippavaicceti, karpurakkanni, karpurakkannicceti, karpuram, katuncitalatti, kayacitti, kayacitticci, kodupai, koluppa, kontry, kotuppai, koypa, laanchari, lonika, maccikkanni, maccikkannicceti, macciyacci, macciyankanicceti, macciyankanni, macciyatti, machhechi, madanaganti, madrang, maicatci, matikanduri, matsyaksaka, matsyaksi, matsyaksika, menattukkanni, menatu, minakshi, minaksi, minannani, minatci, muci, mukunawanna, nari-ki-bam, natcattirantonri, nettiranaci, nirovati, pakalnatcattiramtonri, patang, patturah, patturam, patumalayam, pautikamankai, pautikamankaicceti, perunkotuppai, phakchet, pittacanti, pittacanticceti, ponagantikura, ponkani, ponmeni, ponmuli, ponna ganti-kura, ponnaankanni, ponnaganti koora, ponnakunkanni, ponnam kani, ponnamganni, ponnamganni cheera, ponnan kani, ponnangani, ponnanganni, ponnangannikkirai, ponnangkani, ponnankani, ponnankanni, ponnankannikkira, ponnannani, ponnannanikkirai, porkani, porkanni, punarkannikkirai, sanchi, sechi, surcha sag, tacamaikkanni, tacamaikkannicceti, tai, tandaleya, tevarur, tirekacitti, tiyakkanni, tiyakkirai, ulavanikacceti, ulavanikam, umparur, utukatti, varikkani, varikkannicceti, vatuvarnam, vinnukkulmurtti in Indonesia: bayem kremah, daun tolod, kremek in Laos: khaix ped, phak ph’ê:w, nê: ti:d kho:x in Malaysia: keremak, kereman, kermak bukit, pudoh, rumput aoh, serapat in Nepal: bhirangijhar, bhiringi jhar in Philippines: bilanamanut, bunga-bunga, gogoat in Sarawak: daun kremak in Sri Lanka: mukunuwanna in Taiwan: phak pet thai

in English: dwarf copperleaf, sessile-flowered globe amaranth, sessile joyweed, water amaranth

in Thailand: phakpet khaao, phakpet thai

in Pacific islands: fisi’i’ano, galuti, mata kura, okula beluulechad, palewawae, vao sosolo

in Vietnam: rau d[eej]u

in Cambodia: chë:ng bângko:ng in China: jie jie hua, lian zi cao in India: al, alaku, aluza, antarnilai, anumacakanni, anumacakka, anumacakkay, bhaji, cakaccai, cakai, cakatevi, cakatevicceti, cempucattumuli, cenkanni, chaanchi, chanchi, cirinakannicceti, cirinam, citaci, citacikannicceti, citalacatti, citalakkani, citali, citalicceti, citani, citanicceti, citapu, citapuram, citevi, citevicceti, cittaman, cittamani, cittamanicceti, citti, coluppa, comakanni, comakannicceti, comavallari, comavallaricceti, cukatir, curaiman, curaimankanni, cuvatuvarnam, gaitewar, garandi-shak, garundi arak, gudresaag, gudrisag, gurundi-ara, honagone soppu, honagonne,

in Tibet: dza la pi pi la, tsha la pi pa la in Gambia: kunindingturo in Ghana: abanase-abanase in Guinea: missinikumbré in Ivory Coast: zufien in Nigeria: awo erede, dagunro, ewaowo, moni roderode, sajeje in Rodrigues Isl.: brède emballage in Nigeria: buúzún maúràyaá, ewé owó, gambari, gambarin marmoru, mài-kái-dúbuú in West Africa: ndatawuli in Arabic: luqmet el-hamal

220

Althaea L. Malvaceae Althaia is the Greek name for marsh mallow or wild mallow used by Theophrastus; from the Greek althos ‘a cure, something that heals, a healing’, althaimo ‘to heal’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 686–687. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 307. 1754 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 324– 386. 1949. Althaea cannabina L. (Althaea cannabina subsp. narbonensis (Cav.) Nyman; Althaea kotschyi Boiss.; Althaea narbonensis Pourr.; Althaea narbonensis Pourr. ex Cav.) Europe, Western Asia. Perennial, erect, hirsute See Species Plantarum 2: 686. 1753 and Taxon 31: 761. 1982, Fitologija 46: 12–32. 1992

Althaea L. Malvaceae

in English: marsh mallow, mortification root, sweetweed, white mallow in Arabic: khitmi, khobaiza in India: al-ghasool, bazarul khatme, cimaittutti, cimaittutticceti, gul-i-khere, gul-i-khitmi, gul-khairo, gul kheru, guli kheri, gulkhair, gulkhaira, gulkhairo, jukhame khatme, khaira, khaira-ka-jhor, khairakajhor, khatami, khatimi, khatme, khatmi, khero, khitmi, khitmi-ka-jhar, khitmigajhar, khitmikajhar, resha-e-khitmi, resha-i-khitmi, resha khatami, resha-khatami, resha khatmi, shemaitute, simaitutti, tukhme-khitmi, tukhm-i-khatmi, tukm-i-khitmi, tukhm-i-khiyaria, tukhm khaimi, tukhm khat ni, tukhm khatmi, tukhm khitmi, tukhm khubbazi in Japan: usubeni-tachi-aoi

(Antibacterial.)

in China: yao kui

in English: hemp-leaved mallow, hemp-leaved marshmallow

Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. (Alcea ficifolia L.; Alcea glabrata Alef.; Alcea rosea Falk; Alcea rosea Linnaeus; Althaea caribaea Sims; Althaea chinensis Wall.; Althaea coromandeliana Cav; Althaea coromandelina Cav.; Althaea cretica Kuntze; Althaea cretica Weinm.; Althaea ficifolia Cav.; Althaea ficifolia Sibth. & Sims; Althaea flexuosa Sims; Althaea meonantha Link; Althaea mexicana Kunze; Althaea rosea Hohen. ex Boiss.; Althaea rosea Cav.; Althaea rosea var. sinensis (Cav.) S.Y. Hu; Althaea sinensis Blanco; Althaea sinensis Cav.; Althaea × cultorum Bergmans; Malva florida Salisb.; Malva hortensis Schimp. & Spenn.; Malva rosea (L.) E.H.L. Krause)

Althaea ludwigii L. (Althaea garipensis E. Mey.; Althaea laevis Moench; Axolopha ludwigii Alef.; Dinacrusa ludwigii (L.) G. Krebs; Malva malwensis Edgew.) India, Namibia. See Feddes Repertorium 105(5–6): 302. 1994, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 110(2): 200–234. 2007 (Antimycobacterial.) in India: galio Althaea officinalis L. (Althaea balearica Rodriguez; Althaea kragujevacensis Pan.; Althaea kragujevacensis Pančić ex Diklić & Stevan.; Althaea micrantha Borbas; Althaea micrantha Wiesb. ex Borbas; Althaea officinalis var. obtusifolia; Althaea sublobata Stokes; Althaea taurinensis DC.; Althaea vulgaris Bubani; Malva althaea E.H.L. Krause; Malva althaea F.W. Schultz; Malva maritima Salisb.; Malva officinalis (L.) Schimp. & Spenn.) Central and southern Europe. See Species Plantarum 2: 686–687. 1753 and Fl. Iranica 120: 39. 1976, Taxon 29: 728–730. 1980, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Taxon 31: 761. 1982, Informatore Botanico Italiano 15: 39–43. 1983, Informatore Botanico Italiano 23: 123– 130. 1991, Fitologija 46: 12–32. 1993, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(5): 98–101. 1996 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaves demulcent, expectorant, diuretic, antibacterial, emollient, for ailments of the lungs and the urinary systems, in urethritis and kidney stones. Root antitussive, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, laxative, vulnerary, for digestive and skin problems, inflammations of the mouth, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, peptic ulcer, enteritis and colitis; externally root used in treating varicose veins, ulcers, abscesses, boils.)

China. Herb, erect, densely hirsute, flowers solitary or fascicled, corolla red, purple, white, pink, yellow or black-purple, young leaves eaten raw or cooked, flower petals and flower buds eaten raw, also as Alcea See Species Plantarum 2: 687. 1753, Diss. 2, Secunda Diss. Bot. 91 (t. 28, f. 1). 1786 (Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 2: 91. 1786), Bot. Mag. 44: t. 1916. 1817, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2689. 1831, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 5: 67. 1856, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 66. 1891 and Fl. W. Pakistan 130: 50. 1979, Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 441–445. 1993, Fitologija 46: 12–32. 1993, Plantsman n.s., 6(4): 231. 2007 (Antiinflammatory, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge; flowers for the treatment of chest complaints, constipation, dysmenorrhea, haemorrhage; roots and flowers antiinflammatory, leaves used to apply infusion of flowers to inflamed areas, boils; dried flowers infusion as a gargle to help soothe sore throats. Roots crushed and applied as a poultice to ulcers, internally used in the treatment of dysentery, enteritis; decoction of roots boiled with water and milk applied for dermatitis, also given to pregnant women to ease delivery. Seeds for jaundice. Petioles decoction laxative.) in English: hollyhock in India: catkharia, dodda bindige gida, gulkhair, kempu seeme thutthi, khatmi, saj posh, sudoposh

221

Altingia Noronha Hamamelidaceae (Altingiaceae)

Altingia Noronha Hamamelidaceae (Altingiaceae) After the German orientalist Jacobus Alting, 1618–1679, among his writings are Synopsis institutionum Chaldaearum et Syrarum. Groningae 1686, Fundamenta punctationis linguae sanctae. Groningae 1675 and Hebraeorum respublica scholastica. Amstelodami 1652; see Jacobi Alting … Opera omnia theologica, analytica, exegetica, practica, problematica, & philologica. Amstelaedami 1687, 1685–1687 and American Journal of Botany 94: 1094–1115. 2007.

Tropical to subtropical regions of Asia. Strongly resiniferous trees, flowers clustered See Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 5(2): 1, 9. 1790 and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 29(2): pl. 2837. 1907, Rep. Bot. & For. Dept. Hongk. 1914: 31. 1915, Sunyatsenia 7(1–2): 74. 1948 (Yields Tonkin storax.) in English: slender stalk altingia

Altingia chinensis Oliv. ex Hance (Altingia chinensis (Champion) Oliver ex Hance; Altingia chinensis (Champion ex Benth.) Oliver ex Hance; Liquidambar chinensis Champion; Liquidambar chinensis Champ. ex Benth.)

in China: xi bing tan shu

Tropical to subtropical regions of Asia. Tree, strongly resiniferous, small flowers clustered

From the Greek halysis ‘a chain’ and karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the pods, see Species Plantarum 2: 745–751. 1753, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 120–121. 1813.

See Species Plantarum 2: 999. 1753, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 5(2): 1, 9. 1790, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 164–165. 1852, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 13: 103. 1873 and Am. J. Bot. 88(5): 753–766. 2001 (Leaves chewed used to cure coughs.) in English: mountain litchi in China: tan shu in Vietnam: to hap, t[oo] h[aj]p l[as] h[if]nh tim Altingia excelsa Noronha (Liquidambar altingiana Blume) Tropical to subtropical regions of Asia. See Species Plantarum 2: 999. 1753, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 5(2): 1, 9. 1790 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 58: 67–71. 1977

Alysicarpus Necker ex Desv. Fabaceae (Desmodieae)

Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. (Alysicarpus bupleurifolius Wall.; Fabricia bupleurifolia (L.) Kuntze; Hedysarum bupleurifolium L.; Hedysarum cylindricum Poir.; Hedysarum gramineum Retz.) Pakistan. India. Perennial non-climbing herb, erect, inflorescence a lax raceme, red corolla, slightly moniliform pod, nitrogen fixing coastal sand dune legume See Familles des Plantes 2: 188. 1763, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 352. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5761. 1831, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 181. 1891 and Reinwardtia 6(1): 85–108. 1961, Trop. Plant Sci. Res. 1: 1–13. 1983, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 7: 249–276. 1985, Current Science 54: 938–939. 1985, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 78(3, viii): 129–130. 1991, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 16(2): 305–334. 1992, Austrobaileya 6(1): 110. 2001

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Strongly resiniferous, yields Burmese storax, or styrax, produced by the trees as a pathological product in response to bark damage.)

(Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant for fever. Leaves for wounds. Root extract given for asthma.)

in SE Asia: rasamal, rasamala

in English: alyce clover, sweet alys, thorowax-leaved alysicarpus

in India: ashmapushpa, asle-labai, chala, chanchalatailaka, dhumra, dhumravarna, duang, erikacu, erikacucceti, java, jutili, jutuli, kalka, kapichanchala, kapinama, kapisha, kapitail, karevar, kritrima, lepana, meaahe-sayelah, muktimukta, neriyacam, neriyaci, neriyacippal, niriyacappal, neriyurishippal, pavana, pindatavara, pindita, pinyaka, pishtaka, pitasara, sainhikarasa, shaja, shalakidrava, shilaaras, shilaarasamu, shilaras, shilaras desi, shilarasamu, siddha, silaras, silarasa, silhaka, silhakah, silhapindaka, silhasara, sillhaka, sugandhika, tailakhya, tailparni, turashka, turuskah, vrikadhupa, yava, yavala Malayan name: raksamal Altingia gracilipes Hemsl. (Altingia gracilipes fo. uniflora Hung T. Chang; Altingia gracilipes var. serrulata Tutcher)

in India: akranti, khad-samervo, nir-murri Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. (Alysicarpus glumaceus Schindl.; Alysicarpus glumaceus Wall.; Alysicarpus violaceus (Forssk.) Schindl.; Hedysarum glumaceum Vahl; Hedysarum violaceum Forssk.) East Africa. Annual non-climbing herb, shrubby, erect, creeping and ascending, spreading, lawn weed, loosely branched See Species Plantarum 2: 745–751. 1753, Flora AegyptiacoArabica 136. 1775, Symbolae Botanicae, … (Vahl) 2: 106. 1791, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 353. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5764. 1831 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 21: 12. 1925, Bothalia 18: 11–24. 1988

222

(Pounded leaves juice on bruises and skin diseases, stomachache; roots aphrodisiac, antiedema; root and leaves abortifacient, for pulmonary troubles, diarrhea, dysentery.) in English: alyce, alyce clover in Burundi: urukuka, urukukwe in Congo: ngandu in Kenya: cheberenet, kaasha - maho, kishampa in Nigeria: gadagi in Upper Volta: bundiya, buyaayi, gadaji Alysicarpus heyneanus Wight & Arn. India. Annual non-climbing herb, forage, seeds used as famine food See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 234. 1834 (Roots for biliousness and fevers. Fresh leaves juice to protect the liver. Veterinary medicine, leaves for calves with sores.) in India: adavi kandi, zulu Alysicarpus heyneanus Wight & Arn. var. heyneanus (Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) A. DC. var. heyneanus (Baker) Raizada; Alysicarpus obovatus Edgew.; Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. var. heyneanus Baker; Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. var. heyneanus (Wight & Arn.) Baker) India. Annual non-climbing herb, forage See Prodr. (DC.) 2: 353. 1825, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 21(2): 169. 1852 and Suppl. Duthie’s Fl. Upper Gangetic Plain 5: 47. 1976 (Roots for biliousness and fevers. Fresh leaves juice to protect the liver. Veterinary medicine, leaves for calves with sores.)

Alysicarpus Necker ex Desv. Fabaceae (Desmodieae)

M.R. Almeida; Hedysarum monilifer L.; Hedysarum moniliferum L.) India, Ethiopia. Perennial non-climbing herb, creeping, low growing, prostrate, many-branched, turgid moniliform pods, eaten by cattle See Species Plantarum 2: 745–751. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 102–103. 1767, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 353. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 182. 1891 and Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi). 7: 261–271. 1979, Pharmaceutical Biology 22(1): 17–39. 1984, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 85: 394. 1988, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 78(3,VIII): 129–130. 1991, Pharmaceutical Biology 31(4): 283–287. 1993, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 792–799. 1994 (Used for Sidha. Whole plant decoction used in cough, bronchitis, antidote to snakebite, antisnake venom; whole plant made into a paste with ginger and mustard oil used as an antidote for snakebite. Crushed plant destroys bed bugs and white ants. Leaves juice given after menstruation as an antifertility agent; leaves decoction taken as febrifuge.) in India: amera, chatta-ki-ghas, jhuhi ghas, jhuhighas, kacukkoti, kallu naamada soppu, poovan pullu, poovanpullu, rechichedi, shevara, sohkha, thalemaddina gida Alysicarpus pubescens J.S. Law (Fabricia pubescens (Law) Kuntze) India. Annual non-climbing herb, fodder See Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 1: t. 250. 1839, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 182. 1891 (Whole plant tonic, astringent.) in India: chotasun

in India: aswenna, dhampta, dhodasamervo, gubal, jangligailia, jangligalli, motnadampta, motosamervo, samarvo, sohkha, ubhosamervo

Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schumach.) J. Léonard (Alysicarpus nummularifolius (L.) DC.; Alysicarpus nummularifolius sensu auct.; Alysicarpus nummularifolius (L.) DC. var. angustatus Ohwi; Alysicarpus nummulariifolius sensu DC.; Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schum. & Thonn.) J. Léonard; Alysicarpus paradoxus Boivin ex Baillon; Alysicarpus paradoxus Baill.; Alysicarpus scaber Span.; Alysicarpus vaginale sensu auct. mult.; Alysicarpus vaginalis auct. non (L.) DC.; Alysicarpus vaginalis sensu Huang & H. Ohashi; Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. var. diversifolius Chun; Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. var. nummularifolius Miq.; Alysicarpus vaginalis var. nummulariifolius (DC.) Miq.; Desmodium ovalifolium Wall.; Desmodium ovalifolium (Schum.) Walp.; Desmodium ovalifolium Guill. & Perr.; Hedysarum bupleurifolium Herb. Wight ex Wallich; Hedysarum bupleurifolium Sieber ex DC.; Hedysarum bupleurifolium sensu Willd.; Hedysarum cylindricum Poir.; Hedysarum ovalifolium Schum.; Hedysarum ovalifolium Schumach. & Thonn.; Hedysarum vaginale (L.) DC.)

Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. (Fabricia monilifera (L.) Kuntze; Alysicarpus narimanii S.M. Almeida &

West and East tropical Africa, India, China. Perennial nonclimbing herb, spreading, sprawling or erect, prostrate,

in India: zulu Alysicarpus longifolius (Sprengel) Wight & Arn. (Alysicarpus longifolius (Rottler ex Spreng.) Wight & Arn.; Alysicarpus longifolius (Spreng.) Wight & Arn.; Alysicarpus longifolius Wight & Arn.; Fabricia longifolia (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze; Hedysarum longifolium Spreng.; Hedysarum longifolium Rottler ex Sprengel) India. Perennial non-climbing herb, sweet root See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 233. 1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 182. 1891 and Reinwardtia 11(4): 290, 292. 1999 (Whole plant decoction poured into the nose.)

223

Alysicarpus Necker ex Desv. Fabaceae (Desmodieae)

sometimes woody at the base, branches rooting at the nodes, standard orange to pink or reddish-violet, purplish-mauve wings, linear-oblong indehiscent puberulous pod, fodder, relished by stock See Species Plantarum 2: 745–746. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6(2): 400. 1805, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 352–353. 1825, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 359–360. 1827, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5730, 5765. 1831, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 208. 1832, Linnaea 15: 194. 1841, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae 1(4): 737. 1842, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(54): 432. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 181. 1891 and The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 1: 610. 1922, A Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6(Suppl.): 72. 1931, Journal of Japanese Botany 12(6): 384–385. 1936, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 24(1): 88. 1954, The Flora of Guangzhou 334. 1956, J. Arnold Arbor. 44(2): 284–297. 1963, Flora of Taiwan 3: 148–421. 1977, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 549. 1980, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 3: 201–225. 1982, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799. 1994, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 3: 24. 2007 (Root decoction used for colic. Tonic, wound medicine, leaf juice taken in jaundice. Reported to be a cause of criminal poisoning.) in English: alyce clover, oneleaf clover, wire grass, witchweed in China: lian jia dou in India: akar siliguri, aswenna, pannata in Japan: nagaba-sasahagi in Madagascar: avoko, takotsifo-araika in Nigeria: gadagi, gadaji’irehi in Senegal: bampto ngoro, dogo kuani, furu fato, mbampt, mbamptu, mbarapté, sakalli, sankalli, so tiga, sogo kuani, tigingilit harche Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. (Alysicarpus longifolius sensu Span.; Alysicarpus violaceus Schindl., pp.; Alysicarpus violaceus sensu (Forssk.) Schindl.; Alysicarpus wallichii Wight & Arn.; Fabricia rugosa (Willd.) Kuntze; Hedysarum rugosum Willdenow) West tropical Africa, Old World. Perennial non-climbing herb, robust, branched, spreading, erect, flowers red-orange, fodder, weed See Species Plantarum 2: 749. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 188. 1763, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 1172–1173. 1802, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 353. 1825, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 233–234. 1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 182. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 21: 13. 1925, Reinwardtia 6(1): 85–108. 1961, J. Arnold Arbor. 44(2): 284–297. 1963, Webbia 26: 267–364. 1972, Kirkia 9: 359–556. 1974, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:

75–98. 1981, Current Science 54: 938–939. 1985, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 27: 247–253. 1986, Bothalia 18: 11–24. 1988, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 78(3, viii): 129–130. 1991, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799. 1994 (Whole plant decoction for cough; whole plant powder for Guinea worm, Dracunculiasis. Leaves for edema, dropsy, swelling, cough, fever; leaf juice given in indigestion; leaf paste applied to treat headache; leaves and roots febrifuge, astringent, for pulmonary troubles. Root infusion drunk as an emetic, febrifuge. Magic, ritual. Veterinary medicine, leaves used as a drench for calves with scours.) in English: red moneywort in Burundi: urukuka in Congo: ngandu in Guinea: kambé in Nigeria: gadagi in Senegal: baamal bongor, bampto ngoro, dégavantiéna, mbamat, mbanto, mbato, mbégu, sokuani in South Africa: inKonazana, in Konazane in China: zhou suo lian jia dou in India: sheora in Nepal: pote jhar Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgew. (Fabricia tetragonoloba (Edgew.) Kuntze) India. Annual non-climbing herb, fodder See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 21: 169. 1853, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 182. 1891 (Whole plant tonic, astringent.) in India: sherva, shevra Alysicarpus vaginalis (Linnaeus) A. DC. (Alysicarpus nummularifolius sensu auct.; Alysicarpus nummularifolius (Willd.) DC.; Alysicarpus nummularifolius (L.) DC.; Alysicarpus nummularifolius (L.) DC. var. angustatus Ohwi; Alysicarpus rupicola Edgew.; Alysicarpus vaginalis Wall.; Alysicarpus vaginalis Hochst. ex Baker; Alysicarpus vaginalis var. diversifolius Chun; Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. var. nummularifolius Miq.; Alysicarpus vaginalis var. typicus King, nom. inval.; Fabricia nummulariifolia (L.) Kuntze; Hedysarum cilindricum Poiret; Hedysarum cylindricum Poir.; Hedysarum nummularifolium L.; Hedysarum vaginale L.; Indigofera nummulariifolia (L.) Livera ex Alston) China, Hong Kong, tropical regions of the Old World. Perennial non-climbing herb, suberect to prostrate, manybranched, spreading, extremely variable, flowers reddish yellow or pale purple borne in racemes, compressed moniliform pods, fodder and seeds edible, on sandy beach, open field

224

Alyxia Banks ex R. Br. Apocynaceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 746. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6(2): 400. 1805, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 353. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5763. 1831, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 21: 170. 1853, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 170. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 181. 1891, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula 3: 133. 1897 and A Hand-book to the Flora of Ceylon 6(Suppl.): 72. 1931, Journal of Japanese Botany 12(6): 384– 385. 1936, The Flora of Guangzhou 334. 1956, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(2): 246–255. 2005, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 139–148. 2006

1810, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 416. 1891 and Blumea 23(2): 380, 382, 386, 391–394, 398, 402, 404, 406, 412. 1977, Adansonia sér. 2, 18(4): 444–445. 1979, Fl. Vitiensis Nova, 4: 56. 1988, J. S. China Agric. Coll., 11(2): 27. 1990, Blumea 45(1): 1–146. 2000.

(Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant to treat sword wounds, pain in joints and bone fractures. Traditional medicinal plants formulation in the treatment of patients with urolithiasis, using the combinations of Asystasia gangetica, Alysicarpus vaginalis and Arundo donax. An infusion of powdered seeds used against dysentery and colics. Roots antifertility, antidote, expectorant, a decoction taken for coughs, one teaspoon of the root powder mixed with a pinch of pepper powder and common salt; root paste applied on forehead to treat headache, and on the site of snakebite; root powder with water given in snakebite; root juice with milk used for fevers and to check conception. Veterinary medicine, leaves ground with those of Blepharispermum subsessile given to cure anthrax. Fodder for all kinds of livestock, but in large quantities causes diarrhea.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 121. 1753, Genera Plantarum 143. 1789, Flora de Filipinas 40. 1845, Revision de Plantas Vasculares Filipinas 182. 1886, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 750. 1888 and Publications of the Bureau of Science Government Laboratories 17: 46. 1904, Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27: 58. 1905, Philippine Journal of Science 10: 64. 1915, Sp. Blancoane: 310. 1918, An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants 3: 327. 1923, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, II, 19: 209. 1947

in English: alyce clover, buffalo clover, divergent alyce clover, oneleaf-clover, white moneywort in China: ci jia mu lan, lian jia dou in India: akar siliguri, aswenna, baramatal-chettu, chauli, davai, gohamana, koozhaanjedi, musaraaku, naamada soppu, nalla palleru, neeli palleru, pannata, ratu aswenna, sauri, shevra in Indonesia: brobos, gudé oyod, tebalan in Japan: sasa-hagi in Malaysia: akar seleguri in Myanmar: thän-ma.neing than-​manaing-​kyauk-manaing

kyauk-ma.neing,

in Nepal: selo ban in Philippines: banig-usa, mani-manian in Thailand: thua lisongna in Vietnam: cây me dât, cây the the

Alyxia Banks ex R. Br. Apocynaceae Possibly from halysis, halysidos ‘a chain’, referring to the jointed, paired and moniliform fruits; or from aluxis, alyxis ‘escape’, or from a native Indian name for a species; see Characteres Generum Plantarum 35, t. 18. 1775, Robert Brown, Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. 469.

Alyxia concatenata (Blanco) Merr. (Alyxia clusiacea (Baill.) Pichon; Alyxia concatenata Merr.; Alyxia confertiflora Merr.; Alyxia monilifera S. Vidal; Brabejum concatenatum F. Blanco; Gynopogon monilifera (S. Vidal) Merr., also moniliferus; Paralstonia clusiacea Baill.) Philippines.

(Bark used on swellings.) in Philippines: basikalang, batikoling, batikuling, bayag-usa, dita, kuyau-yau, malabatino, maladita Alyxia halmaheirae Miq. (Alyxia gynopogona St.-Lag., nom. illeg.; Alyxia stellata Roem. & Schult.; Pulassarium halmaheirae (Miq.) Kuntze) Moluccas, Sulawesi. Climber, leaves opposite or whorled, white latex from crushed leaves, inflorescence axillary or terminal, fruit orange turning black when mature, seed brownish purple, in open or dense primary or secondary forest See Systema Vegetabilium 4: 439. 1819, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 4: 140. 1869, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 119. 1880, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 417. 1891 and Blumea 45(1): 57. 2000 (Bark antipyretic, antidiarrhea.)

astringent,

antitussive,

diuretic,

Alyxia markgrafii Tsiang (Alyxia novoguineensis Tsiang, nom. superfl.; Alyxia punctata Kaneh. & Hatus.; Alyxia schlechteri Markgr., nom. illeg., non Alyxia schlechteri H. Lév.; Alyxia schlechteri H. Lév.; Alyxia sleumeri Markgr.) Indonesia, New Guinea. Woody climber, white sap, leaves coriaceous, fruit orange turning black when mature, fruits in moniliform chain See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(222–226): 453. 1911, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 61: 184. 1927, Sunyatsenia 2(2): 105. 1934, Botanical Magazine 55: 491. 1941, Sunyatsenia 6(2): 115. 1941, Blumea 23(2): 409. 1977 (The juice drunk against cough.)

225

Alyxia Banks ex R. Br. Apocynaceae

Alyxia pullei Markgr. New Guinea. Climber, leaves whorled, inflorescence axillary, corolla tube pink, lobes white, fruit yellow turning black, in forest See Nova Guinea 14: 281. 1925, Blumea 45(1): 94. 2000 (Leaves ingested for stomach disorders.) in Indonesia: aidemot, benggrai Alyxia reinwardtii Blume (Alyxia aromatica Reinw. ex A. DC.; Alyxia calcicola Markgr.; Alyxia cinerea Bakh.f.; Alyxia flavescens Pierre ex Pit.; Alyxia forbesii King & Gamble; Alyxia jasminae Tsiang & P.T. Li; Alyxia kerrii Mabb.; Alyxia kurzii Burkill; Alyxia lucida Wallich; Alyxia lucida Wallich var. meiantha Stapf; Alyxia nitens Kerr; Alyxia odorata Wall. ex G. Don; Alyxia oleifolia var. tenuifolia Ridl.; Alyxia pisiformis Pierre ex Pit.; Alyxia pumila Hook.f.; Alyxia quinata Miq.; Alyxia reinwardtii var. cinerea (Bakh.f.) Markgr.; Alyxia reinwardtii var. insularis Markgr.; Alyxia reinwardtii var. latifolia (Blume) Bakh.f.; Alyxia reinwardtii var. lucida (Wall.) Markgr.; Alyxia reinwardtii var. meiantha (Stapf) Markgr.; Alyxia reinwardtii var. obovatula Markgr.; Alyxia reinwardtii var. pumila (Hook.f.) Markgr.; Alyxia stellata auct. non (J.R. Forster & G. Forster) Roem. & Schult.; Alyxia stellata var. latifolia Blume; Alyxia winckelii Bakh.f.; Gynopogon breviflorus Kurz; Gynopogon flavescens Pierre, nom. nud.; Gynopogon pisiformis Pierre, nom. nud.; Gynopogon pumilus (Hook.f.) K. Schum.; Gynopogon reinwardtii (Blume) Koord.; Pulassarium breviflorum (Kurz) Kuntze; Pulassarium flavescens Pierre, nom. nud.; Pulassarium odoratum (Wall. ex G. Don) Kuntze; Pulassarium pisiforme Pierre, nom. nud.; Pulassarium pumilum (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Pulassarium quinatum (Miq.) Kuntze) China, Philippines, Bali. Shrub, climber, ground creeper, small flowers, inflorescence axillary or terminal, fruit black, extremely variable and widespread, in tropical forest, in primary or secondary lowland to montane, swamp forest, open ridges See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 317. 1935, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 41. 1937, Blumea 6: 390. 1950, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 362. 1973, Blumea 23: 387–389, 405. 1977, Blumea 40: 111. 1995 (Antipyretic, antitussive, cardiotonic, diuretic, antidiarrhea.) in English: Forbes alyxia in China: chang hua lian zhu teng in Indonesia: adas pulasari, akar mempelas hari, areuy palasari, areuy pulasari, balasari, calapari, calpari, das plasare, empelas hari, mempelas hari, palasari, pulasari, pulosari, purasane, talatari in Thailand: chalut, luut, nuut in Vietnam: ng[oo]n d[aa]y v[as]t

Alyxia rostrata (Markgr.) Markgr. (Discalyxia pullei Markgr.; Discalyxia rostrata Markgr.) Papua New Guinea. A climber, leaves in whorls, inflorescence a lax axillary or terminal panicle, fruit orange maturing black, in primary or secondary forest See Nova Guinea 14(2): 282. 1925, Blumea 23(2): 411. 1977 (Inner bark exudate mixed with coconut bark and boiled together, the decoction drunk to relieve backache. Wood used in rituals.) in Indonesia: komunang, tu in Papua New Guinea: piumugasek Alyxia sinensis Champ. ex Benth. (Alyxia acutifolia Tsiang; Alyxia euonymifolia Tsiang; Alyxia kweichowensis Tsiang & P.T. Li; Alyxia lehtungensis Tsiang; Alyxia levinei Merrill; Alyxia taiwanensis S.Y. Lu & Y.P. Yang; Alyxia vulgaris Tsiang; Pulassarium sinense (Champ. ex Benth.) Kuntze) S. China to NE. Vietnam, NC. Taiwan. Shrub, lianescent, woody vine, white latex, flowers golden, edges of open forests See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 334. 1852, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 417. 1891 and Philippine Journal of Science 15(3): 254–255. 1919, Sunyatsenia 3(2–3): 135–136. 1936, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10(1): 28–30. 1965, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11(4): 360, pl. 41. 1973, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., n.s., 19: 195. 1978, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, Blumea 45(1): 117. 2000 (All parts of the plant used to cure infantile malnutrition due to intestinal parasites, rheumatalgia and furunculosis.) in English: Chinese alyxia, Levine alyxia in China: a li teng, jin teng, lian zhu teng Alyxia stellata (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Roem. & Schult. (Alyxia amoena A.C. Sm.; Alyxia brevipes (Baill.) Schltr.; Alyxia brevipes Schltr.; Alyxia elliptica Cheeseman; Alyxia fosbergii J. Florence; Alyxia intermedia Vieill. ex Guillaumin, nom. nud.; Alyxia latilimba M.L. Grant; Alyxia linearifolia A.C. Sm.; Alyxia myrtillaefolia H. Lév.; Alyxia myrtillifolia (A. Gray ex Hillebr.) H. Lév.; Alyxia obtusifolia R.Br.; Alyxia oliviformis Gaudich.; Alyxia oliviformis f. ampla H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. angusta H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. cuneata H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. elliptica H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. fusiformis H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. lanceolata H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. linearis H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. myrtillifolia (A. Gray ex Hillebr.) H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. obovata H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. ovata (Hillebr.) H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. retusa H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. rotundata H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis f. subacuta H. St. John; Alyxia oliviformis var. myrtillifolia A. Gray ex Hillebr.; Alyxia oliviformis var. ovata Hillebr.; Alyxia palauensis Markgr.; Alyxia scandens (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Roem. & Schult.; Alyxia scandens Roem. & Schult.; Alyxia stellata Roem. & Schult.;

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Alyxia stellata f. marquesensis F. Br.; Alyxia stellata var. amoena (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.; Alyxia stellata var. deckeri Fosberg & Sachet; Alyxia stellata var. fatuhivensis Fosberg & Sachet; Alyxia stellata var. marquesensis (F. Br.) Fosberg & Sachet; Alyxia sulcata Hook. & Arn.; Alyxia thozetii F. Muell.; Alyxia torresiana Gaudich.; Gynopogon apolimae Rech.; Gynopogon brevipes Baill.; Gynopogon oliviformis (Gaudich.) A. Heller; Gynopogon oliviformis A. Heller; Gynopogon scandens J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Gynopogon stellatus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Gynopogon torresianus K. Schum. & Lauterb.; Gynopogon torresianus (Gaudich.) K. Schum. & Lauterb.; Pulassarium oliviformis Kuntze; Pulassarium oliviformis (Gaudich.) Kuntze; Pulassarium scandens Kuntze; Pulassarium scandens (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Kuntze; Pulassarium stellatum (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Kuntze; Pulassarium stellatum Kuntze; Pulassarium sulcatum Kuntze; Pulassarium sulcatum (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze; Pulassarium thozetii Kuntze; Pulassarium thozetii (F. Muell.) Kuntze; Pulassarium torresianum (Gaudich.) Kuntze; Pulassarium torresianum Kuntze) Australia, Tropical Asia, Pacific. See Char. Gen. Pl.: 18. 1775, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 439. 1819, Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M. l’~Uranie~ et la ~Physicienne~ … Botanique 451. 1826, Fl. Hawaiian Isl.: 299. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 417. 1891 and Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 504. 1900, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xxxix. 237. 1906, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 155. 1911, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 130: 230. 1935, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 88: 364. 1941, Sargentia 1: 107. 1942, J. Arnold Arbor. 33: 115. 1952, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17: 50. 1974, Micronesica 10: 253– 254. 1974, Phytologia 32: 380–384, 388. 1976, Fl. Vitiensis Nova 4: 58. 1988, Novon 7: 27. 1997 (Poisonous juice. Leaves for gonorrhea, sweatbath.) in Guam: loduson lahe, nanago Malay name: pulasari

Amanoa Aubl. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae Latin amaranthus and Greek amarantos ‘unfading’, (a ‘without, against, not’ and maraino ‘to fade, wither, waste away’), in allusion to the lasting quality of the flowers, persistent bracts and sepals; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 989–991, 1027. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 427. 1754, Familles des Plantes (Adanson) 2: 269, 516. 1763, Descripción de las Plantas 319, 617. 1802, Florula Belgica (Dumortier) 19. 1827, Flora Telluriana 3: 42. 1836[1837], Flora Berolinensis 2: 144. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 255, 262. 1849, Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers, by Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves (1811–1888). 170, pl. 13. Washington, D.C.: R. Armstrong, 1853 [United States. Army. Corps of Topographical Engineers], Flore de France 3: 3–4. 1856, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 274. 1877 and Icones florae germanicae et helveticae 24: 177, 182. 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 20: 301. 1924, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 143– 174. 1946, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 67: 1–51. 1954, Duckworth, R.H. “Poisoning of cattle by Amaranthus.” N. Z. Vet. J., 23: 154–155. 1975, Hibbs, C.M., Stencel, E.L., Hill, R.M. “Nitrate toxicosis in cattle.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 20: 1–2. 1978, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 62(3): 283. 1981, Fuller, T.C., McClintock, E. Poisonous Plants of California. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, Calif., USA. 1986, Flora of Ecuador 28: 1–138. 1987, National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989, Annales Botanici Fennici 33(4): 277–278, 280. 1996. Amaranthus acanthochiton J.D. Sauer (Acanthochiton wrightii Torrey) North America. Annual herb, seeds and young leaves used as food, the seeds cooked as a kind of porridge, and the leaves cooked and eaten as greens or with meat See Rep. Exped. Zuni Colorado Rivers, 170, plate 13. 1853 and Madroño 13: 44. 1955 (Antiinflammatory.)

Amanoa Aubl. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

in English: greenstripe, greenstripe amaranth

A vernacular name; see Jean Baptiste Christophe (or Christophore) Fusée Aublet (1720–1778), Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise. 1: 256, t. 101. Paris 1775 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 25–170. 1949, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1087–1144. 1988, Brittonia 42(2): 260– 270. 1990.

Amaranthus albus L. (Amaranthus albus Thunb.; Amaranthus albus Rodschied ex F. Dietr.; Amaranthus albus var. pubescens (Uline & W.L. Bray) Fernald; Amaranthus gracilentus H.W. Kung; Amaranthus graecizans auct. non L. p.p.; Amaranthus graecizans L. var. pubescens Uline & W.L. Bray; Amaranthus pubescens (Uline & W.L. Bray) Rydb.; Glomeraria alba (L.) Cav.)

Amanoa oblongifolia Müll.Arg. Tropical America. See Linnaea 32: 77. 1863 (Plant reported to be toxic and antiviral. A soothing oil from the seeds.)

North America. Annual herb, food See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1268. 1759, Elenchus Plantarum Horti Regni Botanici Matritensis 16. 1803, Flora Capensis ed. 2: 215. 1823, Vollständiges Lexicon der Gärtnerei und Botanik ed. 2, 1: 196. 1824, Botanical Gazette

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Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae

19(8): 317. 1894 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 39(7): 313. 1912, Chinese Journal of Botany 1: 14, pl. 5. 1936, Rhodora 47(556): 140. 1945, Taxon 27: 375–392. 1978, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 61–68. 1981, Cytologia 48: 237–244. 1983, Naturaliste Canad. 111: 447–449. 1984, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 34: 21–25. 1987, Lazaroa 11: 9–17. 1989, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 40(5): 428–432. 2002 (Ceremonial, medicine.) in English: pigweed, prostrate amaranth, prostrate pigweed, stiff tumbleweed, tumble pigweed, tumbleweed, tumbling pigweed, white pigweed Amaranthus angustifolius Lam. var. graecizans (Linnaeus) Thell. (Amaranthus angustifolius Lam.; Amaranthus angustifolius subsp. graecizans (L.) Maire & Weiller; Amaranthus angustifolius subsp. polygonoides (Roxb.) Maire & Weiller; Amaranthus blitum Baker & Clarke, pro parte; Amaranthus blitum L. var. graecizans (L.) Moq.; Amaranthus graecizans L.; Amaranthus silvestris Vill.; Amaranthus thellungianus Nevski; Galliaria graecizans (L.) Nieuwl.; Glomeraria graecizans (L.) Cav.) East tropical Africa. Annual herb, variable, erect or decumbent, prostrate, tap-root, green flowers clusters in leaf axils, fruit a capsule splitting around the middle, shiny black seeds lens shaped, leaves and young tender shoots used as a cooked vegetable, seeds baked into thin cakes, fodder for all livestock, a weed, semi-arid and arid regions, in disturbed habitats See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 115. 1783, Descripción de las Plantas 319, 617. 1802, Elenchus Plantarum Horti Regni Botanici Matritensis 16. 1803, Flora Pyrenaea … 1: 184. 1897 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 35. 1909, American Midland Naturalist 3: 278. 1914, Rhodora 47: pl. 887. 1945, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 61–68. 1981, Cytologia 48: 237–244. 1983, Lazaroa 11: 9–17. 1989, J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56 Suppl. 1: 139–156. 2005 [Antiinflammatory effects of extracts from some traditional Mediterranean diet plants.] (Presence of hydrocyanic acid and oxalic acid. Antiinflammatory, anthelmintic, leaves chewed and the liquid swallowed to treat tonsillitis; leaves paste applied for cancer, boils.) in English: amaranth, Mediterranean amaranth, prostrate amaranth, spreading pigweed, white pigweed, wild amaranth in India: chirikoora in East Africa: emboga, mbogi, ototo, terere in Kenya: adye, chiswenya, dargu, edodo, ekiliton, embeneyoi, kelichot, kichanya, kipiriak, kipkanding’wa, kizenya, lidodo, litoto, logatsi, lokiliton, lokuronit, lokuroniti, louyeing’orok, mbogiat, mchicha, mchicha mwitu, mir, muruoga, muterere, nanyi, nterere, ntererei, nyani, nyanyi, nyoni, omboga,

ombok-alikra, ptanya, raprapa, rwoga, rwoga ra kicuka, telele, terere, terere wa gikuyu, w’oa, woa in Arabic: fisa el-kalb Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson (Amaranthus graecizans auct. non L. p.p.) North America. Annual herb, food See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 273–274. 1877 and Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Taxon 33: 536–539. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 34: 21–25. 1987, Lazaroa 11: 9–17. 1989, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 25: 381–388. 1990, J. Biotechnol. 98(1): 125–137. 2002, Planta. 216(6): 1022–1027. 2003, Sci. Total Environ. 327(1–3): 93–104. 2004, Can. Vet. J. 46(1): 59–61. 2005 (Weed dermatitis. The presence of thiaminase in Amaranthus blitoides could have contributed to the development of polioencephalomalacia in sheep grazing on natural pastures. This plant accumulates nitrogen and can cause nitrate poisoning because it can accumulate amounts sufficient to kill cattle.) in English: mat amaranth, prostrate amaranth, prostrate pigweed, spreading pigweed Amaranthus blitum L. (Albersia blitum (L.) Kunth; Amaranthus angustifolius Lam.; Amaranthus ascendens Loisel.; Amaranthus blitum Baker & Clarke, pro parte; Amaranthus blitum L. var. oleraceus (L.) Hook.f.; Amaranthus capensis subsp. capensis Thell.; Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (Vill.) Brenan; Amaranthus graecizans var. blitum (L.) Kuntze; Amaranthus lividus L.; Amaranthus lividus var. ascendens (Loisel.) Thell.; Amaranthus oleraceus L.; Amaranthus schinzianus Thell.; Amaranthus silvestris Vill.; Euxolus ascendens (Loisel.) H. Hara) Tropical and subtropical. Herb, branched, erect or prostrate, green flowers in axillary and terminal spikes, capsules indehiscent or bursting irregularly, glossy lenticular seeds, leaves and young shoots used as a cooked vegetable, fodder, rather noxious weed See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 115. 1783, Notice sur les Plantes a Ajouter à la Flore de France 141–142. 1810, Flora Telluriana 3: 42. 1836, Flora Berolinensis 2: 144. 1838, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 541. 1891 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 35. 1909, La flore adventice de Montpellier 215. 1912, Journal of Japanese Botany 14(5): 335–336. 1938, Watsonia 4: 273. 1961, Taxon 29: 150. 1980, Kromosomo (Tokyo) 2(51–52): 1665–1674. 1988, Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 69(3): 103–108. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. A good tasty and nutritious food with medicinal properties for young children,

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lactating mothers and for patients with fever, haemorrhage, anemia or kidney complaints, against lung disorders. Whole plant cooked with rice and given in amebiasis. Leaves used as a febrifuge and poultice to treat inflammations, boils and abscesses.) in English: amaranth, livid amaranth, pigweed, purple amaranth, wild amaranth in Brazil: bredo-de-espiga, bredo-grande, caruru-grande, caruru-verde in China: ao tou xian in India: alpamarisha, bashpaka, bhaji, centantu-k-kirai, chilakarive, dant, erratotakura, giraka saale, handi keere, kempu dantu soppu, kiranga saale, lethra sag, maath, maatha, marisha, marsa, marsah, marsha, pedathotakura, pitunkirai, pitunkukirai, pokal-bhaji, pokala, rantandurja, sadanatiya, shandalio, tambadamaath, tandulja, thellatoakura, thotakura, vannatiya, ventantukkirai in Kenya: emboga, litoto, mborochet, mborochik, mchicha, ododo, omboga, rwoga, terere, tsimboga Amaranthus brasiliensis Moq. South America. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 266. 1849 (Plant astringent.) Amaranthus campestris Willd. India. See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 382. 1805 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) in India: cakini, cirukirai, curukki, maykanada, okkanimatar, sirroo keeray vayr, vayiravan Amaranthus caudatus L. (Amaranthus caudatus Baker & Clarke, pro parte, not of Linn.; Amaranthus cruentus L.; Amaranthus dussii Sprenger; Amaranthus edulis Speg.; Amaranthus flavus L.; Amaranthus hybridus subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell.; Amaranthus hybridus var. paniculatus (L.) Thell.; Amaranthus hybridus var. paniculatus (L.) Uline & W.L. Bray; Amaranthus leucospermus S. Watson; Amaranthus mantegazzianus Passer.; Amaranthus paniculatus L.; Amaranthus paniculatus var. purpurascens Moq.; Amaranthus parisiensis Schkuhr; Amaranthus quitensis Kunth; Amaranthus sanguineus L.; Amaranthus speciosus Sims; Galliaria patula Bubani) Andes. Annual erect herb, shrub, reddish or purplish, stout, flowers cream, large inflorescences, numerous agglomerated cymes arranged in axillary and terminal spikes, food crop, leaves eaten as a vegetable, fodder See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1269. 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio

Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae

Secunda 2: 1406–1407. 1763, Bot. Mag. pl. 2227. 1821, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22: 446. 1887, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(11): 145. 1894 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 31. 1909, La flore adventice de Montpellier 205. 1912, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 54(2): 103–137. 1967, Kulturpflanze 16: 127–149. 1968, Fl. W. Pakistan 71: 10. 1974, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 45: 421–445. 1975, Cytologia 47: 795–801. 1982, Economic Botany 36: 129–146. 1982, Apuntes para la Flora de La Pampa 85: 340. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 34: 21–25. 1987, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 3: 48–50. 1987, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 323–336. 1989, National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: LittleKnown Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989, Darwiniana 31: 159–165. 1992, Bronckart, Y. et al. “Grading dysplasia in colorectal adenomas by means of the quantitative binding pattern determination of Arachis hypogaea, Dolichos biflorus, Amaranthus caudatus, Maackia amurensis, and Sambucus nigra agglutinins.” Hum. Pathol. 30(10): 1178–1191. 1999, Yu, L.G., Milton, J.D., Fernig, D.G., Rhodes, J.M. “Opposite effects on human colon cancer cell proliferation of two dietary Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen-binding lectins.” J. Cell. Physiol. 186(2): 282–287. 2001, Bruni, R. et al. “Wild Amaranthus caudatus seed oil, a nutraceutical resource from Ecuadorian flora.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 49(11): 5455–5460. 2001, Nahrung. 46(3): 184–186. 2002 [Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of amaranth seeds.], Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28(6): 1098–1102. 2005, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 49(6): 551–559. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Roots washed and boiled with honey, a laxative for infants; roots of Amaranthus caudatus boiled with the leaves of Pratia nummularia and the liquid drunk for urogenital affections. Leaves and seeds laxative, narcotic, blood purifier, applied to piles and sores. Seeds antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic, for tapeworms and for treating eye diseases, jaundice, amebic dysentery and breasts complaints. Plant taken as a diuretic and applied to sores, abscesses, boils and eczema. Ceremonial, worship.) in English: African spinach, amaranth, blue amaranth, cattail, foxtail, foxtail amaranth, grain amaranth, Inca wheat, Indian spinach, jataco, love-lies-bleeding, purple amaranth, red-hot cattail, slender cockscomb, tassel flower, tumbleweed, velvet flower in California: quilete in Ecuador: sangurachi in Mexico: huautle in Tanzania: mchicha in West Africa: hondi, ka bontila in China: lao qiang gu

Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae

in India: bhaji, bustanafroz, cakini, chaulai, chauli, chawli, chilike soppu, chua-marsa, chuamarsa, chulai, cikapputtottakkirai, cirukirai, ganhar, jivanta, kalgaghasa, kedari-chua, keelu harive, keere soppu, kumarajiva, mulai-k-kirai, netakoora, pachacheera, palengsag, pungi kirai, punki-k-kirai, punkirai, qunembi, raajagira, rahadri, rajadri, rajagira, rajagiri, rajashakini, rajgira, rajgiri, ramdana, sarada, seul, tukhm chaulai surkh, vellacheera, zo-eng, zoeng in Japan: sennin-koku Malayan name: bayam selaseh Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. (Amaranthus dubius E.H.L. Krause; Amaranthus tristis Willd.) Tropics. Erect branched herb, weed, ridged, several procumbent stems from the base, greenish flowers borne in clusters in the axils and in terminal branched heads or spikes, fruits covered by bracts and bracteoles, seeds black shiny, leaves and tender shoots used as a cooked vegetable, humid lowland tropics, in disturbed areas See Historia Amaranthorum 21. 1790, Pl. Hort. Erlang. 197. 1814 and La flore adventice de Montpellier 203. 1912, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 64: 144. 1977, Cytologia 47: 379–389. 1982, La Kromosomo 51–52: 1665–1674. 1988, Darwiniana 31: 159–165. 1992, Feddes Repertorium 103: 363–373. 1992 (Among the most nutritious leafy vegetables. A good tasty and nutritious food with medicinal properties for young children, lactating mothers and for patients with fever, hemorrhage, anemia or kidney complaints, against lung disorders, stomachache. Leaves used as a febrifuge and poultice to treat inflammations, boils and abscesses.) in English: amaranth, pigweed, spleen amaranth in India: arai-k-kirai, araikkirai, arikirai, arukirai, arukkirai, caleyakkirai, caleyam, caleyanam, callika, cikari, cinnamulikakkirai, cinnamulikam, kacakitakkirai, kacakitam, kacini, kacinikkirai, kaciniyilai, killukkirai, koyyinkirai, notey, rattira, rattirakkirai, uromacitti, urucikari, vatacurancacani in Kenya: chiswenya, emboga, emboka, i-okuronit, i-okuroniti, kelichot, kichanya, kipkanding’wa, kiswenya, kiswenya kibomu, kiswenya-kithithe, kizenya, lidodo, litoto, mchicha, mir, muterere, nanyi, nterere, ntererei, nyanyi, nyoni, ododo, omboga, ptanya, raprapa, telele, terere, w’oa in Rodrigues Isl.: brède Malabar in Tanzania: bodo, mchicha, omulili Amaranthus fasciatus Roxb. India. See Species Plantarum 1: 218–222. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753 (Used in Ayurveda.) in India: hilamochaka

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Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd.; Amaranthus chlorostachys var. hybridus S. Watson; Amaranthus cruentus L.; Amaranthus hecticus Willd.; Amaranthus hybridus E.H.L. Krause; Amaranthus hybridus Vell.; Amaranthus hybridus fo. hypochondriacus (L.) B.L. Rob.; Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell.; Amaranthus hybridus subsp. hypochondriacus (L.) Thell.; Amaranthus hybridus var. chlorostachys Beck; Amaranthus hybridus L. var. cruentus (L.) Moq.; Amaranthus hybridus var. hypochondriacus (L.) B.L. Rob.; Amaranthus hybridus var. quitensis (Kunth) Covas; Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.; Amaranthus incurvatus Tim. ex Gren. & Godr.; Amaranthus laetus Willd.; Amaranthus paniculatus L.; Amaranthus patulus Bertol.; Amaranthus quitensis Kunth; Amaranthus retroflexus L. subsp. quitensis (Kunth) Bolós & Vigo; Amaranthus retroflexus var. chlorostachys A. Gray; Amaranthus retroflexus var. hybridus A. Gray; Amaranthus strictus Willd.; Galliaria hybrida (L.) Nieuwl.) East Africa. Annual herb, extremely variable, erect, ascending, smooth, many-branched, ribbed, deep taproot, slender raceme spikelike leafless toward the tip, flowers in dense clusters, fruit a capsule splitting around the middle, shiny black lens-shaped seeds, edible, leaves and young shoots used as a very tasty vegetable, a grain crop, seeds used like maize, health food See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Historia Amaranthorum 34. 1790, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 194. 1817, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 10: t. 28. 1831 [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831] and Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2. 5: 140. 1901, Rhodora 10(110): 32. 1908, Rhodora 10(112): 66. 1908, La flore adventice de Montpellier 204–205. 1912, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 478–518. 1937, Darwiniana 5: 336. 1941, Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, Secció de Botànica 38: 89. 1974, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 45: 421–445. 1975, Cytologia 47: 795–801. 1982, Burger, W.C. Family 64. Amaranthaceae. In: W. C. Burger (ed.), Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: 142–180. 1983, Phytologia 56(1): 55–60. 1984, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 3: 48–50. 1987, Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina) 6(3): 160–203, 251–291. 1987, Lazaroa 11: 9–17. 1989, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 323–336. 1989, Feddes Repertorium 103: 363–373. 1992, Darwiniana 31: 159–165. 1992, Cytologia 62: 115–120. 1997, Iwalewa, E.O. et al. “Pro- and antioxidant effects and cytoprotective potentials of nine edible vegetables in southwest Nigeria.” J. Med. Food. 8(4): 539–544. 2005, Ecology. 2006 87(9): 2264–2277. 2006, J. Environ Sci. Health B. 41(5): 747–764. 2006 (Ingesting this plant has caused nitrate poisoning of cattle, smooth pigweed has caused poisoning of cattle from nitrate accumulation. Diuretic, antioxidant, astringent, jaundice, leaves used for menstrual disorders. Inflorescence infusion drunk by women to alleviate periodic pains. Decoction used as an application in ulcerated conditions of the mouth and throat, and as a wash for ulcers and sores.)

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in English: amaranth, amaranth pigweed, Chinese spinach, green amaranth, green pigweed, hybrid amaranth, pigweed, prince’s feather, red amaranth, red amaranthus, slim amaranth, smooth amaranth, smooth pigweed, spiny amaranth, spleen amaranth, spleen amaranthus, wild beet in East Africa: enyaru-olmuaate, ototo, terere in Kenya: alikra, chanya, chepkarta, chepkerta, chepkerte, cheptokdogan, chiswenya, daargo-warabe, dargo sagar, eboga, edodo, emboga, enyaru-olmuaate, enyaru-nanyokie, kiswenya, kiswenya w’oa, lidodo, liola, litoto, mchicha, nanyi, nyani, ododo, omboga, rwoga, telele-nene, terere, tsimboga, tsimboka tsia navanyolo in S. Rhodesia: bwamanga in Tanzania: mchicha, mshisha in Yoruba: efo ete, tete, tete nla, tete oyinbo, tete popo in Arabic: ru’aaf in Ecuador: ataco, sangorade in Mexico: alegría, nocuana guezetao naxiñaa, nocuana laza naxiñaa, quiltonil, quintonil, zoale in China: lü sui xian in India: dantu koora, marchha, rajgiro Amaranthus hybridus L. var. cruentus Moq. Tropical Africa. See Species Plantarum 2: 990. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1269. 1759, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 257. 1849 and La flore adventice de Montpellier 205. 1912, Darwiniana 31: 159–165. 1992 (Leaves laxative, astringent, antiseptic, for skin diseases, arthritis.) in English: purple amaranth Amaranthus polygamus L. (Amaranthus polygamus Thwaites; Amaranthus polygamus Roxb.; Amaranthus polygamus Wall.) India, Tropical Africa. (Used in Ayurveda and Unani.) in India: chavli, chiri koora, deokati, domgli-bhaji, goraji, gurugu, koordoo, pannai-k-kirai, sarvari, sirukeerai, tandulji, tanduliya, tukhm sarwali Amaranthus polygonoides L. (Amaranthus polygonoides Zoll. ex Moq.; Amaranthus polygonoides Roxb.) India. See Voy. Jamaica t. 92, fig. 2. 1707, Pl. Jamaic. Pug. 2: 27. 1759, Prodr. (DC.) 13(2): 274. 1849 (Used in Sidha.) in India: cirukirai ilai, toyil, toyyakkirai, tuyilikkirai, tuyuli

Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthus gangeticus L.; Amaranthus gangeticus Wall.; Amaranthus gangeticus var. angustior Bailey; Amaranthus mangostanus L.; Amaranthus retroflexus var. genuinus (L.) Thell. ex Probst; Amaranthus retroflexus L. var. salicifolius I.M. Johnst.; Amaranthus tricolor L.; Amaranthus tricolor var. tristis (L.) Thell.; Amaranthus tristis L.; Amaranthus tristis Willd.; Galliaria retroflexa (L.) Nieuwl.) Tropical Asia. Annual herb, ascending or erect, stout, manybranched, stem and branches angular, inflorescence an axillary globose cluster, capsule with a short beak below the stigmas, a cooked leaf vegetable tasty and nutritious, sometimes consumed raw as a salad See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Centuria I. Plantarum … 1: 32. 1755, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1268. 1759, Willdenow, Karl Ludwig (1765–1812), Historia Amaranthorum 21. Turici: impensis Ziegleri et fil., 1790, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 6896. 1832 and American Midland Naturalist 3(9): 278. 1914, Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Solothurn 6: 26. 1920, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 67: 1–51. 1954, Crawford, R.F., Kennedy, W.K., Davison, K.L. “Factors influencing the toxicity of forages that contain nitrate when fed to cattle.” Cornell Vet., 56: 3–17. 1966, Osweiler, G.D., Buck, W.B., Bicknell, E.J. “Production of perirenal edema in swine with Amaranthus retroflexus.” Am. J. Vet. Res., 30: 557–566. 1969, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 17: 251–256. 1971, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 26: 239–249. 1977, Taxon 29: 713–714. 1980, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 61–68. 1981, New Botanist 10: 17–23. 1983, Cytologia 48: 237–244. 1983, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Kromosomo 51–52: 1665–1674. 1988, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 62: 117–130. 1989, Lazaroa 11: 9–17. 1989, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 323–336. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 116–118. 1990, Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 129: 215–226. 1992, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. High toxicity, plant very toxic. This plant can cause a variety of toxic problems, including perirenal edema in pigs; can also accumulate oxalates to as much as 30% of dry weight. Redroot pigweed is capable of accumulating toxic concentrations of nitrates; less suitable for fresh consumption by humans and as fodder for animals, presence of a rather high content of hydrocyanic acid and oxalic acid. Ingestion of this plant is reported to cause photosensitivity in man, weed dermatitis, pollinosis. Plant astringent, in diarrhea, dysentery, gastrointestinal disorders; plant juice taken by women with excessive menstrual discharge. Stem and leaves as a vegetable in atrophy; used externally to treat inflammations, and internally as a diuretic, for throat and mouth infection. Root extract

Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae

of Amaranthus tricolor given to check vomiting. Magicoreligious beliefs, contact therapy, Doctrine of Signatures, antidote, for snake infection.) in English: amaranth, careless weed, Chinese amaranth, Chinese spinach, Ganges amaranth, Joseph’s coat, pigweed, prince’s feather, red leaved spinach, redroot, redroot amaranth, redroot pigweed, reflexed amaranth, rough pigweed in Brazil: bredo-vermelho, caruru-do-mato, caruru-vermelho, caruru-vermelho-de-folha-grande in China: fan zhi xian, yan lai hong in India: alpamarisa, ancan, appulaki, appulakittantu, araik-kirai, araikkirai, ariki sira, arikirai, arukirai, arukkirai, bajjisag, bari chaulai, bathu, bhadara, bishalya, bishalya karani, caleyakkirai, caleyam, caleyanam, callika, cankumutaki, cankumutakicceti, cenkirai-t-tantu, cerikkirai, chaulai, chaulai sag, chavalaayi, chengkruk tingkhang, chikka harive soppu, chikkeere soppu, chirukirai, chivika soppu, cikari, cinnamulikakkirai, cinnamulikam, ciru kirai, cirukirai, cittacantacceti, cittacantam, danta, dantina soppu, dantu, dantu koora, dantu palya, dantu soppu, dengua, doggalikoora, erra doggali koora, ganna, geerakasaale, ilantantu, jalaja, kacakitakkirai, kacakitam, kacini, kacinikkirai, kaciniyilai, kalancakacceti, kalancu, kamulu, karuvilatikam, katampam, keerake saale, kempudantu soppu, kempuharive, khari, killukkirai, kiraittantu, koyyatotakoora, koyyinkirai, kullattantukkirai, kunambu, lacursc, lal sag, lalnatiya, lalsag, marisa, mathbaji, mathbhaji, mathibaji, mattuka, mattukattuantu, meghanada, mekanada, mulaikkirai, mulaittantu, mutikkirai, naeneyakki gida, nilattantu, notey, paccaki, paccakikkirai, panyasaka, perugu thotakoora, pillaikkirai, pirati, piratikkirai, pokla, rajkiri, ramasitalika, ranmaath, rattira, rattirakkirai, rocukkirai, rocukkiraittantu, sirukoora, tamdi-bhaji, tanduliya, tanduliyaka, tantankirai, tantu, tantukirai, tantuli, tantulikkirai, thambada maath, thandukkeerai, thandukkirai, thandulajaa, thotakoora, tota kura, valukkopikam, venkiraittantu, ulukattantucceti, ulukattantu, uromacitti, urucikari, utaivalaikkirai, vatacurancacani in Japan: seiyô-ha-geitô in Lepcha: kanyim in Malaysia: bayam betul, bayam duri, bayam merah in South Africa: misbredie in Tanzania: mchicha Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthus caracasanus Kunth; Amaranthus diacanthus Raf.; Amaranthus spinosus fo. inermis Lauterb. & K. Schum.; Amaranthus spinosus var. basiscissus Thell.; Amaranthus spinosus var. circumscissus Thell.; Amaranthus spinosus var. indehiscens Thell.; Amaranthus spinosus var. purpurascens Moq.; Amaranthus spinosus var. pygmaeus Hassk.; Amaranthus spinosus var. rubricaulis Hassk.; Amaranthus spinosus var. viridicaulis Hassk.; Galliaria spinosa (L.) Nieuwl.)

231

Tropical and subtropical regions. Herb, annual, erect, stout, raceme leafless near apex, flowers solitary in the axil of a bract, male flowers green usually arranged in a terminal spike above the base of the inflorescence, sepals with spiny tips, fruit an oblong utricle with persisting styles, seeds shiny black, stiff sharp spines in the leaf axils, paired spines at bases of leaves, young leaves and shoots sometimes eaten as a vegetable, weed, forage, browsed by sheep and goats, may easily be confused with Amaranthus hybridus and Amaranthus dubius See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 195. 1817, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13: 260. 1849 and Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 305. 1900, American Midland Naturalist 3(9): 278. 1914, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 478–518. 1937, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Economic Botany 29(3): 255–263. 1975, CIS Chromosome Information Service 20: 32–33. 1976, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 64: 144. 1977, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Cytologia 47: 379–389. 1982, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 53: 342–371. 1983, Kromosomo 51–52: 1665–1674. 1988, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 62: 117–130. 1989, Darwiniana 31: 159–165. 1992, Feddes Repertorium 103: 363–373. 1992, Cytologia 62: 115–120. 1997, Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 9(2): 147–151. 2002, Arch. Pharm. Res. 27(12): 1216–1219. 2004, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 98(1–2): 67–72. 2005, Int. Immunopharmacol. 5(4): 711–722. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(2): 236–240. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. The species bears stiff spines, mechanical injury may be inflicted. Cases of poisoning in cattle have been reported. Expectorant, antimalarial, galactagogue, aeroallergen, diuretic, mild purgative, antiinflammatory, sudorific, astringent, febrifuge, antidote to snake poison, for acute bronchitis, diabetes. Shoots decoction antirheumatic. Roots diuretic, astringent, emmenagogue and antipyretic, to treat gonorrhea, diarrhea; root paste of Abroma augustum with bark of Adhatoda zeylanica, Gmelina arborea and roots of Amaranthus spinosus applied on forehead in headache; powder of dry roots smoked for hallucination; eating paste of roots can cause temporary insanity; roots decoction given as vermicide against roundworm, especially for children, also taken in urinary troubles; crushed roots juice taken for dysuria; root extract taken in early morning on empty stomach as wormcide; powdered dried roots made into paste with water used for eczema; root paste applied on snakebite or scorpion sting (Doctrine of Signatures); root paste applied on boils to remove pus; roots introduced into vagina for abortion; root pasted and administered in hot water for birth control by abortion. Leaves for stomach pain, cough, colic, menorrhagia, gonorrhea; bruised leaves applied externally in cases of eczema, burns, wounds and boil. Leaves and fruits for gastrointestinal disorders, piles,

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arthritis. Veterinary medicine, roots given to cows for dysentery; plant decoction given for delivery complaints, as a postpartum remedy; whole plant boiled and given to cow for increasing milk. Magico-religious beliefs, spiritual, seeds considered pious and used.) in English: careless weed, needle burr, pigweed, prickly amaranth, prickly careless weed, soldier weed, spinach, spiny amaranth, spiny pigweed, thorny amaranth, thorny pigweed

Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae

in Philippines: alayon, ayantoto, aynatoto, baoan, bayambang, gitin-giting, hakum, harum, harum kolitis, kalunai, kaunton, kilitis, kolitis, kuantong, kulitis, oort, orai, oray, tadtad, taikuda, tilitis, urai, uri, uray in Thailand: mang-lang-du, pa-tue, phak hom nam in Tibet: ta-ndu-la-ka in Vietnam: rau d[eef]n gai, gi[eef]n gai

in Bangladesh: katanoti

in Congo: badidia ntsende

in Brunei: bayam berduri

in Kenya: alikra, chanya, chepkarta, chepkerta, chepkerte, chepkuratian, cheptokdogan, chiswenya, daargo-warabe, dargo sagar, eboga, edodo, emboga, enyaru-olmuaate, enyaru-nanyokie, epespes, kiswenya, kiswenya-cha-miya, kiswenya-korati, kiswenya w’oa, lidodo, liola, litoto, lkamasei, lookwa, macica, mborochet, mchicha, nairepirepi, nanyi, nyani, ododo, omboga, rwoga, sikukuu, telele-nene, terere, terere wa kigombe, terere-wa-ng’ombe, tsimboga, tsimboka tsia navanyolo

in Cambodia: phti: bânla in China: chih hsien, ci xian, le xian cai in India: acchadro, achpar-ba, adak-dhatura, ahamnem, alpamarisha, bahuvirya, bhandi, bhandira, cauleyi, cemmulli, cemmullikkirai, cerucira, chaliri, chanalai, chengkruk, cholai, chorai, choulai, chuvanna mullen cheera, chuvanna mullen keera, civappumullikkirai, didau, erramullugoranta, erumaikkacikacceti, erumaikkacikam, ettamulugoranta, ga-nak, ghanasvana, giryensimbhu, goja, granthila, hati khutura, ikkiri, janum arak, kandakamarisha, kandera, kanta-choulae, kanta khari, kanta mariso, kanta notey, kanta notya, kanta-nutiya, kantabhaji, kantailichaulai, kantaki, kantamarish, kantamarisha, kantani bhaji, kantarceti, kantashak, kante-bhaji, kante ki cholai, kantewali-chawli, kantebhaji, kantelu marsu, kantemat, kantenatia, kanterimat, kantewali-chaulai, kantha gandhari, kantio chandelo, kata khutra, kataili, kataili chaulai, katailichaulai, kateli, katilichawlai, konta koda, kuppaikkirai, kuppaimulli, kuppaimullikirai, lure, meghanada, mulla-dantu, mulla thota-kura, mulladantu, mullan cheera, mullan-chira, mullanchira, mullancira, mullankirai, mullaravesoppu, mullatotakura, mullen cheera, mullen keera, mulliccivappu, mulliccivappukkirai, mullik-kirai, mullu dantu, mullu gorakoochi, mullu harive soppu, mullu keere soppu, mulludantina soppu, mulluharive soppu, mulluharivesoppu, mulluithota koora, mulluk-kirai, mullukeerai, mullukeere soppu, mullukirai, mullukkirai, mulugire soppu, mundla-tota-kura, mundlatotakoora, mundlatotakura, mutkirai, nalla-doggali, nalladoggali, neu, paniccakkirai, parucha, pathyashaka, rajgira, sphurjathu, sushaka, svanitavhaya, tandula, tandulanama, tandulasahvaya, tanduleeya, tanduleraka, tandulja, tandulibija, tanduliya, tanduliyah (= resembling broken rice grains), tanduliyak, tanduliyaka, thanduliya, valiya mullen cheera, valiya mullen keera, vanamacikakkirai, vanamacikam, vannikkirai, vannikkiraicceti, varataru, varatarukkirai, vira, yerra mullu-gorinta, zansho in Indonesia: bayam duri, bayem eri, senggang cucuk in Japan: hari-biyu (= spiny Amaranthus) in Laos: hôm hna:m in Malaysia: bayam duri, bayam hutan, bayam pasir in Nepal: ban lunde, bangaidhap, banlude, lunde

in Nigeria: ebe-egban, efo in Rodrigues Isl.: brède Malabar à piquants in South Africa: doringmisbredie, hanekam, misbredie, rooiduiwel in S. Rhodesia: iMbowa in Tanzania: buruja, buuza, bwache, bwache-katonge, chamilangíuku, kiyana kya mburu, lichamilangíuku, lifweni, kapokole, mchicha, ntungu in Yoruba: tete elegun un in Hawaii: pakai kuku in Mexico: bala chi, guie lachi, quiltonil de burro, quiltonil de pájaro Amaranthus tenuifolius Roxb. (Amaranthus tenuifolius Willd.; Amaranthus tenuifolius Wall.) India. See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 381. 1805 (Used in Ayurveda.) in India: gholichi-bhaji Amaranthus thunbergii Moq. (Amaranthus thunbergii sensu Suess. & Podl.) Central, East and Southern Africa, Namibia. Herb, erect, ascending, weed, simple or branched, stout, angular, inflorescence an axillary cluster, capsule with a short beak below the stigmas, leaves and stems contain nitrate and also oxalate, leaf vegetable eaten fresh or dried, young plants and young tender shoots picked as a vegetable, fodder for livestock, occurs in disturbed habitats, resembles Amaranthus graecizans See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 262–263. 1849

233

Amaranthus L. Amaranthaceae

(A tasty, tonic and nutritious vegetable while young. Less suitable for fresh consumption by humans and as fodder for animals, presence of a rather high content of hydrocyanic acid and oxalic acid. Herb infusion taken as blood purifier and to increase lactation.) in English: Cape pigweed, pigweed, poor man’s spinach, red devil, red pigweed, small pigweed in Lesotho: thepe in S. Rhodesia: mohwa in Southern Africa: hanekam, hondebosch, kalkoenslurp, kraanvoëlbossie, misbredie, rooiduiwel, rooimisbredie, sprinkaanbossie; imbuyu (Zulu); imbuyu (Swati); mohwa (Shona); theepe (Pedi); theepe (Sotho); uqupose (Xhosa) in Tanzania: mchicha Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer (Acnida altissima Riddell ex Moq.; Acnida altissima var. prostrata (Uline & W.L. Bray) Fernald; Acnida altissima var. subnuda (S. Watson) Fernald; Acnida cannabina var. concatenata Moq.; Acnida cannabina var. prostrata (Uline & W.L. Bray) Fernald; Acnida cannabina var. subnuda (S. Watson) Fernald; Acnida concatenata (Moq.) Small; Acnida subnuda (S. Watson) Standl.; Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Alph. Wood; Acnida tamariscina var. concatenata (Moq.) Uline & W.L. Bray; Acnida tamariscina var. prostrata Uline & W.L. Bray; Acnida tamariscina var. subnuda (S. Watson) J.M. Coult.; Acnida tamariscina var. tuberculata (Moq.) Uline & W.L. Bray; Acnida tuberculata Moq.; Acnida tuberculata var. prostrata (Uline & W.L. Bray) B.L. Rob.; Acnida tuberculata var. subnuda S. Watson; Amaranthus ambigens Standl.; Amaranthus rudis J.D. Sauer; Amaranthus tuberculatus var. prostratus (Uline & W.L. Bray) Mohlenbr.; Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis (J.D. Sauer) Costea & Tardif; Amaranthus tuberculatus var. subnudus (S. Watson) Mohlenbr.; Montelia tamariscina (Nutt.) A. Gray; Montelia tamariscina var. concatenata (Moq.) A. Gray) North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 989–991, 1027. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 277–278. 1849, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Second Edition 369–370. 1856, A Class-book of Botany 289. 1874, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States (ed. 6) 429. 1889, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5: 145. 1894, Botanical Gazette 20(4): 157–158. 1895 and Rhodora 10(110): 32. 1908, North American Flora 21(2): 106, 122. 1917, Rhodora 43(510): 288. 1941, Madroño 13(1): 18. 1955, Madroño 21(6): 428. 1972, Illustrated Flora of Illinois Pokeweeds, etc.: 135. 2001, Rhodora 105(923): 266. 2003, Heredity 94(1): 64–70. 2005, Mol. Ecol. 14(9): 2717– 28. 2005

Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthus angustifolius Lam.; Amaranthus deflexus L.; Amaranthus gracilis Desf. ex Poir.; Amaranthus gracilis Desf., nom. nud.; Amaranthus lividus L.; Amaranthus lividus var. ascendens (Loisel.) Thell.; Chenopodium caudatum Jacq.; Euxolus caudatus Moq.; Euxolus deflexus Raf.; Euxolus viridis (Linnaeus) Moquin-Tandon) Asia, cosmopolitan, tropics and subtropics. Erect or ascending annual or short-lived perennial herb, weed, slender, branched, angular, inflorescence cymes in slender axillary or mostly terminal spikes frequently paniculate, leaves and young plants eaten as a cooked vegetable, good cattle fodder and green manure, famine food, an excellent source of protein and minerals, often confused with Amaranthus deflexus and with Amaranthus blitum See Species Plantarum 1: 218–222. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 989–991. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 295. 1771, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 115. 1783, Coll. Bot. 2: 325. 1788, Tableau de l’École de Botanique 43. 1804, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1: 312. 1810, Flora Telluriana 3: 42. 1836, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 273–274. 1849 and La flore adventice de Montpellier 215. 1912, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 67: 1–51. 1954, Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 4(3): 176. 1967, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1979, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: 142–180. 1983, Cytologia 48: 237–244. 1983, Apuntes para la Flora de La Pampa 85: 340. 1984, Flora of Ecuador 28: 1–138. 1987, Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina) 6(3): 160–302, 251–291. 1987, Kromosomo 51–52: 1665–1674. 1988, Feddes Repertorium 103: 363–373. 1992, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 47(6): 455–468. 1996, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 51(2): 99–107. 1997, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 52(1): 17–30. 1998, Protein Pept. Lett. 13(9): 897–905. 2006 [A novel antiproliferative and antifungal lectin from Amaranthus viridis Linn. seeds.], Ann. Bot. (London). 98(6): 1261–1269. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Contact dermatitis. An infusion of the whole plant used to purify the blood and as a tonic. Seeds diuretic, used for kidney ailments. Pounded root applied against dysentery; chewing roots antidote in case of snakebite. Leaves and roots purgative, expectorant, a cough remedy. Leaves diuretic, sternutatory, febrifuge and purgative, used in poultices, fresh or as dried powder, to treat inflammations, boils and abscesses, gonorrhea, orchitis and hemorrhoids. Leaf sap/juice vermifuge, emollient, emmenagogue, effective against filaria, used to relieve heart troubles, for treating convulsions and epilepsy in children, as an eye wash to treat eye infections, applied as pain reliever on scorpion stings and centipede bites.) in English: African spinach, green amaranth, kerb weed, pigweed, slender amaranth, tropical green amaranth

(Contact sensitivity.)

in Rodrigues Isl.: brède Malabar, piment carri

in English: western water hemp

in South Africa: misbredie, skraal misbredie

234

Amberboa (Pers.) Less. Asteraceae

in Tanzania: mchicha

in English: sweet sultan

in Yoruba: tete ateledanji, tete atetedaye, tete gbologi, tete kekere, tete oyagade, tete pupa

in India: barhawa

in Hawaii: ‘aheahea, pakai, pakaikai, pakapakai in China: bai xian, zhou guo xian in India: ahmicha, aricheera, balacheera, ban notey, baraamasi saag, bon-note, cerucira, cheakeerae soppu, chengkruk, chilaka thota koora, chilaka-thotakoora, chilakathotakura, choulai, chulai, chuolae, dagglarive soppu, dagglisoppu, ga nak, gandira, gay ank, iruvati, iruvatikkirai, jangali chaulai, jangli chaulai, jangli-chauli, jangli chorai, kaali cheera (kaali, cattle), keere soppu, kollaikkirai, kullattantukkirai, kundruni bhaji, kuppa cheera, kuppai-kirai, kuppaikeerai, kuppaikkirai, lahanamat, levitiakoda, marsu, mullancira, niccatakkirai, niccatam, nutori, pattikeere, peyppalati, peyppalatikkirai, ran-bhaji, tanduliya, tanduliyah, tanduliyaka, tendula, vakucakkirai, vakucam, vazhacheera, vellacheera, vishaghna, zam zo, zamzo in Malaysia: bayam monyet, bayam puteh in Nepal: randhya

Amberboa (Pers.) Less. Asteraceae See Species Plantarum 2: 909–919. 1753, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 481. 1807, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 8. 1832, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologischbotanisches Handwörterbuch. 35. Ansbach 1852 and F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 55. Berlin & Hamburg 1989, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 55. Basel 1996, Taxon 50: 1201. 2001. Amberboa ramosa (Roxb.) Jofri (Carduus ramosus Roxb.; Oligochaeta ramosa (Roxb.) Wagenitz; Oligochaeta ramosa Wagenitz; Volutarella divaricata (DC.) Benth.; Volutarella divaricata Benth. & Hook.f.) India, Pakistan. Herbaceous, annual, cottony stems, purplish bottle-shaped heads, involucral bracts spiny See Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 44: 39. 1826, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): 476. 1873 and Scientist iii. 29. 1959, Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, Taxon 30: 514. 1981, J. Cytol. Genet. 24: 96–105. 1989, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 800–808. 1994, Z. Naturforsch. 59b, 579–583. 2004, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 53(1): 86–89. 2005 (Whole plant tonic, aperient, febrifuge, deobstruent, anticancer and antiviral, cytotoxic and antibacterial, slightly mucilaginous, used in coughs and as a febrifuge, also recommended for general debility; plant juice put in the nose for epilepsy. Strong to moderate inhibitory activity against tyrosinase. It is said to drive away noxious reptiles when kept in house.)

Amblyanthus A. DC. Myrsinaceae From the Greek amblys ‘blunt, obtuse’ and anthos ‘flower’. Amblyanthus glandulosus (Roxb.) A. DC. (Ardisia glandulosa Roxb.) India. Cooked as vegetable See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 3, 48. 1788, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 276. 1824, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 16: 79, 83, t. 2. 1841 (Stomachic.) in India: jia herew, nonishang manbi

Amblygonocarpus Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae, Mimosoideae) Greek amblys ‘blunt, obtuse’, gonia ‘angle’ and karpos ‘fruit’, pods with several blunt angles, see J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 345. 1841, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. II-IV [Engler & Prantl] 1: 191. 1897, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26(3–4): 255. 1899. Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Oliv.) Exell & Torre (Amblygonocarpus obtusangulus (Welw. ex Oliver) Harms; Amblygonocarpus obtusangulus (Oliv.) Harms; Amblygonocarpus obtusangulus Harms; Amblygonocarpus schweinfurthii Harms; Amblygonocarpus tetragonolobus Exell & Torre; Tetrapleura andongensis Oliv.; Tetrapleura andongensis Welw. ex Oliv.; Tetrapleura andongensis var. schweinfurthii (Harms) Aubrev.; Tetrapleura obtusangula Welw. ex Oliv.) (the species was collected by Welwitsch in Lower Guinea at Pungo Andongo) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, inflorescence an axillary raceme, white flowers, oblong woody indehiscent pod, roasted seeds eaten See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 331. 1871, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26(3–4): 255–256, in obs. 1899 and Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 29: 42. 1955 (The inner bark, roots and seeds recorded to be poisonous. Fruit tonic and stimulant, anticonvulsant, wound dressing, powdered pods to treat skin diseases, inflammation. Leaf extract for stomachache. Bark used as an antidote for snakebites; bark pounded and mixed with honey or sugar or sugarcane juice then drunk to treat poisoning; bark decoction applied to sores. Decoction of roots emetic, vermifuge, for fevers and malaria, food poisoning, colic, cough. Powdered pods used against termites. Powdered pods or crushed fruit used as a fish poison.) in English: Scotsman’s rattle

235

Ambrosia L. Asteraceae

in Central African Republic: kakele in Nigeria: kolo, tsage (Hausa); jigarehi (Fula); aridan papa (Yoruba) in Northern Nigeria: kiriya ta mata, kolo, tsege in Southern Africa: banga-wanga, bangawanga; mbaimbai (Western Transvaal, Northern Cape, Botswana) in S. Rhodesia: byembye, muKarambe in Tanzania: msekese, njirigwi in Yoruba: anidan, aridan papa in Zambia: Kapanga, mubyimbyi

Ambrosia L. Asteraceae Greek amvrosia, ambrosia (ambrosios ‘ambrosial, delicious, divine, immortal’), in Greek mythology was the food and drink of the gods, Latin ambrosia; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 987–988. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 425. 1754, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … [Cavanilles] 2(3): 78–79. 1793, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 79–80. 1849 and J. Arnold Arbor. 45(4): 401–438. 1964, Pl. Syst. Evol. 194(3–4): 252. 1995. Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. (Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville; Franseria hookeriana Nutt., nom. illeg.; Franseria montana Nutt.; Gaertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton; Gaertneria hookeriana (Nutt.) Kuntze) North America. Herb, annual See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 2(3): 78. 1793, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 309. 1833, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 345. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 4: 129. 1893, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(22): 332. 1894 and Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 17(5): 198. 1955, Arch. Dermatol. 123(4): 500–2. 1987 (Infusion of whole plant abortifacient. Ground root placed in tooth for toothache. Dermatitis, a contact dermatitis to oleoresins of Compositae plants. Ceremonial, magic.) in English: annual bur-sage, annual bursage, false ragweed, flatspine bur ragweed, flatspine burr ragweed Ambrosia ambrosioides (Cav.) W.W. Payne (Ambrosia arborescens Mill.; Franseria ambrosioides Cav.; Gaertnera ambrosiodes (Cav.) Kuntze; Gaertneria ambrosioides (Cav.) Kuntze; Xanthidium ambrosioides (Cav.) Delpino; Xanthium fruticosum L.f.) North America. Shrub or subshrub, perennial See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 5. 1768, Supplementum

Plantarum 418. 1781, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1(2): 272, t. 167. 1792, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 2(3): 78–79, pl. 200. 1793, Studi sopra un lignaggio anemofilo delle composte ossia sopra il gruppo delle Artemisiacee. 17–18. Firenze 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 410. 1964, J. Pharm. Sci. 58(2): 186–8. 1969, Taxon 28: 271–273. 1979, American Journal of Botany 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999, Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 19(2): 84–8. 2002 (Fungicidal, antihemorrhagic, cytotoxic, analgesic. Roots infusion given to a woman after parturition; decoction of crushed roots taken by women for pains and menstrual hemorrhage. Poultice of warmed leaves applied to the chest to loosen a cough. Sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: ambrosia leaf burr ragweed, canyon ragweed Ambrosia arborescens Mill. (Ambrosia arborescens Brandeg.; Ambrosia artemisioides Willd., non Ambrosia artemisioides Meyen & Walp. ex Meyen; Ambrosia frutescens Lam.; Ambrosia fruticosa Medik.; Franseria artemisioides Willd.; Franseria conwayi Rusby; Gaertneria artemisioides (Willd.) Kuntze; Xanthium artemisioides (Willd.) Delpino; Xanthium fruticosum L.f.) South America. See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 5. 1768, Historia et Commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Literarum Theodoro-Palatinae 3: 244. 1775, Supplementum Plantarum 418. 1781, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 128. 1783, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 2(3): 78. 1793, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 378. 1805, Studi Lign. Anem. Comp. Artem. 18. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 8(28): 130. 1912, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 401–438. 1964, American Journal of Botany 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999 (Local application in skin infection.) in Ecuador: altamisa Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Descourt.; Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. paniculata (Michx.) Blank.; Ambrosia elatior L.; Ambrosia elatior var. artemisiifolia (L.) Farw.; Ambrosia glandulosa Scheele; Ambrosia maritima L.; Ambrosia monophylla (Walter) Rydb.; Ambrosia paniculata Michx.; Ambrosia senegalensis DC.; Iva monophylla Walter) North America. Herb, annual, noxious weed See Species Plantarum 2: 987–989. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 232. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 183. 1803, Flore [pittoresque et] Médicale des Antilles 1: 239. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 525. 1836, Linnaea 22(2): 157–159. 1849 and Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden 18: 173. 1907, Report of

236

the Michigan academy of science, arts and letters 15: 190. 1913, North American Flora 33(1): 17. 1922, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie 25: 1–335. 1923, Kirkia 6(1): 1–62. 1967, Rhodora 77: 171–195. 1975, Taxon 25: 483– 500. 1976, Taxon 30: 515–516. 1981, Fl. Libya 107: 120. 1983, Arch. Dermatol. 123(4): 500–2. 1987, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 769–771. 1991, Pharmazie 46(6): 472. 1991, Fl. Mascareignes 109: 214. 1993, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(5): 98–101. 1996, Taxon 47: 351. 1998, J. Egypt Public Health Assoc. 73(5–6): 649– 65. 1998, Bulletin of Botanical Research 19(1): 48–51. 1999, J. Ethnopharmacol. 75(2–3): 169–74. 2001, J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 33(3): 777–94. 2003 (Potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Dermatitis, a contact dermatitis to oleoresins. Plant decoction for diarrhea with bleeding. Roots decoction taken for menstrual troubles, roots infusion taken for stroke. Leaves disinfectant, antiinflammatory, febrifuge, antidote, astringent, antidiarrheal, emetic and antiemetic; crushed leaves rubbed on insect sting; leaves infusion taken for pneumonia, swellings. Ambrosia maritima larvicidal, molluscicidal, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cytotoxic. Ambrosia elatior L., whole plant, used for regulating fertility. Ceremonial, ritual.) in English: annual bur-sage, annual ragweed, bitter-weed, common ragweed, damsissa, hogweed, low ragweed, mayweed, ragweed, roman wormwood, short ragweed, wild tansy

Ambrosia L. Asteraceae

emetic and antiemetic; crushed leaves rubbed on insect sting; leaves infusion taken for pneumonia, swellings.) in English: annual bur-sage, annual ragweed, bitter-weed, common ragweed, damsissa, hogweed, low ragweed, mayweed, ragweed, roman wormwood, short ragweed, wild tansy Ambrosia artemisioides Meyen & Walp. ex Meyen (Franseria meyeniana Sch. Bip.; Franseria recurva Rusby; Franseria tacorensis Meyen & Walp.) North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 19(suppl. 1): 268. 1843 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 8(28): 131. 1912, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 52: 1–28. 1981, J. Ethnopharmacol. 70(3): 329–333. 2000 (No sesquiterpene lactones. Gastric cytoprotection.) Ambrosia bidentata Michx. See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, Flora BorealiAmericana 2: 182. 1803 (Dermatitis.) in English: lance-leaved ragweed

in Paraguay: altamisa

Ambrosia camphorata (Greene) W.W. Payne (Franseria camphorata Greene)

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. artemisiifolia

North America.

North America. Herb, annual, noxious weed

See Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 1(4A): 192. 1886 [1885] and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45: 414. 1964

See Species Plantarum 2: 987–989. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 232. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 183. 1803, Flore [pittoresque et] Médicale des Antilles 1: 239. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 525. 1836, Linnaea 22(2): 157–159. 1849 and Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden 18: 173. 1907, Report of the Michigan academy of science, arts and letters 15: 190. 1913, North American Flora 33(1): 17. 1922, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie 25: 1–335. 1923, Kirkia 6(1): 1–62. 1967, Rhodora 77: 171–195. 1975, Taxon 25: 483– 500. 1976, Taxon 30: 515–516. 1981, Fl. Libya 107: 120. 1983, Arch. Dermatol. 123(4): 500–2. 1987, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 769–771. 1991, Pharmazie 46(6): 472. 1991, Fl. Mascareignes 109: 214. 1993, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(5): 98–101. 1996, Taxon 47: 351. 1998, J. Egypt Public Health Assoc. 73(5–6): 649– 65. 1998, Bulletin of Botanical Research 19(1): 48–51. 1999, J. Ethnopharmacol. 75(2–3): 169–74. 2001, J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 33(3): 777–94. 2003 (Potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Dermatitis, a contact dermatitis to oleoresins. Plant decoction for diarrhea with bleeding. Roots decoction taken for menstrual troubles, roots infusion taken for stroke. Leaves disinfectant, antiinflammatory, febrifuge, antidote, astringent, antidiarrheal,

(Sesquiterpene lactone, potentially allergenic.) Ambrosia canescens A. Gray (Ambrosia fruticosa var. canescens Benth.; Franseria canescens (Benth.) Rydb.) Mexico. See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 17. 1839, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 17: 217. 1882 and North American Flora 33: 27. 1922 (Potentially allergenic.) Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene (Ambrosia chamissonis var. bipinnatisecta (Less.) J.T. Howell; Franseria chamissonis Less.; Franseria chamissonis subsp. bipinnatisecta (Less.) Wiggins & Stockw.; Franseria chamissonis var. bipinnatisecta Less.; Gaertneria chamissonis (Less.) Kuntze) North America. Subshrub, herb, perennial See Linnaea 6(3): 507–508. 1831, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891, Manual of the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay … 188. 1894 and Madroño 4(4): 120. 1937, Marin Flora 363. 1969, American Journal of Botany 63: 1393–1403. 1976, Planta 215(3): 478–484. 2002

237

Ambrosia L. Asteraceae

(Used for healing and for strength. Potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 421. 1964, Taxon 28: 271–273. 1979, Contact Dermatitis. 48(4): 212–216. 2003

in English: beach-sage, silver bur ragweed, silver burr ragweed

(Contact dermatitis. Sesquiterpene lactones.)

Ambrosia cheiranthifolia A. Gray

in English: ragweed, triangle-leaf bursage

North America.

Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) W.W. Payne (Franseria dumosa A. Gray; Gaertnera dumosa (A. Gray) Kuntze; Gaertneria dumosa (A. Gray) Kuntze)

See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany 2(1): 87. 1859 (No sesquiterpene lactones.) Ambrosia chenopodiifolia (Benth.) W.W. Payne (Franseria chenopodiifolia Benth.; Gaertnera chenopodiifolia (Benth.) Abrams; Gaertneria chenopodiifolia (Benth.) Abrams) North America. See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1(2): 272, t. 167. 1792, The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 26. 1844 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6: 461. 1910, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 419. 1964 (Hay fever.)

North America. See Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 316. 1845, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 422. 1964, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 13(3): 301–315. 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88(3): 874–876. 1991, Am. J. Bot. 87(9): 1287–1299. 2000, Ecology. 88(5): 1177– 1190. 2007 (Sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: burro-weed

in English: San Diego bur-sage, San Diego burr ragweed

Ambrosia eriocentra (A. Gray) W.W. Payne (Franseria eriocentra A. Gray; Gaertneria eriocentra (A. Gray) Kuntze)

Ambrosia confertiflora DC. (Ambrosia fruticosa Medik.; Franseria confertiflora (DC.) Rydb.)

North America.

Mexico. See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 5. 1768, Historia et Commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Literarum TheodoroPalatinae 3: 244. 1775, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 526. 1836 and North American Flora 33(1): 28. 1922, Taxon 28: 271–273. 1979, American Journal of Botany 75: 652–668. 1988, Planta Med. 64(5): 454–455. 1998, Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 19(2): 84–88. 2002 (Fungicidal. Flowers chewed to cure diarrhea.) in Mexico: hierba amarga Ambrosia cordifolia (A. Gray) W.W. Payne (Franseria cordifolia A. Gray; Gaertnera cordifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze; Gaertneria cordifolia (A. Gray) Kuntze) North America. See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1(2): 272, t. 167. 1792, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 445. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 421. 1964

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 7(2): 355. 1868, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 423. 1964 (No sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: woolly bur-sage Ambrosia grayi (A. Nelson) Shinners (Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt.; Franseria grayi (A. Nelson) A. Nelson; Franseria tomentosa A. Gray; Gaertneria grayi A. Nelson; Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze; Gaertneria tomentosa (Nutt.) A. Nelson, nom. illeg., non Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze) North America. See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 186. 1818, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 80. 1849, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Botanical Gazette 34(1): 34–35. 1902, New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains 542. 1909, Field & Laboratory 17(4): 174. 1949 (No sesquiterpene lactones.)

(Sesquiterpene lactones.)

Ambrosia hispida Pursh

Ambrosia deltoidea (Torr.) W.W. Payne (Franseria deltoidea Torr.; Gaertnera deltoidea (Torr.) Kuntze; Gaertneria deltoidea (Torr.) Kuntze)

North America.

North America. See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 6(2): 15. 1853, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Journal of

See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 743. 1814 [1813], Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 250. 1884 and Ann. Allergy. 67(1): 37–46. 1991, Quinlan M.B., “Ethnophysiology and herbal treatments of intestinal worms in Dominica, West Indies.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 80(1): 75–83. 2002

238

(To relieve fever, stomachache, pain, flu, menstrual pain. Commonly used to treat intestinal worms, provide efficacious treatments for controlling intestinal parasite loads. Sesquiterpene lactones. Significant allergenic plant.) Ambrosia linearis (Rydb.) W.W. Payne (Franseria linearis (Rydb.) Rydb.; Gaertneria linearis Rydb.) North America. See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(3): 133–134. 1905, North American Flora 33(1): 27. 1922, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45(4): 425. 1964 (No sesquiterpene lactones.) Ambrosia peruviana Willd. (Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth; Ambrosia elatior L.; Ambrosia orobanchifera Meyen; Ambrosia paniculata Michx. var. cumanensis (Kunth) O.E. Schulz; Ambrosia paniculata var. peruviana (Willd.) O.E. Schulz) South America, Peru. Herb

Ambrosia L. Asteraceae

Immunol. 84(2): 263–271. 1989, J. Immunol. 152(6): 2882– 2889. 1994, J. Ethnopharmacol. 95(2–3): 221–227. 2004 (Dermatitis. Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antihemorrhagic, laxative, cytotoxic; leaves infusion for stomachache; leaves and stems infusion taken for bowel pains and bloody stools, for colds, constipation; heated leaves poultice applied to aching joints, sore eyes. Sesquiterpene lactones. Cumanin shows a potent inhibitory effect in NO (nitric oxide) production with low cytotoxicity. Veterinary medicine, plant decoction a wash for sores on horses.) Common names: cuman ragweed, perennial ragweed, western ragweed Ambrosia pumila (Nutt.) A. Gray (Franseria pumila Nutt.) North America. See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 344–345. 1840, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 17: 217. 1882

See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, Flora BorealiAmericana 2: 183. 1803, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 377. 1805, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 216–217. 1820 [1818], also quarto ed. 4: 276. 1820 and Symbolae Antillarum 71(1): 86–87. 1911, Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Taxon 47: 351. 1998, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82(4): 596–602. 1995, Flora of Chiapas 5: 1–232. 1999, Brittonia 52: 118–119. 2000

(Sesquiterpene lactones.)

(Antibacterial, antiviral, antiemetic, a remedy for nausea. Crushed leaves mixed with chicken fat and water, this cool mixture rubbed on the body to reduce fever. Sesquiterpene lactones. Herb teas for yellow fever, constipation; herb juice for pleurisy. Root or herb infusion for colds, flu, fever, in postpartum. Ambrosia elatior L., whole plant, used for regulating fertility.)

USA, California.

in English: annual ragweed, cuman ragweed, ragweed

(Stem or herbage infusion used to relieve pain in the lungs and trachea, and to reduce swellings.)

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Ambrosia californica Rydb.; Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray; Ambrosia cumanensis auct. non Kunth; Ambrosia lindheimeriana Scheele; Ambrosia psilostachya var. californica (Rydb.) S.F. Blake; Ambrosia psilostachya var. coronopifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Farw.; Ambrosia psilostachya var. lindheimeriana (Scheele) Blank.; Ambrosia rugelii Rydb.)

in English: San Diego ambrosia Ambrosia salsola (Torr. & A. Gray) Strother & B.G. Baldwin (Hymenoclea salsola Torr. & A. Gray) (Hymenoclea Torrey & A. Gray, membrane enclosed, from the Greek hymen ‘a membrane’ and kleis ‘lock, key’, kleio ‘to close, confine’, referring to the bur.)

See Emory, William Hemsley (1811–1887), Notes of a military reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California: including part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. Washington, 1848, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 79. 1849 and Madroño 49(3): 143. 2002

in English: cheeseweed, winged ragweed in California: burrobrush Ambrosia scabra Hook. & Arn. Latin America.

North America. Perennial or annual herb

See Parasitol. Res. 98(4): 370–374. 2006

See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 216– 217. 1820 [1818], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 526. 1836, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(2): 291. 1842, Linnaea 22: 156. 1849 and Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden 18: 173. 1907, North American Flora 33(1): 19–20. 1922, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 25: 581. 1925, Phytochemistry 11(2): 715–723. 1972, Rhodora 77: 171–195. 1975, Systematic Botany 1: 363–372. 1976, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 84(2): 116–122. 1987, J. Allergy Clin.

(Against intermittent fevers and worms. Trypanocidal.) Vernacular names: ajenjo del campo, altamisa, artemisa Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. North America. Herb, annual, stalks and roots eaten See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 851. 1826 and American Journal of Botany 66: 173–178. 1979, Darwiniana 27: 169–178. 1986, Parasitol. Res. 98(4): 370– 374. 2006

239

Amburana Schwacke & Taubert Fabaceae (Sophoreae)

(Stimulant, vermifugue, trypanocidal, antineuralgic, for gastrointestinal pains, to facilitate delivery of the placenta after childbirth, against intermittent fevers and worms. Sesquiterpene lactones.) Vernacular names: artemisia, saltamisa

ajenjo

del

campo,

altamisa,

in English: lacy ambrosia, slimleaf bur ragweed, slimleaf burr ragweed Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. (Franseria discolor Nutt.; Franseria tomentosa (Nutt.) A. Nelson, nom. illeg., non Franseria tomentosa A. Gray; Gaertneria discolor (Nutt.) Kuntze; Gaertneria tomentosa (Nutt.) A. Nelson, nom. illeg., non Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray) Kuntze; Xanthidium discolor (Nutt.) Delpino) North America. See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 186. 1818, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 345. 1840, Studi Lign. Anem. Comp. Artem. 17. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 339. 1891 and Botanical Gazette 34(1): 34. 1902, New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains 542. 1909 (No sesquiterpene lactones.) Ambrosia trifida L. (Ambrosia aptera DC.; Ambrosia integrifolia Muhl. ex Willd.; Ambrosia trifida DC.; Ambrosia trifida fo. integrifolia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Fernald; Ambrosia trifida var. integrifolia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray; Ambrosia trifida var. texana Scheele; Ambrosia trifida var. trifida) North America. Herb, subshrub, annual See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(1): 375. 1805, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 527. 1836, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(2): 290. 1842, Linnaea 22(2): 156. 1849 and Rhodora 40(477): 347–348. 1938, Taxon 30: 515–516. 1981, Taxon 31: 575, 583–587. 1982, Arch. Dermatol. Res. 277(1): 28–35. 1985 [The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. VI.], Arch. Dermatol. 123(4): 500–2. 1987, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 84(3): 353–8. 1989, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 26(3): 225–368. 1991, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 8–9. 1995, J. Immunol. 161(4): 2032–7. 1998, Moerman, Daniel E. Native American ethnobotany. 66–67. 1998, Bulletin of Botanical Research 19(1): 48–51. 1999 (Dermatitis and hay fever, a contact dermatitis. Leaves astringent, emetic, disinfectant, febrifuge, antidiarrheal; decoction of plants taken for diarrhea with bleeding; crushed leaves rubbed on insect sting, leaves infusion for fever, pneumonia. Ceremonial medicine, root chewed to drive away fear at night.) in English: bitter-weed, buffalo-weed, crown-weed, giant ragweed, great ragweed, high ragweed, horse-weed, king’shead, tall ambrosia, tall ragweed, wild hemp

Ambrosia trifida L. var. trifida (Ambrosia trifida L. var. integrifolia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray) North America. Herb, subshrub, annual See Species Plantarum 2: 987–988. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(1): 375. 1805, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 527. 1836, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(2): 290. 1842, Linnaea 22(2): 156. 1849 and Rhodora 40(477): 347–348. 1938, Taxon 30: 515–516. 1981, Taxon 31: 575, 583–587. 1982, Arch. Dermatol. Res. 277(1): 28–35. 1985 [The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. VI.], Arch. Dermatol. 123(4): 500–2. 1987, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 84(3): 353–8. 1989, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 26(3): 225–368. 1991, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 8–9. 1995, J. Immunol. 161(4): 2032–7. 1998, Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. 66–67. 1998, Bulletin of Botanical Research 19(1): 48–51. 1999 (Dermatitis and hay fever, a contact dermatitis. Leaves astringent, emetic, disinfectant, febrifuge, antidiarrheal; decoction of plants taken for diarrhea with bleeding; crushed leaves rubbed on insect sting, leaves infusion for fever, pneumonia. Ceremonial medicine, root chewed to drive away fear at night.) in English: bitter-weed, buffalo-weed, crown-weed, giant ragweed, great ragweed, high ragweed, horse-weed, king’shead, tall ambrosia, tall ragweed, wild hemp

Amburana Schwacke & Taubert Fabaceae (Sophoreae) The name of the timber, amburana, imburana or umburana, in Tropical S. America, see Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 3(3): 387. 1894 and Tropical Woods 62: 28–31. 1940, Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 91–102. 1958. Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith (Amburana acreana (Ducke) A.C. Sm.; Amburana cearensis Fr. All.; Amburana claudii Schwacke & Taub.; Torresea acreana Ducke; Torresea cearensis Allemão; Torresea cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith) Peruvian Amazon, Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree, erect, multiple-trunked, reddish bark papery, bluish green membranaceous leaflets, flowers highly perfumed, corolla pinkish orange, single petal white tinged pink, stamens cream, ovary red, cut wood with a sweet perfumed scent, in primary forest See Trab. Comm. Sc. Expl. Ceara Secc. Bot. 2: 17. 1862 and Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 1: 205. 1935, Trop. Woods 43:19–20. 1935, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(3/1): 243. 1943, Phytomedicine 4: 221–227. 1997, Phytochemistry 50(1): 71–74. 1999, Pharmaceutical Biology 41(4): 308–314. 2003, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. C, Journal of Biosciences 58(9–10): 675–680. 2003, Phytotherapy Research 17(4): 335–340.

240

Amelanchier Medikus Rosaceae

2003, Life Sciences 79(1): 98–104. 2006, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 104(3): 198–205. 2009

North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, fruit used for food, berries eaten by bears and grouse

(Antinociceptive, antimalarial and antiprotozoal, antiinflammatory, bronchodilator, antiproliferative, antimitotic, antioxidant and antitumor, anticarcinogenic, smooth muscle relaxant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, trunk bark and seeds for rheumatism, fevers, asthma and respiratory tract diseases.)

See The Genera of North American Plants 1: 306. 1818, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7(1): 22. 1834, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 3: 147. 1847 and A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 473. 1940, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 122(5–6): 249. 1975, Phytochemistry (Oxf.), 17: 803. 1978, J. Range Manage., 33: 197–199. 1980, Can. Vet. J., 21: 74–76. 1980, Majak, W., McDiarmid, R.E., Hall, J.W. “The cyanide potential of Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana).” Can. J. Anim. Sci., 61: 681–686. 1981, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 35. 1991

in South America: cerejeira, cumare, cumaru, cumaru de cheiro, imbarana de cheiro, imburana de cheiro, imburana do cheiro, ishpingo, palo trebol, robe del pais, roble, roble americano, tornillo, tsaik, umburana, umburana de cheira, umburana do cheiro, vilcatable

Amelanchier Medikus Rosaceae The old French common name, see Philosophische Botanik 1: 140, 155. 1789. Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. (Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt.; Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., nom. inval.; Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia; Amelanchier canadensis var. alnifolia (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray; Amelanchier sanguinea var. alnifolia (Nutt.) P. Landry; Aronia alnifolia Nutt.) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, fruit used for food, berries eaten by bears and grouse See The Genera of North American Plants 1: 306. 1818, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7(1): 22. 1834, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 3: 147. 1847 and A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 473. 1940, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 122(5–6): 249. 1975, Phytochemistry (Oxf.), 17: 803. 1978, J. Range Manage., 33: 197–199. 1980, Can. Vet. J., 21: 74–76. 1980, Majak, W., McDiarmid, R.E., Hall, J.W. “The cyanide potential of Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana).” Can. J. Anim. Sci., 61: 681–686. 1981, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 35. 1991 (Cathartic, purgative, mild laxative, febrifuge, contraceptive, tonic. Bark decoction for stomachache. Branches decoction taken for colds. Berry juice decoction used for eardrops, stomachache. Roots decoction for cough, chest pains and lung infections. The shrub has a hydrogen cyanide (prunasin) potential high enough to kill cattle and mule deer. Ceremonial, magic, ritual. Veterinary medicine, wood used for lame horses.) in North America: gray wood, haz-shutsh, June berry, red fruit, Saskatoon, Saskatoon serviceberry, serviceberry, western serviceberry, wipazuka Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. alnifolia

(Cathartic, purgative, mild laxative, febrifuge, contraceptive, tonic. Bark decoction for stomachache. Branches decoction taken for colds. Berry juice decoction used for eardrops, stomachache. Roots decoction for cough, chest pains and lung infections. The shrub has a hydrogen cyanide (prunasin) potential high enough to kill cattle and mule deer. Ceremonial, magic, ritual. Veterinary medicine, wood used for lame horses.) in North America: gray wood, haz-shutsh, June berry, red fruit, Saskatoon, Saskatoon serviceberry, serviceberry, western serviceberry, wipazuka Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L. Hitchc. (Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. subsp. florida (Lindl.) Hultén; Amelanchier florida Lindl.; Amelanchier ovalis var. semiintegrifolia Hook.; Amelanchier oxyodon Koehne) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, berries for food See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(4): 202. 1832 and Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 3: 94. 1961 (Decoction taken for gonorrhea.) in English: Pacific serviceberry, Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier arborea (F. Michx.) Fernald (Amelanchier arborea var. arborea; Amelanchier canadensis Wiegand. non (L.) Medik.; Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) M. Roem.; Mespilus arborea F. Michx.) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, berries used for food See Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l’Amérique Septentrionale 3(1): 68–70, pl. 11. 1812 and Rhodora 43(515): 563. 1941 (Tonic, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, astringent, taken for worms, gonorrhea, diarrhea, postpartum remedy.) in English: common serviceberry, downy serviceberry Amelanchier arborea (F. Michx.) Fernald var. arborea (Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) M. Roem.)

241

Amelanchier Medikus Rosaceae

North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, berries used for food

Schneid.; Amelanchier subintegra Greene; Amelanchier utahensis Koehne)

See Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l’Amérique Septentrionale 3(1): 68–70, pl. 11. 1812 and Rhodora 43(515): 563. 1941

North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, fruit used for food

(Tonic, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, astringent, taken for worms, gonorrhea, diarrhea, postpartum remedy.) in English: common serviceberry, downy serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. (Amelanchier canadensis var. subintegra Fernald; Amelanchier lucida Fernald; Amelanchier oblongifolia Roem.; Mespilus canadensis L.) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial (Anthelmintic, astringent, disinfectant, roots decoction taken for dysentery, women’s complaints, to prevent miscarriage.) in English: Canadian serviceberry, downy serviceberry, eastern serviceberry, shadbush Amelanchier humilis Wiegand (Amelanchier humilis Wiegand var. campestris E.L. Nielsen; Amelanchier humilis Wiegand var. compacta E.L. Nielsen; Amelanchier humilis Wiegand var. exserrata E.L. Nielsen; Amelanchier mucronata E.L. Nielsen; Amelanchier stolonifera auct. non Wiegand. p.p.) North America. Shrub, perennial, juicy fruit used for food See Rhodora 14(163): 141–143, pl. 95, f. 2A-G. 1912 (Root tonic.) in English: low serviceberry Amelanchier laevis Wiegand (Amelanchier arborea subsp. laevis (Wiegand) S.M. McKay ex P. Landry; Amelanchier arborea var. cordifolia (Ashe) B. Boivin; Amelanchier arborea var. laevis (Wiegand) H.E. Ahles; Amelanchier laevis var. nitida (Wiegand) Fernald; Amelanchier × grandiflora Rehder) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, fruit used for food See Rhodora 14(163): 154–158, pl. 96, f. 7A-G. 1912, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 80(2): 172. 1964, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 122(5–6): 247. 1975 (Infusion of bark taken by pregnant women.) in English: Allegheny serviceberry, smooth serviceberry Amelanchier pallida Greene (Amelanchier alnifolia subsp. pallida (Greene) A.E. Murray; Amelanchier alnifolia subsp. siskiyouensis (C.K. Schneid.) A.E. Murray; Amelanchier alnifolia subsp. subintegra (Greene) A.E. Murray; Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. pallida (Greene) Jeps.; Amelanchier florida Lindl. var. gracilis (A. Heller) M. Peck; Amelanchier gracilis A. Heller; Amelanchier oreophila A. Nelson; Amelanchier siskiyouensis C.K.

See Flora Franciscana 1: 53. 1891 and Pittonia 5: 109. 1903, Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 735. 1906, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 509–510. 1925, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982 (Decoction of boiled complaints. Ceremonial.)

roots

taken

for

women’s

in English: pale serviceberry, pallid service berry, Utah service-berry, sarvis, Western service berry, Western serviceberry Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand (Amelanchier canadensis var. stolonifera (Wiegand) P. Landry; Amelanchier spicata auct. non (Lam.) K. Koch p.p.) North America. Shrub, perennial, juicy fruit used for food See Rhodora 14(163): 144–147, pl. 95, f. 4A-G. 1912, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 122(5–6): 248. 1975, Rhodora 80: 483–493. 1980, American Journal of Botany 74: 321–328. 1987 (Root bark used as a tonic.) in English: juneberry, serviceberry, serviceberry

Quebec

berry,

running

Amelanchier utahensis Koehne North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, juicy fruit used for food See Die Gattungen der Pomaceen 25, pl. 2, f. 20c. 1890, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 679. 1895 (Used during labor and delivery. Ceremonial, magic, ritual, leaves emetic.) in English: Utah serviceberry Amelanchier utahensis Koehne var. utahensis (Amelanchier alnifolia var. oreophila (A. Nelson) R.J. Davis; Amelanchier alnifolia var. utahensis (Koehne) M.E. Jones; Amelanchier australis Standl.; Amelanchier bakeri Greene; Amelanchier goldmanii Woot. & Standl.; Amelanchier mormonica C.K. Schneid.; Amelanchier oreophila A. Nelson; Amelanchier utahensis var. utahensis) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial, juicy fruit used for food See Die Gattungen der Pomaceen 25, pl. 2, f. 20c. 1890, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 679. 1895 (Used during labor and delivery. Ceremonial, magic, ritual, leaves emetic.) in English: Utah serviceberry

242

Amentotaxus Pilger Taxaceae (Amentotaxaceae, Cephalotaxaceae)

Amentotaxus Pilger Taxaceae (Amentotaxaceae, Cephalotaxaceae) Latin amentum ‘a strap, thong, catkin’ plus Taxus, see Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54(1): 41. 1916 Amentotaxus assamica D.K. Ferguson (Amentotaxus yunnanensis H.L. Li var. assamica (Ferguson) Silba) India, Himalaya. See Kew Bulletin 40(1): 115. 1985, Phytologia 68(1): 25. 1990 (Tonic.) Amentotaxus formosana H.L. Li (Amentotaxus yunnanensis H.L. Li var. formosana (H.L. Li) Silba) China, Taiwan. Tree, aril reddish yellow, seed reddish purple, listed as the most endangered plants in the world See J. Bot. 21: 357. 1883 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 41. 1916, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 33(2): 195–197. 1952, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22: 492. 1984, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1: 299– 302. 1990, Phytologia 68(1): 25. 1990, Planta medica 71(4): 344–348. 2005 (Heartwoods and barks antiinflammatory.) in China: tai wan sui hua shan Amentotaxus yunnanensis H.L. Li (Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger var. yunnanensis (H.L. Li) P.C. Keng) China. Tree, ovate crown, aril reddish purple See J. Arnold Arbor. 33(2): 197–198. 1952, Rep. 1957 Anniv. Nanjing Univ. (2) 7: 451. 1957, Journal of Natural Products 66(7): 1002–1005. 2003 (Biflavonoid sotetsuflavone, amentoflavone biflavonoid, sequoiaflavone, sequoyitol.) in China: yun nan sui hua shan

in English: skyblue amethystea in China: shui ji zhen

Amianthium A. Gray Melanthiaceae (Liliaceae) Latin amiantus, Greek amiantos (unspotted, pure) ‘the amianth’, see Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 4: 121. 1837. Amianthium is frequently included in a broadly circumscribed Zigadenus. Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) A. Gray (Amianthium macrotox Raf.; Amianthium muscaetoxicum (Walter) A. Gray; Amianthium muscaetoxicum A. Gray; Anthericum subtrigynum Jacq.; Chrosperma laetum (Sol.) Raf.; Chrosperma muscitoxicum (Walter) Kuntze; Chrysosperma muscatoxicum (Walter) Kuntze; Crosperma laeta (Sol.) Raf.; Crosperma phalangioides (Desr.) Raf.; Endocles laetum (Sol.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Helonias erythrosperma Michx.; Helonias laeta (Sol.) Ker Gawl.; Leimanthium laetum (Sol.) Willd.; Leimanthium pallidum Willd.; Melanthium laetum Sol.; Melanthium muscitoxicum Walter; Melanthium myoctonum J.F. Gmel.; Melanthium phalangioides Desr.; Zigadenus muscitoxicus (Walter) Regel; Zygadenus muscitoxicum Regel) North America. Herbaceous, perennial, grass-like basal leaves, leafy bracts on the stem, flowers white turning greenish then dark purple See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 125. 1788, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 4: 121–122. 1837, Synopsis Plantarum 4: 180. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 708. 1891 and Ann. Carnegie Mus. 55: 481–504. 1986 (Poison, all parts of the plant are considered poisonous with the bulb being especially toxic. Highly toxic alkaloids found in roots and leaves have caused deaths in cattle and sheep. Used for itch. Root extracts, with sugar or honey, used as an insecticide to kill flies.)

in Vietnam: sam bông, thông tre vân nam

in English: crow-poison, fly-poison, St. Elmo’s-feather, staggergrass

Amethystea L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Amischotolype Hassk. Commelinaceae

Greek amethystos, a kind of herb of vine, referring to the color of the flowers, violet-blue; Greek amethystos ‘not drunken’, a ‘negative’ and methyo, methyein ‘drunken’.

Greek amischos ‘without stalk’ and tolype ‘a ball of wool, lump’, referring to the inflorescence, see Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des plantes 8: 177. 1804, Flora 46: 391. 1863.

Amethystea caerulea L. (Amethystea corymbosa Pers.; Amethystea trifida Hill; Lycopus amethystinus Steven) See Species Plantarum 1: 21. 1753, Veg. Syst. 17: 44. 1770, Syn. Pl. 1: 24. 1805, Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 341. 1814 and Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 195–200. 1986, Regnum Veg. 127: 17. 1993, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 80(3): 85–88. 1995

Amischotolype gracilis (Ridl.) I.M. Turner (Forrestia gracilis Ridl.) (Forrestia A. Rich., named for the English traveller and midshipman Thomas Forrest, c. 1729–c. 1802, a seaman of the East India Company, plant and nutmegs collector in Malay Archipelago; see M.P. Nayar, Meaning of Indian Flowering Plant Names. 145–146. Dehra Dun 1985, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 255. London 1994.)

(Used medicinally for perspiration.)

Malaya.

S. Siberia to Japan.

243

Ammannia L. Lythraceae

See J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41: 37. 1904, Gard. Bull. Singapore 45: 53. 1993 (Plant decoction for pains in the body. Roots for rheumatism.) Malay names: setawa betina, tebu kera Amischotolype hookeri (Hassk.) H. Hara (Forrestia hookeri Hassk.) India, Himalaya. Shrub, petiolate oblanceolate leaves, minute flowers in heads, beaked capsules See Flora 47: 629. 1864, FBI 6: 384. 1892 and Flora of Eastern Himalaya [H. Hara] 1: 399. 1966, Curr. Sci. 49: 151–152. 1980 (Roots paste applied on cuts.) in China: jian guo chuan qiao hua in India: chagukadua-khuan, chaha-lubaur, chaha-lubuar, chahalubor Amischotolype mollissima (Blume) Hassk. (Amischotolype glabrata (Hassk.) Hassk.; Amischotolype marginata (Blume) Hassk.; Amischotolype mollissima Hassk.; Amischotolype mollissima var. glabrata (Hassk.) R.S. Rao; Amischotolype mollissima var. marginata (Blume) R.S. Rao; Campelia glabrata Hassk., nom. illeg.; Campelia marginata Blume; Campelia mollissima Blume; Forrestia distans Ridl.; Forrestia glabrata (Hassk.) Hassk.; Forrestia marginata (Blume) Hassk.; Forrestia mollis Hassk.; Forrestia mollissima (Blume) Koord.; Forrestia rostrata Hassk.; Pollia purpurea C.B. Clarke; Tradescantia marginata (Blume) Bouché) Himalaya, Malesia. Herb, thick stem, hairy leaves, flowers in panicles

auriculata var. subsessilis (Willd.) Boiss.; Ammannia baccifera Roth; Ammannia baccifera Pollini; Ammannia baccifera subfo. contracta Koehne; Ammannia baccifera subsp. baccifera; Ammannia baccifera subsp. viridis (Willd. ex Hornem.) Koehne; Ammannia discolor Nakai; Ammannia indica Druce; Ammannia indica Lam.; Ammannia vescicatoria Roxburgh; Ammannia vesicatoria Roxb.; Ammannia viridis Willd. ex Hornem.; Ammannia wormskioldii Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Ammannia wormskioldii var. alata Koehne) Paleotropics. Herb, very variable, dwarf weed, emits a strong muriatic odor, weedy, erect, branched, slender, small greenish or purplish flowers borne in dense clusters in leaf axils, globular capsule, reddish black seeds, in rice fields, edges of pool, wet places, marshy sites See Species Plantarum 1: 119–120. 1753, Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich, eds.) 1: 447 (–448). 1820, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1(3): 253, 254. 1880 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 1916, 603. 1917, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1921, xxxv. 133. 1921, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 405. 1985, African Journal of Biomedical Research 10: 175–181. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant for skin disorders; plant juice given internally in cases of spleen enlargement. Leaves irritant, caustic, rubefacient, poisonous, vesicant and acrid, expectorant, used for rheumatism, arthritis, fever, to raise blisters, herpetic eruptions, external remedy for ringworm and parasitic skin affection; leaves paste applied for the treatment of edema and skin diseases, abscesses, ulcers, eczema. Antibacterial, fresh leaves applied as a rubefacient in skin diseases. Root decoction antiurolithic, to treat urinary stone and difficulty in urination; root paste for pregnant women to enhance lactation.)

See Medical Repository, ser. 2, 3: 422. 1806, Verh. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1: 392. 1819, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 7. 1827, Sert. Astrol. 1. t. 1. 1834, Flora 46: 391–392. 1863, Flora 47: 628, 630–631. 1864 and Maharashtra Vidnyan Mandir Patrika 6(2): 53. 1971

in English: acrid weed, blistering ammannia, monarch redstem, tooth cup

(Root decoction in rheumatism. Plant juice used as poison on tips of arrows for hunting.)

in India: aginbuti, aginendramu, agni garba, agni garva, agni vendrapaku, agnigarba, agnigarbha, agnigarva, agnivadrahaku, agnivaendrapaaku, agnivednapaku, agniven-dra-paku, agnivendapaku, agnivendra-paku, agnivendrapaaku, agyo, ban mirich, banmarach, banmarich, bharajambhula, bhura jambol, brahmasoma, cemaciya, cilapetam, cirukalluruvi, dadamari, dadarbootie, dadmari, dadmaria, davagni, dopatti-ki-kanduri, ilavankappacitacceti, ilavankappacitam, jal agio, jal bhangro, jal-bhangro, jalagio, jangli mendi, janglimehndie, jungli mehendi, kaadugida, kal-l-uruvi, kallarivi, kallarvanchi, kallukkoti, kalluppaikkatti, kallur vanchi, kalluri, kalluricceti, kalluriva, kallurive, kallurivi, kalluruvi, kalluruvikkoti, kalluruvipoondu, kallurvi, kamagida, kshetrabhusha, kshetravashini, kurand ghas, kuranda, kurandika, kuranta, kuranti, lal babusi, lalagio, lalbabusi, mahasyama, malaimurikacceti, malaimurikam, mehudi, neermalneruppu, neermelneruppu, nirmel neruppu,

Ammannia L. Lythraceae Dedicated to the German physician Paul Ammann, 1634– 1691, botanist and professor at Leipzig, his works include Character Plantarum Naturalis Lipsiae 1676, Suppellex Botanica Lipsiae 1675 and Hortus Bosianus Lipsiae 1686. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 119–120. 1753 and Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 55. 1754, Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae 86. 1834 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 51. 1965, J. Arnold Arbor. 66(4): 395– 420. 1985. Ammannia baccifera L. (Ammannia aegyptiaca Willd.; Ammannia aegyptiaca Kotschy ex Koehne; Ammannia

in Nigeria: tamfa in Senegal: vakeń

244

Ammi L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

nirmelneruppu, nirneruppu, nirumel-neruppu, nirumelneruppu, nirummelneruppu, pakuputtipati, pasanabheda, pasanapetam, pasanapeti, sukaranda, tavakkini, tipputu, utukuntaku, vikata, vrddhadarukah in Nepal: ambar in Philippines: apoi-apoian, bias pugo, parapit anggit Ammannia multiflora Roxb. (Ammannia australasica F. Mueller; Ammannia japonica Miquel; Ammannia multiflora var. parviflora (DC.) Koehne; Ammannia parviflora DC.; Suffrenia dichotoma Miquel) Tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia and Australia. Herb, short ascending branches, floral tube campanulate, pink to whitish flowers in dense axillary cymes, cattle fodder, along watercourses, wet places, rice fields See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 447. 1820, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 78. 1828, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 248. 1880 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74(2): 195–204. 2001 (Antiplasmodial, used to treat fever and malaria.) in Australia: jerry-jerry in China: duo hua shui xian cai in Japan: hime-miso-hagi, himemisohagi Ammannia peploides Spreng. India. See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 1: 444. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824] (Fever in children, contact therapy, whole plant hung around the neck.) in India: jugiba Ammannia senegalensis Lam. (Ammannia filiformis DC.; Ammannia floribunda Guill. & Perr.; Ammannia salsuginosa Guill. & Perr.; Ammannia senegalensis Hiern; Ammannia senegalensis DC.; Ammannia senegalensis forma filiformis (DC.) Hiern) Tropical Africa. Herb, erect, decumbent, fodder, marshy places, often confused with Ammannia baccifera See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique… Botanique 1: 312, no. 155, t. 77, f. 2. 1791, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 77. 1828, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 255. 1880 and J. Palynol. 16: 85–105. 1980 (Urticant plant, used as a blistering agent.) in English: cognac red ammannia in Senegal: vakeń

plant,

copper

leaf

ammannia,

Ammi L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Ammi and ammion, ancient names for an umbrelliferous plant, possibly from the Greek ammos ‘sand’; Latin ammi (ami) and ammium (amium), ii; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 243. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 113. 1754. Ammi majus Linnaeus (Ammi majus Walter; Apium ammi Crantz; Carum majus (L.) Koso-Pol.; Discopleura major Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Selinum ammoides Krause) C. Europe to W. Asia and N. Africa. Herb, inflorescence a compound umbel See Sp. Pl. 1: 243, 263. 1753, Fl. Carol. [Walter] 113. 1788 [Apr–Jun 1788], Prelim. Cat. 22. 1888 and Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou n.s. 29: 198. 1915 [1916], Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 48: 171– 186. 1974, Lagascalia 6: 23–32. 1976, American Journal of Botany 63(5): 608–625. 1976, Current Science 46: 751–752. 1977, Lagascalia 7: 163–172. 1978, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 52: 69–77. 1978, Taxon 29: 543. 1980, Cytologia 45: 389–402. 1980, Fl. Libya 117: 87. 1985, Plant Systematics and Evolution 154: 11–30. 1986, Flora Mediterranea 8: 221–245. 1998, Lagascalia 15: 288– 295. 1990 (Skin contact with the sap is said to cause photosensitivity and/or dermatitis in some people; allergic rhinitis and contact urticaria due to exposure to the fruits. Seeds contraceptive, diuretic, tonic, emmenagogue, molluscicidal, antibacterial, fungicidal, used for asthma, menstruation, angina, leprosy, kidney stones and urinary tract infections; dried ripe fruits (or seeds) for skin diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo; root or seeds chewed to give protection from strong sunlight.) in English: bishop’s flower, bishop’s weed, bullwort, crow’s foot, devil’s carrot, false Queen Anne’s lace, greater ammi, herb william, honey plant, lace flower, large bullwort, mayweed, Queen Anne’s lace, toothpick ammi in Arabic: hirz al-shayateen, khella shaitani, khellah shitany, khilla shitani, killa, killa sheitani in China: da a mi qin Ammi visnaga (L.) Lamarck (Apium visnaga Crantz; Apium visnaga (L.) Crantz; Carum visnaga Koso-Pol.; Carum visnaga (L.) Koso-Pol.; Daucus visnaga Linnaeus; Selinum visnaga Krause; Selinum visnaga (L.) Krause; Sium visnaga Stokes; Visnaga daucoides Gaertn.) Mediterranean. Herb, glabrous, erect, highly branched, small numerous white flowers borne in compact compound umbels See Sp. Pl. 1: 242–243, 263–265. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Class. Umbell. 104. 1767, Fl. Franç. 3: 462. 1779 [1778 publ. after 21 Mar 1779], Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches

245

Ammodaucus Cosson & Durieu Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Handwörterbuch. 107, 925. Ansbach 1852 and Fl. Deutsch. ed. 2 12: 44. 1904, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 29: 198. 1916, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5A/1): 3–97. 1962, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 48: 171–186. 1974, Lagascalia 6: 23–32. 1976, American Journal of Botany 63(5): 608–625. 1976, Current Science 46: 751–752. 1977, Lagascalia 7: 163–172. 1978, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 52: 69–77. 1978, Taxon 29: 543. 1980, Cytologia 45: 389–402. 1980, Fl. Libya 117: 88. 1985, Lagascalia 13: 313–318. 1985, Plant Systematics and Evolution 154: 11–30. 1986, Lagascalia 15: 288–295. 1990, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 687–688. Basel 1996, Flora Mediterranea 8: 221–245. 1998 (Pseudoallergic reactions, photosensitivity and reversible cholestatic jaundice have been reported; fruits should not be used during pregnancy. Dried fruits decoction diuretic, emmenagogue, antispasmodic, muscle relaxant and vasodilator, employed in treating ailments of the urinary tract, kidney stones, for the treatment of gastrointestinal cramps and painful menstruation, angina pectoris, mild anginal symptoms, asthma, bronchial asthma or spastic bronchitis, to regulate menstruation, for treatment of vertigo, diabetes.) in English: bishop’s weed, pick-tooth, Spanish carrot, tooth-pick in Arabic: kella, kella balady, khelal, khelâl dandâne, khell, khella, khilla, khilla baladi, noukha, nounkha in China: a mi qin

fragrant balsam (Plinius); see W. Roxburgh, Flora Indica. 1: 37. 1820, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 20. Bologna 1870 and Holttum, R.E. “The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula.” The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 13: 1–249. 1950, Flora of China 24: 347–356. 2000. Amomum aculeatum Roxb. (Amomum aculeatum var. gymnocarpum Valeton; Amomum aculeatum var. macrocarpum Valeton; Amomum aurantiacum Ridl.; Amomum ciliatum Blume; Amomum flavum Ridl.; Amomum hatuanum Náves; Cardamomum aculeatum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Cardamomum ciliatum (Blume) Kuntze) India, New Guinea. Herb, perennial, stout long underground rhizome, rather slender thick leafy stems, dense rounded inflorescence, erect flowers pedicelled, lobes pale fleshcoloured to orange, labellum orange-yellow with many small crimson spots and lines, dark purplish fruit covered with fleshy greenish spines, sourish sweet edible fruit develops a mucilaginous mass from the decaying bracts, in primary and secondary forest, teak forest See Asiat. Res. 11: 344. 1810, Enum. Pl. Javae: 49. 1827, Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 4(13A): 224. 1880, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 686. 1891, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32: 133. 1899 and Nova Guinea 8: 926–927. 1913, J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 153. 1920, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 41: 541–559. 1984 (Drops of juice from the leaf-stalks applied to the eyes of women after childbirth. Leaves chewed in combination with other plants and traditional salt to soothe headaches and backache. Sap drunk to treat fever and influenza; sap from the bark given to a person with malaria or fever.) in English: rambutan amomum

Ammodaucus Cosson & Durieu Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Greek ammos ‘sand’ plus Daucus L., daukos, daukon, deukos ‘sweet, sweet juice, wild carrot, carrot’. Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Durieu (Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss.; Ammodaucus leucotrichus var. brevipilus L. Chevall.; Ammodaucus leucotrichus var. longipilus L. Chevall.; Cuminum maroccanum P.H. Davis & Hedge) Algeria. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 6: 393. 1859 and Phytochemistry 44(5): 907–910. 1997, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2(3): 66–70. 2008 (Seeds and young leaves for colds, bronchitis, chest complaints, urinary stone problems, urolithiasis.)

Amomum Roxb. Zingiberaceae Latin amomum and Greek amomon, an Indian spice plant, an aromatic shrub from which the Romans prepared a costly and

in Indonesia: parahulu, prahulu, wola waliyan Malayan name: tepus merah in Papua New Guinea: apiyamga, galengapace, hinigugau, iae, punuh panir, punuh parir, qulengapaie Amomum aromaticum Roxb. (Alpinia fasciculata (Roscoe) Steud.; Alpinia fasciculata Steud.; Amomum fasciculatum (Roscoe) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D. Jacks.; Amomum fasciculatum Benth. & Hook.f.; Cardamomum aromaticum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Cardamomum aromaticum Kuntze; Geocallis fasciculata (Steud.) Horan.; Geocallis fasciculata Horan.; Renealmia fasciculata Roscoe) Nepal, India. Leafy stems, subsessile glabrous leaves linearlanceolate, clavate spikes villous, white flowers, ovoid fleshy rugose capsules See Hort. Bengal. 1. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., 1: 44. 1820, Monandr. Pl. Scitam. 13–14: t. 66. 1828, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 45. 1832, Prod. Monog. Scitam. 33. 1862, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(2): 645. 1883, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 686. 1891, Index Kew. 1: 108. 1893

246

Amomum Roxb. Zingiberaceae

(Used in Ayurveda. Plant aphrodisiac, astringent, stomachic, hypnotic, sedative and stimulant, cardiotonic, carminative, diuretic, hepatotonic, for anorexia, fever, cold, chill, pneumonia, malaria, neuralgia, snakebites, diarrhea, gonorrhea, headache, impotence, dyspepsia, sting, vomiting. Rhizome paste to get relief in nausea and vomiting. Rhizome and seeds taken as abortifacient. Fruits for smallpox and wounds. Seed decoction as a gargle in affections of the teeth, mouth, throat and gums.) in English: Bengal nepalese cardamom

cardamom,

Nepal

cardamom,

in India: ban-illachi, banillachi, brhadela, ela, ghrtachi, gongaga, kaage aelakki, morang-ilachi, morangilayechi, morangilachi, morangillachi, murang-ilayechi, naradhal, veldode in Vietnam: dau khau thom, do ho, mac hau, thao qua Amomum austrosinense D. Fang China. Herb, lobes white tinged reddish, calyx white basally purple distally, red anther, capsule red pubescent See Guihaia 2(3): 135–141, 153–157. 1982, Guihaia 8(2): 143–147. 1988

in Indonesia: kapol, kapulaga, kardamunggu, puwar pelaga in Malaysia: kepulaga, pelaga, puar Amomum corynostachyum Wall. (Cardamomum corynostachyum (Wall.) Kuntze; Cardamomum corynostachyum Kuntze; Zingiber corynostachyum (Wall.) Steud.; Zingiber corynostachyum Steud.) India. Herb, leafy stems, glabrous lanceolate leaves, subglobose spikes, pink-white corolla lobes, cuneate lip, hairy ridged capsules, flowers eaten as vegetable See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich) 1: 48, t. 58. 1830, Nomencl. Bot., [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 798. 1841, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 686. 1891 (Rhizomes made into a paste and used against headache and stomachache.) in India: dorkim Amomum dolichanthum D. Fang China. Herb, leaf sheath pubescent, labellum white, yellowish at middle, purple at base See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 47–53. 1978 (Stomachic.)

(Astringent, stomachic.)

in English: long-flowered cardamom

in China: san ye dou kou

in China: chang hua dou kou, chang hua duo kou

in Vietnam: dau khau ba lá

in Vietnam: dau khau hoa dài

Amomum compactum Solander ex Maton (Alpinia striata Link; Amomum cardamomum L., nom. illeg.; Amomum compactum Roem. & Schult.; Amomum kepulaga Sprague & Burkill; Zingiber compactum (Sol. ex Maton) Stokes; Zingiber compactum Stokes)

Amomum garoense S. Tripathi & V. Prakash

India. Herb, robust, aromatic, many-branched subterranean hard rhizome, erect leafy stems and separate inflorescences, leafy stem terete, leaves sheathed, inflorescence sprouting laterally from the rhizome, sterile bracts absent, fertile bracts ovate-oblong acuminate ciliate persistent, corolla tubular lobed, fruit a depressed globose silky hairy capsule crowned by the remnants of the flower, white aril, young shoots often eaten as a vegetable See Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 10: 251. 1811, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 68. 1812, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 28. 1817, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 5. 1821 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930(1): 35. 1930, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 6: 10. 1929 (Seeds used as a stomachic, as a remedy against colds and coughs and as a tonic, especially after childbirth. Decoction of the whole plant drunk as a tonic and to alleviate rheumatic pain. Dried crushed rhizomes taken to reduce fever and for intestinal pains.)

India. See Rheedea 9(2): 177. 1999 (Ceremonial, the flowers.) in India: gong-aga Amomum gracile Blume Java. Herb, bulbous at base, slender branched stolons, inflorescence short, flowers more or less sessile exserted from bracts, labellum white with red tubercles at base, stamen much shorter than labellum, grooved red fruit densely covered with minute straight prickles, in teak forest See Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 49. 1827 (Fruits chewed to treat nausea and indigestion.) in Indonesia: ela-ela Amomum hochreutineri Valeton Java. Herb, stout and long whitish rhizome, slender red leafy stems, leaves lanceolate, inflorescence ascending few-flowered, flowers sessile exserted from bracts, labellum erect much exserted, fruit ribbed, in primary lower montane forest

in English: false cardamom, Java amomum, round cardamom

See Icones Bogoriensis [Boerlage] 2(4): t. 195. 1906

in China: zhao wa bai dou kou

(Rhizomes and fruits used as poultice to treat lumbago.)

247

Amomum Roxb. Zingiberaceae

in Indonesia: cacabutan, kihitir Amomum hypoleucum Thwaites (Amomum pierardioides Bedd.) India, Sri Lanka. See Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 318. 1861, Madras J. Lit. Sci., III, 1: 58. 1864

dealbatum Kuntze; Cardamomum maximum Kuntze; Cardamomum maximum (Roxb.) Kuntze) Thailand, India. Fragrant leaves, fibrous leaf-sheaths, white flowers, sweet-sour pulp around the seeds eaten raw, young flower clusters and unripe fruits cooked with rice

India. Herb

See Asiat. Res. 11: 344. 1810, Hort. Bengal. 1. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., 1: 41–42. 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 43. 1832, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 686–687. 1891 and Acta Botanica Sinica 24: 226–230. 1982, Guihaia 8: 143–147. 1988, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 134(1–2): 287–300. 2000, Folia Malaysiana 3: 123–134. 2002, Taiwania 53(1): 6–10. 2008

See Nordic J. Bot. 19(5): 609. 1999

(Seeds used for stomach problems.)

(Rhizome juice consumed to get relief from headache.)

in English: great-winged amomum, Java cardamom, winged Java cardamoms

(Raw tender shoots eaten for treatment of intestinal worms.) in India: papi-tallang Amomum jainii S. Tripathi & V. Prakash

Amomum kwangsiense D. Fang & X.X. Chen China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 47–53. 1978 (Stimulant.) in English: Kwangsi amomum in China: guang xi dou kou Amomum ligulatum R.M. Sm. Borneo, Sabah, Sarawak. Herb, shrub-like, creeping rhizomes, leaves narrowly lanceolate, inflorescence narrowly ellipsoid, flowers yellowish-orange, corolla tube about as long as calyx, labellum broad orange with darker spot, anther crested, fruit ovoid pale yellowish-brown, in forest

in Bangladesh: tera in China: jiu chi dou kou in India: aidu, paro Amomum microcarpum C.F. Liang & D. Fang China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 49–50, pl. 4, f. 3. 1978 (Stimulant.) in China: xi sha ren Amomum muricarpum Elmer (Hornstedtia muricarpa (Elmer) Elmer)

See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 298. 1985

China, Philippines.

(The tender inner pith of leafy stems roasted or boiled and eaten to treat stomachache and diarrhea.)

See Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2896–7. 1915, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54(1): 139–140. 2006

in English: shy flower

(Diarylheptanoids, muricarpones.)

in Indonesia: ubut bele sa’ai

in China: you guo dou kou

Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu

Amomum neoaurantiacum T.L. Wu, K. Larsen & Turland (Amomum aurantiacum H.T. Tsai & S.W. Zhao, nom. illeg.)

Hainan to Vietnam. Herb, rhizome creeping on the ground, leaves narrowly elliptical, inflorescence small, corolla tube about as long as calyx, labellum rounded and concave with yellow margins, anther with lobed appendage, fruit brownish-purple, in mountain See Fl. Hainan. 4: 533. 1977, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 32(1–3): 57–70. 1991 (Seeds used to treat indigestion, diarrhea, vomiting and toothache; the roots applied against rheumatism.) in China: hai nan sha ren in Vietnam: m[ef] tr[as] l[af], sa nh[aa]n Amomum maximum Roxburgh (Amomum dealbatum Roxb.; Cardamomum dealbatum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Cardamomum

China. Herb, similar to Amomum microcarpum C.F. Liang & D. Fang See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 91. 1979, Novon 10(1): 90–91. 2000 (Roots for lumbago.) in China: hong ke sha ren Amomum pauciflorum Baker India, Himalaya. See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 238. 1892 (Ceremonial, flowers used during marriages.)

248

Amomum sericeum Roxb. (Amomum dealbatum Roxb. var. sericeum (Roxb.) Baker; Cardamomum sericeum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Cardamomum sericeum Kuntze) India, China. See Fl. Ind. 1: 45–46. 1820, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 687. 1891, Fl. Brit. India 6(18): 239. 1892 (Powered seeds used for pulmonary troubles, asthma, bronchitis, stomach problems.) in China: yin ye sha ren Amomum squarrosum Ridl. Pen. Malaysia. Herb, rhizome, stilt roots, leaves narrowly lanceolate, inflorescence oblong, bracteoles funnel-shaped, flowers with corolla tube shorter than calyx, labellum distinctly 3-lobed white, anther with a 3-lobed appendage, fruit smooth or slightly ribbed towards the apex, in the lowland See J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 57: 104. 1910, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 41: 541–559. 1984 (Flowers made into a poultice applied to the head to treat giddiness.) in Malaysia: puar tadah embun Amomum stenocarpum Valeton Indonesia, Sumatra. Herb, leaves lanceolate, inflorescence elongate, bracts persistent, greenish fruit narrowly fusiform, in secondary forest See Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 2: 354–356. 1920 (The stem juice used to treat cough.) in Indonesia: kaol haol Amomum subulatum Roxb. (Cardamomum subulatum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Cardamomum subulatum Kuntze) Nepal, Himalayas, China. Rhizomatous herb, leafy shoots, inflorescence a dense globose spike on a short peduncle, flower with yellow-white emarginate labellum much longer than corolla segments, fruit a globose capsule red-brown densely covered with soft outgrowths, in the lower mountains, along watercourses See Fl. Ind. 1: 43. 1820, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 687. 1891 and Burtt, B.L. & Smith, R.M. “Notes on Malesian Zingiberaceae.” Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 31: 307 316. 1972 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Seeds astringent, aromatic, hypnotic, cardiotonic, blood purifier, carminative, diuretic, aphrodisiac, stimulant, stomachic, used in neuralgia, gonorrhea, anorexia, eye inflammation, fever, cold, chill, malaria, neuralgia, diarrhea, gonorrhea, headache, impotence, dyspepsia, vomiting, antidote to scorpion sting and snakebite, a gargle in affections of the teeth and gums; fried powdered seeds given with water in cholera; seeds decoction

Amomum Roxb. Zingiberaceae

given in abdominal pain and in heart and liver disorders; powdered seeds used in cough, vomiting, rectum diseases. Crushed fruit applied over the area affected by a scorpion bite, also given to eat.) in English: alligator pepper, Bengal cardamom, greater cardamom, Nepal cardamom, winged cardamom in India: achaouba, adavi-ellakkay, aindri, arivalukam, arugasani, arukacani, arukecani, bada elaichi, badi elaichi, badi elaichi chilka, badi ilayaci, bahula, bala, balavati, bara elachi, bari, bari-elachi, bari elaichi, bari ilachi, bari ilayaci, bhadra, bhadraila, brhadaela, brhadela, brihadaela, brihat-upa-kunchika, brihat-upakun-chika, candrabala, cantirikai, chandrabala, cukanticaparanam, curppitakam, divyagandha, dodda aelakki, dodda yaalakki, dodda-yalakki, dodda yelakki, doddayalakki, doddayelaki, ela, ela arisi, elachi, elaichi, elaichi achouba, elaichi badi, elaichi badikadana, elaichi kalan, elavalukai, elavalukam, garbhasambhava, ghritachi, ghrtachi, goputa, habb-el-hal, hailkallan, harenuka, heel kalan, hel kubar, hel zakar, hel-zakar, helzakar, ilacihi kalan, ilaichi kalan, ilaichi kalan kofta, ilaichi kalan nim kofta, ilayachikallan, indrani, iravati, iravatikacceti, iravatikam, kahlehkabar, kanta, kanyakumari, kattelam, kattu elam, kattu-yelakkay, kattu yelam, kayastha, ksudraila, kumari, kuntikacceti, kuntikam, maccakuttam, mahila, malaiyelam, maleya, malukam, mayileyam, moto-eldori, moteveldode, nishkuti, pedda-elakkay, peddayelaki, perelam, peri-elav, periya elam, periya-elattari, periyaelakkay, periyaelam, periyayelakay, periyayelam, poast ilaichi sokhta-kalan, prithvi, qaqilah-ekalan, qaqilah kubar, qakilahe-kalan, qakilahe-zakar, qaqilahekahan, qaqilahezakar, qakilhahe-kibar, qaqilhahekibar, sambhava, sandirigai, sthulaela, sthulaila, surabhitvaka, tadaphala, thengu yalakkulu, thorveldoda, tivviyakantam, tridivodbhava, triputa, verppelakacceti, verppelakam in Lepcha: tung brap in Nepal: alaichi in Tibet: pa tra e la Amomum testaceum Ridl. (Amomum krervanh Pierre ex Gagnepain) Thailand, Cambodia, China, Pen. of Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah. Herb, leafy stem, perennial spreading rootstock, superficial rhizome, leaves distichous, flowers in dense spikes, flowers with corolla tube about as long as calyx, 3-lobed anther appendage, brownish-white round globular smooth ribbed capsule, seeds aromatic, thin white aril, a condiment and spice, in damp places, in mountainous regions See J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32: 135. 1899 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: 138 1906, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 41: 541–559. 1984, Larsen, K. “A preliminary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand.” Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35–49. 1996, Taiwania 53(1): 6–10. 2008 (Leaves stomachic, carminative, febrifuge, expectorant, for headache and fever. Fruit used for abdominal distension,

249

Amoora Roxb. Meliaceae

indigestion, liver and uterus diseases, rheumatism, diarrhea and dysentery, and as febrifuge, antiemetic, anti-flatulence, blood circulation tonic. Seeds for stomachache, diarrhea. Root bark expectorant and stomachic, used for skin diseases.)

longer than calyx, labellum spoon-shaped white, anther with a 3-lobed appendage, fruit reddish-brown covered by small flexuous spines, in forest, in mountainous areas, on wet soils

in English: Cambodian cardamom, cluster cardamom, round cardamom, round Siam cardamom, Thai cardamom

See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 4. 1790, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 687. 1891 and Acta Botanica Sinica 24: 226–230. 1982, Zhou, S. “Cultivation of Amomum villosum in tropical forests.” Forest Ecology and Management 60(1–2): 157–162. 1993

in Cambodia: karvanh, kreko krervanh, krewanh in China: bai dou kou, pai tou k’ou in Malaysia: ka tepus in Thailand: krawaan, krawaan chan, krawaan dam, krawaan khaao, krawaan pothisat, plah ko

(Used in Ayurveda. Fruits used to treat indigestion, stomachache, diarrhea, flatulence, toothache, and as febrifuge, blood circulation tonic and antiseptic.) in English: Malabar cardamom, Tavoy cardamom

in Vietnam: b[aj]ch d[aaj]u kh[aas]u, sa nh[aa]n nam vang

in China: yang ch’un sha

Amomum tsaoko Crevost & Lem. (Amomum hongtsaoko C.F. Liang & D. Fang; Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lem.)

in Thailand: reo dong

China, Vietnam. Aromatic, corolla orange-red See Cat. Prod. Indo-Chine 300. 1917, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 50–51, pl. 4, f. 4. 1978, Guihaia 8: 143–147. 1988, Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 23(3): 145–148. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(2–3): 389–395. 2004, J. Nat. Prod. 67: 889–891. 2004, Current Bioactive Compounds 1(1): 36–48. 2005, Thrombosis Research 122(6): 804–809. 2008 (Carminative, astringent, pungent, antifungal, for stomach and spleen problems, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaria.) in China: cao guo Amomum uliginosum J. König (Amomum robustum K. Schum.; Cardamomum uliginosum (J. König) Kuntze; Cardamomum uliginosum Kuntze; Wurfbainia uliginosa Giseke; Wurfbainia uliginosa (J. König) Giseke) Myanmar, Pen. Malaysia. Herb, subterranean manybranched rhizome, leaves narrowly lanceolate, small globose inflorescence, bracteoles tubular at the base, white labellum ovate and strongly concave, anther with a 3-lobed appendage, spreading side lobes, fruit covered by soft red spines, in lowland forest, on river banks See Prael. Linn. 199, 206. 1792 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 41: 541–559. 1984 (Rhizomes stomachic, vermifuge.) in Malaysia: puar gajah, puar hijau, tepus merah in Thailand: krawaan paa Amomum villosum Lour. (Elettaria villosa (Lour.) Miq.; Cardamomum villosum (Lour.) Kuntze; Cardamomum villosum Kuntze; Zingiber villosum (Lour.) Stokes) China, Indochina. Herb, thick rhizome, leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate, inflorescence ascending, bracts membraneous, bracteoles tubular at the base, corolla tube slightly

in Vietnam: co nenh, d[uw][ow]ng xu[aa]n sa, la ve, mac neng, me tre ba, m[ef] tr[es] b[af], pa dooc, sa nhan, sa nh[aa]n Amomum villosum Lour. var. xanthioides (Wall. ex Baker) T.L. Wu & S.J. Chen (Amomum villosum var. nanum H.T. Tsai & S.W. Zhao; Amomum xanthioides Wall. ex Baker) China, Indochina. Herb, thick rhizome, leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate, inflorescence ascending, bracts membraneous, bracteoles tubular at the base, corolla tube slightly longer than calyx, labellum spoon-shaped white, anther with a 3-lobed appendage, fruit yellowish-green covered by small spines, in forest, in mountainous areas, on wet soils See Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6(18): 239. 1892 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 38. 1978, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 92, pl. 4. 1979, J. Guangdong Bot. Soc. 1: 27. 1983 (Used in Ayurveda. Fruits used to treat indigestion, diarrhea, flatulence, toothache, blood circulation tonic, and as febrifuge and antiseptic; fruit applied to treat cough, asthma and as an antiemetic. Seeds carminative, lactagogue, for nausea and vomiting. Leaves carminative and for urinary disorders.) in English: bastard cardamom, Tavoy cardamom in India: brhadela, elachi, elakulu, elam, ilayechi, kaadu aelakki, malakayelam in Thailand: ma ee, ma maak ee, maak ee, maak naeng, maak neng, neak naeng, phaa laa, raew in Vietnam: sa nh[aa]n, s[us]c sa m[aaj]t

Amoora Roxb. Meliaceae Amur is a Bengali name for Amoora cucullata Roxb.; see William Roxburgh (1751–1815), Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. [The name Coromandel comes from a country and kingdom of the south of India about Tanjore, the country was called Chola-mandala, whence the name Coromandel.] 3: 54, t. 258. London 1795–1820 and John Dowson, A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion,

250

Geography, History, and Literature. 73. London 1968, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 16: 58. 1992. Amoora wallichii King (Aphanamixis wallichii (King) Harid. & R.R. Rao) India. Tree See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64(2): 56. 1895 [1896 publ. 1895] and Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24(1–4): 212. 1982 (publ. 1983), Forest Flora of Meghalaya 206. 1985, Indian J. Forest. 9(3): 271. 1987 [1986 publ. 1987] (Used for treatment of diarrhea and inflammation.) in India: kinya

Amorpha L. Fabaceae (Amorpheae) Greek amorphos ‘shapeless, deformed, without form’, referring to the flowers, one petal, see Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 467. 1814[1813] and Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. 1967, Rhodora 77(811): 337–409. 1975. Amorpha canescens Pursh (Amorpha brachycarpa Palmer; Amorpha canescens fo. glabrata (A. Gray) Fassett; Amorpha canescens var. glabrata A. Gray; Amorpha canescens var. leptostachya A. Gray; Amorpha canescens var. leptostachya Engelm. ex A. Gray, nom. nud.; Amorpha canescens var. typica C.K. Schneid.) North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, subshrub, usually branched, extensive root system, laced-shoestring look of leaves and roots, dark blue floral rays, highly palatable, sandy open woods and dry prairies See Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected in Upper Louisiana 1813, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4: 31. 1849, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 49. 1852 and Botanical Gazette 43: 300. 1907, Handb. Laubh. 2: 70. 1907, Rhodora 38(449): 191. 1936, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982 (Infusion of leaves anthelmintic, used to kill pinworms, for eczema, cuts and open wounds. Root decoction for stomachache. Moxa of twigs or stems applied for rheumatism. Insect repellent.) in English: bird’s tree, bird’s wood, buffalo bellow plant, false indigo, lead plant, leadplant, prairie shoestring, wild tea Amorpha fruticosa L. (Amorpha angustifolia F.E. Boynton; Amorpha angustifolia (Pursh) F.E. Boynton; Amorpha arizonica Rydb.; Amorpha bushii Rydb.; Amorpha croceolanata P.W. Watson; Amorpha curtissii Rydb.; Amorpha dewinkeleri Small; Amorpha emarginata Eastw.; Amorpha emarginata Sweet, nom. illeg.; Amorpha fragrans Sweet; Amorpha fruticosa Torr., nom. illeg.; Amorpha fruticosa Thunb.; Amorpha fruticosa Coulter; Amorpha fruticosa Hayne; Amorpha fruticosa fo. albiflora E. Sheld.; Amorpha fruticosa fo. aureo-variegata Schwerin; Amorpha fruticosa fo. coerulea

Amorpha L. Fabaceae (Amorpheae)

E.J. Palmer; Amorpha fruticosa fo. crispa C.K. Schneid.; Amorpha fruticosa fo. glabrata E.J. Palmer; Amorpha fruticosa fo. humilis (Tausch) E.J. Palmer; Amorpha fruticosa fo. latior Fassett; Amorpha fruticosa fo. pendula (Carrière) C.K. Schneid.; Amorpha fruticosa var. angustifolia Pursh; Amorpha fruticosa var. caroliniana S. Watson; Amorpha fruticosa L. var. caroliniana (Croom) S. Watson; Amorpha fruticosa var. coerulea Loudon; Amorpha fruticosa var. crispa G. Kirchn.; Amorpha fruticosa var. croceolanata (P. Watson) Mouill.; Amorpha fruticosa var. croceolanata (P.W. Watson) P.W. Watson ex Mouillef.; Amorpha fruticosa var. emarginata Pursh; Amorpha fruticosa var. humilis (Tausch) C.K. Schneid.; Amorpha fruticosa var. lewisii Loudon; Amorpha fruticosa var. oblongifolia E.J. Palmer; Amorpha fruticosa var. occidentalis (Abrams) Kearney & Peebles; Amorpha fruticosa var. pendula (Carrière) Dippel; Amorpha fruticosa var. tennesseensis (Kunze) Palmer; Amorpha fruticosa var. tennesseensis (Shuttlw. ex Kunze) Palmer; Amorpha fruticosa var. tennesseensis E.J. Palmer; Amorpha fruticosa var. typica C.K. Schneid.; Amorpha fruticosa var. typica (L.) C.K. Schneid.; Amorpha fruticosa var. vulgaris Pursh; Amorpha humilis Tausch; Amorpha occidentalis Abrams; Amorpha occidentalis var. arizonica (Rydb.) E.J. Palmer; Amorpha occidentalis var. emarginata E.J. Palmer; Amorpha occidentalis var. emarginata (Pursh) Palmer; Amorpha pendula Carrière; Amorpha tennesseensis Shuttlew. ex Kunze; Amorpha tennesseensis Kunze; Amorpha tennesseensis Shuttlew.; Amorpha virgata Small) North America. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub, extensive root system, fragrant foliage, small fragrant deep violetpurple to dark blue flowers, terminal and axillary racemes, small fruits with blister-like glands, larval host and/or nectar source for bees and butterflies See Species Plantarum 2: 713. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 278. 1784, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 466. 1814[1813], Dendrologia Britannica pl. 139. 1825, Hortus Britannicus 121, n. 466. 1826, American Journal of Science, and Arts 25: 74. 1834, Flora 21(2): 750. 1838, Linnaea 24:191. 1851, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany 2(1): 53. 1859, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 258: 188. 1878, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1): 17, pl. 171. 1894, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1: 72. 1894 and Biltmore Botanical Studies 1(2): 139. 1902, Botanical Gazette 43: 304–305. 1907, Mitteil. Deutsch Dendr. Ges. 16: 255. 1907, Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2: 72–73. 1907, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6(21): 394. 1910, North American Flora 24(1): 30–31, 33. 1919, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 12: 185, 189, 191–192, f. 19a. 1931, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 20(5): 148. 1931, Manual of the Southeastern Flora 689. 1933, Rhodora 38(449): 190– 191. 1936, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 29(11): 483. 1939, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 4: 39–43. 1985, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 268–271. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 17–18. 1993

251

Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. Araceae

(Plant said to be poisonous to livestock. Insecticidal, cytotoxic, repellent, antineoplastic.) in English: bastard indigo, desert false indigo, false indigo, false indigo bush, indigo bush, indigo bush amorpha, western false indigo Amorpha nana Nutt. (Amorpha microphylla Pursh; Amorpha nana Nutt. ex Fraser; Amorpha nana Sims, nom. illeg.; Amorpha punctata Raf.) North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, compact, erect, fragrant blue-purple flowers See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 466. 1814[1813], Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected in Upper Louisiana 5. 1813, Botanical Magazine pl. 2112. 1819, New Flora and Botany of North America … 3: 14. 1838 and Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Phytochemistry 24(7): 1481– 1483. 1985, Phytotherapy Research 3(4): 117–125. 1989, Phytochemistry 69(8): 1739–1744. 2008 (Expectorant, antimicrobial, plant used as a snuff for catarrh and respiratory troubles. Insecticide.) in English: dwarf false indigo, dwarf indigobush, dwarf wild indigo, fragrant false indigo, fragrant indigobush, smooth lead-plant

Corynophallus gratus (Schott) Kuntze; Hansalia grata Schott; Hydrosme chevalieri Engl.; Hydrosme foetida Engl.; Hydrosme grata (Schott) Engl.; Hydrosme mossambicensis Schott ex Garcke; Hydrosme schweinfurthii Engl.; Hydrosme seretii De Wild.; Hydrosme warneckei Engl.; Sauromatum abyssinicum Schott) Trop. & S. Africa. Herb, fleshy, succulent, leaves arising from a tuber, slender spathe deep purple-red, roots eaten See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 352. 1850 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 160. 1901, Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 30: 3. 1936, Kew Bulletin 40: 567– 571. 1985 (Toxic, poisonous. Roots abortifacient, used to induce delivery.) in English: Barter’s arum, black arum, indian turnip in Ethiopia: bagana in Nigeria: bugulli, buguwol, bùrár káreé, dùkú dagba, gugulli, koòdoódòn-kwaádoó, kunnen jaakii, lúkolúko, mak ỏ dodo, mákoòrii mákododo, maodoo in Tanzania: cheho, mangahele in Yoruba: opoto piti Amorphophallus albus P.Y. Liu & J.F. Chen

Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. Araceae Greek amorphos ‘shapeless, deformed, without form’ and phallos ‘a penis, wooden club’, referring to the shape of the spadix, see Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 780. 1829, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 83. 1830, Flora 14: 458. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 17. Vindobonae, 1832, Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 366. 1834, Flora Telluriana 2: 82. 1836[1837], Schott, H.W. (Heinrich Wilhelm) (1794–1865), Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 34–35. Vindobonae, 1856, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 7: 389. 1857, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 8: 82. 1858, Genera Aroidearum exposita tt. 24, 27, 28, 33. Vindobonae, 1858, Bot. Mag. 101: 6195. 1875 and Blumea Suppl. 8: 1–161. 1995. Amorphophallus abyssinicus (A. Rich.) N.E. Br. (Amorphophallus abyssinicus Gombócz, nom. illeg.; Amorphophallus anisolobus Peter; Amorphophallus barteri N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus chevalieri (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.; Amorphophallus coffeatus Stapf; Amorphophallus foetidus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.; Amorphophallus gratus (Schott) N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus linearilobus Peter; Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott) N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus schweinfurthii (Engl.) N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus swynnertonii Rendle; Amorphophallus unyikae Engl. & Gehrm.; Amorphophallus warneckei (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.; Arum abyssinicum A. Rich.;

China, Sichuan, Yunnan. See J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 1: 67–69, f. 1–2. 1984, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 4: 39–43. 1985, Pediatr. Dermatol. 23(4): 386– 389. 2006, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 16 Suppl 1: 188–192. 2007 (Oral intake of konjac ceramide improved skin symptoms and reduced allergic responses, it is effective for improvement of dry skin.) Common name: konjac Amorphophallus aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch. (Amorphophallus fontanesii Kunth, Enum. nom. illeg.; Amorphophallus leonensis Lem.; Amorphophallus leonensis var. elegans (Mast.) N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus leonensis var. latifolius (Mast.) N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus leonensis var. spectabilis (Mast.) N.E.Br.; Arum aphyllum Hook.; Arum trifidum Desf.; Corynophallus afzelii Schott; Corynophallus afzelii var. elegans Mast.; Corynophallus afzelii var. latifolius Mast.; Corynophallus afzelii var. spectabilis Mast.; Corynophallus fontanesii Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Corynophallus leonensis (Lem.) Engl.; Corynophallus leonensis var. elegans (Mast.) Engl.; Corynophallus leonensis var. latifolius (Mast.) Engl.; Hydrosme fontanesii Schott, nom. illeg.; Hydrosme leonensis (Lem.) Engl.; Hydrosme leonensis Engl.; Hydrosme leonensis var. elegans (Mast.) T. Durand & Schinz; Hydrosme leonensis var. latifolius (Mast.) T. Durand & Schinz) Tropical Africa. See Monogr. Phan. 2: 326. 1879, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1(2): 187. 1880, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 187. 1881, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:

252

Amorphophallus Blume ex Decne. Araceae

741. 1891 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 148. 1901, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 362. 1936

Amorphophallus dracontioides (Engl.) N.E. Br. (Hydrosme dracontioides Engl.)

(Tubers a snakebite remedy, analgesic.)

Tropical Africa. Herb, fleshy tuber, flower with unpleasant odour, underground stem a famine food

Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume (Amorphophallus aculeatum Hook.f.; Amorphophallus bulbifer Blume; Amorphophallus bulbifer var. atroviridimaculata Engl.; Amorphophallus bulbifer var. marmoratus Engl.; Amorphophallus bulbifer var. tuberculiger (Schott) Engl.; Amorphophallus taccoides Hook.f.; Amorphophallus tuberculiger (Schott) Engl.; Amorphophallus tuberculiger Engl.; Arum bulbiferum Roxb.; Arum bulbiferum Salisb.; Arum punctulatum Zipp. ex Kunth; Arum spectabile Zipp. ex Kunth; Conophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Schott; Conophallus tuberculiger Schott; Pythonium bulbiferum (Roxb.) Schott) India, Himalaya. See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 260. 1796, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 510–511. 1832, Meletemata Botanica 18. 1832, Rumphia 1: 148. 1835, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 34. 1856, Fl. Brit. India 6: 515. 1893 and Kew Bulletin 40: 567–571. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 13–22. 1989, Araceae of Silent Valley and Neighbourhood 225–249. 1999 (Used in Ayurveda. Corm powder with honey taken for duodenal and intestinal ailments and ulcers. Corms made into a paste with Curcuma longa and applied on cuts and wounds; corms and petioles made into a paste and applied on burns; Amorphophallus bulbifer rhizome paste mixed with leaves of Litsea monopetala and Mikania micrantha applied externally in stomachache.) in India: amalavela, atyamlaparni, jangli suran kand, kaadu choorna gedde, kaadu kande gedde, kaadu soorana gedde, oul kachu, ran-suran Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. (Amorphophallus commutatus var. anmodensis Sivad. & Jaleel; Amorphophallus commutatus var. wayanadensis Sivad. & Jaleel; Conophallus commutatus Schott) India. Herb, brownish yellow flowers densely crowded in a spadix, flowering shoots collected and used as vegetable, single-seeded fruits eaten and dispersed by both koel and bulbuls See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1068, 1076. 1759, Bonplandia (Corrientes) 7: 28. 1859, J. Bot. 16: 107. 1878, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] 2: 319. 1879, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2(6): 576. 1879 and Kew Bulletin 40: 567–571. 1985, Rheedea 12(2): 159–168. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(2): 143–157. 2005 (Oxalates. Leaf paste of Amorphophallus commutatus and Arisaema tortuosum applied in snakebite.) in English: dragon stalk yam in India: bhutti, jangli, jimi kand, jimikand, jungli suran, sherla, shevla, shewla, ujomut, vajramuth, van jimikand

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 15: 461. 1893 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 148. 1901 (Tuber irritant, used in preparing arrow poison.) in Yoruba: akufodewa Amorphophallus johnsonii N.E.Br. (Amorphophallus accrensis N.E.Br.; Amorphophallus purpureus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm.; Hydrosme purpurea Engl.) Tropical Africa. Herb, thornless, spathe purple above and creamy below See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 8(1): 156. 1901, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54(8): 25. 1907, Pflanzenr., IV, 23C: 83. 1911 (Underground stem for rheumatism and snakebite.) Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch (Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch ex N.E. Br., nom. nud.; Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch ex Matsum. & Hayata; Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.; Amorphophallus palmiformis Durand ex Carrière; Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu; Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riviere; Amorphophallus rivieri Durand ex Carrière; Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Carrière; Amorphophallus rivieri var. konjac (K. Koch) Engl.; Brachyspatha konjac (K. Koch) K. Koch; Conophallus konjak Schott; Conophallus konniaku Schott ex Fesca; Hydrosme rivieri (Durand ex Carrière) Engl.; Proteinophallus rivieri (Durand ex Carrière) Hook.f.; Tapeinophallus rivieri (Durand ex Carrière) Baill.) China, Himalaya, Philippines. Herbaceous, perennial, large leaves, showy dark red spathe surrounding a large spadix, flowers foul-smelling See Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 366. 1834, Synopsis Aroidearum… I 34. 1856, Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 1(4): 262. 1858, Berliner Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 166. 1858, Genera Aroidearum exposita 33. 1858, Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 28: 15. 1869, Revue Horticole 1871: 573. 1871, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 188. 1881, Beitr. Jap. Landwirthsch. 2(Spec. Theil): 241. 1893 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 36(251): 182–183. 1903, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 22: 457. 1906, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13(363–367): 259. 1914, Kew Bulletin 40: 567–571. 1985, Bulletin of the Hiroshima Botanical Garden 19: 1–5. 2000, Food Hydrocolloids 18(1): 167–170. 2004, J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(19): 7404–7407. 2005, Plant Cell Reports 24(11): 642–648. 2005, Pediatr. Dermatol. 23(4): 386–389. 2006, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology Vol. 150, Issue 3, Suppl.

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1, July 2008, Page S183—Abstracts of the Annual Main Meeting of the Society of Experimental Biology, 6th–10th July 2008, Marseille, France (Raw plant very toxic. Antiobesity activity of konjac flour; konjac glucomannan, a water-soluble dietary fiber extracted from the tubers. Roots oxytocic, sialagogue, febrifuge, anticancer. The sap of the flower produces marked itching; flowers febrifuge. Rhizome acrid when raw. Insecticidal.) in English: devil’s tongue, elephant foot, elephant-yam, leopard palm, snake palm, snake’s tongue, umbrella arum in China: ju ruo in Japan: konnyaku in Okinawa: kunyaku in Philippines: bulangan, pungapung in Vietnam: khoai n[uw]a Amorphophallus margaritifer Kunth (Arum margaritiferum Roxb.; Plesmonium dubium Schott; Plesmonium margaritiferum Schott; Plesmonium margaritiferum (Roxb.) Schott; Plesmonium margaritiferum f. minor Engl.) (Plesmonium Schott, Greek plesmone ‘being filled, satiety, repletion, abundance’.) India. Perennial herbs, tuberous rootstock, spathe erect, spadix stipitate, male flowers at the top, female flowers at the base, subglobose fruits See Hort. Bengal. 65. 1814, Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 366–367. 1834, Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 2: 34. 1837, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 34. 1856, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 125. 1860 and Taxon 26(2/3): 337–338. 1977, Aroideana 20: 11–12. 1997 (Tuber paste applied on snakebites. Febrifuge, vermifuge, boiled corms eaten for the treatment of piles and its paste applied on bruises, swellings and toothache. Crushed seeds numb the nerves.) in India: dheu, jamikand, oal Amorphophallus maximus (Engl.) N.E. Br. (Amorphophallus fischeri N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus fischeri (Engl.) N.E. Br.; Amorphophallus schliebenii Mildbr.; Corynophallus maximus (Engl.) Kuntze; Hydrosme maxima Engl.; Hydrosme maxima Engl.) Tropical Africa, Somalia. Herb, succulent, inflorescence greenish white, fetid smell, clusters of scarlet berries See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 323. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 741. 1891 and Flora of Tropical Africa 8: 157. 1901 (Poisonous. Febrifuge. Roots infusion in the treatment of headache, stomachache, menstrual pains.) in Malawi: chiwamasika

in Tanzania: mtondeve, ulanga Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Amorphophallus bangkokensis Gagnep.; Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne.; Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume ex Decne.; Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume ex Decne; Amorphophallus campanulatus f. darnleyensis F.M. Bailey; Amorphophallus campanulatus var. blumei Prain; Amorphophallus chatty Andrews; Amorphophallus decurrens (Blanco) Kunth; Amorphophallus dixenii K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen; Amorphophallus dubius Blume; Amorphophallus giganteus Blume, nom. illeg.; Amorphophallus gigantiflorus Hayata; Amorphophallus malaccensis Ridl.; Amorphophallus microappendiculatus Engl.; Amorphophallus paeoniifolius var. campanulatus (Decne.) Sivad.; Amorphophallus paeoniifolius var. campanulatus (Blume ex Decne.) Sivad.; Amorphophallus rex Prain; Amorphophallus rex Prain ex Hook. f.; Amorphophallus sativus Blume; Amorphophallus virosus N.E. Br.; Arum campanulatum Roxb., nom. nud., nom. illeg.; Arum decurrens Blanco; Arum phalliferum Oken; Arum rumphii Oken; Arum rumphii Gaudich., nom. illeg.; Candarum hookeri Schott, nom. illeg.; Candarum roxburghii Schott, nom. illeg.; Candarum rumphii Schott, nom. illeg.; Candarum rumphii (Gaudich.) Schott; Conophallus giganteus Schott ex Miq., nom. illeg.; Conophallus sativus (Blume) Schott; Dracontium paeoniaefolium Dennst.; Dracontium paeoniifolium Dennst.; Dracontium polyphyllum G. Forst.; Dracontium polyphyllum Dennst., nom. illeg.; Hydrosme gigantiflora (Hayata) S.S. Ying; Hydrosme gigantiflorus (Hayata) S.S. Ying; Kunda verrucosa Raf., nom. illeg.; Plesmonium nobile Schott; Pythion campanulatum Mart.) India, SE Asia, S. Pacific. Perennial putrid-smelling aroid, stout, tuberous herbs, flowers monoecious crowded in cylindrical masses, red berries subglobose or ovoid, Amorphophallus companulatus tubers eaten after boiling See Species Plantarum 2: 964, 967. 1753, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 65. 1814, Schlüssel Hortus indicus malabaricus, … 38. 1818, Voyage autour de Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 1836 et 1837 sur la Corvette la Bonite … Botanique … Paris, 1844–1846, 1851, 1866, Meletemata Botanica 17. 1832, Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 366–367. 1834, Synopsis Aroidearum… I 34. 1856, Genera Aroidearum exposita 33. 1858, Gardener’s chronicle, new series 23: 759. 1885, The Flora of British India 6: 514. 1896 and J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41: 46. 1903, Queensland Agric. J., n.s., 1: 124. 1914, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 6: 101–103, f. 22. 1916, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 458. 1923, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris ed. Humbert 9(1–2): 117. 1940, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Reinwardtia 9: 141. 1974, Taxon 26(2/3): 337–338. 1977, Genética Ibérica 30–31: 161–188. 1979, Taxon 32: 130. 1983, Kew Bulletin 40: 567–571. 1985, Cytologia 53: 59–66. 1988, Memoirs of the

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College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University 31(1): 31. 1991, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 48(3): 247–257. 1995, Fitoterapia 76(3–4): 367–369. 2005

taittiyamatanam, thaamanai, thamanai, thiya-kandha, tivrakantha, vajrakanda, vajrandi, vatari, zamin-kand, zaminkand, zaminqand

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Corms caustic, stomachic and tonic, antiviral, carminative, hypotensive, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antimycobacterial, present an acrid, irritant juice with itching properties; consumed in respiratory disorders, cholera, constipation, earache, pimples, piles, enlargement of spleen, asthma, elephantiasis, rheumatism, stomachache. Tubers and leaves contain calcium oxalate raphides, which can cause pruritus, erythema and whealing in those who handle them; chewing the raw tuber may cause a burning sensation in the mouth. Paste made of stem bark of Grewia tiliaefolia and Helicteres isora together with tuber of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius applied for bonesetting. Roots emmenagogue, used for boils and hemorrhoids. Poultices of corm antirheumatic, also used for hemorrhoids and snakebite; decoction of corm used externally for scorpion sting; corm and shoot cooked and eaten as a postpartum remedy, for treatment of post-delivery complications, in general weakness. Boiled rhizome mixed with curd taken internally for piles. Petioles crushed and the juice left to ferment in bamboo rods, then drunk to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Analgesic and antiprotease activities of Amorphophallus campanulatus tuber. Veterinary medicine, tuber paste applied to wounds of cattle.)

in Indonesia: eles, iles-iles, kembang bangka, suweg, walur

in English: elephant yam, elephant’s foot, elephant’s foot yam, Telinga potato, Telingo potato, Telugu potato, whitespot giant arum

(Acrid juice used as a poison. Reported to irritate the oral cavity when eaten. Arrow or dart-poison.)

in Cambodia: toal in India: alu, alukamu, anaittantu, arsaghna, arshoghna, arsoghna, bahukanda, bono ulo, boomi sallaraikilangu, camattilai, cena, cenai, choorana, choorana gedde, cinapavu, cirramitakkarunai, curanam, daradakandagadda, dula dumpa, duladumpa, durnamari, gandigadda, gandira, ghemikanda, haopan, hlochangvawn, jamikand, jangli suran, jimi kand, jimikand, kaattuchena, kaatu chena, kanda, kanda gedde, kandagodda, kandala, kandanayaka, kandarha, kandashurana, kandi, kandula, kandvardhana, kantai, kanthalla, karak karunai, karak-karunai, karakarunai, karakkaranai, karanai, karanaikkilanku, karikkarunai, karnai kilangu, karukkarunaikkilangu, karuna kalang, karunai, karunai-k-kilanku, karunai kizhangu, karunait-tantu, karunaikkalang, karunaikkilhangu, karunaikkishangu, karunaippala, karunakarang, kattu-chena, khatual, kiccilikkizanku, kizhanna, kunda, madana masta, malaiyalaccenaikkilanku, manchi kanda, manchi-kindaguddae, manchikanda, mulenschena, naati kanda, ol, ol-kachu, ola, olakar, ole, olla, olua, oorakanda, paati kanda, paterbel, perunkarunai, poti-kunda, potikanda, pulidumpa, pulikkarunai, puttakanda, rutchyakanda, sala, schena, senai kizhangu, shuran, sooran, sthulakandaka (shthul, large, kandaka, corm), sukandi, suran, suran-kand, surana, suranah, suranaka, suranakanda, surankand, surum kanda, surun kanda, suvarna-gadde, suvitra, taittiyamatanacceti,

in Laos: duk düa, kabuk in Malaysia: loki, ubi kekek in Papua New Guinea: makoa, pompowlma in Philippines: anto, apon, apong-apong, bagang, bagong, konda, muncha kunda, oroi, pamangkilon, pongapong, pungapung, tigi-nga-magmanto, Tokod-banua in Thailand: buk, buk-khungkhok, man-suran in Vietnam: khoai n[uw]a, n[uw]a chu[oo]ng in Tamil: kurruna kalungu Amorphophallus prainii Hook. f. (Amorphophallus loerzingii Alderw.; Amorphophallus panomensis Gagnep.) Vietnam, Indonesia. See Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 366–367. 1834, The Flora of British India 4(19): 516. 1896 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg sér. 3 1: 367. 1920, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 120. 1941, Kew Bulletin 40: 567– 571. 1985, Blumea Suppl. 8: 1–161. 1995

Malayan names: begung, likir, lokie Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Carrière (Amorphophal­ lus konjac K. Koch, nom. nud.; Amorphophallus mairei H. Lév.; Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu; Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Riviere; Amorphophallus rivieri Durand ex Carrière; Conophallus konjak Schott; Conophallus konniaku Schott ex Fesca; Hydrosme rivieri (Durieu ex Carrière) Engl.; Hydrosme rivieri (Durand ex Carrière) Engl.; Proteinophallus rivieri (Durand ex Carrière) Hook.f.; Tapeinophallus rivieri (Durand ex Carrière) Baill.) China, Vietnam, Philippines. Herbaceous, perennial, large leaves, showy dark red spathe surrounding a large spadix, flowers foul-smelling See Synopsis Aroidearum… I 34. 1856, Berliner Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 166. 1858, Genera Aroidearum exposita 33. 1858, Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 28: 15. 1869, Revue Horticole 1871: 573. 1871, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 188. 1881 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(363–367): 259. 1914, Kew Bulletin 40: 567– 571. 1985, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2). MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Amorphophallus konjac.], Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). Kew. 2002 [as Amorphophallus konjac.], Food Hydrocolloids 18(1): 167–170. 2004, Plant Cell Reports 24(11): 642–648. 2005

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Ampelaster G.L. Nesom Asteraceae

(Raw plant very toxic. Antiobesity activity of konjac flour; konjac glucomannan, a water-soluble dietary fiber extracted from the tubers. Roots oxytocic, sialagogue, febrifuge, anticancer. The sap of the flower produces marked itching; flowers febrifuge. Rhizome acrid when raw. Insecticidal.)

1893 and Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 48(1): 25–34. 2004

in English: devil’s tongue, leopard palm, snake palm, snake’s tongue, umbrella arum

in Indonesia: acung, cumpleng, iles-iles, lorkong, suweg

in China: ju ruo Amorphophallus smithsonianus Sivad. India. See Willdenowia 18(2): 435–439. 1989 (Corm decoction taken to cure piles.) in India: kattu karuni Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth (Amorphophallus zeylanicus Blume; Arum sylvaticum Roxb.; Brachyspatha sylvatica (Roxb.) Schott; Brachyspatha zeylanica (Blume) Schott; Pythonium sylvaticum (Roxb.) Wight; Synantherias sylvatica (Roxb.) Schott; Synantherias sylvaticus Schott) India, Sri Lanka. Herb, famine food, tubers and leaves eaten See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 511. 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 34. 1841, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis t. 802. 1844, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 35. 1856, Genera Aroidearum exposita t. 28. 1858 and Stephan Ittenbach, “Revision der afrikanischen Arten der Gattung Amorphophallus (Araceae)” Englera No. 25, pp. 2–263. 2003 (Used in Sidha. Analgesic, provides antiinflammatory action and speeds up healing; dry tuber juice taken as antidote for snakebite.) in English: wild suran in India: adavi chaama, aracokanakku, aranai, aranaicceti, araniya, ban ole, cakunmam, cancivikkarunai, cempinitavuralpokki, cempinuralpokki, curanaki, curanakikkilanku, curanancam, itiraikkilanku, itirakkilanku, itirkkilanku, kaadu suvarna gedde, kaattukarunai, kantakai, kentakattaittailamakki, kattuk karunai, kattukkarunai, konda chama, pasanaparpi, shuran, vanakantam, vanakkantam Amorphophallus variabilis Bl. (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume; Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook.; Arum caeruleopunctatum Zipp. ex Kunth; Arum stercorarium Zipp. ex Kunth; Amorphophallus variabilis var. cuspidifoliatus Engl. & Gehrm.; Amorphophallus zeylanicus Engl.; Brachyspatha variabilis (Blume) Schott) Java, Philippines. Herb, perennial, dark green heart shaped leaves, flowers purplish-green See Rumphia 1: 146, t. 35, 37. 1837, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 35. 1856, Fl. Brit. India 6: 516.

(Used to make the starchy gel known as konnyaku.) in English: elephant yam, voodoo lily

Ampelaster G.L. Nesom Asteraceae Greek ampelos ‘a vine’ and Aster. Ampelaster carolinianus (Walter) G.L. Nesom (Aster carolinianus Walter; Aster scandens J. Jacq. ex Spreng., nom. illeg.; Lasallea caroliniana (Walter) Semple & L. Brouillet; Sitilias caroliniana (Walter) Raf.; Symphyotrichum carolinianum (Walter) Wunderlin & B.F. Hansen; Virgulus carolinianus (Walter) Reveal & Keener) North America. Vine, perennial, shrub, fragrant, pink purple flowers, invasive See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 208. 1788, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 524. 1826, Flora Telluriana 2: 46–47. 1836[1837], New Flora and Botany of North America … 4: 85. 1836[1838] and Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1(1): 5. 1903, Brittonia 32: 233. 1980, American Journal of Botany 67(7): 1023. 1980, Taxon 30(3): 650. 1981, Phytologia 77(3): 250, 272. 1994[1995], Novon 11(3): 366. 2001 (For snakebites, itchy skin) in English: climbing aster, climbing carolina aster

Ampelocissus Planchon Vitaceae Greek ampelos ‘a vine’ and kissos ‘ivy’, referring to the foliage and to the alliance to the genus Cissus L.; see Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 96, 153–154. 1790, Jules Émile Planchon (1823–1888), Les vignes américaines, leur culture, leur résistance au phylloxera et leur avenir en Europe. Montpellier, C. Coulet; [etc., etc.] 1875, Les vignes des tropiques du genre Ampelocissus. [Lyon, 1885], Monog. Phaner. 5: 368. 1887 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 293–302. 1949, Fl. Neotrop. 80: 1–250. 2000. Ampelocissus abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Planch. (Ampelocissus abyssinica Planch.; Vitis abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Tropical Africa. See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 112. 1847, La Vigne Américaine (et la Viticulture en Europe); sa culture, son avenir en Europe 9(1): 24. 1885 (Fruits used for colds, coughs.) Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. (Ampelocissus gourmaensis A. Chev.; Ampelocissus grantii (Baker)

256

Planch.; Ampelocissus mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Planch.; Ampelocissus schliebenii Werderm.; Ampelocissus volkensii Gilg; Botria africana Lour.; Vitis grantii Baker; Vitis mossambicensis Klotzsch) Tanzania. A shrubby climber or liana, thick root with red outer skin, leafy stipules, small flowers in dense round heads, branched tendrils, petals red brown to green yellow, round berries red purple, shiny brown seeds, in wooded grassland, riverine forests See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 154. 1790 and Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 24: 253. 1935 (Roots and flowers anthelmintic, for bronchitis. Roots pounded, soaked in water, boiled and drunk to treat intestinal worms and leprosy.) in Tanzania: ghoe, mzabibu mwitu in Yoruba: eteku Ampelocissus araneosa (Dalzell) Gamble (Ampelocissus araneosa (Dalz. & Gibson) Planch.; Cissus araneosa N.A. Dalzell) India. Climber See Bombay Fl.: 41. 1861 and Fl. Madras 1: 230. 1918, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 38(3): 185–192. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Antimicrobial.)

Ampelocissus Planchon Vitaceae

in India: chundura, jarila lahara, pinuh Ampelocissus bombycina (Baker) Planch. (Ampelocissus bombycina Planch.; Ampelocissus cinnamochroa Planch.; Cissus ferruginea Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Cissus ferruginea E. Mey., nom. nud.; Cissus rubrosetosa Gilg & M. Brandt; Cyphostemma rubrosetosum (Gilg & M. Brandt) Desc.; Vitis bombycina Baker) Tropical Africa. Herbaceous vine, twiner, climber, trailing, subwoody stem, leaves herbaceous or subcoriaceous, receptacle purplish-red, petals and filaments purplish-red, orange edible grape-like fruits See Zwei Pflanzengeografische Dokumente (Drège) 173. 1843, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 399. 1868, Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 9(1): 31. 1885, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] 5: 469. 1887 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 46: 458, 532. 1912 (1911–1912), Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 16: 124. 1960, Naturalia monspeliensia. Série botanique. 18: 227. 1967 (Leaves used for colds.) in Yoruba: eko pupa Ampelocissus filipes Planch. Tropical Asia. Climbing liana

in India: asvakathara, kattuttiratcai

See Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 5: 407. 1887

Ampelocissus arnottiana Planch. (Ampelocissus arnottiana Wight & Arn.)

(Young leaves crushed and applied as a poultice to fresh wounds and cuts.)

India. Climbing shrub

in Indonesia: udu sekiput lulut

See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5: 379. 1887

Ampelocissus imperialis Planch.

(Antibacterial. Root gives strength to muscles; in battisa, a traditional formulation for women, particularly after childbirth. Tubers acrid.)

Tropical Asia. Woody climbing liane

in India: asvakathara khata limba, lata limbu, narale, narande, ran-dakho, saavira sambara, sambara balli Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. (Ampelocissus barbata Planch.; Ampelocissus barbatus (Wall.) Planch.; Vitis barbata Wall.) India. Woody climber, forked tendrils, sessile flowers, globular berries See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 478. 1824, Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 8(12): 375. 1884, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] v. (1887) 372. 1887 (Underground and tubers made into a paste rubbed for swellings and pain. Juice of stem for eye diseases; leaf juice dropped in eyes for conjunctivitis. Root paste with mustard oil applied to cure eczema.)

See Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 5: 408. 1887 (Young leaves crushed and applied as a poultice to fresh wounds and cuts.) in Indonesia: aka barep, udu aka pute ndak Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch. (Ampelocissus indica Planch.; Vitis indica L.) India. See Species Plantarum 1: 202. 1753, Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 8: 375. 1884 (Used in Ayurveda. For gonorrhea, bronchitis, diuretic, blood purifier. Roots for skin diseases.) in India: chemballikande, kemballi, kolejan, naarande, narale, nardel, narude, ran draaksha, rata bawlath vael, rata bwlath wal, sambaaravalli, schembra-valli

257

Ampelocissus Planchon Vitaceae

Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. (Vitis latifolia Roxb.; Vitis latifolia Raf.)

Tropical Africa. Climber, liana, herbaceous, thick roots, reddish inflorescence, edible smooth grape-like fruits

India. Vine, herbaceous climber, ripe fruits eaten by the children

See Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 135, t. 33. 1831, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 410. 1868, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] 5: 398. 1887 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 427. 1911

See Species Plantarum 1: 202–203. 1753, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 18. 1814, Amer. Man. Grape Vines 10. 1830, Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 8: 374. 1884 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 411–413. 1912, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 14: 170. 1972, Pharmaceutical Biology 31(4): 283–287. 1993, Ethnobotany 16(1/2): 83–85. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda. Powdered plant paste applied on swollen parts of body. Fresh leaves tied on head to cure headache. Root decoction antibacterial, given for pneumonia, snakebites, sores, menstrual troubles, diarrhea, dysentery, inflammation, skin diseases, bone fracture; root paste applied on old wounds; crushed roots mixed with jaggery given to cure menstrual bleeding; fresh roots and leaves made into a paste applied over parts affected by Guinea worms. Tuberous roots sliced and dried, astringent and refrigerant. Veterinary medicine, crushed roots given to cattle for the treatment of blood dysentery; roots and bark given orally for early cure of fractured bone. Contact therapy, pieces of stem tied with a sacred thread as a necklace to cure typhoid.) in English: jungle grape vine in India: adavi draaksha, adavi draksha, adavi teega draksha, amlavetasah, amlola, athukula boddu, bechuti, bedasa tivva, bedasathivva, bhinura, bhiranya, bilee hambu, bili hambu, burka tonda, chamar musli, darra tiga, dbhimna, doba-tiga, dobba tiga, dokarbel, giddar dakh, guddar dakh, gobralata, golinda, govila, icer, jangali draksh, jangli angoor, jangli angur, jangli drash, jungli angur, kaadu draakshi, kaadu drakshi, kali santhi, katti-bel, kattukodimindri, katulam, khata limbu, kiwar pani bel, kumarlata, musal, nadanvela, nadena, nandanvela, nandena, pani bel, pani-bel, pani chela, panibel, panivela, panivelo, pula-tiga, schunambu-valli, shyrmow sohdoh, vanadraksa, vllia-pira-pitica

(Leaves in poultice as a remedy for gout; fresh leaves juice applied as a plaster to poisonous spider bites. Fish poison, grounded leaves to stupefy fish.) in Yoruba: abeekanna manun Ampelocissus ochracea Merr. (Ampelocissus ochracea (Tsijsmm. & Binnend.) Merr.) Malaysia, Sabah, reddish-brown

Borneo.

Woody

climber,

fruits

See Philippine Journal of Science xi 125. 1916 (For swellings, carbuncles, pimples and boils.) Ampelocissus robinsonii Planch. (Ampelocissus alexandri Urb.; Ampelocissus rugosa (Wall.) Planch.; Cissus rugosa DC.; Vitis rugosa Wall.; Vitis rugosa Raf.) Jamaica, India. See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 480. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 629. 1824, Amer. Man. Grape Vine. 11. 1830, Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 8(12): 374. 1884, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5: 415. 1887 and Symbolae Antillarum 6: 15. 1909 (Poultice for sprains.) in English: fox grape in India: chhipari Ampelocissus rubiginosa Lauterb. ex Winkl. (Ampelocissus rubiginosa Lauterb.) Malay Peninsula. Climber

Ampelocissus leonensis (Hook.f.) Merr. (Ampelocissus bakeri Planch.; Ampelocissus leonensis Planch.; Cissus leonensis Hook. f.; Vitis leonensis (Hook. f.) Baker; Vitis leonensis Baker)

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzeng­ eschichte und Pflanzengeographie xliv, 535. 1910

Tropical Africa. Climber, liana

Ampelocissus rugosa rugosa Planch.)

See Niger Flora [W.J. Hooker]. 264. 1849, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 398. 1868, Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 9(1): 30–31. 1885 (For skin diseases.) in Yoruba: abisowo funfun, eke, ikumori, kumori Ampelocissus multistriata (Baker) Planch. (Ampelocissus multistriata Planch.; Ampelocissus pentaphylla Gilg & Brandt; Ampelocissus pentaphylla (Guill. & Perrault) Gilg & Brandt; Vitis multistriata Baker; Vitis pentaphylla Guill. & Perrault)

(Crushed leaves applied as poultice to cuts and wounds.) (Wall.)

Planch.

(Ampelocissus

India, Nepal. See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 480. 1824, Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 8(12): 374. 1884 (Paste of stem applied to relieve sprain and muscular swellings; fresh juice of stem dropped into eyes.) in Nepal: airi lahara, pureniko laharo Ampelocissus tomentosa (Roth) Planch. (Ampelocissus tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch.; Vitis tomentosa Roth; Vitis tomentosa Heyne ex Roth)

258

India. Climber See Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 318 (-319). 1819 [Dec 1819], Vigne Américaine et la Viticulture en Europe 8: 375. 1884 and Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 122– 140. 2007 (Used in Sidha. Anticancer, antiviral, antidote, used for neuralgia, dropsy, fever, pleurisy, pneumonia, dysmenorrhea. Rhizome crushed and applied as poultice on sprains, skin diseases. Root paste applied externally in bone fracture and bandaged for healing; bulb of Urginea indica and tuberous roots of Ampelocissus tomentosa made into a paste and applied over abscess and sore throat; fresh root paste applied in eczema, scabies, and over wounds due to cuts; crushed roots applied in venereal diseases; crushed roots mixed with resin of Shorea robusta tree and some sarson oil, Brassica sp., and applied on boils, swellings and pains. Veterinary medicine, crushed roots applied on pains of cattle; roots along with those of Abutilon indicum pounded and boiled and the decoction given for insect bite; leaf paste smeared over the fractured area and bound over it.) in India: adavi draaksha, atukula baddu, atukulabaddu, bono kumda, cirunaralai, devunimal, gari gummadi, garigummadi, ghora lat, ghora lata, ghoralidi, hesua-larang, kaadu draakshi balli, katabhonganoi, kumharlat, kumhirlat, lolugatige, lolugu tige, muttu tonda, naralaikkoti, narinaralai, narinaralaikkoti, pedda darra, puvvuyerragummadi, sambara gedde

Ampelopsis Michaux Vitaceae From the Greek ampelos ‘a vine’ and opsis ‘resembling, like, likeness’, see Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 159–160. 1803. Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bunge (Ampelopsis cordata auct. non Michx.; Vitis aconitifolia (Bunge) Hance; Vitis serianiifolia (Bunge) Maxim. var. aconitifolia (Bunge) Franch.) North America. Perennial vine See Enumeratio Plantarum, quas in China Boreali 12. 1833, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 13: 77. 1873, Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum Imperio 1: 74. 1884 (Infusion of bark taken for urinary ailments.) in English: Monk’s-hood-vine, monkshood vine in China: wu tou ye she pu tao Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne (Ampelopsis arborea Koehne; Ampelopsis arborea Rusby; Ampelopsis bipinnata Michx.; Cissus arborea (L.) Des Moul.; Hedera arborea (L.) Walter; Vitis arborea L.) North America. Climbing vine, sprawling, fast growing, bushy, woody below, divided leaves, tendrils opposite the leaves, flat-topped clusters of tiny inconspicuous green flowers, small clusters of pea-sized bluish-purple fleshy shiny

Ampelopsis Michaux Vitaceae

inedible fruits, leaves may be browsed by white-tailed deer, birds and raccoon eat fruit, in swamps and swampy woods, marshes, alluvial woods, disturbed areas, wooded stream banks, aggressive species, noxious pest See Species Plantarum 1: 203. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 102. 1788, Deutsche Dendrologie 400. 1893 (Fruits with unknown toxicity, avoid eating them.) in English: buckvine, pepper vine Ampelopsis cordata Michx. (Cissus ampelopsis Pers., nom. illegit.; Cissus indivisa Des Moulins; Vitis cordata (Michaux) Dumont de Courset; Vitis heterophylla Thunberg var. cordata (Michaux) Regel; Vitis indivisa Willdenow, nom. illegit.) North America. Climbing, perennial, woody vine, tendrils, small creamy white inconspicuous flowers, bluish fruits eaten by several species of birds, species often mistaken for a true grape See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 159. 1803 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 58: 203. 1971 (Infusion of bark taken for urinary ailments, infusion made by boiling together the barks of Ampelopsis cordata, Calycanthus fertilis Walter (or Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray), Vitis aestivalis Michx., Vitis labrusca L., Rubus allegheniensis Porter and Euonymus americanus L., with the roots of Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Fruits with unknown toxicity, avoid eating them.) in English: false grape, heart-leaf ampelopsis, heartleaf peppervine, possum grape, raccoon-grape Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Momiy. (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.; Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Koehne; Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. maximowiczii (Regel) Rehd.; Ampelopsis heterophylla Siebold & Zucc.; Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.; Ampelopsis heterophylla Blume; Ampelopsis heterophylla var. amurensis Planch.; Ampelopsis heterophylla var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) C.L. Li; Cissus brevipedunculata Maxim.; Cissus humulifolia var. brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Regel; Vitis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Dippel) Japan, China. Climber, woody, deciduous, perennial, vigorous, tendrils, grows rapidly, lobed leaf with cordate leaf base, serrated leaf margins, small greenish-white flowers, colorful berries attract birds, invasive and aggressive See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 4: 194. 1825, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(2): 197. 1845, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 68. 1859, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 4(4): 35. 1861, Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada 8(1): 176. 1883, Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2:

259

Ampelopteris Kunze Thelypteridaceae

564. 1892 and Bulletin, University Museum, University of Tokyo 2: 78. 1971, Journal of Japanese Botany 52(1): 30. 1977, Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. 2(1): 47. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 56(1): 31–44, 67–76. 1997, Am. J. Chin. Med. 32(5): 681–693. 2004 (Stem and root antiinflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic and antihepatotoxic. Berries for liver disease; fresh fruits, roots and leaves antiphlogistic, antioxidant, depurative and febrifuge, used externally in the treatment of boils, Herpes zoster, abscesses, ulcers, traumatic bruises, aches, insect stings.) in English: Amur peppervine, creeper, porcelain ampelopsis, porcelain berry, snake-grape, turquoise-berry, wild grape in China: dong bei she pu tao, she pu tao Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Momiy. (Allosampela heterophylla (Thunb.) Raf.; Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. heterophylla (Thunb.) H. Hara; Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. maximowiczii (Regel) Rehder; Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.; Ampelopsis humulifolia var. heterophylla (Thunb.) K. Koch; Ampelopsis regeliana Carrière; Vitis heterophylla Thunb.; Vitis heterophylla var. maximowiczii Regel) Japan. See Syst. Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 244. 1784, Sylva Telluriana 88. 1838, Abhandlungen der MathematischPhysikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(2): 197. 1845, Hortus Dendrologicus 48. 1853 and Enumeratio Spermatophytarum Japonicarum 3: 133. 1954, Bulletin, University Museum, University of Tokyo 2: 78. 1971, Journal of Japanese Botany 52: 30. 1977 (Berries for liver disease; fresh fruits, roots and leaves antiphlogistic, antioxidant, depurative and febrifuge, used externally in the treatment of boils, Herpes zoster, abscesses, ulcers, traumatic bruises, aches, insect stings.) in China: yi ye she pu tao in Japan: no-budô, teriha-no-budô

in English: snake wine vine in China: xian chi she pu tao Ampelopsis indica Blume (Vitis indica L.) India. See Species Plantarum 1: 202. 1753 and Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 4: 193. 1825 [20 Sep 1825] (Antitumor.) Ampelopsis japonica (Thunberg) Makino (Ampelopsis japonica C.K. Schneid.; Ampelopsis japonica Hort.; Ampelopsis japonica Makino; Ampelopsis mirabilis Diels & Gilg; Ampelopsis napiformis Carrière, also napaeformis; Ampelopsis serjaniifolia Bunge, also serianaefolia; Ampelopsis tuberosa Carrière; Cissus serjaniaefolia Walpers; Paullinia japonica Thunberg ex Murray; Paullinia japonica Thunb.; Vitis serjaniaefolia K. Koch; Vitis serjaniifolia (Reg.) Maxim.) China, Japan. Perennial, climbing, much-branched, woody vine, clustered tuberous robust fleshy sweet roots, glossy leaves, tendrils opposite to the leaves, small yellowish-green flowers, clusters of violet-spotted-purple fruits See Species Plantarum 1: 117, 202–203, 365. 1753, Syst. Veg., ed. 14: 380. 1784, Flora Japonica, … 170. 1784, Flora BorealiAmericana 1: 159–160. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum, quas in China Boreali 70. 1833, Dendrologie 1: 558. 1869, Revue Horticole 1870: 17. 1870 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 465–466. 1900, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 17: 113. 1903, Kim, J.K. et al. “Induction of apoptosis by momordin I in promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells.” Anticancer Res. 22(3): 1885–1889. 2002 (Roots antibacterial, bitter and pungent, vulnerary, anticonvulsive, antifungal, depurative, expectorant, febrifuge, for skin inflammation, burns, acne, swellings, hemorrhoids, vaginal and uterine discharges, ulcerous diseases of skin, wounds, boils.)

Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W.T. Wang (Ampelopsis cantoniensis (Hook. & Arn.) Planch. var. grossedentata Hand.-Mazz.)

in English: Japanese ampelopsis, Japanese peppervine

China.

in Japan: byaku-ren

See Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 59: 105. 1877, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5: 460. 1887 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17(3): 79. 1979, BioFactors 21(1–4): 175–178. 2004

Ampelopteris Kunze Thelypteridaceae

(Leaves and stems tea (tocha, tengcha) antioxidant, diaphoretic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, analgesic, high UV-absorbing ability, may improve sleep quality, used in hypertension, cough, painswelling of pharynx and larynx, cold, fever, jaundice hepatitis, prevent and cure arteriosclerosis, platelet aggregation and thrombosis.)

in China: bai lian, mao erh luan, pai ken, pai lien

Greek ampelos ‘a vine’ and pteris ‘fern’, see Species Plantarum 2: 1071–1072. 1753, Icones Plantarum 3, 45–48, t. 11, 13. 1763, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 128. 1833, Gen. Fil. 309. 1850–52. 1843, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 6: 114–115. 1848 and American Fern Journal 53(4): 153. 1963. Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel. (Abacopteris prolifera (Retz.) W.C. Shieh; Ampelopteris elegans Kunze; Aspidium

260

proliferum (Retz.) Hieron.; Aspidium proliferum Hieron.; Aspidium proliferum Hook. & Grev.; Aspidium proliferum R.Br.; Cyclosorus prolifer (Retz.) Tardieu; Cyclosorus proliferus (Retz.) Tardieu ex Tardieu & C. Chr.; Dryopteris prolifer (Retz.) C. Chr.; Dryopteris prolifera (Retz.) C. Chr.; Goniopteris prolifera (Retz.) C. Presl; Goniopteris prolifera C. Presl; Hemionitis prolifera Retz.; Meniscium proliferum (Retz.) Sw.; Meniscium proliferum Sw.; Nephrodium proliferum (Retz.) Keyserl.; Nephrodium proliferum Keyserl.; Phegopteris luxurians (Kunze) Mett.; Phegopteris luxurians Mett.; Phegopteris prolifera Kuhn & Decken; Phegopteris prolifera (Retz.) Kuhn; Phegopteris prolifera Mett.; Phegopteris prolifera (Sw.) Chr.; Polypodium luxurians Kunze; Polypodium proliferum Kaulf.; Polypodium proliferum (Retz.) Hook.; Polypodium proliferum (R.Br.) Poir.; Polypodium proliferum Roxb. et Wall.; Thelypteris prolifera Voster; Thelypteris prolifera (Retz.) Vorster; Thelypteris prolifera (Retz.) C.F. Reed) S. Africa, India. Perennial herb, scrambling, young fronds eaten as vegetable See Observationes Botanicae 6: 36, 38. 1791, Syn. Fil. (Swartz) 19, 207. 1806, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 147. 1810, Enum. Filic. 107. 1824, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 312. 1828, Icon. Filic. 1: t. 96. 1829, Tentamen Pteridographiae 183. 1836, Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips. 84. 1856, Species Filicum 5: 13–14. 1864, Polypodiacea et Cyatheacea Herbarii Bungeani 49. 1873, Decken, Carl Claus von der, Botanik von Ost-Afrika 3(3): 44. 1879 [Reisen in Ost Afrika in den Jahren 1859–1865], Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas 85. 1895 and Bolletino della Società Botanica Italiana 1901: 295. 1901, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 7(2): 76. 1938, Genera Filicum [Copeland] 144. 1947, Fl. Madagasc. 5(9): 270–301. 1958, Phytologia 17(4): 306. 1968, Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 2(2): 84. 1969, J. S. African Bot. 40(2): 123–168. 1974, Bothalia 12(2): 260. 1977, Indian Journal of Forestry 3(2): 132–133. 1980, New Bot. 10: 115– 116. 1983, Aspects Pl. Sci. 6: 119–181. 1983, J. Sci. Engin. 22: 121–144. 1985, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 6(2): 499–502. 1985, Indian Fern J. 5: 162–169. 1988, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects Pl. Sci. 13: 171–248. 1991, Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 839–937. 2002 (Fronds laxative, antiviral, antibacterial, antiseptic, blood purifier, anthelmintic, applied over itches, skin diseases and wounds; leaf sap drunk in a mixture with Hypoestes aristata to treat meningitis and encephalitis. Leaves and roots made into a paste taken to cure stomach pain, blood dysentery. Root paste to cure eczema.) in India: bhuisag, lungri, neegooro

Ampelosicyos Thouars Cucurbitaceae Greek ampelos ‘a vine’ and sikyos ‘wild cucumber, gourd’, see Sp. Pl. 2: 1013. 1753, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 139, 581. 1763, Du Petit-Thouars, Aubert-Aubert (1758–1831), Histoire

Ampelosicyos Thouars Cucurbitaceae

des végétaux recueillis dans les isles australes d’Afrique. Paris: Tourneisen, 1806, Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 3: 314, 318, t. 6. 1827, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 425–427. 1884 and Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 233–247. 1980, Fl. Mascareignes 101: 1–21. 1990. Ampelosicyos scandens Thouars (Ampelosicyos major Jum. & H. Perrier; Ampelosycios major Jum. & H. Perrier; Ampelosycios scandens Thouars; Fevillea pedata Sm. ex Sims; Joliffia africana Delile; Joliffia africana Bojer ex Delile; Telfairia pedata Hook.; Telfairia pedata (Sm. ex Sims) Hook.) Madagascar, Tanzania. Dioecious liana, tuberous, leaves arranged spirally, inflorescence unisexual, pinkish purple flowers, female flowers solitary in leaf axils, male inflorescence an axillary lax raceme, fruit a drooping ellipsoid ribbed berry tardily dehiscent, flattened seeds oyster-shaped, seeds eaten See Botanical Magazine 53: t. 2681. 1826, Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 3: 314, 318, t. 6. 1827, Botanical Magazine 54: t. 2751–2752. 1827 and Ann. Fac. Sc. Marseille, 23(2): 24, 27, t. 3. 1915, East African Agricultural Journal 5: 114–120. 1939, New Phytologist 102: 199–207. 1986 (Calcium-containing crystals. Oil used for stomach troubles and rheumatism. Seed as tonic after childbirth, as a postpartum remedy, given to nursing mothers to improve lactation.) in English: oyster nut, Queen’s nut, Zanzibar oil vine in East Africa: jiconga, kwemme in Tanzania: mkweme, mkwema

Ampelozizyphus Ducke Rhamnaceae Greek ampelos ‘a vine’ plus the genus Zizyphus or Ziziphus Miller. Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke Venezuela, Brazil. Liana, tree or shrub, leaning See Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 2: 157–158. 1935, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 36(2): 175–182. 1992, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, série Ciências Humanas 1(1): 137–147. 2005, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 40(5): 663–670. 2007, International Journal for Parasitology 38(13): 1505–1511. 2008, International Journal for Parasitology 38(14): 1738. 2008 (Cold suspension of powdered dried roots antimalarial, febrifuge; roots infusion used as antiinflammatory preparations, as an antidote to snake venoms and for the treatment and prevention of malaria. Extract of stem bark used as an antimalarial and antiinflammatory and as an antidote to snake venom.)

261

Amphiachyris (DC.) Nutt. Asteraceae

in English: indian beer

(Used for eczema and skin rashes. Weed dermatitis.)

in Brazil: cerveja de índio, saracura-mirá

in English: prairie broomweed

Amphiachyris (DC.) Nutt. Asteraceae

Amphicarpaea Elliott ex Nutt. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

Greek amphi ‘both, on both sides’ and achyron ‘chaff, husk’, referring to the achenes, see Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 313. 1840. Amphiachyris amoena (Shinners) Solbrig (Gutierrezia amoena (Shinners) Diggs, Lipscomb & O’Kennon; Xanthocephalum amoenum Shinners) North America. See Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 1(2): 140. 1807, Genera et species plantarum 30. 1816 and Field & Laboratory 19(2): 77–78. 1951, Rhodora 62(734): 52. 1960, Systematic Botany 4(2): 178–189. 1979, Systematic Botany 7(4): 405–416. 1982, J. Nat. Prod. 57(6): 767–775. 1994, J. Nat. Prod. 57(10): 1382–1390. 1994, J. Nat. Prod. 58(1): 82–92. 1995, J. Nat. Prod. 58(2): 209–216. 1995, J. Nat. Prod. 58(9): 1407–1418. 1995, Sida, Botanical Miscellany 16: 364. 1999 (Labdane diterpenes.) Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. (Brachyris dracunculoides DC.; Brachyris dracunculoides var. angustissima DC.; Brachyris ramosissima Hook.; Gutierrezia dracunculoides (DC.) O. Hoffm.; Gutierrezia dracunculoides (DC.) S.F. Blake, nom. illeg., non Gutierrezia dracunculoides (DC.) O. Hoffm.; Gutierrezia lindheimeriana Scheele; Xanthocephalum amoenum var. intermedium Shinners; Xanthocephalum dracunculoides (DC.) Shinners) North America. See Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 1(2): 140. 1807, Genera et species plantarum 30. 1816, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 163. 1818, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 7(2): 265–269, pl. 1. 1836, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 2: 142. 1837, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 313. 1840, Linnaea 22(3): 351–352. 1849, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(5): 148. 1894 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 22(8): 592. 1924, Field & Laboratory 18(1): 28. 1950, Field & Laboratory 19(2): 77–78. 1951, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (Baltimora). 43(5): 291–293. 1954, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. American Pharmaceutical Association (Baltimora). 47(11): 820–822. 1958, Systematic Botany 4(2): 178–189. 1979, Systematic Botany 7(4): 405–416. 1982, Systematic Botany 8(3): 305–316. 1983, Systematic Botany 10(1): 7–28. 1985, Rhodora 89: 319–325. 1987, J. Nat. Prod. 53(5): 1312–1326. 1990, J. Nat. Prod. 59(5): 463–468. 1996

From the Greek amphi ‘both, on both sides’ and karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the different kinds of pods, see The Genera of North American Plants 2: 113–114. 1818. Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. (Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fernald; Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Rickett & Stafleu; Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. comosa (L.) Fernald; Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. pitcheri (Torr. & A. Gray) Fernald; Amphicarpaea chamaecaulis B. Boivin & Raymond; Amphicarpaea ciliata Raf.; Amphicarpaea comosa (L.) Loudon; Amphicarpaea comosa (L.) G. Don ex Loudon; Amphicarpaea cuspidata Raf.; Amphicarpaea deltifolia Raf.; Amphicarpaea elliottii Raf.; Amphicarpaea heterophyla Raf.; Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Nutt.; Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Elliott ex Nutt.; Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Nutt. var. comosa (L.) Eaton; Amphicarpaea pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray; Amphicarpaea sarmentosa Nutt.; Amphicarpaea sarmentosa Elliott ex Nutt.; Amphicarpaea villosa Raf.; Falcata bracteata (L.) Farw.; Falcata caroliniana J.F. Gmel.; Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze; Falcata comosa Kuntze; Falcata pitcheri (Torr. & A. Gray) Kuntze; Glycine bracteata L.; Glycine comosa L.; Glycine monoica L.; Glycine sarmentosa Roth; Lobomon acutifolium Raf.; Lobomon montanum Raf.; Lobomon obtusifolium Raf.; Lobomon sarmentosum (Elliott) Raf.; Savia volubilis Raf.; Tetrodea comosa (L.) Jacks.; Tetrodea monoica (L.) Raf.) North America. Perennial or annual climbing herb, vine See Species Plantarum 2: 754. 1753, Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 314. 1830, New Flora and Botany of North America … 1: 81. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 182. 1891 and American Midland Naturalist 4: 431. 1916, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 3: 101. 1924, Rhodora 35(416): 276. 1933, Rhodora 39: 318. 1937, Le Naturaliste Canadien 69: 225. 1943, Taxon 8: 296. 1959, Phytologia 63(5): 410. 1987 (Infusion of root taken for diarrhea.) in English: American hog peanut, hog peanut Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. bracteata (Amphicarpaea bracteata var. typica Boivin & Raymond; Amphicarpaea monoica (L.) Elliott) North America. Perennial or annual climbing herb, vine See Rhodora 35(416): 276. 1933, Le Naturaliste Canadien 69: 225. 1943 (Infusion of root taken for diarrhea, and applied on snakebite.) in English: American hog peanut, hog peanut

262

Amphimas Pierre ex Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Sophoreae)

Amphimas Pierre ex Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Sophoreae) Greek amphi ‘both, both sides, surrounding, before and behind’ and mastix, mastigos ‘a whip’, referring to the strap-like petals, see Dalla Torre, Karl Wilhelm von (1850– 1928), Genera siphonogamarum ad systema Englerianum conscripta/ ab autoribus C.G. de Dalla Torre et H. Harms. Lipsiae: G. Engelmann, 1900–1907, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. II-IV 3: 157. 1906. Amphimas ferrugineus Pellegr. (Amphimas ferrugineus Pierre ex Pellegr.; Amphimas ferrugineus Pierre ex Harms, nom. nud.; Amphimas klaineanus Pierre ex Harms) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, straight, cylindrical, bark with red sap, inflorescence a lax terminal or axillary compound raceme, pendulous flat elliptical to oblong papery winged pod See Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 2: 292–293. 1912 (Bark decoction used to treat dysmenorrhea and as poison antidote; crushed bark applied to mumps.) in Cameroon: edjin in Gabon: afié, edji, mbango in Ivory Coast: lati in Zaire: bokanga Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, straight, cylindrical, bark with red sap, inflorescence a lax terminal or axillary compound raceme, pendulous flat elliptical to oblong papery winged pod

in Yoruba: kogbagbe, kugbagbe, kusigbagbe in Zaire: bokanga, ekanga, likalanga

Amphineurion (A. DC.) Pichon Apocynaceae Greek amphi ‘both, both sides, surrounding’ and Nerium L., neros ‘wet’, nero ‘water’, see Middleton, D.J., Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). Flora Malesiana 18: 1–474. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta. 2007. Amphineurion marginatum (Roxb.) D.J. Middleton (Aganosma acuminata G. Don; Aganosma acuminata (Roxb.) G. Don; Aganosma euloba Miq.; Aganosma macrocarpa A. DC.; Aganosma marginata (Roxb.) G. Don; Aganosma velutina A. DC.; Amphineurion acuminatum (G. Don) Pichon; Amphineurion velutinum (A. DC.) Pichon; Chonemorpha cristata (Roth) G. Don; Chonemorpha dichotoma G. Don; Echites acuminatus Roxb., nom. illeg.; Echites apoxys Voigt; Echites cristatus Roth; Echites marginatus Roxb.; Echites procumbens Blanco; Echites repens Blanco, nom. illeg.; Holarrhena procumbens (Blanco) Merr.; Ichnocarpus acuminatus (G. Don) Fern.-Vill.; Ichnocarpus macrocarpus (A. DC.) Fern.-Vill.; Ichnocarpus velutinus (A. DC.) Fern.-Vill.) Tropical Asia, China. Liana, woody twiner, latex greenish yellow, white flowers, old fruits brownish See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 15–16. 1832, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 77. 1837 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 95: 215. 1948, Taxon 55: 502. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(1): 12–18. 2006 (Cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiplasmodial. Roots decoction as a postpartum remedy and for urinary disorders. Root and stem eaten for mental illness, schizophrenia.)

See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 12. 1913

in English: common aganosma

(Inner bark to treat cough; a decoction of twig bark applied to prevent threatening abortion and to treat impotence. Resin against dysentery, anemia, hematuria, dysmenorrhea, schistosomiasis and mumps, and as poison antidote. Bark poisonous to mice and fish.)

in Malaysia: ara tanah, kati, sakat lima, sekati lima

in Cameroon: alen, edjin, ekela, gbo, kanga, mvanda in Central Africa: gbo, ogiva in Congo: muizi in Ghana: yaya

in China: xiang hua teng in Thailand: khruea sai tan

Amphineuron Holttum Thelypteridaceae From the Greek amphi ‘both, both sides, surrounding’ and neuron ‘nerve’; see Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 128. 1833 and American Fern Journal 53(4): 153. 1963, Webbia 24: 709. 1970, Blumea 19(1): 45–46, f. 19, 19a. 1971.

in Nigeria: ogiya (Yoruba); erurumesi (Edo); awo (Igbo); keche bumpe (Boki)

Amphineuron immersum (Blume) Holttum (Aspidium immersum Blume; Dryopteris immersa (Blume) Kuntze; Lastrea immersa (Blume) T. Moore; Nephrodium immersum (Blume) Hook.; Parathelypteris immersa (Blume) Ching; Thelypteris immersa (Blume) Ching)

in Sierra Leone: njumbo wuli

India, Java. Often as Thelypteris immersa (Blume) Ching

in Ivory Coast: lati

263

Amphiscirpus Oteng-Yeboah Cyperaceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 1071–1072. 1753, Icones Plantarum 3, 45–48, t. 11, 13. 1763, Enumeratio Plantarum Javae fasc. 2: 156–157. 1828, Species Filicum 4: 112. 1862, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 813. 1891 and Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology 6(5): 306. 1936, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(4): 303. 1963, Companion Beddome’s Handb. Ferns Brit. India 203. 1974 (Fronds for diarrhea, boils, malaria, menstrual disorders, pneumonia, tuberculosis. Magic, used to ward off evil spirits. Fish poison.)

latifolia Raf., nom. illeg.; Crescentia lethifera Tussac; Crescentia obovata Benth.; Crescentia palustris Forsyth ex Seem., nom. inval.; Crescentia toxicaria Tussac; Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A.H. Gentry; Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A.H. Gentry; Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A.H. Gentry; Dendrosicus latifolius (Mill.) A.H. Gentry; Dendrosicus saxatilis Raf., nom. illeg.; Enallagma cucurbitina Baill., nom. nud.; Enallagma cucurbitina (L.) Baill. ex Schum.; Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Small; Enallagma obovata K. Schum.; Enallagma obovata (Benth.) Baill. ex Schum.) Caribbean, Venezuela.

Amphiscirpus Oteng-Yeboah Cyperaceae Greek amphi ‘both, around’ and the genus Scirpus L., Latin scirpus, i ‘a rush, bulrush’, see Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 33(2): 308. 1974, Kew Bulletin 46(1): 169–178. 1991, Acta Bot. Mex. 82: 15–41. 2007. Amphiscirpus nevadensis (S. Watson) Oteng-Yeb. (Phylloscirpus nevadensis (S. Watson) Goetgh.; Schoenoplectus nevadensis (S. Watson) Soják; Scirpus nevadensis S. Watson; Scirpus nevadensis S. Watson var. remireoides (Griseb.) Beetle; Scirpus remireoides Griseb.) North America. Perennial, graminoid, roots eaten raw See Watson, Sereno (1826–1892), Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by order of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1871, Plantae Lorentzianae 19: 266. 1874 and American Journal of Botany 33: 663. 1946, Fl. Patagónica 8(2): 38–92. 1969, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 33(2): 308. 1974, Genera Cyperacearum 330. 1986 (Ceremonial.) in English: Nevada bulrush

Amphitecna Miers Bignoniaceae See Sylva Telluriana 80. 1838, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26: 163, 174. 1868, Revue Horticole 1882: 465. 1882, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 85: 679. 1887, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(3b): 247. 1894 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/3): 153–232. 1974, Fl. Neotrop. 25(1): 1–131. 1980, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 77–161. 2000, Biodiver. Tabasco 65–110. 2005. Amphitecna latifolia (Mill.) A.H. Gentry (Amphitecna obovata (Benth.) L.O. Williams; Crescentia coriacea Miers; Crescentia cucurbitina L.; Crescentia cucurbitina var. heterophylla Kuntze; Crescentia cuspidata Miers; Crescentia elongata Miers; Crescentia latifolia Lam., nom. illeg.; Crescentia latifolia Mill.; Crescentia

See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition, no. 2. 1768, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 250. 1771, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 558. 1783, Flore des Antilles 4: 50, t. 17. 1827, Sylva Telluriana 81. 1838, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 130, t, 46. 1845, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 183. 1854, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26: 177–178. 1870, Histoire des Plantes 10: 24. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 479. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(3b): 247. 1894 and Flora of Miami 171. 1913, Taxon 22(5–6): 638. 1973, Fieldiana, Botany 36(3): 25. 1973, Taxon 25(1): 108. 1976, Fl. Neotrop. 25(1): 66. 1980 (Anodyne, astringent, diuretic, for dropsy, fever, headache, swelling.)

Amsinckia Lehm. Boraginaceae After the German botanist Wilhelm Amsinck, 1752–1831, burgomaster of Hamburg, Germany, patron of botany, author of Eines freyen teutschen Mannes freymüthige Betrachtungen über kriegerische Massregeln zur Hemmung des Handels und deren verderbliche Folgen. [Hamburg?] 1801, see Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian (1792–1860), Delectus Seminum quae in Horto Hamburgensium Botanico e collectione, anni 1830, 1831, 1839, 1842, 1849, 1850 mutuae commutationi offerentur. 3, 7. Hamburgi, 1830–1850 and Journal of Animal Science. 68(3): 892–904. 1990, National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (508): 1–280. May 2003. Amsinckia douglasiana A. DC. North America. Annual herb See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 118. 1846 and Evolution 51: 1090–1099. 1997, The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 27(2): 419– 428. 2011 (Possibly toxic.) in English: Douglas’s fiddlehead Amsinckia intermedia Fisch & Mey. (Amsinckia media E.H.L. Krause; Benthamia intermedia (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Druce) North America.

264

Amsonia Walter Apocynaceae

See Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 4: 37. 1828, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 2: 2, 26. 1836 and Fl. Deutschl. (ed. 2) 11: 42. 1903, (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 3: 25. 1912, McCulloch, E.C. “Hepatic cirrhosis of horses, swine and cattle due to the ingestion of seeds of the tarweed, Amsinckia intermedia.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 96: 5–18. 1940, Woolsey, J.H., Jasper, D.E., Cordy, D.R., Christensen, J.F. “Two outbreaks of hepatic cirrhosis in swine in California, with evidence incriminating the tarweed, Amsinckia intermedia.” Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin., 47: 55–58. 1952, Cancer Research 30: 2127–2131. 1970, Taxon 31: 763–764. 1982, Cheeke, P.R., Shull, L.R. Natural toxicants in feeds and poisonous plants. AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, CT, USA. 1985, Evolution 51: 1090–1099. 1997

Gray) B. Boivin; Amsinckia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. var. microcarpa (Greene) Jeps. & Hoover; Amsinckia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. var. nicolai (Jeps.) I.M. Johnst. ex Munz; Amsinckia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. var. spectabilis; Benthamia microcarpa (Greene) Druce; Benthamia spectabilis (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Druce

(Ingestion can cause severe diseases in horses, swine, and cattle. Liver damage, hepatic cirrhosis results from ingesting the seeds of the plant; the symptoms in horses are termed “walking disease.”)

(Possibly toxic.)

in English: buckthorn-weed, fiddleneck, finger-weed, tarweed Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. (Amsinckia barbata Greene; Benthamia lycopsoides (Lehm.) Lindl. ex Druce; Benthamia lycopsioides (Lehm.) Druce) North America, British Columbia. Annual herb, taproot, basal crowded leaves persistent, yellow to orange flowers, inflorescence a coiled cluster See Delectus Seminum quae in Horto Hamburgensium Botanico 7. 1831 and List of British Plants 103. 1908 (Livestock known to be affected by toxin, ingestion can cause severe diseases in horses, swine, and cattle.) in English: bugloss fiddleneck, coast fiddle-neck, fiddleneck, fiddle-necks, fiddleneck, tarweed, tarweed fiddleneck, yellow burn-weed, yellow forget-me-not Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. (Benthamia menziesii (Lehm.) Druce; Echium menziesii Lehm.) North America, British Columbia. Annual herb, taproot, yellow flowers, inflorescence a coiled cluster See Species Plantarum 1: 139–140. 1753, Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus 2: 29. 1830 and Botanical Gazette 61(1): 36. 1916, (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 5: 570. 1920 (Livestock known to be affected by toxin, ingestion can cause severe diseases in horses, swine and cattle.) in English: Menzies’ fiddleneck, rancher’s fire-weed, smallflowered fiddle-neck, small-flowered fiddleneck Amsinckia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Amsinckia intermedia var. saint-nicolai Jeps.; Amsinckia lycopsoides var. bracteosa A. Gray; Amsinckia scouleri I.M. Johnst.; Amsinckia spectabilis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. var. bracteosa (A.

North America. Annual herb See Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 2: 2, 26. 1836, Synoptical Flora of North America 2(1): 198. 1878 and (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 4: 299. 1916, A Manual of Southern California Botany 423. 1935, A Flora of California 3: 326. 1943, Le Naturaliste Canadien 93(6): 1059. 1966[1967], Evolution 51: 1090–1099. 1997

in English: woolly breeches Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray (Benthamia tessellata (A. Gray) Druce) North America. Annual herb See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 54. 1874 and (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 4: 299. 1916 (Possibly toxic.) in English: bristly fiddleneck, devil’s-lettuce, western fiddle-neck Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray var. tessellata (Amsinckia densirugosa Suksd.; Amsinckia hendersonii Suksd.; Amsinckia washingtonensis Suksd.) North America. Annual herb, food See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 54. 1874 and (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 4: 299. 1916, Werdenda 1: 107, 111. 1931 (Possibly toxic.) in English: bristly fiddleneck, devil’s-lettuce, western fiddle-neck

Amsonia Walter Apocynaceae Named for the American botanist Charles Amson, traveller, physician; see Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 11, 98. 1788, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologischbotanisches Handwörterbuch. 41. Ansbach 1852 and F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 56. 1989. Amsonia elliptica (Thunb.) Roem. & Schult. (Amsonia elliptica (Thunberg ex Murray) Roemer & Schultes; Amsonia sinensis Tsiang & P.T. Li; Ansonia elliptica (Thunb.)

265

Amydrium Schott Araceae

Raf.; Chonemorpha elliptica (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe; Tabernaemontana elliptica Blanco; Tabernaemontana elliptica Thunb.; Tabernaemontana elliptica Thunberg ex Murray) China, Korea, Japan. Herb, perennial, corolla bluish See Species Plantarum 1: 210–211. 1753, Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 255. 1784, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 432. 1819 and Philippine Journal of Science 3: 121. 1908, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11(4): 368–369. 1973 (Alkaloids. Whole plant decoction febrifuge, hypotensive, vasodilation, widening of the lumen of blood vessels.) in English: Chinese alstonia, Chinese amsonia, Chinese blue star, Japanese bluestar in China: shui gan cao

Amydrium Schott Araceae Greek amydros, amydron ‘dim, faint, obscure, weak’; see Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 127. 1863 and D.H. Nicolson, “A revision of Amydrium (Araceae).” Blumea 16(1): 123–127. 1968, D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988. Amydrium humile Schott (Epipremnum humile (Schott) Hook.f.; Rhaphidophora humilis (Schott) Ridl.) Pen. Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra. Herb, subscandent See Fl. Brit. India 6: 549. 1893 and Fl. Malay. Penins. 3: 41. 1907, Pflanzenreich 37 (IV.23B): 118. 1908 (Used for coughs, cuts, swellings.) in Papua New Guinea: ganona, waliwaboya Amydrium sinense (Engl.) H. Li (Epipremnopsis sinensis (Engl.) H. Li; Rhaphidophora dunniana H. Lév.; Scindapsus sinensis Engl.; Scindapsus sinensis Engl. & Krause; Scindapsus sinensis Engl. ex Diels) China, Vietnam. Creeping and root-climbing liane, slender, inflorescence solitary, spadix stipitate, yellow to orange-red smelling fruits See Meletemata Botanica 21. 1832 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 234. 1900, Pflanzenreich 37 (IV.23B): 80. 1908, (Feddes Rep. Sp. Nov.) Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(214–216): 325. 1911, J. Arn. Arb. 17: 57. 1936, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 15(2): 102. 1977, Fl. Yunnan 2: 745–747, Pl. 203, 18–10. 1979, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 13(2): 23, pl. 4, f. 8–10. 1979 (Stems and leaves for treating traumatic injury, fractures and angina pectoris.)

Amygdalus L. Rosaceae Greek amygdale ‘almond’, Latin amygdala, ae ‘an almond’, amygdalus, i ‘an almond-tree’, amygdalum, i ‘an almondkernel, an almond, an almond-tree’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 472. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 212. 1754. Amygdalus communis L. (Amygdalus amara Duhamel; Amygdalus communis var. amara (Duhamel) DC.; Amygdalus communis var. dulcis (Mill.) Borkh. ex DC.; Amygdalus communis var. dulcis DC.; Amygdalus communis var. fragilis (Borkh.) Ser.; Amygdalus fragilis Borkh.; Amygdalus sativa Mill.; Prunus amygdalus Batsch; Prunus amygdalus Stokes, nom. illeg., non Prunus amygdalus Batsch; Prunus amygdalus var. amara (Duhamel) Focke; Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis (Mill.) Koehne; Prunus amygdalus var. fragilis (Borkh.) Focke; Prunus amygdalus var. sativa (Mill.) Focke; Prunus communis (L.) Arcang.; Prunus communis (L.) Fritsch, nom. illeg., non Prunus communis Huds.; Prunus communis var. dulcis (Mill.) Borkh.; Prunus communis var. fragilis (Borkh.) Focke; Prunus communis var. sativa (Mill.) Asch. & Graebn., isonym; Prunus communis var. sativa (Mill.) Focke; Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb; Prunus dulcis var. amara (Duhamel) H.L. Moore) See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition, no. 3. 1768, Versuch einer Forstbotanischen Beschreibung Holzart. 201. 1790, Arch. für Bot. 1, 2: 37, 1797, Batsch, August Johann Georg Carl (1761– 1802), Descriptions of Prunus tenella and Prunus pumilio. 1: 30. 1801 [Beytr. Entw. Prag. Gesch. Drey. Natur-Reiche], Flore Française. Troisième Édition 4: 486. 1805, A Botanical Materia Medica 3: 101. 1812, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 531. 1825, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, MathematischNaturwissenschaftlichen Classe, Abteilung 1 632. 1892, Synopsis der Deutschen und Schweizer Flora 1: 728. 1892, Deutsche Dendrologie 315. 1893 and Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6 2: 138. 1906, Feddes Repertorium 74: 24. 1967, Fl. Libya 31: 12. 1977, Taxon 29: 725–726. 1980, Chromosome Information Service 36: 7–9. 1984, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 3(4): 363–366. 1985, Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1–443; 37: 1–516; 38: 1–133. 1974, 1985, 1986 (All members of the genus contain substances forming hydrocyanic acid (cyanide or prussic acid), in small amounts exceedingly poisonous compound.)

Amyris P. Browne Rutaceae Greek amyron ‘watery, not perfumed’, a ‘intensive’ and myron ‘a perfume, ointment, scent’, alluding to the strong fragrance of balm; see Species Plantarum 2: 1193–1194. 1753, Patrick Browne, The civil and natural history of Jamaica.

266

Anabasis L. Chenopodiaceae

208–209. London 1756, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1000. 1759.

vrana ‘wound’ and kart (kar ‘to do’), to eat the raw fruit was considered dangerous for the mouth.

Amyris elemifera L. (Amyris elemifera J. König ex Blume; Elemifera floridana (L.) M. Gómez & Roig)

Anacardium excelsum (Kunth) Skeels (Anacardium excelsum Skeels; Anacardium excelsum (Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels; Anacardium rhinocarpus (Kunth) DC.; Anacardium rhinocarpus DC.; Rhinocarpus excelsa Kunth; Rhinocarpus excelsa Bertero & Balb.; Rhinocarpus excelsus Bertero & Balb. ex Kunth)

Jamaica. Trees, evergreen, resinous shoots, wood gives a spicy and peppery odor when cut, opposite or subopposite leaves with a fragrant resinous odor when crushed, leaflets stalked but without a pulvinus, white flowers with conspicuous resin glands, glabrous terminal panicles at the end of new growth, clusters of rounded fleshy aromatic 1-seeded black drupes See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1000. 1759, Musée Botanique de M. Benjamin Delessert 1: 218. 1851 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 398–425. 1946 (Infusion febrifuge, a decoction to bathe cuts and sores.) in English: torchwood, white torch

Anabasis L. Chenopodiaceae Latin and Greek anabasis for a plant, horse-tail, equisetum, see Species Plantarum 1: 223. 1753. Anabasis aphylla Linnaeus (Anabasis tatarica Pallas) Caspian region. For stabilizing dunes See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 13, pl. 8. 1803 and Regnum Veg. 127: 18. 1993 (Annual branches contain the alkaloid anabasine, a botanical insecticide.) in Arabic: ‘ajram, balbal, shnān, tartīr, ‘ushnān in China: wu ye jia mu zei Anabasis syriaca Iljin (Anabasis aphylla auct., non L.; Anabasis aphylla L. subsp. africana (Murb.) Maire) Syria. Herb, leaves reduced, flowers solitary, grazed by livestock, mulch capable of removing lead, cadmium and copper from aqueous solutions See Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 138, in obs. 1960, Process Safety and Environmental Protection 80(5): 270–276. 2002 (Veterinary medicine, wounds, sores and skin diseases.) in Arabic: ‘ajram, balbal, shnān, tartīr, ‘ushnān

Anacardium L. Anacardiaceae Possibly from the Greek ana ‘up, back again, upward, like’ and kardia ‘heart’, referring to the shape of the fruit, but in ancient Greek anakardion (kardia?) was the twig of mulberry (see Les lapidaires grecs. 29, in F. de Mély, Les lapidaires. Paris 1899); or from the Sanskrit vranakart, from

South America. Tree, dark bark, resinous sap, dense rounded crown, small reddish flowers in large terminal panicles, kidney-shape fruit not edible, seeds edible when roasted, fruits dispersed by birds or mammals See Species Plantarum 1: 383. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 7: 5–6, t. 601. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 62. 1825 and U.S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 242: 36. 1912, Woods, B. and Calnan, C.D. “Toxic woods.” British Journal of Dermatology 95(Suppl. 13): 1–97. 1976, Biotropica 11(3): 235–236. 1979, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 42: 33. 1987, Flora of Ecuador 30: 9–50. 1987, Tree Physiol. 22(4): 277–283. 2002, Oecologia 134(1): 37–45. 2003, Plant Physiol. 131(2): 745–752. 2003, Oecologia 141(4): 661– 71. 2004 (Uncooked nuts poisonous, but leaves of this species are not toxic. No dermatitis from this tree, but the resinous sap may cause allergic reactions in some people. The macerated bark sometimes used as bait for catching fish.) in English: wild cashew in Southern America: caju, caju assu, caju-da-mata, caju da matta, caracoli, cornezuelo, espabel, espavé, espavé acanju, espavel, espavel amarillo, espavel rosado, ispabel, javillo, maranon, mijao, quina, rabito wild cashew Anacardium giganteum W. Hancock ex Engl. South America, Guyana. Small tree, panicle terminal, red petals with black dots within, nut kidney-shaped See Flora Brasiliensis 12(2): 409. 1876 (Bark decoction for common colds, sore throat, vomiting, ulcers, venereal diseases.) in Brazil (Amazonas): oru xihi, wito hi in Caribbean: hubudi, merehi, ubudi, wild cashew Anacardium occidentale L. (Acajuba occidentalis (L.) Gaertn.; Anacardium microcarpum Ducke; Cassuvium pomiferum Lam., nom. illeg.) Tropical America, Brazil, Caribbean region. Spreading tree, small trees, aromatic, rough bark, symmetrical crown, broad leathery smooth leaves, small yellow or pink flowers in terminal clusters, the true fruit is kidney-shape nut attached to the terminal end of the enlarged woody cashew apple, edible cashew apple nonpoisonous, edible cashew nuts low in calories, bee forage

267

Anacardium L. Anacardiaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 383. 1753, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 1: t. 181, f. 35. 1763, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 22. 1783, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 192, t. 40. 1788 and Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 202. 1922, Fl. Jamaica 5: 6. 1926, Kingsbury, J.M. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA. 1964, Ceiba 22(1): 41–64. 1978, Taxon 28: 630. 1979, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, C) 66: 84. 1979, Flora of Ecuador 30: 9–50. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988, Geller, M. “Poison ivy, mangoes, cashews, and dermatitis.” Ann. Intern. Med., 110: 1036–1037. 1989, Flora del Paraguay 1–84. 1990, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. 1990 [Flowering plants of Amazonian Ecuador—A checklist.], Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 308–320. 1990, Brenesia 41–42: 73–80. 1994, Phytother. Res. 21(6): 574–578. 2007 [Analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic properties of an indigenous formulation—Kalpaamruthaa.], Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 151(18): 997–1001. 2007 [Allergy for cashew nuts and peanuts.], Konan N.A., Bacchi E.M. “Antiulcerogenic effect and acute toxicity of a hydroethanolic extract from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 112(2): 237–242. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. The shells of cashews are cross-reactive with catechols of Rhus species. The black corrosive liquid obtained from the pericarp of the nut of Semecarpus anacardium L.f. is also known as bhilawa nut shell liquid, and is analogous in many respects with cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from Anacardium occidentale. It has been shown to contain anacardic acid. As well as having vesicant and allergenic properties, the bhilawanols have cytotoxic activity. Resorcinols may be involved as primary and secondary contact allergens, and also as primary irritants. Anaphylactic reaction after eating small amounts of cashew nuts. Resin in leprosy. Bark infusion antidiabetic, bark paste applied on piles; bark decoction taken every month during menstruation as a contraceptive. Root bark tincture in reducing blood pressure. Root, bark, leaves and fruit analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiulcerogenic, to treat snakebite, odontalgia, inflammation of the gums, leprosy, ringworm, corns, skin diseases, dysentery, hemorrhoids, anorexia and to increase hair growth; bark and leaves infusion astringent, used for dysentery. Milky latex from the seeds smeared for foot sores; fruit juice taken for cholera. A wine from the fresh fruits used for chronic dysentery.) in English: cashew, cashew apple, cashew gum, cashew nut, cashew-nut tree, cashew tree, coffin nail, East Indian almond, korocho nut in Guatemala: jocote marañon in South America: acajaiba, acaju, cacahuil, caju, cajú, caju manso, cajueiro, cajuil, casca antidiabética, cashu, cayú, marañon, merche, merehi, merey, sacaju, salsaparrilha-dos-pobres in East Africa: mkanju, mutua, nkorosho

in Madagascar: abiba, abibo, bibo, mabibo in Mali: jibarani in Nigeria: acashu, ejoju, ekaju, ikasu, kaju, kanju in Southern Africa: kasjoe, mbiba in Tanzania: mkorosho, nkorosho in West Africa: e-lil-e-potho, kushu, kusui in Burma: thiho thayet si in Cambodia: svaay chantii in China: du xian zi in India: agnikrita, andima, andimangottai, arushkara, bi, duk, gaeru, gaeru beeja, gaeru kaayi, gaeru pappu, gaerumara, gerapoppu, gerbija, gerligai, geru, geru beeja, geru pappu, gerubija, gerupoppu, godambe, godambee, godambi mara, godambimara, godami, godumbi, gokuda, gonkuda, gori, govamba, govambe, gove, gove gaeru, gove hannu, guchhapushpa, hajli badam, hijli badam, jaedima-midi, jeedimaamidi, jidi, jidi mamidi, jidi-mamidi-vittu, jidimamidi, kaajoocha, kajoo, kajooaka, kaju, kaju-ki-gutli, kajucha, kajutah, kajutaka, kajutakah, kallarma, kapamava, kapamava, kappa-mavakuru, kappa-mavu, kappaimavu, kappal-cheru-kuru, kappalcher, kappalmavu, kappalsera, kappamavakum, kappamavu, karmavu, kashumavu, kasumavu, kempu gaeru, kempugeru, kempukerubija, kollaamaram, kollamma, kottai-mundiri, kottai munitirima, kottaimundiri, lanka amba, lonkabhalya, mandiri pappu, mindiri-appazham, mindiriparuppu, mokka mamidi, mokkamaamidi, mokkamamidi, moonthamamidivittu, mundhiri, mundiri, mundiri-kai, mundiri-kottai, mundthri, munta mamidi, muntamamidi, muntamamidivittu, munthamaamidi, munthiri, munthri, munthri-kottei, muntiri, muntiri-p-palam, ote rai, parangimavu, parankimava, parankimavu, paringimavu, parvati, patirimavu, portugimavu, portukimavu, prithagabija, pritikannavu, saram, shoephahara, sigidima, sophahara, sophara, srigdhahapitaphala, tarukageru, thuruka geru, tirigai, turakageru, turukageru, upapushpika, uttumabalam, venamrah, vrittapatra, vrkkabijah, vrkkaphalah, vrttarushkarah in Indonesia: buwa jaki, buwa yakis, buwah monyet, gaju, jambu dipa, jambu dwipa, jambu erang, jambu gajus, jambu jipang, jambu mede, jambu mete, jambu monye, jambu monyet, jambu parang, jambu sempal, jambu seran, jambu siki, jangus gajus, jhambhu monyet, kanoke, masapana, nyambu monyet, nyambu nyebet in Japan: kashu-nato in Malaysia: gajus, jambu bongkok, jambu gajus, jambu golok, jambu monyet, janggar, janggus, kanjus, keterek, terek in Philippines: balogo, balubad, balubar, balubat, balugo, batuban, bolugo, kasoi, kasoy, kasue, kasui, kasul, kologo, kosing, sambalduke

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in Thailand: ma-muang-himma-phan, mamuang himmaphan, mamuang letlor, muang-let-lo, thai-lo, ya-ngai, yaruang, yaruang in Vietnam: cây diêù, dào lôn hôt

Anacolosa (Blume) Blume Olacaceae Greek anakolouthos (a and akoloutheo ‘to follow one in a thing, to resemble’) ‘wanting sequence’, anakoulouthia ‘want of sequence’, possibly referring to the inflorescence or to the small calyx; see Museum Botanicum. 1(16): 250, t. 46. 1851 [Jul 1850 publ. early 1851] and Index Nominum Genericorum 1 (1979) 77. 1979. Anacolosa crassipes Kurz India. Aromatic leaves See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 44(3): 153. 1876 [1875 publ. 13 Jan 1876] (Leaves decoction as a bath for measles and skin eruptions in children.) in India: lushainautur Anacolosa densiflora Bedd. India. See Madras J. Lit. Sci. Ser. III, i. (1864) 38. 1864 (Used in Sidha.) in India: kaiyati, kal manikkam, kalmanicum, kalmanikkam, kanamadakku, kanamaduku, kanamatakku, kanayam, kattu ockkali, katu vekkali, keiadi, malamkara, malankara, nettamadakku, nettamatakku

Anacyclus L. Asteraceae Contracted form of ananthocyclus, from Greek a ‘without’, anthos ‘flower’ and kyklos ‘a circle, ring’, referring to the asymmetric corollas or to the circle of ovaries surrounding the disk; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 892. 1753 and Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 381. 1754. Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. (Achillea biaristata Spreng.; Anacyclus candollei Nyman; Anacyclus capillifolius Maire; Anacyclus divaricatus Cav. ex Balb.; Anacyclus pedunculatus (Desf.) Pers.; Anacyclus pubescens (Willd.) Rchb. ex Link; Anacyclus pubescens Rchb.; Anacyclus tomentosus DC.; Anthemis biaristata DC.; Anthemis clavata Desf.; Anthemis clavata L.; Anthemis incrassata (Hoffmanns. & Link) Link; Anthemis pedunculata Desf.; Anthemis pubescens Willd.; Anthemis tomentosa Gouan; Anthemis tubaeformis Guss.; Chamaemelum incrassatum Hoffmanns. & Link) Europe.

Anacolosa (Blume) Blume Olacaceae

See Syn. Pl. 2: 465. 1807 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 123: 35–54. 1974, Plant Systematics and Evolution 126: 107– 148. 1976, Botaniska Notiser 131: 391–404. 1978, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 38: 273–280. 1981, Protoplasma 111: 83–86. 1982, Candollea 45: 65–74. 1990, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 1: 303– 364. 1991, Flora Mediterranea 3: 187–210. 1993, Sida 17(3): 627–629. 1997, Lagascalia 20(2): 302–308. 1998, Lagascalia 21(1): 149–154. 1999 (Irritant, associated with toxic effects.) in English: longwort, whitebuttons Anacyclus officinarum Hayne Africa. (Very pungent roots. Irritant. Associated with toxic effects.) in English: German pellitory, pellitory Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link (Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Cass.; Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.; Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.; Anacyclus pyrethrum Schrad.) North Africa, Mediterranean. See Species Plantarum 2: 892. 1753, Elenchus Plantarum 2. 1816 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 126: 107–148. 1976, Planta Med. 60(1): 37–40. 1994, Mutat. Res. 343(1): 25–30. 1995, J. Ethnopharmacol. 88(2–3): 155–60. 2003 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Immunostimulating, insecticide, sialogogue, a tonic to the nervous system, a treatment for epilepsy, paralysis, hemiplegia, for sore throat and tonsils. The extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum traditionally used in India during the preparation of chewable tobacco. Containing a volatile oil once used to relieve toothache. It is believed that application of this herb to the skin stimulates the nerve ends that may result in redness and irritation accompanied by a hot, burning sensation. Root, used as a rubefacient, is a powerful irritant to the skin; dermatitis and contact dermatitis can occur. Overdoses may result in irritation.) in English: Algerian pellitory, longwort, mayweed, pellitory, pellitory-of-Spain, Roman pellitory, Roman pyrethrum, Spanish camomile, Spanish chamomile, Spanish pellitory in India: aaqarqarha, aakala kaare, aakala kari, agargarha, agarq arha, agragrahi, agrakaram, akalkara, akallaka, akarakala, akarakalabha, akarakara, akarakarabha, akarakarabhah, akarakaram, akarakarava, akarkala, akarkara, akarkara asli, akarkara sigapuri, akirakaram, akkala kara, akkalakara, akkalkaaraa, akkalkara, akkara karam, akkarakaram, akkikkaruka, akkirakaaram, akkirakaram, akkikaruva, akkirakkaram, akkravu, akorkaro, akrakara, akrakaram, aqar karha, aqar qarha, aqarqara, aqarqarha, aquarqarha, audul-qarha, udal-qarha in Thailand: kot kak kra

Anadenanthera Spegazzini Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

Anadenanthera Spegazzini Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) Greek ana ‘without’, aden ‘a gland’ and anthera ‘anther’; see Carlo Luigi Spegazzini (1858–1926), in Physis. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales (Buenos Aires) 6: 313. 1923, Altschul, S. von R. “A taxonomic study of the genus Anadenanthera.” Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 193: 3–65. 1964, Current Anthropology 12(1): 72–74. 1971, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 26(9–10): 311–332. 1978, Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae-Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Current Anthropology 32: 640–649. 1991, Chungará (Arica) 30(1): 49–63. 1998, Forensic Science International 108(3): 173–179. 2000, Constantino Manuel Torres and David B. Repke, Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America. The Haworth Press 2006. Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (Acacia cebil Griseb.; Acacia colubrina Mart.; Acacia grata Willd.; Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul; Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan; Mimosa colubrina Vell.; Piptadenia cebil (Griseb.) Griseb.; Piptadenia colubrina (Vell.) Benth.; Piptadenia grata (Willd.) J.F. Macbr.; Piptadenia hassleriana Chodat; Piptadenia hassleriana var. fruticosa Chodat & Hassl.; Piptadenia macrocarpa Benth.; Piptadenia macrocarpa fo. microcarpa Chodat & Hassl.; Piptadenia macrocarpa fo. puberula Chodat & Hassl.; Piptadenia macrocarpa fo. rupestris Chodat & Hassl.; Piptadenia macrocarpa var. cebil (Griseb.) Chodat & Hassl.; Piptadenia macrocarpa var. genuina Chodat & Hassl.; Piptadenia macrocarpa var. plurifoliata Hoehne; Piptadenia macrocarpa var. vestita Chodat & Hassl.; Piptadenia microphylla Benth.) South America. Perennial non-climbing tree, thorny, white flowers See Florae Fluminensis 11: pl. 16. 1835, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4(31): 340. 1841, Pl. Lorentz. 88. 1874, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 136. 1874, Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam 24: 121. 1879 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4(6): 560. 1904, Kew Bulletin 10(2): 182. 1955, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 193: 53. 1964, Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness 5: 41–58. 1996 (published 1998), Bonplandia (Corrientes) 9(3–4): 277–280. 1997, Economic Botany 53(2): 127–132. 1999, Phytochemistry 51(5): 709–711. 1999, Interciencia 7: 336– 345. 2002, Acta Botanica Brasilica 16: 273–285. 2002, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2: 6. 2006 (Narcotic, hallucinogens, psychoactive; small amounts of roasted, powdered seeds snuffed for headaches and colds. Leaves quite toxic to cattle, leaves of this tree contain large quantities of cyanogenic glycosides capable of causing cyanic intoxication. An extract of grated bark taken for liver problems, gonorrhea. A syrup of the bark and resin to treat respiratory problems and inflammations.)

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in South America: angico, angico amarelo, angico branco, angico bravo, angico de casca, angico de curtume, angico do campo, angico do mato, angico fava, angico jacaré, angico preto, angico rajado, angico rosa, angico vermelho, arapiraca, brincos de sagui, cambuí ferro, cebil, cebil colorado, curupaí, guarapiraca, paricá Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (Acacia angustiloba DC.; Acacia microphylla Willd.; Acacia niopo (Willd.) Kunth; Acacia niopo (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth; Acacia peregrina (L.) Willd.; Anadenanthera peregrina Speg.; Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina; Inga niopo Willd.; Inga niopo Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Mimosa acacioides Benth.; Mimosa niopo (Willd.) Poir.; Mimosa niopo (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir.; Mimosa parvifolia Poir.; Mimosa peregrina L.; Niopa peregrina (L.) Britton & Rose; Piptadenia niopo (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Spruce; Piptadenia niopo (Willd.) Spruce; Piptadenia peregrina (L.) Benth.) South America, Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree See Species Plantarum 1: 520. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1027, 1073. 1806, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1(1): 48, 74. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 282. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 470. 1825, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(11): 132, 135. 1840, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4(31): 340. 1841 and Notes Bot. Amaz. 2: 426. 1908, Physis. 6: 314. 1923, Addisonia … 12: 37. 1927, Bol. Tecn. Inst. Agron. n. 28: 77–83. 1953, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 193: 50. 1964, Kew Bulletin 39(3): 666–667. 1984, J. Psychoactive Drugs 34(3): 273–279. 2002 (Psychoactive, ceremonial, hallucinogenic snuff, yopo or niopo, made from the roasted crushed seeds.) in South America: cohoba, niopo, yopo

Anagallis L. Primulaceae Anagallis was an ancient Greek name applied by Dioscorides to primula or pimpernel, from ana ‘up, back again, upward, like’ and agallo ‘to adorn, to bloom’; according to Homer agallis was the dwarf iris; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 148–149. 1753 and Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 73. 1754. Anagallis arvensis L. (Anagallis arvensis subsp. phoenicea (Scop.) Schinz & R. Keller; Anagallis arvensis subsp. phoenicea (Scop.) Vollm.; Anagallis arvensis var. phoenicea (Scop.) Gren. & Godr.; Anagallis latifolia L.; Anagallis phoenicea Scop.) Europe, China, India. Herb, fodder See Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 139–140. 1772, Flore de France 2: 467. 1852 and Berichte der Bayerischen

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Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der Heimischen Flora 9: 44. 1904, Flora der Schweiz 1: 419. 1909, Fl. Southern Africa 26: 14. 1963, Chen Feng-hwai, Hu Chiming, Fang Yun-yi, Cheng Chao-zong, Yang Yong-chang & Huang Rong-fu In Chen Feng-hwai & Hu Chi-ming, editors. Primulaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 59(1): 1–217. 1990, Fl. Ecuador 39: 23–35. 1990, Hu Chi-ming. In: Chen Feng-hwai & Hu Chi-ming, editors. Primulaceae (2). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 59(2): 1–321. 1990 (Used in Unani. A potentially toxic plant, seeds slightly poisonous to some mammals, several toxins have poisoned livestock, and an irritant in the plant hairs can cause allergies and dermatitis in humans. Strongly antifungal, nematocida, stimulant and vulnerary, whole herb antitussive, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, purgative, used in the treatment of dropsy, gout, leprosy and hydrophobia. Grounded whole plant or dried seeds given in diphtheria among children and cattle. Veterinary medicine, ground whole plant or dried seeds given in diphtheria among cattle to expel the leeches; whole plant given to expel leech; plant juice poured into nostrils of cattle. Roots and whole plant as fish poison.) in English: bird’s eye, blue pimpernel, common pimpernel, eye-bright, pimpernel, poison-chickweed, poor-man’sweatherglass, red chickweed, scarlet pimpernel, shepherd’s calendar, shepherd’s-clock, shepherd’s weather glass in Arabic: ‘ain el-gamal in South Africa: blouselblommetjie, pimpernel, rooimuur in China: liu li fan lu in India: aniccam, armale, buchbucha, culliver, dharti-dhak, hasheeshat-ul-alaq, jainghami, jankenavi, jonkmari, mewali, nakamalli, neel, sooryakaanthi soppu, suryakanthi soppu in Japan: akabana-ruri-hakobe, ruri-hakobe in Nepal: armale, krishnanil

Anagyris L. Fabaceae (Thermopsideae) Latin anagyros and Greek anagyros for a strong-scented and pod-bearing shrub, bean-trefoil, flowers and most of the plant gives off a strong fetid smell of spoiled beans; Greek ana ‘up, back again, backwards’ and gyros ‘a ring’, referring to the curvature of the pods, see Species Plantarum 1: 374. 1753 and Arboretum Koruickie 23: 5–30. 1978. Anagyris foetida L. (Anagyris foetida Lour.; Anagyris neapolitana Ten.) Mediterranean, Southern Europe, North Africa. Perennial non-climbing shrub, intricate branches, trifoliate velvety leaves fetid when crushed, yellow flowers, different types of dark blotches on the standard petal, backward curving seed pods, pollination by birds, forage

Anagyris L. Fabaceae (Thermopsideae)

See Flora Cochinchinensis 260. 1790 and Fl. Libya 86: 9. 1980, Pharmaceutical Biology 28(2): 139–144. 1990, Fitoterapia 77(7–8): 595–597. 2006, Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) 75: 121–136. 2007 (Toxic parts, all but particularly seeds. Leaves cathartic, laxative, purgative, antibacterial, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, mutagenic, antifungal, emetic, pectoral, vermifuge, used for headache, hair loss, constipation, amenorrhea, inflammation of kidney, lithiasis. Quinolizidine alkaloids.) in English: bean-clover, bean trefoil, Mediterranean stinkbush, purging trefoil, stinking bean trefoil, stinking wood in French: bois puant, fève de loup in Italian: carrubazzo, legno puzzo in Spanish: hediondo, oro de risco in Arabic: habb al-kulâ, kharroub el-khinzir, kharroub elmaiz, kharroub kelb, kharroub maiz in Malta: fula tal-klieb

Anamirta Colebr. Menispermaceae Elephant Tinospora, probably from anamrytu or anai-amyrtavalli, a Tamil name, this genus is bigger and larger than the allied Tinospora Miers, see Genera Plantarum 284–285. 1789, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13(1): 52, 66. 1821. Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. (Anamirta cocculus Wight & Arn.; Anamirta paniculata Colebr.; Anamirta paniculata L.; Cissampelos cocculus Poir.; Cocculus populifolius DC.; Cocculus suberosus DC.; Menispermum cocculus L.; Menispermum lacunosum Lam.) India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand. Climbing shrub, liana, stem twisting to the left, wood exuding white milky sap when cut, inflorescence a cauliflorous panicle spreading or pendulous, shortly pedicellate unisexual flowers strongly fragrant, petals absent, dark purple drupe, seed deeply cup-shaped See Hort. Malab., 7: 1, t. 1. 1688, Species Plantarum 1: 340–341. 1753, Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 519. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13(1): 66. 1821 [23 May-21 Jun 1821], Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 446. 1834 and Kew Bulletin 32: 330. 1978, Taxon 28: 269. 1979 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. The fruit and especially the seed contain picrotoxin, a very strong poison; picrotoxin has been used intravenously as an antidote against poisoning by barbiturates and morphine. Aerial part hypotensive, anticancer and diuretic; fruits bitter, astringent, thermogenic, expectorant, antifungal, anthelmintic and depurative. Fruits and seeds made into an ointment for external application to treat skin diseases; fruit juice applied externally to ulcers and scabies; seeds applied to kill head lice; its smoke repels the insects, bugs and mosquitoes. Roots infusion to treat fevers, dyspepsia and menstrual problems. Leaves a

Ananas Miller Bromeliaceae

poultice for headache, stomachache or delayed menstruation; tender leaves used for the contraction of the uterus immediately after delivery. Fruit and seeds used as a fish poison and insecticide.) in English: crow killer, fish-berry, Indian berry, Levant berry, Levant nut, poison berry in Cambodia: seg dom in India: anakrytu, anamrytu, cantiropam, chiplothi, chippula kaayi, chipula kolli, chipulu, ciplotte, cipullukolli, cipulu, dhvankshanakhi, garalaphala, garaphala, garuda phala, garudaphal, haenu beeja, jermae, kaage maari, kaagemaari, kaaka maari, kaakamaari, kaaki chempa, kaaki soppu gadde, kaakkisoppu gade, kaakmaaari, kaandakaconuveh, kaarvi, kadu-phal, kagemari, kaipathumkai, kaka-mari, kakadani, kakahva, kakakulli, kakamari, kakamari-bija, kakanacam, kakanashika, kakaphala, kaki-champa, kakichempoo, kakinicampacettu, kakisoppugadde, kakka-kolyvirai, kakkai-k-kolli, kakkai kolli, kakkaikolli, kakkakolivirai, kakkakolyvirai, kakkay-k-kolli, kakkay-kolli-virai, kakkayk kolli, kakkaykkolli, kakkaykolli, kakkaykollivirai, kakkisoppugade, kakmari (kak, crow, mari, killer), kakmari-ke-binj, kalabati nai, kallakkaya, kantakakonnuveli, kantakakunavam, kaphala, karanta-kattin-kaya, karantakam, karwi, kaumari, kayamari, kodi thige, koditige, kollakkaya, mahie zahraj, mahijehreh, meenanu, minnannu, miunannu, muratayam, nacattinkayi, naccattinkaya, nancukkottai, naicikam, nanjinkuru, nanjukuru, nanninkuru, pala, pellakkaya, pen kottai, pen-kottai, penkottai, pettumarunnu, polla, pollaconuveh, pollak-kaya, pollakkaya, pullukunavam, raktala, rakthala, raktika, thippathige, tippatige, vayacam, zaharimahi (zahari, poisonous; mahi, fish) in Indonesia: bori, ojod peron, oyod peron, tuba biji Malay name: ikan tuba in Philippines: arai, aria, bayati, lagtang, ligtang in Thailand: chum-ruam-phanom, khamin khrua, khamin khruea, kho-khlan, mae-nam-nong, om phanom, phanom, thao-wan-thong, waai din, wai din, wan-nang-lom in Vietnam: d[aa]y t[as]o, d[aa]y d[oo]ng c[aaf]u

Ananas Miller Bromeliaceae Naná, ananaxi-cariri, abacaxi, abacaxi-boituba, abacaxijubi, anamá, ananarana, all names used by the Tupi Indians, South America, for species of Ananas, see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (Ananas ananas (L.) Voss; Ananas ananas (L.) H. Karst. ex Voss, nom. inval.; Ananas ananas Ker Gawl.; Ananas argentata J.C. Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Ananas aurata J.C. Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Ananas bracteatus Baker; Ananas bracteatus var. hondurensis Bertoni; Ananas bracteatus var. paraguayensis Bertoni;

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Ananas coccineus Descourt.; Ananas comosus f. sativus (Schult. & Schult.f.) Mez; Ananas comosus var. variegatus (Lowe) Moldenke; Ananas debilis Schult. & Schult.f.; Ananas maxima Schult. & Schult.f.; Ananas monstrosus Baker; Ananas ovatus Mill.; Ananas pancheanus André; Ananas parguazensis L.A. Camargo & L.B. Sm.; Ananas penangensis Baker; Ananas porteanus Veitch ex K. Koch; Ananas pyramidalis Mill.; Ananas sativa Lindl.; Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult. f.; Ananas sativus Lindl.; Ananas sativus (Lindley) Schultes f.; Ananas sativus var. hispanorum Bertoni; Ananas sativus var. muricatus Mez; Ananas sativus var. pyramidalis Bertoni; Ananas sativus var. variegatus Lowe; Ananas sativus var. viridis (Mill.) Bertoni; Ananas serotinus Mill.; Ananas viridis Mill.; Ananassa ananas (L.) H. Karst.; Ananassa debilis Lindl.; Ananassa porteana (Veitch ex K. Koch) Carrière; Ananassa sativa (Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer; Ananassa sativa Lindl.; Bromelia ananas L.; Bromelia communis Lam.; Bromelia comosa L.; Bromelia edulis Salisb., nom. illeg.; Bromelia mai-pouri Perrier; Bromelia pigna Perrier; Bromelia rubra Schult. & Schult.f.; Bromelia violacea Schult. & Schult.f.; Bromelia viridis (Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f.; Distiacanthus communis (Lam.) Rojas Acosta) South America. Herb, stemless, rosette of incurved leaves sword-shaped, at the centre of the leaves rosette inflorescence compact with reddish-purple sessile flowers each subtended by a pointed bract, sepals fleshy, fruit formed by the fusion of the small berry-like individual fruits, hard rind of the fruit formed by the persistent sepals and floral bracts, fruit surmounted by a rosette of short stiff spirally arranged leaves, mature fruit edible raw or cooked See Sp. Pl. 1: 285. 1753, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. [76]. 1754, Herbarium Amboinense 21. 1754, Gard. Dict. ed. 8: 1–2, 5–6. 1768, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 247. 1796, Dict. Sci. Nat. 2: 97. 1816, Tabl. Encycl. 2: 371. 1819, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 103. 1825, Syst. Veg. 7(2): 1283–1285, 1287. 1830, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 23: t. 1968. 1837, Fl. Bras. 3(3): 293. 1892, Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3, 1: 964. 1895 and Agronomia (Puerto Bertoni) 5(7): 257. 1913, An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense 133. 1917, Anales Ci. Parag., II, 4: 258–259, 272–273. 1919, Pflanzenr., IV, 32: 102. 1934, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 495–592. 1936, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 380–476. 1958, Ma Weiliang. Bromeliaceae. In: Wu Kuo-fang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(3): 64–68. 1997, Selbyana 20(2): 201–223. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 297–375. 2003 (Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Mechanical damage from sharp-pointed leaves; injuries caused by spines. Sap from leaves poisonous. Irritant dermatitis, ingestion of large quantities of raw pineapple and/or sap from leaves, mild skin irritation from contact with juice. Leaves and unripe fruits can cause abortion. Fresh juice of basal portion of tender leaves given in urinary troubles; juice of the young leaves given to expel intestinal worms; for venereal diseases, drink leaves decoction mixed with white sugar. Fruit decoction,

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together with leaves from Cassia occidentalis, taken as a beverage against the fever; fruit juice antiscorbutic; reported that the young fruit is eaten raw as a contraceptive agent; unripe fruits juice given as cooling agent. Roots for improvement of kidney function; roots decoction astringent, antiinflammatory, for diarrhea, stomachache, indigestion.) in English: pineapple, rain tree in Cambodia: maneas, moneah in China: feng li

Anaphalis DC. Asteraceae

DC.) Kitam.; Gnaphalium esquirolii H. Lév.; Gnaphalium formosanum Hayata; Gnaphalium sericeoalbidum H. Lév. & Vaniot) China, India. See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 274. 1838 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 8: 58–59. 1919, Journal of Japanese Botany 21: 51. 1947

in India: aainunnas, aanas, aannas, ainunnas, alipiong, ama, anaanus, anaasu, anaci, anamnasam, ananaas gida, ananaas hannu, anarash, ananas, ananas gida, ananas poondu, ananas taza, ananasa hannu, ananash, ananasu-hannu, ananasuhannu, ananasiphalam, ananna, anannas, anannasa, ananus hannu, ananasu-hannu, anaras, anarasam, anasa, anasa-pandu, anasapoondu, anasapandu, anashap-pazham, anashapazham, anaship-pazham, anashippazham, anasie pullum, anassappalam, anasu, annaci, annacippalam, annasi pazham, annasippalam, annatalai, bahunetra, bahunetraphalam, centalanceti, kaitaccakka, kapa-tsjakka, kappaccakka, kataiccittalai, katucittalai, kautukasanjaka, keehom, koutukasanjnaka, lakhuihthei, matikathal, natcattirakantaki, panantalai, parangi-chakka, parangithalai, parankittalai, parauk-jang-phaung, paravati, poonthazham pazham, puntalaimaram, puntalam, puntalampalam, purappiriyai, yeangkong peyong

(Flower heads and the hairs of the plant used to stop bleeding.)

in Indonesia: danas, kayu ujan, nanas, nanèh in Laos: ananas, nat

Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) Hook. f. (Anaphalis contorta var. contorta; Antennaria contorta D. Don; Gnaphalium contortum (D. Don) Buch.-Ham.)

in Lepcha: kaong chey

India, Himalaya.

in Malaysia: nanas, nanas hijau, nanas pager

See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2(3): 410, pl. 167, f. 3. 1791, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 7: pl. 605. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 479. 1826, The Flora of British India 3(8): 284–285. 1881

in Philippines: apangdan, piña, pinya in Thailand: bonat, khanun thong, ling thong, maa nuea, maak keng, makhanat, manat, nae, neh sa, sapparot, sapparot laai, yaanat, yaannat in Vietnam: dúa, khom (dua), thom in Mexico: tobo guela, tobo quela, xiicho in Yoruba: akunkun, akunkun ahun, eekun ahun, ogede oyinbo, ope oyinbo, opeyibo, opeyinbo, opo oyibo, opon oyinbo

in India: bugla, bukil, skhorblang Anaphalis aristata DC. India. See Wight, Robert (1796–1872), Contributions to the botany of India. London, 1834 (Blood purifier.) in India: panji poovu Anaphalis brevifolia DC. India. See Prodr. (DC.) 6: 273. 1838 (Leaves applied on wounds and cuts.)

(Plant paste taken to treat cough; the smoke of the plants used as insect repellent. Root infusion for diarrhea; root paste to treat wounds and boils; root powder applied on infections. Flower heads and the hairs of the plant used to stop bleeding. Leaves offered to deity.) in India: neepha in Nepal: sukhar, taptap

Anaphalis DC. Asteraceae

in Tibet: buglya, bukki

From the ancient Greek classical name, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 271–275. 1838 and Beals, Edward W. Compositae family v. : tribe Inuleae. (Antennaria, Gnaphalium, Anaphalis, and Inula). 1966.

Anaphalis marcescens C.B. Clarke

Anaphalis adnata Wall. ex DC. (Anaphalis adnata DC.; Anaphalis esquirolii H. Lév.; Anaphalis sericeoalbida (H. Lév. & Vaniot) H. Lév.; Gnaphalium adnatum (Wall. ex

India. Herbaceous, linear-lanceolate leaves cottony white, head yellow to white See The Flora of British India 3(8): 286. 1881 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 31(2): 275–276. 2007 (A sacred plant.)

Anaphalis DC. Asteraceae

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in India: mala, panji poovu

in English: cotton weed, cudweed, life-everlasting, moonshine, pearly everlasting, poverty-weed, silver button, silverleaf, Western pearly everlasting

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Anaphalis cinnamomea (DC.) C.B. Clarke; Anaphalis cinnomomea C.B. Clarke; Anaphalis margaritacea Benth. & Hook.f.; Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth.; Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke; Anaphalis margaritacea subsp. angustior (Miq.) Kitam. & H. Hara; Anaphalis margaritacea var. angustior (Miq.) Nakai; Anaphalis margaritacea var. cinnamomea (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.; Anaphalis margaritacea var. cinnamomea (DC.) Herder ex Maxim.; Anaphalis margaritacea var. intercedens H. Hara; Anaphalis margaritacea var. occidentalis Greene; Anaphalis margaritacea var. revoluta Suksd.; Anaphalis margaritacea var. subalpina A. Gray; Anaphalis margaritacea var. subalpina (A. Gray) A. Gray; Anaphalis margaritaceae L.; Anaphalis occidentalis (Greene) A. Heller; Anaphalis occidentalis A. Heller; Anaphalis subalpina (A. Gray) Rydb.; Anaphalis subalpina Rydb.; Anaphalis timmua D. Don; Anaphalis timmua (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz.; Antennaria cinnamomea DC.; Antennaria margaritacea (L.) R. Br. ex DC.; Antennaria margaritacea (L.) Sweet; Antennaria margaritacea R. Br.; Antennaria margaritacea var. subalpina A. Gray; Gnaphalium margaritaceum L.; Helichrysum margaritaceum (L.) Moench; Helichrysum margaritaceum Moench) Pakistan. Perennial herb, thick white woolly stem, leaves densely hairy beneath, rounded cluster of white flowers, male and female flowers on separate plants See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2(3): 410, pl. 167, f. 3. 1791, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … [Moench] 576. 1794, Observ. Compositae 12: 123. 1817, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 12(1): 75–142. 1817 (publ. 1818), Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 174. 1825, Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 221. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 270–275. 1838, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1863: 67. 1863, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): 303. 1873, Compositae Indicae 104. 1876, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 27(4): 480–481. 1882, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 233. 1884 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 415. 1900, Muhlenbergia 1: 46. 1904, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12: 7. 1906, Symbolae Sinicae 7(4): 1102. 1936, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 2. 1938, Phytochemistry. 65(18): 2539–43. 2004, Mycorrhiza 15(2): 93–100. 2005 (Antibacterial, analgesic, astringent, disinfectant, stimulant, antirheumatic, antidiarrheal, to cure colds, cough, throat infections, burns, sores, bruising. Root powder applied for joining the fractured bones; root infusion for diarrhea. Preparations of the plant have been applied as a fomentation to bruises; poultice of boiled leaves applied to burns; poultice of flowers applied to sores and swellings. Magico-religious beliefs, ceremonial and witchcraft medicine, protection, to keep evil spirits away. Veterinary medicine.)

in Pakistan: doody jurree Anaphalis morrisonicola Hayata (Anaphalis buisanensis Hayata; Anaphalis contorta f. var. morrisonicola (Hayata) Yamam.; Anaphalis contorta var. morrisonicola (Hayata) Yamam.; Anaphalis margaritacea fo. morrisonicola Hayata; Anaphalis margaritacea fo. nana Hayata; Anaphalis margaritacea subsp. morrisonicola (Hayata) Kitam.) Nepal. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 271–275. 1838, Genera Plantarum 2(1): 303. 1873, The Flora of British India 3(8): 284–285. 1881 and Journal of the College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo 25(19): 128–129. 1908, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 8: 56, 516–517. 1919, Journal of the Society of Tropical Agriculture 8: 265. 1936, Fauna & Flora Nep. Himal. 244. 1953, J. Pharm. Sci. 66(8): 1194–5. 1977 [Antitumor agents XXIII: Helenalin, and antitumor principle from Anaphalis morrisonicola Hayata.], J. Pharm. Sci. 66(11): IV. 1977 (Antitumor. Potentially allergenic, sesquiterpene lactone.) Anaphalis neelgerryana DC. (Anaphalis neelgerriana DC.; Anaphalis neelgerryana (Sch.-Bip. ex DC.) DC.; Gnaphalium neelgerryanum DC.) See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 271–275. 1838 (Used in Ayurveda. Plants extinct possibly/presumed extinct.) in India: gaaya doppalu, raktaskandana, vranapata Anaphalis nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand.-Mazz. (Anaphalis nepalensis Spreng.; Helichrysum nepalense Spreng.) Pakistan. Herb See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 485. 1826 and Symbolae Sinicae 7: 1099. 1936, Taxon 25: 631–649. 1976 (Decoction applied over joints.) in Pakistan: chahal Anaphalis nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand.-Mazz. var. monocephala (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. (Anaphalis monocephala DC.; Anaphalis monocephala S. Moore; Anaphalis mucronata var. monocephala DC.; Anaphalis nubigena DC.; Anaphalis nubigena sensu Hook.f., pro parte non DC.; Anaphalis nubigena fo. reducta-nana Diels ex H. Limpr.; Anaphalis nubigena var. monocephala (DC.) C.B. Clarke; Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C.B. Clarke var. monocephala (DC.) Airy Shaw; Gnaphalium nubigenum Wall.) Nepal, Bhutan to China. Stoloniferous herbs, tufted, dwarf, white flower heads

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See Botanical Magazine 51: t. 2468. 1824, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2935. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 272. 1838, Compositae Indicae 106. 1876 and Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9(1): 85. 1916, Botanical Magazine 158: sub t. 9336. 1933, Symbolae Sinicae 7: 1099. 1936, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 12(9): 239. 1938, Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Nucleus 18: 6–19. 1975, Fl. Bhutan 2(3): 1521. 2001 (Crushed leaves applied to cuts and wounds. Flower head paste applied on wounds. Root powder applied on infections; decoction applied over joints. Extract of stem, leaves, flowers and fruits given against infections and poisons. Veterinary medicine, a paste from the leaves useful against septic wounds in cattle. Leaves offered to deity.) in India: bhujnu, budku, dharadi, phulumentock, phulumentok, shepusha, spra-rgod, verna pata

Anaphyllum Schott Araceae

(Root infusion for diarrhea; powdered roots given in cold, stomach disorders and also to heal scars. Used for moxibustion.) in English: pearly everlasting in India: bacha-chi, bugla, buglya in Tibet: spra ba

Anaphyllum Schott Araceae From ana ‘like, up’ and phyllon ‘leaf’, referring to the leaves; see Bonplandia (Hanover) 5: 126. 1857 and D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988. Anaphyllum wightii Schott

Anaphalis nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand.-Mazz. var. nepalensis (Anaphalis cuneifolia (DC.) Hook. f.; Anaphalis cuneifolia Hook.f.; Anaphalis intermedia (DC.) Duthie; Anaphalis mairei H. Lév.; Anaphalis mucronata var. polycephala DC.; Anaphalis nepalensis var. cuneifolia (DC.) Aswal; Anaphalis nubigena var. intermedia (DC.) Hook. f.; Anaphalis nubigena var. polycephala (DC.) C.B. Clarke; Anaphalis triplinervis var. intermedia (DC.) Airy Shaw; Antennaria triplinervis var. cuneifolia DC.; Antennaria triplinervis var. intermedia DC.; Gnaphalium cuneifolium Wall., nom. nud.; Gnaphalium intermedium Wall.; Helichrysum nepalense Spreng.; Helichrysum stoloniferum D. Don, nom. illeg.)

India. Tuberous herbs, erect rootstock, dark violet spathe linear to oblong

Nepal, India.

Anastatica L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 176. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 2934. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 270, 272. 1838, Compositae Indicae 106. 1876, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 3(8): 279–280. 1881 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 25: 13. 1915, Botanical Magazine 158: pl. 9396. 1935, Flora of Lahual-Spiti: A Cold Desert in North-West Himalaya 326. 1994

Greek anastasis ‘resurrection, awakening’, anistemi ‘to raise up, to raise from the dead’, when placed in water the plant recovers.

(Plant infusion taken for colds. Crushed/bruised leaves applied to cuts and wounds.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 641. 1753 and Regnum Veg. 127: 18. 1993, Egyptian Journal of Microbiology 35(2): 257– 271. 2000, Egyptian Journal of Biology 4: 87–94. 2002, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 13(6): 1045– 1049. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105: 358–367. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(2): 341–357. 2008

in India: buglu Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C.B. Clarke (Antennaria triplinervis Sims; Gnaphalium cynoglossoides Trevis.; Gnaphalium perfoliatum Wall., nom. nud.) India, Nepal. Herb, flowers white, papery leaves with white hairs See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2(3): 410, pl. 167, f. 3. 1791, Botanical Magazine 51: pl. 2468. 1824, Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 13(1): 200. 1826, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 2937. 1831, Compositae Indicae 105. 1876

See Genera Aroidearum exposita t. 83. 1858 and Cytologia 43: 289–303. 1978 (Cooked rhizomes eaten against snakebite; rhizome paste applied on snake-bitten spot as an antidote, to relieve pain and swelling.) in India: keeri kilangu, keeri kizhangu, keerikizhangu, ottapadam

Anastatica hierochuntica L. Algeria, Arabian Peninsula. Herb, minute white flowers, curls its branches and seedpods inward in the dry season, desert plant

(Plant extract antimicrobial; whole plant decoction laxative, hepatoprotective, cathartic, oxytocic, for diabetes, asthma. Seeds grinded and cooked, the syrup increases fertility. Magic, ritual. Veterinary medicine, seeds in situ, contraceptive for cattle) in English: resurrection-plant, rose-of-Jericho, St. Mary’s flower, Virgin’s hand in Algeria: akaraba, komchet en nebbi in Arabic: haddaq, kaff mariam, shagret mariam

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Anaxagorea A. St.-Hil. Annonaceae

Anaxagorea A. St.-Hil. Annonaceae

Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray

After Anaxagoras, b. c. 500 BC., Clazomenae, Anatolia [now in Turkey]—d. c. 428, Lampsacus, the Greek philosopher of the Ionian school, remembered for his cosmology and for his discovery of the true cause of eclipses, a friend and teacher of Euripides and the Athenian statesman Pericles. See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1825: 91. 1825, Anaxagorae Clazomenii fragmenta quae supersunt omnia (graece), collecta commentarioque ab Eduardo Schaubach: accedunt de vita et philosophia Anaxagorae commentationes duae. Lipsia 1827, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 5: 211. 1832, Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 40. 1841 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 270–294. 1946, J. Zafiropulo, Anaxagore de Clazomène. 1948, F.M. Cleve, Philosophy of Anaxagoras. 1949, Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., C 87(3): 297–303. 1984, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 105(2): 145–204. 1985, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115(1): 77–95. 193, Estud. Div. Ecol. Pl. 97–122. 1997.

Philippines.

Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith (Anaxagorea megalophylla R.E. Fr.; Anaxagorea mutica R.E. Fr.)

(Root bark an ingredient of curare, dart poison.)

Guyana, Peru. See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930: 475. 1930, Acta Horti Bergiani 12(1): 19–20. 1934, Revista Boliviana Ecol. Cons. Amb. 7: 93–114. 2000 (Root bark an ingredient of curare, dart poison.)

See United States Exploring Expedition 1: 27. 1854 and Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 48(8): 1219–1222. 2000 (Cyanogenesis. Antioxidant activity.) Anaxagorea petiolata R.E. Fr. Guyana. See Lloydia 2: 179. 1939 (Root bark an ingredient of curare, dart poison.) Anaxagorea rufa Timmerman Colombia. See Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C: Biological and Medical Sciences 87(3): 301. 1984 Anaxagorea scortechinii King SE Asia. See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 61: 68–69. 1893 (Root decoction for childbirth.) Malay name: sekobang kechil

Anaxagorea javanica Blume Java. Tree or shrub with grey smooth stem, oblong leaves, fragrant flowers terminal and opposite leaves, six petals or reduced to 3 or 2, club-shaped splitting fruit, shiny black seeds See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1825: 91. 1825, Flora Javae 66, t. 32, 36A. 1830 and The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 14(2): 149–516. 1955, Systematic Botany 30: 712–735. 2005, American Journal of Botany 93: 36–54. 2006 (Flowers tonic.) in English: twin-seed in India: girmo in Malaya: bunga pompun, kekapur in Thailand: champun Anaxagorea javanica Blume var. tripetala Corner Thailand. Shrub or small tree, fragrant flowers, three petals See Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements 10: 12. 1939, The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 14(2): 149–516. 1955, Thai Journal of Phytopharmacy 12(1): 9–11. 2005 (Flowers heart tonic, whole plant mixed with Desmos chinensis Lour. whole plant, bath for rehabilitation of drug addicts.) in Thailand: champun betong

Anchietea A. St.-Hil. Violaceae For the Jesuit missionary (“Apostle of the New World”, “Apostle of Brazil”) José (Joseph) de Anchieta (Anchietta), 1533–1597, naturalist, studied at the University of Coimbra, in 1533 arrived at Bahia, among his works are Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil. Coimbra 1595, [De beata virgine dei matre Maria.] O Poema da Virgem. Rio de Janeiro [1954-], Poesias. 1954 São Paulo, Epistola quamplurimarum rerum naturalium, quae S. Vincentii -nunc S. Pauli- provinciam incolunt, sistens descriptionem. [see Academia das Sciencias de Lisboa. Collecção de Noticias para a Historia e Geografia das Nações Ultramarinas, etc. tom. 1.] Lisbon 1812 and Informações e fragmentos historicos. Rio de Janeiro 1886. See Sebastiano Berettari (P. Sebastiano Beretario, S.J.), Iosephi Anchietae, Societatis Jesu sacerdotis, in Brasilia defuncti vita. Lugduni 1617, P. Simão de Vasconcellos, S.J., Chronica da Companhia de Iesu do Estado do Brasil. Lisbon, Henrique Valente de Oliveira 1663, P. Simão de Vasconcellos, S.J., Vida do veneravel Padre Joseph de Anchieta da Companhia de Iesu, Taumaturgo do Nouo Mundo, na Provincia do Brasil. Lisboa, Joam da Costa 1672, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 2: 252. 1824, Mém. Mus. Par. xi. (1824) 464. 1824, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 1(2): 223. 1842 and Gustavo Edwall, “Ensayo para uma synonimia dos nomes populares das plantas indigenas do estado de São Paulo, 2a parte.” B. da Commissão

276

Geographica e Geologica do estado de São Paulo. São Paulo 16: 3–63. 1906, Theodoro Peckolt, “Cipó suma.” Chacaras e Quintaes. 55(1): 57. São Paulo (jan.) 1937, Carlos Stellfeld, “As drogas da farmacopéia paulista.” Tribuna Farmacêutica. 20(7): 89–97. Curitiba 1952 and “As drogas vegetais da farmacopéia brasileira em face do sistema taxonômico.” Tribuna Farmacêutica. 7(11): 221–237. 1939, Hildegardo de Noronha, “Propósito dos cipós medicinais do Brasil.” R. Brasileira de Farmácia. 45(3): 151–159. Rio de Janeiro 1964, L. Polgar, Bibliography of the History of the Society of Jesus. Rome 1967, Ruben Borba de Moraes, Bibliographia brasiliana. I: 99 and II: 888–890. University of California 1983, J. Alden and D.Ch. Landis, European Americana: A Chronological Guide to Works Printed in Europe Relating to Americas. 1473–1776. New York 1980–1988. Some suggest an origin from the Greek anchi, agchi ‘near, like’ and etes ‘a fellow, neighbour, mate, associate’, referring to the medicinal properties of this genus, so similar to those of Hybanthus, see H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 60. Basel 1996. Anchietea frangulaefolia Melch. (Anchietea frangulifolia Melch.; Noisettia frangulifolia Kunth) South America. Vine See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 9: 169. 1924 (Purgative.) in English: vine of the rabbit in Colombia: conejo huasca Anchietea salutaris A. St.-Hil. (Anchietea parvifolia Hallier f.; Anchietea pyrifolia A. St.-Hil., nom. inval.; Anchietea pyrifolia G. Don; Anchietea pyrifolia (Mart.) G. Don; Anchietea salutaris var. hilariana Eichler; Anchietea salutaris var. hilariana (A. St.-Hil.) Eichler; Noisettia pyrifolia Mart.) South America.

Anchomanes Schott Araceae

Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl. (Amorphophallus difformis Blume; Anchomanes dalzielii N.E. Br.; Anchomanes difformis var. obtusus (A. Chev.) Knecht; Anchomanes difformis var. welwitschii (Rendle) Engl.; Anchomanes dubius Schott; Anchomanes hookeri (Kunth) Schott; Anchomanes hookeri var. pallidus Hook.; Anchomanes obtusus A. Chev.; Anchomanes petiolatus (Hook.) Hutch.; Anchomanes welwitschii Rendle; Caladium petiolatum Hook.; Pythonium hookeri Kunth; Sauromatum ferox Linden ex Engl.) Tropical Africa, Nigeria. Herbaceous, stout prickly stem, horizontal tuber, huge much-divided leaf, rhizome everywhere eaten in time of scarcity but only after special preparation, gorillas eat stem and leaves See Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 366–367. 1834, Rumphia 1: 149. 1837, Bot. Mag. 66: t. 3728. 1840, Genera Aroidearum exposita 33. 1858, Bot. Mag. 89: t. 5394. 1863, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 304–305. 1879 and Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 2: 359. 1936, Acta Hort. (ISHS) 96: 55–64. 1980, J. Ethnopharmacol. 40(1): 1–19. 1993, African Journal of Biotechnology 2(9): 317–321. 2003, Toxicon 44(4): 417–430. 2004, Phytothérapie 3(6): 252–259. 2005, Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2 (4): 407–410. 2007 (Not toxic for mice, the lyophilized rhizome very toxic for Guinea-pigs; toxicity and the hemorrhagic troubles highly attenuated after boiling for long time. Irritant. Leaf, stem and tuber antimicrobial, trypanocidal, molluscicidal, insecticidal, abortifacient, antidote, laxative, diuretic; extract of tubers soaked in water in the treatment of dysentery, dropsy, edema, tuberculosis, venereal diseases, diabetes, stomachache, lactation, swellings, venomous stings, bites. Root tubers sap for naso-pharyngeal affections, as eye drop; paste rubbed around teeth to cure infected gums. Roots and leaves rubefacient, for cough, constipation, edema. Crushed leaves oxytocic, for infertility. Veterinary medicine, lactogenic. Magic, ritual, superstitious practices, fruiting spadix with red berries a love-charm, corm used in making sacrifice to the dead. Used for poison fishing.)

See Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. (Martius) i. 24. 1823–1832, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 2: 252. 1824, Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Bresil … 290. 1826, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 340. 1831, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(1): 354, pl. 70, f. 1A. 1871 and Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 19: 64. 1913, Rodriguésia 27(39): 174. 1974

in English: children’s umbrella, children’s umbrella tree, forest anchomanes, God’s umbrella

(Alkaloids.)

in Ghana: atoe, atone, bata foia kani, batafonkani, deviofetsini, deviwo fe tsini, doli, kwai-angma-tso, lukpogu, nyame kyin, nyamekyim, nyamenlekyima, ope, opebea, opesei

Anchomanes Schott Araceae

in Ivory Coast: alomé, bédro - bédro, blima, dé, dina tali, diri, dobli, dobli dobli, dobré - dobré, don, dri, eupé, kohodié, linna batari, méapolodè, niamatimi, niamé kwanba, niamitma, pê, séréusso kwama, séréousso kwama, topi topi, toupain, tupain, vianakwaï, yaa plè, yaapiè, yaprè

Greek ancho ‘to bind, to strangle’ and maino, mainomai ‘to be furious, rave, to be mad with wine’; see Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 3: 314. 1853 and D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 60–61. Basel 1996.

in Benin: agbanhan, jinwo-hwéxè, zinwo-hwéxè in Central African Republic: eculé ya komba, ekulikomba in Congo: kikoria kia makanga

in Nigeria: abrisoko, bòù bèkèódù, bòù ódù, bugulli, cakara, chakara, eba enang, eba-nne-enang, gasth nangai, gugulli,

277

Anchusa L. Boraginaceae

hantsar gada, hántsàr gàdaá, hántsàr giawaá, hantsar giwa, igo, lángbòdó, oje, okpokomighede, olikhoror, olumahi

Ancistrocarpus Oliver Tiliaceae (Malvaceae)

in Sierra Leone: a-thongbothigba, alatala-kunde-na, kalilugbo

From the Greek ankistron ‘fish-hook’ and karpos ‘fruit’, see Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 9: 173. 1865 [1867 publ. 1865].

in Togo: adanlé, nau

Ancistrocarpus densispinosus Oliv.

in Senegal: éken

in Upper Volta: dé Anchomanes giganteus Engl. W.C. Tropical Africa. Shrub, erect, rhizomatous, leaves covered with thorns on rachis and petiole, red fruit See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 419. 1899 (Petiole decoction for skin diseases.) in Burundi: ikinyamateke, ikisuunzu in Zaire: ikondo á mósombo, makondo má básombo

Anchusa L. Boraginaceae Latin anchusa for a plant used as a cosmetic, ox-tongue (Plinius), Greek ankousa ‘alkanet’, cosmetic paint for the skin; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 133–134. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 64. 1754. Anchusa ovata Lehmann (Anchusa arvensis M. Bieb. subsp. orientalis (L.) Nordh.; Anchusa orientalis L.; Anchusa orientalis (L.) Reichenbach, nom. illeg.; Lycopsis arvensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Kuntze; Lycopsis erecta d’Urv.; Lycopsis micrantha Ledeb.; Lycopsis orientalis L.; Lycopsis taurica Stev.) N.E. Africa, S.E. Europe, C. Asia. Herb, erect, corolla bluepurple to reddish purple See Species Plantarum 1: 138–139. 1753, Flora TauricoCaucasica 1: 123. 1808, Plantae e Familiae Asperifoliarum Nuciferae 1: 122. 1818, Icones florae germanicae et helveticae 18: 73. 1858, Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada 10: 216. 1887 and Norsk Flora 526. 1940, Taxon 53(3): 800. 2004 (Chinese medicinal herb.) in China: lang zi cao Anchusa strigosa Banks & Sol. (Anchusa strigosa Labill.) Syria. See Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 3: 229–250. 1992, Phytochemistry 48(2): 217– 221. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60(3): 189–198. 1998, Planta Medica 69: 835–841. 2003, Phytochemistry 66(13): 1593–1600. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Root extracts anti-ulcer, pepsin inhibition. Flowers, leaves, and roots antifeedant. Skin diseases, respiratory system.) in India: gojihva, manu

Tropical Africa. Liana, shrub or treelet, yellow flowers, spiny fruits See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 9: 174. 1865 [1867 publ. 1865] (Juice antiinflammatory, for wounds, headache.) in Congo: tsoumou, tsumu in Yoruba: iwaja

Ancistrocladus Wall. Ancistrocladaceae Hooked branch, from the Greek ankistron ‘fish-hook’ and klados ‘a branch’, referring to the climbing hooks, the supra-axillary branches are hooked, see Fl. Cochin. 282. 1790, Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 6: 105. 1810, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 1052. 1829, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 107. 1834, Genera Plantarum 1183. 1840, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3, 13: 316. 1849, Annales Botanices Systematicae 2: 175. 1851, Fl. Brit. India 1: 299. 1874 and Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 21: 580. 1925, Novon 2(3): 238. 1992, Taylor, C. M., R. E. Gereau & G. M. Walters. “Revision of Ancistrocladus Wall. (Ancistrocladaceae).” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2005. Ancistrocladus abbreviatus Airy Shaw Sierra Leone. See Kew Bulletin 1949: 67. 1949, Kew Bulletin 1950: 148. 1950, Phytochemistry 31: 4011–4014. 1992, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46(2): 115–120. 1995, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92(3): 373 (-374). 2005 (Aerial parts antiprotozoal, for malaria, measle, fevers.) Ancistrocladus attenuatus Dyer India. Climber, leaves oblanceolate, lobes of fringed calyx unequal See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 300. 1874 (Astringent, febrifuge.) Ancistrocladus barteri Tiegh.)

barteri

Scott-Elliot

(Ancistrocladus

Sierra Leone. Vine See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 30: 73. 1894 [1893–1895 publ. 1894] and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 17: 154. 1903, Kew Bulletin 1950: 148. 1950, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46(2): 115–120. 1995

278

(Antiprotozoal, malaria.) Ancistrocladus extensus Wall. ex Planch. (Ancistrocladus extensus Wall.) India, Nicobar, Burma. Climbing shrub, hooked branches, leaves coriaceous, pinkish-white flowers in panicles See Num. List [Wallich] n. 1052. 1828, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 13: 318. 1849 and Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sc. Soc. China v. NO. 5, 44. 1929 (Roots in dysentery and malaria.) Ancistrocladus extensus Wall. ex Planch. var. pinangianus (Wall. ex Planch.) King (Ancistrocladus pinangianus Wall. ex Planch.; Ancistrocladus pinangianus Wall.) Malay Peninsula. See Num. List [Wallich] n. 1052, 1054. 1828, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 13: 318. 1849, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 42: 137. 1893

Ancylobothrys Pierre Apocynaceae

See Fl. Cochinch. 1: 282–283. 1790, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 13: 318. 1849, Fl. Brit. India 1: 300. 1874, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 42, 2: 137. 1893 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 1: 114–115. 1909, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam 3: 46–47. 1913, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1925: 19. 1925, Lingnan Sci. J. 6(4): 329. 1930 [dt. 1928, issued in 1930], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54(2–3): 125–130. 1996, J. Nat. Prod. 63(10): 1384–1387. 2000, Pharmaceutical Biology 39(5): 357–363. 2001, Blumea 50(2): 359, figs. 1–3. 2005 (Antiviral, parasiticid, antibacterial, antitumor, larvicidal, astringent. Roots for the treatment of malaria and dysentery; roots decoction used to improve blood circulation and also against malaria.) in China: gou zhi teng in Peninsular Malaysia: akar jejulong, akar julong hitam, akar rasul, lidah sapi

(Roots in dysentery and malaria.) Malay name: akar julong hitam

Ancylobothrys Pierre Apocynaceae

Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J. Graham (Ancis­ trocladus heyneanus Wall.)

From the Greek ankylos ‘curved, crooked’ and bothros ‘a pit, abyss’, see Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris (sér. 2) 1: 91–92. 1898 and Wag. Agri. Univ. Pap. 94(3): 4. 1994.

India. Tropical liana See A Catalogue of the Plants Growing in Bombay and its Vicinity 28. 1839, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. vi. tt. 1987–88. 1853 and Planta Medica 63(3): 255–257. 1997, Biospectroscopy 4(2): 113–120. 1998, Tetrahedron Letters 44(31): 5827–5829. 2003 (Antifungal, antimalarial, spasmolytic.) in India: karatolal, kardali, kardol, kardor, modira-valli Ancistrocladus korupensis D.W. Thomas & Gereau Nigeria, Cameroon, Korup National Park. Liana, climbing, woody vine, hooked branchlets, aromatic flowers, fruit dark brown See Novon 3(4): 494, f. 1. 1993, J. Med. Chem. 37(12): 1740– 1745. 1994 (Antiviral, antimalarial. Anti-HIV michellamines isolated from the leaves, potential anti-AIDS.) Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr. (Ancistrocladus benomensis Rischer & G. Bringmann; Ancistrocladus carallioides Craib; Ancistrocladus cochinchinensis Gagnep.; Ancistrocladus extensus Wall. ex Planch., nom. nud.; Ancistrocladus extensus Wall. ex Planch. var. pinangianus (Wall. ex Planch.) King; Ancistrocladus hainanensis Hayata; Ancistrocladus harmandii Gagnep.; Ancistrocladus pinangianus Wall. ex Planch.; Bembix tectoria Lour.) Asia tropical, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam. Climber, bushy, woody vine, woody hooks, terminal inflorescence, small flowers, fleshy deep purple-pinkish petals, winged achenes

Ancylobothrys petersiana (Klotzsch) Pierre (Ancylobothrys petersiana Pierre; Ancylobothrys rotundifolia Pierre; Ancylobothrys rotundifolia (Dewèvre) Pierre; Ancylobotrys petersiana (Klotzsch) Pierre; Ancylobotrys petersiana var. forbesiana Pierre; Ancylobotrys rotundifolia (Dewèvre) Pierre; Landolphia angustifolia K. Schum. ex Engl.; Landolphia monteiroi N.E. Br.; Landolphia monteiroi Dyer ex Stapf; Landolphia petersiana (Klotzsch) Dyer; Landolphia petersiana (Klotzsch) Dyer var. angustifolia (K. Schum. ex Engl.) Stapf; Landolphia petersiana var. rotundifolia Dewèvre; Landolphia petersiana var. rufa Stapf; Landolphia petersiana var. tubeufii Busse ex Stapf; Landolphia scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Didr.; Landolphia scandens var. angustifolia (K. Schum. ex Engl.) Hallier f.; Landolphia scandens var. petersiana (Klotzsch) Hallier f.; Landolphia scandens var. rotundifolia (Dewèvre) Hallier f.; Landolphia scandens var. stuhlmanniana Hallier f.; Landolphia scandens var. stuhlmannii Hallier f.; Landolphia scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Didr. var. tubeufii (Busse ex Stapf) Busse; Landolphia senensis (Klotzsch) K. Schum.; Landolphia sennensis (Klotzsch) K. Schum.; Pacouria angustifolia (K. Schum. ex Engl.) Kuntze; Pacouria angustifolia (Engl.) Kuntze; Pacouria petersiana (Klotzsch) S. Moore; Willughbeia petersiana Klotzsch; Willughbeia senensis Klotzsch) (named after the German naturalist Wilhelm Carl Hartwig Peters, 1815–1883, coauthor of Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Berlin [1861-] 1862–1864, collected in Mozambique in the early 19th century.)

Andira Jussieu Fabaceae (Dalbergieae)

Trop. Africa. Evergreen liana, scrambling, scandent, flexible, invasive, milky white latex, climbing with tendrils, a long terminal branched head bears fragrant cream-white-yellow tubular flowers star-like, dull yellow-orange fruit with short soft hairs, pulp of ripe fruit edible, juice pulp sour, famine food, in open bushland, coastal evergreen forest See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 268. 1775, Flore d’Oware 1: 54. 1806, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 77, t. 280. 1820, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 1: 281–282. 1862, Kew Garden Report 1880: 42–43. 1881, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 15: 406. 1893, Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 19(2): 122. 1895, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 91. 1898 and Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 27(3): 82. 1900, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 180. 1905, Wageningen Agric. Univ. Pap. 94(3): 3–44. 1994 (Roots and leaves antimicrobial.) in English: climbing wild apricot, East Africa rubber, rubber vine in Kenya: kabanesa, matongazi, mtongazi, mumerumeru, mutongazi in Malawi: matutungwa in Tanzania: mbooya, mbungo kidogo, mitoria, mtoria, mtowe, ndoro, vibooya, vitoria

Andira Jussieu Fabaceae (Dalbergieae) Tupi names andyrababapari, andyraobajaryba, andyraibiaryba, andyrajareba, andyrayba, andyraybyaryba, andyrayba-piranga, andyrayba-tinga; Andirá is also the name of a Brazilian tribe of Pará (“nome de uma tribo que habitou os sertões do Pará”); andîrá is a big bat of Brazil (“uma var. de vampiro”). See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 17. 1783, Genera Plantarum 363. 1789, Flora Brasiliensis 15(1B): 292. 1862 and Gustavo Edwall, “Ensayo para uma synonimia dos nomes populares das plantas indigenas do estado de São Paulo, 2a parte.” B. da Commissão Geographica e Geologica do estado de São Paulo. São Paulo 16: 3–63. 1906, F.W. Taylor, A FulaniEnglish Dictionary. Oxford 1932, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(2): 487–559. 1937, Eurico Teixeira da Fonseca, “Plantas medicinales brasileñas.” R. Flora Medicinal. 5(12): 689–699. Rio de Janeiro 1939, Flora de Cuba 2: 224–367. 1951, Kew Bulletin 23: 483–490. 1969, Loefgrenia 58: 3. 1973, Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1979, Acta Amazonica 9(2): 241–266. 1979, Rhodora 83(834): 161–236. 1981, Luíz Caldas Tibiriçá, Dicionário TupiPortuguês. 58–59. Traço Editora, Liberdade 1984, Listados Floristicos de Mexico 4: 90–112. 1986, Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae-Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Luíz Caldas Tibiriçá, Dicionário Guarani-Português. 28. Traço Editora,

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Liberdade 1989, A Revised Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon 7: 108–381. 1991, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC. (Andira chiricana Pittier; Andira excelsa Kunth; Andira grandiflora Guill. & Perr.; Andira inermis DC.; Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.; Andira inermis H.B. & K.; Andira inermis Kunth; Andira inermis (Sw.) Kunth; Andira inermis var. inermis; Andira inermis var. sapindoides (DC.) Griseb.; Andira jamaicensis (W. Wright) Urb.; Andira jamaicensis Urban; Andira jamaicensis (W. Wright) Urban; Andira microcarpa Griseb.; Andira racemosa Lam.; Andira sapindoides (DC.) Benth.; Geoffroea inermis Sessé & Moc.; Geoffroea inermis Wright; Geoffroea inermis (Wright) Wright; Geoffroea inermis Sw.; Geoffroea jamaicensis W. Wright; Geoffroea jamaicensis var. inermis Wright; Millettia rooseveltii De Wild.; Pterocarpus sapindoides DC.; Vouacapoua inermis (Wright) Lyons; Vouacapoua inermis R. Knuth; Vouacapoua inermis (Sw.) Lyons; Vouacapoua inermis Lyons) Tropical Africa and America. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, quite variable, straight and cylindrical bole usually short, very low branching, blackish rough bark fissured and scaly, leaves alternate imparipinnate, flowers in muchbranched terminal panicles, pubescent calyx bell-shaped purplish, corolla deep pink to purplish-red, fruit a 1-seeded pod fleshy outside, grows slowly, unpleasant cabbage-like smell, honey tree See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 7, 28. 1760, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2(Suppl.): 9, pl. 373. 1775, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 67: 512, pl. 10. 1777, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 17. 1783, London medical journal 8: 256. 1787, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 106. 1788, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 385. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 419, 475. 1825, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 4(Suppl.): 123. 1860, Plantae Wrightianae 1: 179. 1860, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 202. 1860, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s. 8: 179, 1861, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 212. 1891, Flora Mexicana 175. 1894 and Symbolae Antillarum 4(2): 298. 1905, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 18(6): 235. 1917, Plantae Bequaertianae 3(3): 353. 1925, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, sér. 2 18: 116. 1946, Kew Bulletin 23(3): 490. 1969, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73(1–2): 131–135. 2000, Phytochemistry 58(5): 769–774. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93: 43–49. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 110(1): 165–170. 2007 (Toxins. Bark toxic, purgative, narcotic, antiplasmodial, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, vermifuge, powder purgative like jalap; delirium and vomiting the symptoms of an overdose; powdered bark claimed to be efficacious in intermittent fever. Stem bark and seeds employed as a purgative, vermifuge and febrifuge, poisonous in large doses. Seeds emetic,

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purgative, vermifuge and narcotic, poisonous in large doses. Leaves used for cough and respiratory diseases, a decoction febrifuge. One of the traditional ordeal plants of Northern Nigeria. Magic, ritual, leaves infusion for psychosis.) in English: angelin, angelin tree, bastard cabbage, bastard mahogany, bat seed, black blossom berry, brown heart, cabbage bark, cabbage bark tree, cabbage tree, cabbage tree of South America and Senegambia, cornwood, dog almond, jumbie bead, pleasant wood, West Indian walnut in Central America: almendro, almendro de rio, almendro macho, almendro montes, andira Uchi, andirauchi, angelim, angelim, angelim-branco, angelim-liso, angelin, angelin à grappes, arenillo, avineira, carbon, carne asada, chaperno, guacamayo, hunklut, kararo, lombrigueira, moca, morcegueira, palo de burro, palo maco, pau-palmeira, pigturd, pilon, sucurira de varzea, uchi, uchirana, yabo in Mexico: cuilimbuca, iximche, maca colorado, macallo, moca, pacay, yaba, yabo in Burkina Faso: elangoro, kiné-dou in Ivory Coast: kiné-dou in Mali: kinedu in Nigeria: daluhi, gwaska, ikong ebonko in Senegal: dimbéli, kulkulj faro, simbak

Andrachne L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) The ancient Greek names andrachne, andrachle, andrachlos, andrachnos ‘purslane, strawberry-tree’, used by Theophrastus [born c. 372 BC., Eresus, Lesbos, d. c. 287, Greek Peripatetic philosopher and pupil of Aristoteles, of his few surviving works the most important are Peri phyton historia (“Inquiry into Plants”) and Peri phyton aition (“Growth of Plants”)], and Dioscorides Pedanius [b. c. A.D. 40, Anazarbus, Cilicia, d. c. 90, Greek physician and pharmacologist whose work De materia medica was the foremost classical source of modern botanical terminology and the leading pharmacological text for 16 centuries]; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1014. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 444. 1754, Tabulae Botanicae 15. 1773, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 208. 1775, Elementa botanica … 2: 348. 1790, Linnaea 25(5): 584. 1852[1853], Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1857: 150. 1857, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 233. 1866 and Franco Montanari, Vocabolario della Lingua Greca. 195. Loescher Editore, Torino 1995, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 73(2): 155–281. 2002, Kew Bulletin 63(1): 47, 50. 2008. Andrachne aspera Spreng. (Andrachne aspera var. glandulosa Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Andrachne aspera var. maritima N. Terracc.; Andrachne fedtschenkoi C. Koss.; Andrachne rotundifolia Eichw. ex C.A. Mey.)

Andrachne L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Trop. Africa, Pakistan. Herb, prostrate or decumbent, hairy, inflorescence axillary, creamy flowers, fruit a deeply 3-lobed capsule See Syst. Veg. 3: 884. 1826, Verzeichness der Pflanzen des Caspischen Meeres 18, pl. 20. 1831, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 254. 1850, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 236. 1866, Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 5: 98. 1894 and Fitoterapia 51(6): 281–284. 1980, J. Nat. Prod. 63(6): 762–764. 2000, Fitoterapia 75(2): 149–161. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(3): 421–427. 2005, African Journal of Traditional, Complimentary and Alternative Medicines 4(1): 112–120. 2007 (Alkaloids. An extract of the aerial parts drunk as a poison antidote, and to treat headache, pimples and stomachache, aerial portions crushed and mixed with mustard oil to form a paste, this poultice applied directly to pimples. Roots decoction used as eye drops to treat eye infections, used in eye problems and for eye wash; roots eaten as an antiemetic. Spasmolytic, antihistaminic, antibacterial.) in Arabic: kamash in Pakistan: rumtotia, shfragho, toot mekh Andrachne cordifolia (Wall. ex Decne.) Müll.Arg. (Andrachne cordifolia (Decne.) Mull.Arg.; Andrachne cordifolia Müll.Arg.; Andrachne cordifolia Hemsl.; Andrachne decaisneana Baill.; Arachne cordifolia (Decne.) Hurus.; Arachne cordifolia (Decne.) Pojark.; Arachne cordifolia (Wall. ex Decne.) Pojark.; Leptopus cordifolius Decne.; Phyllanthus cordifolius Wall. ex Decne.) India, Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal. See also Leptopus cordifolius Decne. See Voyage dans l’Inde 4: 155. 1844, Étude Euphorb.: 577. 1858, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2): 234. 1866, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26: 420. 1894 and Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 25: 342. 1940, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 16: 35–45. 1981, Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). Kew. 2000, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 22(6): 726– 729. 2007 (Plant poisonous to cattle. Antibacterial, antifungal, leaves extract for nephritis, urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, bacillary dysentery, giardiasis, salmonellosis, amoebiasis, eye inflammation, mastitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, cold, bronchitis, ear infection and inner ear infection. Leaves as fish poison.) in India: bharti, bhartoi, bhartoli, bhatia, bhatindu, bhatsor, durlu, gurguli, karkan, mandhiara Andrachne ovalis (E. Mey. ex Sond.) Müll.Arg. (Andrachne capensis Baill.; Andrachne dregeana (Scheele) Baill.; Andrachne ovalis Müll.Arg.; Andrachne ovalis (Sond.) Müll. Arg.; Clutia galpinii Pax pro parte; Clutia ovalis (E. Mey. ex

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Sond.) Scheele; Clutia ovalis (Sond.) Scheele; Clutia ovalis Sond.; Phyllanthus dregeanus Scheele; Phyllanthus ovalis E. Mey. ex Sond.; Savia ovalis (E. Mey. ex Sond.) Pax & K. Hoffm.) S. Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. Shrub or small tree, slender, greenish-white flowers axillary unisexual on the same tree, translucent petals, fruit a 3-lobed dehiscent capsule, leaves aromatic, strong-smelling roots, may be confused with Clutia pulchella See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982, 1042. 1753, Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775), 57: 114–117. 1767, Linnaea 23: 135, 583. 1850, Linnaea 25: 583, 585. 1853, Linnaea 32: 78. 1863, Adansonia 3: 163–164. 1863 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43: 89–124. 1994, Fitoterapia 66: 113– 116. 1995, Adansonia, Sér. 3, 22(1): 123–133. 2000

Andrographis Wallich ex Nees Acanthaceae Greek aner, andros ‘man’ and graphis ‘brush, a style for writing, a needle’; see Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854), Plantae Asiaticae Rariores. 3: 76–77, 106, 116. London 1830–1832 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 23(1): 30–32. 1999. Andrographis affinis Nees India. Subshrub, thick leaves, racemes axillary and terminal, hispid glandular calyx-lobes, white corolla with purple streaks See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 116. 1832 (For snakebite and fever, leaf juice drunk and leaf paste applied externally.) Andrographis alata (Vahl) Nees (Andrographis alata Nees)

(Antibacterial, anthelmintic, roots used as an insecticide against fleas and lice, and a snakebite remedy, said to drive snakes away by the pungent smell of the roots, inserted in holes to repel snakes; roots decoction for internal parasites; roots burned and sniffed for headache. Extracts of the bark and leaves antibacterial and strongly molluscicidal. Powdered stem bark reported to be effective against epilepsy. Veterinary medicine, anthelmintic.)

India. Erect undershrub, woody rootstock, white corolla

in English: bastard lightning bush, false lightning bush, insecticide-root

in India: periyanangai

in Southern Africa: basterbliksembos; umBheza, umMbeza, umbosa, umembezi (Zulu); mbezo, umBezo, umGqata (Xhosa) Andrachne telephioides L. (Andrachne aspera Spreng.; Andrachne asperula Nevski; Andrachne cretica Pojark.; Andrachne fedtschenkoi C. Koss.; Andrachne nummulariifolia Stapf; Andrachne pojarkoviae Kovatsch.; Andrachne rotundifolia C.A. Mey.; Andrachne rotundifolia Eichw. ex C.A. Mey.; Andrachne telephioides subsp. oreocretensis Aldén; Andrachne telephioides var. brevifolia Müll.Arg.; Andrachne telephioides var. rotundifolia (C.A. Mey.) Müll. Arg.; Andrachne virescens Stapf; Andrachne vvedenskyi Pazij; Eraclissa hexagyna Forssk.; Telephioides procumbens Moench) Pakistan, India, Tropical Africa. Dry sandy soil in semidesert See Species Plantarum 2: 1014. 1753, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 208. 1775, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 884. 1826, Verzeichness der Pflanzen des Caspischen Meeres 18, pl. 20. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 236. 1866 and Botaniceskie Materialy Gerbarija Glavnogo Botaniceskogo Sasa RSFSR 2: 89. 1921, Bot. Zhurn. S.S.S.R. 25: 364. 1940, Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariia Instituta Botaniki i Zoologii Akademii Nauk UzSSR 11: 22. 1948, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1965: 168. 1965, Willdenowia 12: 211. 1982 (Tonic, cooling.) in Pakistan: shiragho, toot mekh

See Prodr. (DC.) 11: 516. 1847 (Leaf juice antipyretic, antiinflammatory; for snakebite and fever, leaf juice drunk and leaf paste applied externally; leaf paste applied for skin diseases. A constituent among many plants used in the preparation of an antileprosy drug. Veterinary medicine, whole plant.) Andrographis atropurpurea (Dennst.) Alston (Justicia atropurpurea Dennst.) India. See Dennstedt, August Wilhelm (1776–1826), Schlüssel zum Hortus Indicus Malabaricus [von Rheede] … 35. Weimar, 1818 and Taxon 26(5–6): 539. 1977 (Febrifuge.) in India: katu-karivi Andrographis beddomei C.B. Clarke India. See The Flora of British India 4: 506. 1884 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha.) Andrographis echioides Nees (Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees; Indoneesiella echioides (L.) Sreem.; Justicia echioides L.) India. Herb, procumbent to erect, flowers in axillary racemes, pink or white corolla densely pubescent See Sp. Pl. 1: 16. 1753, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 117. 1832 and Phytologia 16: 466. 1968, Taxon 31: 593–595. 1982, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. ser. 12: 214–217. 1996, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 934–937. 2008, Pharmacognosy Reviews 2(3). Jan–Jun 2008 (Used in Sidha. Whole plant pounded in mustard oil and paste applied on snakebite, also whole plant dried and

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powdered, mixed with water and drunk; whole plant decoction in fever, dysentery, stomachache and liver disorders. Leaves juice used as a febrifuge, cathartic, anthelmintic, laxative, alterative, stomachic, antimalarial; leaf paste applied to cure headache; leaves decoction given in fever and jaundice, against intestinal worms and for constipation. Properties and uses of this plant considered similar to those of Andrographis paniculata.) in English: false waterwillow in India: bhui nim, birkubat, gopuram langi, gopuram tangi, gopuram thaangi, gusumpuru, kariyatu, koburandhaangi, kopuram tanki, kopurantanki, lavalata, lilukariyatu, najithari, peyttumpai, ranjimani, tellavemu

Andrographis Wallich ex Nees Acanthaceae

See Companion Bot. Mag. 2: 313. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 11: 516. 1847 and Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon 12: 100. 1998 (Leaves for mor muscular pain, diarrhea, snakebite.) Andrographis nallamalayana J.L. Ellis India. Herb, procumbent See Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 511. 1891 and Bull. Bot. Surv. India viii. 362. 1967, Taxon 29: 324. 1980, Nat. Prod. Comm. 2007, 2, 575–578. 2007

India. Perennial herbs, erect, pale pink axillary flowers with darker blotches on the lobes, minutely hairy capsules

(Antimicrobial, for leucorrhea, powder mixed with that of Acrocephalus indicus (Burm. f.) Kuntze (Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicolson & Sivad.) boiled and the decoction given orally; for mouth ulcers, mixed with a pinch of lime and chewed. Fresh root paste mixed with leaves juice of Becium filamentosusm given as antidote for snakebite.)

See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 502. 1867

in India: katta-k-kampu, konda thasu, otalai maram

(Plant paste applied externally against scorpion and insect bites. Leaf juice drunk as antipyretic and antidiabetic.)

Andrographis neesiana Wight (Andrographis neesiana Benth. ex C.B. Clarke)

in India: periyanangai

India. Erect herb, glandular-strigose capsules

Andrographis glandulosa Nees

See Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis [Wight] 1: 1561. 1840, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 504. 1884

Andrographis elongata T. Anderson

India. See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 115. 1832

(Aphrodisiac, plant paste mixed with water and taken orally.)

in India: anci, korankam, tuti

Andrographis ovata (T. Anderson ex Bedd.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Andrographis ovata (T. Anderson ex Bedd.) Benth. ex Clarke; Gymnostachyum ovatum T. Anderson ex Bedd.)

Andrographis lineata Nees (Andrographis lineata Wallich ex Nees)

India. Tall robust herb, leaves broadly ovate, pink flowers in panicles

India. Herb, erect, glandular hairy racemes, white corolla with purplish blotches

See Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis … 1: 60. 1874, Genera plantarum 2: 1100. 1876, Fl. Brit. India 4: 502. 1884 and Fl. Madras 1049. 1924

(Febrifuge.)

See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 3: 116. 1832 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46: 31–47. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 62: 173–182. 1998, Phytochemistry 63(4): 457–461. 2003, Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 11: 61–63. 2007, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 276–280. 2008 (Hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, diuretic, febrifuge, antimicrobial and antiviral; for diabetes, leaf powder mixed with cow’s or goat’s milk and taken orally; paste of leaves applied externally on scorpion sting and snakebites; leaf decoction for lung diseases; leaf juice taken for dog bite. Veterinary medicine, whole plant.)

(Leaf paste used as an antidote; crushed leaves applied to treat scabies.) in India: bhuinimo, periyanangai, periyanangan Andrographis paniculata (N.L. Burman) Nees (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees; Andrographis paniculata Nees; Andrographis subspathulata C.B. Clarke; Justicia paniculata N.L. Burman; Justicia paniculata Sessé & Moc.; Justicia paniculata L. ex B.D. Jacks.; Justicia paniculata Rose; Justicia paniculata Forssk.)

Andrographis macrobotrys Nees (Andrographis ceylanica Nees)

South Asia, India. Herb, erect, quadrangular or winged, many-branched, rootstock and roots more or less woody, lax racemes or axillary or terminal panicles, whitish flowers spotted with rose-purple, corolla 2-lipped, oblong capsule acute at ends, seeds rugosely furrowed, river banks

India. Pubescent herb, axillary racemes leaf-opposed, white corolla with dark purplish blotches, acute capsules minutely hairy

See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 9. 1768, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 4. 1775, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 3: 77, 116. 1832, Contr.

in India: naerale, nelabaevu, nilavembu, periyanangai, siriya nangai, siriyanangai

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U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 348. 1895 and Index Linn. Herb. 93. 1912, Cytologia 48: 491–504. 1983, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 310–315. 1986, Cytologia 53: 369– 378. 1988, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. ser. 12: 214–217. 1996, Drug Delivery 7(4): 209–213. 2000, Natural Product Research 19(3): 223–230. 2005, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 934–937. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, immunosoppressive, antimicrobial, febrifuge, antiinflammatory, antifertility, antispermatogenic and/or antiandrogenic, antileprosy, antimalarial, anodyne, insecticide, vermifuge, antileishmanial, bitter tonic, expectorant, diuretic, liver tonic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, astringent, antispasmodic, analgesic, hypotensive, antihypertensive. Aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata with Argemone mexicana, dried and powdered and taken to cure jaundice; whole plant of Andrographis paniculata with Phyllanthus amarus dried and powdered and taken to cure jaundice. Whole plant, stems and leaves, very bitter, for detoxification, dysentery, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, allergic manifestations, common cold, fever, flu, cough, sore throat, tonsillitis, bronchitis; whole plant decoction given to cure fevers; whole plant of Andrographis paniculata with root of Pygmaeopremna herbacea powdered and made into a paste applied on sprain; decoction made of stem bark of Toona ciliata, Azadirachta indica and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata given in fevers to female patients; plant pounded in mustard oil and applied on itches and snakebite wounds; powdered plant applied to itching and warts; infusion of whole plant given in malaria and in liver disorders. An effective remedy against snakebites, whole plant decoction drunk. Herbal preparation antidyslipemic and antioxidant: Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Andrographis paniculata and Gymnema sylvestre. For diabetes, leaf powder mixed with boiled rice and cow’s milk and taken orally. Root decoction to treat rheumatic pains; a decoction from leaves of Tiliacora acuminata with roots of Andrographis paniculata and water given for chronic stomach ailments, stomachaches. Leaves for treatment of malaria. Leaf juice taken orally during menstruation to prevent excessive bleeding; leaf extract mixed with turmeric juice taken against intestinal worms; leaves and turmeric paste applied to eradicate skin lice and to cure skin ailments; astringent leaves for diarrhea; a cake made of leaves of Andrographis paniculata and grains of Eleusine coracana taken as a treatment for gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation and microbial infection. Veterinary medicine, whole plant and leaves mixed with pepper and garlic made into juice given to cure epilepsy; roots ponded and the extract given in insect bite; leaves along with those of Vitex negundo, Cardiospermum halicacabum, tubers of Curculigo orchioides and Urginea indica pounded and extract given for ephemeral fever; roots of Agave americana along with those of Curculigo orchioides, leaves of Andrographis paniculata and Vitex negundo pounded and the extract given for ephemeral fever.)

in English: common andrographis, creat, green chireta, kariyat, king of bitters in China: chuan xin lian, shuang xin lian in India: accani, akhurlie, anarivempucceti, anariyam, anariyatittam, banamaricha, bhui-limb, bhui neem, bhuilimb, bhuin nimba, bhuinim, bhuinimba, bhulim, bhunimba, bhunimbah, bhunimbaha, bhuninim, bhuyi numb, bhuyinimba, biremali, cara-caniram, ceyapunimpam, charayetah, charayetaah, charayetah, chhota chirata, chirata, chirata kalmegh, chiraita, chiratya, chirayata, chirayata desi kalmegh, chirayita patti, chiretta, chirettah, chirota, cilesmati, ciratkucci, cirayata, copakkini, hasi kiriyaatha, hempedu bumi, hnakhapui, intirekai, kaala megha, kaikati, kaipparacan, kaippuvempu, kairatacceti, kairatam, kalamegh, kalamegha, kalchitta, kalimegh, kalmagh, kalmeg, kalmegh, kalmegh harachiraiyata, kalmegha, kalpanath, karivaemu, kariyat, kariyatu, kariyattu, katcima, kattinuna, kattinunacceti, katunimpam, kavutakam, kirata, kiratatikta, kiratatiktah (kiratah, forest, tikth, bitter), kiravat, kirawat, kirayaita, kirayat, kirayatem, kiriyaath, kiriyatta, kiriyattu, kiryat, kiryato, kokanam, kolakkirutam, kolakkirutamaram, kommattimarikacceti, kommattimarikam, koritalai, korittal, korittalai, korittalaivempu, korrikalai, korukkacci, kottilai, kottilaimaram, kreata, kurakivempu, kuramacanam, mahatita, mahatikta (= king of bitters), mahatita, marukkatitam, marukkatitavempu, mutacancam, naine-havandi, nainehavandi, nalaveppu, nallemi, narciritu, neelaveemu, nela baevu, nela beru, nela-bevinagida, nela bevu, nela-vemu, nelabaevinagida, nelabaevu, nelaberu, nelabevinagida, nelabevu, nelavaemu, nelavembu, nelavemu, nelaveppu, nialavema, nila vaembu, nila-vembu, nila-veppa, nilavaepu, nilavembu, nilavempu, nilaveppu, nittacam, olen-kiraita, olenkiraayath, olenkirayat, olikiryata, oora kiriyaathu, paale kiraayath, passap, patther neem, periya nangai, periyanangai, puminayakacceti, puminayakam, puminayakan, puminimpacceti, puminimpam, punimpam, punimpar, puriyar, putikam, puyari, qasabhuva, qasabuzzarirah, qazabuzzarirah, rikangkani, shirat-kuchchi, shiratkuch-chi, shiratkuchi, siriyaa nangai, talainimpaki, talainimpakicceti, taruluruti, vaayu hullu, velavemu, vempatikacceti, vempatikam, vhadlem, vubati, yavatikta in Indonesia: ampadu, bidara, ki oray, ki peurat, papaitan, sadilata, sambilata, sambiloto, takila, takilo in Myanmar: sega-gyi, se-khar-gyi in Philippines: aluy, lekha, sinta in Thailand: fa thalaai, fa thalaai joan, fa thalaai jone, kheepang-hee, nam laai pang phon, yaa kannguu in Vietnam: cong cong, c[oo]ng c[ooj]ng, kh[oor] di[eej]p, kho diep, xuyen tam lien, xuy[ee]n t[aa]m li[ee]n Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rottl. ex Vahl) Wight (Andrographis serpyllifolia (Vahl) Wight; Justicia serpyllifolia Vahl; Justicia serpyllifolia Rottl. ex Vahl; Justicia serpyllifolia Gamble)

284

India. Trailing and rooting procumbent herb from stout rootstock, branchlets densely hispid, pale purplish flowers sessile in short racemes in upper axils See Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 169. 1804, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 2(3): t. 517. 1842, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 506. 1884 and Fl. Madras 1051. 1924, Tetrahedron 24(24): 7027–7031. 1968 (Leaf paste applied on the incision of snakebite, also for common Green Whip snakebite. Root extract antioxidant, antiinflammatory, febrifuge, bitter tonic, alterative. Veterinary medicine, antiinflammatory; leaves used in removing the ticks of cattle.) in India: aaku chandrika, hasiru chedi, hasiru havina gida, kaasina sara, kirata, kuramaku, nela beru Andrographis stenophylla C.B. Clarke India. Herb, erect, very narrow leaves, stout rootstock, corolla pale with dark red stripes See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 506. 1884 and Int. J. Chem. Sci. 4(3): 431–28. 2006, Natural product sciences 13(3): 241–246. 2007, Asian Journal of Chemistry 19(2): 1307–1312. 2007 (Antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, anthelmintic and antisnake venom.) Andrographis tenuiflora T. Anderson India. See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 9: 502. 1867 (Fresh leaves eaten against tonsillitis.) in India: hlo-chang-vaum, hlochang-vawm Andrographis wightiana Arn. ex Nees (Andrographis wightiana T. Anderson) India. Slender herb, glandular-pubescent calyx, corolla pink with reddish purple lower lip See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 517. 1847, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 232. 1860 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Febrifuge, leaf paste mixed with water and administered orally.)

Andromeda L. Ericaceae A daughter of the Ethiopian king Cepheus and Cassiope (Kepheus and Kassiopeia), see Species Plantarum 1: 393– 394. 1753. Andromeda polifolia L. (Andromeda glaucophylla Link; Andromeda glaucophylla var. iodandra Fernald; Andromeda polifolia subsp. glaucophylla (Link) Hultén; Andromeda polifolia var. concolor B. Boivin; Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (Link) DC.; Andromeda polifolia var. jamesiana (Lepage) Boivin; Andromeda polifolia var. polifolia)

Andromeda L. Ericaceae

Circumboreal and circumpolar. Shrub, evergreen, perennial, low-growing, spreading, often prostrate and rooting at the nodes, creeping horizontal rhizomes, leaves leathery, inflorescence a nodding terminal umbel, berries pinkish See Species Plantarum 1: 393. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 394. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(2): 607. 1839 and Rhodora 18: 102. 1916, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 44(1): 1242. 1948, Flora of Alaska and Yukon 8: 1242. 1948, Taxon 39: 517. 1990, Journal of Ecology 86(3): 527–541. 1998 (Toxic only if large quantities eaten. All parts poisonous; plant contains a poisonous glucoside called andromedotoxin, poisonous to humans, causing low blood pressure, breathing problems, dizziness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Pectoral, expectorant.) in English: bog-rosemary, common bog-rosemary, marsh andromeda, marsh holy rose, marsh holy-rose, marsh holywort, moorwort, wild rosemary

Andropogon L. Poaceae (Gramineae) Greek aner, andros ‘a man, male’ and pogon ‘a beard’, the hairy spikelets resemble a man’s beard; currently there is disagreement over the taxonomic treatment of the genus, see Species Plantarum 2: 1045–1046. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 468. 1754, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 128, 132, 150, 160. 1812, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 69. 1815, Observ. Gramin. Belg. 84, 90, 141. 1824, Neogenyton 4. 1825, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 364, 366. 1829, Rel. Haenk. 1(4–5): 331. 1830, Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 170–171, 178, t. 8, 9, f. 2, 3. 1831, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(3): 268. 1832, A Natural System of Botany ed 2 448. 1836, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. 103, 109. 1841, Flora 29: 115. 1846, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 412. 1854 [1855], Fl. France Prosp. 3: 469. 1855, Fl. Austral. 7: 535. 1878, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 72. 1881, Flora Brasiliensis 2(4): 283, 294–296, 303. 1883, Gen. Pl. 3(2): 1134. 1883, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 26–29. 1887, Monogr. Phan. 6: 397, 400, 402, 471, 594, 617, 647. 1889, Index Kewensis 1: 760. 1893 and J. Bot. (Morot) 19: 100. 1905, Bollettino della Società Botanica Italiana 1917: 57. 1917, Madroño 14: 18–29. 1957, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 193. 1960, Brittonia 19: 70–76. 1967, Hook. Ic. Pl. 37: t. 3644. 1967, Primates 10: 103–148. 1969, Kew Bulletin 27: 457–474. 1972, Folia Primatologica 21: 36–60. 1974, Anuário Técnico do Instituto de Pesquisas Zootécnicas “Francisco Osorio” 7: 317–410. 1980, Trop. E. Afr. Gramineae 770. 1982, J. Arnold Arbor. 64(2): 171–254. 1982, Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 24: 137–149. 1985, Brittonia 38(4): 411–414. 1986, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75:

285

Andropogon L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

866–873. 1988, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(1): 125–201. 1990, Taxon 41: 556. 1992, Bothalia 24: 241– 246. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 387–390. 1994, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Ana Zanin and Hilda Maria LonghiWagner, “Taxonomic Novelties in Andropogon (PoaceaeAndropogoneae) for Brazil.” Novon 13(3): 368–375. 2003, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 20–64. 2003. Andropogon canaliculatus Schumach. (Andropogon canaliculatus var. fyffei Stapf; Andropogon canaliculatus var. fastigians Stapf; Andropogon eucnemis Trin.; Andropogon macleodiae Stapf) Benin, Ghana, Kenya. Perennial, tufted, erect, paired racemes, loose false panicle, lower glume of sessile spikelet linear and deeply grooved, highly palatable to cattle, unpalatable when old See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 52–53. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 72–73. 1828 and Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 252. 1919, African Study Monographs 19(1): 13–33. May 1998 (Veterinary medicine, rabies, madness, anaplasmosis. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual.) in Congo: mwehwe

stands forming, reed-like flattened stems, sessile spikelets with a geniculate awn, weed, grazed by ruminants, palatable and nutritious when young, grains eaten See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 51–52. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 71–72. 1828, Révision des Graminées 1: 163. 1829, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 8: 227. 1830, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 491. 1833, Flora 27: 244–245. 1844, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 371, 386. 1854, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 448–449. 1889 and Mémoires de la Société Botanique de France 2(8): 102. 1907, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 55: 102. 1908, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 263. 1919, Flore Agrostologique du Congo Belge 137. 1929, Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire 22: 108. 1960, G.E. Roberty (1907–1971), Monographie systématique des Andropogoneés du globe 244. Paris 1960, Fl. W. Trop. Africa ed. 2, 3: 488. 1972, Biotropica 37(1): 25–31. 2005, Plant Sciences Research 1 (2): 30–35. 2008 (Roots or leaves antidote, detoxicant, antispasmodic, bionematicide, chewed to treat toothache; root infusion purgative, leaves decoction laxative.) in English: gamba grass, onaga grass, Rhodesian andropogon, Rhodesian blue grass, tambuki grass

Andropogon floridanus Scribn. (Anatherum  virginicum  (L.) Spreng.  subvar. floridanum  (Scribn.) Roberty; Andropogon  bakeri  Scribn. & C.R. Ball) (for C.H. Baker, botanical collector in Florida)

in Nicaragua: gamba

USA, Florida. Perennial, caespitose, found in sandhill, swamp margin, pine flatwoods and scrub, coastal pinelands, pinelands, occasional in oak scrub and scrubby flatwoods

in Gambia: wa

See Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 16. 1815, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23: 145. Apr 1896 and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 24: 39, f. 14. 1901, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 212. 1960, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64: 171–254. 1983 (Plant infusion analgesic, astringent, antidiarrheal, taken for vomiting, cough, dry throat, stomach pain, diarrhea and frequent urination.) in English: Florida bluestem, Florida broomsedge

in Arabic: sméné in Benin: irouwa, koumbossou

in Ghana: gamba, mofogo, mopaka, mopoko, palawal, purim pieklega, purim pielega, soporo in Mali: celal, dagué, guelori, kiené, mussa waga, nguon, uaga, waba, waga, wako, zara in Niger: ahamdoroem, ajeghar, dakhié, djabar, gamba, lali, radyaré, ranièré, soobre, subna, subu nya, teebeened, yayyere, yawiri, yawur in Nigeria: dadeppure, ekpo, erè, eré, eruwà, gábàà, gámbà, gambà, gámba, gámbàà, girman darr daya, hazwa, igomough, iikube, ikpo, ikpò, ikpo agu, jimfi, kalawal, madlbak, palawal, sefunkwe, sugu, sugu kal, suwu, suwu bul, suwu kal, suwukal, waawan ruwa, welho

Andropogon gayanus Kunth (Andropogon brieyi De Wild. - p.p.; Andropogon gabonensis Stapf; Andropogon gayanus var. squamulatus (Hochst.) Stapf; Andropogon guineensis Schumach.; Andropogon guineensis Steud., nom. illeg., non Andropogon guineensis Schumach.; Andropogon patris Robyns; Andropogon reconditus Steud.; Andropogon squamulatus Hochst.; Andropogon tomentellus Steud.; Chloris gayana Kunth; Cymbachne guineensis (Schumach.) Roberty)

in Senegal: badoba, cicca, dagué, ebuk, etiub, gandany, ginyidi, guelori, hat, khat, kiene, kiené, makas, mediidi, mussa waga, o nduy, okas, soya, uaga, vaba, waga, waga gué, yev, yew, zara

Tropical and south Africa. Perennial bunchgrass or rarely annual, polymorphic, tufted, waxy bloom, erect, dense

in Yoruba: aruwa ako funfun, eruwa, eruwà, èrùwà, eruwa ako, eruwa funfun, èrùwà funfun

in Sierra Leone: kabusa, puile in Upper Volta: danye, dayye, kagarire, kessé, lanyere, mofogo, mokiri, mopaka, mopoko, pita, ranyere, soporé

286

Andropogon L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in India: sadabahar

in Spanish: popotillo gigante

in Philippines: batad, bayag, bukakau

Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Anatherum macrourum Griseb.; Anatherum macrourum (Michx.) Griseb.; Anatherum virginicum subvar. glomeratus (Walter) Roberty; Anatherum virginicum subvar. reinoldii (León) Roberty; Andropogon cabanisii Hack.; Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm. ex Hack.) Nash; Andropogon corymbosus var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Nash; Andropogon densus Desv.; Andropogon densus Desv. ex Ham.; Andropogon gerardii Vitman; Andropogon glomeratus subsp. reinoldii (León) Cat. Guerra; Andropogon glomeratus var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Scribn.; Andropogon glomeratus var. corymbosus (Chapm. ex Hack.) Scribn.; Andropogon glomeratus var. tenuispatheus Nas; Andropogon macrourum Michx.; Andropogon macrourum var. abbreviatus Hack.; Andropogon macrourum var. corymbosus Chapm. ex Hack.; Andropogon macrourum var. genuinus Hack.; Andropogon macrourus Michx.; Andropogon macrourus var. abbreviatus Hack.; Andropogon macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm. ex Hack.; Andropogon macrourus var. genuinus Hack.; Andropogon reinoldii León; Andropogon spathaceus Trin.; Andropogon tenuispatheus (Nash) Nash; Andropogon virginicus f. tenuispatheus (Nash) Fernald & Griscom; Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Fernald & Griscom; Andropogon virginicus var. corymbosus (Chapm. ex Hack.) Fernald & Griscom; Andropogon virginicus var. tenuispatheus (Nash) Fernald & Griscom; Cinna glomerata Walter; Cinna glomerata (Willd.) Link, nom. illeg., non Cinna glomerata Walter; Dimeiostemon macrurus Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.; Polypogon glomeratus Willd.; Sorghum glomeratum (Walter) Kuntze)

in Thailand: ya kumba in Vietnam: hung th’ao Andropogon gerardii Vitman (Andropogon chrysocomus Nash; Andropogon furcatus Muhl. ex Willd.; Andropogon furcatus var. villosa Loew; Andropogon gerardi Vitman; Andropogon gerardii var. chrysocomus (Nash) Fern.; Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Andropogon hallii var. grandiflorus Scribn.; Andropogon provincialis Lam., nom. illeg., non Andropogon provinciale Retz.; Andropogon provincialis subvar. furcatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Hack.; Andropogon provincialis subvar. lindheimeri Hack.; Andropogon provincialis subvar. pycnanthus Hack.; Andropogon provincialis var. paucipilus (Nash) Fernald & Griscom; Andropogon provincialis var. tennesseensis Scribn.; Andropogon tennesseensis (Scribn.) Scribn.; Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Fernald & Griscom; Cinna glomerata Walter; Leptopogon furcatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Roberty) Northern America, Canada to Mexico, USA. Long-lived perennial with tufted and solid culms, shortly stoloniferous, extensive root system, fruit a minute grain, provides nesting and concealment cover for birds See Fulgenzio Vitman (1728–1806), Species Plantarum 2: 1046. Mediolani [Milano] 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 376. 1785, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 59. 1788, Summa Plantarum, … 6: 16. 1792, Species Plantarum 4: 919. 1806, Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche Classe 89(1): 127–128. 1884, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 67. 1888, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 408, 442–443. 1889, Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Tennessee 7(2): 23. 1894, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 5: 21. 1897, Circular, Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture 16: 1. 1899 and Rhodora 37(436): 142, 147, t. 338, f. 3. 1935, 11th Ann. Report Huntington College Bot. Gard. & Arboretum 10. 1947, Boissiera 9: 196. 1960, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94: 521. 1967, Genome 29: 374–379. 1987, Novon 2(2): 108. 1992, Phytologia 80(5): 346. 1996, American Journal of Botany 84(2): 201. 1997, American Midland Naturalist 132(2): 366–376. 1994, Am. J. Bot. 85: 776. 1998, American Journal of Botany 86(7): 974–979. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1650–1656. 2001 (Analgesic, febrifuge, carminative and diuretic. Roots decoction analgesic, diuretic, in the treatment of stomachache and flatulence; leaves infusion used as a wash to relieve fever.) in English: beard grass, big bluestem, Monarch prairie grass, turkey claw grass, turkey-foot

Central and Southern America, West Indies, Greater Antilles, Mexico, eastern and southern USA, Florida, Costa Rica. Perennial, herbaceous, caespitose, erect and robust, tussock or clump forming, stems flattened, sheaths smooth, ligule papery and pubescent, flattened blue-green leaf blades, bushy and broom-like inflorescences, feathery and club-shaped panicles, pedicellate spikelet absent, fruit a minute grain, ornamental, naturalized, weed species, forage, potential seed contaminant, grown for its attractive foliage, generally intolerant of dry soils, typically occurs in moist soils in swamp peripheries and margins, lake and pond margins, marshes, pastures, depression wetlands and disturbed upland sites, low spots and coastal areas, wet ditches, disturbed wet areas, road bank, bogs, abundant in seasonal ponds and swales of pine flatwoods isolated clusters See Species Plantarum 1: 5. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 1046. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 59. 1788, Summa Plantarum, … 6: 16. 1792, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 56–57. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 87. 1809, Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 16. 1815, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 186. 1820, Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 8. 1825, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 237. 1833, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series

287

Andropogon L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

8: 534. 1863, Flora 68(8): 133. 1885, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 67. 1888, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 408–409. 1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 790. 1891, Index Kewensis 1: 760. 1895 [1893] and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 7(ed. 3): 15. 1900, Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 69–70. 1901, Flora of the Southeastern United States … 61. 1903, North American Flora 17(2): 113. 1912, Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey” 5. 1922, Rhodora 37(436): 142, t. 338, f. 1, 2, 3. 1935, Rhodora 42(502): 416. 1940, Boissiera. 9: 212–213. 1960, J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 244. 1983, Fontqueria 44: 144. 1996

Andropogon schirensis Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Andropogon congoensis Franch.; Andropogon dummeri Stapf; Andropogon schirensis Hochst.; Andropogon schirensis var. angustifolius Stapf, also spelled angustifolia) (for the South African botanist Richard Arnold Dummer [formerly Dümmer], 1887–1922, botanical collector in South Africa, Kenya and Uganda; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 477. 1965; T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 109. 1972; Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical exploration of southern Africa. 140–141. 1981; Hugh Neville Dixon (1861–1944), Uganda Mosses Collected by R. Dummer and Others. [Smithsonian Misc. Coll. lxix. no. 8] Washington 1918)

(Roots infusion drunk for itch and also applied to ivy poisoning.)

Tropical Africa, Malawi, Tanzania, South Africa, Benin, Namibia, Swaziland, Kalahari. Perennial, variable, slender, densely tufted, unbranched, erect, swollen nodes, ligule an unfringed membrane, leaf blades flat, basal leaf sheaths fibrous, roots aromatic, inflorescence one pair of terminal racemes per culm, spikelets paired, ligule membranous, expanded leaf blades, glumes awnless, lower glume of the sessile spikelets deeply grooved, growing in large tufts, thatching grass, low to medium palatability, good grazing when young and tender, occurs in derived savanna, swamp margins, shallow soil over rocks, open forest, well drained areas, savanna woodland, sandy soil, in dry areas of meadow, grassland, wet grassland, wooded grassland, montane grassland, sandy grassland, deep sand, rocky hillsides, on stony slopes, moist meadow, open bushveld, open woodland, deciduous bushland

in English: bush beardgrass, bushy beardgrass, bushy bluestem, bushy broom grass, chalky bluestem in Mexico: ch’it suuk, cola de zorra, pasto, popotillo matorralero, tallo azul matorralero Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. glomeratus (Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm. ex Hack.) Nash; Andropogon corymbosus var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Nash; Andropogon glomeratus var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Scribn.; Andropogon glomeratus var. corymbosus (Chapm. ex Hack.) Scribn.; Andropogon macrourum var. viridis Chapm. ex Vasey; Andropogon macrourum var. viridis Curtiss ex Hack.; Andropogon macrourus var. abbreviatus Hack.; Andropogon macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm. ex Hack.; Andropogon macrourus var. genuinus Hack.; Andropogon macrourus var. macrourus; Andropogon macrourus var. viridis Chapm. ex Vasey; Andropogon macrourus var. viridis Curtiss ex Hack.; Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus (Hack.) Fern. & Grisc.; Andropogon virginicus var. corymbosus (Chapman ex Hack.) Fernald & Griscom; Cinna glomerata Walter) North America. Perennial, green spikelets, occurs in bogs, disturbed roadsides, interdunal swales, swamps, flatwoods and ditches See Species Plantarum 2: 1046. 1753, Flora BorealiAmericana 1: 56. 1803, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 67. 1888, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 408–409, 411. 1889, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 3(1): 11. 1892 and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 7(ed.3): 15. 1900, Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 69–70. 1901, Rhodora 37(436): 142, t. 338, f. 2. 1935 (Roots infusion drunk for itch and also applied to ivy poisoning.) in English: bush beardgrass, bushy beardgrass, bushy bluestem, bushy broom grass, Virginia broom beard grass

See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 456. 1850, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 8: 325. 1895 [or 1893], Flora Capensis 7: 340. 1898 and Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 248. 1919, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 55: 40. 1922, Kew Bulletin 1949: 367. 1949, Cytologia 19: 97–103. 1954, Bothalia 24: 241–246. 1994 (For frequent miscarriage, unextruded placenta, along with Urelytrum muricatum C.E. Hubb.) in English: hairy bluegrass, stab grass in Angola: iole-iole in Chad: cewte’ (Zimé) in Nigeria: hahaendenoh, lawrehe, rumiya, yaman gar-gari, yambiu in South Africa: gesteekgras, tweevingergras in Tanzania: Ng’onga (= spiny spikes) kinyaturu Andropogon virginicus L. (Anatherum virgatum (Desv.) Desv.; Anatherum virgatum (Desv. ex Ham.) Desv.; Anatherum virginicum (L.) Spreng.; Anatherum virginicum (L.) Desv., nom. illeg., non Anatherum virginicum (L.) Spreng.; Anatherum virginicum subvar. tetrastachyum (Elliott) Roberty; Andropogon curtisianus Steud.; Andropogon dissitiflorum Michx.; Andropogon dissitiflorus

288

Michx.; Andropogon eriophorus Scheele, nom. illeg., non Andropogon eriophorus Willd.; Andropogon glaucescens Schltdl. ex Hack.; Andropogon leucostachyus Kunth; Andropogon louisianae Steud.; Andropogon tetrastachyus Elliott; Andropogon vaginatus Elliott; Andropogon vaginatus J. Presl, nom. illeg., non Andropogon vaginatus Elliott; Andropogon virgatus Desv., nom. illeg., non Andropogon vaginatus Elliott; Andropogon virginicus f. virginicus; Andropogon virginicus subsp. genuinus Hack.; Andropogon virginicus subvar. ditior Hack.; Andropogon virginicus var. genuinus Fernald & Griscom; Andropogon virginicus var. tetrastachyus (Elliott) Hack.; Andropogon virginicus var. vaginatus (Elliott) Alph. Wood; Andropogon virginicus var. viridis Hack.; Cinna lateralis Walter; Dimeiostemon tetrastachys Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.; Dimeiostemon vaginatus Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.; Holcus virginicus Muhl. ex Steud.; Sorghum virginicum (L.) Kuntze) (named for Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808–1872) America. Perennial bunchgrass, erect, tufted, coarse, inflorescence paniculate or corymbiform, small seeds dispersed by wind, pioneer species, noxious weed, invasive, extremely durable to almost any adverse conditions such as drought or salt spray, a yellow dye obtained from the stems, used for food by songbirds (seeds) and deer (plants) and for cover by quail, in abandoned old fields, poorly drained soils, savanna See Species Plantarum 2: 1046. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 59. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 57. 1803, Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 16. 1815, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 148, 150, t. 8, f. 4. 1816, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 187. 1815 [1816], Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 336. 1830, Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 175. 1831, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 773. 1840, Flora 27: 51. 1844, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 383, 390. 1854, A Class-book of Botany 808. 1861, Flora Brasiliensis 2(4): 285–286. 1883, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 408–411. 1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 792. 1891, Index Kewensis 1: 760. 1893 and Flora of the Southeastern United States … 61. 1903, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 125. 1908, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53: 457. 1926, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 23(10): 456. 1933, American Journal of Botany 21(3): 139. 1934, Rhodora 37(436): 142, t. 337, 338, f. 1, 2, 3. 1935, Rhodora 42(502): 416. 1940, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 213. 1960, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(2): 171–254. 1983 (Astringent, a tea made from the leaves used in the treatment of diarrhea, boil plant with sugar for a tea for fever.) in English: broom sedge, broom sedge bluestem, fevergrass, Virginia bluestem, whiskey grass, whisky grass, yellow bluestem, yellowsedge bluestem in Mexico: popotillo pajon

Androsace L. Primulaceae

Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus (Anatherum virginicum subvar. tetrastachyum (Ell.) Roberty; Andropogon curtisianus Steud.; Andropogon dissitiflorus Michx.; Andropogon eriophorus Scheele, nom. illeg., non Andropogon eriophorus Willd.; Andropogon tetrastachyus Elliott; Andropogon vaginatus Elliott; Andropogon vaginatus J. Presl, nom. illeg., non Andropogon vaginatus Elliott; Andropogon virginicus subvar. genuinus Hack.; Andropogon virginicus var. genuinus Fernald & Griscom; Andropogon virginicus var. tetrastachyus (Ell.) Hackel; Andropogon virginicus var. vaginatus (Elliott) Alph. Wood; Cinna lateralis Walter; Dimeiostemon vaginatus Elliott ex B.D. Jacks.) (dedicated to the American botanist Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808–1872, specialist in fungi and lichens, plant collector in Northern America; see John H. Barnhart (1871–1949), Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 406. Boston 1965; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 1: 573–574. Utrecht 1976; Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega, Taxonomic Literature. Supplement IV. 515–517. 1997; S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 451. 1973; Jeannette E. Graustein, Thomas Nuttall, Naturalist. Explorations in America, 1808–1841. Harvard University Press 1967.) North America, USA, Florida. Perennial, caespitose, green spikelets, weed species, occurs in wetlands and non-wetlands, characteristic of disturbed places and disturbed wet areas, found in bogs, flatwoods and sandhills, old fields, wet pine flatwoods, wet ditches, fresh and brackish marshes, lake and pond margins and depression wetlands See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 59. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 57. 1803, Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 16. 1815, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 336. 1830, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 148, 150, t. 8, f. 4. 1816, Flora 27: 51. 1844, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 390. 1854, A Classbook of Botany 808. 1861, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 410–411. 1889, Index Kewensis 1: 760. 1893 and Rhodora 37(436): 142. 1935, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 213. 1960 (Astringent, a tea made from the leaves used in the treatment of diarrhea, boil plant with sugar for a tea for fever.) in English: broom sedge, broom sedge bluestem, Virginia broom beard grass

Androsace L. Primulaceae A name used by Dioscorides for some other plant, Greek aner, andros ‘a man, male’ and sakos ‘a shield’, referring to the leaf or to the appearance of the anthers; Latin androsaces, is for a plant, unknown, see Species Plantarum 1: 141– 144. 1753, Botanisches Wörterbuch 2: 240. 1797, Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts [24]: 383, 385.

289

Androsace L. Primulaceae

1827 and Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 2: 709. 1913, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24(3): 219. 1986, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 72(7): 955–956. 1987. Androsace lanuginosa Wall. India, Himalaya. See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 15. 1924 (Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, spiritual, witchcraft medicine, emotional, plant as a lotion to give protection from witches.) Androsace occidentalis Pursh (Amadea occidentalis (Pursh) Lunell; Androsace arizonica (A. Gray) Derganc; Androsace arizonica A. Gray; Androsace occidentalis fo. simplex (Rydb.) G.T. Robbins; Androsace occidentalis subsp. arizonica (A. Gray) G.T. Robbins; Androsace occidentalis Pursh var. arizonica (A. Gray) H. St. John; Androsace occidentalis Pursh var. simplex (Rydb.) H. St. John; Androsace platysepala Wooton & Standl.; Androsace simplex Rydb.; Aretia occidentalis (Pursh) MacMill.; Primula arizonica (A. Gray) Derganc; Primula occidentalis (Pursh) Kuntze) North America. Annual herb, forb See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 137. 1814[1813], Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 17: 221. 1882, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 400. 1891, MacMillan, Conway (1867–1929), The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley 411. Minneapolis, 1892 [Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv.] and Allegmeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 10(7/8): 110. 1904, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(10): 519–520. 1907, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(9): 462–463. 1913, American Midland Naturalist 4(12): 504. 1916, A Botanical Exploration of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence 54. 1922, American Midland Naturalist 32(1): 153–154. 1944, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Sida 13: 241–250. 1988 (Whole plant used for postpartum remedy, hemorrhage.) in English: western androsace, western rockjasmine Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. (Androsace rotundifolia Sm.; Androsace rotundifolia Lehm. ex Roem. & Schult.) India, Himalaya. See Asiatic Researches 6: 350. 1795, Exotic Botany 2: 107. 1807, Systema vegetabilium, ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 165. 1819 (Leaves eaten in correcting menstrual flow, helping avoid conception in women.) in China: ye bao diao di mei in India: golpatti phool, nirodhak buti Androsace salasii Kurtz (Amadea diffusa (Small) Lunell; Amadea diffusa Lunell; Amadea puberulenta (Rydb.) Lunell; Amadea puberulenta Lunell; Androsace diffusa

Small; Androsace pinetorum Greene; Androsace puberulenta Rydb.; Androsace pusilla (Dusén) Lourteig; Androsace septentrionalis L.; Androsace septentrionalis subsp. puberulenta (Rydb.) G.T. Robbins; Androsace septentrionalis L. subsp. septentrionalis; Androsace septentrionalis subsp. subulifera (A. Gray) G.T. Robbins; Androsace septentrionalis subsp. subumbellata (A. Nelson) A.E. Murray; Androsace septentrionalis subsp. subumbellata (A. Nelson) G.T. Robbins; Androsace septentrionalis subsp. subumbellata A. Nelson; Androsace septentrionalis var. diffusa (Small) R. Knuth; Androsace septentrionalis var. pinetorum (Greene) R. Knuth; Androsace septentrionalis var. pinetorum R. Knuth; Androsace septentrionalis var. puberulenta (Rydb.) R. Knuth; Androsace septentrionalis var. subulifera A. Gray; Androsace septentrionalis var. subumbellata A. Nelson; Androsace subulifera Rydb.; Androsace subulifera (A. Gray) Rydb.; Collomia pusilla Dusén; Primula pinetorum (Greene) Derganc; Primula pinetorum Derganc; Primula septentrionalis (L.) Kuntze; Primula septentrionalis Kuntze; Primula septentrionalis E.H.L. Krause; Primula septentrionalis var. subulifera (A. Gray) Derganc; Primula septentrionalis Kuntze var. subulifera Derganc) North America. Annual or perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 142. 1753, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 126–127. 1818, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2, pt. 1: 60. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 400. 1891, Wyoming Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 28: 149. 1896 and Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Exped. Magellansl. 1895–1897 3, pt. 5: 135, tab. 11. 1900, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2. 9: 266. 1901, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 10: 110. 1904, Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) IV. 237(Heft 22): 215. 1905, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 148. 1906, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 504. 1916, Lilloa 8: 233. 1942, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 32(1): 158, 160–161. 1944, Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 65(5): 659–668. 1980, Taxon 30: 853–854. 1981, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Preslia 64: 193–206. 1992, Rhodora 99: 33–55. 1997, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 87(4): 165– 167. 2002 (Analgsic, a cold infusion taken for internal pain and venereal diseases. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, witchcraft medicine, to give protection from witches.) in English: pygmy flower, pygmyflower rockjasmine in China: bei dian di mei Androsace sarmentosa Wall. India, Himalaya. See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 15. 1924, J. Cytol. Genet. 25: 97–104. 1990 (Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, spiritual, witchcraft medicine, emotional, plant as a lotion to give protection from witches, used for pain from witches’ arrows.) in China: pu jing dian di mei

290

Androsace sempervivoides Jacquem. ex Duby (Androsace sempervivoides Jacquem.) India, Himalaya. See Prodr. (DC.) 8: 50. 1844 (Plant decoction taken for venereal diseases.) Androsace strigillosa Franch. (Androsace sarmentosa Wall. var. grandifolia Hook. f.; Androsace strigillosa var. canescens C. Marquand; Androsace strigilosa Franch.) Nepal. See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 14–15. 1824, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 32: 10–11. 1885 (Whole plant used in fevers, edema, wounds and urinary tract problems. Root chewed to treat boils on tongue.) in China: cao fu mao dian di mei in Nepal: khalyu

Androsiphonia Stapf Passifloraceae

Androsiphonia Stapf Passifloraceae

See Flore d’Oware 1: 65. 1806, Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 15. 1830, Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens … 211. 1867 (Leaves infusion given to children as a remedy for kwashiorkor.) in Tanzania: kongwe Aneilema beniniense (P. Beauv.) Kunth (Aneilema beniniense subsp. leonense J.K. Morton; Aneilema beniniense subsp. sessiliflorum (Benth.) J.K. Morton; Aneilema beniniense var. sessiliflorum Benth.; Aneilema dispermum Brenan; Aneilema mortehanii De Wild.; Aneilema pedunculosum C.B. Clarke; Commelina beniniensis P. Beauv.; Lamprodithyros beniniensis (P. Beauv.) Hassk.) Tropical Africa. Herbaceous, succulent, weed, erect, scandent, semi-decumbent, creeping, straggling, sprawling, rooting at lower nodes, leaves sheathing, terminal greenish white or lilac flowers in dense inflorescence See Fl. Oware 2: 49. 1816, Enum. Pl. 4: 73. 1843, Niger Fl.: 549. 1849, Naturw. Reise Mossambique: 529. 1864 and Bull. Jard. Bot. État 5: 84. 1915, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 59: 466. 1966, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 60: 445. 1967

From the Greek aner, andros ‘man’ and siphon ‘tube’, see J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 101. 1905 [1904–1906 publ. 1905], International Journal of Plant Science 160(1): 135–150. 1999, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29(3): 317–319. 2001, Phytochemistry 59(5): 501–511. 2002.

(Sudorific steam bath for feverish diseases. Sap from the plant given to women suffering from amenorrhea. Herb in fetish groves.)

Androsiphonia adenostegia Stapf

Aneilema hockii De Wild.

Tropical Africa. Treelet or shrub, slender, inflorescence a terminal panicle, sweetly fleshy yellow to orange berry

Tropical Africa. Herb, trailing, light purple flowers

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 101. 1905

(Roots tonic, aphrodisiac, for female infertility.)

(Cyanogenic glycosides. Leaves antiparasitic, applied to the head to kill lice.)

Aneilema setiferum A. Chev. var. setiferum

Aneilema R. Br. Commelinaceae

See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58: 215. 1912

From the Greek a ‘without, not’ and eilema ‘a veil, covering, involucre’, eilo ‘to be shut, to assemble’, referring to the absence of spathe; see Robert Brown, Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. 270. 1810, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 196. 1881 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61, Beibl. 137: 63. 1927, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 1–42. 1952, Biosyst. Study Gen. Aneilema (Commelinaceae) 1: 148, 185. 1975, Biosyst. Study Gen. Aneilema (Commelinaceae) 2: 376, 382. 1975, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Taxon 29: 352–353. 1980, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 76: 62, 77, 143, 146, 148. 1991, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 157–173. 1994.

(Antileprosy potions.)

Aneilema aequinoctiale (P. Beauv.) Loudon (Aneilema aequinoctiale G. Don; Commelina aequinoctialis P. Beauv.; Lamprodithyros aequinoctialis (P. Beauv.) Hassk.) Tanzania.

in Tanzania: lumpepete, ntezi

See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 290. 1913

Tropical Africa. Herbaceous, very succulent, erect, ascending, white bluish flowers, in marshy savanna

Anemarrhena Bunge Asparagaceae (Anthericaceae, Liliaceae) Greek a ‘without, not’ plus nema ‘a filament’ and arrhen ‘male’, referring to the anthers, see Genera Plantarum 48. 1789. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Terauchia anemarrhenifolia Nakai) East Asia, Mongolia, China, Korea. Perennial herb, simple erect scape, flat thick horizontal rhizomes, linear basal leaves, small fragrant flowers, perianth white or light purple, fruit a hexagonal capsule, black triangular seeds

291

Anemone L. Ranunculaceae

See Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 140. 1831, Enumeratio Plantarum, quas in China Boreali 66. 1833 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 441, 443. 1913, J. Agric. Food Chem. (2): 584–587. 1999, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 24(9): 1009–1011. 2001, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 27(6): 728–734. 2006 [Protective effect of steroidal saponins from rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats.], Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 100(3): 205–213. 2007, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 30(1): 38–43. 2007 (Rhizome febrifuge, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antiseptic, antidiabetic, antitumour, diuretic, sedative, neuroprotective, expectorant, hypoglycemic, astringent, laxative, bitter, tonic, antiplatelet aggregation, mild estrogenic activity; externally used as a mouthwash in the treatment of ulcers, inhibits stress ulcer; taken internally in the treatment of high fevers, asthma, bronchial inflammation, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, coughs.) in English: common anemarrhena in China: zhi mu, zhi mu shu, xilingzhimu, chih mu, ch’ih mu, k’u hsin, huo mu, ti shen, shui shen, lien mu in Korea: ji-mo

Anemone L. Ranunculaceae

Northern America. Perennial herb, hairy stems, short tuberlike rhizomes, tuberous swelling of the rootstock, narrow petal-like sepals light blue, flowering stalks densely covered with silky hairs See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 157–158. 1788, Neogenyton 2. 1825 (Toxic, poisonous, dermatitis, respiratory and eye irritation.) in English: Carolina anemone, Carolina thimbleweed, prairie anemone, southern thimbleweed, white wind flower, wind flower Anemone coronaria L. North America. Herb, scarlet flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 538. 1753 and Fl. Libya 108: 7. 1984, Taxon 41: 557. 1992 (Toxic. Vulnerary, for leprosy, malaria, tuberculosis.) in English: crown anemone, garden anemone, lilies-of-thefield, lily, lily of the field, poppy anemone, wind flower Anemone cylindrica A. Gray North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 3: 221. 1835

Greek anemone, amona (from the root: mon ‘to be red’), Sanskrit hema ‘red’, Akkadian samu, samtu, samat ‘red’ and damu ‘blood’, Greek haima, haimatos ‘blood’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 538. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 241. 1754, Genera Plantarum 231–232. 1789 and Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura Europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi semitiche delle lingue indeuropee. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 14. Leo S. Olschki, Editore, Firenze 1994.

(Analgesic, burn dressing, stimulant, for headaches, sore eyes, lung congestion, pulmonary ailments, burns and tuberculosis. Good luck charm.)

Anemone canadensis L. (Anemone dichotoma L. var. canadensis (Linnaeus) C. MacMillan; Anemonidium canadense (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve)

Anemone demissa Hook. f. & Thomson var. demissa (Anemonastrum demissum (Hook. f. & Thomson) Holub; Anemonastrum polyanthes (D. Don) Holub; Anemone bicolor H. Lév.; Anemone demissa var. connectens Brühl; Anemone demissa var. grandiflora C. Marquand & Airy Shaw; Anemone demissa var. monantha Brühl; Anemone demissa var. umbellata Brühl; Anemone narcissiflora var. demissa (Hook. f. & Thomson) Finet & Gagnep.; Anemone narcissiflora var. demissa (Hook. f. & Thomson) Jancz.; Anemone narcissiflora var. polyanthes (D. Don) Jancz.; Anemone polyanthes D. Don)

North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 3: 231. 1768, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of plants by the Indians … 30. 1991 (Roots decoction or infusion for worms, wounds, sores, analgesic. Leaves in the treatment of wounds, nasal hemorrhages, eye problems, and sore throats. Ceremonial, magic, ritual.) in English: Canada anemone, Canadian anemone, wind flower in North America: anemone, anémone du Canada, te zhinga maka (Omaha-Ponca) Anemone caroliniana Walter (Hartiana caroliniana (Walter) Raf.)

in English: candle anemone, long-fruited anemone, longhead thimbleweed, long-headed anemone, long-headed thimbleweed, thimbleweed in North America: anémone cylindrique, wathibaba-maka (Ponca)

India. Herb, many flowered umbels See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 194. 1825, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . 1: 12, 23. 1855, Revue Générale de Botanique 4: 245. 1892 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 51: 73. 1904, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 81. 1906, Bulletin de l’Académie

292

Anemone L. Ranunculaceae

Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 24: 42. 1915, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 48(321): 154. 1929

(Antirheumatic, diaphoretic, cold remedy, analgesic, insecticide, to kill lice and fleas.)

(Whole plant applied to blisters and warts.)

in English: red windflower

in China: zhan mao yin lian hua

in North America: anémone multifide, cut-leaved anemone, globe anemone

in India: chok-topal-chi Anemone elongata D. Don (Anemonastrum elongatum (D. Don) Holub; Anemone rivularis Wall.) Himalaya. Herb, white flowers See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 194. 1825 and Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8: 158. 1973 (Root paste applied on boils to exude pus. Seeds used to treat wounds. Leaves as emetic, given in spleen disorders, used for ear complaints and for maggots in sores. Veterinary medicine, plant juice insecticide.) in China: jia chang yin lian hua in Nepal: dhanero, seyo bikh Anemone falconeri (Thomson) Yuz.)

Thomson

(Hepatica

falconeri

India, Himalaya.

Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida (Anemone globosa Nuttall ex A. Nelson; Anemone hudsoniana Richardson; Anemone multifida var. globosa Torr. & A. Gray; Anemone multifida var. hudsoniana DC.; Anemone multifida var. nowosadii B. Boivin; Anemone multifida var. richardsiana Fernald; Anemone multifida var. sansonii B. Boivin; Anemone multifida var. tetonensis (Porter ex Britton) C.L. Hitchc.) North America. See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 209. 1818[1817], A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 13. 1838 and Rhodora 19(224): 141. 1917, The Canadian Field-Naturalist 65(1): 2. 1951, Le Naturaliste Canadien 87(2): 26. 1960, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 2: 327. 1964 (Analgesic, whole plant burned on hot coals to alleviate headaches.)

Anemone hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn (Anemone japonica (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.; Anemone scabiosa H. Lév. & Vaniot; Anemone vitifolia var. japonica (Thunb.) Finet & Gagnep.; Atragene japonica Thunb.; Eriocapitella japonica (Thunb.) Nakai)

Anemone narcissiflora L. (Anemonastrum narcissiflorum (L.) Holub subsp. sibiricum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve; Anemone narcissiflora Hook. & Arn.; Anemone narcissiflora subsp. alaskana Hultén; Anemone narcissiflora subsp. interior Hultén; Anemone narcissiflora subsp. sibirica (L.) Hultén; Anemone narcissiflora subsp. typica (L.) Ulbr.; Anemone narcissiflora var. alaskana (Hultén) B. Boivin; Anemone narcissiflora var. interior (Hultén) B. Boivin; Anemone narcissiflora var. linneana (L.) Schipcz.; Anemone narcissiflora var. monantha DC.) The taxonomy of this highly variable widespread species is extremely controversial

China.

North America.

See Species Plantarum 542. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 239. 1784, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 210–211. 1817, Flora Japonica 1: 15, pl. 5. 1835 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 11(148): 47. 1902, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 51: 68. 1904, Journal of Japanese Botany 17(5): 267–269. 1941, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 72: 265. 1947

See Species Plantarum 1: 542. 1753, Syst. Nat. 1: 213. 1817, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 22. 1824, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 121. 1832 and Bot. Gaz. 42: 51. 1906, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 273. 1906, Phytologia 77: 85. 1994, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 29(1): 5–43. 1997

See Icones Plantarum 5: t. 899. 1852 and Flora URSS 7: 284. 1937, Kew Bull. 57(4): 943–953. 2002 (Leaves poultice applied to sores to kill maggots.)

(Used for heart diseases.)

(Antihemorrhagic.)

in English: Japanese anemone, Japanese thimbleweed

in English: narcissus anemone, narcissus-flower thimbleweed, narcissus-flowered anemone

in China: qiu mu dan

in China: shui xian yin lian hua

Anemone multifida Poir.

Anemone narcissiflora L. var. monantha DC. (Anemonastrum narcissiflorum Holub; Anemonastrum narcissiflorum (L.) Holub; Anemonastrum narcissiflorum subsp. sibiricum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Anemonastrum sibiricum (L.) Holub; Anemone laxa Juz.; Anemone narcissiflora L.; Anemone narcissiflora subsp. alaskana Hultén; Anemone narcissiflora subsp. interior Hultén; Anemone narcissiflora

North America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1(1): 364. 1810, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 224. 1891 and Bot. Gaz. 42: 52. 1906, Canad. Field-Naturalist. 65: 2. 1951, Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W. 2: 327. 1964, Phytologia 77: 84. 1994

293

Anemone L. Ranunculaceae

subsp. sibirica (L.) Hultén; Anemone narcissiflora var. alaskana (Hultén) B. Boivin; Anemone narcissiflora var. interior (Hultén) B. Boivin; Anemone narcissiflora var. sibirica (L.) Tamura; Anemone narcissiflora var. uniflora Eastw.; Anemone sibirica L.)

See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 121. 1876, Deutsche Botanische Monatsschrift 8: 78. 1890, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 4: 56. 1893

North America. Perennial herb

(Infusion of plant used as a wash for rheumatism. Decoction of roots or plants taken for stomach and bowel troubles, gastrointestinal disturbances.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 541. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 22. 1824 and Flora of Alaska and Yukon 4: 733–735, f. 581a [map]. 1944, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 17(4): 115. 1958, Le Naturaliste Canadien 93(5): 641. 1966, Komarov Lectures. 20: 47–61. 1973, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 511. 1975[1976], Bot. Zhurn. 65(1): 51–59. 1980, Bot. Zhurn. 65(5): 651– 659. 1980 (Root decoction taken for antihemorrhage.) in English: narcissus anemone Anemone obtusiloba D. Don (Anemone discolor Royle; Anemone govaniana Wall.; Anemone obtusiloba Lindl.) China, Nepal, Himalayas. Herb, perennial, thick woolly white rootstock, flowers from blue to white See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 194. 1825, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 30: t. 65. 1844 and Acta Botanica Indica 8: 1–10. 1980, Taxon 30: 75. 1981, Cytologia 54: 709–713. 1989, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52(3):157–163. 1996, Cytologia 68(1): 61–66. 2003 (Used in Unani. Toxic, poisonous, can cause severe topical and gastrointestinal irritation, seeds produce vomiting and purging. Herb antirheumatic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, emetic, blistering, antipyretic, nervine, sedative, styptic, emmenagogue, rubefacient, diuretic. Seeds crushed and boiled used as emetic in case of food poisoning, also used as purgative. Leaves antiseptic, styptic, acrid, antifungal, irritant; a decoction for rheumatism. Juice of the roots ophthalmic; crushed root paste applied for treatment of wounds and sores.) in English: pasque flower, wind flower, wood anemone in China: dun lie yin lian hua in India: ageli, agli, bhuttesh, chotu kakrya, chotukakrya, gul-e-laalaa, gul-laalaa, kakrya, kanchphool, ratan-jog, ratanjot, ratanjota, rattanjog, shaqaaq-un-nomaan, shaqaaqun-noman, shaqiq in Nepal: ratan jot, ratanjot in Pakistan: al-kanet, ratanjot, rattanjog Anemone occidentalis S. Watson (Anemone occidentalis var. subpilosa Hardin; Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Watson) Coville; Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Watson) Freyn) North America. Perennial herb, stem whorled, softly hairy, basal leaves deeply divided, solitary bowl-shaped flower, petal-like sepals hairy on the back, seeds feathery

in English: mountain pasque flower, western pasque flower Anemone parviflora Michx. (Anemone borealis Richardson; Anemone parviflora var. grandiflora Ulbr.) Canada, Alaska. See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 319–320. 1803, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, App. 22. 1823 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 251. 1905 (Leaves infusion for tuberculosis.) in English: northern anemone, small-flowered anemone Anemone patens L. var. multifida Pritzel (Anemone ludoviciana Nutt., nom. illeg.; Anemone multifida (Pritz.) Zämelis, non Poir.; Anemone nuttalliana DC.; Anemone nuttallii Nutt.; Anemone patens subsp. multifida (G.A. Pritzel) Hultén; Anemone patens var. multifida Zämelis; Anemone patens var. multifida Pritz.; Anemone patens var. nuttalliana (DC.) A. Gray; Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana (Besser) Koch; Anemone wolfgangiana von Besser; Pulsatilla hirsutissima Britton; Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton, nom. illeg.; Pulsatilla ludoviciana A. Heller, nom. illeg.; Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nuttall) A. Heller, nom. illeg.; Pulsatilla multifida (Pritz.) Juz.; Pulsatilla nuttaliana (DC.) Spreng.; Pulsatilla nuttaliana (DC.) Bercht. & Presl; Pulsatilla nuttaliana subsp. multifida (Pritz.) Aichele & Schwegler; Pulsatilla nuttaliana subsp. nuttaliana; Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Spreng.; Pulsatilla patens Mill.; Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller subsp. asiatica Krylov & Sergievskaja; Pulsatilla patens subsp. hirsutissima (Pursh) Zämelis; Pulsatilla patens subsp. multifida (Pritzel) Zämelis; Pulsatilla patens var. multifida (Pritzel) Kitag.; Pulsatilla patens var. multifida (Pritz.) S.H. Li & Y. Hui Huang; Pulsatilla patens var. wolfgangiana (Besser) Regel) North America. Perennial herb, see also Pulsatilla See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Pulsatilla no. 4. 1768, Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1: 193. 1817 [dt. 1818; issued 1–15 Nov 1817], Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 663. 1825, Journ. Acad. Soc. Nat. Phil. 5: 158. 1825, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), Abt. I, Phanerog. Heft 46: 1. 1826, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. 1768, Linnaea 15: 581. 1841, A Manual of Botany of the Northern United States (ed. 5) 36. 1867 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 51: 60. 1904, Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Latviensis 1: 98. 1926, Flora URSS 7:

294

296. 1937, Acta Universitatis Lundensis 40: 738. 1944, Flora Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 3: 163. 1975, Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 305. 1979, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of plants by the Indians … 28–30. 1991, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 160. 1994 (Plant considered very poisonous. Abortifacient, analgesic, cold remedy, diaphoretic, antirheumatic, hemostatic. Fresh leaves used to treat rheumatism and neuralgia; crushed leaves for poultices; pulverized leaves to smell to alleviate headaches; leaves, fresh or dried, burned as mosquito repellent. Decoctions from roots to treat lung problems, pulmonary ailments. Insecticide, strong decoction of whole plant to kill lice and fleas.) in English: cutleaf anemone, mayflower, pasque flower, prairie-crocus, prairie-smoke, pulsatilla, pulsatille, twin-flower, wild crocus Anemone pratensis L. (Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill.) Turkey. See Species Plantarum 1: 539. 1753 and Nordic J. Bot. 14: 160. 1994 (Diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine.) Anemone pulsatilla L. (Pulsatilla pulsatilla (L.) H. Karst.; Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill.) N. Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 539. 1753, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik… 560. 1882 (Homeopathy. Nervine, antispasmodic, antidote, alterative, diaphoretic, for menstrual troubles, warts.) in English: Easter flower, meadow anemone, pasque flower, wind flower

Anemone L. Ranunculaceae

India, Bhutan. Herb, erect, stout rootstock silky pubescent, radical leaves orbicular, white or bluish flowers, achenes glabrous See App. Fl. Pedem. 232. 1792, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 1: 211–212. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4692, 4693, 4697. 1831, Icon. Pl. 2: t. 176. 1837 (Paste of the plant for cough and fever. Crushed rubbed leaves aromatic, a poultice applied to sores and wounds to destroy maggots. Oil used in rheumatism, headache, fever and ear complaints. Fruits in gastritis, appetizer; seed to stop bleeding and in edema. Root decoction antiseptic, emetic, applied to cuts and wounds, to wash wounds. Veterinary medicine, a plaster for broken knee of cattle.) in English: common wild anemone in China: cao yu mei in India: ageli, angeli, carbini, carbini mamiri, maruiri, mirchilee, ratan in Nepal: bagh paile, bhattemla, kagarete, kangarata, kangarate, moramal, nashar, patidhuk, praba, rhuka, seto bikh in Tibet: damdrora, rheuka, yak-far Anemone rupicola Cambess. (Anemone batangensis Finet) China, India, Himalaya. See Voyage dans l’Inde [Jacquemont] 4(Bot.): 5, f. 2. 1844 and Journal de Botanique (Morot) 21: 30. 1908 (Blistering roots, given internally mixed with milk for contusions.) in China: yan sheng yin lian hua in India: ratanjot

Anemone quinquefolia L. (Anemone nemorosa L. var. quinquefolia (L.) Pursh; Anemonoides nemorosa (L.) Holub)

Anemone tetrasepala Royle (Anemonastrum tetrasepalum (Royle) Holub)

North America.

China, Himalaya, India.

See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 386. 1814 [1813] and Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8(2): 166. 1973, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 19–20. 1995

See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 53. 1834 and Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8 (2): 165. 1973, Chromosome Inf. Serv. 39: 33–35. 1985, Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., B 55: 177–184. 1989, J. Jap. Bot. 81: 1–19. 2006

(Irritating acrid oil, can cause severe topical and gastrointestinal irritation. Rubefacient, vesicant, in the treatment of rheumatism, gout and fevers.) in English: night-caps, wind flower Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC. (Anemone dubia Wall.; Anemone dubia Bellardi; Anemone geraniifolia Wall.; Anemone hispida Wall.; Anemone rivularis Wall.; Anemone wightiana Wall.; Anemone wightiana Hook.)

(Postpartum remedy, hemostatic, also for backache. Veterinary medicine, in the treatment of hematuria.) in China: fu san yin lian hua in India: ratanjot, rattanjot Anemone trullifolia Hook. f. & Thomson (Anemone obtusiloba subsp. trullifolia (Hook. f. & Thomson) Brühl; Anemone trullifolia var. luxurians Tamura; Pulsatilloides trullifolia (Hook.f. & Thomson) Starod.) Himalaya. Herb, white purplish flowers

295

Anemonoides Mill. Ranunculaceae

See Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . [Hooker f. & Thomson] 1: 22. 1855, Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 5(2): 77, t. 106A. 1896 and Fl. China 6: 324. 2001 (Root infusion mixed with water and taken to relieve body pain.) in China: chi ye yin lian hua

stools; root decoction used to wash infected eyes and for backache. Powdered leaves applied to kill head lice; leaf juice applied as antifungal; contact therapy, crushed and rolled leaves tightened on the hands of children as a vaccination against chicken pox and smallpox. Whole plant as a fish poison.) in English: grape-leaved anemone

Anemone virginiana Linnaeus

in China: ye mian hua

North America. Herb, perennial

in India: agali, kakadia

See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, Mag. Hort. Bot. 7: 182. 1841, Class-book Bot. ed. 2. (a), 140. 1847 and Phytologia 18: 281. 1969, Chromosoma 44: 405–416. 1974, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987, Bartonia 59: 37–47. 1996

in Nepal: bhaisya marelo, dhanero, kapase, kaptase, madilo, mankapi, mauro mulo, panta, phok sarpa, phoksarpa, praba, rikabe, yasik

(Antidiarrheal, aphrodisiac, emetic, an aid for whooping cough, stimulant, a love potion, a remedy for tuberculosis, corns, pulmonary ailments, skin diseases, toothache. Ceremonial, a protection against witchcraft.) in North America: anémone de Virginie, tall anemone, tall thimbleweed, thimbleweed Anemone virginiana Linnaeus var. virginiana North America. Herb, perennial See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, Mag. Hort. Bot. 7: 182. 1841, Class-book Bot. ed. 2. (a), 140. 1847 and Phytologia 18: 281. 1969, Chromosoma 44: 405–416. 1974, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987, Bartonia 59: 37–47. 1996 (Antidiarrheal, aphrodisiac, emetic, an aid for whooping cough, stimulant, a love potion, a remedy for tuberculosis, corns, pulmonary ailments, skin diseases, toothache. Ceremonial, a protection against witchcraft.) in North America: anémone de Virginie, tall anemone, tall thimbleweed, thimbleweed Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC. (Anemone elegans Decne.; Anemone hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine fo. alba W.T. Wang; Anemone matsudai (Yamam.) Tamura; Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham.; Anemone vitifolia var. matsudai Yamam.; Eriocapitella elegans (Decne.) Nakai; Eriocapitella vitifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Nakai; Eriocapitella vitifolia var. matsudai (Yamam.) Nakai) China, Himalaya. Herb, flowers white pinkish See Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 1: 210– 211. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817] and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam 3: 27–29. 1927, Journal of Japanese Botany 17(5): 267, 269–270. 1941, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 16(4): 110. 1956, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(2): 166–167. 1974 (Root paste applied to treat scabies; root juice for toothache, headache and vermifuge, taken for dysentery with bloody

in Tibet: zulo

Anemonoides Mill. Ranunculaceae Resembling the genus Anemone L., see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754. Anemonoides nemorosa (L.) Holub (Anemone nemorosa L.) Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753 and Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8(2): 166. 1973 (Antidote, nervine.) in English: European wood anemone, windflower, wood anemone

Anemopsis Hook. & Arn. Saururaceae Resembling the genus Anemone L., referring to the inflorescence, see Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 4: 149. 1783, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 12. 1784, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1(2): 136. 1838, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 390, t. 92. 1840. Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hooker & Arnott (Anemia californica Nutt.; Anemopsis californica Hook. & Arn.; Anemopsis californica var. subglabra Kelso; Houttuynia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Benth. & Hook.; Houttuynia californica Benth. & Hook.f. ex S. Watson; Houttuynia californica (Nutt.) Brandegee) North America. Perennial herb, flower head cone-shaped, roots fragrant See Ann. Nat. Hist. 1(2): 136 (-137). 1838, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 390, t. 92. 1840, Genera Plantarum 3: 128. 1880, Bot. California [W.H. Brewer] 2: 483. 1880, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 3: 168. 1891 and Amer. Midl. Naturalist 13(3): 112–113. 1932 (Analgesic, emetic, tonic, laxative, sedative, anticonvulsive, burn dressing, disinfectant, antiseptic, diaphoretic, for arthritis, rheumatism, tuberculosis, cough, dyspepsia,

296

stomachache, gonorrhea, syphilis, diabetes, common and heavy colds, swellings, cuts and wounds, to heal ulcers and sores of the mucous membranes. Fresh leaves applied topically to swollen limbs. Crushed roots decoction taken for diabetes. Veterinary medicine, infusion of plant used for open sores on cattle.) Common name: yerba mansa

Anethum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) From the Greek anethon ‘anise, dill’ (Theophrastus HP. 1.11.2), Latin anethum, i (Vergilius: “bene olentis anethi”); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 263. 1753 and Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 127. 1754. Anethum graveolens L. (Anethum graveolens Ucria; Anethum graveolens subsp. sowa (Roxburgh) N.F. Koren; Anethum graveolens subsp. sowa (Roxb. ex Fleming) N.F. Koren; Anethum graveolens var. chevallieri Maire; Anethum sowa Roxburgh; Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming; Ferula marathrophylla W.G. Walpers; Peucedanum anethum Baillon, nom. illeg.; Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Hiern; Peucedanum graveolens (L.) C.B. Clarke, nom. illeg., non Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Hiern; Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Peucedanum sowa (Roxburgh) Kurz; Peucedanum sowa (Roxb. ex Fleming) Kurz) Europe. Erect aromatic herb See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246, 263. 1753, Asiatic Researches 11: 156. 1810, The Flora of British India 2(6): 709. 1879, Traité de Botanique Médicale Phanérogamique 1045. 1883 and Flora of Ecuador 5: 1–71. 1976, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 13: 69–74. 1978, Candollea 35: 497–510. 1980, Spices Condiments Pl. Ethiopia 34. 1981, Pakistan Journal of Botany 14: 117–129. 1982, Taxon 31: 771–772. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 24: 113–126. 1982, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22: 243–249. 1984, Fl. Libya 117: 57. 1985, Cytologia 51: 479–488. 1986, Plant Systematics and Evolution 154: 11–30. 1986 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. To loosen bowels. Fruits aromatic, stimulant and carminative. Seed extract given to dissolve kidney stone. Veterinary medicine, seeds for cattle colic.) in English: anet, anise, dill, dill-seed, dillseed, east Indian dill, Indian dill in Arabic: chibt, shebet, shibit in China: shi luo, shi luo shu in India: balanta shopa, cadakuppai, cananamali, catakuppai, catakuppi, catakuppikam, catakuya, cataputpam, cataputpi, catappukkirai, campucampal, cannamali, cananmali, cattapukkirai, chatukuppa, chhatra, cikkuyatti, cilettumavatatiran, ckkuyatti, cokikirai, cokikkirai, cokivittu, colikkirai,

Anethum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

coyikkirai, coyikkiri, coyikkiraivitai, coyikkirivitai, cutavari, jananamali, karavi, karkorocikam, kattucata kuppai, kuppai, maturikai, mici, misreys, nattuccatakuppai, nocci, pedda sadaapara chettu, pedda sadaapra, pedda-sadaparavittulu, picitam, piritam, sabasige, sabasige beeja, sabbasagi, sabbasige, sabbasige soppu, sadakuppai, saddacooppei, satahva, satakuppa, satakuppai, satakuppi, satapushpa, satapushpi, satapuspa, satha kuppi, sathakuppa, shabbith, shatakupivirai, shatakupivittulu, shatakuppa, shatakuppi-virai, shatakuppi-vittulu, shatapushpa, shatpushpa, shepu, shibbit, shibbit valane-khurd, shibt (soya), shod, shopakataila, shopha, shoyi-kirai-virai, shupa, sompa, sowa, soya, soyah, soyikura-vittulu, sua, surva, suva, tukhm karafs, tukhm shabt, tukhm soya, vakkuppa cappi, vakkuppacappi, valane-khurd, varippirotikam, varippirotitam, varippirottam, variyarottam, vici, vilankalam, vimotam, viranampokki, vittimam, vittukam, vittukikam, vittumam in Indonesia: adas, adas sowa, ender in Japan: inondo in Pakistan: chota gwathak, soe, sowa, soya in Tibet: sa-ta pu spa

Angelica L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Latin herba angelica, Greek angelikos, aggelikos ‘pertaining to messenger’, referring to its medicinal properties; Greek angelos ‘a messenger’, Akkadian kallu ‘messenger’; see Species Plantarum 1: 250–251. 1753 and H.H. Allan, Fl. New Z. 1: 443, 487–505. 1961, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 14(1): 81–83. 1986, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 25: 115–170. 1987, Current Medicinal Chemistry 11(11): 1479–1500 2004. Angelica acutiloba (Siebold & Zuccarini) Kitagawa (Ligusticum acutilobum Siebold & Zuccarini) Japan. Perennial herb, solid, ribbed, aromatic roots, white petals, young leaves cooked See Abh. Akad. Muench. iv. II. (1843) 203. 1843, Pl. Jap. Fam. Nat. 2: 203. 1845 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 51(607): 658. 1937, Experimental Hematology 32(10): 918–924. 2004, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 48(1): 42–48. 2008 (Skin sensitivity to sunlight, may cause dermatitis. Roots emmenagogue, oxytocic, invigorating, sedative and tonic, used to treat anemia, postpartum pains, menstrual complaints, effective for postmenstrual blood loss and erythropoietin (EPO)-resistant anemia in chronic renal failure.) in China: dang gui, dong dang gui, dong quai, tang kuei, tang kwei in Japan: yamato-toki

297

Angelica L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Angelica anomala Avé-Lallemant (Angelica jaluana Nakai)

in English: Lyall’s angelica, white angelica

China, Korea, Yalu River.

Angelica atropurpurea L. (Angelica atropurpurea L. var. occidentalis Fassett; Archangelica atropurpurea (L.) Hoffm.; Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm.)

See Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 9: 57. 1843 and Botanical Magazine 28(335): 314. 1914 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.) in China: xia ye dang gui in Japan: arenare-nodake, ezo-no-yoroigusa, oba-nodake, uraziro-senkyu Angelica apaensis R.H. Shan & C.Q. Yuan (Heracleum apaense (R.H. Shan & C.Q. Yuan) R.H. Shan & T.S. Wang) China. See Species Plantarum 1: 249–250. 1753, Act. Pharmac. Sin. 13(5): 329–331, 335, f. 21–24. 1966, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 55(3): 184, pl. 79. 1992 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic. The fruit shape and structure of Angelica apaensis is similar to the Himalayan species Angelica nubigena (C.B. Clarke) P.K. Mukherjee and Angelica cyclocarpa (C. Norman) M. Hiroe.) in China: a ba dang gui Angelica archangelica L. (Angelica officinalis Moench; Archangelica archangelica (L.) H. Karst.; Archangelica archangelica (L.) Huth; Archangelica norvegica Rupr.; Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.; Archangelica officinalis (Moench) Hoffm.) Eurasia. See Species Plantarum 1: 250–251. 1753, Genera Plantarum 32. 1776, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik… 843. 1883, Helios 11(9): 133. 1893 and Nordic J. Bot. 22: 83. 2002 (Used in Ayurveda. May cause dermatitis. Roots as a postpartum remedy. Root stalks, leaves and fruit carminative, aphrodisiac, demulcent, stimulant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, expectorant, antitussive, stomachic, diuretic, tonic, used to treat menstrual complaints, colds, coughs, chronic bronchitis, pleurisy, colic, dysentery, gout, rheumatism, flatulence, indigestion, skin disorders and diseases of the urinary organs, to stimulate gastric secretion. Veterinary medicine, root extract given to livestock to relieve food poisoning.)

Canada. Perennial, stout, scented, greenish white flowers See Canadensium Plantarum…Historia… Enchiridion Botanicum Parisiense.. 198, 199. 1635, Species Plantarum 1: 251. 1753, Gen. Pl. Umbell. 162. 1814 and Taxon 55: 209. 2006 (Plant used as poison. Magic, ritual, to punish evil persons. May cause dermatitis; fresh root said to be poisonous. Carminative and stomachic, analgesic, sedative, abortifacient, emetic, febrifuge, tonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, used in the treatment of colds, pneumonia, sore throats and mouths, stomach disorders, rheumatism, headache, flu, fever, tuberculosis. Poultice of roots applied to broken bones, swellings.) in English: Alexander’s angelica, alexanders, American angelica, aunt Jericho, bellyache root, common angelica, dead nettle, great angelica, high angelica, masterwort, masterwort aromatic, purplestem angelica, scurvy pea, seacoast angelica, slim-flowered scurvy pea, wild celery Angelica biserrata (R.H. Shan & C.Q. Yuan) C.Q. Yuan & R.H. Shan (Angelica pubescens Maxim. f. biserrata R.H. Shan & C.Q. Yuan) China. See Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 13(5): 366. 1966, Bull. Nanjing Bot. Gard. Mem. Sun Yat Sen. 1983: 9, f. 4. 1985 [1983] (Roots analgesic and antiinflammatory, used in the treatment of rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis.) in China: chong chi dang gui Angelica breweri A. Gray (Angelica arguta var. breweri (A. Gray) DiTomaso) North America. Perennial, robust, small flowers, related to Angelica atropurpurea See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 7(2): 348. 1868 and Madroño 31(2): 72. 1984

in India: canda, chora, coraka, dandu, gandrayan, khoneu

(Roots analgesic, sedative, antirheumatic, tonic, for headache, venereal diseases, influenza, tuberculosis, colds, cough, sore throats, pneumonia, chest ailments, bronchitis, rheumatic pains or swellings, cuts and sores, to ward off snakes. Veterinary medicine.)

Angelica arguta Nutt. (Angelica lyallii S. Watson)

in English: Brewer’s angelica

North America. Perennial, erect, robust, strongly aromatic, white flowers

Angelica cartilaginomarginata (Makino ex Y. Yabe) Nakai (Angelica cartilagino-marginata Nakai; Angelica cartilaginomarginata var. cartilaginomargineata; Angelica cartilaginomarginata var. makinoi (Makino ex Y. Yabe) Kitag.; Angelica cartilaginomarginata var. matsumurae (H. Boissieu) Kitag.; Angelica cartilaginomarginata var.

in English: angelica, archangel, garden angelica, Norwegian angelica, wild parsnip

See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(4): 620. 1840 (Stomachic, sedative, teas and extracts from the roots and seeds used to aid digestion and relieve nausea and cramps.)

298

matsumurae (Makino ex Y. Yabe) Kitag.; Angelica crucifolia Komarov; Peucedanum cartilaginomarginatum Makino ex Y. Yabe; Pimpinella cartilaginomarginata (Makino ex Y. Yabe) H. Wolff; Sium matsumurae H. Boissieu) Korea, Japan. Biennial, white petals See Species Plantarum 1: 244–246, 251–252, 263–264. 1753 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 16(4): 100. 1902, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 3(11): 954. 1903, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 26(1): 269. 1909, Journal of Japanese Botany 12(4): 243–245. 1936 (May cause dermatitis. Roots antiinflammatory and anti­spasmodic.) in China: chang qiao dang gui in Japan: korai-hime-nodake, tyosen-hime-nodake Angelica cincta H. Boissieu (Angelica amurensis Schischkin) China. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53: 436. 1906, Fl. URSS 17: 19, 352, pl. 8, f. 7. 1951 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.)

Angelica L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

2002, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28: 380–382. 2005, Phytotherapy Research 21(3): 288–290. 2007 (May cause dermatitis; contraindicated for use during pregnancy; do not apply to open sores. Roots analgesic, antiinflammatory, antitumoral, antiproliferative, bitter, anodyne, antibacterial, antithrombotic, antidote, carminative, diaphoretic, hepatoprotective, diuretic, stimulant, tonic, protecting against sepsis, used for the treatment of fever, burns, flu, toothache, sinusitis, bloody stools, pain, headache, rheumatism, skin inflammation and leucorrhea.) in English: Dahurian angelica in China: bai zhi, dong bei da huo in Japan: ezo senkyu, o-sisi-udo, udo-modaki, yoroi-gusa in Korea: goo-rit-dae in Vietnam: bach chi Angelica dawsonii S. Watson North America. Perennial See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 20: 369. 1885

Angelica cyclocarpa (C. Norman) M. Hiroe (Angelica cyclocarpa Cannon; Archangelica cyclocarpa C. Norman)

(Antihemorrhagic, antirheumatic, antifungal, for intestinal ailments, applied to rashes, mumps swellings, eczema and athlete’s foot. Ceremonial, magic, good luck charm, initiation. Veterinary medicine.)

China, India, Himalaya.

in English: Dawson’s angelica

See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 67: 246. 1929, Umbelliferae of [the] World 1430. 1979

Angelica decursiva (Miquel) Franchet & Savatier (Angelica decursiva Franch. & Sav.; Ligusticum melanotilingia (H. Boissieu) Kitagawa; Ostericum melanotilingia (H. Boissieu) Kitagawa; Peucedanum decursivum (Miquel) Maximowicz; Peucedanum grandifolioides H. Wolff; Peucedanum melanotilingia (H. Boissieu) H. Boissieu; Peucedanum porphyroscias Makino, nom. illeg. superfl.; Pimpinella decursiva H. Wolff; Porphyroscias decursiva Miquel; Selinum melanotilingia H. Boissieu)

in China: hei shui dang gui, hu bei dang gui

(Seed infusion drunk for fever; fresh seeds made into a paste applied on the forehead against headache; dry seeds crushed and powdered, mixed with cow’s milk and drunk for stomach ailments.) in India: chimping, clem-mom Angelica dahurica (Fischer ex Hoffmann) Benth. et Hook.f. ex Franchet & Savatier (Angelica dahurica (Fisch.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffmann) Benth. & Hook. f.; Angelica dahurica Benth. & Hook. f.; Angelica dahurica Maxim.; Angelica macrocarpa H. Wolff; Angelica porphyrocaulis Nakai & Kitagawa; Angelica porphyrocaulis var. albiflora (Maximowicz) Makino; Angelica tschiliensis H. Wolff; Callisace dahurica Fisch.; Callisace dahurica Fischer ex Hoffmann) China, Japan. Large perennial herb, stout, pubescent, stem hollow often purplish, aromatic root, inflorescence a large compound umbel, small white flowers, ovoid fruit compressed with 4 membranous wings, cooked leaves eaten See Genera Plantarum Umbelliferarum 170, f. 18. 1816, Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium … 1(1): 187. 1873, Bull. Acad. Petersb. xxiv. (1878) 35. 1878 and Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 54(9): 1271–1278.

China. Perennial herb, erect, simple, purplish, leaves pinnate, petiole clasping the stem, umbels compound, dark purple flowers, fruit dividing into 2 mericarps, carpels ribbed, leaves and shoots cooked, on riverbanks, on slopes, in shrubland See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246, 250–251, 263–264. 1753, Genera Plantarum Umbelliferarum ed. 2 162. 1816, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 62. 1867, … 1(1): 187. 1873, Melanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 12: 472–473. 1886 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 956. 1903, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 18(208): 65. 1904, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 642. 1908, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 16(1): 268. 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 16(456–461): 237–238. 1919, Kromosomo, II 5: 146–157. 1977, Plant Systematics and Evolution 177: 117–138. 1991, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 32(5): 419–424. 1994, Acta

299

Angelica L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 46: 99–102. 1995, Journal of Plant Biology 39: 15–22. 1996 (May cause dermatitis. Roots antiseptic, lenitive, carminative, antiarthritic, antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, analgesic, antipyretic, tonic, used in the treatment of common colds, coughs, asthma, upper respiratory tract infection and fevers.) in English: common hogfennel in China: qian hu, chien hu, tun huo, zi hua qian hu Angelica genuflexa Nutt. (Angelica genuflexa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Angelica genuflexa subsp. refracta (Schmidt) Hiroë; Angelica refracta Schmidt) E. Asia, China, North America. Perennial herb, young stems peeled and eaten raw, young leaves cooked See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(4): 620. 1840, Reisen im Amur-Lande 138. 1868 (May cause dermatitis. Dried rhizomes and roots purgative, deodorant, cathartic, stimulant, for headache.) in English: kneeling angelica in Japan: mo-siwkina Angelica gigas Nakai (Angelica cryptotaeniifolia Kitag.) E. Asia, Korea. Perennial herb, young leaves cooked See Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31(364): 100. 1917 (May cause dermatitis. Roots antiinflammatory, blood tonic and antispasmodic, to treat anemia, hemiplegia and women’s diseases.) in China: chao xian dang gui in Japan: oni-nodake in Korea: cham dangwi Angelica glauca Edgew. India, Himalaya. Herb, robust, glabrous, aromatic roots, sweetly scented white or purple flowers in long stalked umbels, powdered root and fruits as spice See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(1): 53–54. 1846 and Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 10(1): 49–58. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda. Irritant, may cause dermatitis. Fruit stimulant, useful in treating dyspepsia. Stomachic, stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, tonic, powdered root given with hot water for stomach troubles, dyspepsia, constipation and vomiting, bronchitis, asthma, anemia, colds, arthritis. The roots said to give strength and vigor to women after delivery; a decoction for dysentery, food poisoning and headache. Roots burnt to repel entry of snakes in human dwellings. Veterinary medicine, root extract given to livestock with excessive secretion of salivary liquid.) in China: hui ye dang gui

in India: canda, chamchora, chaura, cheeming, chippi, chora, chorak, choraka, chori, choro, choru, chuara, chura, coraka, gandrayan, granthiparna, ksemaka, sapal, taskara in Tibet: tsa ron, tsi ron Angelica hendersonii J.M. Coult. & Rose (Angelica tomentosa var. hendersonii (J.M. Coult. & Rose) DiTomaso) North America. Perennial herb See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 141. 1876, Botanical Gazette 13(4): 80. 1888 and Madroño 31(2): 73, 75. 1984 (Antidote, plant infusion for mussel poisoning. Magicoreligious beliefs, protection.) in English: Henderson’s angelica, woolly angelica Angelica laxifoliata Diels (Angelica dielsii H. Boissieu; Angelica erythrocarpa H. Wolff; Angelica fargesii H. Boissieu) China. Perennial, thin stems, aromatic roots, white flowers, multiradiate umbels, closest relative is Angelica maowenensis C.C. Yuan & R.H. Shan See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3–4): 499–500. 1901, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 2(7): 316–317. 1926, Bull. Nanjing Bot. Gard. Mem. Sun Yat Sen 1983: 11, f. 5. 1983 [1985], Willdenowia 33: 121–137. 2003 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic, for the treatment of rheumatism and invigorating the circulation of blood.) in China: shu ye dang gui, tu huo Angelica lineariloba A. Gray (Angelica lineariloba var. culbertsonii Jeps.) North America. Perennial See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 7(2): 347–348. 1868 and A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 728. 1925 (Antihemorrhagic, analgesic, for pneumonia.) in English: poison angelica Angelica lucida L. (Coelopleurum actaeifolium (Michx.) J.M. Coult. & Rose; Coelopleurum gmelinii (DC.) Ledeb.; Coelopleurum lucidum (L.) Fernald; Coelopleurum lucidum subsp. gmelinii (DC.) A. Löve & D. Löve; Imperatoria lucida (L.) Spreng.) North America. Perennial See Species Plantarum 1: 251, 259. 1753, Flora Rossica 2: 361. 1844 and Rhodora 21(248): 146. 1919, Taxon 55: 209. 2006 (Analgesic, tonic, stimulant, for colds, sore throats, weakness, internal or external pain. Ceremonial, ritual, good luck charm.)

300

in English: seacoast angelica Angelica megaphylla Diels (Peucedanum megaphyllum (Diels) H. Boissieu; Porphyroscias megaphylla (Diels) H. Boissieu)

Angelica L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Angelica oncosepala Handel-Mazzetti (Heracleum oncosepalum (Handel-Mazzetti) Pimenov & Kljuykov) China. Perennial, white or purplish red flowers, often placed in Heracleum

China. Herb, perennial, flowers dark purple-red, young leaves cooked

See Species Plantarum 1: 249–250. 1753 and Symb. Sin. 7(3): 726. 1933

See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3–4): 500. 1901, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 26(1): 271. 1901, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 643. 1908

(Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.)

(May cause dermatitis. Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic). in China: da ye dang gui Angelica morii Hayata China, Taiwan. Perennial, flowers yellowish white See Icon. Pl. Formosan. 10: 24, 26–27, f. 15. 1921 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic, anti-AIDS.) in China: fu shen, shan du huo Angelica morrisonicola Hayata (Peucedanum morrisonicola (Hayata) M. Hiroe) Taiwan, China. Perennial, scented, white flowers, alpine tundra See J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: 129. 1911, Umbell. Asia 1: 180, f. 214. 1958 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.) in English: Yishan Chinese angelica in China: yu shan dang gui Angelica nitida H. Wolff (Angelica chinghaiensis R.H. Shan ex K.T. Fu; Angelica wulsiniana H. Wolff) China. Perennial, flowers white or yellowish See Acta Horti Gothob. 2(7): 317–318. 1926, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(741–750): 334– 335. 1930, Flora Tsinlingensis 1: 3, 421. 1981 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.) in China: qing hai dang gui Angelica omeiensis C.C. Yuan & R.H. Shan China. Perennial, aromatic, yellowish green flowers, conspecific with Angelica sinensis var. wilsonii (H. Wolff) Z.H. Pan & M.F. Watson (Angelica wilsonii H. Wolff) See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(741–750): 335. 1930, Bull. Nanjing Bot. Gard. Mem. Sun Yat Sen 1983: 6. 1985 [1983], Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 42(6): 562. 2004 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.) in China: e mei dang gui

in China: long e dang gui Angelica paeoniifolia R.H. Shan & C.C. Yuan Tibet, China. Perennial, aromatic, yellowish green or purplish flowers See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(3): 378. 1980 (Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.) in China: mu dan ye dang gui Angelica pinnata S. Watson North America. Perennial See Watson, Sereno (1826–1892), Botany [of the Fortieth Parallel]. Washington: Government Printing Office, 126– 127. 1871 (Analgesic, for headache, back pains, aching joints, stomachaches, sores.) in English: small-leaf angelica Angelica polymorpha Maximowicz (Angelica sinuata H. Wolff; Peucedanum taquetii H. Wolff; Rompelia polymorpha (Maximowicz) Koso-Poljansky; Selinum coreanum H. Boissieu) E. Asia, Korea. Perennial See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 350. 1762, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. SaintPétersbourg 19(2): 185. 1874 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 956. 1903, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 29: 125. 1916, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 21(588–600): 245–246. 1925, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(741–750): 333–334. 1930 (May cause dermatitis. Roots antiinflammatory, diuretic, oxytocic, tonic and antispasmodic, mild laxative, vasoconstrictor, used for the female reproductive system, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and symptoms related to menopause, for respiratory ailments, constipation, rheumatism, boils and ulcers, traumatic injuries, anemia; not to be used during pregnancy.) in China: dong quai, guai qin Angelica pubescens Maxim. Japan. Perennial, leaves cooked See Kromosomo, II 5: 146–157. 1977, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 46: 99–102. 1995

301

Angelonia Bonpl. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)

(May cause dermatitis; contraindicated for use during pregnancy; do not apply to open sores; in large doses can cause convulsions and paralysis. Roots analgesic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, antitumoral, antiproliferative, nervine, stimulant, tonic, spicy, bitter, anodyne, antibacterial, antithrombotic, vasodilator, antidote, carminative, diaphoretic, aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, diuretic, protecting against sepsis, used for the treatment of fever, edema, chronic bronchitis with wheezing, burns, flu, toothache, sinusitis, bloody stools, pain, headache, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis.)

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 141. 1876

in China: du huo

See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 501. 1901

Angelica sinensis (Oliver) Diels (Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis Oliv.)

(Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.)

China. Perennial, strongly aromatic roots, white petals

Angelica venenosa Fernald (Angelica venenosa (Greenway) Fernald; Angelica villosa (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.)

See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 20(4): pl. 1999. 1891 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3–4): 500. 1900

(Analgesic, astringent, decoction of root used for colds, diarrhea, stomachaches, for bathing sores, to regulate menses. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, protection, root shavings smoked by the shaman.) in English: woolly angelica Angelica valida Diels China. Perennial, white flowers

in China: jin shan dang gui

(May cause dermatitis. Restorative, sedative, tonic, antianemic, analgesic, antibiotic, uterotonic, estrogenic, laxative, emollient, anticholesterolemic, antiinflammatory, used for treating female ailments, anemia, headache, chest pains, colic, impetigo, menstrual disorders, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), cramping and irregular cycles, a sedative in dysmenorrhea.)

North America. Perennial, serrate leaflets

in English: Chinese angelica, female ginseng

Angelonia Bonpl. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)

in China: dang gui, dong dang gui, dong quai, tang kuei, tang kwei in Vietnam: can qui, tan qui Angelica sylvestris Linnaeus (Angelica montana Brot.; Angelica pancicii Vandas) Europe. See Sp. Pl. 1: 251. 1753 and Lazaroa 3: 146. 1981, Taxon 41: 557. 1992 (May cause dermatitis. Roots parasiticide, antiinflammatory, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, antispasmodic, for bronchial catarrh, coughs and dyspepsia.) in English: wild angelica in China: lin dang gui Angelica tarokoensis Hayata Taiwan. Perennial, white flowers

See Rhodora 45: 301. 1943 (Poison, toxic, roots eaten to commit suicide.) in English: hairy angelica

From a South American vernacular name, see Plantae Aequinoctiales [Humboldt & Bonpland] 2(14): 92, t. 108. 1812 [1809 publ. Apr 1812] and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319– 416. 1973. Angelonia goyazensis Benth. (Angelonia goyayensis Benth.) South America. Herb See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 10: 253. 1846 (Magico-religious beliefs, to ensure a good harvest.) in Borneo: ipung pu’ut Angelonia salicariaefolia Humb. & Bonpl. (Angelonia evitae Descole & Borsini; Angelonia hirta Cham.; Angelonia salicariifolia Humb. & Bonpl.) Tropical America, Brazil, Venezuela. Shrub, glandular, erect, apple-scented foliage, two-lipped purplish flowers

See Icon. Pl. Formosan. 10: 27. 1921

See Plantae Aequinoctiales 2: 92, t. 108. 1812 [1809 publ. Apr 1812] and Lilloa 23: 511. 1950

(Roots antiinflammatory and antispasmodic.)

(Diaphoretic, pectoral, sudorific.)

in China: tai lu ge dang gui

in English: grannie’s bonnets, willowleaf angelon

Angelica tomentosa S. Watson

in India: tsjetti-pu

North America. Perennial herb

in Venezuela: angelón

302

Angianthus Wendland Asteraceae From the Greek angeion, aggeion ‘a vessel, cup’ and anthos ‘flower’, referring to the pappus scales, see Supplementum ad Methodum Plantas: a staminum situ describendi 254. 1802, Collectio Plantarum 2(2): 31, t. 48. 1808[1810]. Angianthus tomentosus J.C. Wendl. (Angianthus tomentosus Wendland; Olearia dentata Moench, nom. illeg. superfl.; Olearia tomentosa (J.C. Wendl.) DC.) Australia. Erect or ascending annual herb, yellow flowers, compound heads elongate See Supplementum ad Methodum Plantas: a staminum situ describendi 254. 1802, Collectio Plantarum 2(2): 31, t. 48. 1808[1810], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 252. 1836

Angianthus Wendland Asteraceae

antitumor, diuretic, antipyretic, tonic after a miscarriage, analgesic, astringent, antidiarrheal, for backache, pain, headache, blisters and boils, able to cool down the body temperature; root stock of Diplazium maximum crushed with those of Angiopteris evecta, Colysis hemionitidea and stems of Raphidophora decursiva and Raphidophora hookerii and applied on fracture; roots extract given for chest pain and heart ailments; rhizomes used for scabies, leprosy; for coughs, pound the plant and drink the juice; fronds bound onto a fractured limb. Treatment of ptomaine poisoning. Magico-religious beliefs, used in worship.) in English: giant fern, king fern, Madagascar tree fern, mule’s-foot fern, oriental vessel fern in India: arthladadnpui, arthladawnpui, bakum, chainauaukimu, ghodatap, kalojkanda, kwak-sa-kê, taba, thengi

(Potentially allergenic, sesquiterpene lactone.)

Malay name: paku gajah

in English: camel grass, hairy angianthus, hairy cup-flower

in Pacific: ammarre (chuuk lagoon), ana’e, m’ong, na’e, nahe, nase, paiued, peiwed, poaiwed, rau na’e

Angiopteris Hoffm. Marattiaceae (Dryopteridaceae, Woodsiaceae) Greek angeion, aggeion ‘a vessel, capsule’ and pteris ‘a fern’, see Species Plantarum 2: 1062. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 21. 1763, Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 12(Cl. Phys.): 29. 1796, Descripción de las Plantas 553–554. 1802, Supplementum Tentaminis Pteridographiae 27. 1845, Flora 86(1): 72–85. 1899 and Botanical Gazette 67(1): 88–89. 1919, Botanical Magazine 42(498): 305, 308, 346. 1928, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975. Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. (Angiopteris crassipes Wall. ex Presl; Angiopteris crassipes Wall.; Polypodium evectum G. Forst.) Tropical Asia, Vietnam, Tahiti, South Pacific. Large fleshy fragrant terrestrial fern, robust rhizome, threatened endangered species, lithophytic, used for leis, aromatic oil, fleshy rhizome as a famine food, found growing in moist shady places along the water streams See Species Plantarum 2: 1082–1094. 1753, Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 81. 1786, Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 12(Cl. Phys.): 29, t. 5. 1796, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 187. 1828 and Newslett. Hawaiian Bot. Soc. 26(3): 58–59. 1987, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 46: 137–145. 1995, Indian Fern Journal 16(1–2): 130–152. 1999, Advances in Plant Sciences 15(II): 401– 405. 2002, J. Sci. Res. Chulalongkorn Univ. 30(2). 2005 [Inhibitory activities of angiopteroside for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and lung cancer cell-line.], Pharmaceutical biology 44(3): 221–228. 2006, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 23–28. 2008, Fitoterapia 79(5): 366–369. 2008 (Antibacterial, antifungal, antidote, analgesic, antioxidant, radical scavenger, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor and

Angylocalyx Taubert Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Leguminosae, Sophoreae) Greek ancho ‘to bind, to strangle’ or agkylos, ankylos ‘crooked, bent’ and calyx, bent calyx; see Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 172. 1896 and Adansonia, sér. 2, 8: 317–335. 1968, J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. Paris 1985. Angylocalyx pynaertii De Wild. (Angylocalyx gossweileri Baker f.; Angylocalyx oligophyllus (Bak.) Bak. f.; Angylocalyx oligophyllus Bak.f., pp.; Angylocalyx zenkeri Harms; Angylocalyx zenkeri var. gossweileri (Baker f.) Pellegr.; Angylocalyx zeucheri Harms) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree or shrub, armed, cauliflorous, slender, petals whitish pale yellow, gorillas eat young leaves and fruits, seeds eaten by monkeys and bush pigs (Potamochoerus porcus porcus) See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xxiii. 172. 1896 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 45: 306. 1910, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 5, 3[2]: 196. 1910 [1911–1912 publ. Nov 1910], British Museum, Natural History. Catalogue of the plants collected by Mr. & Mrs. P. A. Talbot in the Oban district South Nigeria … 26. London 1913, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 66(Suppl. 1): 133. 1928, European Journal of Biochemistry 268(1): 35–41. 2001, J. Nat. Prod. 65(2): 198–202. 2002, Am. J. Primatol. 58: 91–116. 2002 (Pods and bark for diabetes.) in Cameroon: bekoabezombo, bitongo in Central African Republic: manjombé, monjombe, monjombé, monjombi, moujombe

303

Aniba Aublet Lauraceae

in Nigeria: ekhiawa, ekiáwá, okó ajá in Zaire: amasolisoli, bolongo, bulunge, ngubi, soli

Aniba Aublet Lauraceae From the Tupi-Guarani anhuyba for a species of sassafras, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 327, t. 126. 1775 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 819–931. 1938. Aniba coto (Rusby) Kosterm. (Aniba coto (Rusby) Kosterm. ex J.F. Macbr.; Nectandra coto Rusby)

See Species Plantarum 1: 159–162. 1753, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 26, pl. 17. 1763, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 98. 1818, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 247. 1819, Convolvulaceae orientales 101. 1834, De Convolvulaceis dissertatio secunda 144. 1837, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. C: 329. 1895 and Candollea 14: 11–60. 1952, F.W.T.A. ed. 2, 2: 343. 1963, F.T.E.A., Convolvulaceae: 48, fig. 13. 1963, Rheeda 9(1): 105–108. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 117(2): 185–198. 2008 (Tonic, antiinflammatory, astringent, emetic, watery extract for dysentery, cholera.) in English: whitejacket

South America, Peru, Bolivia. Tree, cinnamon-brown bark

in India: ben-tiru-tali, upteir

See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49: 260. 1922, Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 35: 916. 1938, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2): 863. 1938

in Indonesia: nyipoh tedong bini, nyipoh tedong laki in Pacific: tehelel-aul in Latin America: bejuco de pescado, campanita

(Aromatic, antiseptic and very pungent bark.) in Bolivia: coto fino, coto piquiante Aniba pseudo-coto (Rusby) Kosterm. (Ocotea pseudo-coto Rusby) South America, Bolivia. Forest tree See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49(9): 261–262. 1922, Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 35: 872– 873. 1938 (Aromatic, antiseptic.) Common names: coto, paracoto

Aniseia Choisy Convolvulaceae From the Greek anisos ‘unequal’, referring to the two outermost sepals or to the calyx, see Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 481, 483. 1834 and Systematic Botany 23(4): 411–420. 1998 [1999], Systematic Botany 28(4): 791–806. 2003. Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy (Aniseia cernua Choisy; Aniseia cernua Moric.; Aniseia emarginata (Vahl) Hassk.; Aniseia ensifolia Choisy; Aniseia heteranthera sensu Pittier; Aniseia martinicensis Choisy; Aniseia nitens Choisy; Aniseia salicifolia (Desr.) Choisy; Aniseia uniflora Choisy; Aniseia uniflora (Burm.f.) Choisy; Convolvulus emarginata Vahl; Convolvulus martinicensis Jacq.; Convolvulus rheedii Wall.; Convolvulus salicifolius Desr.; Convolvulus uniflorus Burm.f.; Ipomoea cernua Arechav.; Ipomoea lanceolata G. Don; Ipomoea martinicensis (Jacq.) G. Mey.; Ipomoea ruyssenii A. Chev.; Ipomoea uniflora (Burm.) Roem. & Schult.; Jacquemontia chiapensis Brandegee) Neotropics, West Indies. Twining perennial herb, vine, creeper, slender, adventitious roots, corolla white, black seeds

Anisochilus Wallich ex Benth. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) From the Greek anisos ‘unequal’ and cheilos ‘lip’, the corolla lobes are unequal, see Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1300. 1830 and Nucleus (Calcutta) 41(1,2): 33–34. 1998. Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. (Anisochilus carnosus Wall.; Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Bentham; Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. ex Bentham; Anisochilus carnosus var. eriocephalus (Benth.) T. Cooke; Anisochilus carnosus var. eriocephalus (Benth.) S.R. Paul; Anisochilus carnosus var. glaber (Schrad.) Benth.; Anisochilus carnosus var. purpurascens Benth.; Anisochilus carnosus var. villosior Benth.; Anisochilus carnosus var. viridis Benth.; Anisochilus crassus Benth.; Anisochilus decussatus Dalzell & Gibson; Anisochilus eriocephalus Benth.; Anisochilus glaber Schrad., nom. illeg.; Anisochilus rupestris Wight ex Hook.f., nom. nud.; Lavandula carnosa L.f.; Plectranthus carnosus (L.f.) Sm.; Plectranthus carnosus Sm.; Plectranthus dubius Spreng., nom. illeg.; Plectranthus dubius Vahl ex Benth.; Plectranthus strobilifer Roxb.; Plectranthus strobiliferus Roxb.; Plectranthus strobiliferus Roxb. ex Roxb.) India, Himalaya, Vietnam. Shrub or undershrub, herb, aromatic, erect, robust, branched, flowers pale purple densely velvety outside See Species Plantarum 2: 572–573. 1753, Supplementum Plantarum 273. 1781 (1782), Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 27: 7. 1814, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 45. 1814, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 691. 1825, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 18. 1830, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1300. 1830, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 23. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 12: 81. 1848, Bombay Fl.: 206. 1861, Fl. Brit. India 4(12): 627. 1885 and Fl.

304

Bombay 2: 450. 1908, Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Taxon 29: 711–712. 1980 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Essential oil from aerial parts antibacterial, fungicidal, antispasmodic, stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, for cough, headache, cold, to relieve urticaria. Leaves to improve appetite; raw leaves eaten for high blood pressure. Powder of dry fruits mixed in coconut oil used against scabies and skin diseases. Roots chewed for cold.) in English: common anisochilus in China: pai cao xiang in India: adusapundlaaku, ajapada, ankayarkanni, anoraimayakkam, bennia, canamuli, canmuli, cantiraparani, caviracamparam, chomara, choraonva, cutamuli, cutattaikkattuvalamuli, cutavalli, dodda pathri, dodda-patri, doddapatre, doddapatri, goplya, induparni, intuparani, irutinankai, irutinankaiyilai, jirna, jungli aajwan, kaapur vael, kaapurli, kaara vaelu, kanakavalli, kanakavallicceti, kapparalli, kapurli, karapurada gida, karavaeru, karpoora valli, karpoorada gida, karpooravalli, karppura-valli, karppuravalli, karpura-valli, karpuravalli, karuntumpira, karuntumpiracceti, karuppuravalli, kattu-kurkka, kattukurkka, katu-kurka, kurkka, kuruvelu balli, madivaala pathre, manchapatri, manokaramuli, napatong, omamaku, omamu aaku, omamu-aku, omamuaku, pakiratipputu, palukam, palukavalli, palukavallicceti, panjiri-ka-pat, panjiri-kapatta, panjirikapat, panjri, panliri-ka-pat, patu-kurkka, patukurkka, pindi bonda, pokosunga, ritchu-rodda, ritchu rodda, roga-chettu, rogachettu, rosachettu, saamabara balli, saeththuppun poondu, saraguduganapa, sita-ki-panjiri, sitaki, sujro-hortelamy, ubho ratvelio, ulpalabheda, verakakkoti, verakam

Anisocycla Baillon Menispermaceae

Anisocycla Baillon Menispermaceae From the Greek anisos ‘unequal’ and kyklos ‘circle, round, ring’, see Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar 28(Atlas 1), t. 49a. 1887, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2(135): 1078–1079. 1893 and Canadian Journal of Botany 64: 3130–3133. 1986, Neurochemistry International 15(3): 321–324. 1989. Anisocycla cymosa Troupin Congo. Liana, circular leaf scars, inflorescence an axillary many-flowered cyme See Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 19: 416. 1949, Planta Medica 55(4): 394. 1989, Journal of Natural Products 55(5): 607–612. 1992, Journal of Natural Products 56(6): 957–960. 1993, Journal of Natural Products 56(4): 618–620. 1993 (Leaves and roots extract a tonic and analgesic, against rheumatic pains and stomachache.) Anisocycla grandidieri Baill. Madagascar. See Lloydia 28(3): 191–198. 1975 (Bitter decoction of yellow roots used to cure diseases of the kidneys and the bladder. Sap from the roots used as a coagulant.) Anisocycla jollyana (Pierre) Diels Tropical Africa. Climbing shrub See Journal of Natural Products 58(10): 1587–1589. 1995, Journal of Natural Products 59(5): 498–500. 1996, Journal of Natural Products 60(11): 1121–1124. 1997

Anisochilus dysophylloides Benth.

(Alkaloids.)

India. Thick undershrub, decumbent, silvery-tomentose stem, erect branches, white or purple flowers in terminal or axillary cylindrical inflorescence

Anisodus Link & Otto Solanaceae

See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 19. 1830, Fl. Brit. India 4(12): 628. 1885 and Fl. Madras 1128. 1924 (Fresh root paste applied on chronic blisters.) in India: chalindi veru chedi Anisochilus scaber Benth. India. See Prodr. (DC.) 12: 81. 1848 (Whole plant infusion used to wash out sores; juice drunk as a febrifuge. Stimulant.) in English: scabrous mosla in China: shi qi zhu in Indonesia: embeng kesa

Greek anisos ‘unequal’ and odous, odontos ‘tooth’, see Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 512-, 699. 1825, Annual Magazine of Natural History 6: 35–41. 1850 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 15: 57–68. 1977, Novon 2(2): 124–128. 1992, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 147(4): 457–468. 2005. Anisodus acutangulus C.Y. Wu & C. Chen var. acutangulus China. Roots stout, corolla pale yellow-green, capsule nodding See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 62. 1977, J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40(5): 715–722. 2007, Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 12(4): 762–768. 2007 (Roots extremely toxic. Analgesic, anesthetics and antispasmodic, used to ease pain and for stomachache, dosages very small, overdoses known to cause delirium. Wind-evil dispelling medicine.)

305

Anisomeles R. Br. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

in China: san fen san, san fen zi

in China: ling dang zi, san fen san

Anisodus acutangulus C.Y. Wu & C. Chen var. breviflorus C.Y. Wu & C. Chen

in Nepal: langtang kabo

China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 63–64, pl. 3. 1977 (Roots toxic, used to ease pain and for stomachache.) in China: san fen qi Anisodus carniolicoides (C.Y. Wu & C. Chen) D’Arcy & Zhi Y. Zhang (Scopolia carniolicoides C.Y. Wu & C. Chen; Scopolia carniolicoides var. dentata C.Y. Wu & C. Chen) China. See Acta. Phytotax. Sin. 15(2): 59–60, pl. 1. 1977, Novon 2(2): 126. 1992 (Rhizomes bitter and poisonous, used for treating bleeding wounds, rheumatism and arthritis.) in China: sai lang dang Anisodus luridus Link (Anisodus fischerianus Pascher; Anisodus luridus var. fischerianus (Pascher) C.Y. Wu & C. Chen; Anisodus mairei (H. Léveillé) C.Y. Wu & C. Chen; Anisodus stramonifolius (Wallich) G. Don; Anisodus stramonifolius (Sweet) G. Don; Nicandra anomala Link & Otto; Physalis stramonifolia Wallich; Scopolia anomala (Link & Otto) Airy Shaw; Scopolia lurida (Link) Dunal; Scopolia lurida Dunal; Scopolia mairei H. Léveillé; Scopolia straminifolia (Wall.) Shrestha; Scopolia stramonifolia (Wallich) Shrestha; Scopolia stramonifolia (Wall.) N.P. Balakr.; Scopolia stramonifolia (Roxb.) N.P. Balakr.; Scopolina stramonifolia (Wall.) Kuntze; Whitleya stramonifolia (Wallich) Sweet)

in Tibet: ximalaya-dong-liangdang Anisodus tanguticus (Maximowicz) Pascher (Anisodus tanguticus var. viridulus C.Y. Wu & C. Chen; Scopolia tangutica Maximowicz) China, Tibet. Alpine, perennial, roots stout, flowers nodding or erect, corolla purple or dark-purple, calyx campanulate to nearly funnelform See Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 27(4): 508. 1882 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7(140–142): 167. 1909, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 50: 127–134. 2002, Planta medica 71(3): 249–253. 2005, Genetica 132(2): 123–129. 2008 (Antispasmodic, antioxidant and antiproliferative, roots used for alleviating pain and spasms, urinary tract infections, peptic ulcers, fever of the throat and lung diseases. The plant produces anticholinergic alkaloids such as hyoscyamine, 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine and scopolamine.) in English: Tangut anisodus in China: shan lang dang, zang qie

Anisomeles R. Br. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Greek anisos ‘unequal’ and melos ‘a limb, part, member’, referring to the corolla lobes or to the anthers of the longer stamens; see Robert Brown, Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae 503. 1810. Anisomeles heyneana Benth.

China, Himalaya.

India.

See Familles des Plantes 2: 219. 1763, Observationum Botanicarum 1: 32–33, pl. 20. 1764, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 242–243. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium editio decima sexta 1: 699. 1825, Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 61. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(1): 555. 1852, Icones plantarum selectarum 77, pl. 35. 1855, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 452. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7(143–145): 226–227. 1909, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 25: 37. 1915, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 75: 195. 1937, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 22(1–4): 176. 1980 (publ. 1982), Novon 2: 125. 1992

See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 59. 1830 and Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Anisomeles indica.], Fitoterapia 71: 574–576. 2000, Pharmaceutical Biology 40(6): 433–439. 2002, Pharmaceutical Biology (Formerly International Journal of Pharmacognosy). 41(1): 37–44. 2003, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2003 [as Anisomeles indica.], FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 43 (2): 295–300. 2005, Crop Protection 26(7): 948–952. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118(1): 65–70. 2008

(Roots and seeds for pain and spasms, also for plague. Some seeds cast in the fire and the smoke inhaled to treat wounds inside the nose. Seeds used as anthelmintic, in sinusitis and colic pain.) in English: common anisodus in Bhutan: thang-phrom-nag-po

(Stem juice or extract given in urinary complaints.) in India: phangurta Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze (Ajuga glabrata Benth. ex Wall.; Ajuga mollissima Wall. ex Steud.; Anisomeles albiflora (Hassk.) Miq.; Anisomeles disticha (L.) B. Heyne ex Roth; Anisomeles disticha B. Heyne ex Roth; Anisomeles glabrata Benth. ex Wall., nom. inval.; Anisomeles glabrata Wall.;

306

Anisomeles malabarica var. albiflora Hassk.; Anisomeles mollissima Wall., nom. inval.; Anisomeles ovata R. Brown; Anisomeles ovata R. Br. ex W.T. Aiton; Anisomeles secunda Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Anisomeles tonkinensis Gand.; Ballota disticha L.; Ballota mauritiana Pers.; Epimeredi indica (L.) Rothmaler; Epimeredi indicus (L.) Rothm.; Epimeredi secundus Rothm.; Marrubium indicum (L.) Burm.f.; Marrubium indicum Burm.f.; Marrubium indicum Blanco; Monarda zeylanica Burm.f.; Nepeta amboinica L.f.; Nepeta disticha (L.) Blume; Nepeta indica L.; Phlomis alba Blanco, nom. illeg.; Phlomis indica Blanco) Southeast Asia, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Herb, camphorscented perennial woody shrub or undershrub, slightly quadrangular or winged, erect, numerous crowded flowers in terminal spike-like racemes, corolla purplish, shiny black nutlets See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572, 582–584. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 12, 127. 1768, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 3: 364. 1811, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 512. 1891 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 65. 1918, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 53: 12. 1944, Fitoterapia 71: 574–576. 2000, Pharmaceutical Biology 40(6): 433–439. 2002, Pharmaceutical Biology (Formerly International Journal of Pharmacognosy). 41(1): 37–44. 2003, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 43 (2): 295–300. 2005, Crop Protection 26(7): 948–952. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118(1): 65–70. 2008 (Used in Sidha. Dried or fresh material astringent, carminative, analgesic, febrifuge, uterine affections, tonic, antihistamine, antiabortifacient, diaphoretic, astringent, stomachic, gastroprotective, anti-hyperalgesic, antiinflammatory, antiHIV, anti-Helicobacter pylori, used for rheumatism, convulsions, spasm, kidney stones, colds, fevers, intermittent fever, cough, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, gastric dysfunction, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, eczema, cutaneous and subcutaneous parasitic infection, skin sores and snakebites; dried leaves rubbed and smoked to treat cold; leaves chewed for toothache. Insecticide, arachnicide, plant burned to act as a mosquito-repellent. Phytotoxic, natural herbicide for managing weeds in wheat fields, against Phalaris minor. Veterinary medicine, stem bark decoction febrifuge, plant decoction in animal dysentery; for ephemeral fever, leaves of Anisomeles indica with those of Annona squamosa and Azadirachta indica burnt close to the animal; crushed leaves applied on the neck of bullock to cure inflammation caused by cart pulling; powdered leaf paste applied on cattle wound to expel worms.) in English: catmint, Indian catmint, Indian epimeredi, Malabar catmint in China: fang feng cao, guang fang feng in India: adabeera, apang, basinga, bhonsri, bon til, chodhara, cittimalli, dayyam marri, enakkompu, enakkotu, enakkotukam, enakkotuki, enakkotukicceti, erumuttai,

Anisomeles R. Br. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

erumuttaippinari, gobara, gobura, gopali, goplya, gubra, hennu karee thumbe, hennu kari thumbe, huchhu mutte gida, hutchumattey gida, ilacukanari, kalabangra, kattukanni, katuppatakki, kooiyo, kuturpad, manga maari soppu, mangamari soppu, mocirikopam, muttainari, perunkurinja, phagula, phangurta, phoongiyo, phooniyoot, pongiyo, poongiyoot, ramtulsi, ranaberi, rathocharpati, thoiding-angouba, tokuma, tsjadaen, tumparancikai, tumrancikaicceti, vetuppatakki, visakali in Indonesia: celangking, ki hileud, patuk bangkong, udu aka anye, udu aka anyé in Japan: bakari-gusa, busoroi-bana in Laos: san nga in Malaysia: babadotan, balbas-pusa, bandotan, fang feng cao, kabling-gubat, kabling-kabayo, kabling-lalake, kablingparang, lilitan, litalit, sauang-sauang, subusuba, talingharap in Nepal: rato charapate in Philippines: bangbangsit, kabling-lalake, kabling-parang, lilitan, litalit, paling-harap, taling-harap in Thailand: komko huai, saapsuea, yaa farang in Vietnam: ph[of]ng, phong th[ar]o, thi[ees]n th[ar]o Anisomeles malabarica R.Br. (Ajuga disticha Roxb.; Ajuga fruticosa Roxb.; Anisomeles cuneata J. Jacq.; Anisomeles intermedia Wight ex Benth.; Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims; Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br.; Anisomeles malabarica R.Br. ex Sims; Anisomeles salviifolia R.Br.; Craniotome mauritianum (Pers.) Bojer; Epimeredi candicans (Benth.) Rothm.; Epimeredi malabaricus (L.) Rothm.; Nepeta malabarica L.; Nepeta pallida Salisb.; Stachys mauritiana Pers.) India and Sri Lanka. Herb, shrubby, erect, densely villous or woolly, leaves densely woolly, inflorescence a single terminal spike, corolla purple or pale blue, nutlets cylindrical, in open, sandy waste places See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 78. 1796, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 46: t. 2071. 1819 and Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (iii, C): 66: 99. 1979, Taxon 31: 361–362, 593–595. 1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 17: 97–106. 1982, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 94: 619–626. 1985, Pharmaceutical Biology 29(4): 273–280. 1991, Glimpses in Plant Research 12(1): 173–177. 1998, International Journal of Cancer Research 3(4): 174–179. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant astringent, stomachic, bitter, carminative, diaphoretic, febrifuge, acrid, antibacterial, antifungal, antidote, antioxidant, anthelmintic, sudorific, tonic, used for respiratory diseases, colds, fevers, paralysis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, flatulence, intestinal worms, hysteria, swellings, wounds, rheumatism, cancer and liver disorders, skin sores, scorpion sting and snakebite. Leaves paste applied to wounds, powdered leaves mixed with milk and used as vermicide, anthelmintic; leaf juice given for the treatment of dyspepsia; leaves infusion for stomach

307

Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. Asteraceae

ailments and fever. Veterinary medicine, stem bark decoction used in the treatment of fever.) in English: Malabar catmint in India: alamoola, brahmani, butan-kusham, butankushum, catumpai, chadumbai, china-rana-bheri, chinnaranabheri, chinna ranabheri, chinnaranabheri, chodhara, chowdhaari, codhara, cukatika, cukatikamiratticceti, devaputri, erumaipinari, erumuttaippinari, gandu beerana gida, gandu karee thumbe, gandu karee thumbe gida, gandu kari thumbe, gandubeerana gida, gopoli, iratai-pey-marutti, irattai-p-peymiratti, irattai pey maruti, irattai peymarutti, irattaippeymarutti, irattaippeymiratti, irattaippiramattai, kaaka thumba, kak-tumbo, kalothumbo, kareebanta, karimthumpa, karimthumpa pacha, karintoomba, karithumbe, karimtumpa, karintumba, karintumpa, karithumbi, karitumbe, karitumbi, karitumpa, karunthumba, karuntumpai, kaspatta, maabheri, mabheri, maga beera, magabeera, magabeera chettu, magabeeraku, magabera, magabira, magabri, mahadrona, mahadronah, maogbira, marunmala, miratti, moga beeru soppu, moga bheri, moga-bira, mogabheri, mogabiraku, mogbeeraku, navittantai, nettaippeymarutti, nettaippiramattai, nettappiramattai, nurrippukal, oshthaphala, paeyemaruti, pai verutti, paicacam, palampaci, pandaachodhara, peithumbai, pemarutti, perumtumba, perunthumbai, peruntumba, peruntumpa, peruntumpai, pey marutti, pey-marutti, pey varutti paicacam, peya-verutti, peyameratti, peyi-meratti, peyimarutti, peymarutti, peymeratti, peymiratti, peyppalamiratti, peyppalamiratticceti, peythumbai, peyvarutti, peyverutti, peyverutticceti, pisuna, putankucam, rattai peimarutti, sadumbai, sprkka, sundara, sundraphul, vaikuntha, vaikunthah, vattappeymarutti, vedhuppadaki, vetuppatakki in Indonesia: udu aka anye

Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. Asteraceae From the Greek anisos (a and isos ‘equal’) ‘unequal’ and pappos ‘fluff, downy appendage’, see Kirkia 4: 45–73. 1964, Kirkia 12: 23–113. 1980, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 56: 199–204, 349–372. 1986, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 58: 259–268. 1988, P. Eldenas, “A cladistic analysis of Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. (Inuleae) and related genera.” Poster. International Compositae Conference, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1994, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117(1): 39–46. 1995, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54(1): 378–391. 1996. Anisopappus chinensis Hook. & Arn. var. buchwaldii (O. Hoffm.) S. Ortíz, Paiva & Rodr.-Oubiña (Anisopappus africanus (Hook. f.) Oliv. & Hiern; Anisopappus buchwaldii (O. Hoffm.) Wild; Anisopappus chinensis subsp. buchwaldii (O. Hoffm.) S. Ortiz & Paiva & Rodr.-Oubiña; Anisopappus buchwaldii subsp. iodotrichus (Brenan) Wild; Anisopappus chinensis A. Chev.; Anisopappus chinensis (L.) Hook. & Arn.; Anisopappus chinensis subsp. africanus (Hook. f.) S. Ortíz & Paiva; Anisopappus chinensis var. macrocephala (Humbert) S. Ortíz & Paiva & Rodr.-Oubiña; Anisopappus dalzielii

Hutch.; Anisopappus dentatus (DC.) Wild; Anisopappus dentatus (DC.) Wild subsp. dentatus; Anisopappus discolor Wild; Anisopappus exellii Wild; Anisopappus inuloides Hutch. & Burtt; Anisopappus iodiotrichus Brenan; Anisopappus lastii (O. Hoffm.) Wild subsp. welwitschii (O. Hoffm.) Wild; Anisopappus rogersii G. Taylor; Anisopappus suborbicularis Hutch. & Burtt; Anisopappus tenerus (S. Moore) Brenan; Epallage africana S. Moore; Epallage buchwaldii (O. Hoffm.) Humbert; Epallage dentata DC.; Epallage dentata var. dentata; Epallage dentata var. disciformis Humbert; Epallage dentata DC. var. macrocephala Humbert; Sphacophyllum buchwaldii O. Hoffm.; Sphacophyllum helenae Buscal. & Muschl.; Sphacophyllum helenae Muschl.; Sphacophyllum stuhlmannii O. Hoffm.; Sphacophyllum tenerum S. Moore; Sphacophyllum welwitschii O. Hoffm.; Telekia africana Hook. f.) Tropical Africa. Perennial herb, shrublet, bushy, trailing, straggling or erect See Species Plantarum 2: 901. 1753, Enumeratio Stirpium Transsilvaniae 3: 149. 1816, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 3–4. 1837 [1838], The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 196. 1837, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 7: 201. 1864, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 369. 1877, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 24: 473. 1898 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 506. 1913, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 55: 123. 1917, Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 368. 1920, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie 25: 108–109, 300. 1923, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 71: 165. 1933, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 8(5): 478. 1954, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 189(2): 605–606. 1962, Kirkia 4: 45–74. 1964, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 45: 421–445. 1975, Compositae Newsletter 20/21: 12–15. 1992, Opera Botanica 121: 159– 172. 1993, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117(1): 44. 1995, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54(1): 383. 1996 (Leaves for naso-pharyngeal affections, dried powdered leaves sternutatory, a snuff for headache and colds.) Anisopappus davyi S. Moore (Anisopappus lejolyanus Lisowski; Anisopappus petitianus Lisowski; Anisopappus robynsianus Lisowski; Anisopappus upembensis Lisowski) Zaire, Tanzania. Perennial herb, small woody rootstock See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 196. 1837 ]1841] and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 47: 275. 1925, NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences 68: 25–52. 2006 (This species can hyperaccumulate cobalt from soils rich in this element.)

Anisophyllea R. Br. ex Sabine Anisophylleaceae (Rhizophoraceae) From the Greek anisos (a and isos ‘equal’) ‘unequal’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, see Trans. Hort. Soc. London v. (1824) 446.

308

Anneslea Wallich Theaceae

1824 and Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98(1): 1–25. 1988, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75(4): 1343–1368. 1988, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 1057–1067. 2007.

(Leaves wound dressing, anthelmintic, febrifuge.)

Anisophyllea apetala Scort. ex King

Anisophyllea obtusifolia Engl. & Brehmer

Perak.

Tanzania. Tree, straight, spicate inflorescence, small flowers

See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 323. 1897 [1898 publ. 1897] and Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11(7): 1593–1596. 2003

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan­ zeng­ eschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 376. 1917

(Antifungal.) in Indonesia: dalek bukit, dalek limau manis

in English: monkey apple in Sierra Leone: kandi

(The sawdust may cause allergic reactions to mucous membranes and skin. Roots to treat kidney complaints.) in Tanzania: msaa-mti

Anisophyllea boehmii Engl. (Anisophyllea ferruginea Rolfe; Anisophyllea rogersii S. Moore)

Anisophyllea pomifera Engl. & Brehmer

Tanzania. Evergreen or semi-evergreen tree, large shrub, rounded heavy crown, thin leathery leaves, small plum-like fruit shiny red-yellow, edible pale yellow flesh, Brachystegia woodland on sandy or rocky soils, wooded grassland

Tanzania. Evergreen shrub or small tree, leathery leaves shiny above, small rounded flowers in several spikes, edible sweet flesh, ripe fruit edible, associate of BrachystegiaIsoberlinia woodland

See Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 5: 446. 1824, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 287. 1895 and Bull. Inst. Roy. Col. Belg. 21: 925. 1950 (Bark infusion given for malaria; against snakebites, bark mouthwash or enema. Ash from the wood used as an insecticide for stalk borers.)

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzeng­ eschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 372. 1917 (Bark used for warts. Ash from the wood used as an insecticide for stalk borers.) in Tanzania: mnemvi, mnyemvi, mshindwi, nsindwi, umushindwi

in Tanzania: lusindwi, mnemvi, mnyemvi, mshindwi, umushindwi in Zambia: mfungo, mufungo, nfungo

Anneslea Wallich Theaceae

Anisophyllea disticha Baill. (Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baill.)

Named for George Annesley, 2nd Earl of Mountnorris, Viscount Valentia, b. Arley Castle, Staffs. 1769–1844, traveller, plant collector in India, in 1796 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Linnean Society, correspondent of Sir J.E. Smith, his writings include Short Instructions for Collecting Shells. [1815] and Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt. 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806. London 1809. See Frederick Robinson, R.N., Refutation of Lieutenant Wellsted’s attack upon Lord Valentia’s … work upon the Red Sea. London 1842; Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 17. London 1994; Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 5, pl. 5. 1829 [1830].

SE Asia, Philippines. Small tree or shrub, monoecious, Selaginella-like foliage, leaf blades of two different sizes and shapes, pinkish-white unisexual flowers, glossy fleshy crimson fruits, spindle-like seed See Adansonia 11: 311. 1875 (Root decoction tonic, prepare fresh root decoction and drink, or eat roots raw, for weakness in men. Leaves astringent, eaten for diarrhea, dysentery, fever, jaundice; pounded young leaves applied to cuts and wounds. Fruits eaten raw for septic stings by bees or hornets.) in English: leechwood, mousedeer plant in Borneo: tumi ang in Brunei: sapad in Malaysia: kayu pacat, kayu ribu-ribu, lambai ayam, lambey ayam, pokok kancil, raja berangkat, rambai ayam, ribu-ribu Anisophyllea laurina R. Br. ex Sabine Tropical Africa. Tree See Trans. Hort. Soc. London v. (1824) 446. 1824

Anneslea fragrans Wall. (Anneslea alpina H.L. Li; Anneslea fragrans var. alpina (H.L. Li) Kobuski; Anneslea fragrans var. hainanensis Kobuski; Anneslea fragrans var. lanceolata Hayata; Anneslea fragrans var. rubriflora (Hu & Hung T. Chang) L.K. Ling; Anneslea hainanensis (Kobuski) Hu; Anneslea lanceolata (Hayata) Kaneh.; Anneslea rubriflora Hu & Hung T. Chang; Callosmia fragrans (Wall.) C. Presl; Mountnorrisia fragrans (Wall.) Szyszyl.) Cambodia, Myanmar. Shrub or treelet, leaves coriaceous, fragrant creamy white to pinkish-purple flowers, somewhat variable species

309

Annona L. Annonaceae

See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 1: 5, t. 5. 1829, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 103. 1844, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften ser. 5, 3: 533. 1845, Botanische Bemerkungen (C. Presl): 103. [Jan-Apr 1846], Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(6): 189. 1893 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 42–43, pl. 5. 1913, Formosan trees indigenous to the Island (revised) 455, f. 412. 1936, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 25(3): 307. 1944, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 33(1): 86–88. 1952, Sunyatsenia 1: 28. 1960, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(3): 265–266. 1963, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 50(1): 180. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(1): 12–18. 2006, J. Ethnopharmacol. 109(3): 417–427. 2007 (Flower cardiotonic. Leaves and stem antiplasmodial, cerebral tonic, febrifuge, blood purifier, sedative, antimalarial and cytotoxic.) in Cambodia: sophi in China: cha li in Thailand: salapee, sarapidok, sarapipa

Annona L. Annonaceae According to some authors annona or anona refers to a native Brazilian or American Indian (Taino) name; some suggest from the Latin annona, ae (annus) ‘the year’s produce, yearly produce’; see Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 613. 1762, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 611. 1775, Genera Plantarum 283. 1789, Monographie de la Famille des Anonacées 64. 1817, Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: 33. 1824 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 1: 118. 1911, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 3: 103. 1913, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 16: 264. 1913, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 18(1): 8–9, 11, 13–15. 1914, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 270–294. 1946, National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Annona cherimola Mill. (Annona pubescens Salisb.; Annona tripetala Aiton) Tropical highlands of Peru and Ecuador. Small tree, leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, flowers fragrant usually solitary, outer 3 petals oblong-linear pale yellow, inner 3 petals very small reddish to purplish, fruit a pseudocarp, carpels and the receptacle fused into a fleshy mass, black hard seeds, white pulp edible See Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 5. 1768, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 252. 1789, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 380. 1796 and Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series

13(2/3): 700–766. 1938, Am. J. Chin. Med. 8(3): 268–270. 1980, J. Nat. Prod. 67(9): 1577–1579. 2004, Phytochemistry. 66(6): 693–696. 2005, Phytochemistry 66(19): 2376–2380. 2005, J. Ethnopharmacol. 108(3): 367–370. 2006 (Used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Crushed seeds used in an alcoholic antiparasitic shampoo are said to have caused corneal ulcers. Green fruit and seed antiprotozoal, vermicidal and insecticidal; seeds uterotonic.) Common names: cherimola, cherimoya, cherimoyer, custard apple in English: custard apple in Latin America: cherimalla, cherimoya, chirimoya in India: naru-kila in Japan: cherimoa, chermoya in Thailand: noina ostrelia Annona cherimolioides Triana & Planch. (Annona ambotay Aubl.; Annona ambotay subsp. occidentalis R.E. Fr.; Annona cherimolioides var. amplifolia Triana & Planch.; Anona cherimolioides Triana & Planch.; Anona cherimolioides var. amplifolia Triana & Planch.; Raimondia cherimolioides (Triana & Planch.) R.E. Fr.; Raimondia monoica Saff.) Colombia. See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 616, t. 249. 1775, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 17: 27. 1862 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 16(5): 218, pl. 52–53. 1913, Acta Horti Bergiani 10(1): 82. 1930, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 700–766. 1938, Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 1(6): 345. 1950, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 117(3): 273–297. 1995, Estud. Div. Ecol. Pl. 97–122. 1997, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, Ser. B, Bot. Zool. 103B: 513–524. 2001 (Bark bitter, aromatic, antiseptic, stimulant, pungent, a decoction to heal ulcers.) in French Guiana: ambotay, corossol ambotay Annona glabra L. (Annona chrysocarpa Leprieur ex Guillemet; Annona glabra Forssk.; Annona humboldtiana Kunth; Annona humboldtii Dunal; Annona klainii Pierre ex Engler & Diels; Annona klainii var. moandensis De Wild.; Annona palustris L.; Annona palustris Small; Guanabanus palustris M. Gómez) Coastal regions of tropical and subtropical America and west tropical Africa, Florida. Tree, leaves glossy deciduous, white pinkish flowers, fruit an ovoid pseudocarp yellow to orange, pungent-aromatic fruit pulp edible or palatable, tolerance of salt and immersion in fresh water, both the fruit and the seed float, highly invasive woody weed forming dense monotypic stands See Species Plantarum 1: 537. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754,

310

Annona L. Annonaceae

Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 757. 1762, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 102. 1775, Fl. Habanera 114, f. 35. 1897 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 270–294. 1946, Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 2: 315. 1991, Candollea 49: 400–401. 1994, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48(1): 21–24. 1995, Phytochemistry 50(5): 815–821. 1999, Rodriguésia 52(80): 66. 2001, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 25(7): 937–942. 2004, Etnofl. Yucatanense 21: 1–63. 2004

cough. Roots as fish poison. Veterinary medicine, seedpowder applied on wounds to remove worms in cattle.)

(Antineoplastic agent, the leaves cytotoxic. Antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antifungal and moderate insecticidal, sporicidal and cytotoxic activities were observed for the hexane extract of the stem bark.)

in Central America: guanabana, kaiedi, kòwòsòl, sorasaka

in English: alligator apple, bonya, bullock’s heart, corkwood, dog apple, mangrove anona, monkey apple, pond apple in Yoruba: afe in Pacific: kaitambo, uto ni bulumakau, uto ni mbulumakau Annona muricata L. (Annona bonplandiana Kunth; Annona cearensis Barb. Rodr.; Annona macrocarpa Wercklé; Annona muricata Vell.; Annona muricata var. borinquensis Morales; Guanabanus muricatus M. Gómez) Tropical America. Shrub or small tree, branched from near the base, greenish-yellow flowers, sepals persistent, 3 outer petals broadly ovate, 3 inner petals with short claws at base, ripe fruit a pseudocarp covered with soft spines, fleshy juicy white pulp, shiny blackish seeds See Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 58. 1821, Florae Fluminensis 5: t. 126. 1827, Flor. Arb. Cub. 60. 1887, Fl. Habanera 114. 1897, Plantas Novas Cultivadas no Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro 6: 3 t. 2, f. a. 1898 and Tropenpflanzer 7(9): 428. 1903, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 700–766. 1938, Taxon 29: 358–360. 1980, Fl. Pakistan 167: 11. 1985, Cytologia 55: 187–196. 1990, J. Nat. Prod. 64(7): 925–931. 2001, Etnoflora Yucatanense 21: 1–63. 2004, Nat. Prod. Res. 20(3): 253–257. 2006, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine. 2: 45. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): 630–635. 2007 (Used in Sidha. Plants used for hypertension; roots, leaves and fruit to cure dysentery; poultice of fruits for ringworm. Extracts from Annona muricata active against Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma. Antiparasitic, the seeds contain a yellow oil applied to the hair to kill lice, though it is irritant to the eyes. Acetogenins in Annona muricata leaves potent molluscicides. Leaves pounded in water and applied to treat itch, boils; crushed leaves of Annona muricata mixed with a red paste from the leaves of Trigonopleura malayana applied as a rubefacient to treat stomachache and diarrhea; leaves decoction drunk for easy delivery; leaves anthelmintic, taken with sugar to remove worms from intestine; crushed leaves applied as a poultice to the stomach to treat cholera. Bark infusion for dysentery, against intestinal worms and to stop

in English: boat durian, prickly custard apple, soursop, sweetsop in Pacific: anonas, laguana, laguanaha in Rodrigues Isl.: annone sapotille, corosol in Yoruba: eko omode, eko oyinbo

in Cambodia: tiep banla, tiep barang in India: fofi, jeuto, lakshmana phalamu, mam phal, mamaphal, mamphal, mulcita, mullancakka, mullanchukka, mullu citta, mullu raama phala, mullu raamana phala, mullu ramaphala, mulluccita, mulluccitta, mutcita, mutcitamaram, pulippala, vilattinuna in Indonesia: dian beleda, dian tapen, nangka belanda, nangka seberang, sirsak in Japan: tôge-ban-reishi (= spiny Annona squamosa) in Laos: khan thalot, khièp thét in Malaysia: durian belanda, durian bengala, durian benggala, durian Europa, durian makah, durian makkah, nagka belanda, seri kaya belanda in Papua New Guinea: saua sap, sow sap in Philippines: atis, atti, babana, bayubana, guayabano, guyabano, llabanos in Thailand: ma-thu-rian, rian-nam, thu-rian-khaek, thurian-thet, thurian-khaek, thurian-thet in Vietnam: mang câù xiêm Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal (Annona involucrata Baill.; Annona manirote Kunth; Annona prestoei Hemsl.; Annona purpurea Sessé & Mocino ex Dunal) Mexico and Central America. Tree, leaves deciduous, solitary fleshy strongly scented flowers, fruit a globose to ovoid pseudocarp, conical protuberances each tipped with a curved hook, pulp aromatic, numerous dark brown seeds, in coastal lowlands See Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 64, t. 2. 1817, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 59. 1821, Adansonia 8: 265. 1868, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum ser 4, 6: t. 2519–2520. 1888 and Journal of Natural Products 61(12): 1457–1461. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88, Issues 2–3, October 2003, 119–124. 2003, Curr. Med. Chem. 12(22): 2625–2641. 2005 (Antihemorrhagic, against snake venom, myotoxin. The juice a remedy for fever, chills and jaundice; bark decoction effective against dysentery and edema; seed extracts destroy fleas. Antiplatelet aggregation constituents from Annona purpurea.)

Annona L. Annonaceae

Common names: anona sincuya, cabeza de ilama, cabeza de muerto, cabeza de negro, castiguire, chincua, chincuya, gallina gorda, guanabano pun, guanabano toreta, guanabano torete, ilama, ilama de Tehuantepec, manire, manirote, matacuy, matimba, sencuya, soncolla, suncuyo, tiragua, tucuria Annona reticulata L. (Annona reticulata Sieber ex A. DC.; Annona reticulata Vell.) West Indies. Tree or shrub, erect, greenish-white flowers, fruit a globose pseudocarp usually reticulated, flesh creamwhite with numerous black seeds, sweet edible fruits See Species Plantarum 1: 537. 1753, Fl. Flumin. 239. 1829 [1825 publ. 7 Sep–28 Nov 1829], Fl. Flumin. Icon. 5: t. 130. 1831. [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève v. (1832) 200. 1832 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Hard seeds very toxic, but can be swallowed whole with no ill effects; all non-fruit parts quite toxic. Seeds, leaves and young fruits insecticidal; seeds powder applied to os uteri, irritant and abortifacient; astringent seeds used against dysentery and diarrhea, and also to kill head lice. Leaves used against worms and abscesses, as a poultice on boils for early maturation; leaves infusion drunk for diarrhea. Unripe fruits and the bark used against diarrhea and dysentery. Infusion of peel of the fruit to treat stomach disorders. Bark applied to sprains and strains.) in English: bullock’s heart, common custard apple, custard apple, soursop, sugar apple in Dominica: kachiman in Rodrigues Isl.: coeur de boeuf in Cambodia: mean bat, mo bat in India: aninuna, anona, anona-maram, atha, atta, nona, gom, iramacitta, iramapalai, kapri, krishnabija, lavali, lavani, lavni, lona, luvuni, manilanilam, manilatta, manilayatta, mriduphala, nona, nona ata, paraankiccakka, parankichchakka, parankiyaninuna, pharangicakka, raamaphala, raamaphalamu, raamaseethaphalamu, raamphal, raktatvatch, ram citta, ram-phal, ram-sitaphalam, rama sitha, ramaccita, ramachchita, ramachita, ramacita, ramacitta, ramapala, ramapalam, ramaphala, ramaphalamu, ramaseethapazham, ramasita, ramasitaphalamu, ramawhaya, ramphal, ramphala, ramphalo, sitaphal, tam-seetapandu, vasanta in Indonesia: buah nona, kanowa, serba rabsa in Japan: gyu-shin-ri in Laos: khan tua lot in Malaysia: lonang, lonek, nona, nona kapri in Philippines: anonas, sarikaya in Thailand: manong, noinang, noinong in Vietnam: binh bat, mâng câu dai, qua na

311

Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annona arenaria Thonn.; Annona arenaria Thonn. var. obtusa Robyns & Ghesq.; Annona chrysophylla Bojer; Annona chrysophylla var. porpetac (Boiv. ex H. Baillon) Robyns & Ghesq.; Annona porpetac Boiv. ex Baill.; Annona senegalensis var. arenaria (Thonn.) Sillans; Annona senegalensis var. chrysophylla (Bojer) Sillans; Annona senegalensis var. latifolia Oliv.; Annona senegalensis var. porpetac (Baill.) Diels) West Africa. Shrub, coriaceous leaves broadly ovate subcordate, greenish or yellow flowers axillary or extra-axillary, fruits ovoid, black seeds, open woodland, grassland, savanna See Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1151, 1155. 1759, Syn. Pl. 2: 95. 1806, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 257. 1827, Museum Senckenbergianum 2: 275. 1837, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 53–53. 1843, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 341. 1882 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 67: 32–33. 1934, Dakar Med. 48(2): 112–116. 2003 [Antiparasitic effect of Senegalese Annonaceae used in traditional medicine.], Vet. Parasitol. 113(1): 73–81. 2003 [In vitro screening of two Nigerian medicinal plants (Vernonia amygdalina and Annona senegalensis) for anthelmintic activity.], J. Ethnopharmacol. 96(3): 507–513. 2005, Afr. Health Sci. 6(1): 31–35. 2006 [The in-vitro antibacterial activity of Annona senegalensis, Securidaca longipedunculata and Steganotaenia araliacea—Ugandan medicinal plants.], J. Ethnopharmacol. 112(1): 85–89. 2007 [In vivo trypanocidal activity of Annona senegalensis Pers. leaf extract against Trypanosoma brucei brucei.], Phytomedicine. 14(2–3): 192–195. 2007 [In vitro antidrepanocytary actvity (anti-sickle cell anemia) of some congolese plants.] (Sap of the trunk said to be irritant. Bark and roots crushed together and applied to snakebite wounds; bark chewed and smeared on fresh wounds. Pulverised dried leaves and roots applied to Guinea worm sores, the Guinea worm is a threadworm or filiarial worm. Root barks used for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and wound infections. Root preparations of Annona senegalensis claimed by traditional medicine practitioners to be effective in the treatment of sleeping sickness. Antidrepanocytary, anthelmintic and antibacterial; activity of the roots of Annona senegalensis on the chloroquino-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum.) in English: custard-apple, wild custard-apple, wild soursop in French: pomme-cannelle de brousse, pomme-cannelle du Sénégal in Burkina Faso: barhourou, barkontahe, barkoudga, batama, bou-lansambou, dokoumi, doukouhi, dyangara, edoun-wolo, guibou, kawale, made-sounsoun, n’daga, tagasou in Ivory Coast: amlon, karamoko sounzou, kontakpé, lomo lomo in Kenya: ebwolo, emifwora, kumufwora, makulo, malamoto, marungiyandet, matimoko, mbokwe, mchekwa,

312

mlamote, mtakuma, mthonoko-bada, mtokuu, mtomokobadha, mtomoko mwitu, mtomoko-tsaka, mtonkwe, mtope tope, mukumuti, mumuu, mutakuma, mutimoko, mutomoko, muvulu, nyabolo, obolo, omfwora, omokera, sope tope in Nigeria: gwanda, gwandar daji (Hausa); dukunbe ladde (Fula); anyam hul (Tiv); abo (Yoruba); uburu-ocha (Igbo) in N. Rhodesia: mulolo in Senegal: digor, dugor in Southern Africa: wildesuikerappel; isiPhofu, umPhofu, umThofa, umHlalajuba (Zulu); anTzopfa (Thonga); muChingwa, muPovana, muRoro, muYembe (Shona); umTelembu (Swazi); muyembe (Tsonga: Eastern Transvaal); muembe (Venda); mokokole (Malete dialect, Botswana); mokokonana (Ngwaketse dialect, Botswana); mokokokwenana (Kwena dialect, Botswana); moebe (Swahili) in Tanzania: ichawele, lufila, mandopi, mbokwe, mchakwe, mchekwa, mfila, mkonola, mkonyo, mlombelombe, mlopelope, mpunju, mrisirisi, mtomoko, mtonkwe, mtopetope, mwitu, topetope, umukanda in W. Africa: daga, dagan, dahen, danga in Yoruba: abo, afon, anyandjélé, arere Annona senegalensis Pers. subsp. oulotricha Le Thomas (Annona arenaria Thonn.; Annona senegalensis Pers.; Annona senegalensis var. arenaria (Thonn.) Sillans)

Annona L. Annonaceae

45. 2006, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 37(3): 532–535. 2006, J. Ethnopharmacol. 111(3): 630–635. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Used for hypertension, jaundice and diabetes, and for women’s pains associated with menstruation. Powdered seed irritant, applied as a pesticide and anti-head lice, can cause conjunctivitis or even blindness, if applied to uterus it causes abortion; a tincture of the seeds causes dermatitis of the face and eyelids. Seeds antithyroidal, antimicrobial and cytotoxic, used for abortion; powdered seeds and leaves insecticidal; seeds, unripe fruits and leaves against insects, fungi and bacteria. Roots for dysentery and antisnake venom; root or seed paste applied on the forehead for headache; roots and leaves for diarrhea and abscesses. Leaf juice of Annona squamosa and leaf paste of Datura metel for snakebite; leaves to control wound maggots; warmed or boiled leaves applied on boils and rubbed on the body for body pain. Fruits and leaves antioxidant; fruit epicarp ash mixed with mustard oil made into a paste applied on hair to check excessive hair loss. Leaves as fish poison. Veterinary medicine, antiseptic, leaf juice or paste used in the treatment of animal wounds, ascariasis, mouth ulcers, to kill maggots and for louse infection; for ephemeral fever, leaves of Anisomeles indica with those of Annona squamosa and Azadirachta indica burnt close to the animal. Magicoreligious beliefs, people do not allow pregnant woman to take fruit for fear of abortion.) in English: custard apple, sugar apple, sweet sop

West Africa. Shrub

in Tanzania: Iombo la shure

See Syn. Pl. 2: 95. 1806, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 257. 1827 and Adansonia n.s. 9: 100. 1969

in W. Africa: tubabu sunsun

(The sap of the trunk is said to be irritant.) Annona squamosa L. (Annona asiatica L.; Annona cinerea Dunal; Annona squamosa Vell.; Guanabanus squamosus M. Gómez; Xylopia frutescens Sieb. ex Presl, nom. illeg.; Xylopia frutescens Aubl.; Xylopia glabra L.) Tropical America, French Guiana. Tree, thick fleshy petals, fruits greenish with a waxy bloom, black seeds; the seeds yield oil, fruits eaten when ripe See Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1241, 1250, 1378. 1759, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 602, t. 242. 1775, Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 71, t. 8. 1817, Isis oder encyclopädische Zeitung 21: 273. 1828, Fl. Haban. 114. 1897 and Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2/3): 700–766. 1938, Taxon 30: 513–514. 1981, Cytologia 55: 187–196. 1990, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 308–320. 1990, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 42(8): 803–807. 2004, Etnoflora Yucatanense 21: 1–63. 2004, Fitoterapia 76(5): 484–489. 2005, Gupta R.K. et al. “Nutritional and hypoglycemic effect of fruit pulp of Annona squamosa in normal healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.” Ann. Nutr. Metab. 49(6): 407–413. 2005, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine. 2:

in Rodrigues Isl.: atte in China: fan li zhi in India: aata, agrimakhya, ampili, amrita, amritakayida, amritaphala, amrithaphala, amrutaphala, amrytakayi, amrytakayida, amrytaphala, amuchi kaayi, amucikayi, annila, antacheecha, at, ata, atakathal, atamaram, ataphal, atasitaphal, ath, atha, atripya, atta, attaccakka, attachchakka, bahubijaka, behli, chagjo, chippala, cintamaram, cita, citta, cittamaram, cupakalavam, cupakarajamaram, duranji, duranji hannu, duranji mara, eang alo, ganda, ganda gaathramu, ganda gathram, gandagatra, gandagatramu, gandhagatra, gutea, jangli sharifa, konna, krishnabija, krisnabija, kaj, letcumi, letcumimaram, madar, mandargom, neoa, nilampu, nilampuccitta, pilavai-kolli, sarifa, saripha, seetapandu, seetaphal, seetha pazham, seethaaphala, seethapandu, seethaphal, seethaphala, seethaphalam, seethaphalamu, sharifa, sharifah, sharilfah, shariphal, sherifa, shubha, sirpa, sirpha, sita, sita phal, sitahala, sitahannu, sitapalam, sitapandu, sitaphal, sitaphala, sitaphalamu, sitaphalo, sitappalam, sith-tha, sitha, sithapalam, subha, suda, suthakanni, sutakanni, tirilokeyam, tirilokeyamaram, vaidehivallabha in Japan: ban-reishi in Malaysia: buah nona, nona, séri kaya

313

Anodendron A. DC. Apocynaceae

in Nepal: aant, sarifa, shariphal

Borneo. Slender climber

in Philippines: atis, ates, yates

See Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi Cultarum Alter 309. 1844, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 4: t. 1309. 1848, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 25: 403. 1863, Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor.: 127. 1866, Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) 2(2): 398. 1899 and Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 20: 191. 1948

in Thailand: laa nang, ma-o-chaa, mak khiap, manae, manonae, na-kloh-sae, noi naa, noinae

Anodendron A. DC. Apocynaceae From the Greek ano ‘upward’ and dendron ‘a tree’, a liane, the plant climbs on the trees, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 443. 1844 and Blumea 41: 37–68. 1996. Anodendron affine (Hook. & Arn.) Druce (Aganosma laevis Champ. ex Benth.; Anodendron affine Druce; Anodendron affine var. effusum Tsiang; Anodendron affine var. pingpienense Tsiang & P.T. Li; Anodendron fangchengense Tsiang & P.T. Li; Anodendron laeve (Champ. ex Benth.) Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav.; Anodendron loheri Merr.; Anodendron salicifolium Tsiang & P.T. Li; Anodendron suishaense Hayata; Epigynum laevigatum Hook.f.; Holarrhena affinis Hook. & Arn.) China, Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines. Liana, vine, evergreen, watery sap, small tubular lemon yellowish white flowers borne in panicles, thick divaricate follicles See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 62. 1811, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 198. 1837, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 69, 77. 1837, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 335. 1852, Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium … 1(2): 315. 1875 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 6: 29–30, pl. 7. 1916, Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 4(Suppl. 2) 1916: 605. 1917, Sunyatsenia 2(2): 128–129, pl. 26. 1934, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11(4): 378–379, pl. 48. 1973, Phytochemistry 31(10): 3547–3551. 1992, Phytochemistry 33(2): 457–459. 1993, CNS Drug Reviews 11(2): 141–150. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108(1): 59–67. 2006 (Fresh leaves antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic, neuroprotectives; flavonoids, cardenolides glycosides from the seeds and leaves. Medicinal baths, whole plant for rheumatalgia.) in English: common anodendron, loose flower anodendron, Pingpien anodendron, willow-leaf anodendron

(Stem juice mixed with water drunk for stomachache.) in Sarawak: akar kikat, akar nirwali Anodendron paniculatum A. DC. (Anodendron lanceolatum King & Gamble; Anodendron manubriatum Merr.; Anodendron moluccanum Miq.; Anodendron paniculatum (Roxb.) A. DC.; Anodendron rhinosporum Thwaites; Anodendron sutepense Kerr; Anodendron tenuiflorum (Miq.) Miq.; Echites manubriatus Wall., nom. inval.; Echites paniculatus Roxb., nom. illeg.; Echites parviflorus Roxb.; Echites polyanthus Wall., nom. inval.; Echites trichotomus Desf., nom. rej.; Epigynum parviflorum (Roxb.) Hook.f.; Ichnocarpus paniculatus Moon, nom. nud.; Strophanthus balansae Franch.; Tabernaemontana tenuiflora Miq.) Tropical Asia, India. Liana, huge, snake-like climber, twining, creeping, small white or yellowish tubular flowers, terminal or axillary panicles, large paired follicles, small flattened seeds wind-dispersed, long white silky coma, invasive See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 17, 20. 1832, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 194. 1860, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 444. 1844, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 140. 1869, Fl. Brit. India 3: 666. 1882 and J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74(2): 490. 1908, Philipp. J. Sci., C 7: 333. 1912, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 94. 1937, Ethnology 9(1): 68–84. 1970, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 24: 48. 1986, Kew Bulletin 48: 139–142. 1993 (Toxic, lethal. Obnoxious odor. Roots a bitter tonic, often a substitute for ipecac; root bark decoction used for placental problems. Watery milky juice antiseptic, used for bone fracture, rheumatism. Leaves eaten by pregnant women for abortion.) in English: Andamanese bow string plant in India: anantapur, atukudu theega, kaka-kodi, kavali, kavli, kiti, lamtani, maniballi, manibilu, pharako, sarakkodi, theikelki, theikelkisuak, visakhapatnam, warangal in Hawaii: kanik paras, kaniki parasi

in China: shan teng

in Pacific: moh

in Japan: kurumi-kanda, saka-ki-kazura, sakaki-kazura

in Tahiti: liane parachute

Anodendron candolleanum Wight (Anodendron rubescens (Teijsm. & Binn.) Teijsm. & Binn.; Anodendron rubescens Teijsm. & Binn.; Anodendron scandens (Hassk.) Pichon; Dendrocharis rubescens Teijsm. & Binn.; Ecdysanthera rubescens (Teijsm. & Binn.) Boerl.; Ecdysanthera rubescens Boerl.; Ecdysanthera scandens Hassk.)

Anoectochilus Blume Orchidaceae Greek anoiktos ‘open’ and cheilos ‘a lip, margin’, referring to the appearance of the labellum; see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 8: 411–412. 1825.

314

Anoectochilus elatus Lindl. India. Terrestrial, purple to reddish flowers

Anogeissus (DC.) Wall. ex Guill., Perr. & A. Rich. Combretaceae

Bot. 1: 179. 1857 and Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 24: 257. 1971, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114(2): 141–145. 2007

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 1: 178. 1857

(Antihyperglycemic. Used to treat tracheitis, liver diseases, nervous breakdown.)

(Plant water extract used in case of chest and abdominal pains.)

in Sri Lanka: vanaraja, wana-raja, wanaraja

Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata

in Vietnam: lan kim tuyen

Taiwan.

Anogeissus (DC.) Wall. ex Guill., Perr. & A. Rich. Combretaceae

See Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 101, pl. 53. 1914, American Journal of Chinese Medicine 28(1): 87–96. 2000, PTR. Phytotherapy Research 17(1): 30–33. 2003, Phytomedicine 11(6): 509–15. 2004, Journal of Biomedical Science 11: 928–939. 2004, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 31: 620–625. 2004, International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 3(3): 175–178. 2005, Phytomedicine 12(6– 7): 453–460. 2005, Phytomedicine 13(5): 366–370. 2006, Phytotherapy Research 21(1): 58–61. 2006

Greek ano ‘upward’ and geisson ‘tile’, referring to the fruiting heads, to the compressed two-winged nuts, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 16. 1828, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4014. 1831, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1(7): 279–280. 1832 and Kew Bulletin 33(4): 555– 566. 1979, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 17: 655–656. 1993.

(Whole plant, fresh or dried, boiled in water and taken orally in the treatment of chest and abdominal pains, digestive diseases, tumors, snakebites, diabetes, nephritis, fever, kidney troubles, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, impotence, liver and spleen disorder and pleurodynia. Antioxidant, cancer-prevention, hepatoprotective, in vivo antitumoral and immunostimulating/immunomodulating activity. A nutraceutical herbal tea.)

Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Guill., Perr. & A. Rich. (Anogeissus acuminata Wall., nom. inval.; Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guillem. & Perr.; Anogeissus acuminata var. lanceolata Wall. ex C.B. Clarke; Anogeissus harmandii Pierre; Anogeissus lanceolata (Wall. ex C.B. Clarke) Wall. ex Prain; Anogeissus pendula Edgew.; Anogeissus pierrei Gagnep.; Anogeissus tonkinensis Gagnep.; Conocarpus acuminatus Roxb. ex DC.)

in English: golden line lotus, king medicine

Cambodia, India, Laos. Canopy trees, long straight trunk without buttresses, dark grey bark, subopposite or alternate leaves usually planar, young leaves silvery with long silky hairs

Anoectochilus koshunensis Hayata (Odontochilus koshunensis (Hayata) S.S. Ying) Taiwan, Koshun. See Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4: 104, f. 54. 1914, Col. Ill. Orch. Taiwan 1: 64. 1996 (Hypertension, diabetes, nephritis, snakebites, antitumor or tumor-prevention activities.) Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Anoectochilus aureus K. Koch & Lauche; Anoectochilus frederici-augusti Rchb.f.; Anoectochilus latomaculatus Blume; Anoectochilus lobbianus Planch.; Anoectochilus regalis Blume; Anoectochilus regalis H. Low ex C. Morren; Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. ex Wall.; Anoectochilus roxburghii var. regalis (Blume) Pradhan; Anoectochilus setaceopictus K. Koch & Lauche; Anoectochilus setaceus Lindl., nom. illeg.; Anoectochilus setaceus (Blume) Lindl.; Anoectochilus xanthophyllus Planch.; Anoectochilus yungianus S.Y. Hu; Chrysobaphus roxburghii Wall.; Orchis picta Reinw. ex Lindl., nom. inval.; Zeuxine roxburghii (Wall.) M. Hiroe) Vietnam. Terrestrial herb, lip white, flowers pinkish-brown, sepals and petals brownish pink, in deep wet places, deep shade See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 411. 1825, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 23: t. 2010. 1837, J. Proc. Linn. Soc.,

See Species Plantarum 1: 176–177. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 17. 1828, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4014. 1831, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1(7): 280. 1832, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxi. (1853) 171. 1832– 1864, The Flora of British India 2(5): 451. 1878 and Bengal Plants 1: 480. 1903, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 280–281. 1916, Kew Bull. 33: 563–565. 1979, China Pl. Red Data Book 1: 220–221. 1992, J. Nat. Prod. 57(7): 896–904. 1994, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 21: 284–285. 1997 (Cytotoxic. Powdered seeds decoction in dysentery. Bark decoction drunk for colic pain, dysentery, diarrhea, stomatitis; bark infusion for washing ulcers, skin burns and sprains; bark juice used externally on cuts and wounds as hemostatic; powder of the dry bark used orally with the fruit of Terminalia chebula and common salt as an appetizer. Veterinary medicine, crushed seeds given to cattle to increase milk quantity.) in English: buttontree in Bangladesh: itchri in China: yu lü mu in India: barsur, bhucakramu, bhuchakaramu, bhuchakramu, bu-chakaram, budhakarum, chunrara, dhak, dhakara,

315

Anogeissus (DC.) Wall. ex Guill., Perr. & A. Rich. Combretaceae

dhanda, dhao, dhau, dhauk, dhaukla, dhauo, dhaura, dhauro, dhavra, dhok, dhokara, dhokdo, dhokla, dhokra, dhuwali, endruk, goriya, indrakh, kardhai, namai, numma, nunnera, paachi chettu, paachi maanu, pachi manu, pachiman, pachimanu, pacimanu, panchman, pansi, pashi, pasi, pasi chettu, pauchinan, pausi, pedda manu, phansi, phasi, yon, zai-rum, zairum in SE Asia: ang kha nhe, ben mon, chakwa, choeung chap thom, en mon, heo, hio, hypunsha, ram sin, soy chhmol, soy nhi, takhian-nu, yon, yung in Thailand: mak piak, sang kham, ta baek, ta khian nu Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Bedd. (Anogeissus latifolia Wall. ex Bedd.; Anogeissus latifolia Wall.; Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr.; Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Bedd.; Anogeissus latifolia Wall. ex Guill. & Perr.; Anogeissus latifolia var. glabra C.B. Clarke; Anogeissus latifolia var. tomentosa Haines; Anogeissus latifolia var. villosa C.B. Clarke; Conocarpus latifolius Roxb. ex DC.; Conocarpus latifolius Roxb.) India. Tree, erect, smooth grey bark, creamy greenish flowers in dense globose heads on an axillary or terminal peduncle, persistent calyx, fruit a 2-winged pseudoachene, flowers pollen source for bees, foliage fodder for cattle and buffaloes, silk-worms fed on leaves, contains tannins and flavonoids, used for tanning hides and dyeing textiles See Prodr. (DC.) 3: 16–17. 1828, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4015. 1831, Fl. Seneg. Tent. 1(7): 280. 1832, Fl. Sylv. S. Ind. 1: t. 15. 1869, The Flora of British India 2: 450. 1878 and Haines, Henry Haselfoot (1867–1945), A forest flora of Chota Nagpur including Gangpur and the Santal-Parganahs. 364. Calcutta, Superintendent government printing, India, 1910, J. Ethnopharmacol. 82: 229–237. 2002, Acta Pharm. 54: 331–338. 2004, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27(8): 1266–1269. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Boiled gum eaten for stomach disorders and as a tonic; gum mixed with water given for leucorrhea. Bitter bark antiulcer, antiinflammatory, astringent, wound healing, gastroprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial, for gastric disorders, colic, stomach and skin diseases, cough, diarrhea; bark decoction in liver complaints; bark paste applied on body swellings and paralysis; bark juice given for scabies, cold, asthma and cough; stem bark paste given after delivery to expel placenta, postpartum remedy; paste made from roasted bark applied on boils, ulcers, sores, wounds and itching, snakebites and scorpion stings; dried stem bark powder given or diarrhea, made into a paste applied on forehead to relieve headache. Pungent root decoction taken in stomachache and biliousness; root paste applied in skin diseases. Veterinary medicine, stem bark ground with leaves of Euphorbia hirta applied on horn cancer; stem bark and roots crushed and the extract given for tympany; stem bark of Acacia leucophloea along with that of Anogeissus latifolia pounded and the extract given for ephemeral fever; to expel ticks, seed extract sprayed in the cattle shed or seeds powdered, boiled and decoction used for bathing cattle; seeds

along with roots of Aristolochia bracteata pounded, boiled in water and the decoction given in insect bite.) in English: axle wood, axle wood tree, Indian sumach in India: baka, bakali, bakla, bakli, bankil, bankli, bejalu, bejil, bejjada mara, bejjal, bejjalu, bejjeri, bellundoo, bellundu, biggiri, bijal, chal, chhal, chiru manu, chirumaanu, chirumanu, daura, dawnra, dawra, dhamda, dhamod, dhamoda, dhamora, dhao, dhaonta, dhaora, dhaoya, dhau, dhauda, dhaudo, dhaunda, dhaura, dhauri, dhauta, dhava, dhavada, dhavah, dhavala, dhavda, dhavdo, dhaw, dhawa, dhawada, dhawadi, dhawda, dhebri, dhibedi, dhinduga, dho, dhokla, dhow-safed, dhurandhara, dhuri, dindaga, dindal, dindala, dindallu, dindalu mara, dindhlu, dindiga, dindlu, dindu, dindulu, dinduga, dividagu, dohu, dridhataru, ekariyam, ekariyamaram, elama, gatty gum, gaura, ghata, ghatty gum, gul-e-dhawa, gum chatti, gum thirumanu, hesel, jejjalu, kalkancharam, karla, kashaya, madhuratvacha, madhuratvaka, malakanniram, malukkanniram, marukanchiram, marukanniram, mazhkanjiram, nakam, namai, nanditaru, nemianmaram, njama, pandura, pandutaru, pisacavrksa, pishachavriksha, pitaphala, shakatakhya, shirimaanu, shirimanu, shrivaaru, shushkanga, shushkavriksha, sirimaanu, sirimanu, sthira, tara, thirumaanu, tintukam, tintukanka, tintukim, tirapu, tiruman, tirumanu, vakavriksha (vaka, crane; vriksha, tree), vakkali, vedma, vekkali, velnaga-maram, velama, vellai naga, vellai-nagai, vellainaagai, vellainakai, vellainakam, vellainamai, vellama, vellanaga, vellanagai, vellanamai, vellanava, vellay naga, vellaynaga, vellaynagulu, venkali, vennakai, vetkali, yelama in Nepal: baddhayero in Thailand: takhian-nu in Vietnam: raam Anogeissus leiocarpa Guill. & Perr. (Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr.; Anogeissus leiocarpa fo. grandiflora Engl. & Diels; Anogeissus leiocarpa fo. parviflora Hochst. ex Engl. & Diels; Anogeissus leiocarpa var. schimperi (Hochst. ex Hutch. & Dalziel) Aubrév.; Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr.; Anogeissus schimperi Hochst. ex Hutch. & Dalziel; Conocarpus leiocarpa DC.; Conocarpus parviflorus Hochst; Conocarpus schimperi Hochst.) West Africa. Small tree, peeling stems reddish-brown, bark cracked, twigs and leaves covered by a dense pubescence, grey-green papery alternate leaves, dense ovoid inflorescence, flowers greenish yellow with strong sweet scent, fruit a rounded yellowish to reddish brown 2-winged samara See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 16. 1828, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 280, t. 65. 1832 and Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] i. 227. 1927, Economic Botany 18(3): 266–269. 1964, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4: 75–98. 1981, Economic Botany 44 (3): 382–390. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 225–228. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004, Fitoterapia 76(2): 264–268. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336, 421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99:

316

273–279. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105: 387–399. 2006 (Bark, leaves and roots antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, tonic, anthelmintic, astringent, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antifungal; seeds bactericidal and fungicidal. Bark used for cough and jaundice; powdered bark and a bark decoction to treat wounds, eczema, psoriasis, anthrax, carbuncles, boils and ulcers; stem bark together with fruits of Tamarindus indica boiled together and taken for the treatment of jaundice. Decoction of young leaves for infant diarrhea; a decoction of the leaves or leafy twigs used against yellow fever, jaundice, different kinds of hepatitis, common cold and headache, hemorrhoids and skin diseases. Roots or leafy twigs decoction for fever, fleshy roots used against labor pains and to accelerate wound healing. Fruit and roots febrifuge, anthelmintic. Veterinary medicine, seeds bactericidal and fungicidal. Holy tree.) in French: bouleau d’Afrique in Benin: agni, anyi, ayin, binasélimébou, cooli, haleketé, héhé, hihihaye, hili-maye, hlihon, kakala, kakara, kalékélé, karosoufa, klue, kodioli, kodolil, marékè, moussii, siga, sira, tipoupéyé in Burkina Faso: bou-siébou, glaingn, kalama, kolioli, lakougo, lakou-qô, n’galama, ngalama, siiga (= the soul), silga in Central African Republic: ésé, tara, tarra in Congo: dakalya in Ghana: sinsinrah, siirak in Guinea: godioli, kerekete, kodyoli, krèkètè, krekrete in Ivory Coast: bouhiébau, gla, gonga, guiméni, kakaleina, kalama, kalima, krékété, maréké, mariki, niouléplai, nioutepiaï, piéga, sigha, sinki in Mali: bamba, bang boua, dieisse, gaama, n’galama, nankama, ngalama, nkalama, poupougou, signan, sigulu, sindia, sindian in Mauritania: kojoli in Niger: akôku, gonga, kodioli, marke, maréké in Nigeria: ainy, annum, anyi, atara, dhyaka, kalama, klihon, kodioli, kojoli, maréké, marike, marke, orin-odan, tasu in Senegal: gèd, godoli, hodoli, kalama, kédéli, kodoli, maramor, mésoko roduni, ngalama, ngédan, ngèd in Togo: bussè, hudulia, kudulia, nassieg, sissighè, sissig

Anonidium Engl. & Diels Annonaceae

Anonidium mannii (D. Oliver) Engl. & Diels (Anonidium friesianum Exell; Annona mannii D. Oliver; Annona mannii D. Oliver; Anonidium mannii Engl. & Diels; Uvaria crassipetala Engler ex Engler & Diels) Tropical Africa, Cameroon. Tree, yellow green flowers, persistent calyx, edible fruit matures after it falls to the ground, bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees, Pan paniscus) food See Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, Twi Mmebusem, Mpensa-ahansia Mmoaano. [Printed for the Basel German Evangelical Missionary Society.] Basel 1879, Rev. J.G. Christaller, A dictionary of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi (Chwee, Twi). Basel 1881 and Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen 6: 37. 1901, Rudolf Zeller, Die Goldgewichte von Asante. Leipzig und Berlin 1912, Eva L.R. Meyerowitz, The Sacred State of the Akan. London 1951, A.B. Ellis, The Tshi-Speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa. Oosterhout 1966, Dennis M. Warren, The Techiman-Bono of Ghana. An ethnography of an Akan society. Dubuque, Iowa 1975, M.C. McLeod, The Asante. [British Museum Exhibition Catalogue.] London 1981, J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique centrale. CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989, International Journal of Botany 4(2): 176–185. 2008 (Bark laxative, purgative, astringent, antidote, analgesic, antiinflammatory, for female infertility, menstrual cycle, spasm, colic, gastro-intestinal affections, diarrhea, dysentery, stomach troubles, arthritis, rheumatism, epilepsy; pulp fruit for toothache, local application. Ritual, ceremonial, magicoreligious beliefs, to protect a house and its occupants, to ward off evil spirits and ghosts.) in Cameroon: bombi, ebom, mbé, ombe in Central African Republic: mobe, mobé, mobéi, mobéli in Congo: bob, isor-la-muda, mobei, mube, mubê, obe, obê, obeï, obeye, taku, tau in Gabon: ebom, yanda in Ghana: asumpa in Nigeria: ewura-igbo, ewuro-igbo, ewúrò-igbó, imido, keche buchu, ogedegbo, oghedegbo in Zaire: anguta, bimbo, bobimbo, boiingo, bolingo, bombaie, bombi, bondenge, libombi, meombi, moombi, mulolo wa ditu, njuwe, tshikolokosa, tshiomki

in W. Africa: marke, ngalama in Yoruba: ayin, orinodan

Anonidium Engl. & Diels Annonaceae The name means ‘like Annona’, but with a diminutive meaning, see Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: 50, 56. 1900.

Anopyxis Pierre ex Engl. Rhizophoraceae From the Greek ano ‘upward’ and pyxis ‘a small box’, referring to an erect capsule, see Hist. Veg. Afr. 49. t. 14. 1807 and Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] II. (1900) 49. 1900, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 5, 2[3]: 262. 1908 [1907–1908 publ. Jul 1908].

317

Anplectrum A. Gray Melastomataceae

Anopyxis ealaensis (De Wild.) Sprague (Pynaertia ealaensis De Wild.) Tropical Africa. See Études de systematique et de géographie botaniques sur la flore de Bas- et du Moyen-Congo 5(2): 262, t. 84. 1908 [1907–1908 publ. Jul 1908] [Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 5], Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1909: 311. 1909 (Leaves analgesic, febrifuge, applied to sores and skin infections.) Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engler (Macarisia klaineana Pierre) Tropical Africa. See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris. Paris, sér. 2, i. 75. 1898–1899 and Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] II. (1900) 49. 1900 (Antiseptic, analgesic.) in Cameroon: boma, noudougou in Congo: pamiel in Central Africa: moboma, paliel in Gabon: evam in Ivory Coast: bodioa in Nigeria: arugbo, otutu (Yoruba); ekiawa (Edo); ake (Ijaw)

Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis (Boussingaultia cordata Sprengel; Boussingaultia cordifolia Tenore; Boussingaultia gracilis Miers; Boussingaultia gracilis f. pseudobaselloides Hauman; Boussingaultia gracilis fo. typica Hauman; Boussingaultia gracilis var. pseudobaselloides (Hauman) L.H. Bailey) South America. Climbing, vine, twining, liana, succulent, fleshy rhizomes, thick wart-like aerial tubers, fleshy leaves, white scented flowers, leaves cooked used as a spinach, invasive, fast growing pest See Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 454. 1791, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 7: 194. 1825, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 19: 355. 1853, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2: 161, pl. 18. 1864, Bull. Roy. Soc. Tuscana Ortic. 207. 1895 and Anales Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 33: 355–356. 1925, Manual of Cultivated Plants 368. 1949, Fl. Malesiana, Ser. 1, Spermatoph. 5(3): 303. 1957, Lu Dequan. Basellaceae. In: Tang Changlin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 43–47. 1996, Fl. Ecuador 55: 57–83. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 515–519. 2005, New Zealand Plant Protection 58: 169–173. 2005 (Bulbils, leaves and roots antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective.) in English: bridal wreath, cascade creeper, Gulf Madeira vine, heartleaf Madeira vine, lamb’s tail, Madeira vine, mignonette vine in Hawaii: ‘uala hupe

Anplectrum A. Gray Melastomataceae

in French: patate d’Amérique

Greek a ‘negative’ and plektron ‘a spur, cock’s spur’, see Flora xiv. 502. 1831, U.S. Explor. Exped. Bot. Phan. (C. Wilkes Expl. Exped.) [15]1: 597. 1854.

in China: luo kui shu

Anplectrum divaricatum Triana S Asia. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28(1): 84. 1871–1872 (Leaves decoction as a postpartum remedy.) Malay names: kenduduk halus, lidah kopok, lidah kuching Anplectrum glaucum Triana SE Asia. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28(1): 84. 1871–1872 (Leaves febrifuge; for malaria, pound the leaves and poultice.) Malay names: danai bukit, kayu metah, sendukok akar

Anredera Juss. Basellaceae Possibly from a personal name or derived from the Spanish word enredadera ‘creeping plant, climbing plant’, see Genera Plantarum 84. 1789.

Anredera vesicaria (Lam.) C.F. Gaertn. (Anredera leptostachys (Moq.) Steenis; Anredera scandens (L.) Moq.; Anredera scandens (L.) Sm.; Anredera spicata J.F. Gmel.; Basella vesicaria Lam.; Boussingaultia leptostachys Moq.; Polygonum scandens L.) Central America. A small or large vine, many-branched, climbing over shrubs, flowers whitish somewhat fragrant, racemes very dense See Species Plantarum 1: 272, 359–365. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 382. 1785, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 454. 1791, Supplementum Carpologiae 176. 1807, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 39: Anredera n. 1. 1818[1819], Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 7: 194. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 229–230. 1849 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(2): 23. 1904, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 23: 22. 1913, Fl. Jamaica 3: 174 (1914, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 214–217. 1946, Flora Malesiana: Series I: Spermatophyta 5: 302. 1957, Sida 3(2): 118. 1967, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 6(2): 176. 1971, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66(2):

318

Ansellia Lindley Orchidaceae

109–115. 1979, Economic Botany 53(2): 144–160. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 395–396. 2001

in English: Ansell’s orchid, leopard orchid, sugar cane of the monkey

(Antiinflammatory, astringent, for the treatment of diarrhea, bone fractures and large wounds; tuberous roots used as a poultice applied to boils; an infusion of the succulent leaves used for shampooing the hair.)

in Nigeria: muruchin doka

in English: climbing false buckwheat, cuban ivy, hedge smartweed, Texas Madeira vine in El Salvador: suelda con suelda in China: duan xu luo kui shu

Ansellia Lindley Orchidaceae In honor of the British (b. Hertford) botanical collector John Ansell, d. 1847 (d. London), gardener, traveller, from 1841 to 1842 with the German botanist Theodor Vogel (1812– 1841) on Capt. Allen’s Niger Expedition; see William Allen (1793–1864) and Thomas Richard Heywood Thomson, A narrative of the expedition … to the River Niger, in 1841. London 1848; Joseph Vallot (1854–1925), “Études sur la flore du Sénégal.” in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France. 29: 168– 238. Paris 1882; Ronald William John Keay, “Botanical Collectors in West Africa prior to 1860.” in Comptes Rendus A.E.T.F.A.T. 55–68. Lisbon 1962; Ludolf Christian Treviranus (1779–1864), in Linnaea. 16: 533–560. 1842; J.F. Schön & Samuel Crowther, Journals of the Expedition up the Niger in 1841. London 1848; John Lindley, in Edwards’s Botanical Register. 30: sub t. 12. 1844; Beatrice Khayota, “The genus Ansellia Lindley.” The Kew Magazine 10(1): 27–35. February 1993; F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant Collectors in West Africa. 5. Utrecht 1971. Ansellia africana Lindl. (Ansellia africana var. australis Summerh.; Ansellia africana var. nilotica Baker; Ansellia confusa N.E. Br.; Ansellia congoensis Rodigas; Ansellia gigantea Rchb.f. var. gigantea; Ansellia gigantea var. nilotica (Baker) Summerh.; Ansellia humilis Bull.; Ansellia nilotica (Baker) N.E. Br.) Trop. & S. Africa. Succulent, rarely terrestrial or lithophytic, pseudobulb epiphyte, stem yellowish, very sweetly scented flowers, inflorescence much-branched, perianth green-yellow outside See Edwards’s Botanical Register 30: sub t. 12. 1844, Lindenia 2: 36. 1886 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 159–172. 1985, Bulletin of the Hiroshima Botanical Garden 11: 1–121. 1989 (Pseudobulb aphrodisiac, febrifuges, for diarrhea; stem with leaves for nausea, ear treatment; stem, leaf, root for pulmonary troubles. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, superstitions, love charm by young males going courting (cane and roots, if you want to attract the one you love, you must chew them at midnight, then spit them out while saying the name of your love), antidote for bad dreams and to ward off lightning.)

in South Africa: imfe nkauw, imfeyenkawu, luiperdorgidee in Tanzania: ibwe le teta, kiandama

Antennaria Gaertn. Asteraceae Latin antenna ‘a feeler, sailyard’, referring to the pappus; see Joseph Gaertner, De fructibus et seminibus plantarum 2(3): 410, t. 167, fig. 3. 1791 and Syst. Bot. 7: 300–313. 1982, Syst. Bot. 9: 74–83. 1984, Syst. Bot. 12: 305–319. 1987, Biol. Zentralbl. 106: 683–698. 1987, Canad. J. Bot. 68: 1389– 1397. 1990, Arctic Alpine Res. 25: 150–159. 1993, Canad. J. Bot. 71: 1589–1604. 1993, Amer. J. Bot. 83: 516–527. 1996. Antennaria anaphaloides Rydb. (Antennaria anaphaloides var. straminea B. Boivin; Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene subsp. anaphaloides (Rydb.) W.A. Weber; Antennaria pulcherrima var. anaphaloides (Rydb.) G.W. Douglas) North America. Herb, perennial See Pittonia 3(16D): 176. 1897 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 409–410. 1900, Le Naturaliste Canadien 80(3–4): 120. 1953, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94(4): 521. 1967, The Southwestern Naturalist 18(3): 317–318. 1973, Canadian Journal of Botany 64(11): 2726. 1986 (For dermatological problems.) in English: pearly pussytoes, tall pussytoes Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. (Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. var. hyperborea (D. Don) Greene; Antennaria hyperborea D. Don; Antennaria insularis Greene; Antennaria montana Gray; Antennaria parviflora Nutt.; Gnaphalium dioicum L.) North America, Northern and Central Europe. Perennial herb, rosette of basal spoon-shaped leaves, clusters of white pink flower heads See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, De fructibus et seminibus plantarum 2(3): 410. 1791, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 458. 1821, English Botany Suppl.: pl. 2640. 1831, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 406. 1841, Pittonia 3(18B): 176. 1898 and Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 60(6): 864–872. 1975, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 62(2): 229–234. 1977, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Taxon 29: 538–542. 1980, Taxon 30: 857–860. 1981, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 67(2): 206–210. 1982, Systematic Botany 9: 74–83. 1984, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1619–1622. 1990, Candollea 45: 439–446. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)

319

Antennaria Gaertn. Asteraceae

76: 473–476. 1991, Berichte des Geobotanishen Institutes der Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Stiftung Rübel 58: 192–211. 1992, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 18/19: 6–8. 1992, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 79(2): 135–139. 1994

Fernald; Antennaria neodioica var. rupicola (Fernald) Fernald; Antennaria obovata E.E. Nelson; Antennaria rhodantha Fernald; Antennaria rupicola Fernald; Antennaria russellii B. Boivin)

(Antitussive, astringent, cholagogue, diuretic, eye medicine and emollient, used in the treatment of chest complaints, tonsillitis, bronchitis, hepatitis, dysentery, diarrhea, liver, gall bladder complaints, bilious conditions, stimulates the flow of gastric juices and pancreatic secretions.)

See Pittonia 3(16C, 16E): 173–174, 184. 1897, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 28(8): 245. 1898, Botanical Gazette 27(3): 213. 1899, Rhodora 1(4): 73–74. 1899, Pittonia 4(21B): 83–84. 1899 and Rhodora 16(187): 132. 1914, New York State Museum Bulletin 188: 60, 63. 1916, Rhodora 23(276): 296–298. 1921[1922], Rhodora 35(418): 345. 1933, Rhodora 47(557): 184. 1945, Syst. Bot. 7: 309. 1982, Brittonia 41(4): 397. 1989, Manual of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (ed. 2) 863. 1991

in English: catsfoot, cudweed, littleleaf pussytoes, mountain everlasting, small-leaf pussytoes, stoloniferous pussytoes Antennaria howellii Greene (Antennaria neglecta subsp. howellii (Greene) Hultén; Antennaria neglecta var. howellii (Greene) Cronquist; Antennaria neodioica subsp. howellii (Greene) R.J. Bayer)

North America. Perennial herb

(Infusion of herb taken after childbirth.)

North America. Perennial herb

in English: field pussytoes, Howell’s pussytoes

See Pittonia 3(16C): 173–174. 1897 and Leaflets of Western Botany 6(2): 43. 1950, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 211. 1965, Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 136. 1967[1968], Systematic Botany 9(1): 81. 1984, Rhodora 97: 1–8. 1995

Antennaria neglecta Greene (Antennaria athabascensis Greene; Antennaria campestris Rydb.; Antennaria campestris var. athabascensis (Greene) B. Boivin; Antennaria chelonica Lunell; Antennaria erosa Greene; Antennaria howellii var. athabascensis (Greene) B. Boivin; Antennaria howellii var. campestris (Rydb.) B. Boivin; Antennaria longifolia Greene; Antennaria lunellii Greene; Antennaria nebrascensis Greene; Antennaria neglecta var. athabascensis (Greene) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde; Antennaria neglecta var. campestris (Rydb.) Steyerm.; Antennaria neglecta var. simplex Peck; Antennaria parvula Greene; Antennaria wilsonii Greene)

(Analgesic.) in English: Howell’s pussytoes Antennaria howellii Greene subsp. howellii (Antennaria callilepis Greene Antennaria eximia Greene; Antennaria neglecta Greene subsp. howellii (Greene) Hultén; Antennaria neglecta Greene var. howellii (Greene) Cronquist; Antennaria neodioica Greene subsp. howellii (Greene) Bayer) North America. Perennial herb See Pittonia 3(16C): 173–174. 1897 and Ottawa Naturalist 17(12): 201–202. 1904, Ottawa Naturalist 20(4): 71. 1906, Leaflets of Western Botany 6(2): 43. 1950, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 211. 1965, Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 136. 1967[1968], Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 28: 468–475. 1986, Syst. Bot. 12: 305–319. 1987, Systematic Botany 9(1): 81. 1984, Rhodora 90: 133– 137. 1988, Rhodora 97: 1–8. 1995 (Analgesic.) in English: Howell’s pussytoes Antennaria howellii Greene subsp. neodioica (Greene) R.J. Bayer (Antennaria alsinoides Greene; Antennaria grandis (Fernald) House; Antennaria neglecta Greene var. attenuata (Fernald) Cronquist; Antennaria neglecta var. neodioica (Greene) Cronquist; Antennaria neodioica Greene; Antennaria neodioica var. attenuata Fernald; Antennaria neodioica var. chlorophylla Fernald; Antennaria neodioica var. grandis Fernald; Antennaria neodioica var. interjecta

North America. Perennial herb See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(6): 304. 1897, Pittonia 3(16C): 173–174. 1897 and New York State Museum Bulletin 67(Bot. 6): 33. 1903, Ottawa Naturalist 19(10): 197. 1906, American Midland Naturalist 2: 78–81, 126. 1911, Rhodora 38(450): 230. 1936, Le Naturaliste Canadien 80(3– 4): 121. 1953, Rhodora 62(737): 131. 1960, Phytologia 23: 59. 1972, Canadian Journal of Botany 56(2): 185. 1978, Syst. Bot. 7: 308. 1982 (Used for coughs, colds, bruises.) in English: field pussytoes Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. (Antennaria aprica Greene; Antennaria aprica var. aureola (Lunell) J.W. Moore; Antennaria aprica var. minuscula (B. Boivin) B. Boivin; Antennaria aureola (Lunell) Chmiel.; Antennaria aureola Lunell; Antennaria dioica var. parvifolia (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray; Antennaria holmii Greene; Antennaria latisquamea Greene, nom. illeg.; Antennaria minuscula B. Boivin; Antennaria neglecta var. argillicola (Stebbins) Cronquist; Antennaria neodioica var. argillicola (Stebbins) Fernald; Antennaria recurva Greene; Antennaria rhodantha Suksd.; Antennaria virginica Stebbins; Antennaria virginica var. argillicola Stebbins)

320

North America. See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 406. 1841, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(3): 431. 1843, Pittonia 3(18B): 282–283. 1898, Pittonia 3(18C): 290. 1898, Pittonia 4(21B): 81–82. 1899 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28(1): 41–42. 1901, Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(11): 145. 1905, Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(14): 200. 1906, Allegmeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 12(1): 6–7. 1906, American Midland Naturalist 2: 288. 1912, Rhodora 37(439): 230–237, f. 1–2. 1935, Rhodora 52(615): 59. 1950, Le Naturaliste Canadien 80(3–4): 122–123. 1953, Phytologia 23: 61. 1972, Plant Systematics and Evolution 169(3–4): 127. 1990, Intermountain Fl. 5: 374. 1994 (Antirheumatic, antiinflammatory, blood purifier, for swellings. Ceremonial, witchcraft medicine, cold infusion of root taken for protection from witches.) in English: littleleaf pussytoes, small-leaf pussytoes Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Hook. (Antennaria caroliniana Rydb. ex Small; Antennaria caroliniana Rydb.; Antennaria decipiens Greene; Antennaria denikeana B. Boivin; Antennaria nemoralis Greene; Antennaria petiolata Fernald; Antennaria pinetorum Greene; Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook.; Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson; Antennaria plantaginifolia var. petiolata (Fernald) A. Heller; Antennaria plantaginifolia var. petiolata A. Heller; Gnaphalium plantaginifolium L.) North America. Perennial, herbaceous, mat-forming, silverywhite flower heads tinged with pink See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, Flora BorealiAmericana 2: 128. 1803, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(Suppl.): 330. 1834, Pittonia 3(18B): 278–279. 1898, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 28(8): 242. 1898, Pittonia 4(20E): 41. 1899 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 1(1): 5. 1900, Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 2(7): 147–148. 1911, Manual of the Southeastern Flora 1401. 1933, Le Naturaliste Canadien 80(3–4): 121–122. 1953 (Pectoral, expectorant, hemostatic, astringent, for gastrointestinal and gynecological complaints, dysentery, toothache, cough, colds, fevers, inflammations, rattlesnakebites, after childbirth.) in English: Indian tobacco, lesser cat’s foot, love’s test, plantain-leaved cut-weed, plantain-leaved everlasting, plantainleaf pussytoes, pussytoes, white plantain, woman’s tobacco Antennaria rosea Greene (Antennaria acuminata Greene; Antennaria alborosea A.E. Porsild ex Porsild; Antennaria bracteosa Rydb.; Antennaria chlorantha Greene; Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. var. rosea (Greene) D.C. Eaton; Antennaria formosa Greene; Antennaria hendersonii Piper; Antennaria imbricata E.E. Nelson; Antennaria lanulosa Greene; Antennaria microphylla Rydb.; Antennaria microphylla var.

Antennaria Gaertn. Asteraceae

solstitialis (Lunell) Lunell; Antennaria neodioica Greene var. chlorantha (Greene) B. Boivin; Antennaria nitida Greene; Antennaria oxyphylla Greene; Antennaria parvifolia sensu Greene, non Nutt.; Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. var. bracteosa (Rydb.) A. Nelson; Antennaria rosea subsp. divaricata E.E. Nelson; Antennaria rosea Greene subsp. rosea; Antennaria rosea var. imbricata (E.E. Nelson) E.E. Nelson; Antennaria rosea var. nitida (Greene) Breitung; Antennaria solstitialis Lunell; Antennaria speciosa Greene) North America. Perennial herb, polyploid complex See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(6): 303. 1897, Pittonia 3(18B): 281–283. 1898 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 413. 1900, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 20(7): 39. 1907, New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains 535. 1909, American Midland Naturalist 5(3): 61. 1917, American Midland Naturalist 58(1): 59. 1957, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 357–368. 1981, Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 26: 133–136. 1984, Systematic Botany 9: 74–83. 1984, Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28: 468–475. 1986, Systematic Botany 12: 305–319. 1987, Rhodora 90: 133–137. 1988, Brittonia 41(1): 53–60. 1989, Rhodora 92: 264–276. 1990, Sida 22(1): 561–563. 2006 (Demulcent. Leaves chewed and swallowed to increase male virility. Ceremonial medicine used to drive away bad spirits.) in English: littleleaf pussytoes, rosy pussytoes Antennaria rosea Greene subsp. rosea (Antennaria acuminata Greene; Antennaria alborosea A.E. Porsild ex Porsild; Antennaria chlorantha Greene; Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. var. rosea (Greene) D.C. Eaton; Antennaria formosa Greene; Antennaria hendersonii Piper; Antennaria imbricata E.E. Nelson; Antennaria lanulosa Greene; Antennaria neodioica Greene var. chlorantha (Greene) B. Boivin; Antennaria oxyphylla Greene; Antennaria rosea subsp. divaricata E.E. Nelson; Antennaria rosea var. imbricata (E.E. Nelson) E.E. Nelson; Antennaria speciosa Greene) North America. Perennial herb, polyploid complex See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(6): 303. 1897, Pittonia 3(18B): 281–283. 1898 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 413. 1900, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 20(7): 39. 1907, New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains 535. 1909, American Midland Naturalist 5(3): 61. 1917, American Midland Naturalist 58(1): 59. 1957, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 357–368. 1981, Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 26: 133–136. 1984, Systematic Botany 9: 74–83. 1984, Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28: 468–475. 1986, Systematic Botany 12: 305–319. 1987, Rhodora 90: 133–137. 1988, Brittonia 41(1): 53–60. 1989, Rhodora 92: 264–276. 1990, Sida 22(1): 561–563. 2006 (Demulcent. Leaves chewed and swallowed to increase male virility. Ceremonial medicine used to drive away bad spirits.)

321

Anthacanthus Nees Acanthaceae

in English: littleleaf pussytoes, rosy pussytoes Antennaria rosulata Rydb. (Antennaria bakeri Greene; Antennaria sierrae-blancae Rydb.) North America. Perennial herb See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(6): 300–301. 1897 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(3): 127. 1905, Systematic Botany 12: 305–319. 1987, Systematic Botany 13: 525–537. 1988, Rhodora 90: 133–137. 1988, Moerman, D.E. Native American Ethnobotany. 76. 1998 (For cold, cough. Compound decoction taken for birth injury. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, ceremonial, good luck in hunting, cold infusion of root taken for protection from witches.) in English: kaibab pussytoes, littleleaf pussytoes

See Species Plantarum 2: 893–896. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Spic. Fl. Lips. 18. 1771, Fl. Pedem. 1: 186. 1785, Schedulae Criticae 484. 1822, Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 2: 347. 1828 [1825– 28?], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 6. 1837 [1838], Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 22: 251. 1864 and Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 21: 277–288. 1975, Phytologia 35: 323. 1977, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Botaniska Notiser 131: 391–404. 1978, Taxon 29: 722–723. 1980, Taxon 30: 695–696. 1981, Candollea 36: 19–76. 1981, Taxon 31: 764. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Belorusskoi SSR: Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 2: 7–12. 1983, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Sida 17(3): 627–629. 1997, J. Ethnopharmacol. 97(2): 305–311. 2005

Anthacanthus Nees Acanthaceae

(Febrifuge, vermifuge, resolvent, anti-Candida albicans, antimicrobial. Vesicular dermatitis.)

From the Greek anthos ‘a flower’ and acanthus, akantha ‘a thorn, spine’.

in English: chamomile

Anthacanthus spinosus (Jacq.) Nees (Anthacanthus spinosus Nees; Justicia spinosa Jacq.; Oplonia spinosa Raf.; Oplonia spinosa (Jacq.) Raf.)

in Japan: kizome-kami-tsure

North America, West Indies. Perennial shrub See Flora Telluriana 4: 64. 1838 [1836], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 460. 1847 and Oakes A.J. and Butcher J.O. Poisonous and Injurious Plants of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Misc. Publ. 882. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture. 1962

corn

chamomile,

field-chamomile,

wild

Anthemis cotula L. (Anthemis cotula Blanco; Anthemis foetida Lam.; Chamaemelum cotula All.; Chamaemelum cotula (L.) All.; Maruta cotula DC.; Maruta cotula (L.) DC.; Maruta foetida Cass.; Maruta foetida Gray) Europe, North America. Annual herb, noxious weed

Anthemis arvensis L. (Anthemis agrestis Wallr.; Anthemis arvensis var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC.; Chamaemelum arvense (L.) All.; Chamaemelum arvense (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link; Chamaemelum arvense Rchb.f. ex Willk.; Chamaemelum arvense (L.) Schreb.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 893–896. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Flore Françoise (Lamarck) 2: 164. 1779 [1778 publ. after 21 Mar 1779], Fl. Pedem. 1: 186. 1785, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 456. 1821, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles ed. 2. [F. Cuvier] 29: 174. 1823, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 638. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 13. 1838 [1837 publ. early Jan 1838] and Israel J. Bot. 19: 145. 1970, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Informatore Botanico Italiano 10: 267–277. 1978, Taxon 28: 271–273. 1979, Taxon 29: 714–715. 1980, Candollea 36: 19–76. 1981, Madroño 29: 62. 274. 1982, Taxon 31: 764. 1982, Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 52: 205–214. 1983, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449. 1984, Hessische Floristische Briefe 34: 37–42. 1985, Arch. Dermatol. 123(4): 500–502. 1987, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 9: 1–328. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Fitoterapia. 71(6): 710–712. 2000 [Antimicrobial activity of flowers from Anthemis cotula.], Org. Biomol. Chem. 1(9): 1503–1508. 2003, Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 42(6): 395–397. 2005, J. Nat. Prod. 68(3): 432–434. 2005, J. Nat. Prod. 69(4): 662–664. 2006, J. Chromatogr. A. 1104(1–2): 313–322. 2006

Europe. Herb, very variable, aromatic, much-branched from the base, white rays and a yellow disk

(Plant considered poisonous; some people allergic to the plant, painful blisters. Antibacterial, antimicrobial, emetic

(This spiny species can cause mechanical injury.) in English: catch and keep, pricklybush

Anthemis L. Asteraceae Greek anthemon (anthos) ‘a flower, chamomile’, anthemis is an ancient Greek name for flower (Josephus Flavius), chamomile (different species of) (Nicander, 74.37, ed. A.S.F. GowA.F. Scholfield, Cambridge 1953), Argemone (Dioscorides), Anthyllis (Dioscorides), marjoram (Dioscorides); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 893–896. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 381. 1754, Florae Siculae Synopsis 2: 866. 1844[1845]. Compositae-Asteraceae phytodermatitis, potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones, photodermatitis, sensitivity, strong irritant.

322

Antherotoma (Naudin) Hook.f. Melastomataceae

and antiemetic, antidiarrheal, anticonvulsive, sedative, analgesic, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, sudorific, tonic, used for rheumatism, blisters, epilepsy, asthma, colds and fever. Insecticide, dried powdered flowers and leaves effective against fleas and flies.) in English: common dogfennel, dog chamomile, dog fennel, fetid chamomile, mayweed, mayweed chamomile, poison daisy, stinking chamomile, stinking mayweed, stinkweed in South Africa: stinkkamille Anthemis montana L. (Anthemis montana W.D.J. Koch; Anthemis montana Ledeb.; Anthemis montana Sibth. & Sm.; Anthemis pyrethrum Gouan) Europe. See Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1261. 1763, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2. 415. 1843, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 2(2,6): 523. 1845, Index Seminum [Florence]. 1877: [2]. [1877] and Giorn. Bot. Ital. 113(5–6): 364. 1979 (publ. 1980) (Used in Sidha.) in India: akkara, akkarakaram, akkarakarum, akkaram, akkimakaram, akkirakaram, akra, tosattiraviyam, vannikaram, vannikkaracceti Anthemis pallescens Heldr. ex Nyman (Anthemis pallescens (Boiss.) Heldr. ex Nyman)

Antherotoma naudinii Hook. f. (Osbeckia antherotoma Naudin) Tropical Africa. See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 14: 56. 1850, Genera Plantarum 1: 745. 1867 (For cerebral malaria, a cold infusion from a dry powdered mixture of aerial parts of the plant with aerial parts of Indigofera asparagoides Taub. (Microcharis asparagoides (Taub.) Schrire), Dissotis brazzae Cogn., Cassia gracilior (Ghesq.) Steyaert (Chamaecrista gracilior (Ghesq.) Lock), Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC., Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Oliv. (Justicia anselliana (Nees) T. Anderson) and Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke) in Tanzania: igiri Antherotoma senegambiensis (Guill. & Perr.) Jacq.-Fél. (Dissotis irvingiana Hook.; Dissotis kassneriana Kraenzl.; Dissotis senegambiensis (Guill. & Perr.) Triana, non sensu Jacq.-Fél.; Dissotis senegambiensis (Guill. & Perr.) Triana var. senegambiensis; Osbeckia abyssinica Gilg; Osbeckia cogniauxiana De Wild.; Osbeckia crepiniana Cogn.; Osbeckia saxicola Gilg; Osbeckia senegambiensis Guill. & Perr.) Tropical Africa. See Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Section B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie Sér. 4, 16(4): 270. 1994 [1995]

Europe. See Consp. Fl. Eur. 2: 359. 1879 (Peppery roots chewed to promote salivation.) Anthemis tinctoria L. (Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay ex Guss.)

(Leaves pain killers, for wounds; roots laxative, for stomach troubles.)

Europe.

in Ghana: ayuma

See Species Plantarum 2: 896. 1753, Florae Siculae Synopsis 2: 867. 1844[1845] and Pl. Syst. Evol. 123: 35–54. 1974, Taxon 29: 709–710. 1980, Candollea 36: 19–76. 1981, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Taxon 31: 763–764. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja, Sar. A 2, Biol.-Geogr. 3: 1–12. 1982, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 68(5): 660–664. 1983, Zapov. Belorussii Issl. 10: 24–28. 1986, Prace Bot. Univ. Wroclawsk. 49: 1–83. 1992, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 88–90. 1992, Bocconea 9: 1–328. 1998, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999

in Nigeria: akpe-ji, azaga, irun- awere

(Anticonvulsive, sedative, analgesic, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, sudorific.) in English: dyers’ yellow-chamomile

chamomile,

golden

marguerite,

in Rwanda: munyuwihene, munyuwintama, ubwunyubwintama, umunyu w’ intama in Senegal: dibo ñamo, dunzi, fondo faru

Anthocercis Labill. Solanaceae Greek anthos ‘a flower’ and kerkis, kerkidos ‘a measuring rod, shuttle’, referring to the corolla lobes; see J.J. Houtton de Labillardière, Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen. 2: 19, t. 158. 1806, Nomenclator Botanicus. 1: 54. 1821. Anthocercis littorea Labill. (Anthocercis littorea Endl.) Australia.

Antherotoma (Naudin) Hook.f. Melastomataceae From the Greek anthera ‘anther’ and tome, tomos, temno ‘division, section, to slice’, the anthers open by a terminal pore, see Genera Plantarum 1: 729, 745. 1867.

See Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen. 2: 19, t. 158. 1806, Iconogr. Gen. Pl. 6: t. 68. 1839 (Toxic, reported symptoms like those from belladonna after chewing the leaves.)

323

Anthocleista Afzel. ex R. Br. Loganiaceae (Gentianaceae)

Anthocleista Afzel. ex R. Br. Loganiaceae (Gentianaceae) Greek anthos ‘flower’ and kleistos, klistos ‘closed, shut up’, referring to the corolla or to the shape of the flowers, see James Hingston Tuckey (1776–1816), Narrative of an expedition to explore the river Zaire, usually called the Congo, in South Africa in 1816, under the direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N. [Captain Tuckey’s second Christian name is wrongly printed Kingston throughout the work.] London 1818, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 2: 133. 1827. Anthocleista amplexicaulis Baker (Anthocleista longifolia (Lam.) Boiteau; Anthocleista madagascariensis Baker) Madagascar. Tree, flowers purple, calyx dark green, inflorescence terminal, aye-ayes forage See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20: 173. 1882, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 506. 1886 and Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 13: 250. 1973, Fitoterapia 65: 38–43. 1994, Folia Primatology 62: 125–135. 1994 (A decoction of the aerial parts or stem bark taken to treat malaria, constipation.) in Madagascar: dendemy, dindremy, lendemo, lendemy, lenedemo Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev. (Anthocleista kerstingii Gilg ex Volkens) Ghana. Tree, white or creamy flowers, fleshy green fruits See Mémoires de la Société Botanique de France 2(8): 47. 1908, Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 7: 58–60. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92(1): 135– 144. 2004, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1: 7–15. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1–2): 164– 167. 2006 (Leaf extract or decoction antispasmodic, smooth muscle relaxant, taken to treat jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery. Whole root preparations used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Root decoction abortifacient, wound healing, antidote, antibacterial, diuretic, for abdominal pain, hernia of the groin, fungal skin infections, filarial worm infections and to regulate menstruation; root infusion taken to treat intestinal problems; a root maceration taken alone or with honey to treat malaria. Bark antimicrobial, strong purgative, antidiabetic, diuretic, used for the treatment of venereal diseases; stem bark and roots for malaria, jaundice, diabetes.) in English: cabbage tree in Guinea: bintié, demba, farkali dafita, foréta débé, foreta lafira, khobodi guensa, kogan, kongan, tagare in Mali: feretadibi, kogan in Nigeria: kwari, sapo

Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg (Anthocleista insignis Galpin; Anthocleista keniensis Summerhayes; Anthocleista orientalis Gilg; Anthocleista pulcherrima Gilg; Anthocleista scheffleri Gilg ex Scheffler; Anthocleista zambesiaca Baker) East Africa. Tall tree, brownish bark, erect terminal bunches of creamy white trumpet-shaped flowers, green fleshy fruit usually beaked or pointed at the apex, along the rivers in forest areas, along swamp edges See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1926: 244. 1926, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 17: 582–583. 1893, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 312. 1895, Kew Bulletin 1895: 150. 1895, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1895: 99. 1895 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 30: 375. 1901, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu BerlinDahlem 3: 143–144. 1901, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 167: 1–107. 1984, Journal of East African Natural History 95(2): 235–240. 2006 (Bark decoctions antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, used to treat malaria, epilepsy, preparations of the bark used as an anthelmintic, for roundworm, and to treat diabetes, high blood pressure and venereal diseases. Veterinary medicine, leaves decoction for wounds.) in English: big-leaf tree, cabbage tree, fever tree, forest fever tree in Congo: kafundankuba, kishilabakuyi, muhanura kuba, mukubakuba in East Africa: mutete (Meru), mutunguru (Kikuyu), sagalituet (Kipsigis) in Malawi: nguwonguwo in Mozambique: cucua, muzama, nprua in South Africa: boskoorsboom (= forest fever tree), grootblaarboom (= big-leaf tree), garuro, muGopogopo, muyama, muZama, muZana in S. Rhodesia: muZana, muZama, muYama in Tanzania: mpumwe (Kisambaa language), mngua Anthocleista liebrechtsiana De Wild. & T. Durand (Anthocleista baertsiana De Wild. & T. Durand; Anthocleista gossweileri Exell) Ghana, Central African Republic, Zambia and Namibia. Shrub or small tree, slender, unarmed, open spreading crown, corollas creamy white, inflorescences terminal branched See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 38(2): 96. 1899 and Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 851–65. 2008 (Leaves and bark purgative, hair growth stimulant, antimicrobial, for skin infection. Root decoction taken to treat stomachache in women, ovarian problems, venereal diseases, hepatitis, hernia, bronchitis, fever, to induce labor and as a

324

purgative. Sap of young leaves, root powder and bark pulp used to treat sores, abscesses, as a hemostatic. Sap applied topically to treat otitis or ophthalmia.) in English: lesser forest fever tree in Central African Republic: gugkba in Nigeria: kwari, shapo

Anthodiscus G. Mey. Caryocaraceae

Anthodiscus G. Mey. Caryocaraceae From the Greek anthos ‘flower’ and diskos ‘a disc’, see Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 193–194. 1818 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 697–703. 1956, Fl. Neotrop. 12: 1–77. 1973, Opera Bot. 92: 179–183. 1987. Anthodiscus amazonicus Gleason & A.C. Sm. South America.

Anthocleista nobilis G. Don (Anthocleista nobilis Baker)

See Brittonia 2: 156. 1936

West Africa. Tree, young branches armed with short stout spines, calyx green, corolla light green to white, young fruit grey-green

(A strong decoction of the leaves snuffed into the nostrils to treat lung troubles.)

See Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire App. 5: 449. 1818, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 68. 1838, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 8: t. 793, 794. 1848 and Flora of Tropical Africa 4(1): 538. Mar 1903

South America, Peru. Tree

(Cases of accidental poisonings have been reported. Stem and leaves for diabetes and inflammation. Bark antimicrobial, purgative, antidiabetic, used for the treatment of venereal diseases.)

Anthodiscus peruanus Baill. (Anthodiscus glaucescens J.F. Macbr.; Anthodiscus gutierrezii L.O. Williams) See Adansonia 10: 241. 1872 and Candollea v. 385. 1934, Fieldiana, Botany 31(2): 22. 1964 (Bark infusion very astringent, used in treating diarrhea. Crushed leaves mixed with mud as a fish poison.) Anthodiscus pilosus Ducke

in English: cabbage palm, cabbage tree

South America. Tree

African names: awudifoakete, bontodi, hororoho

See Tropical Woods 90: 23. 1947

Anthocleista vogelii Planch. (Anthocleista auriculata De Wild.; Anthocleista bequaertii De Wild.; Anthocleista buchneri Gilg; Anthocleista kalbreyeri Baker; Anthocleista lanceolata Gilg; Anthocleista macrantha Gilg; Anthocleista talbotii Wernham; Anthocleista zenkeri Gilg)

(Bark infusion taken to treat blood in the stool.)

Tropical Africa, Cameroon. Tree, spiny, white sweet-scented flowers, inflorescence terminal

From the Greek anthos ‘flower’ and nothos ‘mongrel, spurious, not genuine’, Latin nothus, a, um; see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 25. 1775, Genera Plantarum 1: 30. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 93. 1791, Flore d’Oware 1: 70. 1806 and Mém. Acad. Roy. Belg., Sciences, 30: 1–314. 1957, Systematics and Geography of Plants 78: 137–144. 2008. Close to Isomacrolobium.

See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 8: t. 793, 794. 1848, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 99. 1895 and British Museum, Natural History. Catalogue of the plants collected by Mr. & Mrs. P. A. Talbot in the Oban district South Nigeria … 68. 1913, Phytotherapy Research 4(1): 20–24. 1990 (Stem bark and leaves hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, abortifacient, febrifuge, laxative, diuretic, antidote, antidiabetic, wound dressing, for venereal diseases. Bark and seeds antidote for snakebite, purgative.) in English: cabbage tree in Cameroon: ayinebe, ayinda, bopolo polo, mbebame in Congo: bolabola, mundundudi, nvuku in Gabon: ayinebe, ayinibé in Nigeria: apa-oro, kwari, ojua, oriweni, sapo in Sierra Leone: dembayiri, gbegbe, samakombe, tabakombe in Yoruba: apa oro, ogugu, sapo

Anthonotha P. Beauv. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae, Leguminosae)

Anthonotha crassifolia (Baill.) J. Léonard (Anthonotha acuminata (De Wild.) Léonard; Anthonotha crassifolia Baill.; Macrolobium crassifolium (Baill.) J. Léonard; Macrolobium crassifolium A. Chev.; Macrolobium heudelotianum sensu Aubrev.; Macrolobium heudelotianum (Baill.) Aubrév.; Macrolobium heudelotii Planch. ex Benth.; Vouapa crassifolia Baill.) West Africa, Mali, Nigeria. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, trunk cylindrical, compact crown many-branched, leaves compound, yellow whitish flowers, panicles of short many-flowered racemes, thick wrinkled tomentose pods, in forest and savanna See An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 148. 1836, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 25(2): 308. 1865, Adansonia 6: 179. 1866 and Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franc. i. 228.

325

Anthopterus Hook. Ericaceae

1920, Fl. For. Cote d’Ivoire i. 230. 1936, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 24: 61. 1954, Plantae Bequaertianae 3(2): 224. 1925, Aubreville, Andre (1897–1982), Flore forestière soudano-guinéenne 241. Paris, 1950, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 25: 202. 1955

Anthospermum nodosum E. Mey. ex Sond.; Kohautia lasiocarpa Klotzsch)

(The decoction of the leaves, together with those of Bridelia ferruginea and Ximenia americana, used against fever. Fruits, leaves and roots analgesic. Rituals, red dye.)

See Suppl. Pl.: 440. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 32. 1794, Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis Extratropicae 366–367. 1837, Fl. Cap. 3: 30. 1865 and Wiss. Erg. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped., Bot. 2: 341. 1911

in Ivory Coast: foromo Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv. (Macrolobium macrophyllum (P. Beauv.) J.F. Macbr.; Macrolobium macrophyllum var. heudelotianum Baker f.; Macrolobium palisoti Benth.; Macrolobium palisoti var. heudelotiana A. Chev.; Vouapa macrophylla (P. Beauv.) Baill.; Vouapa macrophylla var. heudelotiana Baill.) Tropical Africa. See Flore d’Oware 1: 70, pl. 42. 1806, Adansonia 6: 178. 1865, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 25: 308. 1866 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 21. 1919 (Leaves and fruits for venereal diseases, embrocation for swellings and pains.)

East Africa, South Africa. Trailing herb, prostrate, climbing, straggling, woody-based, flowers yellowish green, mixed with salt for cattle

(Young twigs are boiled with twigs of Kotschya africana, Dissotis debilis, Syzygium cordatum and Crotalaria microcarpa, the decoction is drunk to prevent malaria.)

Anthostema A. Juss. Euphorbiaceae From the Greek anthos ‘flower’ and stema ‘stamen, penis’, referring to the male flowers reduced to a jointed stamen, or from stemma ‘crown, garland, wreath’, referring to the clustered flowers, see De Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viribus tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18 illustratum 56, 117. 1824 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 83(4): 530–533. 1996, Phytomedicine 6(3): 187–195. 1999, Pharmaceutical Biology 43(1): 72–78. 2005. Anthostema aubryanum Baillon

Anthopterus Hook. Ericaceae From the Greek anthos ‘flower’ and pteron ‘wing’, see Exposition des Familles Naturelles 1(2): 362. 1805, Icones Plantarum 3: ad t. 243. 1839 and Opera Bot. 92: 109–130. 1987, Brittonia 48(4): 605–610. 1996 [1997]. Anthopterus wardii Ball (Anthopterus bracteatus A.C. Sm.) Colombia. See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 15(3): 51–52, t. 1465. 1884 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42(4): 274. 1909, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 28(2): 409, t. 11. 1932, J. Agric. Food Chem. 59(7): 3020–3026. 2011 (Antioxidant.)

Anthospermum L. Rubiaceae From the Greek anthos ‘flower’ and sperma ‘a seed’, the male flowers may produce seeds. Anthospermum herbaceum L.f. (Anthospermum ferrugineum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Anthospermum hedyotideum Sond.; Anthospermum lanceolatum Thunb.; Anthospermum lanceolatum var. hedyotideum (Sond.) Kuntze; Anthospermum lanceolatum var. latifolium Sond.; Anthospermum latifolium E. Mey. ex Sond.; Anthospermum mildbraedii K. Krause; Anthospermum muriculatum Hochst. ex A. Rich.;

Tropical Africa. Tree See Adansonia 5: 366. 1865 (Stem bark anthelmintic, antibacterial and antifungal; bark maceration drunk to treat intestinal parasites, kidney problems, edema, impotence, hysteria and mental illness. Latex toxic, acrid, vesicant, strong purgative, emetic, an antidote for poison, can cause blindness, used to treat leprosy, menstrual problems. Whole plant as fish poison.) in Nigeria: uhruareze (Edo); odogbo (Yoruba) in Gabon: asohin, assongho, assongo, gowe, moudzandji, ochongo, oshongo, ossongho, ossongo in Cameroon: asona, essane, osongo in Ivory Coast: meuli, sesse in Spanish Guinea: asonna, assongha, assonha, assoua, assoun Anthostema senegalense A. Juss. Senegal, Benin. Shrub or small tree, sticky latex, straight See Euphorb. Gen.: 117. 1824 (Stem bark anthelmintic, antileishmanial, antibacterial and antifungal. Latex toxic, acrid, vesicant, strong purgative, emetic, an antidote for poison, can cause blindness, used to treat leprosy, menstrual problems. Bark maceration drunk to treat intestinal parasites, kidney problems, edema, impotence, hysteria and mental illness. Whole plant as fish poison.)

326

Anthoxanthum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Greek anthos ‘flower’ and xanthos ‘yellow’, the mature spikelets are yellowish, very unstable classification, the genus is in great need of revision, sometimes including Hierochloe R. Br., type Anthoxanthum odoratum L., see Species Plantarum 1: 28. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 17. 1754, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum 206. 1759, Baiersche Flora 1: 100, 337. 1789, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 125. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1: 251. 1798 [authors: José Antonio Pavón (1754–1840) and Hipolito Ruiz Lopez (1754–1815)], Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen 2: 82–83, f. 232. 1807, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 208. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 62, 164, t. 12, f. 5. 1812, American monthly magazine and critical review 1: 442. 1817, Chloris Melvilliana 35. 1823, Révision des Graminées 1: 22. 1829, Sylva Telluriana 100. 1838, Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 7: 119. 1880, Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 8: 189. 1881, Botanical Magazine 11: 443. 1897, Flora Capensis 7: 466. 1899 and Die Naturwissenschaften; Wochenschrift für die Fortschritte der Reinen … 10: 220. Berlin 1911, Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 3(1): 225, 227. 1930, Revista del Museo de La Plata (Nueva Serie), Sección Botánica 3(14): 183–212. 1941, Botaniska Notiser 123: 201–202. 1970, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Lagascalia 3: 99–141. 1973, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 69(4): 511–517. 1984, Y. Schouten & J.F. Veldkamp, “A revision of Anthoxanthum including Hierochloe (Gramineae) in Malesia and Thailand.”, Blumea 30(2): 319–351. 1985, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 70(5): 698–700. 1985, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 71: 1426–1427. 1986, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 27: 147–154. 1986, Botanica Helvetica 96: 145–158. 1986, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 72: 1069–1074. 1987, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New Zealand Journal of Botany. Vol. 25: 115–170. [“Anthoxanthum is the older name and species of Hierochloe are transferred to it; exceptions are the indigenous New Zealand taxa described by Zotov, etc.”] 1987, Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V. Série Botanique 35: 1–168. 1988, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 30: 119–136. 1989, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 63: 29–66. 1990, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 47: 411–417. 1990, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 25: 381–388. 1990, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 1331–1332. 1991, Fitologija 39: 72–77. 1991, Flora Mediterranea 1: 157–173, 229–237. 1991, Candollea 48(2): 582–591. 1993, Regnum Veg. 127: 19. 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 236. 1994, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Harvard Papers in Botany 1(9): 11–90. 1996, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(4): 119–121. 1996, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Phyton. Annales Rei Botanicae 38(2): 307–321. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 111–115. 2003.

Anthoxanthum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (Anthoxanthum odoratum subsp. odoratum; Anthoxanthum odoratum var. altissimum Eaton; Anthoxanthum pilosum Döll; Anthoxanthum villosum Dumort.; Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv.; Xanthonanthos odoratum (L.) St.-Lag.) Europe, temperate Asia, Northwest Africa. Perennial bunchgrass, fragrant, bitter tasting, simple, erect or ascending or spreading, glabrous, slender or robust, roots quite shallow, dense panicle spike-like green or purple and erect, sweetly or strongly scented when the green blades are dried, yields essential aromatic oil, fodder grass, forage, weed and aggressive species but is not considered a major weed pest, similar to Anthoxanthum ecklonii (Nees) Stapf See Species Plantarum 1: 28. 1753, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 62, 164, t. 12, f. 5. 1812, Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 10. 1817, Observations sur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique 129, t. 10, f. 38. 1823, Rheinische Flora 122. 1843, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie ed. 3 11: 17. 1873, Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 7: 119. 1880 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 336. 1931, Grasses of Ceylon 54. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 431. 1960, Turun yliopiston julkaisuja - Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982 [also Ann. Univ. Fenn. Abo., A 3: 1–12. 1982], Botanica Helvetica 96: 145–158. 1986, Regnum Veg. 127: 19. 1993, Clinical & Experimental Allergy 35(4): 441–447. Apr  2005, Allergy 60(5): 619–625, May 2005, Oikos 110(2): 360–368. Aug 2005 (Provocative of hay asthma, it produces a lot of pollen and is a major irritant to people who suffer from hay fever; in Europe inhalation of grass pollen is the predominant cause of hay fever and related hypersensitivity reactions. An expectorant when made up into gargles and sprays, used also as hair tonic and scalp cleanser. Ceremonial, ritual.) in English: large sweet vernal grass, scented vernal grass, spring grass, sweet scented vernal grass, sweet vernal, sweet vernal grass, vanilla grass in French: flouve odorante in Spanish: grama de olor in Colombia: pasto de olor in Mexico: zacate primavera in Morocco: dîl el-fâr in Finnish: tuoksusimake in Swedish: vårbrodd in South Africa: heuninggras

Anthriscus Pers. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Greek anthriskon and Latin anthriscum, anthriscus, ancient names for the southern chervil, Scandix australis L. (Plinius);

327

Anthurium Schott Araceae

see Adri den Oudsten (ed.), Het botanisch kabinet. Herbaria, houtverzamelingen, aquarellen & boeken uit vier eeuwen. Franeker, Museum ‘t Coopmanshûs 1980. Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. (Anthriscus cerefolium Hoffm.; Anthriscus longirostris Bertol.; Chaerophyllum sativum Lam.; Scandix cerefolium L.) Southeastern Europe. Herb, bruised leaves pleasantly scented See Species Plantarum 257. 1753, Genera Plantarum Umbelliferarum 41–42, 47, t. 1. 1814 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(3): 259–265. 2000

Inchoata 1: 327. 1768, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 258– 259. 1808, Plantarum umbelliferarum denuo despondarum prodromus… 27. 1813, Gen. Pl. Umbell. 40. 1814, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 16(184): 108. 1878 and Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 53: 554. 1909, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 8(40): 331–332. 1915, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 29: 152. 1916, Trudy Glavnago Botanicheskago Sada 36: 103. 1920, Vascular Plants of the Hengduan Mountains 1: 1283. 1993 (The roots of this variety have reputed medicinal value, tonic. This plant is suspected of being poisonous to mammals.)

(Blood purifier, diuretic, antioxidant, digestive, expectorant, free-radical scavenging, stimulant, sweet and aromatic, used in the treatment of dropsy, arthritis and chronic skin ailments. Repellent.)

in English: cow parsley, Queen Anne’s lace, wild chervil

in English: chervil, Frankish parsley, French parsley, gardenchervil, mountain coriander, salad chervil

in China: e shen, e shen (yuan ya zhong), ci guo e shen

in Arabic: maqdunis afranji, maqdunis franji in China: shan luo bo, shan lo po, xi yang e can, xi ye qin, hui qin in Japan: chabiru, chaviru, shiyaku in Korea: chabil, chyabil, chyeobil, chyobil in Vietnam: hồi cần Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffmann subsp. nemorosa (M. Bieb.) Koso-Poljansky (Anthriscus nemorosa (M. Bieb.) Sprengel; Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. nemorosa (M. Bieb.) C.Y. Wu & F.T. Pu; Anthriscus sylvestris var. nemorosa (M. Bieb.) Trautvetter; Chaerophyllum nemorosum M. Bieb.; Scandix nemorosa (M. Bieb.) Hornemann) Old World. See Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 232. 1808, Plantarum umbelliferarum denuo despondarum prodromus… 27. 1813, Gen. Pl. Umbell. 40. 1814 and Trudy Glavnago Botanicheskago Sada 36: 103. 1920, Vascular Plants of the Hengduan Mountains 1: 1283. 1993 (The roots of this variety have reputed medicinal value, tonic. This plant is suspected of being poisonous to mammals.) in English: cow parsley in China: e shen, ci guo e shen Anthriscus sylvestris (Linnaeus) Hoffmann subsp. sylvestris (Anthriscus yunnanensis W.W. Smith; Chaerefolium sylvestre (Linnaeus) Schinz & Thellung; Chaerophyllum sylvestre Linnaeus; Myrrhis chaerophylloides Hance; Oreochorte yunnanensis (W.W. Smith) Koso-Poljansky) Old World. See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Historia Stirpium Indigenarum Helvetiae

in Southern Africa: lefokodi-le-leholo (Sotho) in Arabic: kochbor

Anthurium Schott Araceae From the Greek anthos ‘flower’ and oura ‘tail’, referring to the spadix or the tail-like spike, see Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 828. 1829, Flora Telluriana 4: 13, 821. 1836[1838], Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 75. 1841, Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum 3: 83. 1845, Schott, H. W. (Heinrich Wilhelm) (1794–1865), Prodromus systematis Aroidearum. 439–441, 450–451, 466, 490, 496–497, 526, 534, 538. Vindobonae (Vienna), 1860 [Verzeichniss der Abhandlungen über Aroideen aus der von mir herausgegebenen Berliner Gartenzeitung der Jahre 1857–1858.], Flora Brasiliensis 3: 2. 1878, Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de (1806–1893), Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 105, 154. Parisiis, 1878–1896, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 21B(Heft 23): 281. 1891, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(3): 384. 1898 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23 B(Heft 23): 60–61, 199. 1905, Fieldiana, Bot. 304–363. 1958, Economic Botany 23(2): 97–122. 1969, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70(2): 211–420. 1983, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78(3): 573. 1991, Fl. Novo-Galiciana 13: 76–108. 1993, Rodriguésia 56(88): 16. 2005, Harv. Pap. Bot. 12: 185. 2007, Aroideana 30: 24. 2007. Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex André (Anthurium andraeanum Linden; Anthurium andraeanum var. divergens Sodiro; Anthurium venustum Sodiro) Colombia to Ecuador. See Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 828. 1829, L’illustration horticole 24: 43–44, t. 271. 1877, Gard. Chron. ser. 2, 20: 758. 1883 and Anales de la Universidad Central del Ecuador 20(138): 8. 1905, Revista Chilena Hist. Nat. 9: 257. 1905, Anales Univ. Centr. Ecuador 22(156): 36. 1906, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 128.

328

1923, American Journal of Botany 63: 74–81. 1976, American Journal of Botany 70: 858–871. 1983, American Journal of Botany 80(1): 93–103. 1993, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(7): 3617–3623. 2005 (Irritant. Ingestion can cause painful irritation of the mouth and throat, blistering, dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), hoarseness. Ingestion usually does not occur because chewing quickly causes painful irritation of the mouth and throat. Flamingo lily contains calcium oxalate raphide crystals, which cause painful swelling in the mouth and throat upon ingestion. These crystals readily penetrate mucous membranes, leading to irritation; crystals are not poisonous. Crushed leaves rubbed on caterpillar sores.) in English: anthurium, flamingo lily, oilcloth flower, painter’s palette in Japan: ô-beni-uchiwa (= large red fan) Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott (Anthurium crassinervium Schott; Anthurium crassinervium hort. ex Engl.; Anthurium egregium Schott; Anthurium ellipticum K. Koch & Bouché; Anthurium fontanesii Schott; Anthurium preussii Engl.; Anthurium rugosum Schott; Anthurium salvinii Hemsl.; Podospadix reticulata Raf., nom. illeg.; Pothos crassinervia Jacq.; Pothos crassinervius Jacq.) Venezuela, Colombia. See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Collectanea 4: 122. 1791, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 828. 1829, Bot. Mag. 57: t. 2987. 1830, Meletemata Botanica 1: 22. 1832, Fl. Tellur. 4: 14. 1838, Index Seminum [Berlin] App. 6. 1853, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 8: 387. 1858, Aroideae 472, 475. 1860, Bonplandia 10: 347. 1862, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 138. 1879, Diagnoses Plantarum Novarum … Mexicanarum 2: 36. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 739. 1891 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23B(Heft 37): 68. 1905, Fieldiana, Bot. 304–363. 1958, Taxon 31: 550. 1982, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 416. 1984, Aroideana 9: 187. 1986, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 14: 201. 1986, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78(3): 539–855. 1991, Economic Botany 50(3): 327– 336. 1996

Anthurium Schott Araceae

(Veterinary medicine.) Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Lindl. (Anthurium acuminatum Schott; Anthurium belangeri Engl.; Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Schott; Anthurium gracile subsp. belangeri Engl.; Anthurium gracile var. poiteanum (Kunth) Engl.; Anthurium inconditum Schott; Anthurium longipes Matuda, nom. illeg.; Anthurium macilentum Schott; Anthurium poiteauanum Schott; Anthurium poiteanum Kunth; Anthurium rudgeanum Schott, nom. illeg.; Anthurium scolopendrinum (Desv. ex Ham.) Kunth; Anthurium scolopendrinum Kunth; Anthurium scolopendrinum var. belangeri (Engl.) Engl.; Anthurium scolopendrinum var. contractum Engl.; Anthurium scolopendrinum var. poiteanum (Kunth) Engl.; Pothos gracilis Rudge; Pothos scolopendrinus Ham., nom. illeg.; Pothos scolopendrinus Desv. ex Ham.; Pothos scolopendrioides Desf., nom. nud.) Tropical America. See Tabl. École Bot.: 8. 1804, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 23, t. 32. 1805, Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 16. 1825, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 828. 1829, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1635. 1833, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum [Kunth] 3: 68. 1841, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 65–66. 1855, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 181. 1858, Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 165. 1859, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 453. 1860, Fl. Bras. 3(2): 82. 1878, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 480. 1881 and Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 90–91. 1905, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 428–486. 1936, Bol. Soc. Bot. México 14: 23. 1952, Fieldiana, Bot. 304–363. 1958 (Plant infusion used as a mouth rinse for toothache.) Anthurium infectorium R.E. Schult. Colombia. Sandy savanna See Bot. Mus. Leafl. 20: 336. 1964 (Ripe fruits used to paint the teeth purplish or black for dances and ceremonies.) Anthurium jenmanii Engl. (Anthurium englerianum G.S. Bunting; Anthurium trinitatis Engl.)

(Sap of crushed leaves and stems applied to warts to stop their growth; used as an ear wash for fungal infections. The powdered root used for insect bites and sores. All parts, leaves and stems, of the plant considered toxic causing swelling, pain and redness of lips, mouth, tongue and throat.)

Guyana, Brazil.

Common names: bird’s nest, tail flower, zanga tempo

(Crushed plant applied to relieve pain, stiff neck.)

Anthurium eminens Schott (Anthurium wittianum Engl., nom. nud.)

Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp. (Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp. & Endl.; Anthurium strictum N.E. Br. ex Engl.; Anthurium strictum N.E. Br.)

Tropical America, Ecuador. See Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 273. 1855 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 428–486. 1936, Selbyana 2(2–3): 239–281. 1978

See Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Arac.-Poth. IV. 23B(Heft 21): 72–73. 1905, Acta Botanica Venezuelica 10: 270. 1975, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78(3): 539–855. 1991

Colombia to Bolivia, Brazil. See Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. (Poeppig & Endlicher) 3: 83, tab. 293b. 1845, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.]

329

Antiaris Lesch. Moraceae

2: 138, 638. 1879 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78(3): 539– 855. 1991 (Powdered leaves used for snuff, aphrodisiac.) in Brazil: folha cheirosa, yeurycumajé Anthurium palmatum (L.) Schott (Anthurium andersonii Schott; Anthurium elegans Engl.; Anthurium fissum K. Koch; Anthurium palmatum (L.) G. Don; Anthurium pentaphyllum Kunth, nom. illeg.; Pothos palmata L.; Pothos palmatus L.) Lesser Antilles, Colombia. See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1374. 1762, Wiener Z. Kunst 1829(3): 828. 1829, Hortus Britannicus p. 633. 1839 (A cure for yaws, making a concoction of the rasped bark.) Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. (Anthurium dolosum Schott; Anthurium leucocarpum Schott; Anthurium micranthum K. Krause; Anthurium rigidulum Schott; Anthurium scandens fo. angustifolium Engl.; Anthurium scandens var. sodiroi Engl.; Anthurium scandens var. trinerve (Miq.) Matuda; Anthurium scandens var. violaceum (Sw.) Engl.; Anthurium violaceum (Sw.) Schott; Anthurium violaceum fo. angustifolia Kunth; Anthurium violaceum fo. latifolia Kunth; Anthurium virgosum Schott; Dracontium repens Descourt.; Dracontium scandens Aubl.; Pothos violacea Sw.) Mexico to Trop. America. Creeping epiphytic aroid, aerial roots along the stem, small clumps of white berries See Species Plantarum 2: 967–968. 1753, Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 836. 1775, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 32. 1788, Flore [pittoresque et] Médicale des Antilles 7: t. 499. 1829, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 828. 1829, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 68. 1841, Linnaea 17: 66–67. 1843, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 7: 53. 1857, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 8: 179–180. 1858, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 9: 100. 1859, Fl. Bras. 3(2): 78–79. 1878, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25: 355, 357. 1898 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 6: 113. 1914, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 428–486. 1936, Anales del instituto de biología de la universidad nacional de México 25: 189. 1954 (Caustic juice. For dizziness, headache, skin rashes. A medicinal tincture prepared from the fresh roots.) in English: pearl laceleaf Anthurium scherzerianum Schott (Anthurium scherzerianum var. albopunctatum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. albostriatum Engl., Pflanzenr.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. atrosanguineum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. aurorae Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. bruxellensis Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. carnotianum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. eburneum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. foliatum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. gallicum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var.

gandavense Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. giganteum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. minutipunctatum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. peetersianum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. rodigasianum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. rotundispathaceum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. stipitatum Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. vallerandiae Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. viridescens Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. viridimaculata Engl.; Anthurium scherzerianum var. williamsii (Engl.) Engl.; Anthurium williamsii Engl.) Costa Rica, Guatemala. Glossy dark red, yellow flower spike with a red spathe with white spots, curling spadix, extremely variable species See Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 7(7): 53–54. 1857 (For wounds, cuts.) in English: flame plant, flamingo flower, pigtail plant, Rothschildianum flamingo flower Anthurium uleanum Engl. var. uleanum (Anthurium tenuispadix Engl.; Anthurium tessmannii K. Krause) Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil. See Pflanzenr., IV, 23B: 73. 1905, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. BerlinDahlem 9: 260. 1925 (Used as a contraceptive, the spadix is dried, pulverized and placed in food given to women. Crushed leaves as a gargle for the treatment of sore or swollen throat.)

Antiaris Lesch. Moraceae From the Javanese names antschar or antjar or anjar, commonly applied to Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.; see in Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. 16: 478, t. 22. Paris 1811[1810] and J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique centrale. CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989. Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (Antiaris africana Engl.; Antiaris dubia Span. ex Hook.; Antiaris innoxia Blume; Antiaris macrophylla R.Br.; Antiaris saccidora Dalz.; Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch.; Antiaris welwitschii Engl.; Antiaris zeylanica Seem.) Old World tropics. Monoecious tree, inner bark exuding a creamy copious latex, hairy branchlets, coriaceous leaves, inflorescence axillary or below the leaves subtended by involucral bracts, male inflorescence a stalked discoid head with many flowers, female inflorescence with 1–2 flowers, sessile or stalked flower pear-shaped, fruit fleshy receptacle velvety, leaves used as fodder, the fruit contains latex but is reported to be edible, many birds attracted by the fruits, in primary forest, in rain forest areas, in grassland savanna, in swamp forest, on coastal areas, semi-arid conditions

330

See Alire Delile (Raffeneau-Delile) (1778–1850), Dissertation sur les effets d’un poison de Java, appelé Upas tieuté, et sur la Noix vomique, la Fève de St. Ignace, le Strychnos potatorum, et la Pomme de Vontac, qui sont du même genre de plantes que l’Upas tieuté. Paris 1809, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. xvi. (1810) 478. 1810, Companion Bot. Mag. 1: 310. 1836, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 232. 1851, Bonplandia 10: 4, in nota. 1862 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33(1): 118–119. 1902, René J. Cornet, Maniema: le pays des mangeurs d’hommes. Bruxelles 1952, Heterocycles 31(7): 1315–1324. 1990, Chang Siushih, Wu Chengyih & Cao Ziyu. Moroideae. In: Chang Siushih & Wu Chengyih, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(1): 1–219. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. The latex contains varying amounts of cardiac glycosides and can be very poisonous, reported to be a mild circulatory and cardiac stimulant when used in very small amounts, but in large amounts it is a myocardial poison. Latex applied to cuts, wounds and skin complaints, eczema and leprosy, and is taken internally as a purgative. Soft wood macerated and the fluid used as a poultice for swellings; bark anodyne and vermifuge, used to treat hepatitis. Seeds, leaves and bark febrifuge, seeds astringent and antidysenteric. A sacred tree among some Southeast Asian peoples. Upas or upus antiar is a very powerful poison, for dart, blowpipe darts and arrows; latex reported to be used as fish poison and birdlime. Leaves or fruits of Piper vestitum rubbed as an antidote for ipoh poisoning, or the fruit of Scorodocarpus borneensis, or the juice of Citrus acida.) in English: antiaris, bark cloth tree, false iroko, sacking tree, upas tree in Angola: ndua, ndulu (Kimbundu); kilulu (Umbundu); ntulu (Kikongo); mutapi, kapádjika (Kioko)

Antiaris Lesch. Moraceae

lolo (Malala); momboko (Tshuapa); mukongo (Tshofa); mongu (Maniéma); tsangu (Mayumbe); walala (Kisangani) in Burma (Myanmar): aseik, hymaseik in China: jian xue feng hou in India: aajjana patte, aaranja mara, acini, ajanapatte, ajjana patte, ajjana thaati, ajjanapatte, ajjanpatte, ajjanpatti, ali, aniyurimaram, arandali, aranja patte, aranje, aranjee mara, aranjelli, aranji, aranjili, arantali, arantelli, aranthal, aranthelli, aranyapatte, aranyi, arayaangeli, arayaanjili, arayanjili, arayannali, areianjili, arinji, atakavikam, atakavikamaram, bairi, bhairi, billavapale, billupale, chaaguri, chandla, chandakuda, chandkuda, chandkura, charvar mada, charvarmada, ciritamaram, irainci, irainji, jaaguri, jagoori, jaguri, jajhugri, jajjuri, jajugri, jasumdi, jazugri, karvat, karwat, kharwat, kharwath, mara-uri, maraviri, maravuri, miruttuvacam, nettavil, nettavil maram, pattai, pattaimaram, paymaram, sagguri, valkala, vishavriksha in Indonesia: ancar, tatai, upas in Laos: ‘nong, nong Malayan names: ches tennent, ipoh, kenik, kennik, tasem, tenik, tennik, upas in Papua New Guinea: antiaris, kokui, metkul in Philippines: dalit, ipo in Thailand: cha-wae, chai-nang, chiu, kong, nong, ya-khang, ya-nang, ya-nong, yang-khang, yang nong, yang-nong-khao, yon, yuan in Vietnam: c[aa]y sui, thu[oos]c b[aws]n

in Liberia: vawi

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. subsp. africana (Scott-Elliot ex A. Chev.) C.C. Berg (Antiaris africana Engl.; Antiaris kerstingii Engl.; Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (Engl.) C.C. Berg; Antiaris toxicaria var. africana Scott-Elliot ex A. Chev.; Myriopeltis edulis Welw. ex Hook.f.; Treculia acuminata Baill.; Treculia africana Decne.; Treculia africana Decne. ex Trécul; Treculia africana subsp. africana; Treculia africana var. mollis (Engl.) J. Léonard; Treculia erinacea var. mollis (Engler) León.; Treculia erinacea var. mollis León.; Treculia madagascarica N.E. Br.; Treculia mollis Engl.; Treculia parva Engl., nom. nud.; Treculia perrieri Jum.; Treculia zenkeri Engl.)

in Nigeria: oguiovu, oro

Tropical Africa.

in Senegal: pau bicho

See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 16: 478, pl. 22. 1810, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 8: 108, t. 3, f. 86–99. 1847, Adansonia 11: 292. 1875, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894: 360. 1894 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 33: 119. 1902, Etudes Fl. Afr. Centr. Franc. i. 292. 1913, Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen 3(1): 33, t. 20A. 1915, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 171: 924. 1920, Bulletin du Jardin

in Cameroon: aloa, diolosso, ngom, sosa in Central African Republic: mongodou, ndoumbou in Ethiopia: dengi, mukalate, saco, tungwo in Gabon: andoum, ndoumbo in Ghana: kyrakyra in Ivory Coast: akede, ako

in Tanzania: mkonde, mkunde, nkuzu in Uganda: kirundo in Yoruba: abori kefun, awase, oriro, oriro omo oluugbo, oro, oro efun in Zaire: nioumbou; bologde, bolundo, lisuko, lisoko (Turumbu); bonkonko (Mai-Ndombe lake); bululu, tshisangasanga (Kasai, Tshiluba); kimbu (Uele); linkoko (Basankusu);

331

Anticlea Kunth Melanthiaceae (Liliaceae)

Botanique National de Belgique 18: 145. 1947, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 47(3–4): 310, 314, 390. 1977

cause poisoning. This plant is considered to be about seven times less toxic than death camas, Zigadenus venenosus.) in English: death camas, mountain deathcamas, white camas

(The bark a cough medicine and a laxative.)

Anticlea Kunth Melanthiaceae (Liliaceae) See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 213–214, pl. 22. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum [Kunth] 4: 191. 1843, Genera Plantarum 3: 836. 1883. Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. (Anticlea alpina A. Heller; Anticlea alpina (Blank.) A. Heller; Anticlea chlorantha (Richardson) Rydb.; Anticlea coloradensis (Rydb.) Rydb.; Anticlea elegans Rydb.; Anticlea glauca (Nutt.) Kunth; Anticlea gracilenta (Greene) R.R. Gates; Anticlea longa (Greene) A. Heller; Anticlea mohinorensis (Greenm.) R.R. Gates; Evonyxis glauca (Nutt.) Raf.; Gomphostylis bracteata (Sims) Raf.; Helonias bracteata Sims; Leimanthium glaucum (Nutt.) Schult. & Schult.f.; Melanthium glaucum Nutt.; Melanthium hultgreenii Thunb.; Zigadenus alpinus Blank.; Zigadenus bracteatus (Sims) Sweet; Zigadenus canadensis Baker; Zigadenus chloranthus Richardson; Zigadenus chloranthus var. major Hook.; Zigadenus coloradensis Rydb.; Zigadenus commutatus Schult. & Schult.f.; Zigadenus dilatatus Greene; Zigadenus elegans Pursh; Zigadenus elegans subsp. glaucus (Nutt.) Hultén; Zigadenus elegans var. coloradensis (Rydb.) M.E. Jones; Zigadenus elegans var. glaucus (Nutt.) Preece ex Cronquist; Zigadenus glaucus (Nutt.) Nutt.; Zigadenus gracilentus Greene; Zigadenus longus Greene; Zigadenus mohinorensis Greenm.; Zigadenus speciosus Douglas ex Hook.; Zigadenus speciosus var. minor Greene; Zigadenus washakie A. Nelson) Subarctic America, Mexico. Perennial herb, see also Zigadenus See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 213–214, pl. 22. 1803, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 241. 1814 [1813], Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 4: 191. 1843 and Pittonia 4: 240–241. 1901, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 39: 71. 1903, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(6): 273. 1903, Sci. Stud. Montana Coll. Agric., Bot. 1: 44. 1905, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910, Bull. Montana State Univ., Biol. Ser. 15: 22. 1910, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 44: 155. 1918, Univ. Wyoming Publ. Sci., Bot. 1: 124. 1926, Bot. Not. 126: 473. 1973, Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981, Panter, K.E., James, L.F. “Death camas—early grazing can be hazardous.” Rangelands 11: 147–149. 1989, Man. Vasc. Pl. Northeast. U.S. & Adjacent Canada, ed. 2: 864. 1991, Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. 2002 (The plant contains several steroidal alkaloids, including zygacine, which can poison livestock and humans. White camas has caused poisoning in sheep and may have been involved in poisoning cattle. Ingesting the bulbs can also

Antidesma L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae) Greek anti ‘for, in place of, against’ and desma, desmos ‘band, bond, a head-band, a hatband’ but for some authors also ‘poison’; according to Johannes [Jan] Burman (1707– 1779) the plant was supposed to protect and to be useful against snakebites. Modern authors say that the name of the genus could mean that the bark of some species can be used for cordage; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1027. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 451. 1754, Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 534. 1830, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens 7289. 1832 and Kew Bull. 54(4): 877–885. 1999. Antidesma acidum Retz. (Antidesma diandrum (Roxb.) Roth; Antidesma diandrum Roth; Antidesma diandrum (Roxb.) Spreng., nom. illeg.; Antidesma diandrum f. javanicum J.J. Sm.; Antidesma diandrum var. genuinum Müll. Arg., nom. inval.; Antidesma diandrum var. javanicum (J.J. Sm.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma diandrum var. lanceolatum Tul.; Antidesma diandrum var. ovatum Tul.; Antidesma diandrum var. parvifolium Tul.; Antidesma lanceolarium (Roxb.) Steud.; Antidesma lanceolarium (Roxb.) Wall.; Antidesma lanceolatum Tul.; Antidesma lanceolatum var. genuinum Müll.Arg.; Antidesma parviflorum Ham. ex Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma stilago Poir.; Antidesma sylvestre Wall., nom. inval.; Antidesma wallichianum C. Presl; Stilago diandra Roxb.; Stilago lanceolaria Roxb.) India, Vietnam, Himalaya. Shrub or small tree, usually branched from the base, obovate glabrous leaves shortly stalked, small stipules very narrow and usually persistent, young leaves used in curry and as vegetable, ripe fruits eaten by the children See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 597. 1767, Observationes Botanicae 5: 30. 1789, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2: 35, pl. 166. 1798, Novae Plantarum Species 369. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 826. 1824, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 760. 1832, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 3(1): 4, pl. 766. 1843, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 595–596. 1851 and Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 12: 275. 1910, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XV: 143. 1922, Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 38: 241–246. 2004, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 118–126. 2008 (Roots for blood dysentery, diarrhea, polio. A mixture of root and leaf paste given orally to patient suffering from blood dysentery, also antioxidant, fibrinolytic. Bark paste applied to treat mumps; stem bark made into a fine paste and applied on pseudomamma, a supernumerary breast tissue; stem

332

bark crushed with bark of Clerodendrum phlomidis and the extract given in jaundice. Magico-religious beliefs, flowering twigs used for sorcery.) in China: xi nan wu yue cha in India: aburo, aburok, abutenga, amari, amblu, amia, amli, amti, archal, ariamatha, arobakh, ata, ban musari, bili komme, chamtu, chouding, dhakki, dieng japew, gummodi pella, gurrapujalli, hulimajjige kolu, ing-sum-araung, kattu khoya, khatua, khatwa, kinbalin, kiri hulipa, kirihulive, koddhusi, manchipolaari, manchipulleri, mancipolari, marmuri kundui, mata ara, matha, matha-ara, matha arak, matia, meginakadusoppu, mruginakodu soppu, mryginakodu soppu, mryginakodusoppu, mutta, nakadansing, nekham-tenga, nekhon tenga, pellagoomoodoo, pellagumudu, pillagumudu, polagumudu, polagunudu, pulleru, sanakulipa, sannagulige, sannahulipa, sannakulipa, sardikusa, sharschanti, suramatha, tisso in Java: ande-ande, kenjam, ondeh ondeh, onjam

Antidesma L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae)

Information Kew 1911(10): 461–462. 1911, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 70: 124. 1923, Kew Bulletin 35: 69. 1980, Taxon 30: 707. 1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 16: 35–45. 1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 97–114. 1986, Aspects of Plant Sciences 9: 199–244. 1987 (Used in Sidha. Poisonous. Leaves and roots used for traumatic injury; leaves for ulcers, indigestion.) in English: Chinese laurel, salamander-tree in China: wu yue cha in India: aamatee, aanepoo, amati, anepu, bhumy-sadpay, bol-aborak, bol aborak, bor-heloch, bor heloch, cerutali, cherutali, cheruthali, dieng soh silli, himalcheri, jaanupolaari, janu polari, janupullari, kareekomme, kari komme, karivetti, mail-kombi, naayi kote, naayikomme, naayikoote, naikuti, nayikute, neralaitali, noelitali, nolaiali, nolaidali, nolaitali, nolaittali, noyilatali, nulitali, nulittali

in Nepal: nakadansing

Malayan names: barune, beras beras hitam, berunai, buni, guna, hadju wune, lundoh, lundu, mata punai, wuler

in Thailand: ma mao

in Moluccas: kata kuti, kuti kata

Antidesma alexiteria L. (Antidesma alexiteria Gaertn.; Antidesma alexiteria Willd., nom. illeg.; Antidesma zeylanicum C. Presl, nom. illeg.; Antidesma zeylanicum Lam.)

in Philippines: bignai, bignay, bognay, bugnai, bugnay, bugne, bugne oongal

India, Sri Lanka. Tree

in Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi: boni, buneh, buni, huni, huni berak, huni gede barunei, woni, wuni

See Species Plantarum 2: 1027. 1753, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 188. 1788, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 762. 1806 (Leaves for snakebites.) Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. var. bunius (Antidesma andamanicum Hook.f.; Antidesma bunius Wall., nom. inval.; Antidesma bunius Spreng.; Antidesma bunius var. cordifolium (C. Presl) Müll.Arg.; Antidesma bunius var. floribundum (Tul.) Müll.Arg.; Antidesma bunius var. genuinum Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Antidesma bunius var. sylvestre (Lam.) Müll.Arg.; Antidesma bunius var. wallichii Müll.Arg.; Antidesma ciliatum C. Presl; Antidesma collettii Craib; Antidesma cordifolium C. Presl; Antidesma crassifolium (Elmer) Merr.; Antidesma dallachyanum Baillon; Antidesma floribundum Tul.; Antidesma stilago Poir., nom. illeg.; Antidesma sylvestre Lam.; Antidesma thorelianum Gagnepain; Bunius sativus Rumph.; Sapium crassifolium Elmer; Stilago bunius Linnaeus) Tropical and subtrop. Asia. Shrub or tree, trunk often fluted or buttressed, elliptic leaves, flowers greenish with faint aroma, anthers reddish, berries dark purple when ripe and with a purple juice, said to be eaten by children See Mantissa Plantarum 122. 1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 597. 1767, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 1: 826. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] 7282. 1832, Adansonia 6: 337. 1866 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous

in Sulawesi: buneh

in Panama: bignay Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertner Tropical and subtrop. Asia to N. Australia. Treelet or shrub, stem bark brown, membranous leaves, very small pale yellow flowers turning dull pink, tomentose spikes in panicles of five, globose black sweetish-sour fruit eaten, leaves edible See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 89, 189, t. 39. 1788 and Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, C) 67: 48–49. 1980 (Leaves as poultice used for headache, skin complaints, abdominal swellings; leaf decoction for cough. Stem used to stimulate the menstrual flow. Fruit purgative.) in English: black currant tree in China: fang ye wu yue cha in India: amrul, ata, ceriyakottam, ceriyannatam, cheriyakottam, dzanapalasheru, jaana palasheru, jamrudi, jomdri, kattupulinchi, lona, miyoto, muthbar, nallaballi, niyat, noniari, nuniari, plaari, polaree, polari, pollai, pulimpurase, pullampurasi, pullari, pulsur, pulusari, tsjeriamcottam in Malaya: guchek, gunchak, gunchak puteh, gunchek, gunchian, gunchin, kunchor puteh, kunchow in Thailand: kha-mao-pha, maeng-mao, mak-kao, mak-mao, mao-kai-pla, mao-thung

333

Antidesma L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae)

Antidesma laciniatum Müll.Arg. (Antidesma laciniatum var. genuinum Pax & K. Hoffm., nom. inval.) Tropical Africa. Shrub, white flowers, red stamens See Flora 47: 519–520, 529. 1864 and Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XV: 145. 1922 (Roots and leaves as fish poison.) Antidesma membranaceum Müll.Arg. (Antidesma meiocarpum J. Léonard; Antidesma membranaceum var. molle Müll. Arg.; Antidesma membranaceum var. tenuifolium Müll.Arg.; Antidesma venosum E. Mey. ex Tul. subsp. membranaceum (Müll.Arg.) Lye; Antidesma vogelianum Müll.Arg.) Tropical Africa. See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., III, 15: 232. 1851, Flora 47: 529. 1864, Linnaea 34: 68. 1865, Prodr. (DC.) 15(2): 261. 1866 and Bull. Jard. Bot. État 17: 260. 1945, Lidia 4(3): 91. 1998 (Leaves for fevers, stomachache, for the treatment of threatened abortion.) Antidesma menasu (Tul.) Müll.Arg. (Antidesma menasu Kurz; Antidesma menasu Miq. ex Tul.; Antidesma pubescens Roxb. var. menasu Tul.) India. Tree or shrub, scandent, straggling, liana, flowers in dense spikes, ripe fruits eaten raw See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3, 15: 215. 1851, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 257. 1866, Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 360. 1877 (Used for Sidha. Leaves for swellings.) in India: baapu tappu (baapu, swelling, tappu, leaf), baavina soppu, kadivaala soppu, kare soppu, koral soppu, kuraala, kuraala soppu, nakagadam, nakkaagadamu, nakkagadamu, nirilai, noeh-tah, pali eechi, peyicci, putharaval, putraval, valiyathumba Antidesma montanum Blume var. montanum (Antidesma acuminatum Wight; Antidesma agusanense Elmer; Antidesma alexiterium C. Presl; Antidesma angustifolium (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma apiculatum Hemsl.; Antidesma aruanum Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma barbatum C. Presl; Antidesma bicolor Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma calvescens Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma discolor Airy Shaw; Antidesma diversifolium Miq.; Antidesma erythrocarpum Müll.Arg.; Antidesma henryi Hemsl.; Antidesma henryi Pax & K. Hoffm., nom. illeg.; Antidesma heterophyllum C. Presl, nom. illeg.; Antidesma kerrii Craib; Antidesma kotoense Kaneh.; Antidesma kuroiwae Makino; Antidesma leptocladum Tul.; Antidesma leptocladum var. genuinum Müll.Arg. nom. inval.; Antidesma leptocladum var. glabrum Müll.Arg.; Antidesma leptocladum var. nitidum (Tul.) Müll. Arg.; Antidesma leptocladum var. schmutzii Airy Shaw; Antidesma lobbianum (Tul.) Müll.Arg.; Antidesma macrophyllum Wall. ex Voigt, nom. illeg.; Antidesma menasu (Tul.) Müll.Arg.; Antidesma menasu var. linearifolium Hook.f.;

Antidesma menasu var. liniiifolium Hook.f.; Antidesma mindanaense Merr.; Antidesma montanum Thwaites, nom. illeg.; Antidesma montanum var. microcarpum Airy Shaw; Antidesma moritzii (Tul.) Müll.Arg.; Antidesma mucronatum Boerl. & Koord.; Antidesma nitidum Tul.; Antidesma obliquinervium Merr.; Antidesma oblongifolium Blume; Antidesma oblongifolium Boerl. & Koord., nom. illeg.; Antidesma oblongifolium var. genuinum Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Antidesma palawanense Merr.; Antidesma palembanicum Miq.; Antidesma paxii F.P. Metcalf; Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.; Antidesma pentandrum f. kuroiwae (Makino) Hurus.; Antidesma pentandrum var. angustifolium Merr.; Antidesma pentandrum var. barbatum (C. Presl) Merr.; Antidesma pentandrum var. genuinum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm., nom. inval.; Antidesma pentandrum var. lobbianum (Tul.) Merr.; Antidesma pentandrum var. pseudopentandrum (Hurus.) Hurus.; Antidesma pentandrum var. ramosii (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma phanerophlebium Merr.; Antidesma pseudomontanum Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma pseudopentandrum Hurus.; Antidesma pubescens Moritzi, nom. illeg.; Antidesma pubescens var. menasu Tul.; Antidesma pubescens var. moritzii Tul.; Antidesma ramosii Merr.; Antidesma refractum Müll.Arg.; Antidesma rostratum Tul.; Antidesma rostratum var. barbatum (C. Presl) Müll.Arg.; Antidesma rostratum var. genuinum Müll. Arg., nom. inval.; Antidesma rostratum var. lobbianum Tul.; Antidesma rotundisepalum Hayata; Antidesma salicifolium C. Presl; Antidesma salicinum var. latius Ridl.; Antidesma simile Müll.Arg.; Antidesma teysmannianum Pax & K. Hoffm.; Cansjera pentandra Blanco) India. Shrub or short tree, small stalked leaves with very tiny stipules, inflorescence a very long terminal spike bearing numerous stalked tiny fruits when mature, fruits eaten See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1124. 1827, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 15: 215. 1851, Linnaea 34: 67. 1865, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(177): 430–432. 1894 and Das Pflanzenreich 81(IV. 147. XV): 118. 1921, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 326. 1954, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 289. 1961, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8: 212. 1980, Kew Bulletin 36: 363. 1981, Kew Bulletin 37: 5. 1982 (Used in Sidha. Leaves applied to ulcers and lumbar pains, the roots for stomachache, and the fruits or tea from the leaves a tonic after childbirth.) in China: shan di wu yue cha in India: baavina soppu, bapu tappu, huli majjige, kadivaala soppu, kare soppu, koral soppu, kuraala, kuraala soppu, kural tappu, nakagadam, nakkaagadamu, nakkagadamu, nirilai, noeh-tah, pali eechi, peyicci, putharaval, putraval Malay names: gunchak gajah, madang lada, re’mool in Sumatra: burunai pajo, kayu aritan, kayu djuhut tasu, kayu laman, kayu manuk-manuk, kayu motton, kayu si balik hangin, kayu si basa, kayu si kala, kayu si loppur, kayu si losu,

334

kayu simburo, kukunaw, lagas-lagas, palse palse, tutun burunai silai Antidesma velutinosum Blume (Antidesma attenuatum Wall.; Antidesma attenuatum Wall. ex Tul.; Antidesma molle Wall.; Antidesma molle Wall. ex Müll.Arg.; Antidesma roxburghii Wall.; Antidesma roxburghii Wall. ex Tul.; Antidesma tomentosum Blume; Antidesma tomentosum Blume ex Miq.; Antidesma tomentosum Miq.; Antidesma tomentosum Voigt; Antidesma tomentosum (Roxb.) Voigt, nom. illeg.; Antidesma velutinosum Miq.; Antidesma velutinosum var. lancifolium Hook.f.; Stilago tomentosa Roxb.) India, Malesia. Shrub, subshrub See Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (Blume) 109. 1823, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 112. 1825, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1125–1126. [Oct 1826-Nov 1827], Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7283, 7286, 7287. 1832, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 294. 1845, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 15: 223, 234–235. 1851, Fl. Brit. India 5: 357. 1887 (Roots and leaves for irregular menstruation. Leaves of Allophylus cobbe, Antidesma roxburghii and Artocarpus heterophyllus used in the preparation of choarak, a local wine, health tonic, but intoxicating when consumed in large amount.) in Bangladesh: suimong Antidesma venosum E. Meyer ex Tul. (Antidesma bifrons Tul.; Antidesma boivinianum Baill.; Antidesma fuscocinereum Beille; Antidesma meiocarpum J. Leon.; Antidesma microphyllum Hemsl.; Antidesma natalense Harv.; Antidesma neriifolium Pax & K. Hoffm.; Antidesma nervosum De Wild.; Antidesma seguinii H. Lév.; Antidesma venosum Müll.Arg.; Antidesma venosum var. thouarsianum Tul.; Minutalia tomentosa Fenzl; Myrica darrisii H. Lév.) Trop. & S. Africa, Madagascar, China, Indochina. Tree or shrub, lianescent, stem grey-brown, leaves with white pubescence, flowers in spicate inflorescence, perianth green, anthers yellow-brown, filaments pale yellow, fruit green turning bright red when mature, persistent style, ripe fruit eaten by children, birds, baboons, monkeys and chimpanzees, in bushland, along streams, in wet areas, at forest edge, open woodland See Species Plantarum 2: 1027. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 978. 1806, Anleit. Kenntn. Gew. (ed. 2) 2: 887, 1818, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 15: 232. 1851, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 260, no. 45. 1866, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(177): 432–433. 1894 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(222–226): 460– 461. 1911, Das Pflanzenreich IV 81(IV. 147. XV): 130. 1921, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 17: 260, t. 23, 24. 1945, Taxon 45: 337–338, 1996, Taxon 47: 872, 1998, Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1–438. 2006 (Roots bitter and emetic, believed to be poisonous. Seeds steeped in water and drunk to treat liver complaints. Leaves, twigs and roots used to treat abdominal pains; leaves for

Antirrhinum L. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)

stomach and intestinal complaints. Roots boiled and drunk for syphilis and fever; roots chewed as a remedy for snakebite. Leaves and roots used for treating snakebite, poisoning, abdominal pains, hookworm and as a business charm. Leaves used to keep witchcraft from cattle sheds; leaves burnt in cattle huts to prevent witchcraft.) in English: tassel berry in Indochina: troi moi in Kenya: bukhakasu, chikuro, karacha, kihuro, kitelanthia, kitolanthia, kumukhakasu, mbua nono, mbua ya nuno msasuzi, mhirondo, muhoigwa, mukala, mukanga-arithi, mukondwe, mulilago, msuaga, musasusi, musigisigi, musimbiji, muthethuka, muthithio, mutonye, mwinamia ziwa, mzangatchango, mziwaziwa, ndelanthia, ngala, ngogaje, oguambula, oguombula in Nigeria: kirni (Hausa); aroro (Yoruba); okoloto (Igbo) in Southern Africa: voëlsitboom; muRungamunyu, muSambarabgabga, muSambaramgamga, Sambasi, iSambalabwabwa, Sambalabgwabgwa (Shona); isiBangamlotha (= makes ash; ash= umlotha), umHlalanyoni, isiQutwane, isaNgowane, umHlabahlungulu, umNangazi (Zulu); anShongi (Thonga); inHlalamahubulu (= raven’s perch), umHlalanyoni (Swazi); phalakhwari (Thonga or Tsonga); moingwe (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); mufhalakhwali, mupala-khwali (Venda); simai (Kololo); muxuva (Sarwa - Bushman: Kalahari bush) in S. Rhodesia: muShongo, sambasi in Tanzania: chikura, houmba nzanzi, iwumba n’zan’za, iwumbanisani, iwumbanzanzi, kihuro, mawejameno, mbua nono, mchooko pori, mgamzabakama, mgwaja meno, mgwejameno, mjembajemba, mkaracha, mkenge, mkunda hobi, mnyembelezuwa, msaga, msasuzi, msekela, msekelya, mselala, msisimizi, msuaga, mtimagoa, mtimpu, mtipo, mtokitoki, muaga, mudualo, muemba-emba, muembelezua, muenbelezua, mugamzabakama, muinde, musivya, mwengelewa, mwinamia ziwa, mzangatchango, mziwaziwa, ntokitoki, nyembelezuwa, umusivya, umutoketoke, umuziaziga in Yoruba: aponlojusese, aroro

Antirrhinum L. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae) Greek anti ‘like’ and rhis, rhinos ‘snout, nose’, referring to the appearance of the flower or to the shape of the corolla, Latin antirrhinon, antirrhinum, anarrhinon for a plant, wild lion’s-mouth (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 612–618. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 268. 1754, Supplementum Plantarum 280. 1781, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 7(2): 375. 1868, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 81. 1870 and Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 52: 27, 33. 1943, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319–416. 1973, J. Cytol. Genet. 13: 99–106. 1978, Glimpses

335

Antizoma Miers Menispermaceae

Cytogenet. India 3: 188–198. 1992, Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 441–445. 1993, Bol. Soc. Bot. México 69: 101–121. 2001. Antirrhinum majus L. Mediterranean region. Herbaceous, erect, leaves spirally arranged, pink to purple flowers in racemes See Species Plantarum 2: 617. 1753 and Regnum Veg. 127: 19. 1993 (Powdered stem to stop nose bleeding. Leaves and flowers antiphlogistic, diuretic, bitter, resolvent and stimulant, detergent and astringent, a treatment for scurvy, liver disorders, employed in poultices on ulcers, hemorrhoids. Stem, leaves and fruits used in typhoid fever.) in English: common snapdragon, dragon’s mouth, garden snapdragon, large snapdragon, lion’s mouth, rabbits mouth, snapdragon, toad’s mouth in Italian: bocca di leone, bocca di leone comune, bocca di lupo

Antizoma Miers Menispermaceae From the Greek anti ‘resembling, like’ and zoma ‘a belt’, alluding to the woolly calyx, closely related to Cissampelos, see Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. sér. 2, 7(37): 36, 41. 1851, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. sér. 3, 19: 266. 1866 and South African Journal of Botany 74(1): 2–9. 2008. Antizoma angustifolia Miers ex Harv. (Antizoma angustifolia Miers ex Harv. & Sond.; Antizoma burchelliana Miers ex Harv.; Antizoma harveyana Miers ex Harv.; Cissampelos angustifolia Drege ex Harv. & Sond.; Cissampelos angustifolia Burch.; Cissampelos angustifolius Burch.) Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa. Evergreen shrub, male flowers pale green or pale brown, fruit an ovoid drupe, seed horseshoe-shaped

(A root decoction drunk to treat stomach ulcers.)

Antrocaryon Pierre Anacardiaceae From the Greek antron ‘a cave, cavern, hole, inner chamber’ and karyon ‘a nut’, referring to the cavities in the stone of the fruits, see Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris sér. 2. 23–24. 1898. Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre (Antrocaryon soyauxii (Engler) Engl.; Antrocaryon soyauxii Engl.; Spondias soyauxii Engl.) Tropical Africa. See Species Plantarum 1: 371. 1753, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2: 24. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 36: 215. 1905, Die Vegetation der Erde 3(2): 178, f. 87, N-Q. 1921, African Study Monographs 23(2): 47–64. 2002, African Study Monographs 25(1): 1–27. 2004 (Stem bark for dysentery, diarrhea, for treating amoebic-dysentery, the barks of Bridelia micrantha, Antrocaryon klaineanum and Treculia africana are prepared in water and the decoction is drunk. Fruits for eye infection, juice as eye drop.) in English: white mahogany in Cameroon: angongo, bongoni, engongoui, gongu, ndooson, nganga, n’gonga, onzabili, ozakom in Central Africa: gongu in Congo: ibulagon, iboulagon in Gabon: dilolo di mounai, n’dondjokon, oganganhedo, onsongongo, onzabili, onzakon, osongongo, ozakome, ozakoum Antrocaryon micraster A. Chev. & Guillaumin Tropical Africa, Guinea.

See Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 1: 11. 1860 and Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32: 1145–1152. 2004

See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 152. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]

(Large amounts of alkaloids. Root infusion drunk as an emetic, purgative, anthelmintic, blood purifier, for boils, cough, stomachache, colic, acute intestinal pain, glandular swellings, diarrhea, dysentery, kidney stones, liver, gallbladder and bladder complaints. Women drink a root decoction during pregnancy to keep the foetus mobile and to facilitate childbirth as well as the expulsion of the afterbirth. Leaves or roots decoction drunk or leaves and roots chewed to treat digestive problems.)

(Leaves tonic, laxative.)

Antizoma miersiana Harv. (Cissampelos miersiana (Harv.) T. Durand & Schinz; Cissampelos miersiana T. Durand & Schinz; Cocculus miersiana T. Durand & Schinz; Cocculus miersiana (Harv.) T. Durand & Schinz)

in Cameroon: muyali in Central Africa: akoua, ekhuen, ifa okele, muyali, nagongui in Gabon: onzabili in Ivory Coast: akova in Nigeria: ifa okete (Yoruba); ekhuen (Edo); egin egbo (Itsekiri); ojifo (Boki)

Southern Namibia and western South Africa.

Antrophyum Kaulf. Vittariaceae (Adiantaceae, Polypodiaceae)

See Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 1: 13. 1860, Consp. Fl. Afr. [T.A. Durand & H. Schinz] 1(2): 50. 1898

From the Greek antron ‘a cave, cavern, hole’ and phyo ‘to grow’, referring to its habitat; see Species Plantarum 2: 1101.

336

1753, Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss (1786–1830), Enumeratio filicum quas in itinere circa terram legit Cl. Adalbertus de Chamisso adiectis in omnia harum plantarum genera permultasque species non satis cognitas vel novas animadversionibus. [Collector: Ludolf Karl Adelbert von Chamisso, 1781–1838] 197, 282. Lipsiae [Leipzig] 1824, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 174, 218. 1827, Fl. Javae Fil., 69–70. 1828, Enumeratio Plantarum Guatemalensium … 1: 73. 1828, Tentamen Pteridographiae 214–215, pl. 9, f. 8. 1836, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 6: 209 (-210). 1848 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34: 447, 455–458. 1907, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 153–190. 1911, Notes Pteridol. 16. 110. 1925. Antrophyum plantagineum (Cav.) Kaulf. (Hemionitis plantaginea Cav.; Hemionitis plantaginea Don; Hemionitis plantaginea Sm.) Pacific. Epiphytic or lithophytic, in damp areas See Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. (Turin) 5. 421 t. 9 f. 1. 1793, Enum. Filic. 197. 1824, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 13. 1825 (For abscesses, swellings. Ceremonial, used in worship.)

Anvillea DC. Asteraceae

Aoranthe Somers Rubiaceae Greek aor ‘sword’ and anthos ‘flower’, see Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 58(1–2): 64. 1988. Aoranthe cladantha (K. Schum.) Somers (Porterandia cladantha (K. Schum.) Keay; Randia cladantha K. Schum.; Randia pierrei Pit.; Randia pierrei A. Chev., nom. subnud.) Tropical Africa. Small tree, fragrant slash, corollas creamcolored, fruits ramiflorous See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28(1): 62. 1899 and Vég. Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. ix. 228. 1917, Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H. Lecomte et al.] 3: 237. 1923, Bull. Jard. Bot. État 28: 24. 1958, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 58(1–2): 71. 1988, Reinwardtia 12(4): 299. 2008 (Leaves wound dressing, for skin diseases, eczema, analgesic.) in Central African Republic: mombendja in Gabon: tseghe

Samoan name: lau mafiafia

Apama Lam. Aristolochiaceae Anvillea DC. Asteraceae Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC. (Anthemis garcinii Burm. f.) Mediterranean. See Species Plantarum 2: 893–896. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 183, t. 60, f. 1. 1768, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 487. 1836 and Philippine Journal of Science 19(3): 329–388. 1921, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 3: 229–250. 1992, J. Nat. Prod. 59(4): 403–405. 1996, Compositae Newsletter 33: 1–18. 1999, J. Nat. Prod. 63(11): 1587–1589. 2000 (Antitumor, cytotoxic, anti-HIV. Potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC. subsp. radiata (Coss. & Durieu) Anderb. (Anvillea australis L. Chevall.; Anvillea faurei Gand.; Anvillea radiata Coss. & Durieu; Anvillea radiata var. australis (L. Chevall.) Diels; Anvillea radiata var. genuina Maire; Sycodium radiatum (Coss. & Durieu) Pomel) Morocco. See Nouv. Mat. Fl. Atlantique 39. 1874 and Nord. J. Bot. 2: 297–305. 1982, Candollea 45: 65–74. 1990, Fitoterapia 71(3): 278–307. 2000, Fitoterapia 75(6): 573–576. 2004, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 34(9): 718–720. 2006 (Potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Citotoxic, antibacterial. A decoction of the flower used externally as a vaginal antiseptic.)

From a Malayalam name used by van Rheede in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 6: t. 23. 1686, alpam means ‘little quantity’, the plant is supposed to be a remedy against snakebites, see Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 91. 1783. Apama corymbosa Kuntze Malaysia. See Revisio Generum Plantarum 63. 1891 (For toothache, pound the leaves and put them into a hollow tooth.) Malay names: lerhor, maja pahit Apama indica L. India. (Antibacterial.) Apama macroura K.C. Gomez India. (Antibacterial.) Apama siliquosa Lam. (Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou) Sri Lanka. Shrub, perianth dark maroon purple, anthers pale yellow See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 91. 1783, Nye Samling af det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter 2: 529. 1783 and Blumea 27(2): 327. 1981, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 107: 329–342. 1985

337

Apeiba Aublet Tiliaceae (Malvaceae)

(Antibacterial.) in India: alpam Apama tomentosa (Blume) Engl. (Apama tomentosa Engl.; Bragantia tomentosa (Blume) Blume; Ceramium tomentosum Blume; Cyclodiscus tomentosus (Blume) Klotzsch) Malaysia. Trailing herb, woody rootstock, yellow pubescent flowers, sometimes in Thottea tomentosa See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1134. 1826, Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 82. 1827, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 592. 1859, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 3(1): 272. 1888 (Roots and leaves diuretic. Crushed leaves applied on chest to control cough and fever; poulticing in skin diseases and boils. Stems and leaves pounded and the juice swallowed in coughs, as a poultice applied against snakebite and stings.) Malay names: kaneb, kemed, serengkong

Apeiba Aublet Tiliaceae (Malvaceae) A native name in Guiana, apé ‘bark’, see Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 537, t. 213 ad 216. 1775. Apeiba glabra Aubl. (Apeiba aspera Aublet; Apeiba aspera subsp. aspera; Apeiba burchellii Sprague; Apeiba echinata Gaertn.; Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Bentham; Apeiba membranacea Bentham) South America. See Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 541, 545, t. 216. 1775, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: t. 121. 1802, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 5(Suppl. 2): 61. 1861 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier sér. 2, 5: 703. 1905 (Warmed oil from the seeds applied to painful joints.) in Peru: llausa quiro, maqui-sapa, maqui-sapa-ñaccha, maquisapa, maquisapa-ñaccha, palo corcho, tibourbou, yausaquiro

Aphanamixis Blume Meliaceae From the Greek aphanes ‘obscure, inconspicuous, invisible’ and mixis ‘a mixing, mingling’, the flowers are incospicuous, see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 4: 165. 1825, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. (1895) sub t. 334. 1895. Aphanamixis cucullata (Roxb.) M.R. Almeida (Aglaia cucullata Roxb.; Amoora cucullata Roxb.) (Amoora Roxb., Amur is a Bengali name for Amoora cucullata Roxb.; see William Roxburgh (1751–1815), Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. 3: 54, t. 258. London 1795–1820; John Dowson, A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature. [The name Coromandel comes from a country and kingdom of the south of India

about Tanjore, the country was called Chola-mandala, whence the name Coromandel.] 73. London 1968.) India. Tree, coastal, mangrove plant See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 54, t. 258. 1820 and Fl. Maharashtra 1: 223. 1996, Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(1): 2005, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54(9): 1344–1346. 2006 (Fruits and leaves used for treatment of diarrhea and inflammation; central nervous system depressant action of the leaves. Cytotoxic.) in Bangladesh: amur, latmi, natmi in India: amoor, bor-amari, samphal Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker (Aglaia aphanamixis Pellegr.; Aglaia polystachya Wall.; Amoora elmeri Merr.; Amoora grandifolia (Blume) Walp.; Amoora grandifolia Walp.; Amoora rohituka (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Andersonia rohituka Roxb.; Aphanamixis elmeri Merr.; Aphanamixis elmeri (Merr.) Merr.; Aphanamixis grandiflora Blume; Aphanamixis grandifolia Blume; Aphanamixis rohituka (Roxb.) Pierre; Aphanamixis rohituka Pierre; Aphanamixis sinensis F.C. How & T.C. Chen; Aphanamixis tripetala (Blanco) Merr.; Aphanamixis tripetala Merr.; Chuniodendron spicatum Hu; Chuniodendron yunnanense Hu; Trichilia tripetala Blanco) Papua New Guinea, Thailand. Canopy tree or shrub, evergreen, cylindrical bole, black and grey bark furrowed and cracked, inner bark red and white, leaves pinnately compound, yellow flowers visited by sweat bees, pink-red fruits in axillary spikes, black seeds with orange aril See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 278. 1756, Flora Cochinchinensis 98, 173. 1790, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 553. 1810, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 87. 1814, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 54. 1820, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 429. 1824, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 4: 165. 1825, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 119. 1834, Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 354. 1837, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. (Walpers) 1: 429. 1842, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 344. 1895–1896 and Publications of the Bureau of Science Government Laboratories 29: 23. 1905, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 1: 767. 1911, Philippine Journal of Science C 11(1): 15. 1916, Species Blancoanae 211. 1918, Indian Forester 57: 486. 1931, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 63: 387. 1938, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 4(1): 29–30, pl. 3. 1955, International Journal of Pharmacognosy 35(5): 318–322. 1997, Fitoterapia 74(1): 155–158. 2003, Indian Journal of Pharmacology 35: 304– 307. 2003 (Used for Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem bark antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, for spleen and liver diseases, abdominal complaints, rheumatism, cancer, tumours. Powdered bark effective in hepatomegaly, in spleen diseases, tumors and

338

abdominal complaints; bark decoction as a postpartum remedy. Root paste taken as a treatment for leucorrhea; root bark extract in leucorrhea. Seeds laxative, anthelmintic, refrigerant and antiulcer; seed oil for rheumatism; a paste of seeds and ginger taken to prevent hydrophobia. Ground leaves for skin diseases; crushed leaflets taken as a treatment for blood dysentery. Crushed leaves as a fish poison.) in China: shan lian in India: abol samphal, akawa, akawatong, ammora rohituka, amoora rohituka, baiddyrai, boga-amari, bol-samphal, cem, cemmaram, cennaraki, cennarakimaram, chem, chem maram, chemmaram, chevamanu, civappavi, civappavirmaram, curailaccuvaram, curaiyilaiccuvaram, cuvaiyilacuvaram, dieng rata, eng-gokmi, galua, gilakusuma, gokul, hakhori bakhori, harin-hara, harinhara, harinkhana, heirangkhoi, janavallabha, karagil, kawsha, kokitam, kottaputpakam, ksharayogya, kutacanmali, lakshmi, lakshmivana, lohita, malam puluvam, malampuluvan, mukhyamuttuge, mulen, mullamuttala, mullu muthala, mullumuttaga, nalinaveti, orumaram, panikusuma, panturokapiramecani, pilikacatturu, pilikakkinam, pitrayadare, pittaraj, plihagna (pliha, spleen; agni, fire, destroying), rakt rohida, rakta, raktavrksa, raktharohida, rohade chhaal, rohda-chal, rohido, rohitak, rohitaka, rohitakah, rohitakalata, rohithaka, rohituka, ruhituka, saptavha, sarvajanapriya, sem, semmaram, sevamanu, shina, shuklarohita, shvetarohitaka, sitanga, sitapushpa, sitavhaya, surailachumaram, tasua, tiktaraj, tikuccam, tittilakayi, tottilakayi, tottile, urokitam, vellai kongu, vellakongu, vengul

Aphananthe Planchon Ulmaceae Greek aphanes ‘obscure, inconspicuous, invisible’ and anthos ‘flower’, referring to the small flowers; see Jules Émile Planchon (1823–1888), Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique. 10: 265, 337. 1848. Aphananthe aspera (Thunberg) Planchon (Celtis mukii Siebold & Zucc.; Celtis muku Siebold; Homoioceltis aspera (Thunb.) Blume; Prunus aspera Thunb.) E. Asia, China, Japan, Korea. Tree, whitish smooth bark, leaves used as feed for horses, fruits eaten See Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 463. 1784, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3. 10: 265, 337. 1848, Museum Botanicum 2: 64. 1852, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 208. 1873 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 49. 1979, Flora of China 5: 1–19. 2003, Chemistry of Natural Compounds 43(5): 558– 559. 2007 (Stem bark used in the treatment of inflammation and pain.) in English: muku tree in China: cao ye shu in Japan: muku-no-ki

Aphananthe Planchon Ulmaceae

Aphananthe cuspidata (Blume) Planch. (Aphananthe lissophylla Gagnep.; Aphananthe yunnanensis (Hu) Grudz.; Cyclostemon cuspidatum Blume; Galumpita cuspidata (Blume) Blume; Gironniera cuspidata (Blume) Kurz; Gironniera lucida Kurz; Gironniera nitida Benth.; Gironniera reticulata Thwaites; Gironniera yunnanensis Hu) India. See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 597, 599. 1825, Voyage autour de Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 1836 et 1837 sur la Corvette la Bonite … Botanique, pl. 85. 1844, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 3, 10: 265, 337. 1848, Museum Botanicum 2: 73. 1852, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 73. 1856, Flora Hongkongensis 325. 1861, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 1: 268. 1864, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 209. 1873, Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 470. 1877 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 72: 804–805. 1925, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology: 10: 150. 1940, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1964: 66. 1964 (Antifungal, depurative, for skin problems, itching.) in India: babbuchekke, dieng charkhei, gabbu chakke, gabbucakke, gabbuchekke, koditani, naraka-bhutali, narakabhutali, narukebhutale, nyal, peenaari

Aphelandra R. Br. Acanthaceae From the Greek apheles ‘simple’ and aner, andros ‘male’, referring to the anthers, see Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 47(8): 235–274. 1991, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 21: 161–174. 1997. Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. (Aphelandra deppeana Schltdl. & Cham.; Aphelandra fulgens Decne.; Aphelandra haenkeana Nees; Aphelandra pectinata Willd. ex Nees; Justicia rostrata Bertol.; Justicia scabra Vahl) Venezuela, Belize, Mexico. Shrub See Enumeratio Plantarum … 1: 120. 1804, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 39(Addenda): Aphelandra no. 3. 1819 (Mashed roots and leaves soaked in water and the liquid drunk for flatulence.)

Apium L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Apium, ii (apis, is ‘a bee’) is the classical Latin name for celery, parsley; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 264. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 128. 1754 and H.H. Allan, Fl. New Z. 1: 462–463. 1961, P.S. Short, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 1: 205–235. 1979, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New Zealand Journal of Botany. 25: 115–170. 1987.

339

Apluda L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Apium graveolens L. (Apium decumbens Eckl. & Zeyh.; Apium integrilobum Hayata; Apium vulgare Bubani; Carum graveolens (L.) Koso-Pol.; Celeri graveolens (L.) Britton; Selinum graveolens (L.) Krause; Seseli graveolens Scop.; Sison ruta Burm.f.; Sium apium Roth; Sium graveolens (L.) Vest; Smyrnium laterale Thunb.) Europe. Erect herb See Species Plantarum 1: 251–252, 259, 263–265. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 350. 1762, Familles des Plantes 2: 498, 535. 1763, Flora Carniolica ed. 2 1: 215. 1772 and Flora Pyrenaea … 2: 344. 1900, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 126–127. 1911, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 2: 660. 1913, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 29: 199. 1916, La Kromosomo 50: 1635–1651. 1988, Fl. Cambodge Laos Vietnam 5: 44. 1967, Taxon 41: 55. 1992, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Ripe seeds, herb and root aperient, carminative, antispasmodic, sedative, anticonvulsant, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactagogue, nervine, stimulant and tonic. Used in the form of powder to treat diarrhea, rheumatism and kidney complaints, dysentery, hoarseness of voice, gravels, indigestion and loss of appetite. Insect repellent. Green leaves eaten to stop hemorrhage of the mouth and for pulmonary troubles.) in English: celery, marsh parsley, smallage, wild celery in China: han qin, han ch’in, ch’in, ch’in ts’ai in India: aajmoda, agni, agnika, ajamoda, ajmod, ajmoda, ajmud, andhapatrika, bastamoda, bekh karfas, bhotay padina, bikh karafs, bikh karfas, bizrul karafs, brahmakoshi, brahmamusha, callari, chanu, dipya, dipyaka, fitrasalium, gandhadala, guddaga sompu, hastikavari, hayagandndha, karafas, karafs, karasb, karavi, karfs, kharahya, kharashva, kharasva, kharavha, krimijagdha, lochamastaka, markati, mayura, moda, modadhya, modini, phalamukhya, randhuni, seleri, seliri, shalari, shikkimoda, sonira, tukham karfara, tukhm-e-karafs, tukhm-i-karafs, tukhm karafs, tukhm karafs nim kofta, tukhm karofs, tukhm khurfa siyah, tukhme-karfas, ugragandhika, vanhidipika, vastamoda, vishali in Philippines: apio, kimchai, kinintsai, kintsai in Tibet: tam mu sa, tim mu sa in Brazil: aipo da água e dos pântanos, aipo, aipo odorante, aipo fétida, salsa dos pântanos, salsão in South Africa: sel(d)ery Apium prostratum Labill. (Apium australe Thouars; Apium australe var. latisectum H. Wolff; Apium dunicola Pontiroli; Apium maclovianum Gand.; Apium prostratum Labill. ex Vent.; Apium prostratum Vent.) New Zealand. Flat creeping plant

See Cook, James (1728–1779), A voyage towards the South Pole, and round the world: performed in His Majesty’s ships the Resolution and Adventure, in the years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775 … London, 1777 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 59: 709. 1913 [1912 publ. 1913], Das Pflanzenreich IV, 228(90): 32. 1927 [Pflanzenr. (Engler) [Heft 90] 4, Fam. 228: 32. 1927], Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires Pt. 4, Oxalidac.-Umbellif., 397. 1966 [Colecc. Ci. Inst. Nac. Tecnol. Agropecu. 4(4a): 397. 1966] (Diuretic, anti-scorbutic.) in English: green celery, Maori celery, prostrate parsley, sea celery Maori name: tutaekoau

Apluda L. Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Latin name apluda (appl-) ae for chaff or bran, alluding to the involucres, or to the spikelets, see Species Plantarum 1: 82. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 35. 1754, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 128, 157. 1812 and Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 5. 1917, Phytologia 10(5): 321– 406. 1964, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15: 51–57. 1980, M. Lazarides, “The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia (excluding bamboos).” Phanerogamarum Monographiae 12: 1–225. Vaduz 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 20: 205–206. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143, 322–323. 1990, Regnum Veg. 127: 20. 1993, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775–783. 1994, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 68–69. 2003. Apluda mutica L. (Andropogon aristatus (L.) Raspail, nom. illeg., non Andropogon aristatus Poir.; Andropogon glaucus Retz.; Andropogon glaucus Torr., nom. illeg., non Andropogon glaucus Retz.; Andropogon glaucus Muhl., nom. illeg., non Andropogon glaucus Retz.; Apluda aristata L.; Apluda communis Nees; Apluda cumingii Büse ex de Vriese; Apluda geniculata Roxb.; Apluda gigantea (P. Beauv.) Spreng.; Apluda glauca (Retz.) Schreb.; Apluda humilis (J. Presl) Kunth; Apluda inermis Regel; Apluda microstachya Nees; Apluda mutica subsp. aristata (L.) Babu; Apluda mutica subsp. aristata (L.) R.D. Gaur, nom. illeg., non Apluda mutica subsp. aristata (L.) Babu; Apluda mutica var. aristata (L.) Hack. ex Backer; Apluda mutica var. aristata (L.) Pilger, nom. illeg., non Apluda mutica var. aristata (L.) Hack. ex Backer; Apluda varia Hackel; Apluda varia subsp. aristata (L.) Hack.; Apluda varia subsp. mutica (L.) Hack.; Apluda varia var. humilis (J. Presl) Hack.; Apluda varia var. intermedia Hack.; Calamina gigantea P. Beauv.; Calamina humilis J. Presl; Calamina mutica (L.) P. Beauv.) SE Asia, India. Annual or perennial, leafy, tufted, slender, straggling, creeping or scandent, rooting from lower nodes, often rambling among bushes, good fodder value, palatable to stock when young, young grass eaten by buffalo

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See Species Plantarum 1: 82. 1753, Amoen. Acad. 4: 303. 1756, Centuria II. Plantarum … 2: 7. 1756, Observationes Botanicae 5: 20. 1789, Beschreibung der Gräser 2: 99. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 128–129, 151, t. 23, f. 1. 1812, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 8. 1814, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1(1): 153–154. 1824, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 307. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 290. 1825, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 344. 1830, Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis 105. 1857, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 22: 26. 1887, J.F. Duthie, The Fodder Grasses of Northern India. 44–45. Roorkee 1888, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 196–199. 1889 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 226. 1900, Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Nancy 2: 54. 1928, Handb. Flora van Java 2: 54. Batavia 1928, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 331. 1931, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14e: 130. 1945, Grasses of Ceylon 177. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 93. 1960, Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun 582. 1977, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 9(1): 59. 1987, Taxon 49(2): 246. 2000, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 1198–1205. 2008 (Whole plant diuretic, antiseptic, for gonorrhea, sores; root powder taken internally for AIDS. Veterinary medicine, plant paste given to animals suffering from tongue or mouth sores.) in English: snubgrass in Bhutan: karuki in China: shui zhe cao in India: akku hullu, baru, bhajura, bhangri, bhanjra, bhanjura, bhanjuri, bhankta, bhas, bhickma, bhongla bhongta, bhumbhuru, bhus jari, bonta, chhari, chickwar, chotki basar, dhanghi khad, dhuri ghas, gandhani, gandhi, ganni, gawan, ghaghara, ghandani, goroma, gugar gadi, gugargadi, kaadu hanchi hullu, kadmor, kari hanchi hullu, kari kaachi, kari kaachi hullu, karmoria, kattingiya sufed, kharvel, khavas, kurdia, makkha, manda pillu, manda pul, moongil pul, moshi, mungil pillu, munmona, murmuru, palakhari, paodi, patpatawan, phota, phula jara, phulaer, phules, phuli, phulor, phulria, phulse, poklia, poladi gavat, poleda, polki, ponai, pongta, pootstrangali, putstryagali, sanna kari hullu, santhran, send, tach, tachhila, tachla, tachula, tambat, tambati, tulse paodi in Japan: Okinawa-karu-kaya (= Okinawa cut-grass) in Sri Lanka: kuru kudu tana, kuru kuda tana, moongil pul, mungil pul, munjil pul in Thailand: ya kom bang, ya phai, ya phrik phran, yaa phai, yaa phrik phraan

Apocynum L. Apocynaceae Dog’s bane, Latin and Greek apokynon, Greek apo ‘away’ and kyon ‘a dog’, for a plant, supposed to be poisonous to

Apocynum L. Apocynaceae

dogs, see Species Plantarum 1: 213–214. 1753, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 461–462. 1810, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 757. 1888 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 157. 1930. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (Apocynum ambigens Greene; Apocynum ambigens Greene var. typicum Bég. & Belosersky, nom. inval.; Apocynum androsaemifolium Forssk.; Apocynum androsaemifolium f. pauciflora Peck; Apocynum androsaemifolium subsp. detonsum Piper; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. subsp. pumilum (A. Gray) B. Boivin; Apocynum androsaemifolium var. andrewsii Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. glabrum Macoun; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. griseum (Greene) Bég. & Beloserky; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. incanum A. DC.; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. intermedium Woodson; Apocynum androsaemifolium var. nevadense Jeps.; Apocynum androsaemifolium var. oblongifolium Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum androsaemifolium var. orbiculatum Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum androsaemifolium var. pubescens Schwein.; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. pumilum A. Gray; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. tomentellum (Greene) B. Boivin; Apocynum androsaemifolium var. typicum Bég. & Belosersky, nom. inval.; Apocynum androsaemifolium L. var. woodsonii B. Boivin; Apocynum pumilum (A. Gray) Greene; Apocynum pumilum (A. Gray) Greene var. rhomboideum (Greene) Bég. & Beloserky; Apocynum scopulorum Greene ex Rydb.; Cynopaema androsaemifolium (L.) Lunell) North America. Perennial herb, white milky juice exudes when the plant is broken See Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 946. 1759, Flora AegyptiacoArabica 22. 1775, Narr. Exp. St. Peter’s River 2: 384. 1824, Rep. (Annual) Regents Univ. State New York State Mus. 47: 158. 1894 and Greene, Edward Lee (1843–1915), Plantae Bakerianae 3: 17. Washington, 1901, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 11: 453. 1906, Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis., Va, 9: 670–671, 675, 678. 1913, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 509. 1916, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif.: [Jepson] 769. 1925, Kingsbury, J.M. “Toxicity of Apocynum (dogbane) to stock; a correction.” Cornell Vet. 49: 285–287. 1959 (This plant has been reported to cause serious poisoning potential in cattle, horses, and sheep after ingestion. Spreading dogbane contains apocynamarin, a cardiac glycoside, as well as other glycosides and resins; these chemicals have caused sickness and death when administered to cats and dogs. Root poisonous in large doses. Analgesic, anthelmintic, stomachic, anticonvulsive, aphrodisiac, diuretic, hemostat, heart medicine, cathartic, febrifuge, postpartum remedy, liver tonic, for dizziness, headache, dropsy, cold, earache, sore eyes, warts, to increase lactation. Veterinary medicine, used to bathe dogs for mange; decoction of roots given to horses with worms. Magico-religious beliefs, root chewed to keep off evil spirits and ghosts.) in English: spreading dogbane

Apocynum L. Apocynaceae

Apocynum cannabinum L. (Apocynum album Greene; Apocynum angustifolium Wooton, nom. illeg.; Apocynum arenarium Greene; Apocynum bebbianum Greene; Apocynum bolanderi Greene; Apocynum breweri Greene; Apocynum canadense Shecut; Apocynum cannabinum f. arenarium (Greene) B. Boivin; Apocynum cannabinum f. pubescens (Mitch. ex R. Br.) Voss; Apocynum cannabinum subsp. cordigerum (Greene) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Apocynum cannabinum var. album (Greene) F.C. Gates; Apocynum cannabinum var. angustifolium N.H. Holmgren; Apocynum cannabinum L. var. angustifolium (Woot.) N.H. Holmgren; Apocynum cannabinum var. bolanderi (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. estellinum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. floribundum Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. glaberrimum A. DC.; Apocynum cannabinum var. greeneanum (Bég. & Beloserky) Woodson; Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium (Aiton) A. Gray; Apocynum cannabinum var. incanum Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. isophyllum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. lanceolatum Durand & Hilg.; Apocynum cannabinum var. nemorale (G.S. Mill.) Fernald; Apocynum cannabinum var. oliganthum Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. palustre Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. puberulum Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitch. ex R. Br.) A. DC.; Apocynum cannabinum L. var. pubescens (Mitchell ex R. Br.) Woodson; Apocynum cannabinum var. suksdorfii (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum cannabinum var. typicum Bég. & Belosersky, nom. inval.; Apocynum carolinii Nieuwl.; Apocynum cervinum Greene; Apocynum cinereum Nieuwl., nom. illeg.; Apocynum cordigerum Greene; Apocynum cuspidatum Greene ex Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum densiflorum Greene; Apocynum dictyotum Greene; Apocynum estellinum Greene; Apocynum farwellii Greene; Apocynum farwellii f. anomalum Farw.; Apocynum farwellii f. ternarium Farw.; Apocynum farwellii f. verticillare Farw.; Apocynum farwellii var. glaucum Farw.; Apocynum greeneanum Bég. & Beloserky; Apocynum hypericifolium Aiton; Apocynum hypericifolium f. arenarium (Greene) F.C. Gates; Apocynum hypericifolium var. angustifolium Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum hypericifolium var. cordigerum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum hypericifolium var. farwellii (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum hypericifolium var. intermedium Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum hypericifolium var. myrianthum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum hypericifolium var. nevadense (Goodd.) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum hypericifolium var. oblongum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum hypericifolium var. salignum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum hypericifolium var. typicum Bég. & Belosersky, nom. inval.; Apocynum isophyllum Greene; Apocynum ithacense Greene; Apocynum laurinum Greene; Apocynum littorale Greene; Apocynum longifolium Greene; Apocynum macounii Greene ex Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum missouriense Greene; Apocynum myrianthum Greene; Apocynum nemorale G.S. Mill.; Apocynum neogeum Bég. & Beloserky; Apocynum nevadense Goodd.; Apocynum oblongum Greene; Apocynum

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oliganthum Greene; Apocynum palustre Greene; Apocynum piscatorium Douglas ex A. DC.; Apocynum platyphyllum Greene; Apocynum procerum Greene; Apocynum pubescens Mitch. ex R. Br.; Apocynum purpureum Tausch; Apocynum salignum Greene; Apocynum sibiricum Jacq.; Apocynum sibiricum f. arenarium (Greene) Fernald; Apocynum sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) Fernald; Apocynum sibiricum var. farwellii (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. var. farwellii (Greene) Fernald; Apocynum sibiricum var. salignum (Greene) Fernald; Apocynum subuligerum Greene; Apocynum suksdorfii Greene; Apocynum suksdorfii var. angustifolium (Bég. & Belosersky) Woodson; Apocynum thermale Greene; Apocynum tomentulosum Nieuwl.; Apocynum venetum A. DC., nom. illeg.; Cynopaema cannabinum (L.) Lunell; Cynopaema hypericifolium (Aiton) Lunell; Forsteronia pavonii A. DC.) North America, Canada to USA. Shrub, perennial branching herb, spreading, erect, reddish brown fibrous stems, lanceolate to obovate light green sharply pointed leaves, milky white sap, corolla white cream to pale yellow, terminal erect clusters of small flowers, pendent fruits green turning red when mature See Species Plantarum 1: 213. 1753, Prodr. (DC.) 8: 438. 1844 and Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 166. 1913, American Midland Naturalist 4: 508–509. 1916, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 170. 1916, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 119, 132, 140. 1930, Rhodora 37: 327–328. 1935, N. Amer. Fl. 29: 192. 1938, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 42: 137. 1940, Naturaliste Canad. 93: 128. 1966, Taxon 31: 352. 1982, Intermountain Fl. 4: 28. 1984, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, Joubert, J.P. Cardiac glycosides. Pages 61–97 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of plant origin. Vol. II. Glycosides. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., USA. 1989, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989 (Hemp dogbane contains the chemical cymarin, a cardiac glycoside stimulant from the roots. Milky stem latex used for venereal diseases. Leaves cathartic, emetic, rubbed to increase lactation. Stem bark infusion as a purgative; decoction of chewed leaves and bark taken as an emetic; poultice of chewed leaves and bark applied to wounds. Roots abortifacient, anthelmintic, emetic, laxative, blood purifier, astringent, antirheumatic and arrow poison, used for pox, stomachache, ague, biliousness, diarrhea, dropsy. Berries infusion taken for heart problems, coughs, asthma, whooping cough. Veterinary medicine, tops chewed for horses illness. Ritual, ceremonial emetic and lotion.) in English: American hemp, amyroot, bitter root, Canadian hemp, dog bane, dogbane, hemp dogbane, Indian hemp, Indian physic Apocynum × floribundum Greene (Apocynum × abditum Greene; Apocynum × andrewsii Greene; Apocynum × ciliolatum Piper; Apocynum × coconinum Greene ex Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum × convallarium Greene; Apocynum × denticulatum Suksd.; Apocynum × divergens Greene;

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Apocynum × ellipticum Greene; Apocynum × elmeri Greene; Apocynum × glaucum Nieuwl.; Apocynum × incanum Greene; Apocynum × insigne Greene; Apocynum × jonesii Woodson; Apocynum × leuconeuron Greene; Apocynum × lividum Greene; Apocynum × lividum var. abditum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum × lividum var. convallarium (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum × lividum var. elmeri (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum × lividum var. floribundum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky, nom. illeg.; Apocynum × lividum var. texanum Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum × lividum var. typicum Bég. & Belosersky, nom. inval.; Apocynum × lividum var. vacillans (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum × lividum var. viarum (A. Heller) Bég. & Belosersky; Apocynum × macrophyllum Bég. & Beloserky; Apocynum × medium Greene; Apocynum × medium var. floribundum (Greene) Woodson, nom. illeg.; Apocynum × medium var. leuconeuron (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum × medium var. lividum (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum × medium var. sarniense (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum × medium var. vestitum (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum × milleri Britton; Apocynum × milleri var. pauciflorum Farw.; Apocynum × pseudomedium Bég. & Beloserky; Apocynum × rubicundum Greene; Apocynum × sarniense Greene; Apocynum × speciosum G.S. Mill.; Apocynum × urceolifer G.S. Mill.; Apocynum × vacillans Greene; Apocynum × vestitum Greene; Apocynum × viarum A. Heller; Apocynum × viride Wooton & Standl.; Apocynum cannabinum var. lividum (Greene) A. Nelson; Apocynum floribundum Greene; Apocynum jonesii Woodson; Apocynum medium Greene; Apocynum medium Greene var. floribundum (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum medium Greene var. leuconeuron (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum medium Greene var. lividum (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum medium Greene var. sarniense (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum medium Greene var. vestitum (Greene) Woodson; Apocynum milleri Britton; Apocynum pumilum var. rubicundum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky) North America, Mexico. Shrub, perennial herb, hybrid formula Apocynum androsaemifolium × Apocynum cannabinum See Erythea 1: 151. 1893, Man. Bot. San Francisco: 240. 1894, Pittonia 3: 229. 1897 and Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 83, 85. 1900, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 56–57. 1902, Muhlenbergia 2: 110. 1906, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 11: 453. 1906, Man. Bot. Rocky Mt., ed. 2: 386. 1909, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2: 105, 164, 167, 174, 178–182. 1912, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 16: 159. 1913, Atti Reale Accad. Lincei 310: 123–124, 129. 1913, Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis., Va, 9: 716–719. 1913, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 170. 1916, Werdenda 1: 31. 1927, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 111–113, 115–117. 1930 (Disinfectant. Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.) in English: intermediate dogbane Apocynum maculatum Descourt. (Echites maculatus (Descourt.) A. DC.) West Indies.

Apodytes E. Meyer ex Arnott Icacinaceae (Emmotaceae)

See Descourtilz, Michel Étienne (1775–1835), Flore pittoresque et médicale des Antilles 3: 177, t. 190. Paris, 1821– 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 474. 1844 (Juice and crushed leaves to stop bleeding.) Apocynum pictum Schrenk (Apocynum grandiflorum Danguy; Apocynum hendersonii J.D. Hooker; Poacynum hendersonii (J.D. Hooker) Woodson; Poacynum pictum (Schrenk) Baillon) C. Asia to Mongolia. See Lahore to Yarkand: 327. 1878, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 757. 1888 and Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 137. 1911, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 167. 1930 (Used as a sedative and to treat hypertension.) in China: bai ma Apocynum venetum L. (Apocynum lancifolium Russanov; Apocynum venetum var. ellipticifolium Beguinot & Belanger; Apocynum venetum var. microphyllum Beguinot & Belanger; Trachomitum lancifolium (Russanov) Pobedimova; Trachomitum venetum (Linnaeus) Woodson; Trachomitum venetum var. ellipticifolium (Beguinot & Belanger) Woodson; Trachomitum venetum var. microphyllum (Beguinot & Belanger) Woodson) Europe, Temp. Asia. See Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 158. 1930 (Used as a sedative and to treat hypertension.) in China: luo bu ma

Apodytes E. Meyer ex Arnott Icacinaceae (Emmotaceae) Greek apodyo, apodytos ‘to strip off, undressed’, referring to the flowers, the calyx is minute and the corolla is not covered; see Hooker’s Journal of Botany. 3: 155. 1840. Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. (Apodytes acutifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Apodytes beddomei Mast.; Apodytes benthamiana Wight; Apodytes cambodiana Pierre; Apodytes dimidiata fo. farinosa H. Perrier; Apodytes dimidiata fo. microphylla H. Perrier; Apodytes dimidiata var. acutifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Boutique; Apodytes dimidiata var. hazomaitso (Danguy) H. Perrier; Apodytes dimidiata var. ikongoensis H. Perrier; Apodytes dimidiata var. imerinensis (Baker) H. Perrier; Apodytes dimidiata var. inversa (Baillon ex Grandidier) H. Perrier; Apodytes emirnensis Baker; Apodytes frappieri Cordemoy; Apodytes gardneriana Miers; Apodytes giung A. Chev.; Apodytes hazomaitso Danguy; Apodytes imerinensis Baker; Apodytes inversa Baillon ex Grandidier; Apodytes javanica K. & V.; Apodytes mauritiana Benth. & Hook. f.; Apodytes thouarsiana Baill.; Apodytes thouvenotii Danguy; Apodytes tonkinensis Gagnep.; Apodytes

343

Apollonias Nees Lauraceae

yunnanensis Hu; Icacina mauritiana Miers; Mappia philippinensis Merr.; Neoleretia philippinensis (Merr.) Baehni; Nothapodytes philippinensis (Merr.) Sleumer) China, Ethiopia, South Africa, India. Small tree, dark grey rough bark, trunk covered with white spots, branchlets with sparse oblong lenticels, leaves slightly coriaceous with waxy bloom above, twigs and petiole red-tinged, small white scented flowers, flower parts white, stamens orange, immature fruits green, very asymmetric fruits berry-like black and flattened with a scarlet aril, persistent style, forests at high altitudes, at forest edge See Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 1: 22, pl. 47. 1797, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 5. 1806, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 155. 1840, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 3: t. 1153. 1846, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 92. 1847, Museum Botanicum 1: 248. 1850, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2 9: 389. 1852, Genera Plantarum 1: 351. 1862, The Flora of British India 1(3): 588. 1875, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 458. 1886, Hist. Nat. Madag., Bot. Atlas 4: t. 236–237. 1892 [Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar 4: t. 236–237. 1892], Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine pl. 267, f. A. 1892, Flore de l’Ile de la Réunion 377. 1895, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 2: 3. 1899 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 1(7): 197. 1910, Bull. Econ. Indochine, n.s., 132: 817. 1918, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 28: 248–249. 1922, Philippine Journal of Science 26(4): 467–468. 1925, Candollea 7: 180–181. 1936, Compte Rendu des Séances de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 53: 35. 1936, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology 10: 154. 1940, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 15(2): 247. 1940, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 119: 19–20. 1952, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 16: 63. 1960, Blumea 17(1): 181–264. 1969 (Root bark used for intestinal parasites. Leaves with a bitter and astringent taste.) in English: white pear in Comoros: mwanguli in Madagascar: hazananana, hazomafàna, hazombato, hazonana, hazonanana, lakalahy, maintso antsavoka, maranikoditra, natoriakalahy, robary maintso, varongy lahy, varongy tain-jaza in Southern Africa: witpeer; umDakane (Zulu); umDakane, umDakana (Xhosa); amDakane (Thonga); umDzakane (Swazi); kgalagangwe, mmetla-kgamelo (North Sotho)

Apollonias Nees Lauraceae After Apollo or Phoebus of Greek mythology, probably referring to the beauty of the plants, see Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried Daniel (1776–1858), Annexa

est Plantarum laurinarum secundum affinitates naturales expositio: ab academiae praeside proposita, qua comprehenditur Hufelandiae laurini generis novi laureato seni consecrati illustratio. Vratislaviae: [typis Grassii, Barthii et sociorum], 1833. Apollonias arnottii Nees India. See Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried Daniel, Systema Laurinarum 670. Berolini, 1836 (Veterinary medicine.) in India: centanam, chenthanam, chenthanu

Aponogeton L.f. Aponogetonaceae From the Latin name Aponi fons or fontes, healing springs near Padua, Italy; Greek a ‘without, not, un-’, ponos ‘pain’ and geiton ‘a neighbour’, see Species Plantarum 2: 969. 1753, The British Herbal 480. 1756, Supplementum Plantarum 32, 214. 1782 [dt. 1781; publ. Apr 1782], Flora Cochinchinensis 224, 244. 1790, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 400. 1805, Exposition des Familles Naturelles 1: 52. 1805, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 2, 17. 1806, Botanical Magazine, ad pl. 4894. 1856, Genera Plantarum 3: 1011. 1883 and Tomas Erik von Post (1858–1912) and C.E.O. Kuntze (1843–1907), Lexicon generum Phanerogamarum 39. Stuttgart 1904, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 67: 53–54. 1980, Syst. Bot. 30(3): 519. 2005. Aponogeton crispus Thunb. (Aponogeton echinatus Roxb.; Spathium crispum (Thunb.) Voigt; Spathium echinatum (Roxb.) Voigt) India, Sri Lanka. Aquatic herb, thick tuberous rootstock edible See Nov. Gen. Pl. [Thunberg] 4: 73. 1784, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 210. 1832, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt.: 694. 1845 and Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 67: 53–54. 1980, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68: 222–223. 1981, Biblioth. Bot. 137: 1–76. 1985 (Starchy rootstock eaten in diarrhea.) Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & K. Krause (Aponogeton flavidum Ham. ex Hook.f.; Aponogeton lineare Vahl; Aponogeton lucens Herb. Madr. ex Hook.f.; Aponogeton lucens Hook.f.; Aponogeton monostachyon L.f., nom. illeg.; Aponogeton monostachyos L.f., nom. illeg.; Aponogeton monostachys Edgew.; Aponogeton monostachyus L.f.; Aponogeton natans Engl. & K. Krause; Potamogeton indicus Roxb., nom. inval.; Potamogeton indicus Roth; Potamogeton indicus Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Spathium monostachyum (L.f.) Edgew.) India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka. Aquatic, floating, slender, aerial leaves erect, tubers boiled or fried before being consumed

344

Aporosa Blume Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

See Supplementum Plantarum 32, 214. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Symb. Bot. (Vahl) iii. 51. 1794, Hort. Bengal. 12. 1814, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 516. 1818, Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich ed.) 1: 471. 1820, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 11: 148. 1842, London J. Bot. 3: 402. 1844, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 564. 1893 and Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Aponogetonac. IV, 13: 11. 1906, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 258–265. 2007

Tropical Asia. Small tree, young branches sparsely hairy, papery leaves, axillary inflorescence

(Used in Sidha. Leaf pasted with hot water to treat cuts and wounds.)

in India: chhawntual

in India: allikkilanku, alliyakkilanku, ammatti, citti, cittikkilanku, elakkotti, elakkottikkilanku, kanmaykkilanku, kanmaykkotti, kopapattiram, kothe gida, kottaimulam, kotti, kotti-k-kilanku, kotti kizhangu, kottikkilanku, kottikkizhangu, lottirakkilanku, lottiram, metuvacakkilanku, metuvacam, naiciyakkotti, naiciyam, namma dumpa, nanna puvvumokka, nava dumpa, neeru balli, neeru kasa, paraikilangu, paruakelangu, utumparacitakkilanku, utumparacitam in Sri Lanka: kekatiya

Aporosa Blume Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) A being aporos ‘difficult, undecided’, from the Greek aporia ‘difficulty, perplexity, embarassment, doubt’, possibly referring to the perplexity of the author regarding the classification; see Genera Plantarum 384–385. 1789, Karl Ludwig von Blume (1796–1862), Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. 10: 514. Batavia 1825–1826 [7 Dec 1825–24 Jan 1826], Flora Javae 1: vi. 1828 and Blumea Supplement 17: 1–381. 2004, Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007. Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr. (Aporosa affinis Baill., nom. nud.; Aporosa lindleyana (Wight) Baill.; Aporosa lindleyana Baill.; Aporosa sphaerocarpa Müll. Arg.; Aporusa lindleyana (Wight) Baill.; Croton cardiospermus Gaertn.; Scepa lindleyana Wight) W. India, Sri Lanka. Tree, thin smooth bark, pale yellow flowers, juicy ripe aril eaten raw See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 120. 1790, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 2: 5, t. 361. 1840, Étude Euphorb. 645. 1858, Flora 47: 519. 1864 and J. Arnold Arbor. 35: 139. 1954 (Used in Sidha. Root decoction given for the treatment of jaundice, fever and headache. Religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves, used in funeral ceremony.) in India: amvetti, bidchella, challe mara, challu kaayi, echili, kodali, kotili, makavirutcam, ponvetti, sali, salle, sarali, sulla, suroli, surroli, vetti, vitti, vittil Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery (Myrica octandra Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don)

See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 56. 1825 and Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 193. 1982 (Fruit pulp for pimples; bark juice for wounds; infusion of surface of inner bark drunk for colic and stomachache.)

in Nepal: kalikath Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. octandra (Alnus dioica Roxb.; Alnus integrifolia Roxb. ex Steud.; Alnus integrifolia Roxb. ex Pax & K. Hoffm.; Aporosa aurita (Tul.) Miq.; Aporosa chinensis (Champ. ex Benth.) Merr.; Aporosa clellandii Hook.f.; Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.; Aporosa frutescens Benth., nom. illeg.; Aporosa glabrifolia Kurz; Aporosa leptostachya Benth.; Aporosa lindleyana var. macrostachya Müll.Arg.; Aporosa microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk.; Aporosa microcalyx var. chinensis (Champ. ex Benth.) Müll.Arg.; Aporosa microcalyx var. intermedia Pax & K. Hoffm.; Aporosa oblonga Müll.Arg.; Aporosa obovata Pax & K. Hoffm.; Aporosa octandra var. chinensis (Champ. ex Benth.) A. Schott; Aporosa roxburghii Baill.; Aporosa roxburghii (Wall. ex Lindl.) Baill.; Aporosa villosula Kurz; Aporosa wallichii var. ambigua Airy Shaw; Aporusa dioica (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.; Leiocarpus serratus Hassk.; Leiocarpus tinctorius Blume ex Pax & K. Hoffm.; Lepidostachys oblonga Wall., nom. nud.; Lepidostachys roxburghii Wall. ex Lindl.; Lepidostachys roxburghii Wall.; Scepa aurita Tul.; Scepa chinensis Champ. ex Benth.; Scepa stipulacea Lindl.; Tetractinostigma microcalyx Hassk.) India, Indochina. Small tree, elliptic entire papery leaves, yellow flowers, beaked fruits, reddish aril when ripe See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 580–81. 1832, An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 441. 1836, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 15: 254. 1851, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 6: 72. 1854, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 431. 1855, Flora 40: 533. 1857, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 645. 1858, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 6: 714. 1859, Flora Hongkongensis 317. 1861, Linnaea 32: 78. 1863, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2.2): 472. 1866, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(2): 23. 1873, Fl. Brit. India 5: 348. 1887 and Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XV: 101–103. 1922, Lingnan Science Journal 13(1): 34. 1934, Kew Bulletin 35: 384. 1980, Blumea 40(2): 452. 1995 (Leaves juice given in dysentery and stomach disorders. Bark juice for wounds, fever, headache, insanity, stomachache; bark infusion taken for stomachache and for low blood pressure. Bark and fruit crushed and mixed with water, the filtrate applied in skin diseases, scabies, dermatitis. Fruit pulp for pimples.)

345

Apostasia Blume Orchidaceae

in China: yin chai in India: bara heloch, chamchhloja, chham-chholja, chhawntual, chhawntual, khokora, kokra, tamsir-araung in Nepal: kalikath Aporosa villosa (Lindl.) Baill. (Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Müll. Arg. var. yunnanensis (Pax & K. Hoffm.) H.S. Kiu; Aporosa glabrifolia Kurz; Aporosa microcalyx (Hassk.) Hassk. var. yunnanensis Pax & K. Hoffm.; Aporosa octandra (Buch.Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. yunnanensis (Pax & K. Hoffm.) A. Schott; Scepa villosa Lindl.) India. Small tree See A Natural System of Botany 2: 441. 1836, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 645. 1858, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 6: 714. 1860 [1859 publ. 1860], Prodr. (DC.) 15(2.2): 472. 1866, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 13(155): 330. 1875 and Guihaia 11(1): 17. 1991, Blumea 40(2): 452. 1995 (Leaves rubbed on the body as a sexual stimulant.) in China: mao yin chai

Apostasia Blume Orchidaceae From the Greek apostasia ‘separation, divorce, defection’, (aphistemi ‘to remove, separate, put away’, apo ‘far, away’ and istemi ‘to stand’), apostasis ‘a standing away from’, referring to the classification of this orchid; see Karl Ludwig von Blume, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. 423, t. 5. 1825 and India Orchid Journal 1(4): 144–148. 1989. Apostasia nuda R.Br. (Adactylus brunonis (Griff.) Cretz.; Adactylus lobbii (Rchb.f.) Rolfe; Adactylus nudus (R.Br.) Rolfe; Apostasia brunonis Griff.; Apostasia lobbii Rchb.f.,)

See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 75, t. 84. 1830, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 242. 1889 and J. Jap. Bot. 11: 46. 1935, Rep. (Annual) Noto Mar. Lab. 3: 63. 1963, Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 8(2): 35–49. 2001, QJM 98(9): 625–631. 2005 (Convulsions.)

Apuleia Mart. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cassieae, Leguminosae) See Species Plantarum 1: 374–375. 1753, Herbarium florae brasiliensis 20(2): 123. 1837, Flora 20(2, Beibl.): 123. 1837, Linnaea 11: 198. 1837 and Phytologia 1(3): 141–144. 1935, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 18: 109–177. 1965. Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr. (Apoleya leiocarpa (Vogel) Gleason; Apoleya molaris (Spruce ex Benth.) Gleason; Apuleia leiocarpa J.F. Macbr.; Apuleia leiocarpa var. molaris (Spruce ex Benth.) Koeppen; Apuleia molaris Spruce ex Benth.; Apuleia molaris Spruce; Apuleia praecox C. Mart.; Dalbergia cucullata Pittier; Leptolobium leiocarpum Vogel; Platymiscium ellipticum Rusby) South America. Perennial non-climbing tree See Linnaea 11: 393. 1837, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 15(2): 177. 1870 and Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 514. 1910, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 23. 1919, Phytologia 1(3): 143. 1935, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 8: 261. 1943, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68: 551, 557. 1981, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(2): 127– 137. 2000, Revista Brasil. Bot. 28(4): 797–808. 2005 (Antimalarial.)

Malesia.

Aquilaria Lam. Thymelaeaceae (Aquilariaceae)

See Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 76. 1830, Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 243. 1851, Flora 55: 278. 1872, Orchid Rev. 4: 329. 1896 and J. Jap. Bot. 17: 407. 1941

Latin aquila, ae ‘an eagle’; Akkadian eklu ‘dark: said of the day’, ekelu ‘to be dark: said of the sun, the day’, see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 3. 1754, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lam.) 1(1): 48–49. 1783, Genera Plantarum 76. 1789, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 257–258, 267–268, 280–281. 1790, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 59. 1825, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 19: 41, pl. 1B, f. 13–21. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 584. 1891, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 7. 17: 216. 1893, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 40: 77. 1893 and Fl. Malesiana, Ser. 1, Spermatoph. 6: 15. 1960, Fl. Bhutan 2(1): 208–213. 1991, Fl. Thailand 6(3): 226–245. 1997, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5: 433–484. 2004.

(For diarrhea, dysentery.) Malay names: hutan jantan, kanching pelandok, pelampas budak, sen juan Apostasia wallichii R.Br. (Apostasia alba Rolfe; Apostasia curvata J.J.Sm.; Apostasia gracilis Rolfe; Apostasia lucida Blume ex Siebe; Apostasia nipponica Masam.; Apostasia papuana Schltr.; Apostasia stylidioides (F. Muell.) Rchb.f.; Apostasia wallichii R. Brown ex Wallich; Apostasia wallichii subsp. nipponica (Masam.) Masam.; Apostasia wallichii var. nipponica (Masam.) Masam.; Apostasia wallichii var. seraweiensis J.J. Sm.; Mesodactylis deflexa Wall.; Mesodactylis wallichii (R.Br.) Endl.; Neumayera stylidioides (F. Muell.) Rchb.f.; Niemeyera stylidioides F. Muell.) Japan, Trop. Asia. Terrestrial herb or shrublet, stem deep green, floral bracts white, young fruits green, in shady place

Aquilaria agallocha (Lour.) Roxb. ex Finl. (Aloexylum agallochum Lour.; Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., nom. illeg.; Aquilaria agallochum (Lour.) Roxb. ex Finl.) India. Tree, white flowers in terminal umbellate cymes, obovoid fruits, coriaceous pericarp

346

See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 267–268. 1790, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 33. 1814, Miss. Siam Hué 94. 1826, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 422–423. 1832 and J. Nat. Prod. 44(5): 569–72. 1982, Planta Med. 51(5): 368–371. 1985, Planta Med. 59(1): 32–6. 1993, Cell and Chromosome Research 16: 38. 1993, Cytologia 60: 407–409. 1995, J. Ethnopharmacol. 58(1): 31–38. 1997, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 6(8): 849–852. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Wood stimulant, tonic, carminative, astringent, aphrodisiac, used in diarrhea, vomiting and snakebite; heartwood stomachic, useful in stomach pain, colic and nervous vomiting. Bark juice useful in gout, rheumatism, diarrhea and for stopping vomiting. Decoction of rooted parts of the stem drunk for influenza. Sedative, central nervous system depressant, cytotoxic, antiallergic. Powder of dried wood or oil in clothes against moths and cockroach. Magico-religious beliefs, contact therapy, plant used as bed and pillow.) in India: agalicandana, agar, agar hindi, agar hindi saida, agar kala, agar kali, agar nim kofta, agar pisa hua, agara, agare-hindi, agaru, agaru chettu, agaru gandha, aggalichandana, agil, agilu, agilu gandha, agnikashtha, agre-hindi, agru, aguru, aguruh, ajmod, akar, akaru, akil, akil kattai, akilmaram, akircilai, akirkattai, akkakalam, akkil, akku, akkuru, akuru, anaryaka, aracakam, arakkam, arukam, asara, aud, aude-hindi, bhringaja, bol agar, cakatuntam, cakatuyil, cakatuyilmaram, catatuntam, chamang, chap, cikalokam, cipiyam, cilokam, ciriyavitamaram, cirivil, citam, cukacaritam, conkam, ilakal, ilaku, ilatavi, ilatavimaram, iracarukam, jishvarupa, jongaka, jongakah, jongakaichhila, jonk, kakatuntam, kalaguru, kalaloha, kalecam, kaleyam, kaleyamaram, kalimankam, kalimayikam, kalimalakam, kalomam, kalomavvi, kamaracamaram, kamaram, kapaterikam, karaincal, karaincan, karakil, karanical, karkantam, karkantamaram, karkaru, kashthaka, kattakam, katteri, kavai, kavaikkal, kavaikkalmaram, kavikkalmaram, kayagahru, kayam, kayaperikam, kayaperikamaram, kayaterikam, kayateriyam, kirumicamtai, kiruttuvam, kirutuvam, krimigandha, krimija, krimijagandha, krishna, krishna agaru, krishnagaru, krsnaguru, krsnaguruh, laghu, loha, lohakhya, mai hom, maliyaka, marali, murukku, murukamaram, nang nam cha, ood, ood hindi, ood hindi agar, ood hindi saida, pacarukam, paruciyam, pataka, pirakaram, pirakaricam, pirakarikam, porika, pravara, pulil, punil, purarika, purika, purinakar, putikam, putikaram, rajarahkalijya, rajarha, roghan ood, sachigoch, sasi gach, sungzatong, tang mam, thing-rai, thingrai, tra kung, tun nam, tun nam cha, tuti, tuticcopitam, tuticcopitamaram, ud, ude-hindi, udghargi, vanacananam, vanacantanam, vancantanam, vanshika, varanppiracatanam, varnappiracatanam, varnapracatanam, varnaprasadana, vilam, yogaja Aquilaria beccariana Tiegh. (Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Ridl. var. parvifolia Airy Shaw; Aquilaria grandifolia Domke; Gyrinopsis grandifolia (Domke) Quisumb.) Borneo. Tree, resinous

Aquilaria Lam. Thymelaeaceae (Aquilariaceae)

See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 40: 77. 1893, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7: 217. 1893 and J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 35: 80. 1901, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 44: 17. 1922, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu BerlinDahlem 11(105): 348–349. 1932, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1940(6): 261–262. 1940, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 27(4): 406. 1946, Fl. Malesiana, Ser. 1, Spermatoph. 6: 13. 1960, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5: 433– 484. 2004 (Heartwood burned to repel insects, mosquitoes. Magicoreligious beliefs, ritual, ceremonial, fragrant heartwood burned to cure a person made ill by a curse.) Vernacular name: kayu sekau Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Ridl. (Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Hallier f.; Aquilaria decemcostata Hallier f.; Decaisnella cumingiana (Decne.) Kuntze; Gyrinopsis cumingiana Decne.; Gyrinopsis pubifolia Quisumb.) Philippines. See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 19: 41, pl. 1B, f. 13–21. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 584. 1891 and Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society no. 35: 80. 1901, Mededeelingen van’s RijksHerbarium 44: 17–18. 1922, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 27(4): 406. 1946 (Bark and roots to stop bleeding, for wounds.) in Philippines: alahan, bago, binuko, butlo, dalakit, lanutan, magaan, malagapas Aquilaria filaria (Oken) Merr. (Aquilaria acuminata (Merr.) Quisumb.; Aquilaria tomentosa Gilg; Gyrinopsis acuminata Merr.; Pittosporum filarium Oken) Papua New Guinea. Small tree, inflorescence axillary, flowers arising from a single point, simple dehiscent capsule See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59, f. 7. 1788, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte 3: 1299. 1841, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 19: 41. 1843, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28(2): 145–146. 1900, Philipp. J. Sci. C 17(3): 294. 1920[1921], J. Arnold Arbor. 27(4): 403. 1946, J. Arnold Arbor. 31: 283. 1950, Flora Malesiana, Series 1 11–12. 1960, Mycorrhiza 16(7): 459–64. 2006 (Sedative, central nervous system depressant. Pure resin, dark, excellent fragrance.) Common names: agarwood, aloeswood, eaglewood, gaharu, gaharu wood, Indonesian agarwood, jinko, oud, oudh Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (Agallochum malaccense (Lam.) Kuntze; Aloexylum agallochum Lour.; Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., nom. illeg.; Aquilaria agallochum (Lour.) Roxb. ex Finl.; Aquilaria ovata Cav.; Aquilaria secundaria Rumph. ex DC.; Aquilariella malaccensis (Lam.) Tiegh.)

347

Aquilegia L. Ranunculaceae

India, Myanmar, Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, Philippines. Trees, spiral leaves, fragrant flowers in stalked heads, tiny petals, calyx tube ribbed, fruit pear-shaped on persistent calyx, seed covered with red hairs See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 48–49. 1783, Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 7: 377, pl. 224. 1789, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 257, 267–268. 1790, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 33. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 59. 1825, Mission Siam, Húe 94. 1826, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 422–423. 1832, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 583. 1891, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 40: 77. 1893 and J. Nat. Prod. 44(5): 569–72. 1982, Planta Med. 51(5): 368–371. 1985, Planta Med. 59(1): 32–6. 1993, Cell and Chromosome Research 16: 38. 1993, Cytologia 60: 407–409. 1995, J. Ethnopharmacol. 58(1): 31–38. 1997, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 6(8): 849–852. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Bark juice useful in gout, rheumatism, diarrhea and for stopping vomiting. Powder of dried wood or oil in clothes against moths and cockroach. Decoction of rooted parts of the stem drunk for influenza. Sedative, central nervous system depressant, cytotoxic, antiallergic. The wood stomachic, used in gastralgia, colic and nervous vomiting. Magico-religious beliefs, plant used as bed and pillow believing that all diseases get cured by sleeping on this.) in English: agarwood, aloeswood, aloewood, eaglewood, Indian aloewood, Malayan aloewood, Malayan eaglewood, wood of the Gods in French: bois d’aigle in Burma: agar in China: chen xiang, chen hsiang, mi hsiang in Indonesia: gaharu, kikaras, mengkaras in Japan: Jinkoh in Malaysia: gaharu, jual bibit gaharu, karas, kayu gaharu, kelambak, kekaras, tabak, tengkaras, tui karas in Tibetan: a ga ru, a ka ru nag po, agar go-snyod, agaru, arbazhig, arnag, arskya in Vietnam: tr[aaf]m h[uw] [ow]ng Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (Agallochum sinense (Lour.) Kuntze; Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.; Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg.; Ophispermum sinense Lour.) China. Evergreen large tree, coarse reddish brown scented wood, young shoots pilose, greenish flowers, perianth hairy outside and densely villous inside, ovary tawny-tomentose, slightly compressed capsules obovate-cuneate See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 48–49. 1783, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 258, 280–281. 1790, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 356. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 583. 1891 and Philippine Journal of Science 15(3): 248. 1919 [1920], Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 51(5): 560–564. 2003

(Cytotoxic. The wood stomachic, used in gastralgia, colic and nervous vomiting.) in English: agarwood, Chinese agaru, Chinese eaglewood in China: chen xiang

Aquilegia L. Ranunculaceae From the Latin aquila, ae ‘an eagle’, referring to the petals or spurs, see Species Plantarum 1: 533–534. 1753 and Munz, P.A. “The cultivated and wild columbines.” Gentes Herb. 7: 1–150. 1946, Brittonia 33(3): 309–324. 1981, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 30: 15, 17–19, 21, 24, 27. 1996. Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus (Aquilegia australis Small; Aquilegia canadensis var. australis (Small) Munz; Aquilegia canadensis var. coccinea (Small) Munz; Aquilegia canadensis var. eminens (Greene) B. Boivin; Aquilegia canadensis var. hybrida Hook.; Aquilegia canadensis var. latiuscula (Greene) Munz; Aquilegia coccinea Small; Aquilegia latiuscula Greene; Aquilegia phoenicantha Cory) North America. Perennial herb See Sp. Pl. 1: 533–534. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 237. 1754, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(9): 466. 1898, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 1(4): 280–281. 1899 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(363/367): 321. 1914, Payson, E.B. “The North American species of Aquilegia.” Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 133–157. 1918, American Midland Naturalist 50: 510. 1953 (Infusions from various parts of plants to treat heart trouble, kidney problems, headaches, bladder problems and fever, and as a wash for poison ivy. Ceremonial, magico-religious beliefs, ritual, powdered seeds used as love charms; and a compound used to detect bewitchment.) in North America: ancolie du Canada, Canadian columbine, columbine, honeysuckle, meeting-houses, red columbine, skalikatit, skarikatit, wild columbine Aquilegia coerulea E. James (Aquilegia caerulea E. James) North America. Perennial herb, bushy, several stems, compound palmate leaves, rounded leaflets, five-pointed petallike sepals See Account Exped. Pittsburgh. 2: 15. 1823 and Evolution 35: 763–774. 1981 (Analgesic, seeds chewed or used an infusion made from the roots to treat abdominal pains.) in English: Colorado blue columbine Aquilegia desertorum (M.E. Jones) Cockerell ex A. Heller (Aquilegia formosa Fischer ex DC. var. desertorum M.E. Jones; Aquilegia triternata Payson) North America. Perennial herb

348

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis [DC.] 1: 50. 1824, Contributions to Western Botany 8: 2. 1898 and Muhlenbergia 1(2): 27. 1901, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(4): 147–148. 1918 (Aquilegia desertorum very similar to Aquilegia canadensis. Ceremonial.) in English: Chiricahua Mountain columbine Aquilegia elegantula Greene North America. Perennial herb See Pittonia 4(20B): 14–15. 1899 (Plant infusion as a blood purifier.) in English: western red columbine Aquilegia eximia Van Houtte ex Planch. (Aquilegia eximia Borbás; Aquilegia fontinalis J.T. Howell) North America. Perennial herb See Journal Général d’Horticulture 12: 13, pl. 1188. 1857 and Leaflets of Western Botany 2(14): 254–255. 1940 (Ceremonial, flowers used in dance wreathes.) in English: Van Houtte’s columbine Aquilegia formosa Fischer ex DC. (Aquilegia formosa fo. anomala J.T. Howell; Aquilegia formosa var. communis B. Boivin; Aquilegia formosa var. fosteri S.L. Welsh; Aquilegia formosa var. hypolasia (Greene) Munz; Aquilegia formosa var. megalantha B. Boivin; Aquilegia formosa var. pauciflora (Greene) Payson; Aquilegia formosa var. pauciflora (Greene) Boothman; Aquilegia formosa var. truncata (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) M.E. Jones; Aquilegia formosa var. wawawensis (Payson) H. St. John; Aquilegia fosteri (S.L. Welsh) S.L. Welsh; Aquilegia mohavensis Munz; Aquilegia shockleyi Eastw.) North America. Perennial herb See Prodr. 1: 50. 1824, Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 9, suppl.: 8. 1844, Gard. Chron. ser. 2, 10: 111. 1878, Zoë 4(3): 259. 1893 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(5): 76. 1904, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2(7): 141–142. 1911, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(4): 144. 1918, Leaflets of Western Botany 2(14): 255. 1940, Gentes Herb. 7: 106. 1946 (Seeds chewed to alleviate stomachaches; leaves chewed or used in infusions to treat coughs, colds and sore throats. Magico-religious beliefs, used as a love charm.)

Aquilegia L. Ranunculaceae

See Botanist 4: pl. 181. 1840, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 31. 1881, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 60(1/2): 305. 1893 and Pak. J. Bot. 40(1): 43–58. 2008 (Whole plant used for pneumonia fever and headache. Powdered seeds for jaundice.) in English: fragrans columbine, sweet-scented columbine in India: zadud-dorje in Pakistan: ghamuk phoonar Aquilegia micrantha Eastw. (Aquilegia ecalcarata Maxim. subsp. micrantha (Eastw.) Payson; Aquilegia ecalcarata var. micrantha (Eastw.) Payson; Aquilegia ecalcarata var. micrantha (Eastw.) Payson ex Kearney & Peebles; Aquilegia flavescens S. Watson var. rubicunda (Tidestr.) S.L. Welsh; Aquilegia micrantha var. mancosana Eastw.) North America. Perennial herb See Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: vol. 5, Botany. Washington, 10. 1871, Flora Tangutica 20, pl. 8, f. 12. 1889, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 4: 559–560, pl. 19. 1895, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 3, 1: 77. 1897 and Torreya 2(5): 75. 1902, American Midland Naturalist 1: 168. 1910, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(4): 154. 1918, Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona 318. 1942, Great Basin Naturalist 46(2): 259. 1986 (Hemostatic, used to deliver placenta.) in English: Mancos columbine Aquilegia micrantha Eastw. var. micrantha North America. Perennial herb See Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: vol. 5, Botany. Washington, 10. 1871, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 4: 559–560, pl. 19. 1895, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 3, 1: 77. 1897 and Torreya 2(5): 75. 1902, American Midland Naturalist 1: 168. 1910, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(4): 154. 1918, Great Basin Naturalist 46(2): 259. 1986 (Hemostatic, used to deliver placenta.) in English: Mancos columbine Aquilegia vulgaris L. (Aquilegia longisepala Zimm.; Aquilegia longisepala Zimm. ex Borbás; Aquilegia vulgaris Richardson; Aquilegia vulgaris Thunb.) Europe.

Aquilegia fragrans Benth.

See Sp. Pl. 1: 533. 1753, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 232. 1784 and Regnum Veg. 127: 20. 1993, PTR. Phytotherapy research 17(6): 691–696. 2003

Northern India, Western Himalayas. Herbaceous perennial, many-branched, sweet scented short-spurred creamy yellow flowers, near moist places

(Plant is poisonous, toxic. Herb antiscorbutic, sedative, antiemetic, hepatoprotective, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, parasiticide, homeopathic remedy, used in the

in English: western columbine

349

Arabidopsis Heynh. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

treatment of affections of the nervous system. Boiled wooden pieces used to cure vomiting. Seeds to cure jaundice.) in English: common columbine, European columbine, European crowfoot, garden columbine, garden crowfoot

See Illustrations of Indian Botany; or Figures Illustrative of Each of the Natural Orders of Indian Plants… [Wight, Robert] 1840–1850 (Used in Ayurveda.)

in North America: ancolie vulgaire, columbine

in English: country cress

in India: agar, baker

in India: aliverie, rohita sarushapa

Arabidopsis Heynh. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Arachis L. Fabaceae (Aeschynomeneae)

Resembling the genus Arabis L., see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 664. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 298. 1754, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 480. 1821, Flora von Sachsen 1(2): 538. 1842, Schur, Philipp Johann Ferdinand (1799–1878), Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae Index. Vindobonae, 1866 and Flora von Steiermark 1: 477. 1908, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 55: 211. 1961, Turczaninowia 3(3): 20. 2000.

An old Greek plant name, arakos, arachos, used by Theophrastus (HP. 8.8.3 and 1.6.12) for a kind of vetch, a leguminous weed growing among lentils; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 741. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 329. 1754 and U.S. Dept. Agric. Mon. 19: 14. 1954, Euphytica 21: 81. 1972, Euphytica 29: 815. 1980, Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 1. Pulses. Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 35–39. 1989, Bonplandia 8(1–4): 1–186. 1994.

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Arabis thaliana L.; Crucifera thaliana (L.) E.H.L. Krause; Crucifera thaliana E.H.L. Krause; Hesperis thaliana (L.) Kuntze; Hesperis thaliana Kuntze; Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) Gaudin; Sisymbrium thalianum J. Gay; Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay & Monnard; Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay & Monn.; Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) Gaudin; Stenophragma thalianum (L.) Čelak.; Stenophragma thalianum Čelak.) Europe. Annual herb, petiolate radical leaves, minute flowers in lax racemes See Species Plantarum 2: 657–660, 665. 1753, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 7(4): 399. 1826, Flora Helvetica 4: 348. 1829, Flora von Sachsen 1: 538. 1842, Archiv fur die Naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurchforschung von Bohmen 3: 445. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 935. 1891 and Deutschlands Flora, Abtheilung II, Cryptogamie 6: 31, 86. 1902 (Used to cure sores in the mouth.) in English: mouse-ear cress, thale cress in China: shu er jie

Arabis L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) From Arabia; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 664– 666. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 298. 1754, Handb. Gewachsk. (ed. 2) 2(1): 1150. 1828, Flora Altaica 3: 19. 1831, Handbuch des Naturlichen Pflanzensystems 260. 1837 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 22(3): 207. 1957, Willdenowia 13: 283. 1983[1984], Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 50(1): 147. 1992, Harvard Papers in Botany 13(2): 290. 2008. Arabis chinensis Rottl. ex Wight India.

Arachis hypogaea L. (Arachis hypogaea subsp. oleifera A. Chev.; Arachis hypogaea fo. nambyquarae (Hoehne) F.J. Herm.; Arachis hypogaea subsp. nambyquarae (Hoehne) Chevalier; Arachis hypogaea var. nambyquarae (Hoehne) Burkart; Arachis nambyquarae Hoehne) (The Nambiquara tribe, also spelled Nambikwara, reside in the southwestern part of the Brazilian Amazon.) South America. Annual non-climbing herb, creeping, erect or prostrate, well-developed taproot with many lateral roots, leaves 4-foliate, flowers yellow orange See Species Plantarum 2: 741. 1753 and Commissão de Linhas Telegraphicas, Botanica 74(12): 21, t. 190. 1922, Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d’Agriculture Tropicale 13: 770, 772. 1933, Darwiniana 3(2): 281. 1939, Ciencia e Cultura (Sao Paulo) 28: 252. 1976, Euphytica 28: 675–684. 1979, Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41: 161–163. 1981, Cytologia 47: 585–594. 1982, Cytologia 48: 139–151, 505–509, 565–568. 1983, Food and chemical toxicology 22(6): 431–417. 1984, Cytologia 51: 617–629. 1986, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Genome 29: 187–194. 1987, Acta Agronomica Sinica 14: 284–289. 1988, Bulletin of the Hiroshima Agricultural College 8: 691–706. 1989, Cytologia 54: 51–64. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 173–219. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799. 1994, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 98(2): 241–250. 1996, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 16(3): 280–282. 1998, Bronckart Y. et al. “Grading dysplasia in colorectal adenomas by means of the quantitative binding pattern determination of Arachis hypogaea, Dolichos biflorus, Amaranthus caudatus, Maackia amurensis, and Sambucus nigra agglutinins.” Hum. Pathol. 30(10): 1178–91. 1999, Plant Systematics and Evolution 214: 251–262. 1999, International Journal of toxicology 20 Suppl 2: 65–77. 2001, Nutrition and Cancer 48(1): 15–21. 2004, Journal

350

Araiostegia Copel. Davalliaceae

of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93: 231–241. 2004

in Malaysia: kacang China, kacang Jawa, kacang goreng, kachang china, kachang goring, kachang tanah

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Risk of liver cancer associated with aflatoxin ingestion from peanuts; aflatoxins and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are important risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moldy groundnuts may contain toxic substances, aflatoxin, the most important toxin found in moldy groundnuts, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Peanuts are the food most likely to produce allergic and anaphylactic reactions. Plant emollient and demulcent, used to relieve cough. Leaf macerations drunk as a diuretic; leaf infusions drunk against female infertility and as eye drops to treat cataract. Pod extracts taken as a galactagogue, and as eye drops to treat conjunctivis. Seedlings and pod extract aphrodisiac, tonic. Seed oil emollient, laxative; seeds soaked overnight and the filtrate taken orally to cure schistosomiasis, also called bilharzia or bilharziosis. Veterinary medicine.)

in Papua New Guinea: galip bilong giraun, kasang

in English: Cajun peanut, Chinese nut, earth-nut, goober, goober pea, grass-nut, groundnut, mani, Manila nut, monkeynut, peanut, pindar, runner peanut, Spanish peanuts, Valencia peanut, Virginia peanut

in Gabon: mbénda, mpinda, mvèna, nzolè, ogôn, owôn, owuni, pénda, pinda, pindè

in Peru: inche in Cambodia: sânndaèk dèi in China: chang sheng kuo, lo hua sheng, luo hua sheng, tu tou in India: alamatitakkatalai, alamatitam, attumakecari, badam, baeru kadale, bhising, bhonysing, bhonysingh, bhooichane, bhooisheng, bhucanakah, bhuchanaka, bhuimung, bhuichana, bhuichane, bhuimug, bhuimuga, bhuisheng, bhumija, bhushimbika, bhusimbi, bhustha, buchanaka, chinibadam, chooyimoonga, elumacikacceti, elumacikam, kadale, kadale kaayi, kallakkay, kalle kaayi, karralikacceti, karralikam, katalaikkottai, kattukkatalai, kotaikkottai, kotinimpiyacceti, kotinimpiyam, leibak-hawai, mallakkottai, mandapi, manilakkatalai, manilakkottai, manilakottai, maracaki, maracikikkatalai, moongphali, moticceti, mumphali, mung-phali, mung-phalli, mungphali, narali, naralikkatalai, nela-sanagalu, nela sanagalu, nelagadale, nelagadale kaayi, nelagale-kayi, nelak-katala, nelakadale, nelakkatala, nelgale, nilak-kadalai, nilakadalai, nilakkadalai, nilakkatai, nilakkatala, nila-kadalai, nilakkottai, nilasanagalu, noncavakkottai, noncavam, potippurikakkoti, potippurikam, raktabija, shaenga, shaenga daana, snehabija, snehabijaka, tribija, vaerkadali, vaerushanagalu, verk-kadalai, verk-katala, verkadalai, verkkadalai, verkkala, verkkatalai, verusanagalu, verushanaga, verushanaga-kaya, verushanagalu, vilaaythimug, vilayati-mung, vilayatimug, vilayeti-mung, vilayetimung, virushanaga-kaya

in Philippines: mani, batung-China in Thailand: thua din, thua lisong in Vietnam: dâu phong, lac in Angola: (alu) ngupa, amendoim in Benin: azijn, ekpagidi, san-a in Burkina Faso: nanguri, sincam, sunkam, tiga in Burundi: ibiyoba, ikoyoba in Cameroon: osoba, owondi, owondo in Central African Republic: akora, zafa, zawa in Congo: kabemba, kalanga

in Madagascar: vahimboanjokotra in Mali: elgele in Nigeria: egpa, gedda, gyada, kulakwache, okpa ekele in Rwanda: ubunyobwa in Sierra Leone: a-kan, grannat, nyui in Tanzania: karanga, mjugu nyasa, mnjugu nyasa in Uganda: binyebwa in West Africa: aziin, chin’do, ekpagidi, n’gachi, n’gaté, sana, tiga, tika in Yoruba: epa gidi, orore epada

Araiostegia Copel. Davalliaceae From the Greek araios ‘thin, slender, narrow, scanty’ and stege, stegos ‘roof, cover’, see Philippine Journal of Science 34(3): 240–242, pl. 1, 2. 1927, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 16. 97, 12. 399. 1931. Araiostegia delavayi (Bedd. ex C.B. Clarke & Baker) Ching (Araiostegia delavayi (Bedd.) Ching; Davallia pulchra D. Don var. delavayi Bedd. ex C.B. Clarke & Baker; Leucostegia delavayi (Bedd. ex C.B. Clarke & Baker) Ching; Leucostegia delavayi (Bedd.) Ching) China, Nepal.

in Indonesia: kacang Jawa, kacang Manila, kacang tanah

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 24(164): 410. 1888 and Index Filicum, Supplementum Tertium 120. 1934, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 2: 289. 1959

in Japan: jiimami, rakka-sei

(Rhizome juice given in case of fever.)

in Laos: thwàx din, thwàx ho

in Nepal: miramire unyu

351

Aralia L. Araliaceae

Aralia L. Araliaceae

in English: Japanese spikenard, spikenard

From aralie, an old French-Canadian or American-Indian (possibly Iroquoian) name; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 273–274. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 134. 1754, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 19. 1896.

in China: shi yong tu dang gui, tu gang gui, tu tang kuei

Aralia armata (Wall. ex G. Don) Seem. (Aralia tengyuehensis C.Y. Wu; Aralia thomsonii Seemann ex C.B. Clarke var. glabrescens C.Y. Wu; Panax armatus Wall. ex G. Don) Himalaya, Indochina, India. Shrub or small tree

in Japan: chima-kina, opaxtara, udo Aralia dasyphylla Miq. (Aralia beccarii Ridl.; Aralia chinensis Blume; Aralia chinensis var. dasyphylloides Hand.-Mazz.; Aralia dasyphylla var. latifolia Miq.; Aralia dasyphylla var. strigosa Miq.; Aralia dasyphylloides (Hand.Mazz.) J. Wen; Aralia javanica Miq.) Malesia.

(Saponins from root bark; ground bark applied on skin diseases.)

See Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 751. 1855, Bonplandia (Hannover) 4: 138, 1856 and Symbolae Sinicae 7(3): 704. 1933, Novon 4(4): 400–401. 1994, Acta pharmaceutica Sinica 32(10): 769–772. 1997, J. Nat. Prod. 62(7): 1030–1032. 1999

in China: ye cong tou, guang dong song mu

(Cytotoxic, hypoglycemic.)

in India: akawatong kurak, dieng-ta-tymphu, singnung, naosek-manbi

in China: tou xu cong mu

See J. Bot. 6: 134. 1868 and Fl. Yunnanica 2: 493, 498. 1979, Tropical Ecology 46(2): 241–251. 2005

Aralia cachemirica Decne. India, Himalaya. Shrub, eaten by goats See Voyage dans l’Inde (Jacquem.) 4: 72. 1841 (Roots hypoglycemic, antipyretic.) in India: banakhor, khoree Aralia californica S. Watson (Aralia californica var. acuminata S. Watson; Aralia racemosa var. occidentalis Torr.) North America. Perennial herb See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 144. 1876 (Decoction of roots, antirheumatic, as a wash for sores and itching sores, taken for cough, lung diseases, colds, fevers, consumption, stomach diseases.) in English: California spikenard Aralia cordata Thunberg (Aralia schmidtii Pojark.; Aralia taiwaniana Y.C. Liu & F.Y. Lu) Temp. E. Asia, China, Japan. See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 127. 1784 and Flora URSS 16: 588. 1950, Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 9(2): 136. 1976, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 36: 25–40. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1572–1575. 1986, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 18: 291–296. 1988, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 39(2): 405–7. 1991, Arch. Pharm. Res. 28(1): 28–33. 2005, Arch. Pharm. Res. 29(7): 548–55. 2006, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(7): 1423–30. 2006 [Effect of Aralia cordata extracts on cartilage protection and apoptosis inhibition.] (Fresh rhizome used locally to treat wounds caused by bears. A tincture of stems and roots used as an emollient and a skin disinfectant. Cytotoxic, analgesic.)

Aralia elata (Miquel) Seemann (Aralia canescens Siebold & Zucc.; Aralia chinensis var. canescens (Siebold & Zucc.) Koehne; Aralia chinensis Linnaeus var. elata (Miquel) Lav.; Aralia chinensis var. glabrescens (Franch. & Sav.) C.K. Schneid.; Aralia chinensis var. mandshurica (Ruprecht & Maximowicz) Rehder; Aralia elata var. canescens (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai; Aralia elata var. mandshurica (Ruprecht & Maximowicz) J. Wen; Aralia finlaysoniana (Wall. ex G. Don) Seem.; Aralia mandshurica Ruprecht & Maximowicz; Aralia mandschurica (Rupr. & Maxim.) Seem., nom. illeg.; Aralia spinosa var. canescens (Siebold & Zucc.) Franch. & Sav.; Aralia spinosa L. var. elata (Miquel) Sargent; Aralia spinosa var. glabrescens Franchet & Savatier; Aralia subcapitata G. Hoo; Dimorphanthus elatus Miquel; Dimorphanthus mandshurica (Ruprecht & Maximowicz) Ruprecht & Maximowicz; Dimorphanthus mandschuricus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.; Panax finlaysonianus Wall. ex G. Don) Japan, China and Temp. E. Asia. See A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 386. 1834, Comm. Phytogr. 95, pl. 12. 1840, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Munchen 4: 202. 1845, Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 134. 1857, Mémoires Présentés à l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées 9: 133. 1859, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 6(65): 134. 1868, Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium … 1: 191–192. 1873, Arboretum Segrezianum. Enumération des Arbres et Arbrisseaux 125. 1877, Deutsche Dendrologie 432. 1893, The Silva of North America 5: 60. 1893 and The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 1: 88. 1900, Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2: 431. 1909, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 5: 31. 1924, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 18: 291–296. 1988, Novon 4(4): 402. 1994, Cancer Lett. 199(1): 19–25. 2003, J. Ethnopharmacol. 101(1–3):

352

Aralia L. Araliaceae

49–54. 2005 [Water extract of Aralia elata prevents cataractogenesis in vitro and in vivo.], Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 446(1): 84–90. 2006, Planta Med. 72(13): 1216–22. 2006

Pentapanax longipedunculatus Bui; Pentapanax micranthus Wall. ex C.B. Clarke; Pentapanax truncicola Hand.Mazz.; Pentapanax umbellatus Seem.)

(Tonic, antiarthritic, antiulcer and antidiabetic; roots used as a stomachic. The water extract used to treat diabetes mellitus. Aralin, a new cytotoxic protein from Aralia elata, inducing apoptosis in human cancer cells.)

China, India, Darjeeling. See also Pentapanax leschenaultii

in English: angelica tree, Japanese angelica, Japanese angelica tree in China: liao dong cong mu, ci lao ya Aralia fargesii Franchet China. See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 10(18): 302–303. 1896 and China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 19(12): 707–709, 761. 1994 [Pharmacognostical identification and investigation of commercial product of traditional Chinese drug jiuyanduhuo], China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 21(8): 482–483, 510–511. 1996, Chinese Chemical Letters 10(8): 673–674. 1999, Arch. Pharm. Res. 26(9): 731–734. 2003 (Tonic and sedative.) in China: long yan du huo Aralia hispida Vent. (Aralia hispida Michx.; Aralia muehlenbergiana Schult.) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub, bristly, black fruit, the whole plant has an unpleasant smell See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Description des Plantes Nouvelles … Jardin de J. M. Cels. 1801, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 185. 1803 and Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10–15. 1999, Genetika. 39(1): 57–63. 2003 (Bark, and especially the root bark, diuretic and tonic. Leaves infusion diaphoretic. Root tonic, diaphoretic and diuretic, an infusion used in the treatment of heart diseases and dropsy.) in English: bristly sarsaparilla, dwarf-elder Aralia leschenaultii (DC.) J. Wen (Aralia fragrans (D. Don) Jebb & J. Wen, nom. illeg.; Hedera fragrans D. Don; Hedera leschenaultii (DC.) Wight & Arn.; Hedera trifoliata Wight & Arn.; Panax bijugus Wall. ex G. Don; Panax leschenaultii DC.; Paratropia trifoliata (Wight & Arn.) K. Koch; Pentapanax forrestii W.W. Sm.; Pentapanax fragrans (D. Don) Ha; Pentapanax fragrans var. forrestii (W.W. Sm.) C.B. Shang; Pentapanax fragrans var. fragrans; Pentapanax fragrans var. longipedunculatus (Bui) Ha; Pentapanax leschenaultii Seem.; Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC.) Seem.; Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC.) J. Wen; Pentapanax leschenaultii var. forrestii (W.W. Sm.) H.L. Li; Pentapanax leschenaultii var. simplex K.M. Feng; Pentapanax leschenaultii var. umbellatus (Seem.) C.B. Clarke; Pentapanax leschenaultii var. villosus Y.R. Li;

See Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 187. 1825, Prodr. 4: 254. 1830, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient.: 377. 1834, Gen. Hist. 3: 386. 1834, Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 2: 365. 1859, J. Bot. 2: 295–296. 1864, Fl. Brit. India 2: 724. 1879 and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 58. 1917, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 61: 200. 1924 (publ. 1925), Sargentia 2: 99. 1942, Adansonia, n.s., 9: 392. 1969, Fl. Yunnanica 2: 506. 1979, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 109. 1980, Proc. Intern. Symp. Bot. Gard.: 631. 1990, Brittonia 45: 53. 1993, Adansonia, III, 23: 312. 2001, Frodin, D.G. & Govaerts, R. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2003 (publ. 2004) [as Aralia fragrans.] (Bark and shoots tonic, diuretic, for urinary tract infection.) in China: yu ye shen in India: chindey Aralia nudicaulis L. (Aralia nudicaulis Blume, nom. illeg.; Aralia nudicaulis f. abortiva Dans.; Aralia nudicaulis f. depauperata Vict.; Aralia nudicaulis f. prolifera (Apgar) Britton; Aralia nudicaulis f. prolifera Britton; Aralia nudicaulis f. virescens Vict. & J. Rousseau; Aralia nudicaulis var. elongata Nash; Aralia nudicaulis var. prolifera Apgar) Subarctic America, USA. Perennial herb or subshrub, leafy, long-stalked leaves in three sections, small greenish-white flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 870. 1826, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 166. 1887, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 124. 1890, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 374. 1893 and Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 36: 38, fig. 12, 13. 1940, Naturaliste Canad. 71: 206. 1944, Naturaliste Canad. 72: 130. 1945, American Journal of Botany 62: 833–837. 1975, Syesis 10: 125–138. 1977, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 9–10. 1995, J. Environ. Manage. 77(3): 194–204. 2005, Anticancer Res. 26(3A): 2157–64. 2006 [Anticancer effect of extracts from a North American medicinal plant—wild sarsaparilla.] (Root diaphoretic, cathartic, diuretic, tonic, blood purifier, pectoral and stimulant; externally used as a poultice in treating rheumatism, boils and carbuncles, swellings, sores, burns, itchy skin, pimples, wounds, infections, ulcers and skin problems; used internally in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, cough, asthma, diabetes, rheumatism, cystitis, stomachache, kidney disorders. Infusion of leaves anticonvulsive. Rhizome aromatic.) in English: bristly sarsaparilla, dwarf-elder, false sarsaparilla, shot bus, wild liquorice, wild sarsaparilla

Aralidium Miq. Torricelliaceae (Araliaceae, Aralidiaceae, Cornaceae)

353

Aralia racemosa L. (Aralia racemosa f. foliosa (Vict. & Rousseau) Scoggan; Aralia racemosa var. foliosa Vict. & Rousseau)

in English: American angelica tree, Angelica tree, devil’s walking stick, Hercules’ club, prickly ash, prickly elder, toothache tree

North America. Perennial subshrub or herb, sweet pungent tonic

Aralia thomsonii Seem. ex C.B. Clarke (Aralia thomsonii Seem.)

See Sp. Pl. 1: 273. 1753 and Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 36: 37. 1940, Fl. Canada 1: 52. 1978

China, India, Himalaya. Tender shoots eaten

(Root diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant, abortifacient; used internally in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, tuberculosis, cough and whooping cough, asthma, rheumatism, diarrhea, diabetes, venereal disease; externally as a poultice in treating rheumatism and eczema, boils, wounds, sores, burns, itchy skin, ulcers, cuts, swellings, sore eyes. Infusion of roots and berries taken as a diaphoretic, antiseptic; berries and root stimulant, expectorant. Chewed plant anthelmintic.) in English: American spikenard Aralia racemosa L. subsp. racemosa North America. Perennial subshrub or herb, sweet pungent tonic See Sp. Pl. 1: 273. 1753 and Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 36: 37. 1940, Fl. Canada 1: 52. 1978 (Root diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant, abortifacient; used internally in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, tuberculosis, cough and whooping cough, asthma, rheumatism, diarrhea, diabetes, venereal disease; externally as a poultice in treating rheumatism and eczema, boils, wounds, sores, burns, itchy skin, ulcers, cuts, swellings, sore eyes. Infusion of roots and berries taken as a diaphoretic, antiseptic; berries and root stimulant, expectorant. Chewed plant anthelmintic.)

See J. Bot. 6: 134. 1868, The Flora of British India 2(6): 723. 1879 (Astringent, diaphoretic, antiseptic.) in China: yun nan cong mu in India: mayangtoklo tetzula Aralia tomentella Franch. (Aralia franchetii J. Wen, nom. illeg.; Pentapanax henryi Harms; Pentapanax henryi var. fangii G. Hoo; Pentapanax henryi var. larium (Hand.Mazz.) Hand.-Mazz.; Pentapanax henryi var. tomentosus G. Hoo; Pentapanax henryi var. wangshanensis W.C. Cheng; Pentapanax lanceolatus G. Hoo; Pentapanax larium Hand.-Mazz.; Pentapanax tomentellus (Franchet) C.B. Shang; Pentapanax tomentellus var. distinctus C.B. Shang; Pentapanax tomentellus var. tomentosus (G. Hoo) Y.F. Deng) China.See also Pentapanax tomentellus See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 21. 1896, Journ. de Bot. (Morot) 10: 304. 1896 and Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 61: 121. 1924 (publ. 1925), Symb. Sin. 7: 699. 1933, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China, Bot. Ser. 9: 205. 1934, Acta Phytotax. Sin., Addit. 1: 168–169. 1965, J. Nanjing Inst. Forest. 1985(2): 24–25. 1985, Brittonia 45: 52. 1993, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 24: 605. 2002 (Stimulant.) in China: ma chang zi shu

in English: American spikenard Aralia spinosa L. (Aralia georgica Miq.; Aralia leroana K. Koch; Aralia spinosa f. subinermis Moldenke; Aralia spinosa var. glabra Nutt. ex Miq.; Aralia spinosa var. inermis Pursh; Chaerophyllum arborescens L.) North America. Perennial tree or shrub, prickly, leaves alternate 2-pinnately divided, white flowers in large terminal clusters, black berries See Species Plantarum 1: 259, 273–274. 1753, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 209. 1813, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 7, 8. 1863 and Castanea 9: 54. 1944, Bot. Commelins 47. 1983, Am. J. Bot. 86(12): 1677–1682. 1999 (Low toxicity if eaten. The green bark irritates the hands, and the plant is armed with stout prickles; skin irritation from bark and roots; green roots considered poisonous. Fresh bark causes vomiting and purging, but dried is a stimulating alterative; a tincture made from the bark used for rheumatism, skin diseases and syphilis. Carminative, tonic, used for rheumatism, venereal diseases.)

Aralidium Miq. Torricelliaceae (Araliaceae, Aralidiaceae, Cornaceae) Resembling Aralia, an intermediate genus between Cornaceae and Araliaceae, see Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 762–763, t. 13. 1855–1859, Bonplandia 4: 139. 1856 and Taxon 29(4): 402. 1980. Aralidium pinnatifidum (Jungh. & de Vriese) Miq. (Aralia pinnatifida Jungh. & de Vriese; Aralidium integrifolium Heine; Aralidium pinnatifidum Miq.) Malaysia, Thailand. Treelet, dioecious, smooth bark, soft white sapwood, spiral leaves, terminal inflorescences more or less drooping, unisexual 5-merous flowers, purple black ellipsoid fruits See Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging 1: 15. 1846, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 6: 115. 1846, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 763. 1856, Bonplandia 4: 139. 1856 and Feddes

354

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54: 245. 1951, Fl. Malesiana 1, 9: 14. 1979, Taxon 29: 391. 1980, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen. 68: 51–71. 1994, Fl. Thailand 9: 7. 2005 (Leaves febrifuge, antiseptic, for fever in children and boils. Arrow or dart poison.) in English: false ivy-palm Malay names: balai, balai balai, chengpok, hempedu buaya, malai, puah pungah, sebalai, sebalai tinggal, sebalat, selubat, senjuang paya, tampong tulang, tingal balai, tinggal balai

Araliopsis Engl. Rutaceae Resembling the genus Aralia, referring to the digitate leaflets; see Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 3(4): 175. 1896 and J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. Paris 1985. Araliopsis tabouensis Aubrév. & Pellegr. (Vepris tabouensis (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Mziray) Ivory Coast. Tree, evergreen, glossy leaves, small greenish flowers in terminal and axillary panicles See Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 12: 509. 1825 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 83: 488, f. 1. 1936, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 30(1): 76. 1992 (Roots and stem for venereal diseases, stomachache. A bark infusion used for treating gonorrhea.)

Araucaria Jussieu Araucariaceae From araucana, the Araucani (or Araucanians) Indians of Central Chile, Indian peoples of south central Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina. See Alonso de Ovalle (d’Ovaglie), Historica relatione del regno di Cile e delle missioni, e ministerij che esercita in quelle la Compagnia di Giesu. Roma 1646, Andrés Febres [a Spanish Jesuit], Arte de lengua general del reyno de Chile … y … un vocabolario hispano-chileno, y un calepino chileno-hispano mas copioso. Lima 1765, Genera Plantarum. 413. 1789, Mem. Acad. Med. Madr. 1: 109. 1797, Synopsis der Nädelholzer 17: 1. 1865 and Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon. 72. 1904, Herbert J. Spinden, Ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America. New York 1928, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 23–26. 1958, H.R.S. Pocock, The Conquest of Chile. New York 1967, Manuel Rodriguez Lapuente, Historia de Iberoamerica. Barcelona 1968, Nicolas Sanchez-Albornoz, The Population of Latin America: A History. Berkeley 1974, Arthur A. Natella, ed., The Spanish in America 1513–1974: a Chronology and Fact Book. Dobbs Ferry 1975, Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man. The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge 1982. Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucaria angustifolia f. catharinensis Mattos; Araucaria angustifolia

Araliopsis Engl. Rutaceae

var. alba Reitz; Araucaria angustifolia var. caiova Reitz; Araucaria angustifolia var. caiuva Mattos; Araucaria angustifolia var. dependens Mattos; Araucaria angustifolia var. indehiscens Mattos; Araucaria angustifolia var. monoica Reitz; Araucaria angustifolia var. nigra Reitz; Araucaria angustifolia var. sancti-josephi Reitz; Araucaria angustifolia var. semialba Reitz; Araucaria angustifolia var. stricta Reitz; Araucaria angustifolia var. vinacea Mattos; Araucaria brasiliana A. Rich.; Araucaria brasiliana var. elegans (Carrière) L.H. Bailey & Raffill; Araucaria brasiliensis A. Rich.; Araucaria brasiliensis Lamb. ex Loudon, nom. illeg., non Araucaria brasiliensis A. Rich.; Araucaria brasiliensis Loudon; Araucaria brasiliensis var. saviana (Parl.) Parl.; Araucaria dioica (Vell.) Stellfeld; Araucaria elegans Carrière; Araucaria ridolfiana Pi. Savi; Araucaria saviana Parl.; Columbea angustifolia Bertol.; Columbea brasiliana (A. Rich.) Carrière; Columbea brasiliensis (A. Rich.) Carrière; Columbea brasiliensis Carrière; Pinus dioica Vell.) SE. & S. Brazil to NE. Argentina. See Genera Plantarum 413. 1789, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 317. 1807, Opuscoli scientifici… Bologna 3: 411–412. 1819, Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle 1: 512. 1822, Traité général des conifères 2: 596, 860. 1867, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 375. 1893 and Kew Bulletin 37: 511–514. 1982, Journal of Heredity 75: 121–125. 1984, Killeen, T.J., E. García & S.G. Beck Guía de Árboles de Bolivia 1993, López, J.A. & E.L. Little, Jr. Arboles Comunes del Paraguay Nande Yvyra Mata Kuera 1987, Phytochemistry 66(18): 2238– 2247. 2005, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 350(4): 1050–1055. 2006 (This species may cause dermatitis. Antioxidant and photoprotector, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal.) in English: Brazilian pine, candelabra tree, Paraná pine, Perara pine in Brazil: pinhão Araucaria bidwillii Hook. (Columbea bidwillii (Hook.) Carrière) (named for the Australian (English born, Devon) botanist John Carne Bidwill, 1815–1853 (d. NSW, Australia), 1838 Sydney, gardener, traveller, plant collector (his collections were forwarded to Sir W.J. Hooker) and botanical discoverer in New Zealand and Queensland, Commissioner of Crown Lands at Wide Bay, author of Rambles in New Zealand. London 1841; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 183. 1965; J. Lanjouw and F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collectors A-D. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954; D.J. Carr and S.G.M. Carr, eds., People and Plants in Australia. 1981; R. Glenn, The Botanical Explorers of New Zealand. Wellington 1950) Australia, Queensland. Tree, armed with rigid sharply pointed leaves, seeds joined to the cone scales, large and heavy female cones erect

355

Araujia Brotero Asclepiadaceae

See Genera Plantarum 413. 1789, London Journal of Botany 2: 503–506, t. 18, 19, f. 1. 1843 and Mukherjee, P.K., “Protective effect of biflavones from Araucaria bidwillii Hook. in rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative stress.” Behav. Brain Res. 178(2): 221–8. 2007 (The biflavone rich fraction from A. bidwillii was found to protect rat brain against I/R-induced oxidative stress, and attributable to its antioxidant properties. Leaves boiled and liquid given to children with insomnia.) in English: monkey puzzle tree in Australia: bunya bunya pine, bunya-bunya, bunya pine (Bunya Mountains to Gympie, southeastern Queensland, Australia) in Malaya: bunya bunya Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don (Araucaria cunninghamii Sweet; Eutacta cunninghamii (Aiton ex D. Don) Link; Eutassa cunninghamii (Aiton ex D. Don) Spach; Eutassa cunninghamii (Aiton ex D. Don) G. Don) (named for Richard Cunningham (b. Wimbledon, Surrey 1793– 1835, d. Queensland, murdered by natives) and his brother Allan Cunningham (1791–1839), botanists in New South Wales, Australia, and plant collectors; see John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 404. 1965; R. Glenn, The Botanical Explorers of New Zealand. Wellington 1950; McMinn, Allan Cunningham, Botanist and Explorer. Melbourne 1970; Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 184–185. London 1994) New Guinea, Queensland. Tree, rough massive trunk, long upward growing branches, dense clusters of branchlets, needle-like leaves, male cones in pendulous clusters, small winged seeds See Genera Plantarum 413. 1789, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 316. 1807, Hortus Britannicus 475. 1830, A Description of the Genus Pinus, ed. 2 3, pl. 79. 1837, Hort. Brit., ed. 3: 623. 1839, Linnaea 15: 543, 545. 1841, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux—Phanérogames (Tome) 11: 362. 1841 (The timber caused dermatitis.) in English: colonial pine, hoop pine, Moreton Bay pine, Queensland pine Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco (Abies araucana (Molina) Poir.; Araucaria araucana (Molina) C. Koch; Araucaria excelsa (Lamb.) R. Br.; Araucaria imbricata Pav., nom. illeg. superfl.; Columbea angustifolia Bertol.; Columbea imbricata (Pav.) Carrière; Dombeya araucana (Molina) Raeusch.; Dombeya excelsa Lamb.; Eutacta excelsa (Lamb.) Link, nom. illeg. superfl.; Eutassa heterophylla Salisb.; Pinus araucana Molina) Norfolk I. (incl. Philip I.). See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Saggio sulla

Storia Naturale del Chili … 182. 1782, Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 2: [App. 1]. 1786, Genera Plantarum 413. 1789, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 3 ed. 3: 291. 1797, Mem. r. Acad. Méd. Madr. 1: 109. 1797, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 6: 524. 1805, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 316–317. 1807, A Description of the Genus Pinus 1: 87. 1807, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 5: 412. 1813, Opuscoli scientifici… Bologna 3: 411–412. 1819, Linnaea 15: 543–544. 1841, Traité général des conifères 2: 860. 1867, Dendrologie 2(2): 206. 1873, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 375. 1893 and Anais. Instituto Superior de Agronomia 19: 11–12. 1952, Journal of Heredity 75: 121–125. 1984, J. Nat. Prod. 61(7): 896–900. 1998, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Z. Naturforsch. [C]. 60(7–8): 511–22. 2005, J. Ethnopharmacol. 101(1–3): 271–6. 2005 [Gastroprotective effect of the Mapuche crude drug Araucaria araucana resin and its main constituents.], Z. Naturforsch. [C]. 61(1–2): 35–43. 2006 [Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Araucaria araucana (Mol.) K. Koch heartwood lignans.] (Araucaria araucana is armed with rigid sharply pointed leaves. Antifungal, antimicrobial and antibacterial. Resin of Araucaria araucana used to treat ulcers and wounds, and has been shown to display a gastroprotective effect in animal models.) in English: araucaria, Chile pine, house pine, monkey puzzle tree, Norfolk Island pine

Araujia Brotero Asclepiadaceae After the Portuguese Antonio de Araujo de Azevedo, d. 1817, a patron of botany; see John Dryden, Ode … para o dia de Santa Cecilia. Traduzida em Portugues. [Translation by A. de Araujo] Hamburg 1799; R. da C. Gouvea, Reposta publica a denuncia secreta que tem por titulo “Representação que a Sua Magestade fez Antonio de Araujo de Azevedo em 1810.” Londres 1820; José Zephyrino de Menezes Brum, Do Conde da Barca, de seus escriptos e livraria. Rio de Janeiro 1877; Felix de Silva Avellar (1744– 1828), in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 12: 62. 1818. According to some authors the genus was derived from a Brazilian or South American vernacular name. See Alberto Lofgren, “Ensayo para uma synonimia dos nomes populares das plantas indigenas do estado de São Paulo.” B. da Commissão Geographica e Geologica do estado de São Paulo. São Paulo 10: 3–115. 1894; Paulo de T. Alvim-Carneiro, “Plantas venenosas e sua ocorrência em Minas Gerais.” Ceres. 6(34): 221–256. Viçosa 1945. Araujia sericifera Brot. (Araujia hortorum E. Fourn.; Araujia sericifera fo. hortorum (E. Fourn.) Augusto & Edesio; Araujia sericifera fo. hortorum (E. Fourn.) Malme; Araujia sericifera var. hortorum (E. Fourn.) Malme; Physianthus albens Mart.) South America.

356

See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 12: 62–70, pl. 4–5. 1817, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 1: 54. 1824, Flora 7(1) Beil. (4): 134. 1824, Bot. Mag. 60: t. 3201. 1833, Flora Brasiliensis 6(4): 293. 1885 and Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 34(7): 74, t. 3, f. 7. 1900, Fl. Rio Grande do Sul, Asclepiadac. 21, 25. 1945, Taxon 41(4): 746–749. 1992, Allergy. 60(8): 1092–3. 2005 (Skin irritant properties of the milky sap. Moth plant allergy.) in English: bladder flower, cruel plant, donkey’s apple, milkweed, moth catcher, moth plant, stranglehold plant, tennis court creeper, white moth plant in South Africa: melkbol, melktou(bos), motvanger in Brazil: cipó-de-sapo

Arbutus L. Ericaceae The old Latin name arbutus, i for the wild strawberry-tree, Arbutus unedo L.; Greek memekylon, ancient name for the fruit of Arbutus unedo, the strawberry tree, Latin memecylon, i ‘the edible fruit of the strawberry-tree’ (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 349, 395. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 166, 187. 1754, Flore portugaise ou description de toutes les … 1: 415–416. 1809 and N. Amer. Fl. 29: 82. 1913, Fl. Neotrop. 66: 194–221. 1995. Arbutus andrachne L. Mediterranean. See Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1024. 1759 and Bocconea 11: 117– 169. 1999 (Fruits and leaves antiseptics, diuretics, antioxidant and laxatives, antibiotic, astringent, diaphoretic.) Arbutus menziesii Pursh (after Archibald Menzies, naval surgeon and plant collector in Western Australia.) North America. Perennial tree See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … (Pursh) 1: 282. 1813 and Syesis 10: 125–138. 1977 (Plant eaten as emetic. Bark infusion for diabetes, cuts and wounds; bark decoction as a wash for skin diseases, ulcers and sores, also a gargle for sore throat. Leaves used for stomach ailments, burns, wounds; chewed for stomachache, sore throat and cold; an infusion for cold and cough. Ceremonial, ritual, leaves used in the puberty ceremony; flowers as love charm.) in English: madrone, Pacific madrone Arbutus unedo L. (Unedo edulis Hoffmanns. & Link) Europe. Treelet, food See Species Plantarum 1: 395. 1753 and Taxon 31: 343–344. 1982, Regnum Veg. 127: 29. 1993, Phytotherapy Research 20(2): 135–139. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(2): 288–295. 2008, Medicinal Chemistry 4(3): 219–228.

Arbutus L. Ericaceae

2008, Pharmazie. 64(10): 656–659. 2009, J. Med. Food. 13(4): 1013–1018. 2010 (Fruits and leaves antiseptics, antioxidant, diuretics and laxatives, antibiotic, astringent, diaphoretic. Reputed to treat arterial hypertension, used in the preventive or therapeutic treatment of platelet aggregation linked to arterial hypertension.) in English: arbutus, cane-apples, strawberry-tree

Arcangelisia Beccari Menispermaceae For the Italian botanist Giovanni Arcangeli, 1840–1921, Director of the Botanical Gardens of Torino (1879–1883) and Pisa (1881–1915); see Malesia Raccolta … 1: 145. 1877, O. Mattirolo, Cenni cronologici sugli Orti Botanici di Firenze. in Pubblicazioni R. Ist. Studi Superiori Pratici e di Perfezionamento, Sez. Scienze Fis. Natur. Firenze 1899 and Oreste Mattirolo (1856–1947), Cronistoria dell’Orto Botanico della Regia Università di Torino. in Studi sulla vegetazione nel Piemonte pubblicati a ricordo del II Centenario della fondazione dell’Orto Botanico della R. Università di Torino. Checchini, Torino 1929, G. Martinoli, “L’Orto Botanico di Pisa.” Agricoltura 7: 59–66. Roma 1963, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 71. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 13. 1972, Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega, Taxonomic literature. Supplement I: A-Ba. 143–145. [“Director botanical garden of Firenze 1877–1878.”] Königstein 1992. Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. (Anamirta lourieri Pierre; Arcangelisia lemniscata (Miers) Becc.; Arcangelisia lemniscata Becc.; Arcangelisia loureiri (Pierre) Diels; Arcangelisia loureiroi Diels) China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Woody, glabrous, robust liana, yellow wood exuding yellow sap when cut, leaves coriaceous, paniculate slender inflorescence axillary or cauliflorous, flowers unisexual, petals absent, fruit a slightly laterally compressed yellow drupe, endocarp woody, fruits eaten and dispersed by primates, common in forest, near riverbanks, on limestone See Herbarium Amboinense 18. 1754, Malesia 1: 147. 1877 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) Menispermac. 104, 106. 1910, An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense 222. 1917, Yanpaisan, W. “The effect of phytohormones and some additives on tissue culture establishment and in vitro production of alkaloids from Arcangelisia flava Merr.” Journal of the National Research Council of Thailand 21(1): 1–27. 1989 (Antiseptic, stomachic, febrifuge, expectorant, tonic and emmenagogue. A stem decoction taken internally for jaundice, worms, indigestion and other intestinal complaints. A decoction of the wood used to clean wounds, ulcers and other skin irritations. Sap from cut stems drunk against fever and sprue. Flowers used to treat dysentery. The smoke from the

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Arceuthobium M. Bieb. Viscaceae (Loranthaceae)

burning wood inhaled for troubles of the mucous membrane of the nose and mouth. Alkaloids.) in English: yellow-fruited moonseed in Indonesia: akar kuning, areuy ki koneng, daun bulan, kaju seriawan, sirawan in Malaysia: mengkunyit in Philippines: abutra, suma in Thailand: kamphaeng jedchunum, khamin khruea in Vietnam: v[ar]y d[aws]ng Arcangelisia gusanlung Lo (Arcangelisia loureiri auct. non (Pierre) Diels)

(Plant decoction taken for stomachache.) Arceuthobium occidentale Engelm. ex S. Watson (Razoumofskya occidentalis (Engelm. ex S. Watson) Kuntze; Razoumofskya occidentalis Kuntze; Razoumofskya occidentalis (Engelm.) Kuntze) North America. See Geological Survey of California, Botany 2: 107. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 587. 1891 (Decoction of plant taken for stomachache.) in English: digger pine dwarf mistletoe, gray pine dwarf mistletoe

China. Large woody vines

Arceuthobium pusillum Peck (Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze; Razoumofskya pusilla Kuntze)

See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(1): 100, fig. 1. 1980, Phytochemistry 39(2): 439–442. 1995

Eastern Canada, eastern United States.

(Alkaloids, stomachic, febrifuge.) in China: gu shan long

Arceuthobium M. Bieb. Viscaceae (Loranthaceae) Greek arkeuthos ‘juniper’ and bios ‘life’, referring to the habitat (usually on Juniperus, Abies, Pinus), see Flora TauricoCaucasica 3: 629–630. 1819. Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm. (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt.; Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex A. Gray) North America. Parasite, yellow-green, fruits blue-gray See Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 214. 1850 and Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982 (Antihemorrhagic, decoction taken for tuberculosis, lung and mouth hemorrhages.) in English: American dwarf mistletoe, Christmas mistletoe, lodgepole-pine dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm. (Razoumofskya campylopoda (Engelm.) Kuntze; Razoumofskya campylopoda Kuntze) USA, Mexico. See Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6(2): 214. 1850, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 587. 1891 (Ritual, spiritual, cold infusion used internally and externally as ceremonial medicine.) in English: western dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium minutissimum Hook. f. India, Himalaya. See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 5(13): 227. 1886

See Annual Report of the New York State Museum 1875: 112. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 587. 1891 and Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, Kiu Hua-shing. Viscoideae. In: Kiu Huashing & Ling Yeou-ruenn, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 24: 139–158. 1988 (All-healing, for the treatment of epilepsy. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual.) in English: dwarf mistletoe, eastern dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium vaginatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) J. Presl (Arceuthobium cryptopodum Engelm.; Arceuthobium vaginatum J. Presl; Arceuthobium vaginatum (Kunth) Eichler; Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) J. Presl; Arceuthobium vaginatum f. cryptopodum (Engelm.) L.S. Gill; Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum (Engelm.) Hawksw. & Wiens; Arceuthobium vaginatum var. cryptopodum (Engelm.) B.L. Turner; Arceuthobium vaginatum var. cryptopodum (Engelm.) Cronquist; Viscum vaginatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Viscum vaginatum Spreng.; Viscum vaginatum Humb. & Bonpl.) North America. See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 740. 1806, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 445. 1820, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1: 487. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 214. 1850, Flora Brasiliensis 5(2): 105. 1868 and Brittonia 17: 230. 1965, Intermount. Fl. [Cronquist et al.] 3(A): 253. 1997 (Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial medicine.) in English: pineland dwarf mistletoe

Archangelica Wolf Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Dedicated to the Archangel Raphael, Latin archangelus and Greek archaggelos for an archangel, Archangelica is closely allied to Angelica L., see Genera Plantarum 32. 1776.

358

Archangelica brevicaulis (Ruprecht) Reichenbach (Angelica brevicaulis (Ruprecht) B. Fedtschenko; Angelocarpa brevicaulis Ruprecht; Coelopleurum brevicaule (Ruprecht) Drude)

Archibaccharis Heering Asteraceae

Phytologia 28: 297. 1974, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 128–164, 483–495. 1976, Candollea 48(1): 212, 218. 1993 (Resinous, aromatic, tonic, balsamic, stimulant.)

China. See Sertum Tianschanicum 48. 1869, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 14(158): 45–47. 1876, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 212. 1898 and Enum. Pl. Turkest. 3: 99. 1909 (Roots used as a substitute for the traditional Chinese medicine du huo, see Angelica biserrata.) in China: duan jing gu dang gui Archangelica decurrens Ledebour (Angelica archangelica var. decurrens (Ledebour) Weinert; Angelica decurrens B. Fedtsch.; Angelica officinalis var. decurrens (Ledebour) Avé-Lallemant) Eurasia. See Species Plantarum 1: 250–251. 1753, Flora Altaica 1: 316–317. 1829 (Wounds healing.) in China: xia yan ye gu dang gui

Archibaccharis Heering Asteraceae Greek arche ‘first, beginning’ plus the genus Baccharis L., see Phytologia 32(2): 81–194. 1975, Amer. J. Bot. 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999. Archibaccharis schiedeana (Benth. in Oerst.) J.D. Jackson (Archibaccharis torquis (S.F. Blake) S.F. Blake; Baccharis adscendens Pers.; Baccharis calliprinos Griseb.; Baccharis elegans Kunth; Baccharis elegans var. seemannii Sch. Bip.; Baccharis fevillei DC.; Baccharis mirabilis Heering; Baccharis petiolata DC.; Baccharis petiolata var. rotundifolia Phil.; Baccharis salicifolia subsp. calliprinos (Griseb.) Joch. Müll.; Baccharis scandens (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Baccharis scandens Less.; Baccharis schiedeana Benth.; Baccharis thomasii Klatt; Hemibaccharis salmeoides S.F. Blake; Hemibaccharis torquis S.F. Blake; Molina scandens Ruiz & Pav.; Pingraea scandens (Ruiz & Pav.) F.H. Hellw.) South America. See Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 1: 205. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 424. 1807, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 47, t. 324. 1820[1818], Linnaea 5: 146. 1830, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1852: 83. 1852, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 303. 1856 and Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 31(Beih. 3): 91. 1916, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(13): 550, t. 51. 1924, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23: 1508. 1926,

Archidendron F. Muell. Fabaceae (Ingeae, Leguminosae, Mimosaceae) Greek archon ‘chief, a chieftain’ and dendron ‘tree’, referring to the size of the tree; see Ferdinand von Mueller, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. 5: 59. 1865 and Org. Sci. Res. Indonesia 20: 1–22. 1954, Adansonia, sér. 2, 19(1): 3–37. 1979, Nordic J. Botany 2(5): 479–490. 1982 [Australian Species of Archidendron], Opera Botanica 76: 1–120. 1984, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 17: 683–691. 1993. Archidendron bigeminum (L.) I.C. Nielsen (Abarema abeywickramae Kosterm.; Abarema bigemina (L.) Kosterm.; Abarema bigemina Kosterm.; Abarema monadelpha (Roxb.) Kosterm.; Abarema monadelpha Kosterm.; Abarema monadelpha var. gracile (Bedd.) Kosterm.; Archidendron bigeminum I.C. Nielsen; Archidendron monadelphum (Roxb.) I.C. Nielsen; Archidendron monadelphum var. gracile (Bedd.) Sanjappa; Feuilleea bigemina (L.) Kuntze; Inga bigemina Hook. & Arn.; Inga bigemina (L.) Willd.; Mimosa bigemina L.; Mimosa monadelpha Chodat & Hassl.; Mimosa monadelpha Roxb.; Pithecellobium bigeminum (L.) Mart.; Pithecellobium bigeminum (L.) Mart. ex Benth.; Pithecellobium bigeminum Hassk.; Pithecellobium bigemium (L.) Mart.; Pithecellobium gracile Bedd.; Pithecellobium nicobaricum Prain; Pithecellobium nicobaricum Prain ex King; Pithecolobium bigeminum Mart.) India, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing tree, reddish brown bark, leaves compound, white flowers, globose heads in terminal and axillary panicles, twisted pods strap-shaped, foodtree for the lion-tailed macaque, Macaca silenus See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 2. 1754, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 516–523. 1762, Dispositio vegetabilium methodica a staminum numero desumta 12. Berlin 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1007. 1806, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 93. 1814, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 182. 1833, Flora 20(2): Beibl. 114–115. 1837, Retzia, sive, Observationes botanicae, quas de plantis horti botanici Bogoriensis 1: 223. 1855, Madras J. Lit. Sci., ser. 3, 1: 44. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 66: 267. 1897 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4(6): 553. 1904, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 9(2): 61. 1971, Adansonia 19(1): 21. 1979, Legumes of India 62. 1992, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 216. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Toxic, seeds poisonous to man. Insecticide. Leaves decoction for leprosy. Seeds in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Fish poison, leaves, bark and seeds.)

Archidendron F. Muell. Fabaceae (Ingeae, Leguminosae, Mimosaceae)

in China: liang ye wei xian shu in India: aragvadha, ardahte, athaparantha, attaparanta, attapparanta, atthaparantha, bhachahu, calateya, dieng-yapyar, inka, kaada konde, kaadu konde mara, kaadukonde mara, kaana karanchi, kaar, kachlor, kachlora, kadakonde, kaddu kondemara, kakke, kakki, kalaippakku, kalatiya, kalpakku, kangatti, kankarinje, kannatti, katou-conna, kattaki, kattakimaram, kattukkonnai, kattukonna, kaunatti, kavhlota, konkaringi, korachate, mutha, muthakolappan, muttakkoluppan, nuggikar, pannivaga, pannivaka, tuk-pi kung nyok, varikiri Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen (Abarema angulata (Benth.) Kosterm.; Abarema clypearia (Jack) Kosterm.; Feuilleea clypearia Kuntze; Feuilleea clypearia (Jack) Kuntze; Inga clypearia Jack; Pithecellobium angulatum Benth.; Pithecellobium clypearia (Jack) Benth.; Pithecellobium clypearia Benth.; Pithecellobium clypearia var. acuminatum Gagnep.; Pithecellobium clyperia (Jack) Benth.; Pithecellobium subcoriaceum Thw.) (Latin clipeus, i ‘a shield, the small Roman shield’) Tropical Asia, Vietnam. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, small tree, acutely angled branches, bipinnate leaves, shiny leaflets, greenish white fragrant flowers, inflorescence clustered heads, twisted coriaceous pods See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 2. 1754, Dispositio vegetabilium methodica a staminum numero desumta 12. 1790, Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 78. 1822, Flora 20(2): Beibl. 114. 1837, London Journal of Botany 3: 208–209. 1844, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 5: 59. 1865, FBI 2: 306. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 187. 1891 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 2: 107. 1913, Arboles y arbustos del orden de las leguminosas … Caracas 56. 1927, Reinwardtia 3(1): 1–25. 1954, Bull. Organ. Natuurw. Onderz. Indonesie 20(11): 42, 47. 1954 [Bull. Org. Sci. Res. Indonesia], Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 19(1): 15. 1979, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 17: 688. 1993, Journal of Natural Products 69(5): 833–835. 2006 (Leaves antiviral, febrifuge, analgesic, to treat toothache; leaf juice applied on burn; for itch and sores, burn the leaves, collect the ash, mix it with coconut oil and apply; for smallpox, chicken pox, cough, pound the leaves with rice and poultice.) in English; grasshopper tree, greater grasshopper tree in Borneo: triputi in Burma: kyet-kon, taw-mezali in India: attha berantha, bhasahu, ing-hauk, ing-hauk-alau, malai-vagai, mazhavagai, mazhavaka, theng-semai-araung in Malaya: chahar, petai belalang in Thailand: khrai yong, ma kham pae, song thu mae Archidendron ellipticum (Blanco) I.C. Nielsen (Abarema elliptica (Blanco) Kosterm.; Abarema elliptica (Blume)

359

Kosterm.; Albizia fasciculata Kurz; Albizia fasciculata (Benth.) Kurz; Archidendron ellipticum (Blume) I.C. Nielsen; Inga elliptica Blume; Pithecellobicum ellipticum (Blume) Hassk.; Pithecellobium ellipticum Hassk.; Pithecellobium ellipticum (Blanco) Hassk.; Pithecellobium fasciculatum Benth.; Pithecellobium waitzii Kosterm.) Indonesia. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 2. 1754, Catalogus … 38: 88. 1823, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5268. 1831, London Journal of Botany 3: 208. 1844, Retzia, sive, Observationes botanicae, quas de plantis horti botanici Bogoriensis 1: 225. 1855, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 14(2): 129. 1876 and Arboles y arbustos del orden de las leguminosas … Caracas 56. 1927, Reinwardtia 3(1): 1–25. 1954, Adansonia n.s. 19(1): 21. 1979, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 5(8): 1509–1517. 1997, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 44(11–12): 637–644. 2006, Phytochemistry 67(3): 232–241. 2006, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 145(4): 669–677. 2007 (Toxins. Leguminous plants in the tropical rainforests are a rich source of proteinase inhibitors. Insect antifeedant, insecticide, antineoplastic, febrifuge, cytotoxic. Leaves dried and burnt, smoke to be inhaled, to treat food poisoning; pounded leaves as a shampoo for killing hair lice.) in Borneo: angir in Indonesia: bangkong, bugas, jengkol utan, jiring tupai, kabau, ki caang, saga gajah, salang-cogi in Malaya: bulinat Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen (Albizia jiringa Kurz; Albizia jiringa (Jack) Kurz; Albizia lucida sensu auct.; Feuilleea jiringa (Jack) Kuntze; Inga bigemina sensu auct.; Inga jiringa (Jack) DC.; Inga jiringa Jack; Inga jiringa Wall.; Inga kaeringa (Roxb.) Voigt; Inga kaeringa Voigt; Mimosa jiringa Jack; Mimosa kaeringa Roxb.; Mimosa kaeringa Baker; Pithecellobium bigeminum sensu auct.; Pithecellobium jiringa Prain; Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain; Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Merr.; Pithecellobium lobatum Benth.; Zygia jiringa Kosterm.; Zygia jiringa (Jack) Kosterm.) (Zygia, from the Greek zygon, zygos ‘yoke’, referring to the stamens and leaves; see Patrick Browne (1720– 1790), The civil and natural history of Jamaica in three parts. 279. (Mar.) 1756.) SE Asia, Thailand, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia. Perennial non-climbing tree, erect, straight trunk, edible seeds and fruits, may be eaten raw as a vegetable or cooked as a fruit See Malayan Misc. 1(1): n. 14. 1820, Malayan Misc. 2(7): 78. 1822, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5268. 1831, London Journal of Botany 3: 86, 208. 1844, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 258. 1845, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 45(2): 300. 1876, The Flora of British India 2(5): 305. 1878, Revisio Generum

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Plantarum 1: 185. 1891, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 61(2): 267. 1897 and Philippine Journal of Science 14: 243. 1919, Adansonia 19(1): 32. 1979, Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 32: S82-S91. 2002, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 27(5): 1037–1045. 2005 (Toxins. Antifeedant, insecticide. The ashes of burnt leaves are used against itching and on cuts; skin complaints, pain at the heart, pound the leaves and poultice. Fruit pounded with ginger, boiled, to eliminate bladder stones.) in English: djenkol bean, djenkol tree, dog fruit in Cambodia: krakos in China: bin lang in Indonesia: genkol, jaring, jarung, jengkol, jenkol, jering, jingkol, lubi in Malaysia: jering, jiring in Myanmar: tangyin, tanyeng-pen in Thailand: bateung, cha niang, chaniang, kra niang, luknieng, luk niengh, ma niang, niang, niang-nok, niang yai Archidendron microcarpum (Benth.) I.C. Nielsen (Abarema microcarpum (Benth.) Kosterm.; Feuilleea microcarpa (Benth.) Kuntze; Feuilleea microcarpa Kuntze; Inga bubalina sensu auct.; Pithecellobium bigeminum (L.) Mart. var. bubalina sensu auct.; Pithecellobium bubalina sensu auct.; Pithecellobium elmeri Ridl.; Pithecellobium microcarpum Benth.; Pithecellobium motleyanum sensu Merr.; Pithecellobium oppositum sensu auct.) Peninsular Malaysia. Perennial non-climbing tree See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 576. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 188. 1891 and Bull. Org. Sci. Res. Indonesia No. 20, 67. 1954, Adansonia sér. 2, 19(1): 17. 1979 (Leaves for smallpox.) Malay name: petai belalang

Archytaea Mart. Clusiaceae (Theaceae, Ternstroemiaceae) See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … pl. 112. 1816, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 1: 117, pl. 73. 1824[1826] Archytaea vahlii Choisy Malaya. See Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève xiv. 163. 1855 (For stomachache, boil the leaves or roots and drink the decoction; roots used a postpartum remedy.) Malay names: kuat, nyolang padang

Archytaea Mart. Clusiaceae (Theaceae, Ternstroemiaceae)

Arctium L. Asteraceae Latin arction and Greek arktion for a plant, also called arcturus, name used by Dioscorides (4.105) and Plinius, arktos ‘a bear’, referring to the flower heads or to the involucre; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 816. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 357. 1754, Flore Françoise 2: 70. 1779. Arctium lappa L. (Arctium chaorum Klokov; Arctium lappa subsp. majus Arènes; Arctium leiospermum Juz. et al.; Arctium leiospermum Juz. & Ye. V. Serg.; Arctium majus (Gaertn.) Bernh.; Arctium majus Bernh.; Lappa lappa (L.) H. Karst., nom. inval., tautonym; Lappa lappa H. Karst.; Lappa major Gaertner; Lappa vulgaris Hill) Asia, China, Himalayas, Europe, North America. A biennial or perennial herb, erect, branching, puberulent, purple flowers, bracts imbricate, corolla tubular, the taste of the achene is pungent See Species Plantarum 2: 816. 1753, Methodus Plantarum 19. 1754, The Vegetable System 4: 28. 1762, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 379, t. 162. 1791, Systematisches Verzeichnis (Bernhardi) 154. 1800, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik… (Karsten) 1121. 1883 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 20: 75. 1950, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 18: 299. 1957, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 21: 31–63. 1978, Taxon 28: 400–401. 1979, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 68(5): 660–664. 1983, Botanika (Minsk) 28: 23–33. 1987, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 10: 203–210. 1990, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1995(1): 16–20. 1995, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Planta Med. 72(3): 276–278. 2006, Fitoterapia. 77(5): 367–373. 2006, J. Altern. Complement. Med. 12(10): 971–980. 2006, Journal Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine 3:11. 2007, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 42(2): 192–196. 2007 (Plant anticholinergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiproliferative and apoptotic; plant juice applied on boils. Rough leaves rubefacient, for boils. Achene used in common cold, cough, headache, sore throat, acne, itch, psoriasis. Roots diuretic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, depurative, alterative, used in psoriasis, skin affections, gout. Veterinary medicine, mastitis, for ruminants.) in English: beggar’s buttons, burdock, clotbur, cocklebur, great burdock, greater burdock, thorny burr in Italian: bardana, lappola in Bolivia: asllawari, bardana, lampasu, lampazo in Brazil: bardana, bardana-major, erva-de-tinhosos, orelhade-gigante, pegamaço in China: niu bang zi, niu pang tzu, niu pang, niu tsai, pang weng tsai, pien chien niu, pien fu tzu, ta li tzu, wu shih in India: cheron, janglikuth, kushtha pratinidhi, phaggarmul, pichawag

361

Arctomecon Torrey & Fremont Papaveraceae

in Japan: gobô, gumbô, ipakokarip, seta-korkoni in Nepal: sinkingnhar in Tibetan: byi-bzung in Hawaii: gobo Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (Arctium minus Schkuhr; Arctium minus Bernh.; Arctium pubens Bab.; Lappa minor Hill) North America. Biennial weed See Methodus Plantarum 19. 1754, The Vegetable System 4: 28. 1762, Systematisches Verzeichnis (Bernhardi) 154. 1800, Botanisches Handbuch 3: 49. 1803, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 17: 376. 1856 (Low toxicity, burs cause local irritation. Analgesic, antirheumatic, febrifuge, healing wounds, poultice of leaves applied to the head for headaches, leaves infusion taken for cough, root decoction a remedy for pleurisy, root infusion used for rheumatism.) in English: burdock, clotbur, cockle-button, common burdock, cuckoo-button, lesser burdock, smaller burdock

Arctomecon Torrey & Fremont Papaveraceae Greek arktos ‘a bear, the north’ and mekon ‘poppy’, referring to the long hairs, see Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 312, pl. 2. 1845. Arctomecon humilis Coville (Arctomecon humile Coville) North America. Perennial herb, short-lived, endangered and threatened

series, 8: 258, 267–268. 1843[1842], Linnaea 24(1): 79–81, 87. 1851, Genera Plantarum 2(2): 582. 1876, Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 454. 1876, Synoptical Flora of North America 2(1): 27–29. 1878, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 11(2): 144. 1889, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(1): 49. 1891 and Leaflets of Western Botany 1(10): 98–100. 1934, Fl. Neotrop. 66: 133–193. 1995, Wells, Philip V. The Manzanitas of California: Also of Mexico and the World. 2000. Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. (Arctostaphylos candidissima Eastw.; Arctostaphylos canescens subsp. canescens; Arctostaphylos canescens var. candidissima (Eastw.) Munz) North America. See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 3, 1(2): 84–85. 1897 (Tonic.) in English: hoary manzanita Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper (Arctostaphylos columbiana var. tracyi Eastw.; Arctostaphylos columbiana var. tracyi (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn; Arctostaphylos tracyi (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn; Arctostaphylos tracyi Eastw.) North America. See Fl. N.W. Coast [Piper & Beattie] 279. 1915, Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 79. 1933, Man. Calif. Shrubs 408. 1939 (Antidiarrheal, decoction of bark taken for diarrhea. Ceremonial.) in English: hairy manzanita

See Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7(2): 67. 1892 and Raynie, D.E., D.R. Nelson, and K.T. Harper, “Alkaloidal relationships in the genus Arctomecon (Papaveraceae) and herbivory in A. humilis.” Great Basin Naturalist 51: 397–403. 1991

Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. (Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. glandulosa; Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. cushingiana (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn; Arctostaphylos intricata Howell)

(Alkaloids.)

North America.

in English: Colville bearclaw poppy, common bearpoppy, desert bearclaw-poppy, dwarf bearclaw-poppy

See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 3, 1(2): 82–83. 1897

Arctostaphylos Adans. Ericaceae

(Antidiarrheal, leaves infusion for diarrhea, for poison oak rash; bark decoction taken for diarrhea and bleeding diarrhea.)

Uva-ursi, Greek arktos ‘a bear’ and staphyle ‘a cluster, a grape’, the bears eat the fruits, see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Traité des Arbres et Arbustes 2: 371–372. 1755, Familles des Plantes (Adanson) 2: 165, 520. 1763, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi 470–471. 1794, Elementa botanica … 1: 219–220. 1790, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 287. 1825, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 2: 331–335. 1837, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new

in English: Eastwood manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. (Arctostaphylos glauca var. puberula J.T. Howell; Uva-ursi glauca (Lindley) Abrams; Xerobotrys glaucus (Lindl.) Nutt.) North America. Perennial tree See Edwards’s Botanical Register 21: sub pl. 1791. 1836, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 8: 267–268. 1843[1842] and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6(21): 433. 1910

362

(Antidiarrheal, leaves infusion for diarrhea, for poison oak rash; bark decoction taken for diarrhea and bleeding diarrhea.) in English: bigberry manzanita Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry (Arctostaphylos bowermaniae J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos manzanita subsp. manzanita; Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth subsp. manzanita (Parry) J.B. Roof; Uva-ursi manzanita (Parry) A. Heller; Uva-ursi manzanita (Parry) Abrams, nom. illeg.) North America. Perennial shrub See Traité des Arbres et Arbustes 2: 371–372. 1755, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 2(8C): 491–492. 1887 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 9(5): 68. 1913, North American Flora 29(1): 96. 1914 (Fruit considered poisonous. Poultice of chewed leaves applied to sores, leaves infusion taken for severe colds, diarrhea; leaves chewed for stomachache; leaves decoction a wash for headaches. Veterinary medicine, for horses sores.) in English: Ione manzanita, Parry’s manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry subsp. manzanita (Arctostaphylos bowermaniae J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth subsp. manzanita (Parry) J.B. Roof) North America. Perennial shrub See Traité des Arbres et Arbustes 2: 371–372. 1755, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 2(8C): 491–492. 1887 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 9(5): 68. 1913, North American Flora 29(1): 96. 1914 (Fruit considered poisonous. Poultice of chewed leaves applied to sores, leaves infusion taken for severe colds, diarrhea; leaves chewed for stomachache; leaves decoction a wash for headaches. Veterinary medicine, for horses’ sores.) in English: Ione manzanita, Parry’s manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos nevadensis A. Gray (Arctostaphylos pungens subsp. nevadensis (A. Gray) Roof; Uva-ursi nevadensis (A. Gray) A. Heller; Uva-ursi nevadensis (A. Gray) Abrams, nom. illeg.) North America. Perennial subshrub to shrub See Synoptical Flora of North America 2(1): 27. 1878 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 9(5): 68. 1913, North American Flora 29(1): 94. 1914 (Antidiarrheal, antidote, leaves infusion taken for diarrhea, plant used for poisoning from Toxicodendron diversiloba.) in English: pine-mat manzanita, pinemat manzanita Arctostaphylos parryana Lemmon (Arctostaphylos parryana subsp. parryana; Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth subsp. parryana (Lemmon) J.B. Roof; Uva-ursi parryana (Lemmon) Abrams)

Arctostaphylos Adans. Ericaceae

North America. Perennial shrub See Pittonia 2(8A): 68–69. 1890 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6(21): 432. 1910 (Tonic.) in English: Parry manzanita Arctostaphylos patula Greene (Arctostaphylos acutifolia Eastw.; Arctostaphylos parryana var. pinetorum (Rollins) Wiesl. & B. Schreib.; Arctostaphylos patula fo. platyphylla (A. Gray) P.V. Wells; Arctostaphylos patula subsp. platyphylla (A. Gray) P.V. Wells; Arctostaphylos patula Greene var. coalescens W. Knight; Arctostaphylos pinetorum Rollins; Arctostaphylos platyphylla (A. Gray) Kuntze; Arctostaphylos pungens var. platyphylla A. Gray; Uva-ursi patula (Greene) Abrams) North America. Perennial shrub, berries eaten by bears and deer See Pittonia 2(10B): 171. 1891 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6(21): 433. 1910 (Poultice of leaves applied to burns, cuts.) in English: green-leaf manzanita, green manzanita Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth (Arbutus ferruginea Sessé & Moc.; Arbutus mucronata Sessé & Moc.; Arbutus myrtifolia Willd. ex Steud.; Arbutus rigida Willd. ex Steud.; Arctostaphylos chaloneorum J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos pseudopungens J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth subsp. chaloneorum (J.B. Roof) J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos pungens var. foliis-oblongo-ellipticus M. Martens & Galeotti; Arctostaphylos pungens var. foliis-ovalibus M. Martens & Galeotti, nom. inval.; Arctostaphylos pungens var. mexicana W. Knight; Daphnidostaphylis pungens (Kunth) Klotzsch; Uva-ursi pungens (Kunth) Abrams) Mexico. Perennial shrub See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 278, pl. 259. 1818[1819], Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 9: 532. 1842, Linnaea 24(1): 79–81, 87. 1851 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6(21): 432. 1910 (Leaves infusion as a remedy for stomach trouble, diarrhea, poison oak rash; fruits and leaves infusion for kidney problems; fruits infusion diuretic, used for kidney and prostate problems. A ceremonial emetic. A good luck charm.) in English: pointleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. (Arbutus tomentosa Pursh; Daphnidostaphylis tomentosa (Pursh) Klotzsch; Uva-ursi tomentosa (Pursh) Abrams; Xerobotrys tomentosus (Pursh) Nutt.) North America. Perennial shrub See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 282–283. 1814[1813], Edwards’s Botanical Register 21: pl. 1791. 1836,

363

Arctotheca Wendl. Asteraceae

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 8: 267. 1843[1842]., Linnaea 24: 79. 1851 (Antihemorrhagic, stomachic; bark powder infusion taken for lung hemorrhages, leaves chewed for stomachache.) in English: downy manzanita, woolly manzanita, woollyleaf manzanita

for back pain and sprained backs; leaves pounded into a paste and applied to boils and pimples; pulverized dried leaves smoked for headache, and as a narcotic. As a bath to relieve rheumatism or arthritis; poultice of wetted leaves rubbed on the back for pain. Prolonged use of the tea can irritate the stomach. Leaves burned to drive away bad spirits, also a ceremonial emetic.)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Arbutus buxifolia Stokes; Arbutus uva-ursi L.; Arctostaphylos adenotricha (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) Á. Löve, D. Löve & B.M. Kapoor; Arctostaphylos coloradensis Rollins; Arctostaphylos cratericola (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm.; Arctostaphylos nevadensis var. coloradensis (Rollins) H.D. Harr.; Arctostaphylos officinalis Wimm. & Grab.; Arctostaphylos procumbens E. Mey.; Arctostaphylos pungens var. cratericola Donn. Sm.; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi fo. adenotricha (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) P.V. Wells; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi fo. coactilis (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) P.V. Wells; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi fo. stipitata (Packer & Denford) P.V. Wells; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. adenotricha (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. coactilis (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) Á. Löve, D. Löve & S.L. Kapoor; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. coloradensis (Rollins) Roof; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. longipilosa Packer & Denford; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. monoensis J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi subsp. stipitata Packer & Denford; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. adenotricha Fernald & J.F. Macbr.; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. coactilis Fernald & J.F. Macbr.; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. leobreweri J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. marinensis J.B. Roof; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. pacifica Hultén; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. stipitata (Packer & Denford) Dorn; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. suborbiculata W. Knight; Mairania uva-ursi (L.) Desv.; Uva-ursi buxifolia (Stokes) Gray; Uva-ursi cratericola (Donn. Sm.) Abrams; Uva-ursi procumbens Moench; Uva-ursi procumbens var. adenotricha (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) D. Löve; Uva-ursi procumbens var. coactilis (Fernald & J.F. Macbr.) Moldenke; Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britton; Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Cockerell)

in English: bear’s grape, bearberry, common bearberry, creashak, hog cranberry, kinnikinick, mealberry, mountain box, sandberry, uva-ursi

North America. Perennial shrub, fruits eaten

See Species Plantarum 2: 922–923. 1753, Botanische Beobachtungen 41. 1798, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 5: 141. 1813 and Journal of South African Botany 8(4): 284. 1942, Fairnie I.J. “Nitrite poisoning in sheep due to capeweed (Arctotheca calendula).” Aust. Vet. J. 45(2): 78–79. 1969, Pethick D.W., Chapman H.M. “The effects of Arctotheca calendula (capeweed) on digestive function of sheep.” Aust. Vet. J. 68(11): 361–363. 1991, Lagascalia 12: 117–119. 1983, Lagascalia 17: 161–172. 1993, Willdenowia 23: 211–238. 1993

See Species Plantarum 1: 395. 1753, A Botanical Materia Medica 2: 509. 1812, Journal de Botanique, rédigé par une société de botanistes 1: 37-, 292. 1813, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 400. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 287. 1825 and Flora of Boulder, Colorado, and vicinity 186. 1911, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 2: 693. 1913, Vascular Plants of Wyoming 296. 1988, Madroño 35(4): 340. 1988[1989], M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 56. 1991 (Infusion of plant a mouthwash for sore gums, a wash for rheumatism. Abortifacient, infusion of whole plant and velvet leaf blueberry taken to bring menstruation. Urinary tract medicine, for bladder infections, urinary diseases and urethra inflammations. Poultice of ground leaves and stems applied to sores; infusion of stems, leaves and berries taken

in North America: bearberry, little tree, nakasisi (Pawnee), short tree, uva-ursi in Spanish: coralillo Arctostaphylos viscida Parry (Uva-ursi viscida (Parry) A. Heller; Uva-ursi viscida (Parry) Abrams) North America. Tree or shrub See Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 2(8C): 492–493. 1887 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 9(5): 68. 1913, North American Flora 29(1): 99. 1914 (Leaves chewed for stomachache.) in English: white-leaf manzanita

Arctotheca Wendl. Asteraceae Greek arktos ‘a bear’ and theke ‘a case, capsule’, the fruits are very woolly (or glabrous), see Wendland, Johann Christoph (1755–1828), Botanische Beobachtungen 41. 1798, Hortus Herrenhusanus. Hannoverae, 1798–1801. Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns (Arctotheca calendulacea (R. Br.) Lewin; Arctotheca calendulacea K. Lewin; Arctotheca calendulaceum (L.) Lewin; Arctotis calendula L.; Arctotis calendulacea L.; Cryptostemma calendula (L.) Druce; Cryptostemma calendulaceum (L.) R. Br.) South Africa.

(Dermatitis from contact with the plant, Australian bush dermatitis.) in English: Cape marigold, Cape weed, marigold in South Africa: botterblom, gousblom, Kaapse madeliefie, soetgousblom, tonteldoek

364

Arctotis L. Asteraceae Greek arktos ‘a bear’ and ous, otos ‘an ear’, possibly an allusion to shape of the scales of the pappus; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 922–923. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 394. 1754. Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm. (Osteospermum arctotoides L.f.; Venidium arctotoides (L.f.) Less.; Venidium decurrens Less.) South Africa. Perennial herbaceous groundcover, leaves and stems covered with small white hairs See Species Plantarum 2: 923–924. 1753, Linnaea 6: 91. 1831 and Pharmaceutical Biology (formerly International Journal of Pharmacognosy) 45(6): 486–493. 2007, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(1): 89–96. 2008 (Used for the treatment of epilepsy, indigestion and stomachache. Leaf juice antibacterial, applied to treat wounds.; roots fungicidal, antioxidant and antimicrobial; extracts from the shoots showed antimicrobial activity.) in South Africa: bittergousblom, botterblom, putswa-pududu, ubushwa

Arctous Nied. Ericaceae Latin arctous ‘pertaining to arctos, northern’, see also Arctostaphylos. Arctous alpina (L.) Nied. (Arbutus alpina L.; Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.; Arctous alpina var. japonica (Nakai) Ohwi; Arctous japonica Nakai; Mairania alpina (L.) Desv.) North America. Shrub, perennial, berries used for food See Species Plantarum 1: 395. 1753, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1(1): 37. 1813, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 287. 1825, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 137, 180, 233. 1889 (Antirheumatic, narcotic, infusion of pounded plants used as wash for rheumatism. Ceremonial.)

Arctotis L. Asteraceae

blaerioides Roem. & Schult.; Arcytophyllum caracasanum (Kunth) Standl.; Arcytophyllum caracasanum Standl.; Arcytophyllum carcasanum Standl.; Arcytophyllum nitidum Schltdl.; Arcytophyllum nitidum f. hispidulum Steyerm.; Arcytophyllum nitidum subsp. caracasanum (Kunth) Steyerm.; Arcytophyllum nitidum var. culmenicola Steyerm.; Arcytophyllum nitidum var. glabratum Steyerm.; Arcytophyllum puberulentum Standl. & Steyerm.; Arcytophyllum vareschii Steyerm.; Ereicoctis caracasana (Kunth) Kuntze; Ereicoctis caracasana Kuntze; Ereicoctis nitida (Kunth) Kuntze; Ereicoctis nitida Kuntze; Hedyotis caracasana Kunth; Hedyotis floribunda H. Karst.; Hedyotis humboldtiana (Kunth) Steud.; Hedyotis humboldtiana Steud.; Hedyotis nitida Kunth; Mallostoma caracasanum (Kunth) B.D. Jacks. & Hook.f.; Mallostoma caracasanum Benth. & Hook.f.; Mallostoma caracasanum (Kunth) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D. Jacks.; Mallostoma nitidum (Kunth) Hook.f. & Hook.f.; Mallostoma nitidum Benth. & Hook.f.; Mallostoma nitidum (Kunth) Benth. & Hook.; Mallostoma nitidum (Kunth) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D. Jacks.; Pseudrachicallis caracasana (Kunth) H. Karst.; Pseudrachicallis floribunda (H. Karst.) H. Karst.; Pseudrachicallis floribunda H. Karst.; Pteridocalyx nitida (Kunth) DC.; Rachicallis caracasana (Kunth) DC.; Rachicallis caracasana DC.; Rachicallis nitida (Kunth) DC.; Rachicallis nitida DC.; Rhachicallis caracasana (Kunth) DC.; Rhachicallis nitida (Kunth) DC.) South America, Venezuela, Colombia. Shrub See Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 393. 1820, Mantissa 3: 5, 108. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 433– 434. 1830, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 8: 374. 1838, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 2, 1: 727. 1840, Linnaea 28: 492. 1857, Linnaea 30: 146. 1859, Fl. Columb. 2: 10. 1862, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): 60. 1873, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 281. 1891, Index Kewensis 2: 150. 1894 and Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 126. 1916, Acta Biol. Venez. 4: 3. 1964, Acta Bot. Venez. 6(1–4): 113–114, 117–119. (1971 publ. 1972) (Smoke from the burning wood extremely irritating.)

in English: alpine bearberry, black bearberry

Ardisia Swartz Primulaceae (Myrsinaceae)

in China: bei ji guo

Greek ardis ‘a point, an arrow point’, referring to the anthers or to the pointed corolla lobes, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2(Suppl.): 1, t. 368. 1775, Nova Genera Plantarum 1: 6–7. 1781, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 3, 48. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 94, 120–121. 1790, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 15: 350. 1810, Schlüssel Hortus indicus malabaricus, … 31. 1818, Mantissa 3: 3, 55. 1827, Allgemeine Medizinisch-Pharmazeutische Flora 3: 975. 1834, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 16: 79, 88. 1841, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 199. 1852, Flora Brasiliensis 10: 283. 1856, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 395. 1861, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(1): 94. 1889 and Symbolae Antillarum 3(2): 391, 392. 1901, Das Pflanzenreich

Arcytophyllum Willd. ex Schultes & Schultes f. Rubiaceae From the Greek arkys ‘net’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, see Mantissa 3: 5, 108. 1827, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 433. 1830, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 8: 374. 1838, Linnaea 28: 491. 1857, Fl. Columb. (H. Karst.) ii. 9–10, t. 105. 1862, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 281. 1891 and J. Bot. 49: 317. 1911, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999. Arcytophyllum nitidum (Kunth) Schltdl. (Arcytophyllum blaerioides Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Arcytophyllum

365

Ardisia Swartz Primulaceae (Myrsinaceae)

236(Heft 9): 13, 59, 78, 96, 102, 116, 150, 183. 1902, Taxon 17: 496–501. 1968, Phytologia 48(2): 139–142. 1981, Phytologia 49(4): 341, 344, 346. 1981, Wrightia 7(2): 38, 40–42. 1982, Sida 19(2): 275–283. 2000, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90(2): 179–317. 2003, Novon 14(1): 114. 2004. Ardisia boissieri A. DC. Philippines. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 129. 1844 (Leaves used to soothe and heal wounds.) in Philippines: babagion, butau, tagpo Ardisia colorata Roxb. (Ardisia colorata Link; Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A. DC.) India. Small understory treelet, variable, bisexual flowers with a white open corolla borne in small terminal inflorescences, red berries See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 194. 1821, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 271. 1824 and Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 50(11): 1484–1487. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 347–354. 2005 (Fruits cytotoxic, antioxidant, antirheumatic. Roots decoction for coughs and a postpartum remedy.) in India: bol simbal, kanjilal, rulthli Malay names: beberas nasi, kayu lupa dahan, merjemah, penjarang Ardisia complanata Wall. (Ardisia complanata Miq.) India, Malay Peninsula. See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 280. 1824, Plantae Junghuhnianae 1: 194. 1853

India, Indochina, Japan, Malesia, Philippines. Erect shrub, chartaceous leaves elliptic-lanceolate, bisexual flowers in umbels or corymbs, corolla white or pinkish, fruit a globose red drupe, in secondary forests and open vegetations See Nova Genera Plantarum 1: 6. 1781, Botanical Magazine 45: pl. 1950. 1817 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10(257–259): 374. 1912, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 5: 89–91. 1915, Trees Shrubs Japan 1: 283. 1927, Journal of Japanese Botany 13(9): 681. 1937, Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute 3(8): 225. 1937, Transactions of the Natural History Society of Taiwan 29: 344. 1939, Botanical Magazine 55: 524. 1941, Hara, Hiroshi (1911–1986), Enumeratio Spermatophytarum Japonicarum 1: 75–76. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1948, Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 10: 119, f. 1 & 2. 1977, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17(4): 99. 1979 (Crushed plants or the juice used against skin diseases, itch and earache. Juice from the root used against fever, cough and diarrhea; roots decoction for cough and as a postpartum remedy; pound the root and swallow it for fever and diarrhea.) in English: coral ardisia, coralberry, hens eyes, Hilo holly, spiceberry, village ardisia in Cambodia: ping chap in China: zhu sha gen in Indonesia: mata ayam, popinoh in Japan: manryo (ryo = a golden coin, manryo = ten thousand ryo) Malayan names: akar bebulu, lenggundi, mata ayam, mata pelandok, sireh puyoh in Papua New Guinea: bomempa in Philippines: atarolon, tagpo

(Leaves for colic.)

in Thailand: chamkhruea, tappla, tinchamkhok

Malay name: sumpuh lumpuh

in Vietnam: chu o rien, co’m nguôi nhan

Ardisia crenata Sims (Ardisia bicolor E. Walker; Ardisia crenata fo. hortensis (Migo) W.Z. Fang & K. Yao; Ardisia crenata fo. taguetii (Nakai) Ohwi; Ardisia crenata subsp. crassinervosa (E. Walker) C.M. Hu & J.E. Vidal; Ardisia crenata subsp. mouretii (Pit.) C.M. Hu & J.E. Vidal; Ardisia crenata var. bicolor (E. Walker) C.Y. Wu & C. Chen; Ardisia crenulata Lodd; Ardisia crispa var. taquetii H. Lév.; Ardisia konishii Hayata; Ardisia kusukusensis Hayata; Ardisia labordei H. Lév.; Ardisia lentiginosa Ker Gawl.; Ardisia lentiginosa var. rectangularis Hatus.; Ardisia linangensis C.M. Hu; Ardisia miaoliensis S.Y. Lu; Ardisia mouretii Pit.; Bladhia crenata (Sims) H. Hara; Bladhia crenata var. taquetii H. Hara; Bladhia crispa var. taquetii (H. Lév.) Nakai; Bladhia lentiginosa (Ker Gawl.) Nakai; Bladhia lentiginosa fo. hortensis Migo; Bladhia lentiginosa var. lanceolata Masam.)

Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (Ardisia boissieri A. DC.; Ardisia drupacea (Blanco) Merrill; Ardisia elliptica Bedd.; Ardisia humilis auct., non Vahl; Ardisia kotoensis Hayata; Ardisia littoralis Andr.; Ardisia solanacea Roxb.; Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl; Bladhia elliptica (Thunb.) Nakai; Bladhia kotoensis (Hayata) Nakai; Tinus squamulosa (C. Presl) Kuntze) Borneo, Sri Lanka. Small tree, leaves alternate oblanceolate, inflorescence a few-flowered terminal or lateral umbel-like raceme, flowers 4–5-merous white or pink fragrant, fruit a globose 1-seeded drupe dark blue to purple, in primary forest See Nova Genera Plantarum 1: 6. 1781, Nova Genera Plantarum 8: 119. 1798, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(2): 65. 1835, The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India 15–24: lxxxviii. 1872, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 975. 1891 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of

366

Tokyo 30(1): 180. 1911, Botanical Magazine 55: 99. 1921, Nova Flora Japonica 9: 120. 1943 (Used for retrosternal pain, for pain at the heart. Leaves used to soothe and heal wounds.) in English: sea-shore ardisia, shoebutton ardisia in China: dong fang zi jin niu Malay names: daun bisa hati, mata itek, mata pelandok, penah, periah in Nepal: damai phul in Philippines: babagion, butau, tagpo Ardisia fuliginosa Blume (Pimelandra fuliginosa Benth. & Hook.f.; Pimelandra fuliginosa (Blume) Benth. & Hook. f.; Tinus fuliginosa (Blume) Kuntze; Tinus fuliginosa Kuntze)

Ardisia Swartz Primulaceae (Myrsinaceae)

Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume (Bladhia japonica Thunberg; Tinus japonica (Thunberg) Kuntze; Tinus japonica Kuntze) E. Asia. Evergreen, shrub or subshrubs, stoloniferous, starshaped pink and white flowers in small groups See Nova Genera Plantarum 1: 6–7. 1781, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 13: 690–691. 1826, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 405. 1891 (Carminative, antidote and diuretic, depurative, expectorant, stimulates blood circulation, used for bronchitis, coughs and uterine bleeding.) in English: Japanese ardisia, maleberry, marlberry in China: zi jin niu, tzu chin niu in Japan: yama-tachibana

Indonesia. Treelet or shrub

Ardisia lanceolata Roxb. (Tinus lanceolata (Roxb.) Kuntze; Tinus lanceolata Kuntze)

See Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 647. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 974. 1891

Malaysia, Singapore.

in Borneo: merjemah

See Hort. Bengal. 85. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 275. 1824, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 974. 1891

in Indonesia: getah adjag (= juice from the stem)

(Used as a postpartum protective remedy.)

Ardisia hulletii Mez

Malay name: asam

Malaysia.

Ardisia lancifolia Merr. (Tapeinosperma lanceifolium (Merr.) Philipson)

(Sap squeezed from the stem applied to itchy skin.)

See Das Pflanzenreich 236(Heft 9): 131. 1902 (Roots decoction a postpartum remedy.) Malay name: sireh padang Ardisia humilis Vahl (Ardisia hainanensis Mez; Ardisia humilis Blume; Ardisia pyrgina Saint Lager; Ardisia pyrgus Roemer & Schultes; Bladhia humilis (Vahl) Sasaki; Tinus humilis (Vahl) Kuntze; Tinus humilis Kuntze) SE Asia. See Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 40. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 518. 1819, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 13: 687. 1826, Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 7: 119. 1880, The Flora of British India 3(9): 530. 1882, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 405. 1891 and Das Pflanzenreich 236(Heft 9): 138. 1902, List of Plants of Formosa 324. 1928

Philippines, Borneo. Small tree See Philippine Journal of Science C 13: 113. 1918, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 77: 103. 1939 (Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, hang the plant in the house as a protection from being charmed.) in Borneo: merjimah Ardisia odontophylla Wall. ex A. DC. (Ardisia odontophylla Lindl.; Tinus odontophylla (Wall. ex A. DC.) Kuntze; Tinus odontophylla Kuntze) Malaysia. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2279. 1830, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 17(1): 125, pl. 6. 1834, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 22: t. 1892. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 974. 1891 and Taiwania 34(2): 232. 1989

(Roots used in diarrhea, rheumatism, menstrual disorders.)

(Leaves decoction for stomachache. Roots for rheumatism.)

in China: ai zi jin niu

Malay name: pasal

in India: adivimayuri, bode, bodina, bonktu, chauldhoa, cilukarekka, condamayoor, kolaka, kolarakku, kondabhogada, kondamamidi, kondamayur, kondamayuri, kuntena, mamidi, mayuramu, poinco, sore

Ardisia oxyphylla Wall. ex A. DC. (Ardisia oxyphylla Wall.)

in Malay: merjemeh laut

India. Shrub to small tree, few flowers in racemes, fruit dark purplish See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2291. 1830, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17(1): 119–120. 1834

367

Ardisia Swartz Primulaceae (Myrsinaceae)

(Leaf decoction tonic, to restore fertility; pounded leaf paste boiled in water and drunk by the couples to restore fertility; leaf extract drunk by women for maintaining fertility; pounded leaves and poultice for cracks in the skin of the feet, for swellings of the neck.) in India: mikuhon Malay name: daun mata etek Ardisia paniculata Roxb. (Tinus paniculata (Roxb.) Kuntze) India. Undershrub See Hort. Bengal. 16. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 270. 1824, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 974. 1891 (A paste of roots of Claoxylon khasianum together with Ardisia paniculata, Clerodendrum wallichii, Mussaenda macrophylla and Trevesia palmata applied for the treatment of abdominal troubles and tumour. Roots, young twigs, stem and bark used for dysentery; roots together with those of Smilax ovalifolia and Bridelia tomentosa crushed and boiled and the water drunk for jaundice; root decoction for rheumatism and venereal diseases.) in Bangladesh: nagalsum bom in India: naunuar Ardisia polycephala Wall. ex A. DC. (Ardisia polycephala Wight; Ardisia polycephala Wall.; Tinus polycephala (Wall. ex A. DC.) Kuntze; Tinus polycephala Kuntze) India. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2293. 1830, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17(1): 118–119. 1834 [1837 publ. 26 Apr-8 May 1834], Illustrations of Indian Botany 2: t. 145. 1841–1850, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 405. 1891 (Root paste with water used to stop bleeding after childbirth.) in India: sailtuai Ardisia pyramidalis (Cav.) Pers. (Anguillaria pyramidalis Cav.; Ardisia pyramidalis Roth; Tinus pyramidalis (Cav.) Kuntze; Tinus pyramidalis Kuntze)

(Postpartum protective remedy. Plant decoction for high fever.) in Malay: lutot hyam, peluroh, pingarut Ardisia solanacea Roxb. (Anguillaria solanacea Poir.; Anguillaria solanacea (Roxb.) Poir.; Bladhia solanacea (Roxb.) Nakai; Icacorea solanacea (Roxb.) Britton; Icacorea solanacea Britton) India. Undershrub or small tree, coriaceous leaves, rose flowers, small fruits, tender leaves as vegetable See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 27, pl. 27. 1795, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 7: 688. 1806, Hort. Bengal. 16. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 580. 1832 and Flora of Bermuda 284. 1918, Nova Flora Japonica [Nakai & Honda] 9: 120. 1943 (Used in Sidha. Peeled fresh tender stems taken for persistent cough. Bark powder for cough, toothache, applied in headache; fruit of Cassia hirsuta together with stembarks of Ardisia solanacea and Clerodendrum viscosum are powdered and the powder given as antidote against snakebite, powder is also applied to the affected bitten part; stem bark made into a paste and applied on the region of a snakebite, or drunk to kill worms in the stomach; stem bark powder used to treat gonorrhea and piles. Fruit eaten in conjunctivitis; ripe fruit juice used as eye drops in conjunctivitis. Root bark decoction used to wash sores and uterus after childbirth; root bark infusion as a postpartum remedy, tonic after delivery; root bark paste applied to heal sores, wounds. Roots febrifuge, used in diarrhea and rheumatism; root infusion drunk in chest pain; root extract given for internal hemorrhage; root paste applied to stop bleeding; root paste applied all over the body for swelling and muscular pain, for the same purpose roots boiled in water and the vapor inhaled. Leaves infusion against abortion; leaf juice given in menstrual disorders and swellings; mashed leaves decoction antirheumatic, antiabortion; leaf paste mixed with coconut oil used externally for curing mumps. Religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves, related with funeral ceremonies. Veterinary medicine, leaves and tender shoots applied on bone fracture.) in Bangladesh: sokrapong

SE Asia.

in China: suan tai cai

See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1(1): 372. 1788, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 6(1): 1, t. 502. 1800, Novae Plantarum Species 123. 1821, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 974. 1891

in India: adavi mayuri, adavimayr, banjam, batguri, bhontu, bisi, bode, bodhina gida, bodian gida, bodina gida, buei, bugadi, chakafum, chakapum, chilukarekka, chitli, chitmitlimone gida, dikna, dudumara, gadagulanchi, gadhichi, garda, gardagulanj, guggilam, gulanchi, havalada gida, kaashineraedu, kadna, kaka-njara, kakkata, katapenga, katuguli gida, kodamati, kolaruma, konda bhogada, konda mamidi, konda mayur, kondamayooru, kondamayr, kondamayur, kozhikkottai, kuntena chettu, kunti, kunti gatcho, kuti, manimunda, manipudbam, maniputpam, mayooramu, minkuon, mitlamani, narikandam, neeramuthy, nilbedsi, pagada mulaka, puliki, putupatra, shuli, sore

(Roots decoction taken to treat infection of the genitals and toothache. Leaves used externally for headache.) in Philippines: gadong-gadon Ardisia ridley King & Gamble Thailand, Malaysia. See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74: 148. 1905

368

Ardisia thyrsiflora D. Don (Ardisia austroasiatica E. Walker; Ardisia depressa C.B. Clarke; Ardisia floribunda Wall.; Ardisia meziana H. Lév.; Ardisia meziana King & Gamble; Ardisia neriifolia A. DC.; Ardisia neriifolia Wall. ex A. DC., nom. nud.; Ardisia neriifolia Wall., nom. nud.; Ardisia neriifolia Kurz; Ardisia tenera Mez; Ardisia yunnanensis Mez; Tinus depressa (C.B. Clarke) Kuntze; Tinus depressa Kuntze; Tinus thyrsiflora (D. Don) Kuntze; Tinus thyrsiflora Kuntze) Nepal, China. Shrub, entire leaves, reddish flowers, red-dotted depressed berries, ripe fruits eaten, young leaves eaten as vegetable See Systema Vegetabilium 4: 804. 1819, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 272. 1824, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 148. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 2278. 1830, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17(1): 118, t. 8. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 127. 1844, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 46: 225. 1877, The Flora of British India 3(9): 522. 1882, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 974. 1891 and Das Pflanzenreich 236(Heft 9): 104, 107. 1902, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 74: 147. 1905, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10(257–259): 374. 1912, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 23(3): 347. 1942 (Postpartum remedy.) in China: nan fang zi jin niu in India: laungla-chuat, thengpi-charleng

Areca L. Arecaceae (Palmae) From the Indian vernacular name, areec or atakka, in Kerala; among the Nairs areca means “cavalier”. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1189. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 496. 1754, Genera Plantarum 37. 1789, Magazine of Natural History 4: 333. 1840 and Claudio Urbano B. Pinheiro and Michael J. Balick, “Brazilian palms. Notes on their uses and vernacular names, etc.” in Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. Volume 17. 1987. Areca catechu L. (Areca catechu Willdenow; Areca cathechu Burm.f.; Areca faufel Gaertn.; Areca himalayana Griff. ex H. Wendl.; Areca hortensis Lour.; Areca nigra Giseke ex H. Wendl.; Sublimia areca Comm. ex Mart., nom. inval.) (the specific epithet probably from kachu, an astringent substance.) Malesia. Solitary trunk, quite straight, slender, unarmed, unbranched, monoecious palm, root system superficial, leaves sheathing arranged spirally, sheath completely encircling the stem like a tube, on the stem below the leaves erect inflorescence paniculate, very small male flowers very numerous, male flowers numerous borne above the female flowers, fruit a monospermous fibrous drupe, pericarp fibrous, seeds or kernels bluntly rounded, in humid tropical lowland

Areca L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

See Species Plantarum 2: 1189. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 241. 1768, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 568. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(1): 594–595. 1805, Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 169. 1836 and Nucleus 18: 146–151. 1975, Taxon 28: 67. 1979, Translational Research: the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 150(1): 58–65. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Toxic arecoline. Nut as a masticatory agent, chewing it is said to strengthen muscles of vagina. Betel cancer, mouth cancer, the possible carcinogenic action of alkaloids of tobacco and betel nut, upper alimentary tract cancer, carcinoma of the mouth. Fruits and leaves tonic and laxative. Bark powder anthelmintic. Seeds/ nuts antibacterial, antifungal, vermifuge, aphrodisiac, astringent, nervine tonic, emmenagogue, used for tapeworm and roundworm infestation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, edema and tenesmus, urinary disorders and snakebite; glaucoma, eyedrops for external use; slight stimulant, green nuts used for hallucinogenic effects; juice of tender nuts act as a laxative when taken in small doses; burned nuts used as a dentifrice. Roots of Scleria purpurascens together with roots of Areca catechu and Rubus glomeratus boiled together and the extract drunk as an astringent for diarrhea. Ceremonial, used in religion and magico-religious-supernatural beliefs, offerings and pujas, fruits and immature nuts given as an offering to Gods along with betel leaves, also offered to the dead before cremation by the members attending the cremation; nuts used in performing sorceries and magical device; hard endosperm used as symbol of Lord Ganesh. Veterinary medicine, bark powder anthelmintic, vermifuge against tapeworm in animals.) in English: adike tree, areca nut, areca nut palm, areca palm, betel nut, betel nut palm, betel palm, catechu, catechu palm, penang palm in Brazil: arequeira, palmeira-betel

noz-de-betel,

palmeira-de-betel,

in French: aréquier, noix d’arec in Cambodia: daëm sla, sla in China: bing lang, chu ping lang, ping lang, pinang in India: adaka, adakai, adake, adaki, adakka, adakka panjayadakka, adike, adike kaayi, adike mara, akota, akotaja, akotam, ataikkay, atakka, ataykkamaram, atekka, atekkai, bardi, battalu adike, betta, bettadake, bettadike, bette, cakuntam, cakuntikai, cakuntikaimaram, cattamarkkam, caunga, cavooghoo, chalia jalai hui, chhalia kohna sokhta, chalia purani jalai hai, chalia sokhta, chautaki, chempalukka, chhalia, chhataphala, chikaniyadike, chikinamu, chikini, chikkana, chikke, chikni chhalia, chom, churu adike, cikaniyadike, cikke, ciram, cuanga, curancanam, dirghapadapa, dridhavalkala, faufil, fofal, foufal, fouzal, fufal, gautupoka, gavoy, ghhonta, ghonta, gird-chob, girdchob, gond supari, gopadala, gotadike, gubak, gul supari, gurvaca, gurvaka, guvaka, guwa, inippilapatitam, inippilatitamaram, iracatalam, kahkoh, kaiccikam, kaiccikamaram, kalacattiram,

369

Areca L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

kalaymaram, kalunnu, kamugu, kamuka, kamuku, kamunnu, kandi, kangu, kanti, kapitana, kapuram, karamattam, katti, kavungu, kavunnu, kabukah, kamukinveru, katha, kaungu, kawai, kazhangu, kazhunnu, khapura, khapuramu, khhapura, khhapuram, khipura, kiramamuki, kiramamukimaram, kiramugam, kiramukam, kirantimukam, kirumukam, kolapoka, kontai, kottai paakku, kottai-pakku, kowngu, kramuka, kramukah, kramukam, kramukamu, ku va thing, kugagam, kukacamaram, kukakam, kuntal, kuva, kuvakam, kuvara, kuvathing, kwa, lavanga churu, madi, maturapakam, maturapakamaram, nattukkamuku, oppulu, oppuvakkulu, paak, pakavakka, pakka, pakku, pakkumaram, pakkuppanai, paku-kotai, palacankiyam, palacinikiyamam, pan, phalam, pinang, piramataru, piramatarucam, pirumaniyam, pogamu, poka, poka chettu, poka-vakka, pooga, poogiphalam, popal, pophal, pophali, pophala, prakka, puga, puga-phalam, pugah, pugam, pugamu, pugi, pugiphala, pukaram, pung, pupal, putakam, puvak, puwak, rajatala, rotha, sopari, supaaree, supari, supari chikni pisi hui, supiari, suppari, supyari, suranjana, talattiram, tambadi supari, tambula, tampulavatanimaram, tantucaram, tantucaramaram, tantusara, tarpati, taru, thaamboolagotu, tiritavalkam, trynodrumo, tuvarkkay, tuvarkkaymaram, udvegam, unde-adike, vakka, vakkalu, valkataru in Indonesia: djambe, jambe, pinang, pinang matah megare, pinang matah merah, pua in Japan: binrô-ju in Laos: kôk hma:k in Malaysia: pinang, pinang asin, pinang blah, pinang kossi, pinang salai (smoked nuts) in Papua New Guinea: buai, buatan, magi, m’bu in Philippines: boa, bua, bunga, dapiau, hua, lugos, luyos, pasa, takobtok, va, vua in Sri Lanka: kamukai, puwak in Thailand: mak in Tibet: gla gor zo sa, go yu, go-yu gandha, kra ma kap, kra mra sa, slabor sesad, zumkhan in Vietnam: binh lang, cau, may lang, po lang, tan lang, t[aa] n lang in Pacific: pugua Areca concinna Thwaites Sri Lanka. Often confused with Areca triandra See Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 328. 1864 (Nuts as betel substitute.) in India: adake, adike, kanga, kanna, len beri, len-teri Areca hutchinsoniana Becc. (Areca mammillata Becc.; Areca mammillata var. mindanaoensis Becc.) Philippines. A small palm

See Philipp. J. Sci. 14: 312. 1919 (Used as a vermifuge.) in the Philippines: pisa Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. (Areca aliceae W. Hill ex F. Muell.; Areca borneensis Becc.; Areca humilis Blanco ex H. Wendl.; Areca laxa Buch.-Ham.; Areca nagensis Griff.; Areca polystachya (Miq.) H. Wendl.; Areca triandra var. bancana Scheff.; Areca triandra var. laxa (Buch.-Ham.) Becc.; Areca triandra var. nagensis (Griff.) Becc.; Nenga nagensis (Griff.) Scheff.; Ptychosperma polystachyum Miq.) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. A clustered or sometimes solitary monoecious palm, slender, pinnate leaves, inflorescence below the crown leaves with a lemony smell, 1 female flower at base and many paired male flowers above, orange-red beaked fruit, a highly polymorphic species See Species Plantarum 2: 1189. 1753, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 5: 310. 1824 [1826], Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 453. 1845, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 590. 1861, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 32: 165. 1873, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1: 120. 1876, Malesia 1: 22. 1877, Palmiers: 231–232. 1878, Gartenflora 28: 199. 1879 and Beccari, O. “Notes on Philippine palms 1.” The Philippine Journal of Science, sect. C. Botany 2: 219–240. 1907, Beccari, O. “The palms of the Philippine Islands.” The Philippine Journal of Science 14: 295–362. 1919, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44: 116, 118. 1934, Nucleus 18: 146–151. 1975, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 74(3,VI): 199–200. 1987, Plant Systematics and Evolution 189: 83–122. 1994 (Nut as a masticatory agent, stimulant, endosperm chewed with Piper betel; also Areca caliso Becc., Areca latiloba Ridley, Areca macrocalyx Zipp. ex Blume and Areca whitfordii Becc. Magico-religious beliefs, ceremonial, offering, fruits and inflorescence used in worships; used in religion and magico-religious-supernatural beliefs, fruits and immature nuts given as an offering to Gods along with betel leaves, also offered to the dead before cremation by the members attending the cremation; nuts used in performing sorceries and magical device.) in English: wild areca palm in Brazil: areca, areca bangua in Cambodia: sla préi in India: kahkoh, kading, u-vai, uvai in Indonesia: buring utan, pinang umbut, pinang yang in Japan: kabu-dachi-binrô in Malaysia: datea in Thailand: mak-chawaek, mak-nangling, mak-no in Vietnam: cau r[uwf]ng, cau tam h[uf]ng in French: aréquier bangua

370

Arenaria L. Caryophyllaceae Latin arenarius, a, um (arena, ae ‘sand’) ‘pertaining to sand’, referring to the sandy habitat; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 423–425. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 193. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 256. 1763, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 504. 1805, Flora Čechica 94. 1819, Versuch einer Darstellung der Geographischen Verbreitungs- and Vertheilungs-Verhältnisse der Natürlichen Familie der Alsineen 13, pl. s.n. [p. 18]. 1833, Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte 1: 63. 1836, Flora Rossica 1: 360. 1842, The Flora of British India 1(2): 236. 1874, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 3: 598, 603. 1895 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 217–239. 1946, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 24: 127–128. 1962, Naturalia monspeliensia. Sér. Bot. 29: 1–64. 1979, Taxon 28: 398–400. 1979, Taxon 29: 718–720. 1980, Taxon 30: 698–699, 829–842. 1981, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 133: 301–318. 1996, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999, Biologia (Bratislava) 54: 43–49. 1999. Arenaria brevipetala Y.W. Tsui & L.H. Zhou China. Perennial herb, alpine meadows See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(3): 360–361. 1980 (Febrifuge.) in China: xue ling zhi Arenaria festucoides Benth. India, Himalaya. See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 81, t. 21, f. 3. 1839 (Cooling, sweet, astringent, expectorant.) in China: hu mao zhuang xue ling zhi Arenaria kansuensis Maxim. (Arenaria kansuensis var. acropetala Y.W. Tsui & L.H. Zhou; Arenaria kansuensis var. ovatipetala Y.W. Tsui & L.H. Zhou) India, Himalaya, China. See Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 26: 428. 1880 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(3): 359–360, pl. 3, f. 6–7, 8–10. 1980, Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 16(3): 310–318. 1996 (Flowers used for lung disorders and abscesses.) in China: gan su xue ling zhi Arenaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Rohrb. (Arenaria alsinoides Willd. ex Schltdl.; Arenaria alsinoides Raddi; Arenaria confusa Rydb.; Arenaria diffusa Elliott; Arenaria guatemalensis Standl. & Steyerm.; Arenaria lanuginosa Rohrb.; Arenaria lanuginosa subsp. guatemalensis (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.A. Duke; Arenaria lanuginosa subsp. lanuginosa; Arenaria lanuginosa subsp. saxosa (A. Gray) Maguire; Arenaria lanuginosa var. cinerascens (B.L. Rob.) Shinners; Arenaria

Arenaria L. Caryophyllaceae

lanuginosa var. genuina Rohrb.; Arenaria lanuginosa var. saxosa (A. Gray) Zarucchi, R.L. Hartm. & Rabeler; Arenaria nemorosa Kunth; Arenaria saxosa A. Gray; Arenaria saxosa var. cinerascens B.L. Rob.; Arenaria saxosa var. mearnsii (Woot. & Standl.) Kearney & Peebles; Spergulastrum lanuginosum Michx.; Spergulastrum lanuginosum subsp. saxosum (A. Gray) W.A. Weber; Stellaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray; Stellaria lanuginosa Torr. & A. Gray; Stellaria laxa Muschl.) North America, Peru. Perennial herb See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 275. 1803, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 7: 201. 1816, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(6): 519. 1821, A Flora of North America: containing … (Torr. & A. Gray) 1(2): 187. 1838, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 18. 1853, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 14(2C): 274. 1872 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 578–638. 1937, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(2): 50–51. 1944, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 217–239. 1946, American Midland Naturalist 46(2): 498–499. 1951, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 48(1): 93. 1961, Brittonia 33(3): 326. 1981, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 13: 227–247. 1983, Sida 21(2): 753. 2004 (A kidney remedy. Cold infusion used as lotion on forehead for headache; plant infusion a lotion for pimples, eye drops.) in English: spreading sandwort in Ecuador: chinchi mani Arenaria melanandra (Maximowicz) Mattfeld ex HandelMazzetti (Cerastium melanandrum Maximowicz) China. Herb, white flowers, alpine meadows See Species Plantarum 1: 437–440. 1753, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 26: 429. 1880 and Symb. Sin. 7(1): 202. 1929 (For bladder and kidney ailments.) in China: hei rui wu xin cai Arenaria przewalskii Maximowicz China. Perennial herb See Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 26: 428. 1880 (Whole plant astringent, antibacterial, for skin diseases.) in China: fu lu cao Arenaria serpyllifolia Linnaeus (Arenaria brevifolia Gilib.; Arenaria leptoclados Gussone; Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss.; Arenaria petiolata Hayata; Arenaria serpyllifolia Bourg. ex Willk. & Lange; Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. leptoclados Čelak.; Arenaria serpyllifolia var. leptoclados Rchb.)

371

Arenga Labill. Arecaceae (Palmae)

China. Prostrate, flower in terminal cyme, capsule globose with persistent calyx See Species Plantarum 1: 423. 1753, Icones florae germanicae et helveticae 5: 32. 1841, Florae Siculae Synopsis 2: 824. 1844, Prodromus Florae Hispanicae 3: 619. 1878 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 38–39. 1913, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Fl. Medit. 6: 223–243. 1996, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999 (Plant antitussive, depurative, diuretic and febrifuge. Leaves decoction used in the treatment of dysentery, bladder complaints, calculus troubles and acute and chronic cystitis.) in English: thyme-leaf sandwort in China: wu xin cai Arenaria triflora L. (Alsinanthus triflorus (L.) Desv.; Arenaria triflora Vill.; Cernohorskya triflora (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve) Europe, North America. See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 240. 1771, Prospectus de l’Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné 48. 1779, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 5: 223. 1816 and Preslia 46: 127. 1974 (Plant used as a purgative.)

Arenga Labill. Arecaceae (Palmae) From Malayan or Moluccan native name areng; see Bulletin des sciences, par la Societé Philomatique. [Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris.] 2: 162. Paris 1800, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: 288. 1807, Rumphia 2: 128. 1843, Gen. Pl. 3: 917. 1883 and Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 119. 1917, O. Beccari & R.E.G. Pichi Sermolli, “Subfamiliae Arecoidearum Palmae Gerontogeae. Tribuum et Generum Conspectus.” 25 Mar. 1955, seors. impr. ex Webbia. 11: 1–187. 31 Mar. 1956, Principes 4: 113–114. 1960.

pinnatus Kuntze; Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb; Saguerus rumphii (Corrêa) Roxb. ex Ainslie; Saguerus saccharifer (Labill. ex DC.) Blume; Saguerus saccharifer Blume; Sagus gomutus Perr.; Sagus gomutus (Lour.) Perr.) China, Malesia. Unbranched, solitary stout palm, roots black very strong, crown dense, erect to spreading leaves, inflorescence usually unisexual pendulous, female inflorescences 3–7 formed at the top, male ones 7–15 lower on the stem, fruit a globose to ellipsoid drupe fleshy 2–3-seeded, seed black, primary and secondary lowland forest See Diss. de Sagu 21. 1757, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 1: 351. 1781, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 162. 1800, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 3: 142. 1824, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 624. 1825, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 741. 1837, Allg. Naturgesch. 3(1): 675. 1841, Rumphia 2: 128, t. 123–124. 1843, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 474. 1845, Palmiers [Kerchove] 232. 1878, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 736. 1891 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 9: 63. 1914, An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense 119. 1917, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 74(3,VI): 199–200. 1987 (The juice of the ripe fruit seems to be poisonous. The fruitwall and the fruit are full of needle-crystals (stinging raphides) exceedingly irritant to the mouth. The green peel of the unripe fruit is poisonous and causes serious skin reactions on contact because of the calcium oxalate crystals. Young roots for kidney stones, old roots for toothache; root decoction of Arenga saccharifera stomachic and taken for bronchitis. Fresh unfermented juice taken against chronic constipation. Fruits as fish poison.) in English: areng palm, red sugar palm, sugar palm in Burma (Myanmar): taung-ong in Cambodia: chraè, chuëk’ in India: alam panai, cekovarici, kumutippanai, thang tung, thanglung, thangtung

Arenga obtusifolia Mart. (Gomutus obtusifolius Blume, nom. inval.; Saguerus langbak Blume)

in Indonesia: aren, enau, gula aren, gula merah, gula panguh, kawung

Thailand, Java.

in Laos: ta:w ta:d

See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 162. 1800 and Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 74(3,VI): 199– 200. 1987

in Malaysia: berkat, enau, kabong

(Irritant.) in India: betta thengu, daddaala, doodha sela, kaadu thengu, masuuti Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. (Arenga gamuto Merr.; Arenga griffithii Seem. ex H. Wendl.; Arenga saccharifera Labill.; Borassus gomutus Lour.; Caryota onusta Blanco; Gomutus rumphii Corrêa; Gomutus saccharifer (Labill. ex DC.) Spreng.; Gomutus saccharifer Spreng.; Gomutus vulgaris Oken; Saguerus gamuto Houtt., nom. inval.; Saguerus

in Philippines: bagobat, hidiok, kaong in Thailand: chok, tao in Vietnam: b[us]ng b[as]ng, do[as]c, do[as]t in Pacific: cabo negro Arenga westerhoutii Griff. (Saguerus westerhoutii (Griff.) H. Wendl. & Drude) Bhutan to Pen. Malaysia. See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 162. 1800 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 189: 83–122. 1994

372

Arethusa L. Orchidaceae

(Juice from the fruit used to poison enemies. The fruit-wall and the fruit are full of needle-crystals (stinging raphides) exceedingly irritant to the mouth.)

North America. Herbaceous, stout, prickly, erect, massive woody taproot, yellow latex sap, cymose arrangement of large showy white flowers from the upper leaf axils

in English: langkap palm, Westerhouts sugar palm

See Botanographie Belgique ed. 2, part 3, 2: 132. 1799, Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis 2: 489. 1815 and Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21(1): 135. 1958

Malayan name: langkap Arenga wightii Griff. (Saguerus wightii (Griff.) H. Wendl. & Drude; Saguerus wightii H. Wendl. & Drude) India. Monoecious palm, male and female spadices separated, extraction of starch and palm vine

(Leaves infusion demulcent, emetic and purgative. Caution, seed oil can cause glaucoma and edema. Plant infusion in the treatment of jaundice, skin ailments, colds, colic and wounds.)

See Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 475. 1845, Palmiers [Kerchove] 256. 1878

in English: blue-stem prickle poppy, bluestem pricklypoppy, white prickle poppy, white prickly poppy

(Pith to cure venereal diseases; stem pith and leaves for jaundice.)

in India: kutiyottup-puntu

in English: the wild coconut in India: ala panai, alam panei, alam panel, alampanai, alapanai, alathil thenga, alathilthenga, alattiltenna, azhathumpana, dadice, dhadashi, dhiudasal, dhudasal, karampana, karampanai, kattu thengu, kattutenna, kattuthengai, kattuthengu, katuthenna, malam tengu, malan thengu, nettippana, njettippana, panei

Arethusa L. Orchidaceae Named after Arethusa, a wood nymph, by Artemis (Diana) was changed into a stream; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 950–951. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 407. 1754, Diss. Bot. Zool.: 40. 1769. Arethusa bulbosa L. (Arethusa bulbosa f. albiflora E.L. Rand & Redfield; Arethusa bulbosa f. subcaerulea E.L. Rand & Redfield)

Argemone aurantiaca G.B. Ownbey USA. Herb, white flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 508–509. 1753 and Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1): 53–56, f. 6. 1958, Stermitz, F.R. “Alkaloid chemistry and the systematics of Papaver and Argemone.” Recent Advances Phytochem. 1: 161–183. 1968, Stermitz, F.R., Nicodem, D.E., Wei, C.C., and McMurtrey, K.D. “Alkaloids of Argemone polyanthemos, A. corymbosa, A. chisosensis, A. sanguinea, A. aurantiaca and general Argemone systematics.” Phytochemistry 8: 615–620. 1969 (Alkaloids.) in English: Texas prickly poppy Argemone chisosensis G.B. Ownbey USA. Flower pale pink to lavender

See Sp. Pl.: 2: 950. 1753, Fl. Mt. Desert Isl.: 152. 1894 and Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981, Huntia 7: 224. 1987

See Species Plantarum 1: 508–509. 1753 and Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1): 114–115, f. 17: 5–6, f. 18. 1958, Stermitz, F.R., Nicodem, D.E., Wei C.C., and McMurtrey, K.D. “Alkaloids of Argemone polyanthemos, A. corymbosa, A. chisosensis, A. sanguinea, A. aurantiaca and general Argemone systematics.” Phytochemistry 8: 615–620. 1969

(For toothache.)

(Alkaloids.)

North America.

in English: Chisos Mountain prickly poppy, pink prickly poppy

Argemone L. Papaveraceae Greek argemon ‘cataract’ (argos ‘white’), possibly because this plant was reputed to cure cataract of the eye, or also because in some species the leaves are white-spotted and the flowers are white; Plinius used Latin argemon, i for Lappa canaria L., argemone, es and argemonia, ae for an herb or a plant; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 508. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 225. 1754 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 347–354. 1946, Fl. Veracruz 22: 1–16. 1982. Argemone albiflora Hornem. (Argemone alba Lestiboudois; Argemone albiflora subsp. texana G.B. Ownbey; Argemone albiflora var. texana (G.B. Ownbey) Shinners)

Argemone corymbosa Greene (Argemone intermedia Sweet var. corymbosa (Greene) Eastwood) North America. See Species Plantarum 1: 508–509. 1753, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 2: 59. 1886, Erythea 4(6): 96. 1896 and Stermitz, F.R., Nicodem, D.E., Wei, C.C., and McMurtrey, K.D. “Alkaloids of Argemone polyanthemos, A. corymbosa, A. chisosensis, A. sanguinea, A. aurantiaca and general Argemone systematics.” Phytochemistry 8: 615– 620. 1969 (Alkaloids.)

373

Argemone L. Papaveraceae

Argemone hispida A. Gray (Argemone bipinnatifida Greene; Argemone platyceras Link & Otto; Argemone platyceras var. hispida (A. Gray) Prain; Enomegra bipinnatifida (Greene) A. Nelson)

Trop. Plant Sci. Res. 1: 1–13. 1983, Cytologia 53: 647–652. 1988, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 904–905. 1991, Glimpses Cytogenet. India 3: 188–198. 1992, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004

USA, New Mexico. Perennial herb

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. All parts, seed oil and seeds poisonous to animals and man; toxic only if large quantities eaten. Seeds narcotic, hallucinogen, sedative, pesticide, insecticide, cathartic, diuretic, alterative, cholagogue, antiinflammatory, sudorific, emmenagogue, vulnerary, depurative, laxative, emetic, expectorant, demulcent, an antidote to snake poison, for the treatment of epilepsy and cancer; seed paste applied in skin diseases. Oil from the seeds for skin diseases, on sores, caries, pyorrhea. Seeds of Argemone mexicana crushed with fruits of Cleistanthus collinus and applied in skin diseases. Plant infusion for difficult and burning urination. Latex used in eye disease, cough, toothache, applied externally for wounds; yellow sap of stem applied externally to treat syphilis; yellow latex of tender shoots for treating jaundice, conjunctivitis, as eye drops, also applied on ulcer, boils, syphilis, eczema and scorpion sting. Seeds and roots powdered for mild dermatitis. Root paste applied to scorpion sting and ant bite; powdered root to cure menorrhagia, when mixed with oil used for eczema; root juice given for piles, chronic cough; bitter roots infusion taken for regulating fertility; roots decoction taken for cough and malaria. Aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata with Argemone mexicana, dried and powdered and taken to cure jaundice. Veterinary medicine, root decoction given to cure anthrax; seeds of Cassia auriculata (Senna auriculata) along with stem bark of Pongamia pinnata, latex of Argemone mexicana pounded and the extract applied for skin diseases.)

See Icon. Pl. Rar. [Link & Otto] 85, t. 43. 1831, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 5. 1849, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 33: 367. 1895, Pittonia 3: 346. 1898 and Botanical Gazette 34(5): 365–366. 1902, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21(1): 66–67, 103. 1958 (Leaves infusion to relieve kidney pain; ground seeds cathartic, burn dressing, for sores; seeds infusion cathartic. A tea made from prickly poppy taken to cause expulsion of the remaining portion of a torn placenta.) in English: crested prickle poppy, rough pricklypoppy Argemone mexicana L. (Argemone barclayana Penny ex Loudon; Argemone leiocarpa Greene; Argemone mexicana fo. leiocarpa (Greene) G.B. Ownbey; Argemone mexicana subsp. ochroleuca (Sweet) Schwarzbach; Argemone mexicana var. lutea Kuntze; Argemone mexicana var. mexicana; Argemone mexicana var. ochroleuca (Sweet) Lindl.; Argemone mexicana var. parviflora Kuntze; Argemone mexicana var. typica Prain, nom. inval.; Argemone mucronata Dum. Cours. ex Steud.; Argemone ochroleuca Sweet; Argemone sexualis Stokes; Argemone spinosa Moench; Argemone spinosa Gaterau; Argemone sulphurea Sweet ex Loudon; Argemone versicolor Salisb.; Argemone vulgaris Spach; Echtrus mexicanus Nieuwl.; Echtrus mexicanus (L.) Nieuwl.; Echtrus trivialis Lour.) East Africa, Malawi, Zambia. Annual or short-lived herb, glabrous glaucous, bushy, erect, branched, usually prickly, tap-root, acrid unpleasant-smelling yellow sticky sap, leaves alternate without stalks more or less sheathing the stem, flowers solitary subtended by leafy bracts, prickly sepals, yellow petals, spiny capsule, nearly spherical seeds, a serious weed See Species Plantarum 1: 508–509. 1753, Gaterau, (fl.1789), Description des Plantes qui Croissent aux Environs de Montauban 99. Montauban: Chez l’auteur et chez Charles Crosilhes, 1789, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 344. 1790, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi 227. 1794, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 376. 1796, A Botanical Materia Medica 3: 195. 1812, The British Flower Garden, … 3: pl. 242. 1828, Hortus Britannicus 216. 1830, Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: pl. 1343. 1830, Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement 6: 115. 1830, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux 7: 26. 1839, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 128. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 12. 1891, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 33: 308. 1895, Pittonia 3: 345. 1898 and American Midland Naturalist 3: 350. 1914, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 347–354. 1946, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21(1): 37–39. 1958, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi). 7: 261–271. 1979, J. Palynol. 16: 85–105. 1980,

in English: devil’s fig, Mexican poppy, Mexican prickly poppy, prickly poppy, Texas poppy, thistle, thistle poppy, thistley bush, yellow-flowered Mexican poppy, yellow poppy, yellow thistle in South America: argemaria, argemona, cardo-amarelo, cardo-do-méxico, cardo-mariano, cardo santo, cardosanto, figueira-do-inferno, guechi nichi, papoula-espinhosa in East Africa: ekijembajembe, mkumajalaga in Ghana: akusuribie, anansemmeyaa in Lesotho: hlabahlabane (e putsoa) in Madagascar: argémone du Mexique, betakoa, chardon béni des Antilles, chardon de Gorée, fantimboay in Southern Africa: bloudissel, geelblom bloudissel, geeldissel, Meksikaanse papawer, steekbossie; ntsvantsane (Sotho) in Yoruba: eekanna ekun, egun arigbo, elege in China: ji ying su, lao shu le in India: arasina ummathi, arasina-ummatta, arasinaunmatta, arisina datthoora, arisina kammata gida, arsha unmatta, arisina ummatthi, avaramuki, bakula, bakula janum, balarakkasa, balu rakkisa, balurakkasu, balurakkisa,

374

bara sheal-kanta, baramdandi, bharband, bharbhand, bharbhanda, bharbhar, bhatbhamt, bhundo-katila, biladhutura brahmadundi, birama-dandu, biramadandu, brahma dhandu, brahma-dundi, brahmadandi, brahmadandi-dandu, brahmdandichettu, brahmadanti, brahmadhandu, brahmandanti, brahmanthandu, brahmathadu, brahmathandi, brahmi, brahmi dandi, brahmmadandu, bramadand, bramadandu, bramha-dandi-chettu, bramhadandi, bramhi, brumadandie, brumadundoo, brumarakash, bukla kanta, bukla kata, canaksiri, catilinkattaikkuruvakki, cetikkurukku, chikkanike, cirikalakantam, cittacacceti, cittacam, darudi, daruri, datthoori, datthoori gida, datturi, datturi-gida, datturigidda, dhadhuri, dhatturada gida, elakacceti, elakam, eliyotti, eliyottippuntu, farangi-dhutura, farangidhatura, farangidhutura, firanghee-dhatura, firangi-dhotra, firangidhotra, ghamoy, gokhula janum, golagolike, haimavathi, haladigolavalike, hemadugdha, hemashikha, hemavati, hemavha, huttchu brahmadandi, iracakuruva, ittoori, kancani, kanchanakehiri, kanchani, kandailu, kandiari, kani, kanta agra, kanta-dhotra, kantankattiri, kantedhotra, kantili, karhini, karuncattirakacceti, karuncattirakam, katali, kateli, katuparni, katya silya, kheera konta, khomthongpee, koiya mara, kontedhotra, korta, kshirini, ksiraparni, kudiyattup-pundu, kudiyoetti, kudiyotti, kudiyotti poondu, kuhumkanta, kurukkam, kurukkam ceti, kurukkamceti, kurukkam-chedi, kurukkanched, kurukku, kurukkucceti, kurukkum, kurukkum-chedi, kurukkumuthu, kurukkutti, kusme beeja, kusumapala, kutikkuccani, kutila, kutiyotippuntu, kutiyotti, kutiyottip puntu, kutiyottippuntu, morati, mulla puchha aku, mullu ummatthi, mullu datthoori, mulludaturi, mutkacikam, mysurapala chettu, naikadugu, nippania, odasamari, parangidatturi, patuparni, peela kandiara, pharamgi dhattura, pichy kusama chettu, pila-dhatura, pila-dhutura, pili kandairie, pili katari, pili-kateli, pili katili, pilikateli, pilikateri, pilikatili, pinvaladhotra, piramadanti, piramarakkacam, piramatantam, piramatanti, piramatantu, piramathandu, piramattantu, pirammarakaci, pirammatanti, pirattiyam, pitadugdha, pitapushpa, pivala-dhatura, pivladatura, piwala-dhotra (piwala, yellow), ponnummattai, ponnummattam, ponnummattu, ponnummattum, ponnummatum, putpi, rangaini, rukmini, safed darudi, sannasi, sarpuni, sarvaksiri, satayanashi, satayanasi, satiyanashi, satyanashi, satyanasi, savo-marmad, shial kanta, shialkanta, shialkata, shiyal-kanta, sial kanta, sialkanta, siyal-kanta, srigalakanta, srigalakantaka, suvarna, suvarnaksiri, svarnadagdha, svarnadugdha, svarnakshiri, svarnaksiri, svarnavha, swarna kshiri, swarnakhiri, swarnakshiri (swarna, golden, kshir, milk), tamon, tittaca, toko, totara, ujar-kanta, venkurukkucceti, virincanan, virincananceti, yavachincha, yerrikusuma in Indonesia: celangkringan, drudju, druju, tjelangkringan in Japan: azami-geshi in Malaysia: chelang keringan

Argemone L. Papaveraceae

in Thailand: fin naam in Vietnam: c[af] gai hoa v[af]ng, gai cua, m[uf]i cua Argemone munita Durand & Hilgard North America. See J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia ser. 2, 3: 37. May 1855 (Plantae Heermannianae 37. 1854) and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 160. 1902, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club. 21: 77, 83. 1958 (Mashed seeds to treat burns, applied as a salve.) in English: flatbud prickly poppy Argemone munita Durand & Hilgard subsp. munita North America. Annual or perennial herb See J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia ser. 2, 3: 37. May 1855 (Plantae Heermannianae 37. 1854) and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 160. 1902, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club. 21: 77, 83. 1958 (Mashed seeds to treat burns, applied as a salve.) in English: flatbud prickly poppy, flatbud pricklypoppy Argemone ochroleuca Sweet subsp. ochroleuca South Africa. Annual or short-lived herb, glabrous glaucous, bushy, erect, branched, usually prickly, tap-root, acrid unpleasant-smelling yellow sticky sap, leaves alternate without stalks more or less sheathing the stem, white flowers solitary subtended by leafy bracts, prickly sepals, spiny capsule, nearly spherical seeds, a serious weed See Species Plantarum 1: 508–509. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 376. 1796, A Botanical Materia Medica 3: 195. 1812, The British Flower Garden, … 3: pl. 242. 1828, Hortus Britannicus 216. 1830, Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: pl. 1343. 1830, Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement 6: 115. 1830 and American Midland Naturalist 3: 350. 1914, Cytologia 53: 647–652. 1988, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 904–905. 1991, Glimpses Cytogenet. India 3: 188–198. 1992 (Plant infusion febrifuge, diaphoretic, tonic, for difficult and burning urination. Latex used in eye disease, cough, toothache, applied externally for wounds; yellow latex of tender shoots for treating jaundice, conjunctivitis, as eye drops, also applied on ulcer, boils, syphilis, eczema and scorpion sting. Powdered root to cure menorrhagia.) in English: blessed thistle, Mexican poppy in East Africa: ekijembajembe, mkumajalaga in Ghana: akusuribie, anansemmeyaa in Lesotho: hlabahlabane (e putsoa)

in Nepal: thakal

Argemone pleiacantha Greene (Argemone platyceras Link & Otto)

in Philippines: diluariu, kachumba, kasubang-aso

USA, New Mexico.

375

Argentina Hill Rosaceae

See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 6: 161. 1908

capsule antispasmodic. Antitussive, purgative, digestive, diaphoretic, emetic.)

(Leaves infusion to relieve kidney pain. A tea made from prickly poppy taken to cause expulsion of the remaining portion of a torn placenta.)

in Argentina: cardo amarillo, cardo santo

Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey (Argemone intermedia auct. non Sweet; Argemone intermedia var. polyanthemos Fedde; Argemone platyceras auct. non Link & Otto) North America. Annual, biennial or perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 508–509. 1753 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 104: 283. 1909, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1): 128. 1958, Stermitz, F.R., D.E. Nicodem, Wei C.C., and K.D. McMurtrey. “Alkaloids of Argemone polyanthemos, A. corymbosa, A. chisosensis, A. sanguinea, A. aurantiaca and general Argemone systematics.” Phytochemistry 8: 615–620. 1969 (Sap used for sore eyes; warmed root for toothache; seeds used on burns, sores or cuts, a wash for sore eyes, rubbed into hair to kill head lice, taken as an emetic. Ceremonial.) in English: crested prickly poppy, crested pricklypoppy Argemone sanguinea Greene (Argemone platyceras Link & Otto var. rosea J.M. Coulter) North America. Herb, perpendicular prickles on the sepals, seeds provide food for mourning doves and bobwhite quail See Species Plantarum 1: 508–509. 1753, Icones plantarum rariorum horti regii botanici berolinensis … 1: 85, pl. 43. 1828, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1: 30. 1890, Pittonia 4(21A): 68. 1899 and Stermitz, F.R., D.E. Nicodem, Wei C.C., and K.D. McMurtrey. “Alkaloids of Argemone polyanthemos, A. corymbosa, A. chisosensis, A. sanguinea, A. aurantiaca and general Argemone systematics.” Phytochemistry 8: 615–620. 1969

Argentina Hill Rosaceae See The British Herbal 6. 1756. Argentina egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. (Potentilla anserina subsp. egedii (Wormsk.) Hiitonen; Potentilla anserina L. subsp. pacifica (Howell) Rousi; Potentilla anserina var. egedii (Wormsk.) Torr. & A. Gray; Potentilla egedii Wormsk.) North America. Perennial herb See Flora Danica 9(27): 5, pl. 1578. 1818, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 444. 1840, A Monograph of the North American Potentilleae 158. 1898 and Opera Bot. 52: 1–38. 1979, Rhodora 99: 33–55. 1997 (A paste of boiled roots and oil applied to sores and swellings.) in English: Eged’s Pacific silverweed, Pacific silverweed Argentina egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. var. egedii (Potentilla anserina subsp. egedii (Wormsk.) Hiitonen; Potentilla anserina L. subsp. pacifica (Howell) Rousi; Potentilla anserina var. egedii (Wormsk.) Torr. & A. Gray; Potentilla anserina L. var. grandis Torr. & A. Gray; Potentilla anserina L. var. lanata B. Boivin; Potentilla anserina L. var. rolandii (B. Boivin) B. Boivin; Potentilla egedii Wormsk.; Potentilla egedii Wormsk. subsp. grandis (Torr. & A. Gray) Hultén; Potentilla egedii Wormsk. var. grandis (Torr. & A. Gray) J.T. Howell; Potentilla pacifica Howell; Potentilla rolandii B. Boivin) North America. Perennial herb

(Alkaloids.)

See Flora Danica 9(27): 5, pl. 1578. 1818, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 444. 1840, A Monograph of the North American Potentilleae 158. 1898 and Opera Bot. 52: 1–38. 1979, Rhodora 99: 33–55. 1997

in English: red poppy, red prickly poppy, rose prickly poppy, spiny prickly poppy

(A paste of boiled roots and oil applied to sores and swellings; root juice as a wash for inflamed eyes.)

Argemone subfusiformis G.B. Ownbey subsp. subfusiformis (Argemone mexicana subvar. gynophora Fedde; Argemone mexicana var. beta Gay; Argemone mexicana var. gamma Gay; Argemone mexicana var. glauca Barnéoud ex Reiche; Argemone mexicana var. gynophora J.F. Macbr.)

in English: Eged’s Pacific silverweed, Pacific silverweed

Argentina. See Flora Chilena 1: 100. 1845, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 88: 98. 1894 and Das Pflanzenreich 104: 278. 1909, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2/3): 934. 1937, Brittonia 13(1): 91–109. 1961 (Juice narcotic, vulnerary. Leaves ocular antiseptic, febrifuge; whole plant colagogue; flowers against pleurisy;

Argostemma Wallich Rubiaceae From the Greek argos ‘white’ and stemma ‘crown, garland, wreath’, referring to the inflorescence, see Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 324. 1824. Argostemma hameliifolium Wernham (Argostemma hullettii Ridl.; Argostemma isophyllum Merr.) Borneo. Herb See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 42: 89. 1914, J. Bot. 65: 35. 1927, Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 7: 279. 1937

376

Argusia Boehmer Boraginaceae

(For stomach pain in babies at night, applied over abdomen as poultice and bandage, used with Linariantha bicolor.)

Argyreia bella Raiz. (Argyreia bella (C.B. Clarke) Raizada; Lettsomia bella C.B. Clarke)

Malay name: uru adong

India. Climber, reddish flowers

Argusia Boehmer Boraginaceae Latin Argus and Greek Argos was the hundred-eyed keeper of Io, see Species Plantarum 1: 140–141. 1753, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 507. 1760, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae 8: 315. 1763 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/1–2): 111–167. 1970, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 65(2): 256. 1972, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(2): 456–521. 1988, Taxon 41: 571. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995. Argusia gnaphalodes (L.) Heine (Heliotropium gnaphalodes L.; Mallotonia gnaphalodes (L.) Britton; Messerschmidia gnaphalodes (L.) I.M. Johnst.; Tournefortia gnaphalodes (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.)

See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 192. 1883 and Indian Forester xciii. 754. 1967, Taxon 30: 695. 1981 (Tonic, stimulant, stomachic.) in India: cheet Argyreia capitiformis (Poiret) van Ooststroom (Argyreia capitata (Vahl) Choisy; Argyreia rufohirsuta H. Léveillé; Argyreia verrucosohispida Y.Y. Qian; Convolvulus capitatus Vahl; Convolvulus capitiformis Poiret; Ipomoea capitata (Vahl) Roemer & Schultes; Lettsomia capitata (Vahl) Blume; Lettsomia capitiformis (Poiret) Kerr; Lettsomia peguensis C.B. Clarke; Lettsomia strigosa Roxburgh) SE Asia. Climbing herb See Fl. Malesiana, ser. 1. 6(6): 941. 1972

Caribbean. Shrub, much-branched, often as Tournefortia gnaphalodes

(Leaves used externally for treating trauma; leaf ash used in eruption at the junction of ear pinnae.)

See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 913. 1759, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 538. 1819 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2: 47. 1915, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 16(2): 165–166. 1935, Flore de la Nouvelle Calédonie et Dépendances 7: 108. 1976

in Bangladesh: anuway khujeya

(Leaf decoction taken for venereal disease, as antidote for fish poisoning. Decoction used externally for rheumatism. Leaf decoction, taken with Krameria ixine, is a strong abortifacient. Leaves burned in house to drive out fleas.)

Argyreia Loureiro Convolvulaceae Greek argyreios ‘silvery’, argyros ‘silver’, referring to the underside of the leaves; see J. de Loureiro, Flora cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes. 1: 95, 134. 1790, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 75. 1824, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 431. 1833, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 254, 256. 1838, Genera Plantarum 655. 1839 and Fl. Madagasc. 171: 3–287. 2001. Argyreia acuta Loureiro (Argyreia festiva Wallich; Lettsomia chalmersii Hance; Lettsomia festiva (Wallich) Bentham & J.D. Hooker) China, Laos. Shrub, scandent, corolla white See Fl. Cochinch. 1: 135. 1790, Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 77. 1794, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 68–69, pl. 76. 1830, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 16(188): 230–231. 1878 (Antioxidant.) in China: bai he teng

in China: tou hua yin bei teng in Myanmar: min-go-ga, nwe-ni, nwe-phyu Argyreia cuneata Ker Gawl. (Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl.; Convolvulus cuneatus Willd.; Rivea cuneata (Ker Gawl.) Wight) India. Herb, climbing, shrubby See Bot. Reg. 8: t. 661. 1822, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 3(2): 8, t. 890. 1845 [1844–1845] (Plant used for the treatment of arthritis and diabetes; tender twigs of Argyreia cuneata ground with Dodonaea viscosa, stem bark of Bridelia retusa, feces of goat, egg albumen, made into a paste applied for bone fracture. Root extract given to initiate labor pain and easy delivery; ground roots boiled and the extract given after delivery to expel the placenta, postpartum remedy; oot paste applied on scabies. Veterinary medicine, leaves extract given to cattle in anorexia and swelling of throat.) in English: purple convolvulus in India: aachaari gida, achhe gida, achhegide bondwail, halle balli, kaalu kukana gida, kallana gida, kallana hambu, kallana mele, kallanegida, mahulungi, nettaruhu Argyreia cymosa Sweet India. See Sweet, Robert (1783–1835), Sweet’s Hortus britannicus: or a catalogue of plants cultivated in the gardens of Great Britain, arranged in natural orders 289. London: James Ridgway, 1826

377

Argyreia Loureiro Convolvulaceae

(Fresh root juice as eye drops; root decoction given with milk to treat burning micturition. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves applied over cuts and wounds.) in India: peruna, siradu Argyreia fulgens Choisy India. See Convolv. Orient. 33. 1834 (Used in Ayurveda. For the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism.) in India: vrddhadaruka Argyreia hirsuta Arn. (Argyreia hirsuta Wight & Arn.; Rivea zeylanica Thwaites var. hirsuta (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites) India. Climber See Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 18(1): 356. 1836, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 209. 1860 and Cytologia 44: 275–286. 1979 (Roots used for cuts, wounds.) in India: periya veru

in India: akayappuritakkoti, akayappuritam, cirumucuttai, katalatakkam, katalatakki, katalatakkikkoti, katalkalakki, katalkalakkicceti, katarkalakki, kattukalangu, kattukelengu, kattukilannu, kudure balli, maasoota, mosuti, musute, paymoostey, perumucuttai, peyccinki, peyccinkikkoti, peymucuttai, peymusti, vrddhadaruka Argyreia mollis (Burm.f.) Choisy (Argyreia championii Bentham; Argyreia obtecta (Choisy) C.B. Clarke; Argyreia obtecta C.B. Clarke; Convolvulus mollis Burm. f.; Convolvulus sericeus Linnaeus; Lettsomia championii (Bentham) Bentham & J.D. Hooker; Lettsomia championii Benth. & Hook.f.; Rivea obtecta Choisy; Rivea obtecta (Wall.) Choisy) Indochina. Climber, flowers funnel-shaped, globose capsule See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 44–45, pl. 17. 1768, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 95, 134. 1790, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 1416. 1829, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 410, 421. 1833, Flora Hongkongensis 236–237. 1861, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 869. 1876, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 4(10): 186. 1883

Argyreia hookeri C.B. Clarke (Rivea hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Hallier f.)

(A paste of the leaves of Ipomoea obscura, mixed with Argyreia mollis leaves and alcohol, is applied to open sores and pustules.)

Himalaya. Climber

in China: yin bei teng

See Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 60. 1899

Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer (Argyreia speciosa Bojer; Argyreia speciosa (L.f.) Sweet; Convolvulus nervosus Raf.; Convolvulus nervosus Burm. f.; Convolvulus speciosus Walter; Convolvulus speciosus L.f.; Ipomoea speciosa (L.f.) Pers.; Ipomoea speciosa (Choisy) Voss; Ipomoea speciosa Hallier f.; Lettsomia nervosa Roxb.; Lettsomia nervosa (Burm. f.) Roxb.; Lettsomia nervosa Hort. Calc. ex C.B. Clarke; Rivea nervosa (Burm. f.) Hallier f.)

(Boiled leaves applied to reduce swelling.) in India: bhiliku, bilikhu Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Santapau & Patel India. See Trans. Bose Res. Inst. Calc. xxii. (Convolv. Bomb.: Addit. & Corr.) 40. 1958 (For rheumatism.) in India: errakuta, jaajugarana hambu Argyreia kleiniana (Roem. & Schult.) Raizada India. Climber See Indian Forester xcii. 302. 1966 (Used in Sidha. A plant extract taken internally to cure an upset stomach; milky latex from stem and leaves for chronic eczema. Veterinary medicine, tender leafy twigs fed to cattle to increase lactation.) in India: cevvattai, musute kodi, onankodi Argyreia malabarica Arn. ex Choisy India. See Convolv. Orient. 38. 1834 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. For rheumatism.)

India. Woody climbers See Species Plantarum 1: 153–162. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 48, pl. 20, f. 1. 1768, Supplementum Plantarum 137. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Fl. Carol. [Walter] 93. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 95, 134. 1790, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 77. 1794, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 183. 1805, Hort. Bengal. 13. 1814, Fl. Ludov. 46. 1817, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall., 2: 78. 1824, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet] 289. 1826, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 488. 1832, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 407. 1833, Hortus Mauritianus 224. 1837, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18(1–2): 143. 1893, Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 711. 1895, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 5: 381. 1897 and Phytomedicine. 9(5): 433–437. 2002 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Psychotropic. Leaves used in diabetes, applied to treat abscess, boils and suppuration; leaf and root extract given for stomachache. Roots acrid, bitter, astringent, sweet, emollient, used in the treatment of

378

Argyreia Loureiro Convolvulaceae

gonorrhea, syphilis, rheumatism, arthritis, hysteria, diseases of nervous system, in obesity, hoarseness, anemia, diabetes, tuberculosis and general debility; root extract given in urinary disorders; root ground in rice water rubbed on the forehead to control migraine. Saussurea lappa, Argyreia speciosa and Achyranthes aspera used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Magico-religious beliefs, spiritual, emotional, ritual, contact therapy, leaves are worn as a cap to cure headache. Veterinary medicine, tender leaves along with those of Ocimum sanctum pounded and the extract given orally for tympany; leaves poultice applied over wounds and skin diseases of buffalo; leaf paste of Argyreia speciosa to treat wounds and ulcers with maggots.)

Argyreia osyrensis (Roth) Choisy (Argyreia aggregata (Roxburgh) Choisy; Argyreia aggregata var. osyrensis (Roth) Gagn. & Courch.; Ipomoea osyrensis Roth; Lettsomia aggregata Roxburgh; Lettsomia aggregata var. osyrensis (Roth) C.B. Clarke)

in English: elephant climber, elephant creeper, Hawaiian baby woodrose, veined argyreia, woolly morning-glory

in China: ju hua bai he teng

in India: ajantri, ambagar, anpakar, anpar, antakotarapushpi, bastantri, basthantri, bichtarak, bijtarka, bodathara, brudhadarak, budhara, cakarappaci, camuttira coki, camuttira coli, camuttira paccai, camuttiracceti, camuttiracoki, camuttiracovi, camuttirappaccai, camuttirappalai, camuttirappullani, camuttirayokam, chandra paada, chandra-poda, chandra podi, chandrapaada, chandrapada, chandrapala, chandrapoda, chhagala, chhagaladi, chhagalanghhri, chhagantri, dirgha, driddhadaraka, driddhadaru, ghav bel, ghabel, guli, hastivallia-daraka, jatap masi, junga, kadalpalai, kadal palai, kadaspalai, kadalli, kakkatan, kakkita, kakkitha, katal palai, katalpaccai, katalpalai, katarcoki, katarpaccai, katarpalai, kedok arak, kokkili, kokkita, kokkiti, marikkunni, marututari, mirutu, mirutupaccai, murva, paalasamudra, pala-samudra, palasamudra, palasamudratiga, perumkurumba, peymucuttai, peymunnai, rykshagandhha, sadarbalai, samadarsog, samandar-ka-pat, samandar-saf, samandar-sof, samandar-sokh, samandar sukh, samandarka-pat, samandarshoka, samandarshokh, samandarsokh, samander-bel, samandrasokh, samindarka pat, samtrappachai, samudasok, samudra balli, samudra haale, samudra-pach-cha, samudra pachha, samudra-pala, samudra palaka, samudra soage, samudra soka, samudratsjogam, samudra-yogam, samudraballi, samudrahalaballi, samudrap-pala, samudrapaala, samudrapachcha, samudrapala, samudrapala balli, samudrapalaka, samudrapatra, samudrappaala, samudrapacca, samudrappacca, samudrappala, samudrashok, samudrashoka, samudrashokha, samudrasoge, samudrasok, samudrasoka, samudrasokh, samudrasos, samudrasosha, samudrastokam, samudratsjogam, samudrayogam, samudrepalaballi, samundar ka pat, samundrashosh, samutra cheddie, samutrachogi, samutrappachai, samuttirappaccai, samuttirappalai, samuttrappalai, shamuddira-pachchai, shamuddirap-pach-ch-ai, shamuddirapachchai, thivvakkokkita, tokki, uritusonbi, vakul, vakulappaccai, vakutpaccai, vardharo, vrddhadaraka, vrddhadaru, vrddhadaruka, vrddhadarukah, vrdhadaraka, vriddha-daruka, vriddhadaraka, vriddhadaru, vrudhdarak, vryddhadaraka

Argyreia pierreana Bois (Argyreia liliiflora C.Y. Wu; Argyreia seguinii (H. Léveillé) Vaniot ex H. Léveillé; Convolvulus atropurpureus Wallich; Convolvulus sphaerocephalus Roxburgh; Ipomoea atropurpurea (Wallich) Choisy; Ipomoea sphaerocephala (Roxburgh) D. Don; Lettsomia atropurpurea (Wallich) C.B. Clarke; Lettsomia seguinii H. Léveillé)

in Tibet: bhi tta dha ru, bhra ddha dha ru

China, India, Indonesia. Scandent shrub See Species Plantarum 1: 159–162. 1753, Novae Plantarum Species 117. 1821, Convolvulaceae orientales 45. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 334. 1845 and Observationes Botanicae 4: 280. 1915 (For body pain.)

in India: ettakuta, uganiballi

China. See Species Plantarum 1: 159–162. 1753, Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 77. 1794, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 53–54. 1824, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 98. 1825, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 457. 1833, The Flora of British India 4(10): 194. 1883 and Revue Horticole 78: 560. 1906, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(222–226): 452. 1911, Flore du Kouy-Tchéou 113. 1914 (Sedative.) in China: dong jing yin bei teng Argyreia sericea Dalzell (Argyreia sericea St.-Lag.) India. Climber See Bombay Fl. 169. 1861, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon vii. (1880) 120. 1880 (Plant paste applied in skin diseases, eczema and leprosy. Root applied in skin diseases.) Argyreia setosa Arn. ex Choisy (Convolvulus setosus (Roxb.) Wall.) India. Creeper, climber See Convolv. Orient. 43. 1834, Mem. S. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 6: 425. 1834 (Used in Ayurveda.) in India: bhaisvel, masbel, maya tige, unnayangodi, verriboddi-tige, vrddhadaruka Argyreia strigosa (Roth) Roberty (Ipomoea strigosa Roth)

379

Argyrolobium Ecklon & C. Zeyher Fabaceae (Genisteae)

India.

India. Perennial non-climbing herb

See Nov. Pl. Sp. 113. 1821 and Candollea xiv. 44. 1952

See Journal of the Indian Botanical Society ix. 205. 1930

(Concentrated root extract given in stomach pain.)

(Cooling.)

in India: chobadvel

in India: tervikae

Argyreia wallichii Choisy China.

Ariocarpus Scheidweiler Cactaceae

See Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 422. 1833

The genus Aria (Pers.) Host and Greek karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the Aria-like fruit; see Michael Joseph Scheidweiler (1799–1861), “Descriptio diagnostica nonnullarum Cactearum quae a domino Galeotti in provinciis Potosi et Guanaxato regni Mexicani inveniuntur. Genus Ariocarpus.” in Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belleslettres de Bruxelles 5(8): 491–492, f. 1–5. 1838 and Cactus and Succulent Journal 13: 98. 1941, Edward F. Anderson & W.A. Fitz Maurice, “Ariocarpus revisited.” in Haseltonia. 5: 1–20. 1997, Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. 1997.

(Lactation, whole plant boiled and liquid drunk by new mothers.) in China: da ye yin bei teng

Argyrolobium Ecklon & C. Zeyher Fabaceae (Genisteae) Greek argyros ‘silver’ and lobion ‘a little pod’, see Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis Extratropicae 184. 1836 and Journal of Economic & Taxonomic Botany 21(1): 211–222. 1997.

Ariocarpus fissuratus (Engelm.) K. Schum. (Anhalonium fissuratum (Engelm.) Engelm.; Mammillaria fissurata Engelm.; Roseocactus fissuratus (Engelm.) A. Berger)

Argyrolobium marginatum Bolus

Mexico.

South Africa. Perennial non-climbing herb, famine food, roots eaten cooked or uncooked

(Roots used for hiccough, stomach disorders and pains.)

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3: 270. 1856, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundry Survey, Cactaceae 75. 1859, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 106[III, 6a]: 195. 1894 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 15(3): 46. 1925

in South Africa: inTondo, Izintondo (Zulu)

(Narcotic.)

Argyrolobium roseum (Cambess.) Jaub. & Spach (Argyrolobium roseum Jaub. & Spach; Cytisus roseus Cambess.)

in Mexico: peyote cimarrón, sunami

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 161. 1889

India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing herb, prostrate See Voyage dans l’Inde 35, pl. 40., Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium 1: 116. 1843, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Ser. 2, 19: 42–52. 1843 and Candollea 43: 559–585. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 179–183. 1989, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 72: 21–23. 1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(1): 45–56. 2000, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 3(3): 335–339. 2004, Biologia plantarum 50(3): 417–420. 2006, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 41–48. 2006, African Journal of Biotechnology 8(5): 763–784. 2009, African Journal of Biotechnology 8(8): 1643–1650. 2009 (Used in Ayurveda. For diabetes. Aphrodisiac and tonic, to treat jaundice and hepatitis, whole plant crushed and mixed along with water and sugar, taken orally. Veterinary medicine, whole plant given to goats to increase milk and butter production.)

Arisaema Martius Araceae From the Greek aris, aron ‘arum’ and haima, haimatos ‘blood’, referring to a close alliance to the genus Arum, or to the spotted leaves of some species; see Li Hen, “Arisaema.” in Wu Cheng Yih and Li Hen, Flora Republica Popularae Sinicae. 13(2): 116–194. 1979, H. Ohashi and J. Murata, “Taxonomy of the Japanese Arisaema (Araceae).” Journal of the Faculty of Science of the University of Tokyo, Sect III. 12: 281–336. 1980, D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 17. 1988, Grayum, M.H. “Evolution and phylogeny of the Araceae.” Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 628–697. 1990, Gusman, G. & Gusman, L. The Genus Arisaema. A monograph for botanists and nature lovers, ed. 2. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell. 2006. Arisaema album N.E. Br. (Arisaema alba N.E. Br.) India.

in Pakistan: makhan booti, makkhi booti

See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 247. 1882

Argyrolobium strigosum Blatt.

(Used in Ayurveda.)

380

Arisaema Martius Araceae

in India: nagapuspi, nagini

Nepal, Tibet.

Arisaema barnesii C.E.C. Fisch. (Arisaema tylophorum C.E.C. Fisch.)

See Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae 1: 28–29, t. 19. 1824, Flora 14(2): 459. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 17. 1832 and J. Jap. Bot. 52: 225–230. 1977

Sri Lanka, India. See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1933: 342, 346. 1933, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Arisaema leschenaultii.], Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2002 [as Arisaema leschenaultii.] (Corms in the treatment of piles.) Arisaema concinnum Schott (Arisaema affine Schott; Arisaema alienatum Schott; Arisaema concinum Schott; Arisaema concinnum var. affine (Schott) Engl.; Arisaema concinnum var. alienatum (Schott) Engl.) Himalaya to N. Myanmar. See Flora 14: 459. 1831, Bonplandia 7: 26–27. 1859, Monogr. Phan. 2: 557. 1879 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23F (Heft 73): 178. 1920, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). Kew. 2002 [as Arisaema erubescens.] (Irritant, all parts of plant are poisonous if ingested.) in English: Chinese cobra lily, Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema consanguineum Schott (Arisaema biradiatifoliatum Kitam.; Arisaema consanguineum subsp. kelunginsulare (Hayata) Gusman; Arisaema consanguineum var. kelung-insulare (Hayata) C.C. Huang; Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott; Arisaema erubescens var. consanguineum (Schott) Engl.; Arisaema kelung-insulare Hayata; Arisaema vituperatum Schott) Himalaya. See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 30, t. 135. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 1: 17. 1832, Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 27–28. 1859, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 558. 1879 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 5: 246, f. 88. 1915, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 10(3): 187–188. 1941, Taiwania 7: 102, f. 7. 1960, Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 32: 59–62. 1978, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 65: 110. 1978, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 37(1): 61–87. 1996, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 67: 223. 1999 (Tuber and root strong antimicrobial, for boils, sores.) in India: birbanka, sinakudum Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. (Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. ex Schott; Arum costatum Wall)

(Veterinary medicine, root paste applied to kill maggots on wounds.) in India: sanpkradu Arisaema decipiens Schott India. See Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 7: 373. 1857 and Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970 (Corms used in skin infections.) Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott (Arisaema boscii Blume; Arisaema plukenetii Blume; Arum dracontium L.; Arum exsertum Salisb.; Muricauda dracontium (L.) Small) North America, Mexico. Perennial herb, single curved leaf divided into several leaflets, small inconspicuous green flowers in a slender elongated spadix surrounded by a narrow erect pointed leaf/spathe See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 260. 1796, Flora 14: 459. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 1: 17. 1832, Rumphia 1: 104, 110. 1836 and Flora of the Southeastern United States [Small] 227. 1903, Journal of Japanese Botany 58(9): 270–280. 1983, Am. J. Bot. 86(8): 1160. 1999 (Calcium oxalate crystals and other toxins. Irritant, all parts of plant are poisonous if ingested. Severe pain, irritation and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat. Used in the treatment of female disorders. Magico-religious beliefs, ceremonial. Corm as insecticide.) in English: dragonroot, green dragon, greendragon, owl’s foot Arisaema erubescens (Wallich) Schott (Arisaema consanguineum Schott; Arisaema consanguineum var. divaricatum (Engl.) Engl.; Arisaema divaricatum Engl.; Arisaema erubescens var. consanguineum (Schott) Engl.; Arisaema fraternum Schott; Arisaema hypoglaucum Crai; Arisaema kerrii Craib; Arisaema kerrii Gagnepain, nom. illeg., non Arisaema kerrii Craib; Arisaema tatarinowii Schott; Arisaema vituperatum Schott; Arum erubescens Wallich) Nepal. See Flora 14: 459. 1831, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 30, t. 135. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 1: 17. 1832, Bonplandia 7: 26–28. 1859, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 558. 1879, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25: 27. 1898 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1912(10): 418. 1912, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23F (Heft 73): 177. 1920, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris ed. Humbert

381

Arisaema Martius Araceae

9: 125. 1941, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Acta Botanica Yunnanica Suppl. 5: 77–90. 1992, Planta Med. 61(6): 586–7. 1995, Planta Med. 62(3): 277–8. 1996 (Tubers used to treat epilepsy, tetanus and cough.) in English: cobra-lily in China: yi ba san nan xing Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott (Arisaema abbreviatum Schott; Arisaema daochengense P.C. Kao; Arisaema flavum subsp. abbreviatum (Schott) J. Murata; Arisaema flavum subsp. tibeticum J. Murata; Arum flavum Forssk.; Dochafa flava (Forssk.) Schott) Trop. Africa, China. See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Flora AegyptiacoArabica 157. 1775, Flora 14: 459. 1831, Synopsis Aroidearum… I 24. 1856, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 7: 382. 1857, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 40. 1860 and Journal of Japanese Botany 58(9): 270–280. 1983, Singh J. et al. “A novel mitogenic and antiproliferative lectin from a wild cobra lily, Arisaema flavum.” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 318(4): 1057–65. 2004 (Corms used for treatment of skin infections, traumatic injury, fractures and swellings. Fruit covered with flour and taken internally for stomach diseases. Leaves or tubers boiled and consumed with salt and curd as a mild laxative. Tubers used in preparation of medicine for snakebite.) in English: cobra lily in China: huang bao nan xing in India: jamush, meen, saafki-makki, samp-ki-makki, sampki makki, smap-ki in Nepal: tinchu Arisaema franchetianum Engl. (Arisaema bogneri P.C. Boyce & H. Li; Arisaema delavayi Buchet; Arisaema monbeigii Gamble ex C. Fisch.; Arisaema purpureogaleatum Engl.) China, Tibet. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1(5): 487–488. 1881 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23F (Heft 73): 185. 1920, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928(4): 146–147. 1928, Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 11: 55. 1999 (Tubers used to treat snake and insect bites, enlargement of lymph node and intestinal parasites.) Arisaema heterophyllum Blume (Arisaema ambiguum Engler; Arisaema brachyspathum Hayata; Arisaema heterophyllum var. nigropunctatum Makino; Arisaema heterophyllum var. typicum Makini; Arisaema koreanum Engl.; Arisaema koreanum var. tacquetii Engl.; Arisaema kwangtungense Merrill; Arisaema limprichtii K. Krause; Arisaema

manshuricum Nakai; Arisaema multisectum Engler; Arisaema nigropunctatum Makino; Arisaema stenophyllum Handel-Mazzetti; Arisaema stenospathum Hand.-Mazz.; Arisaema takeoi Hayata; Arisaema thunbergii var. heterophyllum (Blume) Engler; Heteroarisaema heterophyllum (Blume) Nakai; Heteroarisaema koreanum (Engl.) Nakai; Heteroarisaema manshuricum (Nakai) Nakai) China to Temp. E. Asia. See Flora 14: 459. 1831, Rumphia 1: 105, 110. 1836, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 105. 1879 and Botanical Magazine 25(298): 228. 1911, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 5: 246–247. 1915, Philippine Journal of Science 15(3): 228–229. 1919 [1920], Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23F (Heft 73): 187, f. 40 A-B. 1920, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 12: 314. 1922, Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematischenaturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 61: 122. 1925, Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 3: 199. 1939, Journal of Japanese Botany 25(1–2): 6. 1950, Journal of Korean Research Institute for Better Living 14: 165–174. 1975, Journal of Japanese Botany 58(9): 270–280. 1983, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 15: 67–109. 1985, Journal of Japanese Botany 65: 225–232. 1990, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 18(4): 195–6, 239, 253. 1993 [A comment on two medicinal aroids huzhang and tiannanxing.], Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 37(1): 61–87. 1996, Planta Med. 72(9): 844–7. 2006 (Tubers are used to treat epilepsy, tetanus and cough.) in China: tian nan xing Arisaema intermedium Blume (Arisaema dolosum Schott; Arisaema biflagellatum H. Hara; Arisaema intermedium f. biflagellatum (H. Hara) H. Hara; Arisaema intermedium var. biflagellatum (H. Hara) Pradhan; Arisaema stracheyanum Schott) Himalaya, China. See Rumphia 1: 102. 1836, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 7: 333. 1857, Bonplandia (Hannover/Hanover) 7: 26. 1859 and J. Jap. Bot. 36: 77. 1962, Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 332. 1971, Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Cytologia 44: 233–240. 1979 (Veterinary medicine, root paste applied to kill maggots on wounds.) in India: saanpkradu Arisaema jacquemontii Blume (Arisaema brevispathum Buchet; Arisaema cornutum Schott; Arisaema cylindraceum Wall. ex Engl.; Arisaema exile Schott; Arisaema wightii Schott) Afghanistan, India. Herb, root must be thoroughly cooked or dried before use See Flora 14: 459. 1831, Rumphia 1: 95. 1836, Bonplandia 7: 26–27. 1859 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) Arac.-Aroid & Pistioid.

382

198. 1920, Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Taxon 27: 375–392. 1978, Kaur M. et al. “A tuber lectin from Arisaema jacquemontii Blume with anti-insect and anti-proliferative properties.” J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39(4): 432–40. 2006 (The plant contains calcium oxalate raphide crystals. Juice from the tubers applied to the skin in the treatment of ringworm, boils and other skin diseases; extract from the corms used in skin infections and respiratory disorders. Veterinary medicine, extract of the corms given to sheep as a remedy for colic.) in English: cobra lily, Jack in the pulpit, sheathed green-dragon in India: basair, haput, gogej, jinjok, khaprya, ki kukri, kirala, saperi mausi Arisaema leschenaultii Blume (Arisaema attenuatum E. Barnes & C.E.C. Fisch.; Arisaema caudatum Engl.; Arisaema filicaudatum N.E. Br.; Arisaema huegelii Schott; Arisaema longicaudatum Blatt.; Arisaema papillosum Steud. ex Schott; Arisaema peltatum C.E.C. Fisch.; Arisaema pulchrum N.E. Br.) India, Sri Lanka. Tuberous herbs, spathes dark green with purple stripes See Rumphia 1: 93. 1836, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 252–253. 1882 and J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, n.s., 26: 362. 1930 [1931], Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1936: 275, 277. 1936 (Tubers baked and eaten for piles complaint; irritant. Veterinary medicine, roots for killing worms in sheep.) in English: cobra flower in India: kaatuchena, kattu karunai, naagara hede, samp-ki-kumb Arisaema murrayi (J. Graham) Hook. (Arisaema murrayi Hook. ex Blatt.; Arisaema murrayi Graham; Arum murrayi J. Graham)

Arisaema Martius Araceae

Arisaema ostiolatum H. Hara; Arisaema sikkimense Stapf; Arisaema sikkimense Stapf ex Chatterjee; Arisaema wallichianum Hook.f.; Arisaema wallichianum f. propinquum (Schott) H. Hara, nom. superfl.; Arisaema wallichianum var. sikkimense (Stapf ex Chatterjee) H. Hara) Pakistan, India, Himalaya, Nepal. See Flora 14(2): 459. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 17. 1832, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 7: 333. 1857, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 541. 1879, The Flora of British India 6(19): 500–501. 1893 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23(Heft 73): 211. 1920, Botanical Magazine 150: sub t. 9058. 1925, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 3(1): 17. 1951 [Apr 1949 issued 31 Jan 1951], Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 18: 5. 1959, J. Jap. Bot. 36(3): 75–76. 1961, J. Jap. Bot. 40(1): 21. 1965, Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (IV, B) 67: 127. 1978, Taxon 28: 405. 1979 (Plant infusion irritant, considered a poison. Corms used in healing bone fracture. Paste of the roots as poultice to hasten the healing of the cuts and wounds; root extract applied to cuts and wounds.) in India: kavvawari, ki-kukri, lardwa, meem, meen, sarapchhali, thoa Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott (Arisaema polymorphum (Buckley) Chapm.; Arisaema quinatum (Buckley) Schott; Arisaema triphyllum subsp. quinatum (Nutt.) Nutt.; Arisaema triphyllum subsp. quinatum (Buckley) Huttleston; Arum polymorphum Buckley; Arum quinatum Nutt.) North America. Perennial herb See Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 222. 1818, Amer. J. Sci. Arts 45: 173. 1843, Syn. Aroid.: 28. 1856, Fl. South. U.S.: 440. 1860 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 480. 1981 (Blood purifier.)

India.

in English: Jack in the pulpit

See A Catalogue of the Plants Growing in Bombay and its Vicinity 229. 1839, Botanical Magazine 74: t. 4388. 1848 and Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal n. s. xxvi. 365, descr. emend. 1931, Aroideana 18: 40–45. 1995

Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott (Alocasia ringens (Thunb.) Raf.; Arisaema arisanense Hayata; Arisaema arisanensis Hayata; Arisaema glaucescens (Nakai) Nakai; Arisaema glaucescens var. viridiflorum Nakai; Arisaema praecox de Vriese; Arisaema praecox de Vriese ex K. Koch; Arisaema ringens fo. praecox (de Vriese) T. Koyama; Arisaema ringens var. glaucescens Nakai; Arisaema ringens var. praecox (de Vriese) Engl.; Arisaema ringens var. praecox (de Vriese ex K. Koch) Engl.; Arisaema ringens var. sieboldii Engl.; Arisaema ringens var. sieboldii (de Vriese ex K. Koch) Engl.; Arisaema ringens var. viridiflorum Nakai; Arisaema serotinum Miq. ex Franch. & Sav.; Arisaema sieboldii de Vriese ex K. Koch; Arisaema sierotium Siebold ex Regel; Arisaema taihokense Hosok.; Arum ringens Thunb.; Ringentiarum glaucescens (Nakai) Nakai; Ringentiarum ringens (Thunb.) Nakai; Ringentiarum ringens Nakai)

(Corm powder with honey and ghee given to cure bleeding piles; corm paste applied to stop bleeding from fleshy cut wounds. Corm paste boiled in sesame oil used for massage in rheumatism. Veterinary medicine, sun-dried corms powder paste with coconut oil applied on the wounds of animals for healing.) in India: badadha, bhasamkand Arisaema propinquum Schott (Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. ex Schott; Arisaema costatum Mart.; Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. f. propinquum (Schott) H. Hara; Arisaema costatum var. sikkimense (Stapf ex Chatterjee) H. Hara; Arisaema intermedium var. propinquum (Schott) Engl.;

China, Korea, Japan to Taiwan.

383

Arisaema Martius Araceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2: 337–338. 1794, Flora 14: 459. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 1: 17. 1832, Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 87. 1857, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 534–535. 1879 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 6: 100–101. 1916, Journal of Japanese Botany 12(3): 214, f. 2–3, 5a-c. 1936, Journal of Japanese Botany 25: 6. 1950, Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 85(9): 832–5. 1965, Journal of Korean Research Institute for Better Living 14: 165–174. 1975, Journal of Japanese Botany 58(9): 270–280. 1983, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 15: 67–109. 1985, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 37(1): 61–87. 1996, Journal of Plant Research 111: 509–521. 1998

Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott (Arisaema japonicum var. serratum (Thunb.) Engl.; Arum serratum Thunb.)

atropurpureum (Nakai) Y.C. Chu & D.C. Wu; Arisaema peninsulae f. convolutum (Nakai) Y.S. Kim & S.C. Ko; Arisaema peninsulae f. variegatum Nakai; Arisaema peninsulae var. atropurpureum Nakai; Arisaema peninsulae var. attenuatum Nakai ex F. Maek.; Arisaema peninsulae var. caespitosum Nakai; Arisaema planilaminum J. Murata; Arisaema proliferum Nakai; Arisaema pseudojaponicum Nakai; Arisaema pseudojaponicum f. serratifolium Nakai; Arisaema serratum f. blumei Makino; Arisaema serratum f. capitellatum (Nakai) T. Koyama, nom. inval.; Arisaema serratum f. integrum Nakai; Arisaema serratum f. ionochlamys (Nakai) T. Koyama; Arisaema serratum f. japonicum (Blume) Makino; Arisaema serratum f. thunbergii Makino; Arisaema serratum f. viridescens (Nakai) T. Koyama; Arisaema serratum var. atropurpureum Engl.; Arisaema serratum var. blumei (Makino) Engl.; Arisaema serratum var. ionochlamys Nakai; Arisaema serratum var. latisectum Miq.; Arisaema serratum var. viridescens Nakai; Arisaema sinanoense Nakai; Arisaema solenochlamys Nakai ex F. Maek.; Arisaema speirophyllum Nakai; Arisaema speirophyllum subsp. boreale (Nakai) Govaerts; Arisaema takedae Makino; Arisaema takesimense Nakai; Arisaema umegashimense F. Maek. ex Sugim.; Arisaema yakushimense Nakai)

China, Japan.

Korea, Japan.

See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2: 338. 1794, Melet. Bot.: 17. 1832, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 549. 1879 and J. Jap. Bot. 57: 317. 1982

See Flora 14: 459. 1831, Rumphia 1: 95. 1836 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42: 453. 1928, Botanical Magazine 43(514): 534–535, 537–538. 540. 1929, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 565. 1932, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 48: 49, 780–781. 1934, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 423, 497, 586. 1935, Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 2(2): 135–136, 139, 143–144, t. 54, 55. 1937, Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 3: 196, 200. 1939, J. Jap. Bot. 15: 415. 1939, Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 3: 266. 1940, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10: 190. 1941, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 11: 338–41. 1964, Keys Herb. Pl. Jap. Monoc.: 564. 1973, J. Jap. Bot. 53: 84. 1978, Nat. Resources 2: 4. 1979, Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 15(2): 80. 1985, Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii 28: 29. 1991, World Checklist Seed Pl. 1(1): 9. 1995, Journal of Plant Research 111: 509–521. 1998, Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). Kew. 2002

(The plants are irritant, their roots used as ingredients of a local anaesthetic preparation applied to abscesses before being opened surgically.) in China: yu po in Japan: Musashi-abumi (from Musashi Prov.)

(Anticonvulsant. Seeds for stomachache. Plants irritant, their roots used as ingredients of a local anaesthetic preparation applied to abscesses before being opened surgically. Corm as insecticide.) in Japan: rawraw Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott var. serratum (Amidena japonica (Blume) Raf.; Arisaema amplissimum Blume; Arisaema angustatum Franch. & Sav.; Arisaema angustatum f. integrum Nakai; Arisaema angustatum var. peninsulae (Nakai) Nakai ex Miyabe & Kudô; Arisaema angustifoliatum (Miq.) Nakai; Arisaema angustifoliatum var. holophyllum Nakai; Arisaema angustifoliatum var. integrifolium Nakai; Arisaema angustifoliatum var. serratifolium Nakai; Arisaema boreale Nakai; Arisaema capitellatum Nakai; Arisaema convolutum Nakai; Arisaema hakonecola Nakai; Arisaema hatizyoense Nakai; Arisaema japonicum Blume; Arisaema japonicum f. viridans T. Koyama, nom. inval.; Arisaema japonicum var. akitense Nakai ex T. Koyama, nom. inval.; Arisaema japonicum var. angustifoliatum Miq.; Arisaema japonicum var. brachyspatha T. Koyama, nom. inval.; Arisaema japonicum var. latisectum (Blume) Miq.; Arisaema japonicum var. yasuii Sugim.; Arisaema koidzumianum Kitam.; Arisaema koshikiense Nakai; Arisaema latisectum Blume; Arisaema longilaminum Nakai; Arisaema niveum Nakai; Arisaema niveum var. viridescens Nakai; Arisaema peninsulae Nakai; Arisaema peninsulae f. alba Vasak & E.M. Egorova; Arisaema peninsulae f.

(Anticonvulsant. Seeds for stomachache. Plants irritant, their roots used as ingredients of a local anaesthetic preparation applied to abscesses before being opened surgically. Corm as insecticide.) in Japan: rawraw Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. (Arisaema eminens Schott; Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. ex Schott; Arisaema speciosum var. eminens (Schott) Engl.; Arisaema ziroense Gusm.; Arum speciosum Wall.) Nepal, China. See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae 1: 29–30, t. 20. 1824, Flora 14: 459. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 17. 1832, Oesterreichisches

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Botanisches Wochenblatt 7: 357. 1857, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 540. 1879 and Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970 (Irritant. Root paste as poultice in wounds, corms against snakebite. Corm as insecticide, against wound maggots; dried powdered rhizome used to kill rats. Veterinary medicine, corms used as a vermifuge in cattle.) in English: cobra lily, Jack in the pulpit in India: gurba, sinakudum Arisaema thunbergii Blume (Arisaema corniculatum Sakata; Arisaema pictum Nakai; Flagellarisaema thunbergii (Blume) Nakai) Japan. See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Flora 14: 459. 1831, Rumphia 1: 105. 1836 and Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 15: 67–109. 1985 (The plants are irritant, their roots used as ingredients of a local anaesthetic preparation applied to abscesses before being opened surgically.) in China: tian nan xing, hu chang in Japan: nan-goku-urashima-sô Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (Arisaema commutatum Schott; Arisaema curvatum Hook.; Arisaema curvatum (Roxb.) Kunth; Arisaema filiforme Thwaites, nom. illeg.; Arisaema helleborifolium Schott; Arisaema neglectum Schott; Arisaema sivadasanii Yadav, Patil & Janarthanam; Arisaema steudelii Schott; Arisaema tortuosum Steudn. ex Engl.; Arisaema tortuosum var. curvatum (Roxb.) Engl.; Arisaema tortuosum var. helleborifolium (Schott) Engl.; Arisaema tortuosum var. neglectum (Schott) Fisch.; Arisaema tortuosum var. steudelii (Schott) Engl.; Arisaema wightii Hook.f.; Arum curvatum Roxb.; Arum tortuosum Wall.) India, China. Shrub, erect herb, corm depressed-globose, spathe oblong-lanceolate, spadix unisexual or bisexual, red ovoid berries, stem cooked as vegetable after removing the peel, very young leaves properly boiled and taken as vegetable See Flora 14: 459. 1831, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 10, t. 114. 1831 (1830), Meletemata Botanica 1: 17. 1832, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 29. 1856, Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 26. 1859, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 545. 1879 and Fl. Madras 1585. 1931, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Taxon 24: 501– 516. 1975, Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Cytologia 43: 289–303. 1978, Cytologia 44: 233–240. 1979, Journal of Japanese Botany 58(9): 270–280. 1983, Cytologia 53: 59–66. 1988, Aroideana 20: 53. 1997 [1998], Dhuna V. et al. “Purification and characterization of a lectin from Arisaema tortuosum Schott having in-vitro anticancer

Arisaema Martius Araceae

activity against human cancer cell lines.” J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38(5): 526–532. 2005 (Corms and plants acrid. Leaves decoction useful in dropsy and snakebite. Root anthelmintic; corm decoction taken for snakebite and scorpion sting; underground stem antifertility, insecticide and insect repellent; corms made into a paste with Curcuma longa and applied for headache and rheumatism; rhizome juice poured in ear for earache; crushed rhizomes applied or given orally in snakebite. In vitro anticancer activity. Veterinary medicine, dried seed powder in colic pain of goats, sheep; corms used to kill worms in cattle and applied on wounds to kill maggots.) in India: aavumaari gida, avumri gedde, awumarigida, bag mungri, bisbanka, haavu maari gedde, haavu maari gida, haavumari gida, huring chakkad, jhag papri, jhar-ko-pari, jhot-phekri, kaadu suvarna gedde, kattu ceppankilanku, kattu-chenai, kattu sembu, kattuchena, katu, katu-senai, khotukand, ki kukri, ki-kumb, kotukand, kushnopeni, leencheisu, lin-cheisu, meen, mitthi vaimim, naga pambuchedi, peva, samp-b, samp-kee-kumb, samp-ki-kumb, sanp-kimakki, sap bhutta, sarda cha jad, sarda chajad, sarpa, sarpacho-kando, suran Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott (Alocasia atrorubens (Aiton) Raf.; Alocasia lobata Raf.; Alocasia triphylla (L.) Raf.; Arisaema acuminatum Small; Arisaema atrorubens (Aiton) Blume; Arisaema atrorubens Blume; Arisaema atrorubens f. pallascens (Sims) Raymond; Arisaema atrorubens f. pusillum (Peck) Fernald; Arisaema atrorubens f. viride (Engl.) Fernald; Arisaema atrorubens f. zebrinum (Sims) Fernald; Arisaema atrorubens var. viride Engl.; Arisaema atrorubens var. zebrinum (Sims) Raymond; Arisaema brasilianum Blume; Arisaema deflexum Nieuwl. & K. Just; Arisaema hastatum Blume; Arisaema polymorphum (Buckley) Chapman; Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash; Arisaema pusillum Nash; Arisaema pusillum f. pallidum Eames; Arisaema quinatum (Buckley) Schott; Arisaema quinatum (Nuttall) Schott; Arisaema quinatum var. obtusoquinatum Alph. Wood; Arisaema stewardsonii Britton; Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr., nom. illeg., non Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott; Arisaema triphyllum lusus bispadiceum Engl.; Arisaema triphyllum lusus bispathaceum Engl.; Arisaema triphyllum lusus trispadiceum Engl.; Arisaema triphyllum f. pusillum (Peck) Fernald; Arisaema triphyllum f. stewardsonii (Britton) Engl.; Arisaema triphyllum f. viride (Engl.) Farw.; Arisaema triphyllum f. zebrinum (Sims) F. Seym.; Arisaema triphyllum subsp. pusillum (Peck) Huttleston; Arisaema triphyllum subsp. quinatum (Nuttall) Huttleston; Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott subsp. quinatum (Buckley) Huttleston; Arisaema triphyllum subsp. stewardsonii (Britton) Huttleston; Arisaema triphyllum subsp. triphyllum; Arisaema triphyllum var. acuminatum (Small) Engl.; Arisaema triphyllum var. montanum Fernald; Arisaema triphyllum var. pusillum Peck; Arisaema triphyllum var. stewardsonii (Britton) Stevens ex Wiegand & Eames; Arisaema triphyllum var. stewardsonii (Britton)

385

Arisarum Miller Araceae

Stevens; Arisaema triphyllum var. typicum Engl.; Arisaema triphyllum var. viride (Engl.) Engl.; Arisaema zebrinum G. Nicholson; Arum atrorubens Aiton; Arum polymorphum Buckley; Arum quinatum Nutt.; Arum triphyllum Linnaeus; Arum triphyllum var. atropurpureum Michx.; Arum triphyllum var. atrorubens (Aiton) Dewey ex Alph. Wood; Arum triphyllum var. pallescens Sims; Arum triphyllum var. virens Michx.; Arum triphyllum var. viride Sims; Arum triphyllum var. zebrinum Sims; Arum vittatum Salisb.) North America. Perennial herb, tuberous roots, leaves threeparted, fleshy green spike, inconspicuous male and female flowers, spathe wraps around and hides the spadix, cluster of bright red berries See Species Plantarum 2: 964–965. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 315. 1789, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 222. 1818, Flora 14: 459. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 17. 1832, Rumphia 1: 97. 1835 [1836?], Fl. New York 2: 239. 1843, American Journal of Science 45(1): 173. 1843, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 29. 1856, Flora of the southern United States 440. 1860, Annual Report of the New York State Museum 51(1): 297. 1898 [Rep. (Annual) Regents Univ. State New York New York State Mus. 51(1): 297. 1899] and Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 229, 1045. 1901, Flora of the Southeastern United States 226, 1328. 1903, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23F(Heft 73): 201. 1920, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 92: 134. 1926, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11: 50. 1928, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 217. 1931, Rhodora 33: 168. 1931, Rhodora 42: 252. 1940, Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 54: 43–44. 1949, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 76(6): 408–409. 1949, Pharmazie. 10(8): 493–4. 1955, Wilson, K.A. “The genera of the Arales in the southeastern United States.” J. Arnold Arbor. 41: 47–72. 1960, Plowman, T. “Folk uses of New World aroids.” Econ. Bot. 23: 97–122. 1969, Fl. New England: 167. 1969, Crowhurst, A. The Weed Cookbook. Lancer Books, Inc. New York. 1972, Angier, B. Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78(2): 1306–1308. 1981, Taxon 30: 699–701. 1981, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 108: 479–481. 1981, Fl. New England, ed. 2: 167. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987, Murata, J. “Present status of Arisaema systematics.” Bot. Mag. 103: 371–382. 1990, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of plants by the Indians … 17. 1991, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 8–9. 1995, Ecology. 87(7): 1637–1649. 2006 (Used in Sidha. All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested, leaves and tubers described as irritant and vesicant; low toxicity, all animals may be affected. The plant contains calcium oxalate raphide crystals, as do many other members of the family Araceae. When ingested, these crystals can cause severe pain and burning in the lips, mouth, and throat. Ingesting Jack-in-the-pulpit causes a burning sensation, with associated inflammation, edema and salivation. Roots edible

when dried or cooked, never eat raw, the roots are intensely bitter and can cause blisters. Plant decoction as a blood purifier. Root infusion purgative and also to treat asthma, colds, bronchitis; as a poultice for sore eyes; tuberous rootstock roasted and applied to chronic ulcers; rhizome infusion used by women as a contraceptive.) in North America: American wake robin, bog onion, brown dragon, cuckoo plant, dragonroot, Indian-turnip, Jack-in-thepulpit, nikso kororik kahtsua nitawau, pepper turnip, petitprêcheur mikasi-maka, starchwort, wild turnip in India: mitthi-vaimim, pampucceti Arisaema utile Hook. f. ex Schott (Arisaema utile Hook. f. ex Engl.; Arisaema utile var. meeboldii Engl.; Arisaema verrucosum Schott var. utile (Hook. f. ex Engl.) Pradhan; Arisaema verrucosum var. utile (Hook.f. ex Schott) Pradhan) India, Himalaya, China. See Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 341. 1857, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 30. 1860, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 2: 537. 1879 and Pflanzenr., IV, 23F: 218. 1920, Pradhan, Udai C (1949- ), Himalayan Cobra-Lilies (Arisaema): Their Botany and Culture. 59. Kalimpong, West Bengal, India: Primulaceae Books, 1990, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Arisaema verrucosum var. utile.], Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2002 [as Arisaema verrucosum var. utile.] (Veterinary medicine, plant used for killing worms in cattle; seeds and roots to treat colic in sheep.) in China: wang yan nan xing Arisaema yunnanense Buchet (Arisaema aridum (H. Li) G. & L. Gusman; Arisaema taliense Engler; Arisaema taliense var. latisectum Engler) China, Indochina. See Flora 14: 459. 1831 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 1(12): 367–369. 1911, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23F (Heft 73): 156, f. 28 G. 1920, Journal of Japanese Botany 58(9): 270–280. 1983, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 23(2): 67–8, 89, 127. 1998 (Tubers used to treat epilepsy, tetanus and cough.) in China: shan zhu nan xing, zhi wu ming shi tu kao

Arisarum Miller Araceae Arisaron, a classical Greek name used by Dioscorides for a plant of this genus, Arisarum vulgare, hooded arum. Arisarum vulgare Targ.-Tozz. (Arisarum arisarum (L.) Huth, nom. inval.; Arisarum australe Rich.; Arisarum azoricum Schott; Arisarum balansae Schott; Arisarum

386

crassifolium Schott; Arisarum forbesii Schott; Arisarum incurvatum Holmboe, nom. illeg.; Arisarum jacquinii Schott; Arisarum latifolium Bubani; Arisarum latifolium Hill, nom. inval.; Arisarum libani Schott; Arisarum serpentrium Raf.; Arisarum sibthorpii Schott; Arisarum subalpinum Kotschy ex Engl.; Arisarum veslingii Schott; Arisarum vulgare var. veslingii (Schott) Nyman; Arum arisarum L.; Arum arisarum Lour., nom. illeg.; Arum calyptrale Salisb.; Arum incurvatum Lam., nom. illeg.; Arum libani Schott; Balmisa vulgaris (Targ.-Tozz.) Lag.; Calyptrocoryne cochinchinensis (Blume) Schott; Typhonium cochinchinense Blume) Medit., Macaronesia. See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The British Herbal 336. 1756, Annali del Museo Imperiale di Fisica e Storia Naturale di Firenze 2(2): 67. 1810, Genera et species plantarum 17. 1816, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 3: 732. 1829, Flora 14: 459. 1831, Archives de Botanique 1: 20. 1833, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 190, 262. 1857, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 756. 1882, Helios 11: 133. 1893 and Fl. Pyren. 4: 29. 1901, Studies Veg. Cyprus 43. 1914, Taxon 24: 467. 1975, Lagascalia 7: 191–216. 1978, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 15: 10–11. 1990, Planta Med. 64(5): 476–7. 1998, Toxicol. Lett. 104(3): 239–48. 1999, Toxicon. 38(10): 1389– 402. 2000, Nat. Prod. Res. 18(4): 311–8. 2004, Nat. Prod. Res. 19(6): 573–80. 2005, Boulos, L. Flora of Egypt 4: 1–617. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo. 2005 (Irritant, toxic, alkaloid, cytotoxic, hepatotoxic.) in English: common arisarum, cuckoo pint, friars cowl in Arabic: begouga, irni, niriche, reiniche

Aristeguietia R.M. King & H. Robinson Asteraceae For the Venezuelan botanist Leandro Aristeguieta, b. 1923, see Phytologia 30: 218. 1975. Aristeguietia cacalioides (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Eupatorium cacalioides Kunth) Ecuador. See Species Plantarum 2: 836–839. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 101–102. 1820[1818] and Phytologia 30: 219. 1975 (Leaves for headache, good to tie around the head.) in Ecuador: guichilca

Aristida L. From the Latin arista, -ae ‘the awn, the beard of an ear of grain’, because many of the species have extremely long awns, see Species Plantarum 1: 82. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5.

Aristeguietia R.M. King & H. Robinson Asteraceae

35. 1754 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 24(8): 291–556. 1927, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 184: 1–223. 1958, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 69–104. 2003, Flora of Australia Volume 44B, Poaceae 3: 71–118. 2005. Aristida adscensionis L. (Aristida adscensionis f. modestina Hack.; Aristida adscensionis f. viridis Kuntze; Aristida adscensionis L. subsp. guineensis (Trin. & Rupr.) Henr.; Aristida adscensionis subvar. condensata Hack.; Aristida adscensionis var. abortiva Beetle; Aristida adscensionis var. abyssinica (Trin. & Rupr.) Engl.; Aristida adscensionis var. adscensionis; Aristida adscensionis var. aethiopica (Trin. & Rupr.) T. Durand & Schinz; Aristida adscensionis var. bromoides (Kunth) Henrard; Aristida adscensionis var. canariensis (Willd.) T. Durand & Schinz; Aristida adscensionis var. coarctata (Kunth) Kuntze; Aristida adscensionis var. condensata (Hack.) Henrard; Aristida adscensionis var. decolorata (E. Fourn.) Beetle; Aristida adscensionis var. ehrenbergii (Trin. & Rupr.) Henrard; Aristida adscensionis var. festucoides (Poir.) Henrard; Aristida adscensionis var. humilis (Kunth) Kuntze; Aristida adscensionis var. interrupta (Cav.) Beetle; Aristida adscensionis var. mexicana Hack. ex Henrard; Aristida adscensionis var. modesta Hack.; Aristida adscensionis var. nigrescens (J. Presl) Beetle; Aristida adscensionis var. normalis Kuntze; Aristida adscensionis var. pygmaea (Trin. & Rupr.) T. Durand & Schinz; Aristida adscensionis var. scabriflora Hack.; Aristida adscensionis var. strictiflora (Trin. & Rupr.) T. Durand & Schinz; Aristida adscensionis var. typica Stapf; Aristida aethiopica Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida aethiopica (Trin. & Rupr.) Trin. & Rupr. ex Henrard; Aristida americana var. bromoides (Kunth) Scribn. & Merr.; Aristida bromoides Kunth; Aristida caerulescens Desf.; Aristida coerulescens Desf.; Aristida canariensis Willd.; Aristida coarctata Kunth; Aristida confusa Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida confusa (Trin. & Rupr.) Trin. & Rupr. ex Henrard; Aristida curvata (Nees) Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida curvata (Nees) Trin. & Rupr. ex Henrard; Aristida curvata (Nees) Dur. & Schinz; Aristida curvata var. abyssinica A. Rich.; Aristida debilis Mez; Aristida depressa auct., non Retz.; Aristida dispersa Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida dispersa var. bromoides (Kunth) Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida dispersa var. coarctata (Kunth) Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida dispersa var. humilis (Kunth) Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida dispersa var. nana Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida dispersa var. nigrescens (J. Presl) Trin. & Rupr.;  Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Aristida ehrenbergii Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida ehrenbergii (Trin. & Rupr.) Trin. & Rupr. ex Henrard; Aristida fasciculata Torr.; Aristida festucoides Poir.; Aristida festucoides Steud. & Hochst.; Aristida grisebachiana E. Fourn.; Aristida grisebachiana var. decolorata E. Fourn; Aristida grisebachiana var. grisebachiana;  Aristida guineensis Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida humilis Kunth; Aristida interrupta Cav.; Aristida laxa Willd. ex Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida macrochloa Hochst.; Aristida mandoniana Henr.; Aristida maritima Steud.; Aristida mauritiana Hochst. ex A. Rich., nom.

387

Aristida L.

illeg., non Aristida mauritiana Kunth; Aristida modatica Steud.; Aristida nana (Trin. & Rupr.) Steud.; Aristida nana Steud.; Aristida nigrescens J. Presl; Aristida peruviana Beetle; Aristida pusilla Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida schaffneri E. Fourn.; Aristida schaffneri E. Fourn. ex Hemsl.; Aristida stricta Michx.; Aristida stricta var. decolorata E. Fourn. ex Dávila & Sánchez-Ken; Aristida stricta var. grisebachiana E. Fourn. ex Dávila & Sánchez-Ken; Aristida submucronata Schumach.; Aristida vulgaris var. abyssinica Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida vulgaris var. aethiopica Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida vulgaris var. canariensis (Willd.) Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida vulgaris var. curvata (Nees) Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida vulgaris var. strictiflora Trin. & Rupr.; Chaetaria adscensionis (L.) P. Beauv.; Chaetaria bromoides (Kunth) Roem. & Schultes; Chaetaria canariensis (Willd.) Nees; Chaetaria coarctata (Kunth) Roem. & Schult.; Chaetaria curvata Nees; Chaetaria fasciculata (Torr.) Schultes; Chaetaria humilis (Kunth) Roem. & Schultes; Chaetaria interrupta (Cav.) P. Beauv.; Chaetaria nana Nees ex Steud.) Tropics, subtropics and warm temperate regions. Annual or short-lived perennial, extremely variable, tufted, sharp seeds may penetrate the skin of the sheep See Species Plantarum 1: 82. 1753, Flora Atlantica 1: 109, t. 21, f. 2. 1798, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 5: 45, t. 471, f. 2. 1799, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 41. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 99. 1809, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 30, 151, 158. 1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 121– 122. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium 2: 396. 1817, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1(1): 154–155. 1824, Mantissa 3(Add.1): 578. 1827, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 387. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 223. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 2 1: 131, 340. 1840, Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae 186. 1841, Species Graminum Stipaceorum 129–134, 137, 140. 1842, Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, nebst der Geschichte derselben 3: 550. 1845, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 392. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 137–139. 1855 [1854], Flora 38: 200. 1855, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3: 542. 1885, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 78. 1886, Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 799–800. 1894, The Flora of British India 7: 224. 1897, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 340. 1898 and Circular, Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture 32: 5. 1901, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 11: 89, 91. 1904, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 13: 450. 1906, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 17(8–12): 151. 1921, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 55. 1921, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(7): 542–543. 1924, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 54: 2, 9, 13, 15, 21, 54, 62, 112, 124–126, 132–133, 158, 216, 265. 1926–1927, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 54(B): 537. 1928, Kurtziana 1: 141–142. 1961, Phytologia 28(4): 315, 317–318. 1974, Phytologia 30(5): 348. 1975, Fl. Novo-Galic. 14: 53. 1983, Madroño 40: 266. 1993, Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán 3: 9–10. 1994

(Ash of flowers used topically for itch and ringworm. Sharp seeds hurt animals, especially sheep.) in English: annual bristle grass, annual stick grass, annual three-awn, annual three-awned grass, broomstick grass, common needle grass, six-weeks three-awn, six-weeks threeawn grass, sixweeks threeawn, three-awn, three-awn grass in India: barlia, bhusaria, bundi oobina hullu, cheevam pul, dhonsa, kaadu nose hullu, kaadu sanna hanchi hullu, kodai bala pullu, lapdu, lappa, mahtari mulmul, mhutari mulmul, nalla putiki, oosi pullu, poraka gaddi, shigan pullu, uth lampdo in Arabic: lhaiyet lehmar, thunayb in Ghana: motodo in Mali: dugun bee, allomoze, tezenat in Mauritania: lhaiyet lehmar in Niger: agaemmud, alaemos, budu, kalabon, kalau, seko, subu galigali, wutsiya’r kurege in Nigeria: ba-zayyana, bazayyanao, datsi, gatsaura, iru ofe, katsaura, lale shamuwa, oka olongo, selbi, tsintsinyar dutse, tsintsinyar dutsee, wicco tenemeje, wutsiyar kurege baki in Senegal: hetieb, mbol tieb in Southern Africa: besemgras, eenjarige steekgras, einjährige stechgras, lossteekgras, steekgras; lefielo (Sotho) in Sudan: homra, gaaw in Upper Volta: celbi, selbo Aristida cumingiana Trin. & Rupr. (Aristida capillacea Cav., nom. illeg., non Aristida capillacea Lam.; Aristida cumingiana var. diminuta (Mez) Jacq.-Fél.; Aristida cumingiana var. reducta Pilg.; Aristida cumingiana var. uniseta Stent & J.M. Rattray; Aristida delicatula Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Aristida diminuta (Mez) C.E. Hubb.; Aristida trichodes (Nees) Walp.; Aristida tuberculosa Nutt.; Chaetaria trichodes Nees; Chaetaria tuberculosa (Nutt.) Schult.; Stipa diminuta Mez) Asia, Philippines. Annual, delicate, solitary or tufted, open inflorescence paniculate, very small spikelets, glumes unequal, lemma lanceolate, awns unequal, in moist areas, damp situations See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 5: 43, t. 468, f. 1. 1799, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 57. 1818, Mantissa 2: 211. 1824, Proceedings of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32: 48. 1833, Species Graminum Stipaceorum 141. 1842, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 101. 1850, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 393. 1850, Annals of Botany. Oxford 3: 753. 1853 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 17(13–18): 208. 1921, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 54: 80. 1926, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 805. 1933, Kew Bulletin 4: 480. 1949,

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Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée 13: 51. 1966, Blumea 37(1): 227. 1992 (Ash of the flowers used for itch and ring worm.) in India: baluri ghas in Thailand: ya khon kratai, ya lueat, yaa khon krataai, yaa lueat Aristida depressa Retz. Southern India, Sri Lanka. Annual, slender, hard, wiry, erect or ascending, sometimes included in Aristida adscensionis L. See Obs. Bot. 4: 22. 1786 and Grasses of Ceylon 63. 1956, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2(2): 126. 1959, Grasses of Burma … 409. 1960

Aristida L.

Graminum Rariorum 7, t. 6. 1813, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 123. 1816, Genera et species plantarum 3. 1816, Flora 19(2): 508. 1836, Species Graminum Stipaceorum 118. 1842, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 10: 42. 1883, Biologia CentraliAmericana; … Botany … 3: 532. 1885, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 78. 1886, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 13(2): 27. 1886, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 14(2): 23. 1894, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 199. 1896 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(7): 548. 1924, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 54: 150. 1926, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 54(A): 270, 345–347. 1927, Phytologia 37(4): 317–407. 1977 (Grass ashes rubbed on burns, boils.) in English: poverty three-awn, poverty threeawn, spreading three-awn grass, spreading threeawn

(Flowers used for itch and ringworm.)

in Mexico: tres aristas barbado, tres barbas abierto, zacate

in India: choti parba, ghyan, ghyani, lam, lam’e, lamb, lamba, lambi, lamp, ludabaru, nalli pootiki, rampla, sinka, ucippul

Aristida monticola Henrard

in Sri Lanka: teli tana Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Aristida barbata E. Fourn.; Aristida barbata E. Fourn. ex Hemsl.; Aristida divaricata J. Jacq., nom. illeg., non Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Aristida divaricata Lag., nom. illeg., non Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Aristida divaricata Lag. ex Henrard, nom. illeg., non Aristida divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Aristida havardii Vasey; Aristida humboldtiana Trin. & Rupr.; Aristida jacquiniana var. subaequilonga Henrard; Aristida lemmonii Scribn.; Aristida mexicana Scribn. ex Henrard; Aristida oligantha Michx.; Aristida palmeri Vasey; Aristida scova Vasey ex Beal; Chaetaria divaricata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) P. Beauv.) (after the French-born American botanist Valéry Havard, 1846–1927, physician, botanical collector in Texas and the Southwest; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 140. 1965; Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. Philadelphia 1964; Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933; Joseph Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists. 224–225. The University of Denver Press 1950; Joseph William Blankinship (1862–1938), “A century of botanical exploration in Montana, 1805–1905: collectors, herbaria and bibliography.” in Montana Agric. Coll. Sci. Studies Bot. 1: 1–31. 1904 [1905]; F.A. Stafleu and R.S. Cowan, Taxonomic literature. 2: 105. Utrecht 1979) USA, Texas, California, Mexico. Perennial bunchgrass, erect, simple, glabrous, dark green, leaves mostly basal, very open inflorescence, each spikelet with three spreading awns at its tip, twisted awn column, glumes subequal, poor forage, grows on dry rocky hills, sandy fields, desert grassland See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 41. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 99. 1809, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 30, 158. 1812, Eclogae

South Africa. Perennial, long rhizomatous, many-branched, densely tufted See Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 54(A): 355–356. 1927 (Veterinary medicine, used to promote the birth of a calf.) in South Africa: seotla Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey (Aristida curtiseta Buckley; Aristida fasciculata var. nuttallii Thurb. ex Beal; Aristida glauca (Nees) Steud., nom. illeg., non Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp.; Aristida longiseta Steud.; Aristida longiseta subsp. rariflora Hitchc.; Aristida longiseta var. longiseta; Aristida longiseta var. rariflora A.S. Hitchc.; Aristida longiseta var. rariflora (Hitchc.) Hitchc.; Aristida longiseta var. robusta Merr.; Aristida pallens Pursh, nom. illeg., non Aristida pallens Cav.; Aristida purpurea subsp. robusta (Merr.) Piper; Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey ex Rothr.; Aristida purpurea var. robusta (Merr.) Piper; Aristida rariflora (Hitchc.) Henrard; Aristida reverchonii Vasey; Aristida reverchonii var. augusta Vasey; Aristida vaseyi Wooton & Standl.) (after the French botanist Julien Reverchon, 1834–1905, plant collector (Dallas, Texas), traveller, brother of the French plant collector Elisée Reverchon (1835–1914); see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 147. Boston 1965; Theodore W. Bossert, compil., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 330. Boston, Mass. 1972; I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond, Index of Collectors in the Edinburgh Herbarium. Edinburgh 1970) Canada, British Columbia, USA, California, Texas, New Mexico, Mexico. Perennial bunchgrass, tufted, threeawned, green, sheaths open, ligule a short fringe of hairs, short leaves stiff and rolled, narrow pyramid-shaped flowerhead, glumes awn-tipped, scales surrounding each seed, forage, low palatable weed, grazed before the seedheads form, growing in thick clumps, on roadsides, arid lands, in

389

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

dry plains, on rocky slopes in desert scrub and desert grassland, on dry grassland sites and bare rocky soils, on sandy or gravelly plains and hills, well-drained soils, in the steppe and montane zones See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 728. 1814, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1(1): 154–155. 1824, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 145. 1837, Linnaea 19(6): 688. 1847, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 135, 420. 1854, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 92. 1862, Report Upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler … vol. vi—Botany 6: 286. 1878, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 13: 52. 1886, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 3(1): 46. 1892, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 208. 1896 and Circular, Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture 34: 5, 8. 1901, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 107. 1906, New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin 81: 55. 1912, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 22(7): 554, 565. 1924, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 54(A): 314. 1927, Intermountain Flora 6: 456. 1977, Great Basin Naturalist 50: 74. 1990

Tropical Africa, Sudan, Ghana. Perennial, branched, coarse, robust, woody, suffruticose, loosely tufted, mat-forming, strong root system, panicle contracted, long sharp awns unequal, unpalatable and scarcely eaten or good for livestock and readily grazed, found in sandy soils, dry inland sandy areas, coastal sand, orange sand, dunes See Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 61. 1821, Species Graminum Stipaceorum 161. 1842 (Roots as febrifuge and for malaria.) in Arabic: gau in Mali: allomoze, amadzarne, ibirsiaguè, kelbi, okras, pufo sufo in Niger: aggur, awukaraz, azwoezag, enegarwagh, furué, kasawura, manrgo, surungeewol, surungéji, taezeyzey, tchibby, waajag, yanta in Nigeria: baya, datsi, gatsaura, gatsuara, gau, kas makaru, katsaura, suwulamè in Somalia: baradooli, birreh, marchain in Senegal: diarhat, negeret, paldinak, paldinaq, sirin

(Plant used in ceremonials, decorations.) in English: dogtown grass, dogtown-grass, Fendler threeawn, longawned aristida, longawned threeawn, red three-awn, red threeawn, wire grass in Mexico: tres aristas rojo Aristida setacea Retz. (Aristida caerulescens sensu Thw., non Desf.; Aristida quinqueseta Steud.; Aristida setacea hort. ex Steud.; Chaetaria setacea (Retz.) P. Beauv.) Southern India, Sri Lanka. Perennial, caespitose, slender, erect or ascending See Observationes Botanicae 4: 22. 1786, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 30, 158. 1812, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 132. 1840, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 420. 1855 [1854] and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 253. 1900, Grasses of Ceylon 64. 1956, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2(2): 126. 1959, Grasses of Burma … 412. 1960 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) in India: cheepuru gaddi, dodda hanchi hullu, dodda-hanchihullu, gaddi parakalu, hallu chuch-ho hullu, hallu chuchho hullu, hayapuchhika, kamboji, maashaparni, mashaparni, mothi kussal, moti kussal, naayi hanchi hullu, naianchi-katti, paraka gaddi, poochika gaddi, thoda pampillu, thudappampillu, ukam in Sri Lanka: et tuttili, et tuttiri Aristida sieberiana Trin. (also spelled sieberana) (Aristida pallida Steud.; Aristida sieberiana Trin. ex Spreng.; Aristida sieberiana var. nubica Trin. & Rupr.)

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae Possibly from the Sanskrit arshti, ancient Persian arsti ‘spear’ (Sanskrit arsh, aresh ‘to sting’; Swedish rista ‘to lacerate, to tear’) and Sanskrit ruh, rôh-âmi (luh, lôh-âmi) ‘to grow’, rôh-i (lôh-i) ‘plant, tree’; in some species the leaves are lance-shaped; or from the Greek aristolochia, aristolocheia (aristolochos), aristos ‘the best, most excellent’ and locheia ‘childbirth’, ancient name for a plant supposed to ease parturition; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 960–962. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 410. 1754, Genera Plantarum 72–73. 1789, American monthly magazine and critical review 4: 195. 1819, Commentationes Botanicae 30. 1822, First Catalogues and Circulars of the Botanical Garden of Transylvania University 13. 1824, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 10: t. 862. 1824, Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis 85. 1828, Medical Flora 1: 62. 1828, Medical Flora 2: 232. 1830, Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement 8: 247. 1832, Flora Telluriana 4: 97–99. 1836[1838], Handbuch des Naturlichen Pflanzensystems 173. 1837, Förhandlingar; Skandinaviske Naturforskeres Möte 1844: 203–204. 1847, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 1: 65–66, f. 10 and série 4 2: 29–30. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 584, 607. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 435. 1864 and Flora of West Tropical Africa 1: 75. 1927, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 23. 1928, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 16b: 241. 1935, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 93–101. 1946, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53(2): 115–196. 1966, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 27(5):

390

346, 350. 1989, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78(2): 500, 503. 1991, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 30(6): 511, 513. 1992, Fl. Ecuador 51(58–59): 18, 20. 1994, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 229–233. 2001, Blumea 51(2): 199–220. 2006. Aristolochia albida Duch. (Aristolochia acuminata Lam.; Aristolochia acuminata Roxb.; Aristolochia aethiopica Welw.; Aristolochia angulata Bojer ex Duch.; Aristolochia aurita Duch.; Aristolochia bainesii Burtt Davy; Aristolochia bernieri Duch.; Aristolochia bongoensis Engl.; Aristolochia densivenia Engl.; Aristolochia dewevrei De Wild. & T. Durand; Aristolochia kirkii Baker; Aristolochia ledermannii Engl.; Aristolochia megalophylla K. Schumann; Aristolochia mindanaensis Warb.; Aristolochia multiflora Duch.; Aristolochia petersiana Klotzsch; Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzsch; Aristolochia tagala Cham.; Aristolochia truncata Peter) India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea. Climber, terete furrowed branches, leaves usually ovate to ovate-oblong, greenish yellow and purple flowers in a racemose or paniculate inflorescence, fruit subglobose, seeds winged, in forest and thickets See Species Plantarum 2: 960–962. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 254. 1783, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 489. 1832, Linnaea 7: 207–208, pl. 5, f. 3. 1832, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 2: 73–76. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 596, 599, t. 2, f. 6. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 482–497. 1864, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 488–489. 1898, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 38(2): 46. 1899 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 139. 1909, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 412. 1912, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1924: 231. 1924, Pesticides 24(1): 29–31. 1990 (Whole plant in colic and bowel complaints. Roots stomachic, tonic, analgesic, anthelmintic, febrifuge, Guinea worm remedy, for bone fracture, indigestion, malaria, rheumatism, toothache, fevers. Fresh or dry roots administered internally for snake and insect poison, and the paste applied on the bitten part. Leaves emmenagogue, tonic; pounded leaves applied to the head to treat fever. Leaves ground, warmed and applied externally to treat swollen limbs, stomachache and skin diseases.) in China: er ye ma dou ling in India: aadutheendapalai, belikol, dodda eeshvari balli, eswara balli, garuda kodi, gattada eeshvari, ishwari bheda. khurthlong, minchokoyen, minchokoyon, nallaeeshvara, nallaisvara, nallayisvari, punkot in Indonesia: kalayar, kunit, puyan in Malaysia: akar ketola hutan, akar petola hutan

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

in Philippines: goan-goan, nagerus, timbangan in Thailand: krachao mot, krachao pheemot in Vietnam: d[aa]y kh[oos] r[as]ch, ph[of]ng k[yr] Aristolochia argentina Griseb. (Aristolochia glaberrima Hassl.; Aristolochia parviflora Griseb.) Argentina. See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 156. 1874, Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam 148. 1879 and Opera Lilloana. 16: 1–145. 1967 (Diuretic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, antiseptic.) Aristolochia bracteata Retz. Ethiopia, East Africa. Small herb, usually prostrate, flower tube shaped like uterus, weedy See Species Plantarum 2: 960–962. 1753, Observationes Botanicae (Retzius) 5: 29. 1791 and Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant useful in the treatment of prolapsed uterus and for an easy delivery (Doctrine of Signatures); anthelmintic and a gastric stimulant, used in the treatment of cancer, lung inflammation, dysentery and snakebites. Antibacterial activity of dried root extracts; ground dried roots taken with hot water to treat stomachache. Leaves juice given for easy delivery; leaves for diabetes and to control excess bleeding during menstruation; paste of leaves applied on boils, wounds, eczema; leaf powder or paste applied on scabies. Veterinary medicine, seeds of Anogeissus latifolia along with roots of Aristolochia bracteata pounded, boiled in water and the decoction given in insect bite; leaves juice applied to the wounds with weevils; leaves paste applied for foot diseases.) in Nigeria: zagaduwa in India: aadutheendaapalai, aadutheendaappaalai, acacirinki, acantintappalai, addatinapalay, adu tinda palai, adutinna-palai, adumuttadagida, adutheenda palai ennai, adutheendapalai, aduthinnapalai, aduthinnappalai, akalamuni, akalikam, ampankippalai, ampatam, ampattai, ampu, amputam, ancali, ancalippalai, ancalippalaicceti, ancani, anceli, ancevi, arkkamulam, arkkapattirai, atalamuli, atalamulikkoti, attuccevi, atu-tinlap, atudintappalai, atutinnalai, atutinnappalai, atutinnavalam, atutinnavelai, atutintap-pala, atutintappala, atutintappalai, atutotamuli, atutotapalai, atutotappalai, atuttintap palai, aveci, aveki, bhringi, cacala, cakuntaka, cakuntakakkoti, cakuttakam, cakuttam, calika, calikaccunti, camanam, camanappalai, camanappalaikkoti, camankai, camankaippalaikkoti, camanki, camincai, camipattira, campu, cancivi, catapattira, catapattirakkoti, catapattiram, catapattiri, catapattirippalai, cattrabungha, cina, cinappalai, cirikai, cirikaimaram, civa, civani, civatacam, civatacappalai, civini, cumankaippalai, cunkam, cunkampalai, dhumapatra, dhumra-patra, dhumrapatra,

391

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

didamar, emankalappu, emankarpam, gadaparaku, gadathigadaparaku, gadida gadapa, gadide, gadide-gadapara-aku, gandan, gandati, gidhan, gridhrani, gridhrapatra, gudide gaddithaigadapara, hukka bel, iracai, iranankolli, irulvittucceti, irulvitu, jufa, kacikacceti, kacikam, kacirattakkoti, kacirorttam, kacirottam, kadamari, kadapara, kaippu, kaippuppalai, kakirattam, kalakaritakkoti, kalakaritam, kantakari, kapaviranahari, karika, karirattam, karttapattiri, karuni, karunni, karunnikkoti, katirai, katiraippalai, katrabunga, kattariyam, kattiriyam, kentikapalai, kentimaram, kentiparam, kidamar, kidamari, kira-mar, kiramar, kiranayakam, kiranthinayagam, kirinayakam, kirinayakappalai, kirumicatturu, kirumiccatturu, kirumiccatturuppalai, kirumicenam, kirumikkinam, kirumikkolli, kirumikolli, kiruminacaki, kiruminacakicceti, kiruminacappalai, kiruminayakacceti, kiruminayakam, kitakaha, kitamari, kitari, krimighni, mai, makakali, mayicikki, mesacinki, mesacirunki, metacinki, metacirunki, metacurunki, metaicinki, naippalai, nakari, nakuli, namakkari, nilappalai, pakar, pankampalai, pankani, pankanippalaikkoti, pata, patakam, patakappalai, patalamulam, patalamuli, patila, pattakam, pattrabanga, pattrabunga, piracinam, piracinappalai, piraroki, pittakippalai, pittar, ponmucuttai, pulukkati, pulukkatikkoti, pulukkolippalai, pulukolli, punnakkolli, putakampam, sanajali-hulu, shrimalapatra, shymabhuva, sulabha, taittiliyam, taittiliyappalai, taittiyati, taittiyatippalai, tantiri, tattiri, tattirippalai, tiruppi, titarccunti, ulantankolli, ulantankoticceti, veruni, viranampokki, viri, virippalai, virippalaikkoti, virutcakenti, viruttapanni, viruttappannippalai, vitappati, vitappatikkoti, vitattukkaracan, viyu, vantittal, vantukolli, vantukollippalai, vantuvam, varatcunti, varatcuntikkoti, vastulappalaikkoti, vattamatakki, vattattiruppi, vekulankam, vekulankappalai Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (Aristolochia abyssinica Klotzsch; Aristolochia benadiriana Fiori; Aristolochia benadiriana Fiori var. longilabia Chiov.; Aristolochia bracteata Retz. var. basitruncata Hauman; Aristolochia bracteata var. bracteata; Aristolochia kotschyi A. Rich.; Aristolochia kotschyi Hochst.; Aristolochia parensis Engl. ex Peter) Tropical Africa, Saudi Arabia, India. Herb, small shrub, woody base, flexuous stem, weed, more or less prostrate, trailing, decumbent, yellowish brown solitary flowers in the leaf axils See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 258. 1783 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 40(2): 185, nomen. 1932, Phytother. Res. 13(6): 474–478. 1999 [Antiplasmodial activity of selected sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Acacia nilotica.], Shirwaikar, A. et al. “Wound healing studies of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. with supportive action of antioxidant enzymes.” Phytomedicine 10(6–7): 558–562. 2003 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant said to be poisonous to livestock. Whole plant decoction drunk for treatment of snakebite and scorpion sting, to regularise menstrual cycle and excessive bleeding. Leaves used for the healing of cuts and wounds; leaf juice vermicide and antiplasmodial; leaves

and root decoction and the juice to treat wounds, worms, fever and skin diseases. Root juice to rinse oral cavity to cure aphthous ulcers. Seeds highly purgative. Veterinary medicine, leaf juice antiseptic, used to cure infected wounds of cattle, also applied on wounds affected by worms; leaves ground with those of Anisomeles malabarica, asafoetida, pepper and garlic given as a febrifuge.) in India: aadumuttada gida, aadutheendapalai, aaduthinnapalai, aduthinna palai, aduthinnappalai, attukottappala, atutinna-palai-vittu, atutinnappala, atutinnappalai, aulasa, aulosa, gaadide gadapara, gadaparaku, gadida gadapa, gadida-gadapakku, gadidagadapaku, gadide, gadidhagadapa, gadidhagadapaaku, gandhaari, gandhan, gandhvel, gindhaan, girdhan, hookka-bel, hukka-bel, hukkabel, kadapara, kali-paad, kalipaad, katthe hotte gida, katthe kaalambu, katthe kirubana gida, kuri gida, kaththe kirubana gida, kalaguraki, kathhe hotte kirubana baeru, kathhe kirubana baeru, kathhegaalina hambu, kathhegarida, kathhekirubana gida, keedamaari, keeta maari gida, kida mari, kidamar, kidamari, kiramar, kiramaro, kitamar, kitamari, nodiyaval, thella esshvari, visanika in Arabic: ghakin Nigeria: gadakuka Aristolochia brevipes Benth. (Aristolochia watsonii Wooton & Standl.; Einomeia brevipes (Benth.) Klotzsch) North America. See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 15. 1839, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 606. 1859 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 16(4): 117. 1913 (To cure toothache a decoction of the stem cooked in water held in the mouth.) Aristolochia californica Torr. (Isotrema californica (Torr.) Huber; Isotrema californicum (Torr.) H. Huber North America. Perennial vine See American monthly magazine and critical review 4: 195. 1819, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5): 128. 1856 [1857] and Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 550. 1960 (Decoction taken for colds.) in English: California dutchman’s pipe Aristolochia clematitis L. Europe. See Species Plantarum 2: 960–962. 1753 and Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 17: 133–164. 1974, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 25: 1–18. 1976, Hum. Genet. 64(2): 131–133. 1983, Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 128: 19–39. 1991, Croat. Med. J. 46(1): 116–125. 2005 [Endemic nephropathy: the case for chronic poisoning by Aristolochia.]

392

(Aristolochic acid, a major constituent of the seeds, plays a central role in the development of endemic nephropathy; well-founded suspicion that aristolochic acid may be a very potent carcinogen. Irritant. Aristolochia clematitis as a remedy in purulent infections, wounds and phlebitis.) Common names: birthwort, vucja stopa Aristolochia contorta Bunge China. See Enumeratio Plantarum, quas in China Boreali 58. 1831 and Bulletin of Botanical Research 15(2): 199–205, pl. I-III. 1995 (Cough, stomachache, rheumatic arthritis, sore throat, eczema, toothache, snakebites (external use), inflammation of lung.) Aristolochia daemoninoxia Mast. South America. Climbing shrub, deeply fissured corky bark See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1906: 6. 1906

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

Brazil. Climber See Flora Brasiliensis 4: 110. 1875 (Stem infusion for diarrhea and stomachache.) Aristolochia fangchi Y.C. Wu ex L.D. Chow & S.M. Hwang China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 108–109, pl. 19. 1975, Nortier J.L., Vanherweghem J.L. “Renal interstitial fibrosis and urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi).” Toxicology. 181–182: 577–580. 2002, Flora of China 5: 264. 2003, Bulletin et mémoires de l’Académie royale de médecine de Belgique 161(5): 327–333. 2006, Phytomedicine. 14(4): 273–279. 2007 (Roots used as abortifacients, as cures for snakebites, for criminal poisoning. The herb fangji refers to the root of either Aristolochia fangchi, Stephania tetrandra or Cocculus trilobus. Nephropathy caused by Chinese plants and aristolochic acids. Exposure to Aristolochia species is associated with the development of renal interstitial fibrosis and urothelial cancer in humans.)

(Vine decoction an oral contraceptive for women. An infusion of scrapings of inner bark used for the relief of indigestion, coughs, asthma, as an antispasmodic, and as an enema for treating thrush.)

in China: guang fang yi, guang fanchi

in Guyana: boyari

See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 23(273): 286. 1885 and China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 22(10): 620–622, 640. 1997

Aristolochia debilis Sieb. & Zucc. (Aristolochia longa Thunb., nom. illeg., non Aristolochia longa L.; Aristolochia recurvilabra Hance; Aristolochia sinarum Lindley) China, Japan. Herb, perennial, creeping, slender, glabrous, yellowish brown aromatic root, flowers irregular, fruit a rounded capsule 6-valved, winged compressed seeds, at forest edges See Flora Japonica, … 144. 1784, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(3): 197. 1846, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1850: 708. 1850, London Journal of Botany 11: 75. 1873 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 43: 27–30. 1992, Bulletin of Botanical Research 15(2): 199–205, pl.I-III. 1995, Pharm. World Sci. 20(1): 43–44. 1998 [Acute hepatitis in a patient using a Chinese herbal tea—a case report.], Phytomedicine. 14(4): 273–279. 2007 (Three herbs, madouling, qingmuxiang and tianxianteng, derived respectively from the fruit, root and stem of Aristolochia debilis: cough, stomachache, rheumatic arthritis, sore throat, eczema, toothache, snakebites (external use), inflammation of lung.) in English: slender dutchman’s pipe

Aristolochia fordiana Hemsley China.

(Used in the treatment of snakebites.) in China: tong cheng hu Aristolochia fragrantissima Ruiz (Aristolochia asperifolia Ule; Aristolochia mathewsii Duch., nom. illeg.; Aristolochia reticulata Holton ex Duch.; Aristolochia reticulata Seem., nom. illeg.; Aristolochia reticulata Nutt.; Aristolochia sprucei Mast.; Aristolochia sprucei Hoehne; Howardia fragrantissima (Ruiz) Klotzsch; Howardia fragrantissima Klotzsch) South America, Peru. See Mem. Virt. Bejuco Estrella 46. 1805, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 162–163. 1835, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 5: 193. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 584, 607, 615. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(1): 457, 497. 1864, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 4(2): 88. 1875 and Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden Länder 47: 121. 1905, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 431–443. 1937, Fl. Ecuador 51: 1–42. 1994

in China: ma dou ling

(Roots decoction drunk to cure rheumatic pains and venereal diseases.)

Aristolochia disticha Mast.

in English: Texas dutchman’s-pipe

393

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

in Spanish: bejuco de la estrella, contrayerba Aristolochia impressinervia C.F. Liang China. See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(2): 15–16, pl. 1, f. 6, pl. 2, f. 3. 1975 (For skin diseases.) in China: ao mai ma dou ling Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochia lanceolata Wight) India. Climber, twining herb, shrubby, woody stems, oblongsubglobose capsules See Species Plantarum 2: 960–962. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 479. 1864 and Current Science 47: 549–550. 1978, Contraception. 20(1): 49–54. 1979, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 6(2): 191–226. 1982 [Research on plants for fertility regulation in India.], Fitoterapia 73(5): 439–441. 2002, J. Environ. Biol. 26(2 Suppl): 383–386. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(2): 182–188. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Crushed vegetative parts applied externally for snakebites. Leaf paste applied on boils, wounds, snakebites; fresh or dried leaves chewed and swallowed for asthma; leaf decoction febrifuge, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antifertility, antineoplastic. Root paste given orally in headache, snakebites, scorpion stings, fever, flatulence, intestinal disorders, dysentery and diarrhea, in addition the paste is applied on forehead for headache and in rash; root powder used in abortion; root juice given for rheumatism; stem bark of Sida cordifolia, crushed with root of Aristolochia indica, tubers of Cyperus scariosus, whole plant of Selaginella bryopteris and Phyllanthus fraternus made into pills taken to cure epileptic attacks; tuberous roots crushed and applied on the body for itching and given as an antidote for snakebite. Combination with pepper and ginger used for fever in children. Dried fruit kept in water for overnight, drops of this water put in each nostrils to get relief from jaundice. Magico-religious beliefs, tribal snake charmers use fresh roots during catching snakes. Veterinary medicine, leaves with pepper and garlic boiled in water and given in insect bites; roots along with stem of Tinospora cordifolia pounded, boiled in water and the decoction given in insect bite.) in English: Indian birthwort in India: aadutheendapalai, aattukottappala, adagam, ahiganda, ahigandha, amutakkoti, arkamula, arkmul, arkmula, arumaruntu, arumaruntukkoti, atakakkoti, atakam, bara okhat, batilah, bhedi janetet, bhedijanete, cakati, cakatikkoti, calamiyakkoti, calamiyam, cankaimuli, cantanakarani, cantanaparani, cantanaparanikkoti, caracurati, carakati, carankateci, carcukati, carcuvatikkoti, careloe-vegon, carelvevegm, carucukati, cavakkilanku, cemparuntu, cemparuntukkoti, cilaimeluku, cilantikkoti, cinappa, citanakakkoti, citanakam,

civamuli, corikanti, curuli, cutuvalli, doolaagovela, doolagovila, dula govela, dulagovela, easwaramuli, ech-chura-muli, eeshvaramulla, eeshvari baeru, eeshvari balli, eeshwari beru, eeshwarn, eesvurberus, eeswaramoolli, emmekolagodai, errakalabanda, eshwaramuli, eshwari, eswaramulla, eswaramulli, eswari, eswari beru, ettakalabanda, gandhanakuli, garalavegam, garalika, garudakkoti, garudakodi, garudi, ghungurbadh, gopaala putti thoppalu, gopalaputti thoppalu, gopalaputtitoppalu, gopataputtitoppalu, govila, gunesar, hari, hukka-bel, huring nagbail, icatecatti, iccuramuli, iccuraver, iccuvaramuli, ich-churamuli, ichchuramula, ichura, icuracuruli, icuracurulikkoti, icurakkovai, icuramaruntu, icuramuli, icuraver, icuvara muli, ikali, ikkuramulli, isadesatti, isaraber, isaraberu, isarmool, isarmul, isharmul, isharmul-ki-jar, ishermul, ishvara, ishvara-muri, ishvaraberu, ishvaramuli, ishvaramulla, ishvaramuri, ishvariberu, ishveraveru, ishwar mool, ishwaramooli, ishwari, ishwariberu, ishwarmul, israul, isura, isuramuli, isuraver, isvara, isvara ven, isvaraballi, isvaraberu, isvaramula, isvaramuli, isvaramulla, isvaramurri, isvaravaeru, isvaraveru, isvari, isvariberu, isvarmul, iswari (= having the power to neutralize the poison), iswarmul, itavam, itikam, iyavari, jovari, kadalivegam, kadula, kakapati, kakapatikkoti, kalesar, karalakam, karalakam pacha, karalayam, karaleka, karalvekam, karendavalli, karrukitakkoti, karrukitam, karudakkodi, karukappullu, karukkapallu, karukkapullu, karuta-k-koti, karutacopitakkoti, karutakacopitam, karutakkoti, karutakkoticci, karutankilanku, katalivegam, kerutakkoti, kidamar, kiramar, kirttikkodi, kodula, kopakkari, koracanti, koticcinkeri, kovakkari, kunnam, kuppalai, kutanayakakkoti, kutanayakam, latbargo, malaiccevikam, malaiccevitakkoti, mucurumuli, nakakeli, nakatamaniyam, nakateni, nakkeni, nakkeni, nakuleshtha, nakuli, nalla eshwari, nalla yisvari, nanjina baeru, natanakkarumuli, navanitapani, nella eeshvari, neya, palvarrippaluttan, palvattippaluttan, panikodi, paravaiventankoti, pasanameluku, pelivalamuli, periyanitam, periyatitakkoti, peru-kizhangu, peru-marindu, perumanthikodi, perumarindu, perumarundoo, perumarundhu, perumarundu, perumarundu kodi, perumarunna, perumarunnu, perumaruntu, perumuli, perunkilanku, perunkilannu, perunkilanu, perunkizhangu kodi, perunkizhannu, perunkotimuli, pokkalam, pokkalankoti, pokkanam, pokkinattuppi, rasna, rudrajata, saapasan, sapasan, sapsanda, sapshi, sapsund, sapus, sunanda, sunandahari, tacimantapputu, talaccuruli, talai-ccuruli, talai curuli-p-puntu, talaiccurul, talaiccuruli, talaiccurulivalli, talaiccurulvalli, talaiccuruni, talaiccutuvalli, talaicutuvalli, talaicutuvallikkoti, taparavakoti, taparavam, taracikakkoti, taracikam, taracu-k-koti, taracukkoti, taratikkoti, tella eswari, thalai churuli vaer, thella usirika, thoppalu, urukodi, uruttirapuntu, utirakkutori, vallikkoti, vallimoti, yicuramulikkoti, zaravande-hindi in Tibet: na ku li dri zimpo Aristolochia inflata Kunth (Aristolochia gibbosa Duch.; Aristolochia podocarpa Bertol.; Aristolochia torta Willd. ex Klotzsch; Aristolochia torta Willd. ex Duch.; Howardia

394

benthamii Klotzsch; Howardia inflata (Kunth) Klotzsch; Howardia inflata Klotzsch) Central America, Colombia. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 145–146, t. 111. 1817, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 2: 53–54. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 619–620. 1859, Prodr. (DC.) 15(1): 458. 1864 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(4): 309–323. 1960[1961], Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53(2): 115–196. 1966

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

South America. See Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 2: 101–102, t. 6. 1809, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 8: t. 689. 1823, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 1: 77. 1824, Flora Telluriana 4: 98. 1838, Botanical Magazine 70: t. 4120. 1844, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 608, t. 2, f. 14. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 470–471. 1864 (Used in Sidha.)

(Whole plant decoction applied to the skin to treat snakebites.)

in India: eashwari balli, maru, maruk koluntu, marukkoluntu, marukoluntu, tamanakantam, tavanam, thamanagantham

in Central America: kebítiro

Aristolochia macroura Ortega (Aristolochia appendiculata Vell.; Aristolochia caudata Booth ex Lindl.; Aristolochia caudata Jacq.; Aristolochia macroura Gomes; Aristolochia trilobata L.; Howardia macroura (Gomes) Klotzsch)

Aristolochia iquitensis O.C. Schmidt (Aristolochia arkansaw Lodd., nom. nud.; Aristolochia dodsonii Pfeifer; Aristolochia durior Hill; Aristolochia frutescens Marshall; Aristolochia grandifolia Salisb.; Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.; Aristolochia macrophylla Duch., nom. illeg., non Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.; Aristolochia sipho L’Hér.; Hocquartia macrophylla (Lam.) Dumort.; Hocquartia macrophylla Dumort.; Isiphia glabra (Raf.) Raf.; Isiphia glabra Raf.; Isotrema durius (Hill) H. Huber; Isotrema macrophyllum (Lam.) C.F. Reed; Isotrema sipho (L’Hér.) Raf.; Isotrema sipho Raf.; Siphisia glabra Raf.; Siphisia sipho (L’Hér.) Raf.; Siphisia sipho Klotzsch; Siphisia sipho Raf.) Peru, North America. Perennial vine See The Vegetable System 21: 57. 1773, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 255. 1783, Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 13. 1784, Arbustrum Americanum 12–13. 1785, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 215. 1796, American monthly magazine and critical review 4(3): 195. 1819, Commentationes Botanicae (Dumort.) 30. 1822, Catalogue of plants 37. 1826, Medical Flora 1: 62, 65. 1828, Medical Flora 2: 232. 1830, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 2: 68–69. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 602. 1859 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 196, f. 4, 5F-I. 1927, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 550. 1960, Phytologia 12: 415. 1965, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53(2): 115–196. 1966, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 93(3): 173–174, f. 1. 1966 (Decoction of root applied externally to skin diseases, scabies.) in English: dutchman’s-pipe, pipevine Aristolochia labiata Willd. (Ambuya labiosa (Ker Gawl.) Raf.; Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart. & Zucc.; Aristolochia brasiliensis var. macrophylla Duch.; Aristolochia brasiliensis var. parviflora Duch.; Aristolochia galeata Mart. & Zucc.; Aristolochia labiosa Ker Gawl.; Aristolochia ornithocephala Hook.; Aristolochia ringens Link & Otto; Howardia galeata (Mart. & Zucc.) Klotzsch)

India. See Species Plantarum 2: 960. 1753, Memórias de Mathematica e Phisica da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa 2: 29–34, pl. 4. 1803, Memórias de Mathematica e Phisica da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa 3: 77. 1812, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 617–618. 1859 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(4): 309–323. 1960[1961], Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53(2): 115–196. 1966, Fl. Colombia 12: 127. 1990 (Leaf decoction for diabetes, rheumatic pain, snakebites, hypertension, as abortifacient, postpartum, to ease parturition. Magico-religious beliefs, vine planted against bewitchment.) Aristolochia malacophylla Standl. (Aristolochia imbricata Masters; Aristolochia membranacea Merr.; Aristolochia mexiae Standl.; Aristolochia sericea Blanco; Siphisia sericea (Benth.) Klotzsch) The Philippines, North and Central America. Erect, shrubby, sprawling, woody, densely pubescent, terete stems, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, flowers in a few-flowered short inflorescence, flowers purple within and straw color outside, fruit subglobose, seeds not winged, in dry thickets, open pine forest See Medical Flora 1: 62. 1828, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 81. 1841, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 603. 1859 and Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 33(12): 65–66. 1920, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 8(3): 136. 1930, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 53(2): 115–196. 1966 (Plant carminative, emmenagogue, febrifuge. Roots chewed to treat gastralgia; macerated roots a uterine tonic after childbirth; it is a violent abortive.)

395

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

in Philippines: bangisi, pang-guisi, pangisi Aristolochia moupinensis Franchet (Aristolochia bonatii H. Léveillé; Aristolochia jinshanensis Z.L. Yang & S.X. Tan) China. See Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 10: 79. 1887 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 56: 608. 1909, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 19(1): 48–55. 1984, Bulletin of Botanical Research 7(2): 129–130, pl. 1. 1987 (Bitter, for inflammation of large and small intestines, fever and inflammation, cough.) in China: huai tong Aristolochia obliqua S.M. Hwang China. See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 19(2): 226–228, pl. 6. 1981 (Febrifuge.) in China: pian hua ma dou ling Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel. (Aristolochia clematitis sensu Cout.; Aristolochia longa auct.; Aristolochia longa subsp. pallida auct.; Aristolochia longa subsp. paucinervis (Pomel) Batt.; Aristolochia longa var. abbreviata Duch.; Aristolochia pallida auct., non Willd.) North Africa. See Bull. Soc. Sci. Phys. Algérie 11: 136. 1874 and J. Ethnopharmacol. 67(1): 87–92. 1999, Merzouki, A. et al. “Contribution to the knowledge of Rifian traditional medicine. II: Folk medicine in Ksar Lakbir district (NW Morocco).” Fitoterapia 71(3): 278–307. 2000, J. Ethnopharmacol. 75(2– 3): 203–205. 2001, J. Ethnopharmacol. 75(2–3): 207–212. 2001, Phytother. Res. 15(1): 79–81. 2001 (Antibacterial, bacteriostatic, anti-Helicobacter pylori, antifungal, antidermatophytic. Used to treat skin and soft-tissue infections, especially gas gangrene and intestinal diseases.) Common names: candilicos, aristoloquia macho, calabacilla, melonera, orejillas del diablo, aristoloquia amarilla, aristolòquia llarga, aristoloquia larga, vibocera, aristolóquia, aristolóquia-fibrosa, aristolóquia-longa, aristolóquia-menor, erva-bicha, erva-bicha-dos-hervanários, estolóquia, estrelamim, pistolóquia, baraztam Aristolochia petersiana Klotzsch (Aristolochia densivenia Engl.) East Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, vine, twining scrambler, leaves alternate, flowers in 6–8-flowered inflorescences, coloured sepals, greenish tube and a blackish-purple asymmetric limb, fruit pear-shaped, in forest, in scrub See Monatsb. Akad. Berl. (1859) 599. 1859 and Blumea 51(2): 199–220. 2006

(Extremely poisonous to both man and animals. A few fresh leaves sufficient to kill a goat, the older leaves more toxic. Roots for dysentery, cough, sore throat, fevers, snakebite.) in English: Dutchman’s pipe in East Africa: lunkulwe, tamba ya nyoka Aristolochia philippinensis Warb. Philippines. Erect, shrubby, leaves elliptical glabrous, flowers in a spike or racemes, seeds not winged, in thickets and forest See Fragm. Fl. Philipp.: 170. 1905 (Roots decoction stomachic and emmenagogue.) in Philippines: barubo, puso-pusoan, tambal-balanding Aristolochia reticulata Nutt. (Aristolochia mathewsii Duch., nom. illeg. superfl.; Aristolochia reticulata Holton ex Duch., nom. illeg., non Aristolochia reticulata Nutt.; Aristolochia reticulata Seem., nom. illeg., non Aristolochia reticulata Nutt.; Siphisia reticulata (Nutt.) Klotzsch) North America. See Medical Flora 1: 62. 1828, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 162. 1835, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald 5: 193. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 604–605. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 457, 497. 1864 and J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 6(12): 1005–1013. 1954 [The chemistry of Aristolochia spp. I. The petrol-soluble fraction from Aristolochia reticulata.], J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 11: 607–617. 1959 [The chemistry of the Aristolochia species.], Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 53(2): 115–196. 1966 in English: Texas dutchman’s-pipe Aristolochia rotunda L. South Europe. See Species Plantarum 2: 960. 1753 and Webbia 38: 242. 1984 (Used in Unani.) in India: zarawand, zarawand-i-mudharaj, zarawand mud haraj, zarawand mudharaj, zarawand mudharj Aristolochia rugosa Lam. (Aristolochia barbata Jacq.; Aristolochia dictyantha Duch.; Aristolochia dictyantha var. schomburgkii (Klotzsch) Duch.; Aristolochia eurystoma Duch.; Aristolochia obtusata Sw.; Aristolochia rumicifolia R.H. Schomb. ex Duch., nom. inval.; Howardia barbata (Jacq.) Klotzsch; Howardia obtusata (Sw.) Klotzsch; Howardia schomburgkii Klotzsch) North and Central America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 252. 1783, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 126.

396

1788, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 2: 40–42, 65–66, t. 6, f. 1–2, 10. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 612–614. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 447. 1864 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53(2): 115–196. 1966 (Root teas and infusions for indigestion, heat, jaundice, snakebites, scorpion stings, in postpartum.) Aristolochia rumphii Kostel. Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Moluccas. Climber, woody based, long slender stem, leaves obtuse minutely hairy beneath, flowers in a short racemose inflorescence, fruit short cylindrical, seeds not winged, in open forest, thickets and grassland See Allg. med.-pharm. Fl. 2: 465. 1833 (Roots decoction to treat stomachache, spasm, constipation and intermittent fevers.) in Indonesia: akar pulurun, tuhe tutunu, warosbot Aristolochia saccata Wallich (Aristolochia cathcartii J.D. Hooker; Aristolochia saccata Hook.f. & Thomson ex Klotzsch; Siphisia saccata (Wall.) Klotzsch; Siphisia saccata Klotzsch) China, India. Woody climber, stout, branches tomentose, lanceolate leaves silky pubescent beneath, pitcher-like flowers See Medical Flora 1: 62. 1828, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 2(2): 2, t. 103. 1829, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 603, t. 2, f. 11. 1859, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 5(13): 77. 1886

Aristolochia L. Aristolochiaceae

(L.) Raf.; Pistolochia serpentaria (L.) Raf.; Psophiza undulata Raf., nom. illeg. superfl.) North America. Perennial herb See Sp. Pl. 2: 960–962. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 30. 1760, Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis 81. 1813, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 148, t. 116. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 200. 1818, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 754. 1826, Medical Flora 1: 62. 1828, Flora Telluriana 4: 98–99. 1836 [1838], Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 600–601, t. 2, f. 9. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 434, 440. 1864, Index Kewensis 1: 840. 1893, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(11): 485–486. 1894, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(7): 335. 1897 and Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 75: 130. 1959, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 11: 607–617. 1959 [The chemistry of the Aristolochia species.] (The dried rhizome, Virginia snakeroot or serpentary, is a popular herbal tonic; in small doses, a gastric stimulant and diuretic. Large doses can cause violent gastric distress and respiratory paralysis. The rhizome contains aristolochic acid and trimethyl amine, both potential carcinogens. Used for treatment of rheumatism, various pains, obstructions, worms, toothaches, sore throats, fever, sore noses, and colds, as a tonic, and mixed with saliva for snakebites. Abortifacient, analgesic.) in English: Virginia snakeroot Aristolochia tagala Cham. (Aristolochia megalophylla K. Schumann; Aristolochia mindanaensis Warb.; Aristolochia roxburghiana Klotzsch)

(Extract of underground parts and roots eaten to relieve stomachache; boiled tubers juice for urinary and spleen troubles; tuber made into a paste applied to cure hematoma.)

India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Climber, greenish yellow and purple flowers in a racemose or paniculate inflorescence, fruit subglobose, seeds winged

in English: birthwort

See Species Plantarum 2: 960–962. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 254. 1783, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 489. 1832, Linnaea 7: 207–208, pl. 5, f. 3. 1832, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 2: 73–76. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 596, 599, t. 2, f. 6. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 482–497. 1864, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 488–489. 1898, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 38(2): 46. 1899 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 139. 1909, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 412. 1912, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1924: 231. 1924, Pesticides 24(1): 29–31. 1990

in China: guan lan xiang in India: baro hirkhut, krah-lahit, rikang-batelaung, rikangbatelaung, rikangbatelong Aristolochia serpentaria L. (Aristolochia convolvulacea Small; Aristolochia dodecandra Raf., nom. nud.; Aristolochia hastata Nuttall, nom. illeg., non Aristolochia hastata Kunth; Aristolochia nashii Kearney; Aristolochia officinalis Nees; Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. var. hastata (Kunth) Duch.; Aristolochia polyrrhizos Spreng.; Aristolochia sagittata Muhl., nom. nud.; Aristolochia serpentaria var. bartonii (Klotzsch) Duch.; Aristolochia serpentaria var. hastata Duch.; Aristolochia serpentaria var. hastata (Nuttall) Duchartre; Aristolochia serpentaria var. laxa Duch.; Aristolochia serpentaria var. nashii (Kearney) H.E. Ahles, nom. illeg. superfl.; Endodeca bartonii Klotzsch; Endodeca dodecandra Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.; Endodeca hastata (Nutt.) Raf.; Endodeca polyrrhizos Klotzsch; Endodeca serpentaria

(Whole plant ground and applied on fractures and dislocation of bones. Roots stomachic, tonic, carminative and emmenagogue, analgesic, anthelmintic, febrifuge, Guinea worm remedy, for bone fracture, indigestion, malaria, rheumatism,

397

Aristotelia L’Hérit. Elaeocarpaceae

toothache, fevers; fresh or dry roots taken for snake poison. Pounded leaves applied to the head to treat fever; leaf paste in coconut oil applied on chest in asthma and cough; leaf juice used to alleviate the pain due to swellings; cooling leaves decoction taken by pregnant women.) in India: aadutheendapalai, belikol, dodda eeshvari balli, eswara balli, garuda kodi, gattada eeshvari, ishwari bheda, karalakam, khurthlong, krah-kshiang, lakiom, minchokoyen, minchokoyon, nallaeeshvara, nallaisvara, nallayisvari, punkot in Indonesia: kalayar, kunit, puyan in Malaysia: akar ketola hutan, akar petola hutan in Philippines: goan-goan, nagerus, timbangan in Thailand: krachao mot, krachao pheemot in Vietnam: d[aa]y kh[oos] r[as]ch, ph[of]ng k[yr] Aristolochia triangularis Cham. (Howardia triangularis Klotzsch; Howardia triangularis (Cham.) Klotzsch) South America. See Linnaea 7: 209, pl. 7. 1832, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 1: 65–66, f. 10. 1854, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 620. 1859 (Diuretic, diaphoretic. Stem decoction and tea used for regulating fertility.) in Paraguay: mil hombres Aristolochia trilobata L. (Aristolochia appendiculata Vell.; Aristolochia caracasana Spreng.; Aristolochia caudata Booth ex Lindl.; Aristolochia macrota Duch.; Aristolochia macroura Gomes; Aristolochia macroura var. subtrifida Duch.; Aristolochia scandens P. Browne; Aristolochia surinamensis Willd.; Aristolochia tapetotricha Lem.; Aristolochia trifida Lam.; Aristolochia triloba Salisb.; Howardia macroura (Gomes) Klotzsch; Howardia surinamensis (Willd.) Klotzsch; Howardia trifida (Lam.) Klotzsch; Howardia trilobata (L.) Klotzsch) South America. Often as Aristolochia macroura Ortega See Species Plantarum 2: 960. 1753, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1859: 617–618. 1859 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(4): 309–323. 1960[1961], Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53(2): 115–196. 1966, Fl. Colombia 12: 127. 1990 (Leaf decoction for diabetes, snakebites, hypertension, as abortifacient, postpartum, to ease parturition. Magicoreligious beliefs, vine planted against bewitchment.) Aristolochia tuberosa C.F. Liang & S.M. Hwang (Aristolochia cinnabarina J.L. Wu & Z.L. Yang; Aristolochia cinnabarina C.Y. Cheng & J.L. Wu) China.

See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 17, pl. 3. f. 3; pl. 4, f. 1–2. 1975, Iconographia Cormophytorum Sinicorum 1: 257, f. 8513. 1982, J. Ethnopharmacol. 6(2): 191–226. 1982 (The tuber is used medicinally, known as zhu sha lian; the species is also used for treating snakebites.) in China: bei she sheng Aristolochia tubiflora Dunn (Aristolochia longilingua C.Y. Cheng & W. Yu; Aristolochia triangulifolia W. Yu) China. See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 38(267): 364. 1908, Bulletin of Botanical Research 12(1): 109, pl. 1. 1992, Guihaia 12(1): 3–4, f. 1. 1992, Bulletin of Botanical Research 15(2): 199–205, pl. I-III. 1995 (For the treatment of snakebites.) in China: bi she lei Aristolochia versicolor S.M. Hwang China. See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 19(2): 224–226, pl. 4. 1981 (The tuber used for skin diseases.) in China: guo shi zhu

Aristotelia L’Hérit. Elaeocarpaceae See Species Plantarum 1: 117–118. 1753, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 125. 1763, Charles Louis L’Héritier de Brutelle (1746–1800), Stirpes novae aut minus cognitae. 31, t. 16. Parisiis 1785, Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis]. 2(1): 751. 1791, Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Gewachse 2: 885. 1818, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 520. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 445, 450. 1825, Analyse des Familles de Plantes 37, 41. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 192. 1840, Der Deutsche Botaniker Herbarienbuch 209. 1841 and Bot. Mag. 128: t. 7868. 1902. Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz (Aristotelia chilensis Stuntz; Aristotelia glandulosa Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg.; Aristotelia macqui L’Hér.; Aristotelia macqui var. alpestris Reiche; Aristotelia macqui var. andina Phil.; Aristotelia macqui var. brachystyla Kurz; Aristotelia macqui var. leucocarpa Dimitri; Cornus chilensis Molina) Chile. Shrub See Species Plantarum 1: 117–118. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 445, 450. 1825 and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Plant Industry. Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction 31: 85. 1914 (Dry fruit for indigestion and child diarrhea. Crushed fresh roots applied to the back as a febrifuge; crushed roots chewed to cleanse and heal sores of the mouth.)

398

in Chile: maque, maqui Aristotelia serrata (Forst. & Forst.f.) W. Oliver (Aristotelia serrata Oliv.; Dicera serrata Forst.) New Zealand. Small tree, pale pink to deep red flowers in clusters, red to black berries hang in bunches, fruits quite edible See Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 53: 365. 1921 (Leaves for burns, rheumatism, boils, sore eyes; bark in cold water for eye troubles.) in English: wineberry Maori names: mako, makomako

Armeniaca Miller Rosaceae Latin Armeniacum for the fruit of the apricot-tree, the apricot, Armeniaca ‘the apricot-tree’ (Plinius and L. Junius Moderatus Columella); see Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 76. Basel 1996. Armeniaca vulgaris Lamarck (Prunus armeniaca L.) China, India, Japan. Deciduous tree, round-headed, globose fleshy fruit with a large pit/stone, seeds rich in oil and protein, fruits eaten See Methodus Plantarum 15. 1754, Encycl. 1(1): 2. 1783, Synopsis Florae Germanicae et Helveticae 1: 205. 1837 and Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 38: 26. 1986, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 9(3): 66. 1989, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 188. 1993, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 38: 281. 2000 (Poisonous parts are the wilted leaves, twigs, stems and seeds; cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin. Liquid from the seed kernels is highly toxic; oil from the seed kernels used as a laxative. Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, laxative. The fresh ground kernels mixed with water to form a milky paste and applied to dry and cracked nostrils and lips. Salted fruit used in the treatment of cough, asthma, sore throat, diarrhea and ascariasis.) in English: apricot, common apricot in Arabic: michmèche in Italian: albicocca in Spanish: albaricoque in China: xing ren, hsing, tien mei in India: aru, chuli, dilitel, gurdalu in Indonesia, Malaysia: badam in Japan: anzu in Thailand: aprikhot in Tibetan: kham-bu in Vietnam: hanh, ma pheng, mac moi, mo, mo’, mai

Armeniaca Miller Rosaceae

Armeniaca vulgaris Lamarck var. vulgaris (Armeniaca armeniaca (L.) Huth, nom. inval., tautonym; Prunus armeniaca L.; Prunus tiliifolia Salisb., nom. nud., nom. illeg.) China, India, Japan. See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, Methodus Plantarum 15. 1754, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 2. 1783, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 356. 1796, Helios 11(9): 133. 1893 and Flora Sylvatica Koreana 5: 38. 1915 (Peach (Prunus persica) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca), have pits with enough toxin to cause poisoning and death in humans and animals. Medicinally used for cough and constipation. Warm oil applied on joints to get relief from rheumatic pain.) in English: apricot, common apricot in India: chul, chuli, chulli

Armoracia Gaertner, B. Meyer & Scherb. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) From the classical Latin name for horseradish, armoracia, ae, (armoracea, armoracium, ii), Greek armorakia, see Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi 267. 1794, OekonomischTechnische Flora der Wetterau 2: 426–428. 1800. Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (Armoracia armoracia (L.) Cockerell; Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.; Armoracia sativa Bernhardi; Cardamine armoracia (L.) Kuntze; Cochlearia armoracia L.; Cochlearia rusticana Lam.; Crucifera armoracia (L.) E.H.L. Krause; Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fries; Nasturtium armoracioides (L.) Fr.; Radicula armoracia (L.) B.L. Rob.; Rorippa armoracia (L.) A.S. Hitchcock; Rorippa rusticana Gren. & Godr.; Rorippa rusticana (Gaertner et al.) Godron) North America. Perennial herb, deep fleshy taproot, small white flowers 4-parted See Species Plantarum 2: 648. 1753, Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel (1741–1814), Caroli Linnæi … Systema plantarum Europae. Coloniae-Allobrogum, 1785–1787 [t. I. Nomenclator linnæanus. Flora lithuanica inchoata; seu, Enumeratio plantarum quas circa Grodnam collegit & determinavit J.-E. Gilibert.], Systematisches Verzeichnis 191. 1800, OekonomischTechnische Flora der Wetterau 2: 426. 1800, Flore de France [Grenier] 1: 127. 1847 [1848 publ. Nov 1847], A Key to the Spring Flora of Manhattan 18. 1894 and Deutschlands Flora, Abtheilung II, Cryptogamie 6: 54. 1902, Rhodora 10(110): 32. 1908, Flora of Boulder, Colorado, and Vicinity 130. 1911, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 19: 107–148. 1976, Taxon 29: 725–726. 1980, Fenwick, G.R., Heaney, R.K., Mawson, R. Glucosinolates. Pages 1–41 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. II. Glycosides. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA. 1989

399

Arnebia Forssk. Boraginaceae

(Toxic only if large quantities eaten. The plant contains glucosinolates, which can cause toxicity in livestock. Irritation of the mucous membranes can occur in humans who grind the roots to produce horseradish condiment. Plant used for diabetes. Roots abortifacient, diuretic, rubefacient, antirheumatic, tonic, analgesic, for colds, asthma, bronchitis, inflammation, urinary troubles; infusion gargled for sore throat; roots chewed for tongue and mouth diseases. Poultice of leaves applied for neuralgia, toothache.) in English: horseradish, red cole in China: la gen

Arnebia Forssk. Boraginaceae From vernacular name sagaret el arneb, Arabic name for Arabian primrose and prophet flower; see P. Forsskål, Flora aegyptiaco-arabica. 62, 63. Copenhagen 1775, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 75: 212–213, 220. 1971 (publ. 1972) and Flora Uzbekistanica 5: 632. 1961. Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst. (Echium benthamii Wall. ex G. Don; Echium benthamii Wall.; Lithospermum benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst.; Macrotomia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) A. DC.; Macrotomia benthamii Boiss.; Macrotomia benthamii DC. ex Meisn.) Himalayas, Pakistan, Nepal. Erect herbaceous perennial, hispid, purplish brown flowers, see also Macrotomia benthamii See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 931. 1829, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 333. 1837, Pl. Vasc. Gen. [Meisner] 2: 190. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 10: 27. 1846, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] Suppl. 352 [Macrotamia]. 1888 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 33: 333. 1952, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 35: 56. 1954 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Root paste mildly warmed and applied to forehead for relieving headache and fever, also to wounds and burns; roots for asthma, rheumatic pains and snakebite. Cardiac and febrifuge, flowering shoots used in preparation of sherbet (syrup) and jam useful in various diseases of tongue, throat, fever and cardiac disorders. A major ingredient of the commercial drug available under the name Gaozaban, which has antibacterial, antifungal, stimulant, tonic, diuretic, expectorant, antiinflammatory and woundhealing properties.) in India: balchari, balchhadi, balsamjari, gaozaban, gauzaban, gojihva, kahzaban, khome, laijari, laldori, laljari, ratan jot, ratanjor, ratanjot, rattanjot Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M. Johnston (Arnebia euchroma I.M. Johnst.; Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) I.M. Johnst.; Arnebia euchroma subsp. caespitosa Rech. f. & Riedl; Arnebia euchroma var. grandis (Bornm.) Kazmi; Arnebia perennis (Schrenk) A. DC.; Arnebia tingens

A. DC.; Lithospermum euchromon Royle; Macrotomia echioides Boiss.; Macrotomia endochromon Hook. f. & Thoms. ex Henderson and Hume; Macrotomia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) Paulsen; Macrotomia euchroma (Royle) Paulsen; Macrotomia euchromon Paulsen; Macrotomia oginoi Kitamura; Macrotomia perennis (Schrenk) Boiss.; Macrotomia ugamensis Popov; Stenosolenium perenne Schrenk) Himalaya, India, Nepal. Perennial herb, erect, hairy, variable, fat red edible dye See Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 305. 1839, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 211. 1875 and Botanisk Tidsskrift 27: 216. 1906, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 73: 49. 1924, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 111, 152. 1962, Fl. Iran. 48: 164. 1967, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55(1): 77–80. 1996, J. Nat. Prod. 65(12): 1857–1862. 2002 (Purple roots antipyretic, bactericidal, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticancer, contraceptive, hair tonic, emollient and vulnerary, used in the treatment of measles, eye diseases, burns, eczema, dermatitis, wounds, toothache and earache; dried roots antiviral, to prevent hepatitis; bruised roots applied to skin eruptions. Ceremonial, ritual, red dye used for worship.) in English: Sinkiang-Tibet arnebia in China: ruan zi cao, zi cao in India: balchari, demok, dimo, dimug, dre-mog, khamed, ratanjot Arnebia guttata Bunge (Arnebia thomsonii C.B. Clarke; Arnebia tibetana Kurz; Lithospermum guttatum (Bunge) I.M. Johnston; Macrotomia guttata (Bunge) Farrer) China, Afghanistan. Herb, biennial and perennial See Bunge, Alexander Andrejewitsch von (1803–1890), Ind. Sem. Hort. Dorpat. 7. Dorpati Livonorum, 1840, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43(3): 189. 1874, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] iv. 176. 1883 and Engl. Rock Gard. 2: 469. 1925, J. Arnold Arbor. xxxiii. 330. 1952 (Antimalarial, fungicidal. Ceremonial, ritual, red dye used for worship.) in English: common arnebia in China: zi cao, huang hua ruan zi cao in India: balchari, demok, dimo, dimug, dre-mog, khamed, ratanjot Arnebia hispidissima (Sieber ex Lehm.) A. DC. (Arnebia hispidissima DC.; Lithospermum hispidissimum Lehm.; Lithospermum hispidissimum Sieber ex Lehm.) India. See Icon. Descr. Nov. Stirp. t. 39. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 10: 94. 1846

400

(Bristles of plants are said to act as poison. Leaves for yellow fever and edema. Root dye for skin eruptions.) in India: rambus

Arnica L. Asteraceae

sesquiterpene lactones. Used in liniments and creams for external treatment of bruises and injuries, should not be applied to broken skin.) in English: American arnica, Chamisso arnica, leafy arnica

Arnica L. Asteraceae Derivation obscure, possibly a corruption of the Greek ptarnike ‘sneeze’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 884–885. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 376. 1754, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 186. 1760 and Maguire, B. “A monograph of the genus Arnica.” Brittonia 4: 386–510. 1943.

Arnica cordifolia Hook. (Arnica cordifolia Hook. subsp. genuina Maguire; Arnica cordifolia Hook. var. humilis (Rydb.) Maguire; Arnica cordifolia var. pumila (Rydb.) Maguire; Arnica cordifolia Hook. var. whitneyi (Fernald) Maguire; Arnica hardinae H. St. John; Arnica humilis Rydb.; Arnica paniculata A. Nelson; Arnica whitneyi Fernald) North America. Perennial

North America, SE United States. Simple stems, corollas yellow, anthers yellow

See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(Suppl.): 331. 1834 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 433. 1900, New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains 572. 1909, Rhodora 37(441): 334–337, pl. 379, f. 1–5. 1935, Madroño 6(5): 154. 1942, Brittonia 4(3): 452. 1943

See Species Plantarum 2: 885–886. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 205. 1788, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 30. 1888

(Whole plant said to be toxic, nervine, antiinflammatory, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, sternutatory and vulnerary; mashed plant poultice for swellings, sore eyes, bruises and cuts. Charm, magic, roots used as a love medicine.)

(Roots infusion taken for back pain. Bactericidal, vesicant, used topically to treat bruises, sprains, wounds.)

in English: heartleaf arnica

Arnica acaulis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Doronicum acaule Walter)

in English: common leopardbane, leopard’s bane, stemless arnica Arnica chamissonis Less. (Arnica bernardina Greene; Arnica chamissonis subsp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire; Arnica chamissonis subsp. genuina Maguire, nom. inval.; Arnica chamissonis subsp. incana (A. Gray) Maguire; Arnica chamissonis var. bernardina (Greene) Jeps. ex Maguire; Arnica chamissonis var. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire; Arnica chamissonis var. incana (A. Gray) Hultén; Arnica chamissonis var. interior Maguire; Arnica chamissonis var. jepsoniana Maguire; Arnica foliosa Nutt.; Arnica foliosa var. bernardina (Greene) Jeps.) North America. Perennial, bright yellow to orange-yellow flowers See Species Plantarum 2: 884–885. 1753, Linnaea 6(2): 238–239. 1831, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 407. 1841, American Naturalist 8(4): 214. 1874 and Pittonia 4(23): 169–170. 1900, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 1157. 1925, Rhodora 41(490): 508. 1939, Madroño 6(5): 154. 1942, Brittonia 4(3): 466. 1943, American Midland Naturalist 37(1): 139–140. 1947, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 46(1): 1591. 1950, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94(4): 521. 1967, Great Basin Naturalist 28(3): 149. 1968, American Journal of Botany 63: 1393–1403. 1976, Taxon 28: 278. 1979, Taxon 34: 547–551. 1985, Rhodora 89: 391–400. 1987, Sida 15: 649–653. 1993, Planta Med. 60(4): 369–372. 1994 (Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested, reported potentially allergenic pseudoguaianolides and (from Arnica foliosa)

Arnica latifolia Bong. (Arnica latifolia Bong. var. angustifolia Herder) USA, Alaska. Perennial, ray flowers yellow, disk flowers darker yellow See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(2): 147–148. 1832 and North American Flora 34(4): 336. 1927 (Commonly used in herbal ointments and oils applied on the skin as an antiinflammatory and pain-relieving agent for aches, bruises and sprains on unbroken skin. Charm, magic, roots used as a love medicine.) in English: broadleaf arnica, daffodil leopardbane Arnica lonchophylla Greene (Arnica alpina (L.) Olin & Ladau subsp. lonchophylla (Greene) G.W. Douglas & RuyleDouglas; Arnica angustifolia Vahl subsp. lonchophylla (Greene) G.W. Douglas & Ruyle-Douglas; Arnica arnoglossa Greene; Arnica chionopappa Fernald; Arnica gaspensis Fernald; Arnica lonchophylla subsp. arnoglossa (Greene) Maguire; Arnica lonchophylla subsp. chionopappa (Fernald) Maguire) North America, Canada, Alaska. Stems usually simple rarely branched, yellow flowers See Pittonia 4(23): 164, 166. 1900, Rhodora 7(80): 148–149. 1905, Brittonia 4(3): 430–431. 1943, Le Naturaliste Canadien 87(2): 27. 1960, Great Basin Naturalist 28(3): 149. 1968, Canadian Journal of Botany 56(2): 185. 1978, Canadian Journal of Botany 56(14): 1710. 1978, Planta Med. 70(10):

401

Arnicratea N. Hallé Celastraceae

967–977. 2004 [New triterpene esters from flowerheads of Arnica lonchophylla.] (Antiinflammatory.) in North America: longleaf arnica, northern arnica, spearleaf arnica, white-plumed arnica, arnica lonchophylle Arnica longifolia D.C. Eaton (Arnica longifolia subsp. myriadenia (Piper) Maguire; Arnica myriadenia Piper) USA. See Species Plantarum 2: 884–885. 1753, United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Botany 186. 1871 and Rhodora 7(80): 148. 1905, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 33(23): 106. 1920, Brittonia 4(3): 430, 470. 1943, Hausen, B.M. et al. “The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. I. Occupational contact dermatitis from Arnica longifolia Eaton.” Contact Dermatitis 4(1): 3–10. 1978, Rhodora 89: 391–400. 1987, Planta Med. 54(6): 578. 1988, Planta Med. 65(2): 153–156. 1999, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 8430–8435. 2007 (Antifungal. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis, reported potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: spear-leaf leopardbane Arnica montana L. Europe, North America. Herbaceous perennial, basal leaves clustered See Species Plantarum 2: 884. 1753 and Contact Dermatitis. 4(1): 3–10. 1978, Planta Med. 54(6): 578. 1988, Planta Med. 64(3): 268–270. 1998, Planta Med. 65(2): 153–156. 1999, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30(5): 873–879. 2007, Homeopathy 96(1):17–21. 2007 (Toxic only if large quantities eaten; roots and flowers the poisonous parts. When applied tincture can cause blistering and inflammation, occupational allergic contact dermatitis, skin irritation minor; reported potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Commonly used in herbal ointments and oils applied on the skin as an antiinflammatory and painrelieving agent for aches, bruises, and sprains on unbroken skin. Homeopathic Arnica montana for analgesia, inflammation; Arnica montana is a homeopathic remedy often prescribed after traumata and injuries, but the hypothesis that homeopathic Arnica is effective could be neither proved nor rejected.) in English: arnica, arnica root, common arnica, leopard’sbane, leopardsbane, mountain arnica, mountain snuff, mountain tobacco, wolf’s bane

Arnicratea N. Hallé Celastraceae See Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Section B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 6: 12. 1984.

Arnicratea grahamii N. Hallé India. Shrub, climbing, white flowers in axillary branched panicles, winged seeds See Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Section B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 6: 14. 1984 (For skin diseases.) in India: danshir, dhavsaricha vel, lokhandi

Arnoglossum Raf. Asteraceae Greek arnos ‘a lamb’ and glossa ‘a tongue’, referring to the leaves; arnoglosson, the ancient Greek name for plantain, Plantago major, and haresfoot plantain, Plantago lagopus; see C.S. Rafinesque, Florula Ludoviciana, or, a flora of the state of … 64–65. 1817, Am. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 4: 188. 1819, Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement 8: 247. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 329. 1837[1838] and American Midland Naturalist 3(7): 193. 1914, E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus. 232. 1949. Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Rob. (Cacalia atriplicifolia L.; Cacalia paniculata Raf.; Cacalia paniculata (DC.) Kuntze; Cacalia paniculata Kuntze; Cacalia rotundifolia (Raf.) House; Cacalia similis (Small) Buchholz & E.J. Palmer; Cacalia similis J. Buchholz & E.J. Palmer; Conophora atriplicifolia (L.) Nieuwl.; Conophora atriplicifolia Nieuwl.; Conophora similis Nieuwl.; Conophora similis (Small) Nieuwl.; Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf.; Mesadenia pulverulenta Raf.; Mesadenia rotundifolia Raf.; Mesadenia similis Small; Senecio atriplicifolius (L.) Hook.; Senecio atriplicifolius Hook.) North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 2: 835. 1753, Annals of Nature 14. 1820, Flora Boreali-Americana (Hooker) 1(Suppl.): 332. 1834, New Flora and Botany of North America … 4: 79. 1836[1838], Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 970. 1891 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 1301, 1341. 1903, American Midland Naturalist 3(7): 193. 1914, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 25: 141. 1926, Phytologia 28(3): 294. 1974, Taxon 31: 126–127. 1982 (Poultice used for cancerous sores, as a blood purifier and antidote.) in English: pale Indian plantain

Arrabidaea DC. Bignoniaceae Don Antonio da Arrabida, Bishop of Anemurium; see José Mariano da Conceição Velloso, Petro … primo … jubente … Florae Fluminensis icones … Edidit … A. da Arrabida. Parisiis 1827 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/3): 153–232. 1974,

402

Flora of Ecuador 7: 1–172. 1977, Flora de Veracruz 24: 1–222. 1982, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 77–161. 2000, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verl. (Adenocalymma portoricensis A. Stahl; Arrabidaea acutifolia A. DC.; Arrabidaea cuprea (Cham.) Bornm., nom. illeg.; Arrabidaea larensis Pittier; Arrabidaea rosea DC.; Bignonia chica Humb. & Bonpl.; Bignonia cuprea Cham.; Bignonia erubescens S. Moore, nom. illeg., non Bignonia erubescens DC.; Bignonia tinctoria Arruda; Bignonia triphylla Willd. ex DC., nom. illeg., non Bignonia triphylla L.; Lundia chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) Seem.; Temnocydia carajura Mart. ex DC., nom. inval.; Vasconcellia acutifolia C. Mart. ex DC., nom. inval.) Tropical America. Liana, creeper, climbing, scrambling, scandent shrub, red pigment from the leaves for tattoos, dye in body painting for rituals. See Species Plantarum 2: 622–625. 1753, Genera Plantarum 137. 1789, Plantae Aequinoctiales 1: 107–110, t. 31, f.1. 1808[1807], Linnaea 7: 655. 1832, Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève sér. 2. 17: 126–128. 1838, Plantarum vascularium genera secundum ordines … 1: 300; 2: 208. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 151, 185, 194, 201. 1845, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald 180. 1854, Revue Horticole 40: 154. 1868, Estudios sobre [2–6: para] la flora de Puerto-Rico 6: 186. 1888, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany ser. 2, 4: 412. 1895 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18: 336. 1928, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 2: 10. 1935, Kew Bulletin 15: 453. 1962, Phytochemistry 56(8): 831–835. 2001, Phytochem. Anal. 13(2): 114–119. 2002, Pinto L.N. “Levantamento etnofarmacêutico dos fitoterápicos tradicionais utilizados no município de Cametá e análise de Arrabidaea chica (HBK) Verlot.” Belém. Monografia de Especialização, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pará 2004, Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia / Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 18(4): 544–548. 2008, J. Ethnopharmacol. 118(3): 361–366. 2008 (Fresh or dried leaves infusion antiinflammatory, antifungal, trypanocidal, astringent, antioxidant, antimicrobial, vulnerary, wound healing agent, conjunctivitis, uterine inflammation, hemorrhage, anemia and leukemia, blood disorders, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, inflammation, stomach and intestinal aches, diarrhea, for skin affections, to protect the skin against the sunlight and to repel insect; eventually used to bath external wounds; extract of Arrabidaea chica able to influence liver metabolism, inhibitory effect of the extract from leaves and stems on hepatic glucose production; sap used as eye wash for eye infections.) in English: cricket vine in South America: carajiru, carajurin, carajuru, chica, crajiru, masipahka, pariri, puca panga

Arracacia Bancroft Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Arracacia Bancroft Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) From the Spanish vernacular name; see Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Beförderung des Gartenbaues in den Königlich Preussischen Staaten 4(2): 386–389. 1828 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5A/1): 3–97. 1962, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/1): 21–66. 1966, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Fl. Ecuador 5: 1–71. 1976, National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989. Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft (Arracacha esculenta DC.; Arracacia andina Britton; Arracacia esculenta DC.; Bancroftia xanthorrhiza (Bancroft) Billberg; Conium arracacha Hooker) Colombia. See Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Jamaica 1825: 5. 1825, Linnéska samfundets handlingar 1: 40. 1833 (Postpartum remedy.) in English: Peruvian parsnip in Peru: arracacha, birracas, huaisampilla, r’accacha, racacha, rajacha, rakcacha, rumu racacha, virraca

Artabotrys R. Br. Annonaceae According to Robert Brown the generic name is from the Greek artane, artao ‘that by which something is hung up’ and botrys ‘cluster, a bunch of grapes, a cluster of grapes’, in reference to the cluster of woody tendrils arising from the flower stalk (peduncles); this name was used by Dioscorides to describe a herb ‘like wormwood’, see Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 5: pl. 423. 1820 and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 1: 119. 1911, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1923: 256. 1923. Artabotrys brachypetalus Benth. Tanzania. Liana. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 23: 467. 1862 and Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31: 1447–1449. 2003 (Alkaloids. For impotence and infertility.) in English: short-petalled artabotrys in Mozambique: tita in Southern Africa: uMazwenda omnyama (Zulu); Ntita, ntiti (Tsonga: Eastern Transvaal); mudzidzi (Venda) Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari (Annona hexapetala Linnaeus f.; Annona uncinata Lamarck; Anona uncinata Lam.; Artabotrys odoratissimus R. Br.; Artabotrys odoratissimus R. Brown ex Ker Gawl., nom. illeg.; Artabotrys uncata (Lour.) Baill.; Artabotrys uncatus (Loureiro) Baillon; Artabotrys uncatus Baillon; Artabotrys uncinatus (Lamarck)

Artanema D. Don Scrophulariaceae (Linderniaceae, Plantaginaceae, Veronicaceae)

Merrill; Unona uncata (Lour.) Dunal; Unona uncinata (Lamarck) Dunal; Uvaria esculenta Roxburgh ex Rottl.; Uvaria odoratissima Roxburgh; Uvaria uncata Loureiro) India, Sri Lanka, Java and South China. Straggler, liana, climbing vine, scandent shrub, thorny branches, hooked spines, juicy yellow flowers very fragrant See Supplementum Plantarum 270. 1781[1782], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 127. 1786, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 349. 1790, Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4: 201. 1803, Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 105, t. 25. 1807, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 5: pl. 423. 1819, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 5: pl. 423. 1820, Histoire des Plantes 1: 232. 1868 and Philippine Journal of Science 7(4): 234. 1912, Fl. Madagasc. 78: 7. 1958, Baileya 12(4): 147. 1964, International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases 5(2): 173–179. 1987, Phytochemistry 45(4): 831–833. 1997 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Flowers tonic, stimulant; fruits for scrofula, fruit and bark to treat fever, diarrhea, dysentery, helminthiasis, flatulence, colic, constipation, bruises, cuts, sprains, skin diseases, wounds, ulcers, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, inflammation, leprosy, cough, asthma, bronchitis. Leaves extract antibacterial, antifertility, antifungal, decoction of the leaves against cholera.) in English: climbing ylang-ylang in China: ying zhua hua in India: akkurotam, antakam, chinichampa, harachampaka, hari-champa, harichampa, hiravaachaapa, hirvachampa, kanankay, kandaala sampige, kandalisampage, kantali champa, kantalisampige, kanthaala sampige, kanthali champa, katchampa, kulakayam, kunarancitam, madana kaamaeshvari, madana masthi hoo, madanah, madanakameshvari, madanakamesvari, madanakameswari, madanmast, madmanti, makaticam, mandanamanjari hoo, mano-ranjitam, manorancitam, manoranjana balli, manoranjanballi, manoranjani, manoranjani hoo balli, manoranjidam, manoranjidamu, manoranjini hoovu, manoranjitam, manoranjitham, manoranjithamu, matanakamappu, muddasampenga, naaga champaka, nilachampaka, phala-sampenga, phalasampanga, phalasampenga, sakalaphala-sampenga, sakalaphalasampanga, sampenga, thiga sampangi, tiga sampangi

403

Artabotrys monteiroae Oliv. (Artabotrys nitidus Engl.) (the specific name honors Mrs. Rose Monteiro, 1840–1897, botanist and plant collector, author of Delagoa Bay. Its natives and natural history. London 1891; see I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (4), Collectors M. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 93. 1976.) South Africa. Woody lianescent climber, creeping, scrambling shrub, stem somewhat spiny, crushed leaves fragrant, climbing by hooks, white yellow flowers See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 18, t. 1796. 1888 and Phytochemical Analysis 4(2): 72–75. 1993, Kirkia 18 (19): 35–48. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92(2–3): 177– 191. 2004 (Analgesic, antiplasmodial, antiinflammatory; against malaria body bathed with leaf juice, and a decoction of roots and bark drunk; roots boiled and drunk to increase strength.) in English: red hook-berry in Southern Africa: mudzidzi, munnamutswu, uMazwenda in Tanzania: inyanswila, pilipili pori Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume (Unona suaveolens Blume) Java, Northeastern India. A scandent shrub or climber, inflorescence many-flowered, flowers creamy white or yellow See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 17. 1825, Flora Javae 62, t. 30, 31D. 1830 (Alkaloids. Bark and roots decoction emmenagogue, used by women after parturition; decoction or infusion of the leaves used against cholera.) in India: manarancitam in Malaysia: akar chenana, akar larak in Philippines: bahai-balagan, susong-damulag, susong-kalabau in Thailand: aa-kaa-kai Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thomson Sri Lanka, India. Liana

in Malaysia: kenanga china, kenanga bolok

See Flora Indica: Being a Systematic Account of the Plants of British India. [Hooker f. & Thomson] 1: 128. 1855 and Taxon 29: 165–166. 1980

in Thailand: kradangngaa cheen, sabanngaa cheen

(Flowers decoction for treating vomiting.)

in Vietnam: d[aa]y c[oo]ng ch[us]a, hoa m[os]ng r[oof]ng

in India: manoranjitham

Artabotrys modestus Diels Tropical Africa, Tanzania. See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 13: 272. 1936 (Leaves and roots antiinflammatory, astringent, for stomachache, diarrhea.)

Artanema D. Don Scrophulariaceae (Linderniaceae, Plantaginaceae, Veronicaceae) Greek artane, artao ‘that by which something is hung up, to support, to suspend’ and nema ‘thread’, referring to the appendages of the filaments, see The British Flower Garden,

404

… 3: t. 234. 1834 and American Journal of Botany 88: 348– 361. 2001. Artanema longifolium (L.) Merr. (Artanema longifolia (L.) Vatke; Artanema longifolium Merr.; Artanema longifolium Vatke; Columnea longifolia L.) Tropical Africa, India. Erect branched herb, corolla deep redpurple, leaves eaten as a vegetable See Species Plantarum 2: 638. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 90. 1767, Scroph. Ind. 39. 1835, Linnaea 43: 307. 1882 and Philipp. J. Sci. 19: 380. 1921 (Used in Ayurveda. Antidiabetic and antioxidant, an aqueous extract a component of Ayurvedic medicines used against inflammations of the skeleto-muscular system, for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, also used against nausea.) in India: bahel-tsjulli, kokilaksah, neermulli, vayalculli Artanema sesamoides (Vahl) Benth. (Achimenes sesamoides Vahl; Artanema sesamoides Benth.) India. Erect branched herb, linear-lanceolate leaves, glandular hairy red purple flowers in terminal cymes See Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 71. 1791, Syn. Pl. 2: 164, 169. 1806, Scrophularineae Indicae 39. 1835 and International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products 1(1): 25–33. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots decoction antidiabetic and antioxidant, given in rheumatism, diarrhea, syphilis and ophthalmia, to improve vitality and relieve nausea. Seeds given for biliousness and fertility.) in India: iksrua, kokilaksha, neermulli

Artemisia L. Asteraceae Latin artemisia for the plant mugwort (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 367. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Flore Françoise 4: 189. 1815, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817, Flora 6(2) Beil. 96, sphalm. 1823, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1(8): 222–223. 1828, Synopsis Generum Compositarum 264. 1832, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 399. 1841, Flore de France … Prospectus 2: 126. 1850 and Flore de France 27. 1903, North American Flora 34(3): 258, 282. 1916, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 8: 64. 1939, Flora URSS 26: 504. 1961, American Journal of Botany 68(5): 590– 591. 1981, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, Bulletin of Botanical Research 4(2): 5. 1988, Phytologia Memoirs 10: i-ii, 1–93. 1996, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999. Artemisia abrotanum L. (Artemisia abrotanum Thunb., non L.) North America.

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 309. 1784 and Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 672–676. 1988, Kew Bulletin 52(1): 121–138. 1997 (Used in Sidha. A fly and parasite repellent.) in North America: armoise aurone, lad’s love, lady’s love, old man, southernwood in India: cirotikam, davana, iruppaval, iruppavarceti, kanakamarukkoluntu, kanalkanni, kattumaruk koluntu, kilavantati, mavitakkatti, municatilam, panitanki Artemisia absinthium L. (Artemisia absinthia St.-Lég.; Artemisia absinthium var. insipida Stechmann) Cosmopolitan, from Europe to Asia. Perennial aromatic herb, silky, leaves silvery-green finely divided into blunt narrow segments, small drooping greenish yellow flowers, yellowish heads See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 7: 119. 1880 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 123: 35–54. 1974, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 25: 477–483. 1979, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 769–771. 1979, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 357–368. 1981, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 299–316. 1984, Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 195–210. 1986, Fitologija 31: 71–74. 1986, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 33: 57–62. 1986, Biologie-Ecologie Mediterraneenne 10: 273–289. 1987, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 61: 105–124. 1988, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1671–1673. 1989, Prace Botaniczne 49: 1–83. 1992, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 88–90. 1992, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994, Flora Mediterranea 5: 357–363. 1995, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Toxic only if large quantities eaten, all parts poisonous. Psychoactive ingredient for absinthe liquor, a beverage that is illegal in some markets. Known as a powerful neurotoxin, absinthe in large quantities is addictive as well as deadly. Leaf and stem decoction given for regulating fertility; decoction or infusion of twigs taken for head colds; roots infusion stomachic. Leaves infusion or decoction vermifuge, to expel worms in children; leaves paste applied for healing wounds.) in English: absinth, absinth sagewort, absinthe, common wormwood, green ginger, lady’s love, madder-wood, madderwort, mugwort, old man, old woman, wormwood in French: absinthe in Italian: artemisia, assenzio in Arabic: chajret mariam, dasisah, eshbet mariam, shadjret mariam, shih rumi in India: afsanteen, afsanthin, afsantin, bhurse, cimaimacippattiri, damar, davana, faloling, indhana, machipattri, macipattiri, macippaccai, moshipatri, nilampala, qaisoom

405

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

(afsanteen), serpana, shulabandha, surapeena, surpan, tartiha, tethwan, tirunitri-pachcha, urigattige, uruvalu, vilayathi afsanthin, vilayathi afsantin, vilayatiafsantin

Artemisia alaskana Rydb. (Artemisia kruhsiana Besser subsp. alaskana (Rydb.) D.F. Murray & Elven; Artemisia tyrellii Rydb.; Artemisia tyrrellii Rydb.)

in South America: absinto, ajenjo, ajinku, chillk’a killara, losna, naki-mark’u, ñawñatamisa, qilq’ ijup’alla

North America. Perennial herb or subshrub

Artemisia abyssinica Sch.Bip. ex A. Rich. (Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip.)

See North American Flora 34(3): 262, 281. 1916, Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(1): 443. 2008

Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia.

(Decoction taken for diabetes.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753 and Phytotherapy research 15(2): 103–108. 2001, J. Ethnopharmacol. 112: 55–70. 2007

in English: Alaska sagebrush, Alaska wormwood

(Essential oil antioxidant, antidiabetic. Veterinary medicine.) in Ethiopia: arrtta bera Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. (Artemisia afra Jacq.) Tropical Africa. Shrublet, perennial herb, woody-based, erect, tufted, suffruticose, many-branched, spreading, sprawling, stems light grey green, woolly soft much divided leaves grey green to silvery white, strong spicy smell, small yellowish flowers See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(3): 1820. 1803, Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: 34, t. 467. 1804 and Botaniska Notiser 130: 1–24. 1977, Phytotherapy Research 15(2): 103–108. 2001, Phytotherapy Research 17(2): 123–128. 2003 [In vitro antiplasmodial evaluation of medicinal plants from Zimbabwe.], Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 148: 77–85. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(2): 261–275. 2006 [Medicinal plant use in the Bredasdorp/ Elim region of the Southern Overberg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.], Mukinda J.T., Syce J.A. “Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Artemisia afra in rodents.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112(1): 138– 144. 2007 (Whole plant and leaves vermifuge, febrifuge; infusion of shoots used as tonic and stomachic. Aerial parts decoction irritant, stomachic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, tonic, febrifuge, insect repellent, used to treat coughs, colds, fevers, malaria, convulsions. Burning a mixture of Helichrysum and Artemisia afra leaves, effective as insect repellent, to keep flies and mosquitoes away.) in English: African wormwood, S. African absinthe, wild wormwood, wormwood African names: fivi, iliongana, lengana, lusanje, luyanga, umhlonyane in Southern Africa: als, wilde-als, wilde-alsem; lengana (Pedi or Transvaal Sotho, South Sotho, Tswana); umHlonyane (Swati, Xhosa, Zulu) in Tanzania: enjani pus, fivi, injanevyoso, inyaga, linyaga, olunjanyioiboru

Artemisia alpina Pall. ex Willd. (Artemisia alpina Fritsch; Artemisia alpina Sch. Bip. ex Willk.; Artemisia alpina DC. ex Steud.; Artemisia caucasica Willd.; Artemisia chamissoniana Besser ex Hook.; Artemisia chamissonis Besser) Eurasia. See Sp. pl. ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(3): 1823–1824. 1803, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 136. 1840, Flora 34: 746. 1851 and Excursionsfl. Oesterreich (Ed. 3). 569. 1922, Kew Bulletin 52(1): 121–138. 1997 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Antibacterial.) in French: armoise du Caucase Artemisia annua L. (Artemisia chamomilla C. Winkler) India, China, Europe. Annual herb, erect, many-branched, when bruised very fragrant to strongly sweet scented, furrowed, floral leaves sessile, spreading branching compound panicle, greenish heterogamous flower heads, disk flowers hermaphrodite, smooth obovoid achenes, on waste lands, river banks, in grassland, widely cultivated for aromatic oils See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada 10(1): 87. 1887 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 123: 35–54. 1974, Fitologija 31: 71–74. 1986, Bot. Zurn. 71: 1693. 1986, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 44: 79–96. 1987, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Cytologia 55: 43–50. 1990, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1990(6): 24–31. 1990, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Intramongolicae 22(3): 422–427. 1991, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 17(4): 382– 384. 1999, Liu C., Zhao Y., Wang Y. “Artemisinin: current state and perspectives for biotechnological production of an antimalarial drug.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72(1): 11–20. 2006, Planta Med. 73(4): 299–309. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120(3): 302–314. 2008, The Times of India, Kolkata, February 5, 2011 (Potentially allergenic. The active principle of Artemisia annua L., artemisinin, isolated from the aerial parts, exerts not only antimalarial activity but also profound cytotoxicity against tumor cells; antifebrile, antiviral, antimycobacterial, to treat jaundice, anorexia, boils and skin diseases. Seeds to treat flatulence, dyspepsia and tuberculosis.)

406

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

in English: sweet Annie, sweet sagewort, sweet wormwood, wormwood

in English: powis castle, silver wormwood, tree wormwood, wormwood

in China: qing hao, huang hua hao, chou hao (= stinking herbage), tsao hao (= grassy herbage), qinghao, qinhao

in Saharan Atlas, Beni Farah: merriw, meriw

in Tibetan: mkhan-chung in Vietnam: ngai hoa vang, ngai ma, ngai si, thanh cao, thanh hao, thanh hao hoa v[af]ng, ng[air] si, thao cao in Argentina: banai, buriasco, María Juana Artemisia anomala S. Moore (Artemisia vulgaris Linnaeus var. integrifolia Franchet) China. Stems hollow See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 13(152): 227–228. 1875 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 195–210. 1986 (Antiphlogistic and antitoxin, used externally in the treatment of burns and inflamed skin.) Artemisia apiacea Hance (Artemisia carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. var. apiacea (Hance) Pamp.)

in Arabic: shagaret mariam, shadjret mariam, shiba, sheeba Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. (Artemisia tridentata subsp. arbuscula (Nutt.) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia tridentata var. arbuscula (Nutt.) McMinn; Seriphidium arbusculum (Nutt.) W.A. Weber) North America. Bush, inflorescence brownish purple See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 138. 1923, Man. Calif. Shrubs 608–609. 1939, Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 2: 229–243. 1978, American Journal of Botany 65: 589–605. 1981, Phytologia 55(1): 7. 1984, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754–1775. 1999 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: low sagebrush, sagebrush, small sagebrush

(Aerial plant parts febrifuge, hemostatic, tonic, stomachic, to treat tuberculosis, malaria, epistaxis, anorexia, externally to treat hemorrhoids and skin diseases.)

Artemisia arctica Less. subsp. arctica (Artemisia arctica Less. subsp. saxicola (Rydb.) Hultén; Artemisia norvegica Fr. subsp. saxatilis H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia norvegica Fr. subsp. saxatilis (Besser) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia norvegica Fr. subsp. saxatilis (Besser ex Hook.) H.M. Hall; Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. piceetorum S.L. Welsh & Goodrich; Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. saxatilis (Besser) Jeps.; Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. saxatilis Jeps.; Artemisia norvegica var. saxatilis (H.M. Hall & Clem.) Jeps.)

in Vietnam: rau bao, thanh cao, th[ar]o cao

North America. Perennial subshrub

Artemisia arborescens L.

See Novit. Fl. Suec. 56. 1817 and Phylogenet. Meth. 58, fig. 5, pl. 3. 1923, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 1141. 1925, Acta Univ. Lund. 2, 46(1): 1561. 1950, Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Brittonia 33(3): 295. 1981

China, Vietnam, India. Herb, branched, flowers yellowish See Roxb. Hort. Beng. 61, 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 422. 1832, Annales Botanices Systematicae 2: 895. 1852 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 648. 1927

North Africa. A morphologically highly variable species See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1188. 1763 and Taxon 30: 695–696. 1981, Planta Med. 47(1): 49–51. 1983, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 61: 105–124. 1988, Flora Mediterranea 5: 357–363. 1995, Planta Med. 61(3): 242–245. 1995 [Chemical constituents of Artemisia arborescens and the effect of the aqueous extract on rat isolated smooth muscle.], Merzouki A., Ed-derfoufi F., Molero Mesa J. “Contribution to the knowledge of Rifian traditional medicine. II: Folk medicine in Ksar Lakbir district (NW Morocco).” Fitoterapia 71(3): 278–307. 2000, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 59(1): 161–168. 2005, Organic Letters 9(12): 2377–2380. 2007 (Antioxidant, antiviral, antiherpetic. The powdered leaf used as an external application in the treatment of cutaneous infections and wrinkles, burns, sensitive skin, acne, keratosis, sunburn, inflamed skin. For respiratory problems, inhalation could be beneficial for bronchitis, (asthmatic and catarrhal), coughs, sinus and chest congestion. It is best avoided in pregnancy, and for babies and children; avoid use on sensitive or damaged skin.)

(Decoction taken for diabetes.) in English: boreal sagebrush Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot (Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot var. incana Pampanini; Artemisia handelmazzettii Pampanini; Artemisia leucophylla Komarov; Artemisia leucophylla Kitag.; Artemisia leucophylla (Turcz. ex Besser) C.B. Clarke; Artemisia leucophylla Turcz. ex Clarke; Artemisia nutans Nakai; Artemisia nutans Willd.; Artemisia nutantiflora Nakai; Artemisia princeps Pampanini var. candicans Pampanini; Artemisia vulgaris L. var. incana Maximowicz; Artemisia vulgaris var. incanescens Franchet; Artemisia vulgaris var. incanescens Mattf.) China. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 54. 1834, Primitiae Florae Amurensis 160. 1859,

407

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Compositae Indicae 162. 1876, Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum Imperio 1: 169. 1884 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8(163–165): 138. 1910, Flora Koreana 2: 33. 1911, An Enumeration of Plants Hitherto Known From Corea: 344. 1922, Fl. Sylvat. Koreana 14: 101. 1923, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 22(618–626): 248. 1926, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 444–446, 455. 1930, Bot. Zurn. 71: 1693. 1986, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 21. 1993 (Antiphlogistic, detoxifying and hemostatic.) Artemisia aschurbajewii C. Winkl. Eurasia. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia austriaca Jacq. (Artemisia austriaca var. jacquiniana DC.; Artemisia austriaca var. jacquiniana Besser; Artemisia austriaca var. orientalis Fisch. ex DC.; Artemisia nivea Redowsky ex Willdenow; Artemisia repens Pallas ex Willdenow)

Whipple in the Pacific Railroad Survey of 1853–1854; Dr. Jacob Bigelow was a botanist and physician.) North America. Aromatic shrub, corollas of yellow disk flowers and minute ray flowers, associated with mycorrhizal fungus in the genus Glomus, good browse plant See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5): 110. 1857 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 16(4): 193. 1913, Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 11: 171. 1961, J. Org. Chem. 30 (12): 4340–4342. 1965, Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 2: 229– 243. 1978, American Journal of Botany 68: 589–605. 1981, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Botany) 23(2): 118. 1993, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754– 1775. 1999 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: big basin sagebrush, Bigelow sagebrush, Bigelow’s sage Artemisia brachyloba Franchet (Artemisia adamsii Kitagawa; Artemisia adamsii Besser; Artemisia licentii Pampanini)

Europe, North Africa, North America, Asia. Perennial

China.

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 744. 1784, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(3): 1840. 1803, Enum. Pl. 2: 863. 1813, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 316. 1822, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 49. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 112. 1837 and Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 32: 57–70. 1985, Fitologija 31: 71–74. 1986, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 769–771. 1991, Pharmacologyonline 1: 131–138. 2008

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 27. 1834, Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum Imperio 1: 171. 1884 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 676–677. 1927, Index florae jeholensis, cum appendice: plantae novae vel minus cognitae ex Manshuria / by Takenoshin Nakai et al. 50. 1936, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 17(4): 382–384. 1999

(Used in Ayurveda. Hepatoprotective and antiinflammatory, antiparasitic.) in India: dawanakaha, marikolindoo Artemisia balchanorum H. Kraschen (Seriphidium balchanorum (Krasch.) Poljakov) Europe. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753 and Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 11: 171. 1961 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia bigelovii A. Gray (Artemisia petrophila Wooton & Standl.; Seriphidium bigelowii (A. Gray) K. Bremer & Humphries) (The species name honors either Dr. John Milton Bigelow (1804–1878) or Dr. Jacob Bigelow (1787–1879). Dr. John Milton Bigelow was a 19th century professor of botany at Detroit Medical College who collected in the West under

(Antiphlogistic, antifebrile, diuretic and antihelminthic.) Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC. (Artemisia brevifolia Wall.; Artemisia maritima L.; Seriphidium brevifolium (Wall. ex DC.) Ling & Y.R. Ling) India, Kashmir, Nepal. Perennial, many-branched, highly aromatic, small reddish flower heads in cluster or branched spike See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 103. 1837 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(4): 513. 1980, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93(2–3): 265–268. 2004 (A decoction from leaves and flowers useful against gastrointestinal parasites, worms. Leaves extract carminative, anthelmintic, stomachic, strongly aromatic, used in asthma and against round worms. Dried leaves powder mixed with oil of Prunus persica used to prepare incense, dhoop. Veterinary medicine, antihelminthic activity against nematodes.) in English: worm seed in India: dronapati, khamchu, phur-nag, purchu, seski

408

Artemisia californica Less. (Artemisia abrotanoides Nutt.; Artemisia fischeriana Besser; Artemisia foliosa Nutt.; Crossostephium californicum (Less.) Rydb.; Crossostephium californicum Rydb.) North America. See Linnaea 6: 220, 523. 1831, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 21. 1834, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 397–399. 1841 and North American Flora 34(3): 243. 1916, American Journal of Botany 75: 652–668. 1988 (Potentially allergenic.)

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

[Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1990(6): 24–31. 1990, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17(1): 150–151. 1994, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Phytotherapy Research 9(8): 563–566. 1995, Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 42: 133–153. 1995 (Buds cholagogue, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antihepatotoxic and diuretic, used in jaundice; insect antifeeding from growing buds. Leaves applied in poultices to cure headache; poultice of leaves tied over the soles of feet in sunstroke.) in English: capillary wormwood, Chinese moxa weed

in English: California sagebrush

in China: yin chen hao, yin chen, shinh yin chen (= stone artemisia)

Artemisia cana Pursh subsp. cana (Artemisia columbiensis Nutt.)

in India: jhirun, marwa, undri

North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 521. 1814 [1813], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841 and Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 11: 171. 1961, American Journal of Botany 68: 589–605. 1981, Phytologia 55(1): 7. 1984, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754– 1775. 1999 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia cana Pursh subsp. viscidula (Osterh.) Beetle (Artemisia argilosa Beetle; Artemisia cana var. viscidula Osterh.; Artemisia viscidula (Osterh.) Rydb.)

in Malaysia: rumput roman in Vietnam: ng[ar]i l[as] kim, nh[aa]n tr[aaf]n b[aws]c Artemisia carruthii Alph. Wood ex Carruth (Artemisia bakeri Greene; Artemisia carruthii var. wrightii (A. Gray) S.F. Blake; Artemisia coloradensis Osterh.; Artemisia kansana Britton; Artemisia pringlei Greenman; Artemisia vulgaris subsp. wrightii (A. Gray) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia vulgaris var. carruthii (Alph. Wood ex Carruth) F.C. Gates; Artemisia wrightii A. Gray; Artemisia wrightii var. coloradensis (Osterh.) A. Nelson) North America.

(Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 5: 51. 1877, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 19: 48. 1883, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 3: 466, f. 4012. 1898 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27(9): 506–507. 1900, Plantae Bakerianae 3: 31. 1901, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 40: 50. 1904, New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains 568. 1909, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 80. 1923, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 42: 138. 1939, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30(11): 472. 1940, Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, Great Basin Naturalist 39: 419–426. 1979

Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (Artemisia capillaris Miq.; Oligosporus capillaris (Thunb.) Poljak.)

(Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

China. Many-branched subshrub, closely resembles Artemisia campestris and Artemisia scoparia

Artemisia cina Berg ex Poljakov (Seriphidium cinum (Berg ex Poljakov) Poljakov)

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 309. 1784, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817 and J. Korean Res. Inst. Ewha Women’s Univ. 11: 455–478. 1967, Bull. Fac. Educ. Yamaguchi Univ. 23: 93–100. 1973, Kromosomo, II 100: 3123–3135. 1975, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 19: 53–66. 1978, Heterocycles 19: 1615–1617. 1982, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 31(3): 667–668. 1983, Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 195–210. 1986, Grassland of China

China.

North America. See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 521. 1814 [1813] and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27(9): 507. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 157. 1906, Rhodora 61(723): 84–85. 1959, American Journal of Botany 68: 589–605. 1981, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754–1775. 1999

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753 and Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 11: 171. 1961, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 16(2): 67–9, 125. 1991, J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 32(3): 725–36. 2002 (Used in Ayurveda. Antihelminthic drug, may cause dermatitis. Treatment of lice, pediculosis. Used to treat endoparasites and stomach problems in dogs, cats and pigs.)

409

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

in English: levant wormseed in India: cauhara Artemisia conaensis Ling & Y.R. Ling China. Perennial herb See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(4): 511–512, pl. 9. 1980 (Used medicinally for coughs.) Artemisia copa Phil. Chile. See Viage al Desierto de Atacama 207. 1860 and Pharmacological Research 50(1): 59–63. 2004 (Antinociceptive, antibacterial and antiinflammatory, analgesic; infusions used against abdominal, liver and kidneys pains. Probably hallucinogenic.) in Chile: copa-copa Artemisia douglasiana Besser (Artemisia campestris L. var douglasiana (Besser) B. Boivin; Artemisia camporum Rydb.; Artemisia caudata Michx. var. douglasiana (Besser) B. Boivin; Artemisia commutata Besser var. douglasiana (Besser) Besser; Artemisia desertorum var. douglasiana Besser; Artemisia heterophylla Nutt.; Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. douglasiana (Besser) D.C. Eaton; Artemisia vulgaris var. douglasiana (Besser) H. St. John) North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Flora BorealiAmericana 2: 129. 1803, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 143. 1818, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 36: 25. 1826, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 323, 325. 1833, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 8: 69, 73. 1835, United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Botany 183. 1871 and North American Flora 34(3): 254. 1916, Fl. S.-E. Washington 422. 1937, Le Naturaliste Canadien 82: 170. 1955, Phytologia 23(1): 88. 1972, Taxon 28: 271–273. 1979, Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 672– 676. 1988 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: mugwort Artemisia dracunculus L. (Artemisia aromatica A. Nelson; Artemisia dracunculina S. Watson; Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh; Artemisia dracunculoides subsp. dracunculina (S. Watson) H.M. Hall & Clements; Artemisia dracunculoides var. dracunculina (S. Watson) S.F. Blake; Artemisia dracunculus subsp. glauca (Pall. ex Willd.) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia dracunculus L. var. glauca (Pall. ex Willd.) Besser; Artemisia glauca Pallas ex Willdenow; Artemisia glauca Pallas; Artemisia glauca M. Bieb. ex Ledeb.; Artemisia glauca var. dracunculina (S. Watson) Fernald; Artemisia glauca var.

dracunculoides Bush; Artemisia glauca var. dracunculoides (Pursh) Bush; Artemisia glauca var. megacephala B. Boivin; Artemisia inodora Willd.; Artemisia redowskyi Ledeb.; Oligosporus condimentarius Cass.; Oligosporus dracunculinus (S. Watson) Poljakov; Oligosporus dracunculoides (Pursh) Poljakov; Oligosporus dracunculus (L.) Poljakov; Oligosporus dracunculus subsp. dracunculinus (S. Watson) W.A. Weber; Oligosporus dracunculus (L.) Poljakov subsp. glaucus (Pall. ex Willd.) A. Löve & D. Löve) Cosmopolitan. Perennial herb, subshrub, erect, branched, woody rhizome, globular flower heads in axillary spikes, highly aromatic See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(3): 1831–1832. 1803, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 742. 1814 [1813], Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 2(2,6): 564. 1845, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 23(2): 279. 1888 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27(5): 273–274. 1900, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 116. 1923, American Midland Naturalist 11(1): 26. 1928, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30(11): 472. 1940, Rhodora 47(560): 247. 1945, Le Naturaliste Canadien 82: [167]. 1955, Trudy Instituta Botaniki. Alma-Ata 11: 166, 170. 1961, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 64(4): 582–589. 1979, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 357–368. 1981, Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 195–210. 1986, Phytologia 67(6): 426. 1989, Bjulleten’ Glavnogo Botaniceskogo Sada 155: 60–66. 1990, Journal of Experimental Botany 42: 365–375, 377–386. 1991, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 82. 1991, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 769–771. 1991, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997, Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. 94–96. 1998, Bulletin of Botanical Research 20(4): 402–407. 2000, Ribnicky D.M. et al. “Antihyperglycemic activity of Tarralin, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L.” Phytomedicine 13(8): 550–557. 2006 (Reputed potentially poisonous. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones; oil found to be irritant, bactericidal and nematicidal. Plant antidiarrheal, febrifuge, antirheumatic, analgesic, tonic, anticonvulsant, cold remedy, stimulant, antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant; a decoction for digestive problems; a decoction made of the tops used for bathing as a remedy for rheumatism, swollen feet and legs. Leaves used in toothache. Magico-religious beliefs, witchcraft medicine, a love and hunting charm.) in English: broom, bushy weed, dragon’s mugwort, estragon, French tarragon, fuzzy weed, sage, tarragon, wild tarragon, wormwood in North America: kihapiliwus (Pawnee), thasata-hi (Omaha-Ponca) in India: burtse, chamarya, katktang, schashing

410

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Artemisia dracunculus L. var. glauca (Pall. ex Willd.) Besser (Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh; Artemisia dracunculoides var. dracunculina (S. Watson) S.F. Blake; Artemisia dracunculoides var. glauca (Pall. ex Willd.) Munz; Artemisia dracunculus subsp. glauca (Pall. ex Willd.) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia dracunculus var. glauca (Pall. ex Willd.) Jeps.; Artemisia glauca Pall. ex Willd.; Artemisia glauca var. dracunculina (S. Watson) Fernald; Artemisia glauca var. dracunculoides (Pursh) Bush; Oligosporus dracunculoides (Pursh) Poljakov; Oligosporus dracunculus subsp. glauca (Pall. ex Willd.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Oligosporus glaucus (Pall. ex Willd.) Poljakov)

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 110, n. 94. 1837 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8(163–165): 138. 1910, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 467. 1930, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1810–1811. 1989, Planta medica 65(5): 400–403. 1999, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17(12): 2061–2065. 2007, Pharmacologyonline 1: 131–138. 2008

Siberia, Mongolia.

North America.

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(3): 1831–1832. 1803, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 742. 1814 [1813], Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 326. 1833, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 23(2): 279. 1888 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 116. 1923, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 1142. 1925, American Midland Naturalist 11(1): 26. 1928, A Manual of Southern California Botany 601. 1935, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30(11): 472. 1940, Rhodora 47(560): 247. 1945, Trudy Instituta Botaniki. AlmaAta 11: 166, 170. 1961, Taxon 31(2): 358. 1982, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London, Bot. 23(2): 122. 1993, Phytologia Mem. 10: i-ii, 1–93. 1996

See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 10(4): 42. 1883 and American Journal of Botany 63: 1393–1403. 1976, Life Sciences 70(9): 1035–1040. 2002

(Plant decoction a wash for burns. Extract of leaf and flower given against toothache, urinary problems and intestinal disorders. Anticonvulsant. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

Russia, Siberia, Alaska. Perennial subshrub

in English: dragon wormwood in India: burtse, shersing, tsa-chheh Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser (Artemisia dubia Wall.; Artemisia dubia L. ex B.D. Jacks.) Nepal, India. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3307. 1831, Nouveau Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 39. 1834 and Index to the Linnean Herbarium, with Indication of the Types of Species marked by Carl von Linné… London, 1912 (Plant paste taken to control fever; plant extract used as anthelmintic, antispasmodic, stomachic; plant juice applied to boils. Root juice for stomach disorders. Crushed leaves used as fish poison.) in Nepal: chhaphung, chyang chin, nagadamani, pati, tite pati Artemisia feddei A. Léveillé & Vaniot (Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC.; Artemisia lavandulifolia DC.; Artemisia lavandulifolia DC. var. feddei (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Pamp.) Korea.

(Essential oil antibacterial. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia franserioides Greene

(Antioxidant. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: basin sagebrush, mountain mugwort, ragweed sagebrush, sand sagebrush Artemisia frigida Willd. (Absinthium frigidum (Willd.) Besser; Artemisia frigida Eichw.; Artemisia frigida var. gmeliniana Besser; Artemisia frigida Willd. var. gmeliniana (Besser) Besser; Artemisia frigida var. williamsiae S.L. Welsh)

See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(3): 1838. 1803, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1(8): 251. 1829, Flora Boreali-Americana (Hooker) 1: 321. 1833 and Great Basin Naturalist 28(3): 149–151, f. 3. 1968 (Stems and foliage for bathing sore, varicose veins; leaves infusion taken for colds, as a vermifuge or applied to wounds; stems and leaves infusion for indigestion, a decoction for diabetes.) in English: fringed sagebrush, fringed sagewort, prairie sagewort, sagebrush, wormwood Artemisia furcata M. Bieb. (Artemisia furcata subsp. tacomensis (Rydb.) Hultén; Artemisia furcata var. heterophylla (Besser) Hultén; Artemisia heterophylla Besser; Artemisia hyperborea Rydb.; Artemisia tacomensis Rydb.; Artemisia trifurcata Willd. ex Spreng.; Artemisia trifurcata Desf.; Artemisia trifurcata Steph. ex Spreng.) North America. Perennial herb See Flora Taurico-Caucasica 3: 567. 1819, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 3: 488. 1826, Cat. Pl. Horti Paris. ed. 3, 161 et 399. 1829 and North American Flora 34(3): 262. 1916, Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 139. 1967[1968], Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 60(3): 395–401. 1975, Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979,

411

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Taxon 30: 852–853. 1981, Sida 12: 409–417. 1987, Rhodora 99: 33–55. 1997

and Southern Tibet, Botany 6(3): 41, pl. 3, f. 1. 1922, Fl. India 12: 24. 1995

(Juice used as an antidote for poison oak.)

(Leaves, flowers and stem antibacterial, for fevers, headache, cough and cold, tonsillitis, abdominal upsets. Leaf decoction for colds and cough. Burned for religious ceremonies, used as incense in prayers and pooja; fumes are insect repellent.)

in English: forked wormwood Artemisia genipi Weber (Absinthium spicatum (Wulfen) Dulac; Artemisia bocconi All.; Artemisia genipi Stechm.; Artemisia genipi var. accedens Rouy; Artemisia rupestris All.; Artemisia rupestris Lam.; Artemisia rupestris Lag. & Rodr.; Artemisia rupestris L.; Artemisia rupestris Scop.; Artemisia rupestris O.F. Müll.; Artemisia rupestris Asso; Artemisia rupestris Vill.; Artemisia spicata Wulfen; Artemisia spicata subsp. villarsii (Godr.) Arcang.; Artemisia spicata subsp. villarsii H. Marcailhou & A. Marcailhou; Artemisia villarsii Godr.) Europe. Alpine plant See Sp. Pl. 2: 847. 1753, Fl. Carniol., ed. 2. 2: 146. 1772, Syn. Stirp. Aragon. 117. 1779, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 262. 1783, Fl. Pedem. i. 169. 1785, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné (Villars) 3(1): 246. 1788 and J. Agric. Food Chem. 30(3): 518–521. 1982, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 18/19: 6–8. 1992 (Bitter. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia gilvescens Miquel (Artemisia vulgaris L. var. gilvescens (Miquel) Nakai; Artemisia vulgaris var. latifolia Tanaka) Japan. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 175. 1866 and Botanical Magazine 26: 102. 1912, Journal of Natural Products 66(4): 538–539. 2003 (Antibacterial.) Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm. (Artemisia gmelini Stechm.; Artemisia gmelini Willd. ex Besser; Artemisia gmelinii Fisch. ex Bess.; Artemisia gmelinii var. vestita Nakai; Artemisia gmelinii var. vestita (Wall. ex DC.) B.D. Naithani; Artemisia hedinii Ostenf.; Artemisia hedinii Ostenf. & Paulson; Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.; Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. ex Hook. f.; Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.; Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh.; Artemisia vestita Wall. ex DC.; Artemisia vestita Wall.) Himalaya, Tibet, China. Perennial shrub, strongly aromatic, green flower-heads in clusters, leaf and stem used as fertilizer, animal fodder, grazed by cattle, moderate to heavy grazing See Dissert. De Artem. 17, 30. 1775, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(3): 1845. 1803, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. 5: 571. 1805, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1(8): 259. 1829, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3301. 1831, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 3: 28, 67. 1834, The Flora of British India 3(8): 326–327. 1881

in English: Russian wormwood in India: burmak, burtse, ganga-tulsi, khamchu, khampa shridhi, khampa shridi, nurcha in Nepal: bajha, chyangchin, kemba girbu, namnewa, paati, titepati in Tibet: gang ge, geng gai, geng ge peng, kang ge Artemisia halodendron Turczaninow ex Besser (Artemisia intramongolica H.C. Fu & Z.Y. Zhu; Artemisia intramongolica var. microphylla H.C. Fu; Oligosporus halodendron (Turczaninow ex Besser) Poljakov) China, Mongolia. Perennial, semi- or subshrub, used for windbreaks and sand stabilization, in moving and semi-fixed sandy lands, shifting sandy land and fixed sandy land See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 8: 17–19. 1835 and Flora Intramongolica 6: 125, 327, pl. 44. 1982, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1990(6): 24–31. 1990, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 8: 9–12. 1990, Bulletin of Botanical Research 20(4): 402–407. 2000, Annals of Botany 96(1): 69–80. 2005 (Bitter, antioxidant.) Artemisia herba-alba Asso (Artemisia herba-alba var. aurasiaca Maire; Artemisia herba-alba var. laxiflora Boiss.; Seriphidium herba-alba (Asso) Soják) Mediterranean, North Africa, northern Himalayas. Her­bac­ eous aromatic dwarf shrub See Economic Botany 22(2): 165–177. 1968, Lagascalia 9: 115–130. 1979, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 61: 105–124. 1988, J. Ethnopharmacol. 24: 123–126. 1988, J. Ethnopharmacol. 43(3): 167–171. 1994, J. Ethnopharmacol. 49(1): 51–55. 1995, Flora Mediterranea 5: 357–363. 1995, Phytochemistry 43, 309–311. 1996, J. Ethnopharmacol. 58: 45–54. 1997, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 82: 97–103. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(1): 145–149. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(1): 145–146. 2005, Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy 50: 235–238. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 110: 105–117. 2007, African Journal of Biotechnology 7(1): 44–50. 2008 (Hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, purgative, antimicrobial, antiseptic and insecticide, tonic, stomachic, diuretic, poison antidote and emmenagogue, used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, to control of intestinal worms, hypertension and cardiac diseases, digestive problems, chest pain, for healing

412

wounds and burns, to keep snakes away, to ripen and cure abscesses, for neurological disorders as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy and affective disorders as depression, for ophthalmic diseases. Essential oil distilled from the plant used as parasiticide in veterinary medicine. Believed to prevent skin diseases if camels eat it.) in English: wormwood in Arabic: alala, chih, chim, ghoreird, ifsi, izri, odessir, sheeh, shih, zezzeri in South Africa: umhlonyane Artemisia incana (L.) Druce (Artemisia incana Druce; Tanacetum incanum L.) Europe, Iran, Kazakhstan. See Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 137(4): 399– 407. 2001, Journal of Essential Oil Research 19(6). 2007 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia indica Willdenow (Artemisia asiatica Nakai ex Pampanini, nom. nud.; Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser; Artemisia dubia Hara; Artemisia dubia Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. acuminata Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. compacta Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. gracilis Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. grata (Wallich ex Besser) Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. legitima (Besser) Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. multiflora (Wallich ex Besser) Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. orientalis Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. septentrionalis Pampanini; Artemisia grata Wallich ex Besser; Artemisia indica var. heyneana Wallich ex Besser; Artemisia indica var. multiflora Wallich ex Besser; Artemisia indica var. nepalensis Besser; Artemisia leptostachya D. Don; Artemisia longiflora Pampanini; Artemisia moxa DC.; Artemisia myriantha Y.R. Ling; Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pampanini; Artemisia pleiocephala Pampanini var. grandis Pampanini; Artemisia princeps Pampanini var. orientalis (Pampanini) Hara; Artemisia vulgaris auct. non L.; Artemisia vulgaris L. var. indica (Willdenow) Maximowicz; Artemisia vulgaris var. nilagirica C.B. Clarke; Artemisia vulgaris var. vulgatissima Besser; Artemisia vulgaris var. vulgatissima Liou & al.; Artemisia wallichiana Besser p.p.) India, Thailand. Erect aromatic herb, heads campanulate or subglobose, minute achenes See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1846. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum cat. 3294, comp. 404. 1822, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 182. 1825, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 39, 52, 56–57, 69. 1834, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 9: 55–56. 1836, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 121. 1837, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 8: 535. 1872, Compositae Indicae 162. 1876 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 33(3): 447– 449, 452, 462. 1926, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

series 36(3): 383. 1929, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 438–440, 444–448. 1930, Lav. Inst. Bot. Univ. Cagl. 35: 7. 1938, Enumeratio Spermatophytarum Japonicarum 2: 123. 1952, Flora Yunnanica 4: 768. 1985 (Used for Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant decoction given for asthma; heated plant, a child is seated over for diarrhea or dysentery; plant infusion for bathing to treat scabies. Root tonic for kidney. Seed paste made into pills and given in malarial fever. Leaves analgesic for headache, stomachache and for bleeding nose; a paste of leaves applied to treat scabies, also used in constipation; crushed leaves applied on cuts; leaves juice anthelmintic, also applied to forehead for headache, on skin allergy and itching, skin diseases; leaves infusion for asthma, cough and fever; leaves decoction given internally in allergic eruptions and fevers. For body pain, leaves and twigs tied to the body; herbal steam for rash. A sacred plant, leaves in puja, plant used during worship in festivals; leafy stem worshipped; magico-religious beliefs, plant efficacious in driving evil spirits. Crushed leaves for fish poison.) in English: mugwort, wormwood in India: agnidamani, bahukantaka, chhambar, chitapate, damanaka, damani, dana, dhunchu, granthiparni, guccaphala, ksudradusparsa, ksudrakantakari, kukulyu, macippaccai, machi-patri, machipatchai, machipattiri, majtari, manchapatri, mashiputrie, mastaru, pingil, sai, takai, tepinyeming, tetapati, tiru-nitripach-cha in Nepal: chyan jyan, gandhe jhar, gandhejhar, khamba, pati, teetepati, titepate, titepati Artemisia iwayomogi Kitam. Japan. See Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 7(2): 64–65. 1938 (Dried leaves and flowering tops used to prepare an aromatic bitter to cure the common cold.) in Japan: komuy-noya, nupum-noya Artemisia japonica Thunberg (Artemisia cuneifolia DC.; Artemisia glabrata Wallich ex Besser; Artemisia glabrata Wight; Artemisia japonica Kitam.; Artemisia japonica Lauener; Artemisia japonica Schmidt; Artemisia japonica f. manshurica Komarov; Artemisia japonica var. lanata Pampanini; Artemisia japonica var. macrocephala Pampanini; Artemisia japonica var. manshurica (Komarov) M. Kitagawa; Artemisia japonica var. manshurica Kom.; Artemisia japonica var. microcephala Pampanini; Artemisia morrisonensis Hayata var. minima Pampanini; Artemisia parviflora Aitchison; Artemisia parviflora Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.; Artemisia subintegra Kitamura; Chrysanthemum japonicum Thunberg; Dendranthema japonense (Nakai) Kitam.; Oligosporus japonicus (Thunberg) Poljakov) Japan. See Flora Japonica, … 308–310. 1784, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817, Fl. Ind. 3: 420. 1832,

413

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 126. 1837, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 3: 9, f. 1111. 1846, Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 20: 561. 1860, Fl. Sachal. 149. 1868 and Fl. Manschur. 3(2): 625. 1907, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 8: 63. 1919, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 682. 1927, Botanical Magazine 42: 459. 1928, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3: 173. 1934, Rend. Sem. Fac. Sci. Univ. Cagl. 8: 3. 1938, Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. Series B. Biology 15(3): 384. 1940, Mat. Fl. Rast. Kazakh. 11: 167. 1961, Kromosomo, II 100: 3123–3135. 1975, Bull. Fac. Educ. Yamaguchi Univ. 26: 77–84. 1977, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 29(6): 166. 1978, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 35: 31–42. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(7): 1000–1001. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1693. 1986, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 38: 33–40. 1988, Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 42: 133– 153. 1995, Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 3(3): 23–29. 1995, Ethnobotany 17: 127–136. 2005, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 18(3): 244–246. 2000

Artemisia lactiflora Wallich ex DC. E. Asia, China. Perennial See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 115. 1837 (Bitter aromatic tonic, emmenagogue, antiphlogistic, to treat menstrual and liver disorders.) in English: ghostplant wormwood, white mugwort Artemisia lactiflora Wallich ex DC. var. lactiflora (Artemisia lactiflora fo. septemlobata (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Pamp.; Artemisia septemlobata H. Lév. et Vaniot) E. Asia, China. Perennial See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 115. 1837 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7(131– 133): 22–23. 1909, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 675. 1927 (Bitter aromatic tonic, emmenagogue, antiphlogistic, to treat menstrual and liver disorders.)

(Upper parts of plants used to cure convulsions among children. Leaves cooling, bitter, antiviral, used for making antitoxifying and antifebrile drugs; young leaves wound-healing, to cure skin diseases; ash of leaves applied on wounds to hasten healing; leaves decoction carminative and vermifuge. Roots for throat-related problems. Leaves and flower heads used as incense and insecticide.)

Artemisia lancea Vaniot (Artemisia dubia Wall.; Artemisia feddei H. Lév. & Vaniot; Artemisia lavandulaefolia Miquel; Artemisia lavandulaefolia var. feddei (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Pampanini; Artemisia lavandulifolia DC.; Artemisia lavandulifolia var. lancea (Vaniot) Pamp.; Artemisia minutiflora Nakai; Artemisia vulgaris Linnaeus var. maximowiczii Nakai; Artemisia vulgaris var. parviflora Matsumara)

in English: Japanese mugwort

Japan. Perennial

in China: chi tou hao, mou hao, mu hao, wei

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 110, n. 94. 1837 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 12(167–168): 500–501. 1903, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 469. 1930, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120(3): 302–314. 2008

in India: niapfu, pamasi, patee in Japan: otoko-yomogi in Tibet: garkrek, kirmani, nireha, pamasi Artemisia juncea Karelin & Kir. (Seriphidium junceum (Kar. & Kir.) Poljakov) Eurasia. See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou n.s. 15: 383. 1842 and Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 11: 171. 1961 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia klotzchiana Besser (Artemisia mexicana Less., nom. illeg., non Artemisia mexicana Willd. ex Spreng.) Latin America. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 490. 1826, Linnaea 15: 107. 1841 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

(Anodyne, antimalarial, febrifuge, stomachic, treating coughs and colds; leaf juice taken internally in the treatment of fevers and gastric troubles, juice of the plant applied externally to boils, to the forehead to relieve headaches.) Artemisia lercheana Web. ex Stechm. (Artemisia lercheana Ledeb.; Artemisia lercheana Ling) Europe. Shrubby See Flora Altaica 4: 84. 1833 and Taxon 32: 665. 1983 (Toxic. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia leucodes Schrenk (Seriphidium leucodes (Schrenk) Poljakov; Seriphidium leucodes Poljakov) Europe, Kazakhstan. Aromatic See Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Petersb. iii. (1845) 106. 1845 (The leaves showed strong antiinflammatory activity. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

414

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. (Artemisia albula Wooton; Artemisia ghiesbreghtii Rydb.; Artemisia indica var. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Besser; Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. albula (Wooton) D.D. Keck; Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) D.D. Keck; Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. redolens (A. Gray) D.D. Keck; Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. sulcata (Rydb.) D.D. Keck; Artemisia ludoviciana var. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Fernald; Artemisia ludoviciana var. redolens (A. Gray) Shinners; Artemisia mexicana Willd. ex Spreng.; Artemisia microcephala Wooton, nom. illeg., non Artemisia microcephala Hillebr.; Artemisia muelleri Rydb.; Artemisia neomexicana Greene ex Rydb.; Artemisia redolens A. Gray; Artemisia revoluta Rydb., nom. illeg., non Artemisia revoluta Edgew.; Artemisia sulcata Rydb.; Artemisia vulgaris subsp. ludoviciana (Nutt.) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia vulgaris subsp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia vulgaris subsp. redolens (A. Gray) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia vulgaris var. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Kuntze; Artemisia vulgaris var. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) Torr. & A. Gray) North America. See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1846. 1800, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 143. 1818, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 490. 1826, Tentamen de Abrotanis 56. 1832, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(3): 421. 1843, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 21(2): 393. 1886, Flora of the Hawaiian Islands 233. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 309. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(8): 455. 1898 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 16(4): 193. 1913, North American Flora 34(3): 270–272, 279. 1916, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 75–77, 80. 1923, Rhodora 47(560): 248. 1945, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 25(17): 440, 444, 452, 454. 1946, Sida 1(6): 374. 1964, Rhodora 77: 171–195. 1975, Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Taxon 32: 510–511. 1983, Phytologia 61: 119–125. 1986, Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 672–676. 1988 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Weed dermatitis, contact dermatitis. Analgesic, carminative, hemostatic, antidiarrheal, antituberculosis, febrifuge, cathartic, disinfectant, insecticide, antirheumatic (external), cold remedy. Ceremonial medicine, herbal steam, good luck charm, protection.) in English: cudweed, Louisiana sagewort, Mexican mugwort, prairie sage, silver wormwood, western mugwort, white sage, white sagebrush Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. incompta (Nutt.) D.D. Keck (Artemisia arachnoidea E. Sheld.; Artemisia atomifera Piper; Artemisia discolor var. incompta (Nutt.) A. Gray; Artemisia incompta Nutt.; Artemisia lindleyana Besser; Artemisia ludoviciana var. incompta (Nutt.) Cronquist; Artemisia prescottiana Besser; Artemisia vulgaris var. incompta (Nutt.) H. St. John)

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 848. 1753, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 143. 1818, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 322, 324. 1833, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 9: 46. 1836, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 400. 1841, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 373. 1884 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): 310. 1903, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 588. 1906, Research Studies of the State College of Washington 1(2): 106. 1929, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 520: 327. 1940, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 5: 63. 1955 (Irritant. Analgesic.) in English: mountain sagewort Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. ludoviciana (Artemisia brittonii Rydb.; Artemisia cuneata Rydb.; Artemisia diversifolia Rydb.; Artemisia falcata Rydb.; Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt.; Artemisia herriotii Rydb.; Artemisia lindheimeriana Scheele; Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. typica D.D. Keck; Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. americana (Besser) Fernald; Artemisia ludoviciana var. brittonii (Rydb.) Fernald; Artemisia ludoviciana var. cuneata (Rydb.) Fernald; Artemisia ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray; Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. latifolia (Besser) Torr. & A. Gray; Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. pabularis (A. Nelson) Fernald; Artemisia pabularis (A. Nelson) Rydb.; Artemisia paucicephala A. Nelson; Artemisia pudica Rydb.; Artemisia purshiana Besser; Artemisia rhizomata A. Nelson; Artemisia rhizomata var. pabularis A. Nelson; Artemisia vulgaris subsp. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia vulgaris L. subsp. ludoviciana (Nutt.) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia vulgaris var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) Kuntze; Artemisia vulgaris L. var. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Kuntze) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 143. 1818, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 59. 1834, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(3): 420. 1843, Linnaea 22: 163. 1849, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 309. 1891 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27(1): 34–35. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28(1): 20–21. 1901, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(3): 129–130. 1905, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 137. 1906, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 37(9): 455. 1910, North American Flora 24(3): 269, 271. 1916, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 77. 1923, Rhodora 47(560): 248. 1945, Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, Taxon 31(2): 356. 1982 (Contact sensitivity. Disinfectant, tonic, antidote (the smoke of burned flowers), antirheumatic (external), cathartic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, hemostatic, analgesic, antidiarrheal;

415

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

decoction of leaves taken for colds, coughs and headaches. Ceremonial medicine.) in English: foothill sagewort, prairie sage, white sagebrush Artemisia macivarae Hutch. & Dalziel Tropical Africa. See Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] ii. 152. 1931 (Leaves febrifuge, wound healing.) Artemisia maritima L. ex Hook. f. (Artemisia maritima Besser; Artemisia maritima Kitag.; Artemisia maritima Ledeb.; Seriphidium maritimum (L.) Poljakov) Europe, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Tibet, China and Temperate Asia. See Flora Rossica 4: 85. 1833, The Flora of British India 3(8): 323–324. 1891 and Lineamenta Florae Manshuricae 428. 1939, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 299– 316. 1984, Chromosome Information Service 38: 23–25. 1985 (Used in Ayurveda. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Powder made from flowerheads, stalks and leaves mixed with castor oil and used for the treatment of roundworms; floral tops vermifuge. Seeds for indigestion, stomach complaints, loss of appetite and abdominal pain. Herb febrifuge and for jaundice and asthma, a poultice to provide relief from pain when stung by scorpions. Dried leaves powder used to prepare incense dhoop. Ritual, shrub planted in front of the main door of the house and worshipped daily in the morning.) in India: ajavayana, buer, cauhara, chauhara, chhamriya, chhara, chhuari, cina, gadadhar, gandha, jantunashana, jatara kriminaashini, khurapushpika, kirmaaniova, kirmala, kirmaniova, kitamari, kitamariyavani, leibakngou-manba, nurcha, nyurcha, parasi, parasikayavani, sayski, seinski, seski, surabandi, yavani, yavanibheda, yavaniya Artemisia michauxiana Besser (Artemisia discolor Douglas ex Besser; Artemisia discolor Dougl. ex D.C.; Artemisia vulgaris subsp. michauxiana (Besser) H. St. John) North America. See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 324. 1833, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 9: 46. 1836 and Research Studies of the State College of Washington 1(2): 106. 1929, Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 672–676. 1988, Intermountain Fl. 5: 152. 1994 (Plant infusion in the treatment of headaches, poultice of the chewed plant applied to sprains and swellings.) in English: lemon sagewort, Michaux’s wormwood, mountain sagewort Artemisia moorcroftiana Wall. (Artemisia moorcroftiana Mattf.; Artemisia moorcroftiana Pamp.; Artemisia moorcroftiana Wall. ex DC.)

China, India, Himalaya. See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 406. 1828, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 117. 1837 [1838] and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 22(618–626): 247–248. 1926, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 421. 1930, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 19: 299–316. 1984 (Leaves chewed for sore throat.) Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. (Artemisia vulgaris var. nilagirica C.B. Clarke) Afghanistan, India and Japan. Shrub, aromatic, herb, perennial, branching profusely, leaves deeply lobed See Compositae Indicae 162. 1876 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 33(3): 452. 1926 (Used in Ayurveda. Plant narcotic, a remedy for asthma and brain diseases; tender shoot eaten for headache; intake of leaves and flower tops is poisonous, abortifacient. Leaves and flowers anthelmintic, insecticide, antiseptic. Sedative, smoke of burning dry leaves induces sleep; dry leaves smoked for hallucination; ground leaves applied to cuts and wounds, to stop bleeding; leaf oil applied as local anesthesia; leaves decoction applied on sores; leaves juice in fever and earache, boils, cuts, wounds, acute chest pain, and to stop nose bleeding; leaves juice mixed with water given for high fever and acute abdominal pain; leaves infusion as a bath after returning from the cremation ground. Leaves burnt to drive away insects and also for purification of air. Roots decoction tonic, antispasmodic. Ceremonial, fresh leaves used during religious ceremonies, puja/pooja and marriage; dried flowers used for worshipping the Lord Shiva; superstitious beliefs, plant placed in front of the doors or below the pillows believing that ghosts or spirits never enter the houses.) in English: Indian wormwood in India: chiena, damanah, damanakah, dauna, davana, davanamu, diti bati, ditibati, domonok, dona, gothona, illimu, jingli bhang, kaadu manji pathre, katu-tsjetti-pu, kem, khebbija, khel bijak, khelbijak, kukeyu, kunj, kunja, kunjaa, kunju paati, laibakngora, laibakngou, leibakngou, maachipathri, machipatri, makkippu, makkippuvu, mamdpatri, manji pathre, manjipatre, marukozhunthu, masipathri, masipatri, masipattiri, naaga metta, nagadona, nagdona, nelum, nilum, ote palandu, pachapoov, pathiri chedi, pati, perum karpooram, pina, pini, pongpennyathran, sai, surband, surpin, tapingrami, teil, thavanam, titapat, titapati, tite pati, titipati, tongloti, veli Artemisia norvegica Fr. subsp. saxatilis (Besser) H.M. Hall & Clem. (Artemisia arctica Less.; Artemisia arctica subsp. beringensis (Hultén) Hultén; Artemisia arctica subsp. comata (Rydb.) Hultén; Artemisia arctica subsp. ehrendorferi Korobkov; Artemisia arctica Less. subsp. saxicola (Rydb.) Hultén; Artemisia arctica var. beringensis Hultén; Artemisia arctica var. saxatilis (Besser) Y.R. Ling; Artemisia

416

chamissoniana var. saxatilis Besser; Artemisia comata Rydb.; Artemisia norvegica Fr. subsp. saxatilis H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia norvegica Fr. subsp. saxatilis (Besser ex Hook.) H.M. Hall; Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. piceetorum S.L. Welsh & Goodrich; Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. saxatilis (Besser) Jeps.; Artemisia norvegica Fr. var. saxatilis Jeps.; Artemisia norvegica var. saxatilis (H.M. Hall & Clem.) Jeps. North America. Perennial subshrub See Novit. Fl. Suec. 56. 1817, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 324–325. 1833 and North American Flora 34(3): 263. 1916, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 58. 1923, Phylogenet. Meth. 58, fig. 5, pl. 3. 1923, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 1141. 1925, Acta Univ. Lund. 2, 46(1): 1558–1559, 1561. 1950 [Flora of Alaska and Yukon.], Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 138. 1967[1968], Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 64(5): 669. 1979, Bot. Zhurn. 65(1): 51–59. 1980, Bot. Zhurn. 65(5): 651–659. 1980, Brittonia 33(3): 295–296, f. 1. 1981, Advances in Compositae Systematics 258. 1995 (Decoction taken for diabetes.) in English: boreal sagebrush Artemisia nova Nelson (Artemisia arbuscula subsp. nova (A. Nelson) G.H. Ward; Artemisia arbuscula var. nova (A. Nelson) Cronquist; Artemisia tridentata subsp. nova (A. Nelson) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia tridentata var. nova (A. Nelson) McMinn; Seriphidium novum (A. Nelson) W.A. Weber) North America. See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27(5): 274. 1900, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 137. 1923, Man. Calif. Shrubs 608. 1939, Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium 4(6): 183. 1953, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 5: 58. 1955, Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 11: 171. 1961, Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 2: 229–243. 1978, American Journal of Botany 68: 589–605. 1981, Phytologia 55(1): 8. 1984, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754–1775. 1999 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: black sagebrush Artemisia oliveriana J. Gay ex Besser (Seriphidium oliverianum (J. Gay ex Besser) K. Bremer & Humphries) Iran. See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 9: 77. 1837 and Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of North-Eastern Forestry Institute 11(4): 18. 1991 (Powdered fruits, stems and leaves eaten to relieve stomachache and gas, indigestion, fever, vermifuge.) in Pakistan: dard dana, dard dun, derna, jir

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Artemisia ordosica Krasch. (Artemisia ordosica var. fulva H.C. Fu (also furva); Artemisia ordosica var. montana H.C. Fu; Artemisia salsoloides Pampanini; Artemisia salsoloides Ling; Artemisia salsoloides Willd.; Artemisia salsoloides var. mongolica Pampanini) China. Semi-shrub, fixed dune, leeward and windward slopes of the mobile dunes See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1832. 1800 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 698. 1927, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 9: 173. 1946, Flora Intramongolica 6: 328. 1982, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 8: 9–12. 1990, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1990(6): 24–31. 1990, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Intramongolicae 22(3): 422–427. 1991, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Journal of Arid Environments 72(6): 953–963. 2008 (Used for making antiphlogistic drugs.) Artemisia orientalihengduangensis Ling & Y.R. Ling (Artemisia roxburghiana Besser var. orientalis Pampanini; Artemisia vulgaris L.; Artemisia vulgaris Mattfeld) Asia. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 22(618–626): 248. 1926, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(4): 34. 1988, Regnum Veg. 127: 21. 1993 (Antimicrobial, vermifuge.) Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC. India. See Prodr. (DC.) 6: 120. 1838 (Used in Sidha. Oil aphrodisiac, aromatherapy. Used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, Davana is dedicated to Shiva.) in India: anantakarantam, anantapitam, cilesmanarapani, cukantacutcam, cukatmarankara, cutcampiccam, davana, davanam, davna, irucukantappuntu, kantotkatam, manali, manalicacceti, manalicam, manamali, manamalikkoluntu, mancarikam, manci, mancitavikam, manji pathre, manmali, manmalikkoluntucceti, marikkoluntu, marukkam, marukkarakkoluntu, marukkoluntu, maruvakam, maruvu, maruvucceti, mayirkkoluntu, mentiyakkoluntu, mentiyam, municatilam, napacariyacceti, napacariyam, panitanki, pintitakam, pintitakkoluntu, pintitam, pompani, pompanicceti, puccaratturakam, talamalam, tamanakantam, tamanam, tavanakam, tavanam, tipanicam, tipanicapputu, vacikaram, vacikaramaruvu, vauciki, vaucikikkoluntu, venkapattirakam, virai Artemisia parviflora Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. (Artemisia parviflora Roxb. ex D. Don; Artemisia parviflora Aitch.; Oligosporus parviflorus (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Poljak.)

417

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

India, Myanmar. Shrubs, greenish-white flowers, fragrant, aromatic See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 181. 1825, Fl. Ind. 3: 420. 1832 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 665–666. 1927 (Plant antiviral, juice applied on the forehead of children in case of convulsions. Leaves chewed for sore throat; green leaves decoction applied on skin diseases. Ceremonial.) in India: dhor davana, kirmani, leibakngou, niapfu Artemisia passiflora Roxb.

Artemisia princeps and Artemisia montana. Moxibustion has been a part of acupuncture practice for thousands of years; traditionally it includes direct moxibustion, in which moxa sticks are burned at acupuncture points on the skin, and indirect moxibustion. Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia ramosa Lag. ex Willk. & Lange (Artemisia ramosa C. Sm. ex Link; Seriphidium ramosum (C. Sm.) Dobignard) Tropical Africa.

India.

See Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. [Buch] 148. 1825, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 2(1): 71. 1865 and Candollea 52(1): 151. 1997

(Veterinary medicine, dried leaf powder given to birds or chickens.)

(Whole plant and leaves anthelmintic, stomachic, for indigestion.)

in India: imra molitong

Artemisia rothrockii A. Gray (Artemisia tridentata subsp. rothrockii (A. Gray) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Artemisia tridentata var. rothrockii (A. Gray) McMinn; Seriphidium rothrockii (A. Gray) W.A. Weber)

Artemisia persica Boissier (Artemisia togusbulakensis O. Fedtschenko) Iran, China. See Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 1(6): 91. 1846 and Trudy Botaničeskago Muzeja Imperatorskoj Akademii Nauk 1: 143. 1902, Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 195–210. 1986, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994 (Used as an antiphlogistic, hemostatic, for invigorating the function of digestion.) Artemisia princeps Pampanini (Artemisia mongolica Chang; Artemisia mongolica (Fisch. ex Besser) Nakai; Artemisia montana (Nakai) Pamp.; Artemisia montana f. occidentalis Pampanini; Artemisia montana var. nipponica (Nakai) Pampanini; Artemisia parvula Pampanini; Artemisia vulgaris f. nipponica Nakai; Artemisia vulgaris L. var. indica Hayata; Artemisia vulgaris var. indica (Willd.) Maxim.; Artemisia vulgaris var. latiloba Nakai; Artemisia vulgaris var. latiloba Ledeb.; Artemisia vulgaris var. maximowiczii Nakai) SE Asia. See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1846. 1800, Flora Altaica 4: 83. 1833, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 53. 1834, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 8: 535. 1872 and Compos. Formos. 24. 1904, Botanical Magazine 26(304): 103–104. 1912, Botanical Magazine 31: 112. 1917, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 36(4): 444, 460–462. 1930, Sunyatsenia 3(4): 297. 1937, Kromosomo, II 100: 3123–3135. 1975, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 37: 5–17. 1986, The Journal of Japanese history of pharmacy 35(1): 55–62. 2000 (In Japan and China moxa are made from the leaves or the downy hairs on the leaves and stems of one or more species of Artemisia L. or Crossostephium Less., including

North America. See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841, Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 618. 1876 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 138. 1923, Man. Calif. Shrubs 608. 1939, Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR 11: 171. 1961, Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 2: 229–243. 1978, American Journal of Botany 68: 589–605. 1981, Phytologia 55(1): 8. 1984 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) in English: Rothrock sagebrush Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. ex Besser (Artemisia roxburghiana Wall.) India. See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 9: 57. 1836 (Leaves as poultice for severe stomachache.) in India: chamur, kunjaa Artemisia rupestris Linnaeus (Absinthium rupestre (L.) Besser; Absinthium rupestre (L.) Schrank, also Schrenk; Absinthium rupestre var. oelandicum Besser; Absinthium rupestre var. thuringiacum Besser; Absinthium viride Besser; Absinthium viridifolium Besser; Absinthium viridifolium (Ledebour) Besser; Absinthium viridifolium var. rupestre (L.) Besser; Artemisia dentata Willdenow; Artemisia rupestris subsp. woodii Neilson; Artemisia rupestris var. oelandica (Besser) DC.; Artemisia rupestris var. thuringiaca (Besser) DC.; Artemisia rupestris var. viridifolia (Besser) DC.; Artemisia rupestris var. viridis (Besser) DC.; Artemisia viridifolia Sprengel; Artemisia viridis Willdenow ex DC.)

418

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

North America.

in English: redstem wormwood

See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Primitiae Florae Salisburgensis 203. 1792, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1(8): 246–249. 1829 and The Canadian Field-Naturalist 82(2): 119, f. 2A-D. 1968

in India: chambur, seeta-bani

(Used as antiphlogistic and hemostatic.) Artemisia rutifolia Stephan ex Sprengel Russia, Siberia. See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 488. 1826 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 195–210. 1986, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. (Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. ex Hook. f.) Himalaya, Tibet, China. Perennial shrub, strongly aromatic, green flower-heads in clusters, leaf and stem used as fertilizer, animal fodder, grazed by cattle, moderate to heavy grazing See Dissert. De Artem. 17, 30. 1775, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1845. 1800, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. 5: 571. 1805, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1(8): 259. 1829, The Flora of British India 3(8): 326– 327. 1881 and Southern Tibet, Botany 6(3): 41, pl. 3, f. 1. 1922 (Roots and leaves as a poultice used to relieve headache and for healing sores. Leaf decoction for colds and cough. Ceremonial, burned for religious ceremonies, used as incense in religious prayers.) in India: ganga-tulsi, kandam, khampa shridhi in Nepal: chyangchin, kemba girbu, namnewa, paati, titepati in Tibet: gang ge, geng gai, geng ge peng, kang ge Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. (Artemisia capillaris Thunb. var. scoparia (Waldst. & Kit.) Pamp.; Artemisia scoparia Maxim., non Waldst. & Kit.; Oligosporus scoparius (Waldst. & Kit.) Less.) Central Europe. Herb, corollas yellow-cream See Flora Japonica, … 309. 1784, Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum Rariorum Hungariae 1: 66, pl. 65. 1802, Linnaea 9: 191. 1834, Primitiae Florae Amurensis 159. 1859 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 642. 1927, Trudy Instituta Botaniki. Alma-Ata 11: 167. 1967, Pharmaceutical biology 33(3): 193–197. 1995 (Anticholesterolemic, antiserotonergic, antipyretic, antiseptic, spasmolytic, cholagogue, diuretic, vasodilator, antibacterial, used for earache, jaundice, hepatitis and inflammation of the gall bladder. Smoke from the dried herb used for burns and the infusion given as purgative.)

Artemisia selengensis Turczaninow ex Besser (Artemisia cannabifolia H. Lév.; Artemisia cannabifolia var. nigrescens H. Lév.; Artemisia selengensis var. cannabifolia (H. Lév.) Pamp.; Artemisia selengensis var. cannabifolia Pampanini; Artemisia selengensis var. integerrima (Komarov) Ling & Y.R. Ling ex X.D. Cui; Artemisia selengensis var. pannosa Pampanini; Artemisia vulgaris lusus selengensis (Turczaninow ex Besser) Regel; Artemisia vulgaris lusus serratifolia Regel; Artemisia vulgaris var. integerrima Komarov; Artemisia vulgaris var. selengensis (Turczaninow ex Besser) Maximowicz) China. See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 50. 1834, Tent. Fl. Ussur. 96. 1861, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 8: 536. 1872 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(325–330): 284. 1913, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 475–476. 1930, Bot. Zhurn. 71: 1693. 1986 (Used for antiphlogistic and antihelminthic drugs.) Artemisia sibirica (L.) Maxim. (Chrysanthemum sibiricum Turcz. ex DC.; Chrysanthemum sibiricum Fisch. ex Kom.; Chrysanthemum trinioides Hand.-Mazz.; Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam.; Tanacetum sibiricum L.) Russia, Siberia. See Species Plantarum 2: 843–850, 887. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 46. 1838 [1837 publ. early Jan 1838], Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 8: 524. 1872 and Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 12(9): 273. 1938, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 9(3): 157. 1940 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. (Absinthium sieversianum (Ehrhart) Besser; Absinthium sieversianum Besser; Artemisia chrysolepis Kitagawa; Artemisia koreana Nakai; Artemisia moxa DC.; Artemisia sieversiana var. blinii H. Lév.; Artemisia sieversiana var. grandis Pampanini; Artemisia sieversiana var. koreana (Nakai) W. Wang & C.Y. Li; Artemisia sparsa Kitagawa) China, Japan. Aromatic, annual or perennial, yellow flowerheads in terminal branched cluster or spikes See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1845. 1800, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1(8): 259. 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 121. 1838 and Botanical Magazine 23(273): 186. 1909, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 703. 1927, Report of the First Scientific

419

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Expedition to Manchoukou 4(2): 35, 37, f. 7, 8. 1935, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 299–316. 1984, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 116–118. 1990, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1990(6): 24–31. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 769–771. 1991, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Intramongolicae 22(3): 422–427. 1991, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 16(1): 27–31. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda. Essential oils antiphlogistic and hemostatic, sedative, antiseptic, nervine tonic, used in itching, debility, intestinal worms in children, diseases of spleen and heart, jaundice, dropsy, gout and hysteria. Plant paste along with other plants mixed in hot water and the patient suffering from joint ache sits inside the water. Veterinary medicine, tonic, fresh plants fed to pashmina goats.) in India: agnidamanaka, bahukantaka, brahmajata, damana, damanaka, damani, dana, dandi, danta, dauna, davana, davanaa, devashekhara, dona, gandhotkata, guchhaphala, jatila, javana, kaadu davana, khamchu, khanatung, kshudradussparshahana, kshudrakantakari, kulapatra, kulapatraka, madanaka, marikkolundu, muni, munipatra, panduraga, patri, pavitraka, pundarika, pushpachamara, ranadavana, randavana, tapasapatri, tapaswipatra, vanadamanaka in Nepal: sangaphamba

See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg. Avec l’Histoire de l’Académie 5: 568. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 113. 1817, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 39. 1834, Linnaea 15: 106. 1841, A Flora of North America: containing … 2(3): 422. 1843 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 430. 1900, North American Flora 34(3): 266–267. 1916, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 72. 1923, Flora of the Aleutian Islands 327. 1937, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 25(17): 460–462. 1946, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 46(1): 1573. 1950, Great Basin Naturalist 28(3): 151. 1968, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 60(3): 395–401. 1975, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 61(7): 963–969. 1976 (Antirheumatic, antitumor, disinfectant, febrifuge, hemostatic, laxative and tonic; dried leaves infusion taken for arthritis, to prevent infections in wounds and to treat stomachaches, also used as a skin wash to relieve sores, rashes and insect bites. Applied externally to swollen joints; leaves poultice applied to skin infections and to cuts to stop the bleeding.) in English: Tilesius’ wormwood Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb. China, Himalaya. Erect aromatic hderb, small green flowers in terminal spikes

Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. (Artemisia salsoloides Ling; Artemisia salsoloides Willd.; Artemisia salsoloides var. mongolica Pampanini; Oligosporus sphaerocephalus (Krasch.) Poljakov)

See Reichenbach, (Heinrich Gottlieb) Ludwig (1793–1879), Iconographia Botanica Exotica, sive Hortus botanicus, etc. 1: 6, pl. 5. Lipsiae 1824–1830

China, Tibet.

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. f. parishii (A. Gray) Beetle (Artemisia parishii A. Gray)

See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1832. 1800, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33. 1817 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 34(3): 698. 1927, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1990(6): 24–31. 1990, Swiss medical weekly 136(33–34): 529–532. 2006, Natural Product Research 22(18): 1633–1636. 2008 (Hypoglycemic.) Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. (Artemisia elatior (Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb.; Artemisia gormanii Rydb.; Artemisia hookeriana Besser; Artemisia hultenii M.M. Maximova; Artemisia tilesii DC., nom. illeg., non Artemisia tilesii Ledeb.; Artemisia tilesii subsp. gormanii (Rydb.) Hultén; Artemisia tilesii subsp. hultenii (M.M. Maximova) V.G. Sergienko; Artemisia tilesii subsp. typica D.D. Keck; Artemisia tilesii subsp. unalaschcensis (Besser) Hultén; Artemisia tilesii var. aleutica (Hultén) S.L. Welsh; Artemisia tilesii var. elatior Torr. & A. Gray; Artemisia tilesii var. unalaschcensis Besser; Artemisia unalaskensis Rydb. var. aleutica Hultén; Artemisia vulgaris subsp. tilesii (Ledeb.) H.M. Hall & Clem.) North America.

(Applied to skin diseases and infections.)

North America. See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 17: 220. 1882 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 137. 1923, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 1140. 1925, Rhodora 61(723): 83. 1959, Advances in Compositae Systematics 288. 1995 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia tridentata Nutt. f. spiciformis (Osterh.) Beetle (Artemisia spiciformis Osterh.) North America. See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27(9): 507. 1900, Rhodora 61(723): 83. 1959, Phytologia 71(1): 59. 1991, Advances in Compositae Systematics 288. 1995 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

420

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. tridentata (Artemisia angusta Rydb.; Artemisia tridentata subsp. xericensis Winward ex R. Rosentreter & R.G. Kelsey; Artemisia tridentata Nutt. var. angustifolia A. Gray; Seriphidium tridentatum (Nutt.) W.A. Weber)

Artemisia turanica (Krasch.) Poljakov)

North America. Perennial tree or shrub

in Pakistan: surkh jir

See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841 and Journal of Range Management 44(4): 334. 1991, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754– 1775. 1999

Artemisia verbenacea (Komarov) Kitagawa (Artemisia liaotungensis Kitagawa; Artemisia mongolica (Fischer ex Besser) Nakai var. verbenacea (Komarov) Pampanini; Artemisia obscura Pampanini var. congesta Pampanini; Artemisia princeps Pampanini var. candicans Pampanini; Artemisia vulgaris L. var. verbenacea Komarov)

(Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones. Leaves decoction drunk or leaf chewed as an antidote for poisoning. An infusion drunk as a remedy for colds and pneumonia.) in English: basin big sagebrush, big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle (Artemisia tridentata var. pauciflora Winward & Goodrich; Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana (Rydb.) J. Boivin; Artemisia vaseyana Rydb.; Seriphidium tridentatum subsp. vaseyanum (Rydb.) W.A. Weber; Seriphidium vaseyanum (Rydb.) W.A. Weber) North America. See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841 and North American Flora 34(3): 283. 1916, Rhodora 61(723): 83. 1959, Phytologia 23(1): 91. 1972, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 3: 209–213. 1975, Phytologia 55(1): 8. 1984, Phytologia 58(6): 384. 1985, Great Basin Naturalist 45(1): 102–103. 1985, Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 672–676. 1988, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754–1775. 1999 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia tripartita Rydb. subsp. rupicola Beetle North America. See Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 432. 1900, Rhodora 61(723): 82–83. 1959, Taxon 28: 271–273. 1979, Vascular Plants of Wyoming 295. 1988 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia tripartita Rydb. subsp. tripartita North America. See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 5: 196. 1832, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 398. 1841 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 432. 1900, American Journal of Botany 68: 589–605. 1981, American Journal of Botany 86(12): 1754–1775. 1999 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.)

Krasch.

(Seriphidium

turanicum

Iran. (Febrifuge, to treat stomachache in children.)

China. See Species Plantarum 2: 848. 1753, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 53. 1834 and Fl. Manschur. 3(2): 673. 1907, Botanical Magazine 31: 112. 1917, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 412, 417–419, 444–446. 1930, Lineamenta Florae Manshuricae 434. 1939, Report of the Institute of Scientific Research, Manchoukuo 4(7): 107–109. 1940 (Vermifuge.) Artemisia verlotorum Lamotte (Artemisia dubia Pampanini; Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser; Artemisia dubia var. legitima (Besser) Pampanini; Artemisia dubia var. orientalis Pampanini; Artemisia mongolica Chang; Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte; Artemisia verlotorum var. lobata Pampanini) South America. See Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 39. 1834, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 9: 55–56. 1836, Mém. Assoc. Franc. Cong. Clerm.-Ferr. 1876: 511. 1876 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 33(3): 447–448. 1926, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 438, 459–460. 1930, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 44: 79–96. 1987, Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der Heimischen Flora 59: 13–22. 1988, Botanika Chronika 10: 737–740. 1991, Investigatio et Studium Naturae 12: 48–65. 1992, Willdenowia 26: 245–250. 1996, Watsonia 23: 139– 147. 2000 (Found to contain potentially allergenic sesquiterpene lactones.) Artemisia vestita Wall. ex Besser (Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. var. vestita (Wall. ex Besser) Kitam.; Artemisia vestita Kitag.; Artemisia vestita Wall.; Artemisia vestita Wall. ex DC.) China, Tibet. Stout herb, shrubby below with light yellow flowers See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3301. 1831, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 25. 1834 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 7: 66. 1938,

421

Artemisia L. Asteraceae

Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 106. 1938, Lineamenta Florae Manshuricae 434. 1939, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 299–316. 1984, Int. Immunopharmacol. 5(2): 407–415. 2005, Int. J. Mol. Med. 17(5): 957–962. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120(1): 1–6. 2008 (Dried leaf powder decoction antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, stomachic, antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, hemostatic, febrifuge, also to kill worms in the intestine.) in India: buer, chamariya, chhamri, drubsha, kundia, seski, tethwan Artemisia vulgaris L. (Artemisia opulenta Pampanini; Artemisia vulgaris Mattf.; Artemisia vulgaris var. glabra Ledebour; Artemisia vulgaris var. kamtschatica Besser, also kamschatica) India. Perennial herbs or undershrubs, erect or ascending, aromatic, woody base, head sessile in spiciform racemes, achenes glabrous, young shoots boiled and eaten, a complex species See Species Plantarum 2: 845–850. 1753, Flora Altaica 4: 83. 1833, Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 54. 1834, The Flora of British India 3(8): 325–326. 1881 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 22(618–626): 248. 1926, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36: 464–465, f. 97. 1930, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 23: 1–23. 1974, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 60(6): 864–872, 873–880. 1975, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 61(7): 963–969. 1976, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 64(4): 582–589. 1979, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 357– 368. 1981, Nucleus 25: 116–118. 1982, Taxon 31: 775–776. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, BiologiaGeographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 299–316. 1984, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449. 1984, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 23: 206. 1986, Fitologija 31: 71–74. 1986, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 43: 427–430. 1986, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 44: 79–96, 509–512. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 162– 163. 1987, Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 672–676. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(4): 34. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Cell and Chromosome Research 12: 17–18. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1810–1811. 1989, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 427–437. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1622– 1624. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 473–476. 1991, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 88–90. 1992, Regnum Veg. 127: 21. 1993, Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 1126–1135. 1994, Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 595–606. 1997, Watsonia 23: 139–147. 2000, Intern. Med. 46(13): 1015–1018. 2007

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Very poisonous to livestock. Occupational allergy, weed dermatitis. Antimalarial, vermifuge, antispasmodic, sedative, tonic, antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, vulnerary, expectorant, stomachic and emmenagogue; used to treat menstrual disorders, epistaxis, hemorrhoids, vomiting, colic, asthma, earache, rheumatism, impetigo, diarrhea, and externally to treat skin diseases, ulcers and sores. Fresh leaves pounded with roots of Capparis assamica, extract applied on forehead in headache. Roots anthelmintic, but large doses cause harmful effect, uterus contraction, abortion. Whole plant burnt over the fire and the smoke drives out mosquitoes and other insects. Magico-religious beliefs, used in cleaning or purifying ceremonies.) in English: common mugwort, common wormwood, felonherb, fleabane, green-ginger, Indian wormwood, maidenwort, motherwort, mugwort, sailor’s tobacco, St John’s plant, wild wormwood, wormwood in Bolivia: artemisa, mark’ualtamisa

altamiza,

mark’u

altamisa,

in Southern Africa: umhlonyane (Zulu) in China: ai ye, ai hao in India: adavi-dhavanamu, apicinti, appa, arthamasia, baranjasif, barha, barhikusum, barhipushpa, boo-e-madran, brahmajata, buer, caciyatitam, caciyatitappattiri, cankali, cankalippattiri, chharmar, cinaccamanti, damanah, damanaka, damanakam, davana, davanamu, dhordhavana, dona, drubsha, charmar, charmar (khardar), gandhotkata, gathivana, gathona, granthika, granthiparna, granthiparnaka, granthiparni, guchhaka, gutthaka, jangli bhang, kakapushpa, kantanakuli, kattucetippu, kattucetti, kattuchatti, kattuchettippu, kheb-bija, khel bijak, kolacepikam, kolakacepikacceti, kolakacirisam, kolakaciritam, kukura, kulaputtiran, maasibattiri, maasipattiri, maccippaddiri, macha patri, maci, macipatri, macippaccai, macippattiri, mahibattiri, majtari, makkippu, manjipatri, marukozhunthu, marzangosh, marzanjosh, mashipatri, masipatchai, mastaru, nagadamani, nagadouna, nagdamani, nagdauna, nagdona, nakatamani, nattumacippattiri, nilampala, nilapushpa, nilum, nugduna, olikavipattiri, olikavippattiri, puspacamara, rirunittipacha, sak suk, saraparni, seski, sharaparni, shaweela, shirnakhya, shuka, shukabarha, shukachhada, shukapuccha, sthauneya, sugandha, surband, svaramaguchhaka, tailaparnaka, tapodhana, tavanam, tirunama, tirunamacceti, tirunirripacca, tirunitripaccha, tirunittipacca, titaypati, titepati, titipati, titpati, tiyamam, vacam, vanyadamanaka, varai, varaippattiram, varaippattiri in Indonesia: baru cina, beunghar kucicing, suket ganjahan in Lepcha: tuk nyil in Malaysia: baru cina, bunga ayam hutan bateh, hiya in the Philippines: damong Maria, erbaka, gilbas, kamaria, Santa Maria, tinisas

422

in Thailand: kot chulaalamphuaua in Tibet: dha ma na ga, dhamanaga, smug-po, tshar-bong in Vietnam: ngai curu, ngai diep, ng[ar]i c[uws]u, thu[oos]c c[uws]u, thuoc curu, nha ngai, qua su, co linh li Artemisia wudanica Liou & W. Wang China. Shrub or semi-shrub, active dunes of desert areas See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(4): 88–89, pl. 1. 1979, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 4: 53–60. 1989, Grassland of China [Zhongguo caoyuan] 1990(6): 24–31. 1990 (Febrifuge, antiinflammatory.)

Arthrocnemum Moq. Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) Greek arthron ‘a joint’ and kneme ‘limb, leg’, referring to the jointed flowering branches of the plant; see Christian Horace Bénédict Alfred Moquin-Tandon (1804–1863), Chenopodearum monographica enumeratio 111. Parisiis 1840, Genera Plantarum 3: 65. 1880 and Bothalia 9(2): 255– 307. 1967, International Journal of Plant Sciences 159(5): 826–833. 1998. Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.) Moq. (Arthrocnemum affine Moss; Arthrocnemum africanum Moss; Arthrocnemum ambiguum (Michx.) Moq.; Arthrocnemum capense Moss; Arthrocnemum decumbens Toelken; Arthrocnemum dunense Moss; Arthrocnemum hottentoticum Moss; Arthrocnemum indicum Moq.; Arthrocnemum indicum Thwaites; Arthrocnemum littoreum Moss; Arthrocnemum mossianum Toelken; Arthrocnemum namaquense Moss; Arthrocnemum natalense Moss; Arthrocnemum perenne Moss; Arthrocnemum pillansii Moss; Arthrocnemum terminale Toelken; Arthrocnemum variiflorum Moss; Arthrocnemum xerophilum Toelken; Halosarcia indica (Willd.) Paul G. Wilson; Salicornia ambigua Michx.; Salicornia australasica (Moq.) H. Eichler; Salicornia brachiata Miq.; Salicornia fruticosa Decne.; Salicornia indica Willd.; Salicornia natalensis Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.; Salicornia perennis Mill.; Salicornia radicans Smith; Sarcathria indica (Willd.) Raf.; Tecticornia indica (Willd.) K.A. Sheph. & Paul G. Wilson subsp. indica) Tropical Asia, Australia, Indian Ocean, India. Small halophytic shrub, prostrate, mat-forming main stems, stem segments round, fleshy, flowers in clusters, salty to the taste, young branches eaten as a cooked vegetable, on tidal mud flats, in salt marshes near the sea and in mangrove swamps See Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 2: 111–112, pl. 4, f. 2. 1799, Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 113. 1840, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 1019. 1858 and Nuytsia 3(1): 28–29, 63. 1980, Austral. Syst. Bot. 20(4): 327. 2007, Asian Journal of Chemistry 20(2): 1311–1322. 2008, Natural Product Research 22(1): 53–65. 2008

Arthrocnemum Moq. Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Ashes alexipharmic, antiviral, antioxidant, emmenagogue, to cure itch and also used as abortifacient and for snakebite and scorpion sting.) in English: brown-headed glasswort, glasswort in India: havalada hoo, kolliam, koyyapippali, koyyapippli, machola, machur, pagadal chettu, pavalappundu, pavalappuntu, subhar, suvar, tagal, takal, takarappuntu, uamari, umari, umiri Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) K. Koch (Arthrocnemum fruticosum var. macrostachyum (Moric.) Moq.; Arthrocnemum glaucum Ung.-Sternb.; Arthrocnemum indicum subsp. glaucum Maire & Weiller; Arthrocnemum macrostachyum Torr.; Arthrophytum schmittianum (Pomel) Maire & Weiller var. prostratum Le Houér.; Salicornia macrostachya Moric.; Salicornia virginica Forssk.) Pakistan, Bahrain, Sinai. See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 2. 1775, Fl. Veneta 2. 1820, Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 112. 1840, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany 2(1): 184. 1859, Hortus Dendrologicus 96. 1885 and Flore de l’Afrique du Nord 8: 99. 1962, Pharmaceutical Biology 35(1): 38–42. 1997 (Antimicrobial.) in Sahara: larjem Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish) Standl. (Salicornia subterminalis Parish) North America. See Erythea 6(9): 87. 1898 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 4(14): 399. 1914 (Seeds tonic.) in English: Parish’s glasswort

Arthromeris (T. Moore) J. Sm. Polypodiaceae From the Greek arthron ‘a joint’ and meris ‘a portion, part’, see Historia Filicum 110. 1875. Arthromeris wallichiana (Spreng.) Ching (Arthromeris juglandifolia (T. Moore) J. Sm.; Arthromeris juglandifolia J. Sm.; Pleopeltis capitellata (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd.; Pleopeltis capitellata Bedd.; Pleopeltis juglandifolia T. Moore; Pleopeltis juglandifolia (D. Don) T. Moore; Polypodium capitellatum Wall. ex Mett.; Polypodium capitellatum Wall.; Polypodium juglandifolium D. Don; Polypodium juglandifolium Humb. & Bonpl.; Polypodium juglandifolium Willd.; Polypodium wallichianum Mett.; Polypodium wallichianum Spreng.) India, China. Fern, tender parts eaten as vegetable See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 5: 195. 1810, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 3. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta

423

Arthrostemma Pav. ex D. Don Melastomataceae

[Sprengel] 4(1): 53. 1827, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 306. 1828, Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 1: 109, 229. 1856, Ferns of British India t. 12. 1865, Historia Filicum 111. 1875, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1: 566. 1880 and Contributions from the Institute of Botany, National Academy of Peiping 2(3): 92–93. 1933, Pterid. Fl. E. India 576. 2004 (Leaves paste applied for sprains and fractured bone.) in Nepal: chhepare unyu, harchur, ningra

Arthrostemma Pav. ex D. Don Melastomataceae Greek arthron ‘joint’ and stemma ‘a crown’ or stemon ‘stamen’, referring to the connectives, see Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 4: 283, 298–299. 1823 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1): 249–521. 1941, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/4): 407–525. 1963. Arthrostemma ciliatum Pav. ex D. Don (Arthrostemma campanulare (Bonpl. ex Naudin) Triana; Arthrostemma ciliatum Ruiz & Pav.; Arthrostemma fragile Lindl.; Arthrostemma grandiflorum Markgr.; Arthrostemma macrodesmum Gleason; Heteronoma campanulare Bonpl. ex Naudin; Heteronoma diversifolium (Bonpl.) DC.; Heteronoma diversifolium Naudin ex Hemsl.; Heteronoma diversifolium var. rubiginosum Ram. Goyena; Rhexia diversifolia Bonpl.) Peru, Costa Rica. Herb, shrub, low clambering, juicy stemmed, flowers reddish violet to rose-pink See Flora Peruviana 4: t. 326. 1802, Monographia Melastomacearum 119, t. 45. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 122, 136. 1828, Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 3: 74–75. 1848[1847], Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 14(2): 153. 1850, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 28(1): 35. 1871[1872], Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany 1(5): 417. 1880 and Flora Nicaragüense 1: 413. 1909, Flora of Trinidad and Tobago 1(6): 356–357. 1934, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53(12): 1653–1669. 2001, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): 1339–1419. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81(3): 307–315. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 389–401. 2005, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 394–574. 2007 (Antimalaria. Decongestant vapors, sap and leaves rubbed on the chest for cold. Stems eaten raw to treat pain during urination.) in Central America: chalíklík, pilpe

Artocarpus Forster & Forster f. Moraceae Greek artos ‘bread’ and karpos ‘fruit’, see Characteres Generum Plantarum [second edition] 101, pl. 51. 1775 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 10–58. 1946, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University 40: 147–149. 1959, Fieldiana,

Bot. 40: 94–215. 1977, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 635–675. 2007. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (Artocarpus altilis (J.P. du Roi) O. Deg. & I. Deg.; Artocarpus camansi Blanco; Artocarpus communis Forst. & Forst.f.; Artocarpus communis Forst.; Artocarpus incisus L.; Artocarpus incisus (Thunb.) L.f.; Radermachia incisa Thunb.; Sitodium altile Parkins., nom. subnud. illeg.) Tropical Asia, Pacific, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. Monoecious tree, evergreen or semideciduous, straight, buds covered with big conical keeled stipules, alternate thick leathery shiny leaves dark green, inflorescences axillary, male ones drooping spongy yellow, female ones stiffly upright, fruit a syncarp, a large central core surrounded by numerous abortive flowers which form a pale yellow juicy pulp, fleshy prickles, all parts rich in white gummy milky latex, edible fruits and seeds, leaves and fallen fruits good animal feed, in wet tropics, forest edge, floodplains and swamps, alluvial soils rich in humus, sometimes as Artocarpus communis See Journal of a voyage to the South Seas 45. 1773, Char. Gen. Pl. 51. 1775, Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 37: 253. 1776, Supplementum Plantarum 411. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr. 1782] and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 31(3): 95. 1941, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 10–58. 1946, Phytologia 39(3): 144. 1978, Acta Bot. Brasil. 13(1): 49–60. 1999, Amer. J. Bot. 88(4): 693–696. 2001 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark decoction vulnerary. Roots astringent, antiinflammatory and purgative; root bark antibacterial and antitumour. Diluted latex from the trunk a remedy for diarrhea, stomachache and dysentery, boils, ulcers, abscesses, swollen groin and gastroenteritis; sap from the bark mixed with lime to treat a sore foot; sap from crushed  leaves to treat ear infections or sore eyes. Leaves insecticidal, toxic, hemolytic. Leaf decoction believed to lower blood pressure and to relieve asthma; leaves infusion for diabetes. Chewed young leaves to counteract food poisoning.) in English: breadfruit, breadfruit tree in Pacific: beta, bia, buco, bulo, kapiak, kuru, meduu, mei (mai), mos, nimbalu, ‘ulu, ‘uru, uto in Cambodia: khnaôr sâmloo, sakéé in China: bo luo mi shu, mian bao shu in India: acani, acini, ayini, bilatti kathal, cimaippala, deevi halasu, era-pla, irappala, karippala, kataccakka, katappilavu, ksudrapanasah, nirappala, paccaippala, palacam, panacam, pompu, rottipalaa, seemapala, simaippala, simaplavu, vilatipilavu, vilayati kathal in Indonesia: kelur, sukun, timbul in Japan: pan-no-ki in Malaysia: kelor, kulau, kulor, kulur, suku, sukun

424

in Papua New Guinea: dacwa, gunu, kapiak, lauga, metkul, nahua, uda in Philippines: antipolo, bakak, dalangian, kamansi, kamongsi, pa-a, pakak, rimas, ugub in Sri Lanka: era-pla, rata-del

Artocarpus Forster & Forster f. Moraceae

spikes on trunk-tubercle or on branches, cylindrical fruit, flesh of the ripe fruit eaten raw, boiled or roasted seeds eaten, young leaves eaten as vegetable See A Botanical Materia Medica 4: 330. 1812, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 3: 804. 1826

in Thailand: kha-nun-sam-pa-lo, khanun-sampalor, sa-ke

(For scurvy.)

in Vietnam: sakê

in Thailand: cham-pa-da, cham-pa-daw, champedak

in Congo: fri ya pe

Artocarpus cumingianus Trécul

in Yoruba: berefutu, burefu, gbere futu

Philippines.

Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique III, 8: 119. 1847

Indonesia. Tree See Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel 3: 422. 1861 and Gard. Bull. Singapore 50(2): 200. 1998 (Magic, ritual, leaves hung on the doorway to prevent evil spirits from entering the house.) in Borneo: bintawak Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. (Artocarpus chama Buch.Ham. ex Wall.; Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb., nom. nud.; Artocarpus melinoxylus Gagnep.) India, China, Vietnam. Deciduous tree, erect, hispid, leaves rough on lower surface, solitary flowers in leaf axils, fruiting head sub-globose, oblong achenes enclosed within fleshy perianth, ripe fruits and roasted seeds eaten See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 66. 1814, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 5: 331. 1826, Numer. List [Wallich] no. 4657 C. 1831, Fl. Ind. 3: 525. 1832 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 73: 88. 1926, J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 144. 1959, Taxon 26(5–6): 529. 1977, Journal of Natural Products 67(5): 757–761. 2004, Phytochemistry 67(8): 824–829. 2006 (Cytotoxic, antineoplastic, antiplatelet, antioxidant. Stem bark decoction applied on gum inflammation; powdered bark applied on sores, pimples, boils; inner surface of bark chewed and the juice swallowed in diarrhea; fresh bark chewed as masticatory. Inner bark of the roots and stems eaten as masticatory along with betel nut.) in English: chaplash in China: ye shu bo luo in India: bol-sram, bol sram, cham, chaplash, compalaso, dieng laram, dieng soh phankhlaw, dieng sohram, sam, shingkong, tat-pong, tatkawng, tuzutong in Nepal: lathar, saur Artocarpus champeden Spreng. (Artocarpus champeden Stokes; Artocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes) Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia. Tree, thin coriaceous leaves, male spikes slender cylindrical creamy-white, white female

(Bark decoction for stomachache.) in Philippines: anubing Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume (Artocarpus blumei Trécul; Artocarpus elastica Reinw.; Artocarpus kunstleri King; Artocarpus kunstleri King ex Hook.f.; Artocarpus pubescens auct.; Artocarpus pubescens Moon; Artocarpus pubescens Blume; Artocarpus pubescens Willd.) Borneo. Tree See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 189. 1805, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 9: 481. 1825, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 8: 111. 1847, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 540. 1888, Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. 2: 9, t. 4. 1889 [Dec 1888] and J. Pl. Res. 108: 313–326. 1995 (Shoots infusion drunk to stop vomiting blood.) in Borneo. tekalong in Malaya: terap Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul (Artocarpus gomezianus Wall., nom. nudum) India, Vietnam. Tree, cylindrical bole, black bark, copious white sap, young leaf sticky scabrous, ripe fruits and roasted seeds eaten See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] 4660. 1831, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique sér. 3, 8: 118. 1847 and Pharmaceutical Biology 43(8): 651–657. 2005, Chemistry & Biodiversity 3(10): 1138–1143. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda. Antiviral, antiretroviral agent, phenolics with anti-HSV and anti-HIV activities; antiherpetic flavones from the heartwood; moderate to potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity.) in English: monkey jack in India: anjannu, armu, badhar, dewa sali, dieng sohram, esuluhuli, ikui, kammaregu, kanchi simbu, kshudraphanas, kul, lakucha, lakuchamu, likuchamu, nakkaraenu, nakkaremu, phala, vatar, votamba, wotomba

425

Artocarpus Forster & Forster f. Moraceae

Malayan names: merubek, monsoon tampang, tampang bulat, tampang burong, tampang nangka, tampang nasi, tampang sering, tapang Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul subsp. zeylanicus F.M. Jarrett India. See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 41: 90. 1960

that of Artocarpus heterophyllus and leaves of Phyllanthus amarus given to promote fertility. Latex promotes healing of abscesses, snakebite and glandular swellings; gum applied to burns. Veterinary medicine, leaves for placental retention. Ceremonial, superstitions, rituals, festivals, magico-religious beliefs.) in English: jaca fruit, jack, jack fruit, jack fruit tree, jack nut, jack tree, jak, jak fruit, wild jack

(Bark extract taken as emetic; inner bark chewed along with betel leaves in place of Areca nut.)

in Burma: peignai

in India: hudehulli, theettippatta

in China: bo luo mi, po lo mi

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Artocarpus brasiliensis Gomez; Artocarpus heterophylla Lam.; Artocarpus integer auct. - sensu mult.; Artocarpus integra Merr.; Artocarpus integrifolia L.f.; Artocarpus integrifolius L.f.; Artocarpus maxima Blanco; Artocarpus maximus Blanco; Artocarpus philippensis Lam.) India, Malaysia. Tree, evergreen, monoecious, crown densely spreading, all living parts exude viscid yellowish-white latex, oval glossy leathery leaves, leafy stipules, inflorescences solitary borne axillary, flowers and fruit borne on the trunk or large branches, male flower heads barrel-shaped or ellipsoid, fertile male flowers with tubular bilobed perianth, male and female heads on a cauliflorous shoot, fruit (syncarp) barrelor pear-shaped with short pyramidal protuberances or warts, horny endocarp, seeds oblong-ellipsoid, young leaves readily eaten by cattle, fruits edible, seeds eaten boiled or roasted, yellow dye extracted from wood See Suppl. Pl. 412. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 3(1): 209–210. 1789, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 669. 1837 and Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 190. 1917, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(3): 403–407. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves of Allophylus cobbe, Antidesma roxburghii and Artocarpus heterophyllus used in the preparation of choarak, a local wine, health tonic, but intoxicating when consumed in large amount. Flowers, leaves and bark, decoction and latex, to treat wound, diarrhea, emaciation and skin diseases. Bark extracts antiviral; wood sedative and its pith abortifacient. Root for skin diseases and asthma, fever and diarrhea; root paste for headache. Ripe fruit demulcent, cooling and laxative; for tuberculosis, mature fruit processed with molasses and given; unripe fruits astringent; ash of fruit peduncle given in fever; young fruits pounded with roots of Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. (Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.) and given in swellings of feet, arms, legs. Seed starch to relieve biliousness, roasted seeds aphrodisiac, pulp and seeds cooling and nutritious tonic. Leaves used in skin diseases and as an antidote to snakebite; heated leaves placed on wounds, and the ash of the leaves burned with maize and coconut shells used to heal ulcers; stem bark of Ficus racemosa ground with

in Cambodia: khnaôr in India: acani, aiyinipila, alasa, anjili, apuspaphala, atcaravirutcatti, ayirankanni, bokke gida, cakkai, cakki, cantakaputitam, cantakaputitamaram, cenkarippala, cenkarippalamaram, chaka, cikavaram, cuvaturacayanam, cuvatuvaki, dieng sohphan, ekaram, ekaramaram, ekaravalli, fannas, gujja, halasina hannu, halasina mara, halasu, halasu jaaka, iracalam, jang-phaung-araung, kananpilavu, kantaka phala, kantakapalam, kantal, kantapalam, kantakiphala, kanthal, kanthar, kathai, katahal, kathal, katoi, kattupilavu, keoto, kojje, koovi, koozha chakka, koozha puzham, kowa, kurtekam, kurtekamaram, kuttippala, kuttippila, lamkhuang, marican, matika, matukamaram, mirutankapalam, muppurakkani, mutpala, mutpurakkani, narpala, narpalamaram, nattuppala, paala, palaa, palaasu, pala, palacam, palamaram, palampala, palampalamaram, palaphalam, palaviruccakam, palavirutcam, palavu, palavumaram, panacamaram, panas, panasa, panasah, panasero, panaso, pansa, paricatti, phanas, phanasa, phannas, phunnus, pila, pilamaram, pilav, pilavu, piramataru, plavu, ponoso, pukam, skandhaphala, tagar, theibong, tokavoko, tsjaka-maram, umaipporikam, umaipporikamaram, vaerupanasa, varkkai, varukkai, varukkaippala, varukkarai, varukkaraimaram, vatakapavirutti, veru panasa in Indonesia: nangka, nangka bubur, nangka salak, nongko in Japan: paramitsu in Laos: miiz, miiz hnang in Malaya: nangka, nangka bilulang, nangka bubur, temedak in Nepal: rukh katahar, rukh kathar in Pakistan: kathal in Papua New Guinea: kapiak in the Philippines: langka, nangka in Sri Lanka: jak, kos, pla, varaka, vela in Thailand: banun, kha-nun, kha-nun-nang, khanun, khanun lamoud, khanun nang, lang, makmi, na-ko in Vietnam: mít, nang chieh ch’ieh in East Africa: mfenesi, mfenesi mfufu (Swahili), yakobo, kifenensi (Luganda) in Tanzania: mfenesi, mfenosi

426

Artocarpus Forster & Forster f. Moraceae

in Yoruba: apaoka, taponurin

Artocarpus integrifolius L.f. (Artocarpus integrifolia L.f.)

Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. (Artocarpus hirsuta Lam.)

India.

India.

See Suppl. Pl. 412. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782]

See Encycl. (Lamarck) 3(1): 211. 1789

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark or root decoction for high fever.)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Veterinary medicine, bark decoction made into a paste applied on bone fracture.) in English: anjely wood in India: adavi panasa, aini, ainipilavu, aiyinipila, akkini, amjeli bakodyo, ancali, angelee, angelli, anili, anjale, anjali, anjalli, anjely, anjili, annali, annili, ansjeli, ansjeni, ayanee, ayani, ayanibila, ayaniplavu, ayany, ayenee, ayini, ayinipilavu, aynee, ayneepala, ayneepillao, cakkai, hebalsu, hebbalasu, hebbalsina, hebbhalasu, hebhalasu, hebhalsu, hebhulsina, hebulsu, hecchuva, heccuva, hechchuva, hessain, hessau, hesswa, ini, kaadgandha, kabbalasu, kabhalasu, kadahalasu, kadhalasu, kadhalsana, kaduhalasu, kalvarukkai, kanalpala, kanappala, kanarcalam, kanarpala, kandambala, kankupala, kankupalamaram, kantampala, karavellam, karipala, katpala, katpalamaram, kattupilavu, kattuppala, kattuppila, katupanasa, katupilavu, lakucah, palpanas, panasah, patphanas, patphunnas, peja, pey-p-pala, peyppala, peyppila, piramametam, piramametamaram, pugalasu, pugguhalasu, ranphanas, ranphunnas, tirakavurti, tirakavurtimaram, turvokam, turvokamaram Artocarpus integra (Thunb.) Merr. (Artocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes; Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.; Artocarpus integer Merr.; Artocarpus integrifolia L.f., nom. illeg.; Artocarpus polyphema Persoon, nom. illeg.) Peninsular Malaysia, India. Small, evergreen, cauliflorous tree, fruit edible See Characteres Generum Plantarum 101, pl. 51, pl. 51a. 1775 and Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 190. 1917, Journal of Plant Research 108: 313–326. 1995 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaf decoction used to lower blood pressure, to relieve asthma, and as a mouth wash to relieve toothache. Leaves or fruits included in complex oral remedies for bloody or simple diarrhea. Juice of the young fruits included in an oral remedy for fevers and the young fruit mixed with gambir, (Uncaria gambir) and eaten as a treatment for abdominal pains.) in Burma: sonekadat in India: amasayaphala, atibrhatphala, chempedak, kantakiphala, panasa in Indonesia: baroh, campedak, chempedak, jekkar, majik, nangka kecil in Malaysia: bangkong, bankong, baroh, chempedak, chunpadek in Philippines: nangka in Thailand: champada

in India: alasu, apushpa, ashaya, atibrihatphala, cakka, cakkai, chakka, chakki, champa, champakalu, chuckkai, ekaravalli, gujje, halasima, halasina, halasinatiga, halasu, halsina, halsu, hulsen, iticcakka, itichchakka, jaca, jaka, jakka, kandakiphala, kantakaphaa, kantakaphala, kantaki, kantakiphala, kantaphala, kanthal, kantiphala, katahara, kathal, kathar, katiahar, katol, kosha, kottaccakka, kottachchakka, kujje, kuvi, mahasarja, mridangapha, mulaphalada, murajaphala, murasabalam, pagal, pala, palachu, palakkay, palasa, palasu, palavu, pale, panas, panasa, panasam, panasero, panos, pashumusta, pela, phalada, phalasa, phalavrikshaka, phalina, phanas, phanasa, phunnas, pila, pilav, pilavu, pilpazham, plavu, putaphala, sira, skandaphala, sthula, sthulakantaphala, tagar, tage, thagai, tsjaca, varikka, varukkai, vasukkai, verppala, verupanasa Malay names: akar nangka bubor, nangka, nangka bubor Artocarpus kunstleri King India. See The Flora of British India 5: 540. 1888 (For ulcers, poultice with the inner bark.) Malay name: terap Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (Artocarpus ficifolius W.T. Wang; Artocarpus lacucha Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don; Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.; Artocarpus lacucha Roxb.; Artocarpus lakoocha Wall. ex Roxb.; Artocarpus yunnanensis Hu) China. Tree, dense rounded crown, red brown bark, white latex, alternate coriaceous leaves, young shoots densely redbrown hairy, mature leaves leathery and slightly rough above, male inflorescences ovoid to ellipsoid, compound fleshy syncarp, velvety yellow sweet and sour edible fruit, good fodder See Mem. Wern. Soc. 5: 333. 1826, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants ed. 1832. 3: 524. 1832 and Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology 8: 32. 1937, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 6(3): 274–275, pl. 55, f. 23. 1957, Taxon 26(5–6): 529. 1977 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark masticatory, often used as a substitute for betel nut; powdered bark antiseptic, applied to sores, small pimples and cracked skin; bark infusion applied to pimples and cracked skin. Leaves in skin diseases and snakebite. Latex applied on toothache and dental caries. Ripe fruits sweetened juice given as cooling agent in fever; unripe fruit used as laxative. Fruits and seeds used in constipation and diarrhea; seeds purgative. Roots antipyretic, anthelmintic.)

427

Arum L. Araceae

in English: lacoocha, monkey jack

China.

in China: ye bo luo mi

See Lingnan Sci. J. 7: 302. 1929, J. Arnold Arbor. 41: 124. 1960

in India: airavatam, airawata, amalakam, amalapanacam, amlaka, armu, badahara, badhar, barhai, barhal, bohot, chima, chimpa, cimpa, colaippakku, cuttirapanacam, daho, dahu, dahua, daw, dephal, dhao, dhau, dhava, dheu, dridhavalkala, esalpuli, esuluhuli, granthimatphala, granthiphala, harikokthong, ilagusam, ilakucam, ingtat-araung, irappala, jevuto, kammaregu, kampantoritamaram, kanmaraki, kanmarakimaram, kapalavam, kapalavamaram, karshya, kashayi, kavattiram, kshudrapanasa, kshudraphanas, kurankuppala, lacoocha, lakooch, lakuca, lakucam, lakuch, lakucha, lakucham, lakuchamu, likuca, likucha, likuchamu, lukoocha, nakkaremu, nakkarenu, nikucha, otehuli, ottipila, pacalatti, paccaippala, palacam, pecalatti, phala, pulincakka, pulinchakka, pulinjakka, shalashura, solaippakku, sthulaskandha, taku, theetiplavu, theitat, thittipilavu, tinippalavu, tinippilavu, tirilaippalai, tirrimpilavu, tittimpilavu, vatara, vatehuli, vomt, vonte, votamba, watchuli, watehuli, wonta, wotihuli, wotomba, wotte-huli, wottehuli

(Fruits for dysentery.) in China: gui mu Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco (Artocarpus mutabilis Becc.; Artocarpus tarap Becc.) Philippines. Evergreen tree, large lobed leaves, can be confused with Artocarpus elasticus See Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 671. 1837 and Nelle Foreste di Borneo 626, 637. 1902 (Roots decoction taken as antibacterial, astringent.) in English: green tarap in Indonesia, Malaysia (Borneo): keiran, lumuk, lumuq, piien, pingan, tarap, terap in Philippines: loloi, madang, marang

in Nepal: badahar, badar, bahar, borhar, dewa in Thailand: haat, kaa-yae, mahaat, mahaat baiyai, taa-pae, taa-paeng Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul Pacific. Large tree, straight trunks, sticky white latex, monoecious, male and female flowers on the same tree at ends of branches, fruit a small fleshy syncarp, pulp deep yellow when ripe, leaves edible, closely related to Artocarpus altilis See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3. 8: 114. 1847 (Root astringent, purgative; bark to treat headaches. Diluted latex taken internally to treat diarrhea, stomachaches and dysentery. Latex rubbed to treat broken bones and sprains and plastered on the spine to relieve sciatica. Sap from the crushed petioles used to treat ear infections or sore eyes. Dried male flowers burned to repel mosquitoes and other flying insects. Magic, ritual.) in English: Mariannas bread-fruit, seeded breadfruit in Pacific: chebiei, dokdok, dugdug, ebiei meduuliou, mai, maiyah, mei chocho, mei kole, mejwaan, mos en kosrae, te mai, ulu elihe, ulu elise Artocarpus nitidus Trécul China, Indonesia. See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3. 8: 119. 1847 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(2): 75–95. 1995 (For diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems.) in China: guang ye gui mu Artocarpus nitidus Trécul subsp. lingnanensis (Merrill) F.M. Jarrett (Artocarpus lingnanensis Merrill; Artocarpus parvus Gagnepain)

Arum L. Araceae From the Greek name aron, Coptic aro ‘climbing plant, winding’, quite similar to ar, ahor ‘snake, serpent’. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 964, 966. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 413. 1754 and D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988, Kew Bulletin 44(3): 390–392. 1989, P.C. Boyce, The genus Arum. A Kew Magazine Monograph. Cambridge 1993. Arum cylindraceum Gasp. (Arum alpinum Schott & Kotschy; Arum alpinum f. javorkae Terpó; Arum alpinum subsp. danicum (Prime) Terpó; Arum alpinum subsp. gracile (Unverricht) Terpó; Arum alpinum subsp. gracile (Unverr. ex Bielz) Terpó; Arum alpinum var. intermedium (Schur) Terpó; Arum alpinum var. intermedium (Schur ex Schott) Terpó; Arum alpinum var. pannonicum Terpó; Arum besserianum Schott; Arum cylindraceum Gasp.; Arum gracile Unverricht apud Bielz; Arum gracile Unverr. ex Bielz, nom. illeg.; Arum intermedium Schur ex Schott; Arum italicum var. cylindraceum (Gasp.) Nyman; Arum italicum var. lanceolatum Boiss. & Heldr. ex Engl.; Arum lucanum Cavara & Grande; Arum maculatum L.; Arum maculatum subsp. alpinum (Schott & Kotschy) K. Richt.; Arum maculatum subsp. besserianum (Schott) Asch. & Graebn.; Arum maculatum subsp. danicum Prime; Arum maculatum subvar. alpinum (Schott & Kotschy) Engl.; Arum maculatum subvar. gracile (Unverr. ex Bielz) Engl.; Arum maculatum var. alpinum (Schott & Kotschy) Engl.; Arum maculatum var. attenuatum Engl.; Arum orientale subsp. alpinum (Schott & Kotschy) Riedl; Arum orientale M. Bieb. subsp. besserianum (Schott) Holub; Arum orientale subsp. danicum (Prime) Prime; Arum orientale subsp. lucanum (Cavara & Grande) Prime; Arum transsilvanicum Cztez) Europe to NW. Turkey.

428

See Species Plantarum 2: 964, 966. 1753, Flora TauricoCaucasica 2: 407. 1808, Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2(2): 597. 1844, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 9: 285. 1851, Sert. Fl. Transsilv. 5: 173. 1854, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 349. 1858 and Bulletino dell’ Orto Botanico della Regia Università di Napoli 3: 409. 1911, Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 18(1–2): 234–235, 238. 1973, Informatore Botanico Italiano 6: 303–312. 1974, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 12(3): 307. 1977, Bibliotheca Botanica 133: 1–80. 1977, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 384. 1978, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 102: 183–200. 1981, Botanica Helvetica 94(1): 15–22. 1984, Giornale Botanico Italiano 127: 223–227, 514. 1993, Caryologia 46: 161–170. 1993, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 17–18. 1998, Ann. Bot. (London). 97(2): 239–244. 2006 (Toxic.) Arum italicum Miller (Arisarum italicum (Mill.) Raf.; Arum albispathum Steven ex Ledeb.; Arum divaricatum Dulac; Arum facchinii Porta ex Hruby; Arum maculatum var. italicum (Mill.) O. Targ. Tozz.; Arum majoricense Chodat; Arum modicense Sprenger; Arum numidicum Schott; Arum ponticum Schott; Arum provinciale Sommier ex Hruby) Macaronesia, W. Europe to Iraq. See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Inst. Bot., ed. 2, 3: 279. 1813, Fl. Tellur. 3: 63. 1837, Flora Rossica 4: 9. 1853, Bonplandia 10: 148. 1862, Bullettino della società toscana de orticultura 227. 1894 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève sér. 2 iv. 133, in obs. 1912, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève sér. 2 15: 194. 1924, Bibliotheca Botanica 133: 1–80. 1977, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 102: 183–200. 1981, Taxon 36: 285. 1987, Kew Bulletin 44: 383–395. 1989, Boyce, P.C. The genus Arum. HMSO/Kew. 1993, Giornale Botanico Italiano 127(3): 514. 1993 (All parts of this plant are toxic. The sap contains crystals of calcium oxalate and is acutely irritant to the skin and to the mouth if chewed. Burning and swelling of the lips, mouth, tongue, and throat. Skin irritation after contact with root juices.) in English: Aaron’s rod, Italian arum, Italian cuckoo pint, Italian lily, Italian lords and ladies in Italian: bacche di vipera, calla nostrana, calla selvatica, gigaro, gigaro chiaro, pan di serpe, pan delle bisce in Tunisia: sabbat el ghoula in Arabic: dharirah, begouga, qesas el-lesan Arum maculatum L. (Arisarum maculatum (L.) Raf.; Arum alpinum subsp. pyrenaeum (Dufour) Nyman; Arum gracile

Arum L. Araceae

Unverr. ex Schott; Arum heldreichii Orph. ex Boiss.; Arum immaculatum (Rchb.) Rchb.; Arum italicum var. amoenum Engl.; Arum maculatum All.; Arum maculatum Gueldenst. ex Ledeb.; Arum maculatum f. flavescens Melzer ex Riedl, nom. illeg.; Arum maculatum f. flavescens Riedl; Arum maculatum f. immaculatum (Mutel) Topa; Arum maculatum fo. karpatii Terpó; Arum maculatum f. roseum (Grembl. ex Engl.) Riedl; Arum maculatum f. scolopendriforme Priszter ex Horvat; Arum maculatum fo. spathulatum Terpó; Arum maculatum fo. tetrelii Terpó; Arum maculatum f. tetrelii (Corb.) Terpó; Arum maculatum subsp. pyrenaeum (Dufour) Nyman; Arum maculatum subvar. immaculatum Mutel; Arum maculatum subvar. malyi (Schott) Engl.; Arum maculatum subvar. pyrenaeum (Dufour) Engl.; Arum maculatum subvar. roseum Grembl. ex Engl.; Arum maculatum var. flavescens Melzer ex Janch., nom. nud.; Arum maculatum var. heldreichii (Orph. ex Boiss.) Nyman; Arum maculatum var. immaculatum Rchb.; Arum maculatum var. karpatii Terpó; Arum maculatum var. malyi (Schott) Nyman; Arum maculatum var. tetrelii Corb.; Arum maculatum var. vulgare (Lam.) Engl.; Arum maculatum var. zelebori (Schott) Nyman; Arum malyi Schott; Arum orientale subsp. amoenum (Engler) R.R. Mill; Arum pyrenaeum Dufour; Arum trapezuntinum Schott ex Engl., nom. nud.; Arum vernale Salisb.; Arum vulgare Lam.; Arum zelebori Schott) Europe, N. Turkey, W. Caucasus. See Species Plantarum 2: 964, 966. 1753, Flore Françoise 3: 537. 1778, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 2: 407. 1808, Histoire Abrégée des Plantes des Pyrénées Suppl. 14. 1818, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 9: 285. 1851, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 592. 1879 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 41(1): 47. 1983, Taxon 36: 285. 1987, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, Caryologia 46: 161–170. 1993, Giornale Botanico Italiano 127(3): 509, 514. 1993, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Plant Physiol. 107(4): 1147–58. 1995, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 17–18. 1998, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 32(3): 249–54. 2002, J. Ethnopharmacol. 95(2–3): 287–96 [Traditional medicine in Sakarya province (Turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species.]. 2004, J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(17): 6725–9. 2005, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37(9): 1805–14. 2005 (Poisonous, toxic and dangerous, foliage and berries poisonous, but the root, if suitably treated, can yield an edible starch; do not consume or taste the root in its raw state; berries and sap of the plant can be fatally toxic to animals. Skin irritation after contact with root juices. Stomach pains, dizziness, and cramping after ingestion of berries; burning and swelling of the lips, mouth, tongue and throat. Insecticidal activity of Arum maculatum tuber lectin, antimicrobial, proinflammatory activity.) in English: Adam-and-Eve, adder’s root, cuckoo pint, cuckoopint, friar’s cowl, lords-and-ladies, Portland arrowroot, wake-robin

429

Aruncus L. Rosaceae

Aruncus L. Rosaceae Latin aruncus, i ‘the beard of the goat’, a classical name used by Pliny for herbs commonly known as “goat’s beard”; see Species Plantarum 1: 490. 1753, C. Linnaeus, Opera Varia. 259. 1758 and Regnum Veg. 127: 21. 1993. Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. acuminatus (Rydb.) H. Hara (Aruncus acuminatus (Rydb.) Rydb.; Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. acuminatus (Rydb.) Rydb. ex H. Hara; Aruncus sylvester Kostel. ex Maxim. subsp. acuminatus (Rydb.) Jeps.) North America. Perennial herb See North American Flora 22(3): 255. 1908, A Flora of California 2(2): 168–169. 1936, Journal of Japanese Botany 30(3): 68. 1955, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982 (Roots decoction taken for colds, indigestion and influenza.)

Hara; Aruncus sylvester var. tomentosus Koidz.; Aruncus sylvester var. triternatus Wall. ex Maxim.; Aruncus sylvester var. vulgaris Maxim.; Aruncus tomentosus (Koidz.) Koidz.; Astilbe aruncus (L.) Trevir.; Spiraea aruncus L.; Ulmaria arunca (L.) Hill) China. Woody shrub, erect, perennial, herb, spreading, flowers creamy white to reddish See Species Plantarum 1: 489–490. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Hortus Kewensis 224. 1769, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 210– 211. 1825, Ind. Hort. Bot. Prag. 15. 1844, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik… 779. 1882 and North American Flora 22(3): 245, 256. 1908, Flora URSS 9: 491–492. 1939, Journal of Japanese Botany 30(3): 68. 1955, Taxon 51(2): 544. 2002

Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. dioicus (Aruncus allegheniensis Rydb.

(Antidiarrheal, analgesic, diuretic, astringent. Decoction of root taken for stomachache, gonorrhea; roots infusion for diarrhea, sore throats, fevers, gonorrhea, rheumatism, colds, kidney trouble; poultice of scraped roots applied to sores. Root used as a love charm.)

North America. Perennial herb

in English: goat’s-beard

See North American Flora 22(3): 255. 1908, A Flora of California 2(2): 168–169. 1936, Journal of Japanese Botany 30(3): 68. 1955, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982

in China: jia sheng ma

(Roots applied to bee sting; a decoction of washed roots taken for internal ailments, influenza, abdominal pain, colic.)

Aruncus vulgaris Raf. (Actaea dioica Walter; Aruncus allegheniensis Rydb.; Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald; Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. dioicus; Aruncus vulgaris (Maxim.) Raf. ex H. Hara

in English: bride’s feathers, goat’s-beard

in English: bride’s feathers, goat’s-beard Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. vulgaris (Maxim.) H. Hara (Aruncus aruncus (L.) Karst.; Aruncus sylvester Kostel. ex Maxim.; Aruncus vulgaris (Maxim.) Raf. ex H. Hara; Spiraea aruncus L.) North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 504. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 152. 1788, Sylva Telluriana 152. 1838 and Rhodora 41(489): 423. 1939 (Cyanogenic glycosides found in the leaves. Roots infusion astringent, antipyretic, stomachic, blood purifier, to bathe swollen feet, taken for excessive urination, internal wounds and stomach problems; poulticed root applied to bee stings; roots decoction taken for influenza.) in English: bride’s feathers Aruncus sylvester Kostel. ex Maxim. (Aruncus aruncus (L.) Karst.; Aruncus asiaticus Pojark.; Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (Maxim.) H. Hara; Aruncus dioicus var. tenuifolius (Nakai ex H. Hara) H. Hara; Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald var. triternatus (Wall. ex Maxim.) Hara; Aruncus dioicus var. vulgaris (Maxim.) H. Hara; Aruncus kamtschaticus (Maxim.) Rydb.; Aruncus kamtschaticus var. tomentosus (Koidz.) Miyabe & Tatew.; Aruncus sylvester var. kamtschaticus Maxim.; Aruncus sylvester var. tenuifolius Nakai ex H.

in India: banhara

North America. Perennial, flowers sweetly scented See Species Plantarum 1: 504. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 152. 1788, Sylva Telluriana 152. 1838 and Rhodora 41(489): 423. 1939 (Cyanogenic glycosides found in the leaves. Roots infusion astringent, antipyretic, stomachic, to bathe swollen feet, taken for excessive urination, internal wounds and stomach problems; poulticed root applied to bee stings; roots decoction taken for influenza.) in English: bride’s feathers, goat’s-beard

Arundinaria Michaux Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Latin arundo, dinis (harundo) ‘a reed, cane’; Bashania Keng f. & Yi, Fargesia Franch. and Pleioblastus Nakai formerly included in and probable synonyms of Arundinaria Michx., type Arundinaria macrosperma Michx., see Gen. Pl. 786. 1791, Flora Boreali-Americana. 1: 73–74. Paris 1803, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 101, 102. Paris et Tubingae 1805, Medical Repository ser. 2, 5: 353. 1808, Der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesammten Naturkunde. 2: 230, 320. Berlin 1808, Catalogue du

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Jardin … Razoumoffsky … à Gorenki … 6. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 55, 846. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants, and catalogue of the species, to the year 1817. 1: 39. Philadelphia 1818, Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine 1: 93. Lexington, Kentucky 1819, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 149. 1837, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 15. 1868, Bulletin de la Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France, sér. 3, 5: 774, f. 43–50. 1878, J. Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee. 1889 [Reprint, Nashville, TN, Charles Elder, 1972] and Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2, 1: 772. 1902, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 6(3): 145–153. 1925, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 10(4): 264. 1941, Journal of Japanese Botany 18(7): 350, 364. 1942, Taxon 6(7): 207. 1957, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 1–148. 1973, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 30(4–6): 145. 1979, Ann. Bot. 48: 407–410. 1981, Journal of Bamboo Research 1(2): 38, 42, 171, 175. 1982, Journal Nanjing University. Natural Sciences Edition 1982: 95. 1982, Journal of Bamboo Research 2: 20. 1983, Journal of Bamboo Research 3(2): 23, 25, t. 1. 1984, W.D. Clayton & S.A. Renvoize “Genera graminum.” Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 13: 45–46. 1986, Smithsonian Contr. Botany 72: 1–75. 1988, Kew Bulletin 44(2): 349–367. 1989, Journal of Bamboo Research 10(3): 28–30. 1991, J. Bamb. Res. 12(4): 1–6. 1993, J. Bamb. Res. 13(1): 1–23. 1994, Castanea 62: 8–21. 1997, American Bamboos 195–198. 1999, Oryx 33(4): 301–322. Oct  1999, Restoration Ecology 7(4): 348–359. Dec  1999, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 39: 18–24, 68–69, 71, 75–76, 81, 106, 116. 2000, Am. J. Bot. 90: 796–821. 2003. Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhlenb. (Arundinaria bambusina (Fisch.) Trin.; Arundinaria gigantea Chapm., nom. illeg., non Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhl.; Arundinaria gigantea Nutt.; Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhlenb. subsp. tecta (Walter) McClure; Arundinaria gigantea var. gigantea; Arundinaria gigantea var. tecta (Walter) Scribn.; Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.; Arundinaria macrosperma var. arborescens Munro; Arundinaria macrosperma var. suffruticosus Munro; Arundinaria macrosperma var. tecta (Walter) Alph. Wood; Arundinaria tecta (Walter) Muhlenb.; Arundinaria tecta var. colorata Rupr.; Arundinaria tecta (Walter) Muhlenb. var. decidua Beadle; Arundinaria tecta var. distachya Rupr.; Arundinaria tecta var. pumila (Nutt.) Rupr.; Arundo gigantea Walter; Arundo tecta Walter; Bambusa hermannii E.G. Camus; Festuca grandiflora Lam.; Ludolfia macrosperma (Michx.) Willd.; Miegia arundinacea Torr. ex Munro; Miegia arundinaria Raf.; Miegia gigantea (Walter) Nutt.; Miegia macrosperma (Michx.) Pers.; Miegia pumila Nutt.; Nastus macrospermus (Michx.) Raspail; Triglossum bambusinum Fisch.) Northern America, SE USA. Perennial, subshrub, shrub, woody, cane, forming large extensive colonies, flowering culms slender, forage, ornamental, used for arrow shafts

Arundinaria Michaux Poaceae (Gramineae)

and baskets, grazed, joints used for making flutes, along the edge of floodplain forest, low alluvial soils, along streams and rivers, along roadside ditch, moist woodlands, along creek See Synopsis Plantarum 1: 101, 102. Paris et Tubingae 1805, Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept. 14. 1813, The Genera of North American Plants, and catalogue of the species, to the year 1817. 1: 39. Philadelphia 1818, Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine 1: 93. Lexington, Kentucky 1819, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 442, 458, t. 8, f. 1. 1825, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 149. 1837, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 15. 1868, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 20: 478. 1893 and Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 9: 21–40. 1973 (Root decoction stimulant, cathartic, taken for kidney troubles.) in English: cane reed, canebreak, giant cane, southern cane, switch cane Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. subsp. gigantea (Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. subsp. macrosperma (Michx.) McClure; Arundinaria gigantea var. gigantea; Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.; Bambusa hermannii E.G. Camus; Ludolfia macrosperma (Michx.) Willd.; Miegia macrosperma (Michx.) Pers.; Nastus macrospermus (Michx.) Raspail) Northern America, USA. Perennial, subshrub or shrub, forage See Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine 1: 93. Lexington, Kentucky 1819, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 442, 458, t. 8, f. 1. 1825, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 149. 1837, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 15. 1868, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 20: 478. 1893 and Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 9: 28. 1973 (Root decoction stimulant, cathartic, taken for kidney troubles.) in English: giant cane Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. subsp. tecta (Walt.) McClure (Arundinaria gigantea var. tecta (Walter) Scribn.; Arundinaria macrosperma var. tecta (Walter) Alph. Wood; Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl.; Arundo gigantea Walt.; Arundo tecta Walter; Ludolfia tecta (Walter) A. Dietr.) Northern America, USA. Perennial, subshrub, shrub See Sp. Pl. 2: 24. 1833, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 20: 478. 1893 and Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 9: 26. 1973 (Root decoction stimulant, cathartic, taken for kidney troubles, chest and breasts pain.) in English: switch cane, small cane

431

Arundinella Raddi Poaceae (Gramineae)

Arundinella Raddi Poaceae (Gramineae) Diminutive from the Latin arundo, dinis (harundo) ‘a reed, cane’, see Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 81. 1820, Agrostografia Brasiliensis 36–37, t. 1, f. 3. 1823, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 230. 1827, Thysanachne, Novum Plantarum Genus 12, t. 6. 1829, Linnaea 7: 240 (or 224). 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 515. 1833, Flora Brasiliensis 7: 171–172. 1863, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 15: 15. 1883 and Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 317–322. 1936, Kirkia 5: 235–258. 1966, Canad. J. Bot. 45: 1047–1057. 1967, Kew Bulletin 21(1): 119–124. 1967, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Kew Bulletin 26(1): 111–113. 1971, Taxon 34: 159–164. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 20: 205–206. 1985, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1783–1786. 1990, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143. 1990, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 377–378. 1994, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 768–774. 1994, J.F. Veldkamp, “Name changes in Agrostis, Arundinella, Deyeuxia, Helictotrichon, Tripogon (Gramineae).” Blumea 41: 407– 411. 1996, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 111–113, 242, 545–546, 616–617. 2003. Arundinella hispida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kuntze (Acratherum miliaceum Link; Agrostis beteriana Spreng. ex Steud.; Aira brasiliensis Spreng., nom. illeg., non Aira brasiliensis Raddi; Andropogon hispidus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Andropogon virens Spreng.; Arundinaria hispida var. glabrivaginata Kuntze; Arundinella brasiliensis Raddi; Arundinella confinis (J.A. Schultes) A.S. Hitchc. & Chase; Arundinella elata Pilg.; Arundinella hispida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Hack., nom. illeg., non Arundinella hispida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kuntze; Arundinella hispida Hack.; Arundinella hispida (Willd.) Kuntze; Arundinella hispida var. glabrivaginata Kuntze; Arundinella martinicensis Trin.; Arundinella mikanii (Trin. ex Spreng.) Nees; Arundinella pallida Nees; Arundinella palmeri Vasey ex Beal; Arundinella scoparia (J. Presl) E. Fourn.; Goldbachia mikanii Trin. ex Spreng.; Holcus nervosus Roxb.; Ischaemum hispidum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth; Piptatherum confine J.A. Schultes; Riedelia mikanii Trin. ex Kunth; Thysanachne scoparia J. Presl) Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Paraguay. Perennial, stout, simple, erect to semi-decumbent, internodes glabrous, nodes hairy, stiff panicle stiffly branched, forage, commonly growing in wet ground, savanna marsh, in seasonally inundated savanna See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 908. 1806, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 194–195. 1815 [1816], Flora Indica; or descriptions … 1: 320. 1820, Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 42. 1820, Agrostografia Brasiliensis 37, t. 1, f. 3. 1823, Mantissa 2: 184. 1824, De Graminibus Paniceis 62. 1826, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 230. 1827, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 465. 1829, Thysanachne, Novum

Plantarum Genus 12, t. 6. 1829, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 515. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 2 1: 39, 143. 1840, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 55. 1886, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 761. 1891, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 67, f. 20A, a. 1896, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 341. 1898, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(5): 710. 1898 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4(6): 527. 1904, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 18(7): 290. 1917, J. Bot. British & Foreign 62: 166. 1924, Kirkia 5: 235–258. 1966, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77(1): 125–201. 1990 (Lotion used as vulnerary.) in English: arundinella in Spanish: rabo de gato in Mexico: papachota, popote, tlacopopôtl, tepopôtl, (tlacopopotl ahnôzo tepopotl = medicinal plant) in Thailand: yaa khaai luang, yaa khaai yai, ya khai luang, ya khai yai Arundinella nepalensis Trin. (Acratherum miliaceum Link; Arundinella acratherum Nees ex Steudel; Arundinella ecklonii Nees; Arundinella glabra Nees; Arundinella glabra Nees ex Hook. & Arn.; Arundinella miliacea (Link) Nees; Arundinella miliacea (Link) Druce, nom. illeg., non Arundinella miliacea (Link) Nees; Arundinella pilaxilis B.S. Sun & Z.H. Hu; Arundinella pilomarginata B.S. Sun; Arundinella ritchiei Munro ex Lisboa; Arundinella virgata Janowski) Tropical Africa, China, India, South Africa. Perennial, very variable, woody, tough, coarse, tufted, erect, shortly rhizomatous with scaly rhizomes, hard rootstock, forming spreading patches, reed-like, inflorescence a contracted oblong purple panicle with straight ascending racemes, eaten by cattle in time of scarcity, unpalatable when in seed or dry, useful for erosion control, windbreak and shelter for the wildlife, may become a nuisance, grows in dry woodland and grassland, on riverbanks and moist grasslands, marshes and margins of marshes, moist areas and along streambanks, ponds and dams, savanna See De Graminibus Paniceis 62. 1826, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 230. 1827, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 237. 1837, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 2 1: 143. 1840, Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae 80. 1841, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 102. 1850, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 5: 343. 1890 and Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. Report 1916: 605. 1917, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 17(477– 480): 84–85. 1921, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 56: 4. 1942, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 2(3): 324–326, pl. 3. 1980 (Used to make a lotion for washing wounds.) in English: reed grass, river grass

432

in China: shi mang cao in India: bichharla, dundi, namsa, namza, tutnalia in Pakistan: garali in Lesotho: modula, mohlakamane, molula in South Africa: beesgras, rietgras, riviergras

Arundo L. Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Latin arundo, dinis (harundo) ‘a reed, cane’, see Species Plantarum 1: 81–82. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 35. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 34, 559. 1763, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 77–78, 152, 161. 1812, J. C. Rohlings Deutschlands Flora 1: 374, 528, 530. 1823, An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 449. 1836, Botaniska Notiser 1843: 132. 1843, Flora Rossica 4(13): 393–394. 1852, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana, ovvero sulle piante menzionate da Virgilio. 22–24. Bologna 1870 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 184. 1925, H.J. Conert, “Die Systematik und Anatomie der Arundineae.” Weinheim 1961, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 20: 205–206. 1985, Kew Bulletin 41: 323–342. 1986, Grass Systematics and Evolution 239–250. 1987, Pl. Syst. Evol. 173: 57–70. 1990, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35–74. 1991, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 252. 1994, Syst. Bot. 20: 423–435. 1995, Australian Syst. Bot. 11: 41–52. 1998, Syst. Bot. 23: 327–350. 1998, Heredity 86(6): 738–742. 2001, Oikos 98(2): 284–298. 2002, New Phytologist 155(2): 197–199, 284–298. 2002, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 17, 113–115, 214, 241, 569. 20 Arundo donax L. (Aira bengalensis (Retz.) J.F. Gmel.; Amphidonax bengalensis Roxb. ex Nees; Amphidonax bengalensis (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.; Amphidonax bifaria (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.; Arundo aegyptiaca hort. ex Vilm.; Arundo bambusifolia Hook.f.; Arundo bengalensis Retz.; Arundo bifaria Retz.; Arundo coleotricha (Hack.) Honda; Arundo donax var. angustifolia Döll; Arundo donax var. coleotricha Hack.; Arundo donax var. lanceolata Döll; Arundo donax var. procerior Kunth; Arundo donax var. versicolor (Mill.) Stokes; Arundo glauca Bubani, nom. illeg., non Arundo glauca M. Bieb.; Arundo latifolia Salisb.; Arundo longifolia Salisb. ex Hook.f.; Arundo maxima Forssk.; Arundo sativa Lam.; Arundo scriptoria L.; Arundo versicolor P. Mill.; Cynodon donax (L.) Raspail; Donax arundinaceus P. Beauv.; Donax bengalensis (Retz.) P. Beauv.; Donax bifarius (Retz.) Trin. ex Spreng.; Donax donax (L.) Asch. & Graebn.; Scolochloa arundinacea (P. Beauv.) Mert. & Koch; Scolochloa donax (L.) Gaudin) (Greek donax, donakos for a kind of reed) Mediterranean. Perennial, semi-aquatic, large, erect, tall, woody, vigorous, thick, quick growing, rhizomatous, stems forming clumps and dense monotypic stands, large root systems, creeping horizontal rhizomes, feathery plume-like inflorescences, browsed only the young leaves, unpalatable when old, can form dense floating mats in streams and rivers, useful for erosion control

Arundo L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

See Species Plantarum 1: 81. 1753, Amoenitates Academicae … 4: 450. 1759, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition 3. 1768, Flore de France 3: 616. 1778, Observationes Botanicae 4: 21. 1786, Observationes Botanicae 5: 20. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 174. 1791, Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. 24. Londini [London] (Nov.-Dec.) 1796, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 78, 152, 161. 1812, A Botanical Materia Medica 1: 160. 1812, Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 73. 1821, J. C. Rohlings Deutschlands Flora 1(2): 530. 1823, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 5: 302. 1825, Flora Helvetica 1: 202. 1828, Révision des Graminées 1: 78. 1829, A Natural System of Botany 449. 1836, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 197. 1855 [1854], Flora Brasiliensis 2(3): 48. 1878, The Flora of British India 7: 303. 1896, Flora des Nordostdeutschen Flachlandes 101. Berlin 1898, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 7(9): 724. 1899 and Flora Pyrenaea per ordine naturales gradatim digesta 4: 303. Milano 1901, Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 11: 114. 1920, Botanical Magazine 41: 15. 1927, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 10: 265. 1941, Grasses of Burma … 413. 1960, Phytologia 38(3): 174. 1978, Bot. Gaz. 145: 78–82. 1984, Flora Analítica de la Provincia de Valencia 368. 1987, Regnum Veg. 127: 21. 1993, Am. J. Bot. 91: 789–796. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Juice extracted from the young shoots along with honey useful for children suffering from typhoid fever, asthma and worm infections. A decoction of rhizomes to stimulate menstrual discharge, used as an emollient, sudorific and diuretic; root infusion antigalactagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, hypertensive, hypotensive and sudorific. Ceremonial.) in English: arundo grass, bamboo reed, Danubian reed, giant reed, giant reed grass, giant river reed, giantreed, great reed, nal grass, reed, reed grass, ribbon grass, river cane, Spanish cane, Spanish reed, switch-cane, variegated giant reed grass, wild cane in Arabic: ‘alal, kasab, qasab in Latin America: aca-te, acatl, baacam, baca, bacaca, caña, caña de Castilla, caña-guana caña hueca, cañabrava de Castilla, cañaveral, canuto, carricillo, carriso, carrizo, carrizo de la selva, daxó, falso bambú, gubaguih, gubaguihoguere, haca, halal, ja-sá, jará, juco, junco, junco gigante, ka’tit, katut, lata, ocatl, pacab, pakaab, patamu, shiti, tacuara, tarro, tek’halal, tekhalal, xitji in South Africa: riet, Spaans(e)riet, Spaanseriet in China: lu zhu in India: adavikikasa-gaddi, adavikikkasagaddi, adavikikkasagadi, ama, baalada kaddi, bansi, bara nal, baranal, barnal, baru, bilee laalada kaddi, caravanam, dhaman, dhamana, doka, gaha nal, gobonolo, hulugalagu, hulugila-hullu, hulagilu hullu, hulugilu, hulugilu hullu, kaki veduru, koraikkuccu, korukachi, korukkachi, korukkai, kuruvi-p-pul,

433

Asarum L. Aristolochiaceae

laalada kaddi, mudam pul, nal, nala, naldhura, naldura, nar, nara, narasal, narhal, narkat, narkat nal, narr, narsal, paatuveduru, patu veduru, peepalu, potagal, potagala, rajal, sarah, shoonya madhya, sukna, sunyamadhya, tinta, vaelam, velam, yengthou, yenthou in Japan: danchiku, yoshi-take in Laos: khem in Okinawa: deiku

(Handling the leaves said to cause dermatitis. Anticonvulsive, stimulant, analgesic, antidote (to prevent ptomaine poisoning), abortifacient, antidiarrheal, febrifuge, stomachic, emetic and antiemetic, anthelmintic, sedative, cathartic, used to treat poor digestion, swollen breasts, coughs and colds, typhus and scarlet fever, sore throats, earaches, headaches, convulsions, asthma, wounds, tuberculosis, urinary disorders and venereal diseases. Root used for cramps and as a stomachic. Dried leaves pounded and used for snuff. Charm.)

in Vietnam: say, lau

in English: Canada snakeroot, Canadian snakeroot oil, Canadian wildginger, colic root, Indian ginger, Vermont snakeroot, wild ginger, wild ginger oil

in Morocco: l-gesba, l-gseb, l-qseb, âganim

in French: asaret du canada, gingembre sauvage

in Tunisia: ksab

Asarum caudatum Lindley

in Thailand: o luang, o yai

North America.

Asarum L. Aristolochiaceae

See Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 17: footnote after plate 1399. 1831

Asaron, the Greek name for this genus (Dioscorides 1.10) and for a species of cyclamen (Dioscorides 3.44); Latin asarum, i Plinius applied to hazelwort, wild-spikenard, Asarum europaeum L., see Species Plantarum 1: 442. 1753.

(Reported to be irritant. Analgesic, antirheumatic, disinfectant, laxative, used to treat headaches, intestinal and knee pain, indigestion, colds, boils, sores, wounds, tuberculosis and colic, stomach troubles.)

Asarum arifolium Michx. (Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small)

in English: British Columbia wildginger

North America. See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 279–280. 1803, Neogenyton 3. 1825 and Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 348. 1901 (Reported to be irritant.) in English: little brown jug Asarum canadense L. (Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) E.P. Bicknell; Asarum ambiguum (E.P. Bicknell) Daniels; Asarum canadense var. acuminatum Ashe; Asarum canadense var. ambiguum (E.P. Bicknell) Farwell; Asarum canadense var. reflexum (E.P. Bicknell) B.L. Robinson; Asarum furcatum Raf.; Asarum medium Raf.; Asarum parvifolium Raf.; Asarum reflexum E.P. Bicknell; Asarum reflexum var. ambiguum E.P. Bicknell; Asarum rubrocinctum Peattie) North America. Perennial herb See New Flora and Botany of North America … 2: 20–21. 1836, Bot. Contrib. My Herb. 1: 2. 1897, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(11): 533–536, pl. 317. 1897, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 3: 513. 1898 and University of Missouri Studies, Science Series 1(2): 128. 1907, Rhodora 10(110): 32. 1908, Report of the Michigan academy of science, arts and letters 20: 173. 1918, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 44(2): 192–193. 1929, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 40(4): 189–192. 1951, Mitchell, J.C., Rook, A. Botanical dermatology. Greenglass Ltd, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. 1979, Botanical Magazine 94: 225–238. 1981, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Phytochemistry. 55(8): 971–974. 2000, Pharmazie. 57(10): 686–689. 2002

Asarum caudigerellum C.Y. Cheng & C.S. Yang China. See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(4): 571–573, f. 2. 1983, Journal of Japanese Botany 61: 104–111. 1986, Kromosomo 53: 1745–1754. 1989, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 22(7): 426–428, 448. 1997 (This species is used medicinally, pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.) in China: duan wei xi xin Asarum caudigerum Hance (Asarum arrhizoma H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Asarum caudigerum var. leptophyllum (Hayata) S.S. Ying; Asarum caudigerum var. triangulare (Hayata) S.S. Ying; Asarum leptophyllum Hayata; Asarum leptophyllum var. triangulare Hayata) China, Taiwan. See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 19(221): 142. 1881 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 5(85–90): 101. 1908, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 5: 147–148. 1915, Kromosomo 46: 1495–1501. 1987, Kromosomo 53: 1745–1754. 1989, Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University 30(2): 64. 1990, Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University 31(1): 33. 1991, Taiwania 40(2): 91–120. 1995, Ann. Bot. (London). 98(1): 157–163. 2006 (Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.)

434

in China: wei hua xi xin Asarum caulescens Maximowicz (Asarum brevistylum Franchet; Asarum caulescens f. geroense J. Ohara; Asarum franchetianum Diels; Japonasarum caulescens (Maximowicz) Nakai)

Asarum L. Aristolochiaceae

Sinica 25(11): 824–9. 1990, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 7(1): 1–5. 2005 (This species is used medicinally, known as tu xi xin. Antianaphylactic. Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.)

Korea, China.

in China: du heng

See Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de SaintPétersbourg 17(2): 162–163. 1872, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 12(19–20): 301–302. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 308. 1900, Flora Sylvatica Koreana 21: 16–17. 1936, Botanical Magazine 94: 225–238. 1981, Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 33: 72. 1985

Asarum geophilum Hemsley (Asarum cavaleriei H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Asarum cavaleriei var. esquirolii Léveillé; Asarum taiwanense S.S. Ying; Geotaenium geophilum (Hemsley) F. Maekawa, comb. inval.) China.

China.

See Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 7: 422. 1890, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26(176): 358–359. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(199–201): 78. 1910, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(222– 226): 451. 1911, Proceedings of the Pacific Science Congress 5: 217. 1953, Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University 30(2): 54, t. 1. 1990, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 41: 7–13. 1990

(Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.)

(Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.)

in China: tong qian xi xin

in China: di hua xi xin

Asarum europaeum L.

Asarum heterotropoides F. Schmidt (Asarum heterotropoides fo. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag.; Asarum sieboldii subsp. heterotropoides (F. Schmidt); Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. mandshuricum Maxim.; Asiasarum heterotropoides (F. Schmidt) F. Maekawa; Asiasarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) F. Maek.)

(Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive. Essential oils.) in China: shuang ye xi xin Asarum debile Franchet

Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 442. 1753 and Praxis. 58(27): 868– 9. 1969 [Hemiparesis in an abortion attempt with hazelwort tea decoction (Asarum europaeum.)], Planta Medica 29: 133– 147. 1976, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 25: 1–18. 1976, Annales Botanici Fennici 14: 131–142. 1977, Taxon 29: 538–542. 1980, Planta Med. 42(2): 155–9. 1981, Planta Med. 48(7): 153–7. 1983, Farmakol. Toksikol. 48(6): 17–20. 1985, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Belorusskoi SSR: Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 6: 3–8. 1985, Zapovedniki Belorussii Issledovaniia 10: 24–28. 1986, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Regnum Veg. 127: 21. 1993, Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 126(25): 1085–98. 1996

China.

in English: asarabacca, hazelwort

See Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 134. 1865, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 12(2): 71. 1868, Mélanges Biologiques Tirés du Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 8: 399. 1871 and Flora Sylvatica Koreana 21: 17–19. 1936, Lineamenta Florae Manshuricae 174. 1939, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education : Section IIB 35: 97–111. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1572–1575. 1986, Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 22(6): 279– 82. 1999, Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 27(9): 665–7. 2004

in India: an-nardin-al-barri, asaarun, asaron, asaroon, asarun, kokanam, kuyakkalam, mittirukkan cevi, mootricunjayvie, nilak-kadambu, nilakkatam, nilakkatampu, oopana, taggar, upana

(Species used medicinally, xi xin. Antiinflammatory. Aristolochic acid I, which is a known nephrotoxin, is found in a commonly used Chinese medicine, Xixin, that originates from nine Asarum species found in China.)

Asarum forbesii Maximowicz

in China: xi xin

China.

Asarum inflatum C.Y. Cheng & C.S. Yang (Asarum dabieshanense D.Q. Wang & S.H. Hwang)

(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Reported to be irritant and poisonous. Nervine, sedative, antiulcer, spasmolytic, local anesthetic activity, expectorant.)

See Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 31(1): 92. 1886 and Acta Pharmaceutica

China.

435

Ascarina Forster & Forster f. Chloranthaceae

See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(4): 589, f. 9. 1983, Bulletin of Botanical Research 11(2): 23–25, f. 1–7. 1991 (Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive. Volatile oils.) in China: deng long xi xin Asarum petelotii O.C. Schmidt China. See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11(102): 100. 1931, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 43: 89–96. 1992 (Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.)

See Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 134. 1865 and Flora Sylvatica Koreana 21: 17, 19–20, 22. 1936, Journal of Korean Plant Taxonomy 8: 19–32. 1978, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(4): 577. 1983, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 33(4): 831–7. 2003, J. Ethnopharmacol. 88(1): 5–9. 2003, J. Med. Food. 9(4): 505–9. 2006 (Contact allergy. Antifungal, antinociceptive and antiinflammatory. Roots to treat pain, dental caries, periodontal disease and inflammation.) Asarum virginicum L. (Asarum memmingeri Ashe; Hexastylis memmingeri (Ashe) Small; Hexastylis virginica (L.) Small) North America.

Asarum porphyronotum C.Y. Cheng & C.S. Yang

See Species Plantarum 1: 442. 1753, Neogenyton 3. 1825 and Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 348. 1901

China.

(Reported to be irritant.)

in China: hong jin er huan

See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(4): 586, f. 7–8. 1983 (This species contains carcinogenic substances. Volatile oils. Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.) in China: zi bei xi xin Asarum pulchellum Hemsley (Asarum caulescens var. setchuenense Franchet; Geotaenium pulchellum (Hemsley) F. Maekawa, comb. inval.) Japan, China.

Ascarina Forster & Forster f. Chloranthaceae From the Latin ascaris, idis ‘intestinal worm’, referring to the shape of the anthers. Ascarina lanceolata Hook.f. Pacific, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand. Shrub or small slender tree, rough bark dark reddish-brown, aromatic foliage, flower spikes drooping with insignificant flowers, fruit white with purple stripes

See Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 7: 442. 1890, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26(176): 360. 1891, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 12(19–20): 302–303. 1898 and Proceedings of the Pacific Science Congress 5: 217. 1953, Journal of Japanese Botany 61: 104–111. 1986

See Charact. Gen. 59. 1775, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 1: 127. 1856

(Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.)

Samoan name: afia

in China: chang mao xi xin Asarum renicordatum C.Y. Cheng & C.S. Yang China. See J. Arnold Arbor. 64(4): 569, f. 1. 1983 (Pain relieving, anesthetic, fever inducing, antitussive, sweat promoting, diuretic and hypotensive.) in China: shen ye xi xin Asarum sieboldii Miq. (Asarum sieboldii fo. seoulense (Nakai) C.Y. Chang & C.S. Yang; Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulensis Nakai; Asiasarum heterotropoides (F. Schmidt) F. Maek. var. seoulense (Nakai) F. Maek.; Asiasarum sieboldii (Miq.) F. Maek.) Korea.

(Leaves used for hair-lotion.) in Fiji: buevu

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) Latin asclepias and Greek asklepias for the common swallowwort; Asclepius (Asklepios or Aesculapius), Greek god of medicine, the worship of Asclepius was centered in Epidaurus, the serpent was sacred to Asclepius. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 214–217. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 102. 1754, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(4): 316, 326–327. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 169–170. 1818, New Flora and Botany of North America … 4: 63. 1836[1838], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5(6[3]): 199. 1837[1836], Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 66. 1876, Pittonia 2(8A): 67. 1890, Pittonia 3(17C): 235–238. 1897 and Manual of the Southeastern Flora 1073. 1933, W.K.C. Guthrie, The Greeks and their Gods. 1950, Woodson, Jr., R.E. “The North

436

American species of Asclepias L.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41(1): 1–211. 1954, Bothalia 20(1): 88. 1990. Low to moderate toxicity, variable toxicities; death is not likely unless large quantities are consumed. Asclepias albicans S. Watson Mexico, USA. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 24: 59–60. 1889 (Shampoo made by cooking the roots in water used to cure headache.) Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson subsp. capricornu (Woodson) Woodson (Acerates decumbens (Nutt.) Decne.; Anantherix angustifolia Raf.; Anantherix decumbens Nutt.; Anantherix nuttaliana G. Don; Asclepias asperula var. decumbens (Nutt.) Shinners; Asclepias capricornu Woodson; Asclepias capricornu subsp. occidentalis Woodson; Asclepias decumbens (Nutt.) K. Schum.; Asclepias decumbens (Nutt.) Decne.; Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray) North America. Perennial herb, spreading, milky white latex, petals and sepals green or green-yellow See Species Plantarum 1: 216. 1753, Atlantic Journal 146. 1832, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5(6[3]): 202–203. 1837[1836], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 522. 1844, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 67. 1876, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 239. 1895 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 32: 370. 1945, Field & Laboratory 22(2): 58. 1954, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41(1): 195. 1954 (Plant used as a snuff for catarrh, cough, bronchitis. Ceremonial emetic.) in English: antelope horns Asclepias californica Greene (Acerates tomentosa Torr.; Asclepias californica subsp. californica; Gomphocarpus tomentosus (Torr.) A. Gray; Gomphocarpus tomentosus var. xanti A. Gray; Gomphocarpus torreyi J.F. Macbr.; Gomphocarpus torreyi var. xanti (A. Gray) Macbr.) North America. Perennial herb, decumbent, milky-white latex, creamy white flowers See Travels in the interior of South Africa 1: 543. 1822, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany 2(1): 160, pl. 44. 1859, Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 477. 1876, Manual of the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay … 242. 1894 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 65: 42. 1922, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41(1): 169. 1954 (Dried, powdered plant applied to spider and insect bites.) in English: California milkweed, purple milkweed

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jeps. (Acerates atropurpurea Kellogg; Acerates cordifolia Benth.; Asclepias acornuta Kellogg; Gomphocarpus cordifolius Benth.; Gomphocarpus cordifolius (Benth.) Benth. ex A. Gray; Gomphocarpus cordifolius Benth. ex A. Gray North America. See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 323. 1849, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 65. 1855; 1(ed. 2): 68. 1873, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 1: 54. 1865, Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 477. 1876 and A Flora of Western Middle California 384. 1901 (Root used as a tonic medicine.) in English: heartleaf milkweed Asclepias cryptoceras S. Watson (Asclepias cryptoceras subsp. cryptoceras; Acerates latifolia Torr. & Frem.) North America. Perennial herb, large greenish-yellow umbellate flowers, petals curled backward See A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 316. 1817, Expeditions of John Charles Fremont 317. 1845, United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Botany 283, pl. 28, f. 1–4. 1871 [Watson, Sereno (1826–1892), Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by order of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1871.] (Analgesic. Latex used for ringworm; roots applied to sores, a wash for headaches. Veterinary medicine, juice of plant used for horse with sore back.) in English: Humboldt mountains milkweed, pallid milkweed Asclepias curassavica L. (Asclepias aurantiaca Salisb.; Asclepias bicolor Moench; Asclepias cubensis Wenderoth; Asclepias curassavica Griseb., nom. illeg., non Asclepias curassavica L.; Asclepias curassavica Lour., nom. illeg., non Asclepias curassavica L.; Asclepias curassavica Willd., nom. illeg., non Asclepias curassavica L.; Asclepias curassavica var. concolor Krug & Urb.; Asclepias margaritacea Hoffmannsegg ex Schult.; Asclepias margaritacea Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.; Asclepias nivea L. var. curassavica (L.) Kuntze) South America, West Indies. Perennial herb, erect, woody at base, simple or many-branched, copious white milky latex, thin opposite leaves, small yellow-orange red flowers, inflorescence an axillary umbel mostly solitary, anthers with an apical incurved membrane, cylindrical dry fusiform follicles, small winged seeds with an apical tuft of silky hairs white, a common weed of pastures, roadsides, waste places See Sp. Pl. 1: 215. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 170. 1790, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … (Moench) 717. 1794, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 150. 1796, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1: 1266. 1798, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis

437

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

[Roemer & Schultes] 6: 86. 1820, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 1: 830. 1843, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 159. 1874, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 418. 1891, Symbolae Antillarum (Urban) 1(3): 389. 1899 and Proc. Linn. Soc., London 148: 64. 1936, Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 82(7/8): 527–534. 1969, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Med. J. Aust. 144(10): 540–544. 1986, Acta Horticulturae 208: 263–271. 1987, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 75(3-VI): 233–234. 1988, Mycoses 33(7–8): 383–392. 1990, Arch. Ophthalmol. 113(8): 974–975. 1995, J. Nat. Prod. 68(10): 1494–1499. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Entire plant extremely poisonous, seeds and green seedpods should not be eaten. Corneal edema due to Asclepias curassavica. Cardiac glycoside poisoning from the ingestion of plants; milky latex dermatitis. Flowers will cause vomiting if eaten. Juice cytotoxic, emetic, diuretic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, febrifuge. Powdered roots decoction used as an emetic and purgative, and also as an astringent for dysentery, piles, gonorrhea; roots extract laxative, purgative, emetic. Leaf juice vermifuge and sudorific. The pounded fresh or dry leaves and flowers applied as a dressing for wounds and sores, and a decoction of the flowers is styptic.) in English: bastard ipecacuanha, blood flower, blood-flowered milkweed, blood plant, bloodflower, butterfly weed, Curaçau silkweed, curassavian, curassavian swallow wort, false ipecacuanha, false ipecac, Indian root, kittie mc-vanie, milkweed, red cotton, red-flowered cotton bush, red head plant, red-head cotton bush, red-head, red milkweed, redheaded cotton-bush, red top, silkweed, swallow wort, West Indian ipecacuanha, wild ipecacuanha in South and Central America: agya pani, calderona, cantil, cochinita, hierba de culebra, niño muerto, oficial-de-sala, olh’én, pasorin, petie guana, pie de gallareta, pitikwanha, planta de seda, ponchilhuits, sangris, seda, señorita, viborama, viboran, viborana, viborilla in China: lian sheng gui zi hua, ma li jin in India: ariyaman, ban-kapas, chikka kaage thonde, hole chadaranga, hulugilu gida, jilledu mandaara, kaakathundi, kaakatundi, kakanasika, kakatudi, kakatundi, kakkathondi, karki, kaura-dodi, kiria kaage thonde, krishnachura, kukatund, kurki, lalma

Asclepias engelmanniana Woodson (Acerates auriculata Engelm. ex Torr.; Acerates floridana (Lam.) Hitchc.; Asclepias auriculata (Engelm. ex Torr.) Holz., nom. illeg.; Gomphocarpus auriculatus (Engelm. ex Torr.) K. Schum.) North America. Perennial herb, erect, white milky latex, light yellow green corolla See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 284. 1783, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 191–192, t. 228. 1818[1819], Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany 2(1): 160. 1859, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 5: 508. 1891, Botanical Gazette 17: 125, 160. 1892, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 236. 1895 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 28: 207. 1941, Trans. Nebraska Acad. Sci. 18: 127–140. 1991 (For nasal congestion, catarrh, cold.) in English: eared milkweed, Engelmann’s milkweed Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. (Asclepias eriocarpa Torr.; Asclepias eriocarpa var. microcarpa Munz & I.M. Johnst.; Asclepias fremontii Torr. ex A. Gray; Asclepias fremontii Torr.; Asclepias kotolo Eastw.) North America. Perennial herb, erect, yellowish corollas See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 323. 1849 and Zoë 5(4–5): 86. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49(12): 355. 1922[1923] (Decoction of plant for colds; dried plant smoke inhaled for asthma. Plant juice applied to cuts, sores and warts.) in English: Indian milkweed, woollypod milkweed Asclepias erosa Torrey (Asclepias demissa Greene; Asclepias leucophylla Engelm.; Asclepias obtusata Greene; Asclepias rothrockii Greene) North America. Perennial, viscous milky sap, creamy greenish yellow flowers See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany 2(1): 162. 1859, American Naturalist 9(6): 348–349. 1875 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 2(11): 231–233. 1912 (Digestive.) in English: desert milkweed

Malayan names: bunga mas, bunga tunjong, melukut paya

Asclepias exaltata L. (Asclepias bicknellii Vail; Asclepias exaltata Muhl. ex Bigelow; Asclepias exaltata Link ex Spreng.; Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh; Asclepias phytolaccoides G.F. Lyon ex Pursh; Asclepias polystachya Walter; Asclepias syriaca var. exaltata (L.) L.)

in Philippines: anibung, asuncion, bulak damo, kapul-kapul

North America. Perennial herb

in Thailand: fai duean haa, mai cheen, thian daeng

See Amoen. Acad. iii. 404. 1756, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 313. 1762, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 107. 1788, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 180. 1814[1813], Florula Bostoniensis… . 102. 1814, Systema

in Japan: tô-wata in Laos: mak kha kay

in Vietnam: b[oo]ng tai, ngo thi, ng[oo] th[ij] in Hawaii: lauhele, laulele, nu’umela, pua ‘anuhe

438

Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 848. 1824 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31(9): 458–459, pl. 19. 1904 (Stomachic, raw root eaten for stomach troubles.) in English: poke milkweed, tall milkweed Asclepias fascicularis Decne. (Asclepias fasciculata Hemsl.; Asclepias macrophylla Nutt.; Asclepias macrophylla Kunth; Asclepias macrophylla Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Asclepias macrophylla var. comosa Durand & Hilg.; Asclepias mexicana auct. non Cav.) North America. Perennial herb, narrow leaves See Systema Vegetabilium 6: 86. 1820, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1: 180. 1848, Plantae Heermannianae 41–42. 1854, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n.s., 3: 41–42. May 1855, Biologia CentraliAmericana; … Botany … 2(10): 324. 1881 and Taxon 16: 413. 1967 (Flowers poisonous, dermatitis, vomiting or diarrhea. Poultice of fresh leaves used for snakebite.) in English: Mexican whorled milkweed, milkweed, narrowleaf milkweed, narrow-leaved milkweed Asclepias fruticosa L. (Asclepias angustifolia Hort. Berol. ex Roem. & Schult.; Asclepias angustifolia Schweigg.; Asclepias angustifolia Sessé & Moc.; Asclepias angustifolia Elliott; Asclepias brasiliensis Schltr.; Asclepias brasiliensis (E. Fourn.) Schltr.; Daemia tomentosa (L.) Vatke, nom. illeg.; Daemia tomentosa (L.) Pomel; Doemia tomentosa Pomel; Gomphocarpus angustifolius Link; Gomphocarpus angustifolius (Schweigg.) Link; Gomphocarpus arachnoideus E. Fourn.; Gomphocarpus brasiliensis E. Fourn.; Gomphocarpus fruticosus R.Br.; Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) R.Br.; Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Spreng.; Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T. Aiton; Gomphocarpus fruticosus fo. brasiliensis (E. Fourn.) Briq.; Gomphocarpus fruticosus f. brasiliensis Briq.) Ethiopia. Small shrub, perennial evergreen, milky latex, narrow leaves, swollen fruits egg-shaped softly thorny See Sp. Pl. 1: 216. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 53. 1771, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 37–38. 1810, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition (W.T. Aiton), 2: 80. 1811, Enumeratio plantarum horti botanici Regiomontani … 13. 1812, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 1: 385. 1817, Dict. Sci. Nat. 12: 448. 1819, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 70. 1820, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 251. 1821, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 14: 250. 1868 [1867 publ. 1868], Nouveau Matériaux pour la Flore Atlantique 82. 1874, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 26: 145–147. 1876, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 6(4): 203. 1885 and Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 34(7): 21. 1900, Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 11/12: 35–135. 1908, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 29: 12. 1916, Bot. Commelins 48. 1983, Med. J. Aust.

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

144(10): 540–544. 1986 [Naturally occurring cardiac glycosides.], International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 20: 6–7. 1993, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 42(2): 322–326. 1994, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 42(9): 1777–1783. 1994, Phytochemistry. 37(1): 217–226. 1994, J. Protein Chem. 20(6): 469–477. 2001, Kew Bulletin 56(4): 769–836. 2001, Novon 15(4): 602. 2005 (Very poisonous. Latex with proteolytic activity. Cardiac glycoside poisoning from the ingestion of plants. Steroidal constituents from the roots and stems. Leaves infusion dropped into the nose to relieve headache.) in English: balloon cotton, cotton milkbush, firesticks, milk bush, milkweed, narrow-leaved cotton bush, shrubby milkweed, silk plant, swan bush, swan plant, wild cotton, wild swans in China: ding tou guo in Lesotho: moithimolo in Madagascar: fandemy, matsivina, poaka, tandemy in S. Rhodesia: muSasa in South Africa: blaasoppies, gansies, kapok melkbossie, kapokbos, katoenbossie, melkbos, tontelbos, tontelbossie, tonteldoosbos, vleiklapper, wilde kapok, wildegaring Asclepias hallii A. Gray (Asclepias curvipes A. Nelson; Asclepias lonchophylla Greene) North America. Perennial herb, clump-forming, corollas purple See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 69. 1877 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28(4): 229–230. 1901, Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 2(11): 231. 1912 (Poisonous to livestock. Infusion of plant used as tonic after deliverance, and as a contraceptive after childbirth; latex a cure for warts.) in English: Hall’s milkweed, purple silkweed Asclepias humilis (E. Mey.) Schltr. (Asclepias humilis Schltr.; Gomphocarpus humilis (E. Mey.) Decne.; Gomphocarpus humilis Decne.; Pachycarpus humilis E. Mey.; Xysmalobium humile (E. Mey.) D. Dietr.; Xysmalobium humile D. Dietr.) South Africa. Milky latex, lilac flowers See Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris (Meyer) 212. 1838, Synopsis Plantarum (D. Dietrich) 2: 902. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 561. 1844, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 20(Beibl. 51): 26. 1895 (Roots antiseptic, astringent, for wounds and cuts, diarrhea. Mixed with Rumex acetosella employed as laxative. Veterinary medicine, tonic, for biliousness, diarrhea.)

439

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

in English: milkweed in Lesotho: lehlomane Asclepias incarnata L. (Asclepias albiflora Raf.; Asclepias amoena Brongn., nom. illeg., non Asclepias amoena L.; Asclepias incarnata fo. albiflora A. Heller; Asclepias incarnata subsp. incarnata; Asclepias incarnata var. longifolia A. Gray; Asclepias verecunda Salisb.) North America. Perennial, milky white latex, branched, smooth stem, long lanceolate leaves, at the top of the stems flowers in umbel-like clusters, corolla dark reddish to pinkish See Species Plantarum 1: 215. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 106. 1788, Salisbury, R.A. (Richard Anthony) (1761–1829), Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium 150. Londini 1796, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) Sér. 1 24: 275, t. 13. 1831, New Flora and Botany of North America … (Rafinesque) 4: 62. 1838, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 67. 1876, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1): 24. 1894 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 50. 1954, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 48(1): 99–107. 2000, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 48(4): 516–24. 2000, Phytochemistry. 53(4): 485–98. 2000, Acta Pol. Pharm. 60(6): 471–5. 2003 (Potentially toxic. Dermatitis. Plant decoction diuretic, appetite-suppressing, taken for kidney troubles. Roots infusion anthelmintic, heart tonic, appetite-suppressing, cathartic, diuretic, carminative, emetic, a weight loss supplement, to treat asthma, rheumatism. Witchcraft medicine.) in English: swamp milkweed, wetland milkweed in North America: wahiŋheya ipi’e, wahca’hca hu bloka (Lakota) Asclepias incarnata L. subsp. incarnata North America. Perennial, milky white latex, branched, smooth stem, long lanceolate leaves, at the top of the stems flowers in umbel-like clusters, corolla dark reddish to pinkish See Species Plantarum 1: 215. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 106. 1788, Salisbury, R.A. (Richard Anthony) (1761–1829), Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium 150. Londini 1796, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) Sér. 1 24: 275, t. 13. 1831, New Flora and Botany of North America … (Rafinesque) 4: 62. 1838, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 67. 1876, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(1): 24. 1894 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 50. 1954, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 48(1): 99–107. 2000, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 48(4): 516–24. 2000, Phytochemistry. 53(4): 485–98. 2000, Acta Pol. Pharm. 60(6): 471–5. 2003 (Potentially toxic. Dermatitis. Plant decoction diuretic, appetite-suppressing, taken for kidney troubles. Roots infusion anthelmintic, heart tonic, appetite-suppressing, cathartic,

diuretic, carminative, emetic, a weight loss supplement, to treat asthma, rheumatism. Witchcraft medicine.) in English: swamp milkweed, wetland milkweed in North America: wahiŋheya ipi’e, wahca’hca hu bloka (Lakota) Asclepias involucrata Engelm. ex Torr. (Asclepias macrosperma Eastw.; Asclepias macrosperma Eastw. ex Vail) North America. Perennial See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany [Emory] 2(1): 163. 1859, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 172. 1898 (Plant infusion stomachic.) in English: dwarf milkweed Asclepias lactifera L. (Marsdenia lactifera (L.) I.M. Turner; Gymnema lactiferum (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.; Gymnema lactiferum (L.) R. Br.) Sri Lanka, India. See Species Plantarum 1: 216. 1753, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 33. 1810, Systema Vegetabilium 6: 57. 1820 and Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1(1): 45. 1973, Asian Journal of Tropical Biology 1(2): 25. 1995 (Used in Sidha.) in India: vilpalei Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. (Asclepias jamesii Torr.; Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Britton, nom. illeg.; Asclepias obtusifolia var. latifolia Torr.; Asclepias viridiflora Raf.; Otanema latifolia Raf.) North America. Perennial herb, robust, large thick leaves, milky white latex, white to yellow green flowers See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 217–218. 1827, Atlantic Journal 1(4): 146. 1832, New Flora and Botany of North America … 4: 61. 1836[1838], Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(17): 263. 1894 (Poisonous to cattle and goats, but more often sheep; the toxic agents are cardiac glycosides; toxic in all growth stages, most toxic when immature. Powdered ground leaf and stem inhaled for catarrh.) in English: broad-leaf milkweed, common milkweed Asclepias lineolata (Decne.) Schltr. (Asclepias lineolata Schltr.; Gomphocarpus lineolatus Decne.; Pachycarpus lineolatus (Decne.) Bullock) Tropical Africa. See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 9: 326. 1838, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 33: 336. 1895 and Kew Bulletin 8: 333. 1953 (Roots stomachic, carminative.)

440

Asclepias mexicana Cav. (Asclepias fascicularis Decne.; Asclepias galioides Kunth; Asclepias verticillata L. var. galioides (Kunth) Decne.; Asclepias verticillata var. galioides (Kunth) E. Fourn., nom. illeg., non Asclepias verticillata var. galioides (Kunth) Decne.; Asclepias verticillata var. mexicana (Cav.) E. Fourn.) Mexico. Perennial herb, latex, whitish cream flowers, young blossoms cooked See Species Plantarum 1: 214–217. 1753, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 1: 42–43, pl. 58. 1791, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 148. 1818[1819], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 569. 1844, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 6, 14: 375. 1882 (Plants poisonous to livestock.) in English: Mexican milkweed, Mexican whorled milkweed, narrow-leaved milkweed Asclepias nyctaginifolia A. Gray (Asclepias wrightii Greene ex A. Gray; Asclepias wrightii Greene; Podostemma nyctaginifolium (A. Gray) Greene; Podostemma nyctaginifolium Greene) North America. Perennial herb, flowers pale green to greenish white in rounded terminal clusters See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 69. 1877, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 16: 102. 1881, Pittonia 3: 235–238. 1897 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41(1): 152. 1954 (Poisonous, dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea. Plant infusion to children with diarrhea.) in English: four o’clock milkweed, Mojave milkweed Asclepias perennis Walter (Asclepias debilis Michx.; Asclepias lancifolia Raf.; Asclepias lancifolia Steud.; Asclepias parviflora Aiton; Asclepias parviflora Leconte ex Decne.; Asclepias parviflora Roem. & Schult.; Asclepias parviflora var. latifolia Raf.; Asclepias pulchella Salisb.; Asclepias pulchella Roxb.; Asclepias pulchella N.E.Br.) North America. Perennial herb, slender, milky sap, terminal clusters of pinky-white or whitey-pink flowers, plant for bees and butterflies, in wet ditches, flood plains of large and small streams See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … [Walter] 107. 1788, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 1: 307. 1789, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 150. 1796, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 116. 1803, Hort. Bengal. 21. 1814, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 82. 1820, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel] 77. 1821, Autikon Botanikon 177, 179. 1840, Prodr. (DC.) 8: 570. 1844 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1.2): 346. 1902 (Roots infusion analgesic, laxative, diuretic, astringent, taken for venereal diseases. Veterinary medicine, infusion for mastitis.)

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

in English: aquatic milkweed, swamp milkweed, thin-leaved milkweed, white milkweed Asclepias prolifera Rottler ex Ainslie India. See Materia indica 2: 225. 1826 and Taxon 26(5–6): 536. 1977 (Used in Sidha.) in India: nanjarapanjan vayr Asclepias pumila (Gray) Vail (Asclepias pumila Vail; Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray) North America. Perennial herb, erect, milky white latex, flowers white pink See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 71. 1876, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States (Britton & Brown) 3: 12. 1898, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(4): 175. 1898 (Leaves infusion for diarrhea, also taken by children.) in English: plains milkweed Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. (Asclepias quadrifolia var. oppositifolia Raf.; Asclepias vanilla Raf.) North America. Perennial, erect, simple, herbaceous, false whorl of leaves, stem from rhizomes, milky sap, pinkish flowers sweetly scented, terminal and axillary umbels See Observationum Botanicarum 2: 8. 1767, American monthly magazine and critical review 4: 39. 1818, Autikon Botanikon 177. 1840 (Roots infusion analgesic, diuretic, laxative, taken for venereal diseases and to treat backaches; rubbed on warts to remove them. Veterinary medicine, infusion for mastitis.) in English: four-leaved milkweed, fourleaf milkweed Asclepias speciosa Torr. (Asclepias douglasii Hook.; Asclepias giffordii Eastw.) North America. Perennial herb, erect, leafy, star-like sweet scented flowers See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 218–219. 1827, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 53, t. 97. 1837 and Fleming, C.E., Peterson, N.F., Miller, M.R., Vawter, L.R., Wright, L.H. “The narrow-leaved milkweed and the broad-leaved or showy milkweed. Plants poisonous to livestock in Nevada.” Univ. Nev. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull., 99. 1920, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 20(5): 150. 1931, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. 108. 1998 (Plant poisonous to sheep and cattle; leaves, roots, pods and seeds poisonous. However, this plant is so distasteful to livestock that they ingest it only under extreme circumstances. Antidiarrheal, antiseptic, tonic, emetic, ceremonial,

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

antirheumatic, stomachic, analgesic. Roots decoction for venereal diseases, diarrhea, cough and headache; roots infusion taken for stomachache; poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings, for rheumatism. Plant tops decoction used as an eyewash for blindness or snowblindness; seeds decoction to draw poison from snakebites. Latex antiseptic and healing, applied to warts, cuts, skin sores, corns, ringworm, syphilitic sores. Not for use during pregnancy. Ceremonial, emetic medicine.) in English: broad-leaved milkweed, Greek milkweed, milkweed, showy milkweed in North America: paŋnuńpala (Lakota) Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray (Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Decne.; Acerates angustifolia Decne.; Polyotus angustifolius Nutt.) North America. Perennial subshrub, erect, herbaceous, terete, stout vertical rootstock, simple retrorse pubescent stems, white milky sap, small clusters of whitish green or greenish white flowers, short pedunculate umbels in the upper leaf axils See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5(6[3]): 199, 201. 1836, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 522–523. 1844, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 72. 1876 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 41(1): 181. 1954 (Root given to children to increase and stimulate the appetite.) in English: narrow-leaf milkweed, narrow-leaved milkweed, prairie milkweed, slimleaf milkweed in North America: tiŋsila pejủta (Lakota, means prairie turnip medicine) Asclepias subulata Decne. (Asclepias subulata Larrañaga) North America. Perennial herb or subshrub See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 571. 1844 and Larrañaga, Dámaso Antonio (1771–1848), Escritos Montevideo: Imp. National, 1923–1927 (Poisonous. Cathartic, emetic, for sore eyes, stomach disorders.) in English: rush milkweed in Mexico: cadenilla bronca (Sinaloa); yumete, yamete (Baja California) Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail (Asclepias galioides auct. non Kunth; Asclepias subverticillata Vail; Asclepias verticillata var. subverticillata A. Gray) North America. Perennial herb, erect, flowers pure white to light cream in umbel-like terminal clusters See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 71. 1876, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(4): 178. 1898 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 67. 1954

441

(Poisonous, toxic, sheep, cattle, horses, chickens and turkeys have been poisoned by horsetail milkweed. Plant used to increase lactation in mothers. Ceremonial.) in English: horsetail milkweed, poison milkweed, western whorled milkweed, whorled milkweed Asclepias syriaca L. (Asclepias apocinum Gaterau; Asclepias capitellata Raf.; Asclepias cornuta Cordem.; Asclepias cornuti Decne.; Asclepias elliptica Raf.; Asclepias fragrans Raf.; Asclepias grandifolia Bertoloni; Asclepias intermedia Vail; Asclepias kansana Vail; Asclepias pubescens Moench; Asclepias pubigera Dumort.; Asclepias serica Raf.; Asclepias syriaca Blanco, nom. illeg., non Asclepias syriaca L.; Asclepias syriaca fo. inermis J.R. Churchill; Asclepias syriaca fo. leucantha Dore; Asclepias syriaca var. kansana (Vail) E.J. Palmer & Steyerm.; Asclepias pubescens Moench; Asclepias pubigera Dumort.; Asclepias serica Raf.) North America. Perennial herb, leaves downy gray beneath, milky white latex See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 214. 1762, Description des Plantes qui Croissent aux Environs de Montauban 58. 1789, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 716. 1794, Medical Repository, ser. 2, 5: 354. 1808, Florula belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore … 52. 1827, Flora de Filipinas 204. 1837, Autikon Botanikon 179. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 564. 1844, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna 3: 189. 1851, Fl. Réunion (E.J. de Cordemoy) 482. 1895 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31(9): 457–460, pl. 16, f. 2, 4, pl. 17, 18, f. 2a-f. 1904, Rhodora 20(240): 207. 1919, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 22(3): 621. 1935, Rhodora 40(471): 133. 1938, Reynard, G.B., Norton, J.B. “Poisonous plants of Maryland in relation to livestock.” Univ. MD. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull., A10. 1942, Rhodora 46(550): 387–388. 1944, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 105. 1954, Taxon 31: 583– 587. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 32: 172, 177–179, 181–183. 1990, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of plants by the Indians … 57–58. 1991, Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 129: 215–226. 1992, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 19–20. 1995 (Dermatitis. This plant has poisoned sheep, but is normally distasteful to livestock; the plant contains cardiac glycosides, toxic to animals. Analgesic, diuretic, antirheumatic, laxative, stomachic, contraceptive, to prevent hemorrhage after childbirth, to increase the appetite. Leaves infusion for stomach troubles. Roots infusion taken for venereal diseases, also taken by women for temporary sterility; root broken up and boiled in water, then cooled and taken with liquid food to produce a flow of milk in a woman’s breasts. Latex rubbed on warts, bee stings, ringworm and cuts. Veterinary medicine, infusion for mastitis.) in English: common milkweed, cotton weed, milkweed, silkweed

442

in North America: mahintsh (Winnebago), karipiku (Pawnee) Asclepias tuberosa L. (Acerates floridana (Lam.) Hitchc.; Acerates floridana Hitchc.; Asclepias decumbens L.; Asclepias decumbens (Nutt.) K. Schum.; Asclepias decumbens K. Schum.; Asclepias floridana Lam.; Asclepias lutea Raf.; Asclepias lutea Mill.; Asclepias tuberosa Hort. ex Kunze, nom. illeg., non Asclepias tuberosa L.; Asclepias tuberosa Roxb., nom. illeg., non Asclepias tuberosa L.; Asclepias tuberosa fo. decumbens (L.) Voss; Asclepias tuberosa subsp. tuberosa; Asclepias tuberosa var. decumbens (L.) Pursh) North America. Perennial herb, leafy, hairy, alternate leaves, deep yellow to dark orange or red flowers, seed pods edible See Species Plantarum 1: 216–217. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 3. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 284. 1783, Medical Repository ser. 2 5: 361. 1808, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … (Pursh) 1: 184. 1813, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 316. 1817, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 38. 1832, Linnaea 20: 27. 1847, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 5: 508. 1891, Vilmorin-Andrieux et cie., Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei. Beschreibung, kultur und verwendung des gesamten pflanzenmaterials für deutsche gärten. Dritte neubearbeite Aflage. 1: 663. Berlin, 1894–1896, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 4, Abt. 2: 239. 1895 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 74. 1954, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 57. 1991, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 48(7): 991–993, 1017–1022. 2000 (Able to produce dermatitis; caution is advised, as large doses of butterfly weed are emetic and purgative. Seeds boiled for diarrhea. Roots analgesic, vasodilator, antispasmodic, laxative, mildly cathartic, expectorant, antirheumatic, tonic, carminative, diaphoretic, for breasts, stomach and intestinal pains, for pleurisy, influenza, diarrhea, dysentery, for dog or coyote bites. Raw roots or infusion for rheumatism, heart, bronchial and pulmonary trouble, a remedy for sores, cuts and wounds; poultice of root used or decoction taken for bruises and swellings, skin ulcers. Poultice of bruised leaves bound to snakebites. Rites and ceremonies, ceremonial emetic.) in English: butterfly milkweed, butterfly weed, Canada root, chigger flower, chigger weed, Indian paintbrush, orange milkweed, orange root, pleurisy root, raw medicine, silk weed, swallowwort, tuber root, white root, wound medicine in North America: maka saka, maka saka thata i, kiu maka (Omaha-Ponca) Asclepias tuberosa L. subsp. tuberosa North America. Perennial herb, leafy, hairy, alternate leaves, deep yellow to dark orange or red flowers, seed pods edible See Species Plantarum 1: 217. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 284. 1783, Medical Repository ser. 2 5: 361. 1808, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 184. 1814 [1813], A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and

Asclepias L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

Georgia 1: 316. 1817, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 38. 1832, Linnaea 20: 27. 1847, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 5: 508. 1891, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei. Dritte neubearbeite Aflage 1: 663. 1894 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 74. 1954, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 57. 1991, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 48(7): 991–993, 1017–1022. 2000 (Able to produce dermatitis; caution is advised, as large doses of Butterfly Weed are emetic and purgative. Seeds boiled for diarrhea. Roots analgesic, vasodilator, antispasmodic, laxative, mildly cathartic, expectorant, antirheumatic, tonic, carminative, diaphoretic, for breasts, stomach and intestinal pains, for pleurisy, influenza, diarrhea, dysentery, for dog or coyote bites. Raw roots or infusion for rheumatism, heart, bronchial and pulmonary trouble, a remedy for sores, cuts and wounds; poultice of root used or decoction taken for bruises and swellings, skin ulcers. Poultice of bruised leaves bound to snakebites. Rites and ceremonies, ceremonial emetic.) in English: butterfly milkweed, butterfly weed, Canada root, chigger flower, chigger weed, Indian paintbrush, orange milkweed, orange root, pleurisy root, raw medicine, silk weed, swallowwort, tuber root, white root, wound medicine in North America: maka saka, maka saka thata i, kiu maka (Omaha-Ponca) Asclepias verticillata L. (Asclepias parviflora Leconte ex Decne., nom. illeg., non Asclepias parviflora Aiton) North America. Perennial herb, narrow linear leaves whorled along the stem, small greenish-white flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 217. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 1: 307. 1789, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 570. 1844, J. Bot. 36: 265. 1898 and Marsh, C.D., Clawson, A.B. “Poisonous properties of the whorled milkweeds Asclepias pumila and Asclepias verticillata var. geyeri.” U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull., 942. 1921, Clark, J.G. “Whorled milkweed poisoning.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 21: 431. 1979, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982 (Very poisonous to livestock but is unpalatable and rarely consumed, it can cause problems when fed in hay; experimental feeding of fresh eastern whorled milkweed caused poisoning in sheep. Diaphoretic, stimulant, to treat snakebites and nose or throat ailments, used when women didn’t have any milk.) in English: eastern whorled milkweed, horsetail milkweed, whorled-leaf milkweed, whorled milkweed in North America: waĥpé tiŋ’psila (Lakota, means turnip leaf) Asclepias viridiflora Raf. (Acerates ivesii Wooton & Standl.; Acerates ivesii (Britton) Wooton & Standl.; Acerates lanceolata Steud.; Acerates linearis (A. Gray) Lunell; Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton; Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Pursh ex Eaton; Acerates viridiflora var. ivesii Britton; Acerates viridiflora var. lanceolata A. Gray; Acerates viridiflora

443

Asimina Adanson Annonaceae

var. linearis A. Gray; Asclepias ivesii (Britton) Wooton & Standl.; Asclepias lanceolata E. Ives; Asclepias nutans Muhl. ex Steud.; Asclepias viridiflora Pursh; Asclepias viridiflora var. lanceolata Torr.; Asclepias viridiflora var. lanceolata (E. Ives) Torr.; Asclepias viridiflora var. linearis (A. Gray) Fernald; Gomphocarpus viridiflorus (Raf.) Spreng.; Otanema lanceolata Raf.; Otanema latifolia Raf.; Otanema ovata Raf.; Polyotus heterophyllus Nutt.) North America. Perennial, leaves typically have an acuminate shape with an acute tip See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 105. 1788, Medical Repository, ser. 2, 5: 360. 1808, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 181. 1814 [Dec 1813], A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 317. 1817, American Journal of Science 1(3): 252, pl. [1]. 1819, Fl. N. Middle United States 1: 284. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 849. 1824, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 5(6[3]): 199, 201. 1837[1836], Prodr. (DC.) 8: 573. 1844, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(18): 265. 1894, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 236. 1895, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 3: 14. 1898 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 19: 509. 1915, Kew Bull. 52(1): 247. 1997 (Roots antirheumatic, galactagogue, antidiarrheal, astringent, stomachic, used for sore eyes, swellings, rashes, gums, sore throats, diarrhea, to increase milk production.) in English: green comet milkweed, green milkweed, tall milkweed in North America: hu ciήśќá (Lakota) Asclepias viridis Walter (Acerates paniculata (Nutt.) Decne.; Anantherix grandiflora Raf.; Anantherix ovata Raf.; Anantherix paniculata Nutt.; Anantherix torreyana G. Don; Anantherix viridis (Walter) Nutt.; Anthanotis procumbens (Raf.) Raf.; Anthanotis viridis (Walter) Raf.; Asclepias longipetala Scheele; Asclepias procumbens Raf.; Asclepiodora viridis (Walter) A. Gray; Gomphocarpus viridis (Walter) Spreng.; Podostigma viridis (Walter) Elliott) North America. Perennial herb See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 107. 1788, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 37. 1810, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 316, 326–327. 1817, Florula Ludoviciana, or, a flora of the state of … 51–52, 149. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 169. 1818, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 849. 1824, Atlantic Journal 146. 1832, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 146. 1837, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 203. 1837, New Flora and Botany of North America … 4: 59–60. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 521. 1844, Linnaea 21: 757–758. 1848 [1849], Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 66. 1876 and Smith R.A. et al. “Intoxication of sheep exposed to ozark

milkweed (Asclepias viridis Walter).” Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 42(6): 349–50. 2000 (Dermatitis. The root is boiled and the tea drunk for kidney trouble.) in English: antelope-horn milkweed, green antelopehorn, Ozark milkweed, spider milkweed in North America: hvtki kafka (Seminole)

Asimina Adanson Annonaceae From the French form of an Indian name, assiminier, see Familles des Plantes 2: 365. 1763, Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 83. 1817 and Murray, N.A. “Revision of Cymbopetalum and Porcelia (Annonaceae).” Systematic Botany Monographs 40: 1–121. 1993. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (Annona pendula Salisb.; Annona triloba L.; Asimina glabra Hort. ex K. Koch; Asimina triloba Dunal; Asimina triloba Koch; Orchidocarpum arietinum Michx., nom. superfl.; Porcelia triloba (L.) Pers.; Uvaria triloba (L.) Torr. & A. Gray) North America. Perennial tree or shrub See Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 84, t. 16. 1794, Flora BorealiAmericana 1: 329. 1803, Syn. Pl. 2: 95. 1806, Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 83. 1817, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 45. 1838, Dendrologie 1: 384. 1869 and Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8(1): 285–290. 2000, J. Nat. Prod. 63(11): 1503–1506. 2000, J. Nat. Prod. 68(2): 194–197. 2005 (Cytotoxic, anticancer, homeopathic remedy, irritant, pesticidal and feeding-deterrent activities against a variety of pests. The tree has edible fruit that has caused dermatitis in some individuals and can also cause severe gastroenteritis when it is ingested. Seed emetic and narcotic, powdered and applied to hair to kill lice; seed has insecticidal properties. Bark is a bitter tonic. Leaves diuretic, applied to boils, abscesses and ulcers; fruit used as a laxative.) in English: American pawpaw, custard apple, gopher-apple, North American pawpaw, northern banana, papaw, pawpaw, poor man’s banana

Aspalathus L. Fabaceae (Crotalarieae) Latin aspalathus and Greek aspalathos for a scented and spiny bush, a thorny shrub whose bark and roots yield a fragrant oil, which is used in the preparation of spiced wine, rosewood; see Aristoteles, Problemata 906b, ed. C.E. Ruelle-H. Knoellinger-I. Klek, 1922; Plato, Res Publica 616a. Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren (Aspalathus contaminata Druce; Aspalathus contaminatus sensu Druce & auct. pl., non (L.) Druce; Borbonia pinifolia Marloth; Psoralea linearis Thunb.; Psoralea linearis Burm. f.)

444

South Africa. Perennial non-climbing shrub, shrublet, erect to spreading, strong taproot, leaves needle-shaped, small peashaped yellow flowers solitary or arranged in dense groups at the tips of branches, small lance-shaped pod, polymorphic See Species Plantarum 2: 711. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 22. 1768, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 135. 1800, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 161. 1891 and Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 2: 238. 1912, (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 4: 606. 1916 (publ. 1917), Opera Botanica 9(1): 283. 1963, Bot. Not. 121: 165–208. 1968, Economic Botany 37(2): 164–173. 1983, J. Agric. Food Chem., 45(3): 632–638. 1997, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 61(2): 267– 271. 1997, Veld and Flora 86(1): 19–21. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(1–2): 145–150. 2005, Cancer Letters 224: 193–202. 2005, Veld and Flora 92(3): 1541–1556. 2006, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29(6): 1271–1274. 2006, Phytotherapy Research 21: 1–16. 2007 (Rooibos tea tonic, stimulant, astringent, antiinflammatory, antiviral, digestive, antispasmodic, antioxidant, strong antiHIV activity, in the treatment of vomiting, diarrhea and mild gastric complaints, reducing nervous tension and promoting sound sleep; used internally and externally in the treatment of insomnia, eczema, hay fever and asthma.) in English: red bush tea, rooibos tea in South Africa: bossietee, rooibos, rooibostee

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae) Greek asparagos, aspharagos, perhaps from spharageomai ‘to burst with a noise, to crack’; ancient Indian sphurjati; Latin asparagus, i, ancient name used by the Roman historian C. Suetonius Tranquillus (born towards the end of the Ist century A.D.) and by Plinius; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 313–314. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 147. 1754, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 2: 25. 1808, Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries 3(2:4): xv. 1841, Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1842: 35. 1844, Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 5: 76. 1850, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 14: 595. 1875 and Flora URSS 4: 427. 1935, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 59–100. 1952, Bothalia 24: 205–209. 1955, Bothalia 9: 31–96. 1966, Hepper, F.N. (ed.), Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 3(1): 1–574. 1968, Anna Amelia Obermeyer (1907–  ), in South African Journal of Botany. 2(3): 243. 1983, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 33. 1994, Demissew, S. Asparagaceae. Flora of Tropical East Africa: 1–22. 2006.

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae)

and Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 15: 707. 1991 (publ. 1992) (Root paste given in menstrual irregularities.) in India: sakti-chara Asparagus adscendens Roxb. (Asparagopsis adscendens (Roxb.) Kunth; Asparagopsis adscendens Kunth; Asparagus satawur James A. Murray; Protasparagus adscendens (Roxb.) Kamble) India, Himalaya, Pakistan. Prickly straight herbaceous climber, tubers and young shoots cooked as a vegetable See Hort. Bengal. 24. 1814, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 153. 1832, Enum. Pl. 5: 102. 1850 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15(3): 707. 1991 (publ. 1992) (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant for dysuria; leaves ground and mixed with milk and drunk for obesity; stem aphrodisiac. Tubers used in dysentery, diarrhea, general debility. Rhizome demulcent, bitter, tonic, galactagogue, diaphoretic, stimulant, aphrodisiac, sperm and libido enhancer, used for diabetes, arthritis, diarrhea, general physical weakness, dysentery, impotence, male sexual disorders. Root bark supposed to give vitality and strength. Veterinary medicine, tubers given to cows to increase lactation.) in India: dholi moosli, divya aushad (= divine medicine), durnamari, hazarmuli, hirtha-wariya, jhinjani, jhirna, jhirni, kairu, kairwa, khairuwa, mahavrsa, mulsi safaid, musali, musli siyah, naranka pattirakam, pandaari musalee, safed muli, safed musali, safed musli, safedamusli, safeta musli, sallog dooda, sansarmuli, satavar, satavari, sataver, satawar, satwa, shaqaq-ul-misri, shaqaqul-i-misri shaqaqul misri, shaqaqul misri nim kofta, shaqaqule-hindi, shaqqul misri, shasi mulu, shatabari, shedeveli, shwet musali, sufed, sufedmusli, sufedmusli, svetamusali, tannirvittang, tsallo-gadda, tsallogadda, vrsyakanda Asparagus aethiopicus L. (Asparagopsis aethiopica Kunth; Asparagopsis aethiopica (L.) Kunth; Asparagopsis lancea (Thunb.) Kunth; Asparagopsis lancea Kunth; Asparagus aculeatus Hort.; Asparagus aculeatus Voss; Asparagus laetus Salisb.; Asparagus lanceus Thunb.; Asparagus maximus Hort.; Asparagus maximus Voss; Asparagus sprengeri Regel; Protasparagus aethiopicus (L.) Oberm.) South Africa. Evergreen climber, spines present on all nodes, flowers sweet-scented, red berries

India.

See Mant. Pl. 63. 1767, Mant. Pl. 1. 1770, Prodr. Pl. Cap. 66. 1794, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 253. 1796, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum [Kunth] 5: 95–96, 104. 1850, Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 1047, in syn. 1895 and Bothalia 9: 65. 1966, South African Journal of Botany 2(3): 243. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(1): 27–33. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(3): 455–461. 2008

See Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(1): 337. 1829, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 150. 1832

(Berry ingestion could result in gastric upset, vomiting, abdominal pain or diarrhea; allergic dermatitis. Taenicidal,

Asparagus acerosus Thunb. ex Schult. & Schult.f. (Asparagus acerosus Thunb. ex Schult.f.; Asparagus acerosus Roxb., nom. illeg.)

445

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae)

anthelmintic, anticancer (in vitro), used for bladder and kidney ailments, lung conditions, tuberculosis and as a diuretic.) in English: asparagus fern, Sprenger’s asparagus in South Africa: haakdoring Asparagus africanus Lam. (Asparagopsis juniperina Kunth; Asparagopsis lamarckii Kunth, nom. illeg.; Asparagopsis schlechtendalii Kunth; Asparagus africanus var. biarticulatus De Wild. & T.Durand; Asparagus africanus var. microcarpus Balf.f.; Asparagus africanus var. pubescens Baker; Asparagus asiaticus auct., non L.; Asparagus asiaticus var. ellenbeckianus Engl., nom. nud.; Asparagus asiaticus L. var. mitis (A. Rich.) Chiov.; Asparagus buruensis Engl.; Asparagus conglomeratus Baker; Asparagus dependens Thunb.; Asparagus dinteri Engl. & Krause; Asparagus fleckii Schinz; Asparagus francisci K. Krause; Asparagus gourmacus A. Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel, nom. inval.; Asparagus irregularis Baker; Asparagus judtii Schinz; Asparagus lugardii Baker; Asparagus mitis A. Rich.; Asparagus patens K. Krause; Asparagus retrofractus Forssk.; Asparagus rivalis Burch. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Asparagus sennii Chiov.; Asparagus sidamensis Cufod.; Protasparagus africanus (Lam.) Oberm.) Trop. & S. Africa, Arabian Pen., India. Shrub or undershrub, climbing, wiry, scrambling, twining, woody, thorny, fibrous rootstock, true leaves small and scale-like, clusters of leaflike needles, small white fragrant flowers on jointed stalks, flower parts in threes and spreading, bee forage, at forest edges, grassland See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 295. 1783 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 155. 1910, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 448–449. 1914, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 26: 166. 1919, Fl. Somala 2: 418. 1932, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 2: 352. 1936, Senckenberg. Biol. 50: 245. 1969, South African Journal of Botany 2: 243. 1983, Journal of Natural Products 60(10): 1017–1022. 1997 (Aphrodisiac, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antifertility, antiimplantation, a traditional cure for problems related to reproductive health, used for diuresis and syphilis, swellings, Guinea worm sores; pounded plant drunk to treat problems in early pregnancy, then piece tied in clothing until delivery. Leaves chewed to relieve breathing problems; leaf or root chewed to facilitate childbirth. Boiled roots to treat gonorrhea, roots infusion a remedy for venereal diseases; leaves and roots diuretic, for venereal diseases, hematuria. Seeds swallowed as a prevention for eye diseases.) African names: adende, enene, inaniaga, inaniga, narara, narari, ningei, nombo, pelol fouru, sansarin kura, saritti, sark’a, simboul, sogoba kenessi in Arabic: khurus theeb in Burundi: umushaabishaabi in Tanzania: ikhonda-a-fangle, ikurankanga, ikurankhanga, kasesanhanga, kasolanhanga, kizindaminba, ling’oto, lukungwisa, mchilagawimba, mwinika nguu

in Yoruba: aluki, kadankobe, kadankode Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce (Asparagus asparagoides (L.) W. Wight; Asparagus asparagoides Druce; Asparagus asparagoides W. Wight; Asparagus kuisibensis Dinter; Asparagus medeoloides (Thunb.) Baker; Asparagus medeoloides (L.f.) Thunb.; Asparagus medeoloides var. angustifolius (Mill.) Baker; Asparagus medeoloides var. falciformis (Kunth) Baker; Dracaena medeoloides L.f.; Elachanthera sewelliae F. Muell.; Elide asparagoides (L.) Kerguélen; Luzuriaga sewelliae (F. Muell.) K. Krause; Medeola angustifolia Mill.; Medeola asparagoides L.; Medeola latifolia Salisb.; Myrsiphyllum angustifolium (Mill.) Willd.; Myrsiphyllum asparagoides (L.) Willd.; Myrsiphyllum falciforme Kunth; Ruscus volubilis Thunb.) S. Ethiopia, S. Africa. Herb, twining, climber, slender, tuberous root system, flowers cream greenish white, weedy, invasive, forms massive tuber mats in the soil and impenetrable thickets of foliage See Species Plantarum 1: 313–314, 339. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 252. 1796, Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 2: 25. 1808, Victoria Naturalist 3: 108. 1886, Fl. Cap. 6: 273. 1896 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Club. 3: 414. 1914, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a: 379. 1930, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 270. 1931 (Allergy, dermatitis. Charm to increase fertility of cattle.) in English: African asparagus fern, bridal creeper, bridal-veil creeper, Cape smilax, gnarboola, smilax, smilax asparagus in Swaziland: ibutha, inkunzimbili Asparagus capitatus subsp. gracilis (Royle ex Baker) Browicz (Asparagus gracilis Royle ex Baker, nom. illeg.; Asparagus gracilis Salisb.; Asparagus royleanus (Royle ex Baker) P. Daniel) India. See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 252. 1796, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 14: 607. 1875 and Indian Journal of Forestry 4: 334. 1981 (publ. 1982), Fl. Iran. 165: 175. 1990 (Crushed root paste rubbed on the forehead to relieve headache. Veterinary medicine, a snuff prepared from the dried tubers given to stop recurrent urinary bleeding of the cattle.) in India: jhirna, jhrni, musli Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. (Asparagopsis sinica Miquel; Asparagus cochinchinensis var. longifolius F.T. Wang & T. Tang; Asparagus cochinchinensis var. pygmaeus (Makino) Ohwi; Asparagus dauricus Link var. elongatus Pampanini; Asparagus falcatus Thunb., sensu auct.; Asparagus falcatus Benth., nom. illeg.; Asparagus gaudichaudianus Kunth; Asparagus insularis Hance; Asparagus lucidus Lindley; Asparagus lucidus var. dolichocladus Merr. & Rolfe; Asparagus lucidus var. pygmaeus Makino; Asparagus sinicus (Miquel) C.H. Wright; Melanthium cochinchinense Loureiro)

446

China, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam. Perennial creeping herb, glabrous, many-branched, gelatinous roots light yellow, flat cladodes, white or yellowish-white flowers, berry globular, globular black seeds See Species Plantarum 1: 313–314, 339. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 216. 1790, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 340. 1821, Edwards’s Botanical Register 7: 29. 1844, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 5: 71, 76. 1850, Journal de Botanique Néerlandaise 1: 90. 1861, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 5: 245. 1866 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 36(250): 103. 1903, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 6: 780. 1908, Philipp. J. Bot., C 3: 96. 1908, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 22(2): 264. 1915, Philipp. J. Sci. 15: 230. 1919, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology: 7: 291. 1937, Fl. Jap., ed. rev.: 1437. 1965, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 15: 1–12. 1985, Acta Agric. Univ. Zhejiang. 17(1): 93–98. 1991 (Pectoral, antitussive, diuretic, tonic, used in the treatment of persistent cough, dry throat, fever, dysuria. Snakebites, external use.) in English: Chinese asparagus, Cochinchinese asparagus, shiny asparagus in China: tian men dong, tian dong in Vietnam: thien mon, thien mon dong, tian men dong, toc tien leo, man sam, sua su tung, du mao siam Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. (Asparagopsis curilla (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Kunth; Asparagus curillus Wall.; Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham.; Asparagus nepalensis Baker; Protasparagus curillus (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Kamble) Himalaya. See Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 152. 1832, Enum. Pl. 5: 102. 1850, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 622. 1875 and Phytochemistry 21: 1711– 1714. 1982, Current Sci. 51: 280–281. 1982, Planta Med. 47: 117–120. 1983, Pharmazie 40: 417–418. 1985, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 708. 1991 (publ. 1992), Phytochemistry 33: 683–686. 1993, Current Science 91(2). 2006 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots demulcent, tonic, for urinary infection, stomach troubles, gonorrhea, piles, diabetes, rejuvenating tonic.) in India: ghigini, keru, musli, satavari, satawari, shatavari Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop (Asparagopsis densiflora Kunth; Asparagus myriocladus Baker; Asparagus sarmentosus var. comatus Baker; Asparagus sarmentosus var. densiflorus (Kunth) Baker; Asparagus sprengeri Regel; Protasparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Oberm.) South Africa. Erect, perennial herb, scrambling, extensive root systems, leaves alternate and scale-like, small very sweetly scented axillary drooping flowers, fruit a bright red berry

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae)

See Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 5: 96. 1850, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 625. 1875, J. Bot. 27: 43. 1889 and Bothalia 9: 65. 1966, South African Journal of Botany 2: 243. 1983, Nucleus (Calcutta) 35(2,3): 93–97. 1992, Nucleus (Calcutta) 36(3): 141–144. 1993, Nucleus (Calcutta) 40(1,2): 7–12. 1997 (Low toxicity only if eaten; eating of berries may cause gastrointestinal problems; skin irritation, redness, swelling and blisters following contact with sap.) in English: asparagus-fern, basket asparagus, emerald fern, Sprenger’s asparagus in China: fei zhou tian men dong Asparagus falcatus L. (Asparagus aethiopicus var. ternifolius Baker; Asparagus falcatus var. ternifolius (Baker) Jessop; Protasparagus falcatus (L.) Oberm.) Trop. Africa, India, Sri Lanka. Vine, climbing, creeper, woody, bushy, spiny, white scented flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 313. 1753 and Bothalia 9: 70. 1966, South African Journal of Botany 2: 243–244. 1983 (Root antibiotic, aphrodisiac, nerve tonic and antispasmodic, to treat constipation. Ashes from dry leaves applied to fresh wounds, burns.) in English: large forest asparagus, sicklethorn, yellowwood asparagus in Japan: yanagi-ba-temmondo in South Africa: doringtou, imbelekazana in Tanzania: lutona, mnamila mpurimi, mwimkangulu Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Asparagus filicinus var. brevifolius Baker; Asparagus filicinus var. brevipes Baker; Asparagus filicinus var. giraldii C.H. Wright; Asparagus filicinus var. megaphyllus F.T. Wang & T. Tang; Asparagus filicinus var. microclada Hook.f.; Asparagus qinghaiensis Y. Wan; Protasparagus filicinus (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kamble; Protasparagus filicinus var. brevifolius (Baker) Kamble; Protasparagus filicinus var. brevipes (Baker) Kamble; Protasparagus filicinus var. microclada (Hook.f.) Kamble) China, Himalaya. Erect herb, young shoots and tubers cooked as vegetable See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 49. 1825, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 605. 1875, Fl. Brit. India 6: 315. 1892 and Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 44: 122, f. 48. 1908, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology: 7: 290. 1937, Guihaia 11(4): 289, f. 1. 1991, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 708– 709. 1991 (publ. 1992) (Used in Ayurveda. Roots used to cure weakness, tuberculosis, sexual debility, urinogenital disorders, dysuria, cooked in water for bathing to treat skin diseases. Veterinary medicine, roots fed to cattle to increase milk production.)

447

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae)

in English: fern asparagus in China: tu bai bu, yang chi tian men dong in India: chiriya-kanda, kaunta, sahasimuli, sansbai, satavari, sharanoi, shernoi in Tibet: ni shin cau wa, pa-za Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Baker (Asparagopsis flagellaris Kunth; Asparagus abyssinicus Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Asparagus africanus Lam. var. abyssinicus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Fiori; Asparagus flagellaris Baker; Asparagus pauliguilelmi Solms; Asparagus pauli-guilelmii var. katangensis De Wild. & T. Durand; Asparagus schweinfurthii Baker; Asparagus somalensis Chiov.) Trop. & S. Africa, W. Arabian Pen. Erect or scrambling woody perennial shrub, scandent, twisted branches bearing strong spines, leaves scale-like, leafy needle-like cladodes in clusters along stems with recurved spines, stems densely covered with cladode needles, white fragrant flowers on jointed stalks, small fleshy orange berries, in wooded grasslands See Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 319. 1850, Enum. Pl. 5: 103. 1850, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 613, 614, 616. 1875 and Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 40: 33. 1901, Result. Sci. Miss. Stefan.-Paoli Somal. Ital. 1: 170. 1916 (Aphrodisiac, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antifertility, antiimplantation, a traditional cure for problems related to reproductive health, used for diuresis and syphilis, swellings, Guinea worm sores; pounded plant drunk to treat problems in early pregnancy. Leaves or root chewed to facilitate childbirth. Boiled roots to treat gonorrhea, roots infusion a remedy for venereal diseases. Magic, roots boiled for burst lungs caused by witchcraft.) in English: wild asparagus in Nigeria: maza adawa, tsatsarinbera in Tanzania: kasesanhanga, kasolanhanga, lukungwisa, mwinika nguu Asparagus gonocladus Baker (Asparagus gonoclados Baker; Protasparagus gonoclados (Baker) Kamble) Sri Lanka, India. See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 14: 627. 1875 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 709. 1991 (publ. 1992) (Root aphrodisiac, when boiled with oil applied to cutaneous diseases. Fever in children, contact therapy, roots hung around the neck) in India: challagaddalu, kadu majjige gedde, pillipichara, sathavarimool, shakakul, thanneervittan kizhangu, zatar

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 14: 609. 1875 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 283. 1912, Bothalia 9: 58. 1966, South African Journal of Botany 2: 243. 1983 (Used for divination.) in English: Zulu asparagus in Swaziland: silevu sembuti Asparagus officinalis L. (Asparagus officinalis var. altilis L.; Asparagus polyphyllus Steven) Europe to Mongolia, NW. Africa. Dioecious perennial herb with climbing or erect stems, robust woody rhizome, pendulous greenish yellow flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils See Species Plantarum 1: 313. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 147. 1754, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 30: 343. 1857 and Fl. Mascareignes 183: 8. 1978, Bot. Zurn. 64(3): 398–403. 1979, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 24: 113–126. 1982, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 5: 149–154. 1985, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 94: 327–371. 1986, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 116–118. 1990, Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 128: 19–39. 1991, Nucleus 35(2,3): 93–97. 1992, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(5): 71–72. 1992, Agriculture and Horticulture 68: 1011–1015. 1993, Nucleus 36(3): 141–144. 1993, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 79(7): 134–135. 1994, Revista Brasileira de Genética 19(2): 323– 325. 1996, Nucleus 40(1,2): 7–12. 1997, Plant Systematics and Evolution 211: 181–199. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 294–295. 2003 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Roots diuretic, laxative, aphrodisiac, used to reduce menstrual cramping and increase milk production in nursing mothers, for female infertility, gout, dropsy, rheumatism, arthritic conditions, kidney stones, and edema due to heart failure. Powdered seeds antibiotic, stomachic, antispasmodic, to relieve nausea. Used as a poultice and compress for muscle spasms and stiff joints. Low toxicity only if eaten; eating of berries may cause gastrointestinal problems; skin irritation, redness, swelling and blisters following contact with young raw shoots. Mature asparagus has caused poisoning in cattle. Young plants can cause dermatitis, and the red berries are suspected of poisoning humans.) in English: asparagus, common asparagus, common garden asparagus, edible asparagus, garden asparagus, sparrowgrass in China: xiao bai bu

Asparagus macowanii Baker (Asparagus macowanii var. zuluensis (N.E. Br.) Jessop; Asparagus zuluensis N.E. Br.; Protasparagus macowanii (Baker) Oberm.)

in India: asbara-ghus, dripi, haleeyun, halgun, halyun, hillua, khasabul-hgyah, mar-chobah, marchuba, margiyah, margiyeh, nakdown, paragus, satavari, seet muli, shatavari (she who has one hundred husbands), tukhm haliyun, tukhm halyun, tukhm-i-halyun, vilayati karua

Madagascar, Mozambique, S. Africa.

in Japan: oranda-kiji-kakkushi

448

Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Asparagopsis abyssinica Kunth; Asparagopsis acerosa Kunth; Asparagopsis brownei Kunth; Asparagopsis decaisnei Kunth; Asparagopsis floribunda Kunth, nom. illeg.; Asparagopsis hohenackeri Kunth; Asparagopsis hohenackerii Kunth; Asparagopsis javanica Kunth; Asparagopsis retrofracta Schweinf. ex Baker; Asparagopsis sarmentosa Dalzell & A. Gibson, nom. illeg.; Asparagopsis subquadrangularis Kunth; Asparagus acerosus Roxb., nom. illeg.; Asparagus acerosus Thunb. ex Schult.f.; Asparagus dubius Decne.; Asparagus fasciculatus Thunb.; Asparagus fasciculatus R.Br., nom. illeg.; Asparagus jacquemontii Baker; Asparagus penduliflorus Zipp. ex Span.; Asparagus petitianus A. Rich.; Asparagus racemosa Willd.; Asparagus racemosus var. javanicus (Kunth) Baker; Asparagus racemosus Willd. var. longicladodius Chiov.; Asparagus racemosus var. subacerosus Baker; Asparagus racemosus var. tetragonus (Bresler) Baker; Asparagus racemosus var. zeylanicus Baker; Asparagus saundersiae Baker; Asparagus stachyoides Spreng. ex Baker; Asparagus tetragonus Bresler; Asparagus zeylanicus (Baker) Hook.f.; Asparagus zeylanicus Hook.f.; Protasparagus jacquemontii (Baker) Kamble; Protasparagus racemosus Oberm.; Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.; Protasparagus racemosus var. javanicus (Kunth) Kamble; Protasparagus racemosus var. subacerosus (Baker) Kamble; Protasparagus zeylanicus (Hook.f.) Kamble) Africa to N. Australia. Herb or shrub, suffruticose, slender, scrambling, perennial climber, straggling, scandent, manybranched, prickly, spinous, thorns solitary reflexed, linear cladodes, small white fragrant flowers, berry globose, tubers and young shoots cooked as vegetable See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(1): 152. 1799, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 281. 1810, Hort. Bengal. 24. 1814, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(1): 337. 1829, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris iii. (1834) 363. 1834, Linnaea 15: 476. 1841, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 320. 1850, Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 5: 76, 94, 98–103. 1850, Bombay Fl. 246. 1861, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 615, 623–624. 1875, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 317. 1892 and Malpighia 34: 530. 1937, South African Journal of Botany 2(3): 243–244. 1983, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15(3): 709. 1991 [1992], J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20(2): 269. 1996 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Powder made of Terminalia chebula and Asparagus racemosus mixed with milk and drunk for cooling effect. Roots cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, hypoglycemic, cooling, nerve tonic, antibiotic, febrifuge, stomachic, antioxytocic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, antispasmodic, astringent, demulcent, for edema, swellings, dysentery, diarrhea, dysuria, diabetes, rheumatism, leprosy, impotency, inflammation, epilepsy and eye problems; a paste of root along with leaves of Ziziphus sp. and root of Rauvolfia serpentina applied on forehead to cure insanity, hysteria; dried powdered roots given in diabetes and spermatorrhea; powdered dried or fresh roots given to check nocturnal emissions, also employed in acidity, sexual weakness, rheumatism, leucorrhea and to increase lactation in nursing mother;

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae)

roots infusion anthelmintic; boiled roots given women to increase secretion of milk; paste of roots for fertility or for abortion; rhizome/tubers ground with bark of Ficus racemosa and Ficus hispida and the extract given orally to women to enhance fertility; powdered tuberous roots with milk a tonic for impotency, quick ejaculation, spermatorrhea, in general and sexual debility; tubers eaten as hepatic stimulant; rhizome chewed and the paste applied on insect bite; rhizome extract given orally as an antiseptic, used also for injuries caused by animals and tigers. Pulp of the ripe fruits in eczema. Tender shoots decoction a tonic for convalescents and a postpartum remedy. Veterinary medicine, demulcent, galactagogue, boiled roots or root paste given to animals to increase secretion of milk; roots given as astringent and vulnerary for diarrhea and dysentery; powdered roots mixed with water applied on wounds of cattle; roots and fruits pounded and the extract given orally for tympany; roots decoction given in insect bite; tubers crushed in cold water given to cattle for stomach ailments; tubers ground with those of Ceropegia juncea given as galactagogue; tubers ground with leaves of Azima tetracantha given in fevers; tender shoots paste given for dysentery. Ceremonial, ritual, medico-religious beliefs, spiritual, plant conserved near the village site with a belief that it protects people from smallpox; stem used in rituals. Touch therapy, a small piece of root tied around the arm of woman will lead to safe delivery; touch/contact therapy, a piece of root tied around the ears to relieve vertigo; induction of sleep in children, roots put below the pillow; root pieces tied with a sacred thread as a necklace to cure typhoid.) in English: asparagus fern, native asparagus, wild asparagus, wild carrot in China: chang ci tian men dong in India: aachadi gadde, aashaadi baeru, aashaadi balli, abhiru, abhiruh, adharvela, aheru, aheruballi, aikkuncu, aisva, ajjegadde, akerukam, alatakkilanku, amam, ammaikodi, ammaikodi, amoda, ampu, apiru, ardhakantaka, ar-kebawk, arkebawk, ashada beru, ashadhi, ashadi, ashadi beru, ashadiya, ashadiyaballi, asvel, atirasa, atmagupta, atmasalya, attumacalliyai, ayaru, baeru bakkadi, bahumula, bahuputra, bahuputrika, bahusuta, bhhya, bhirupatri, bojhidan, cadavelikilanu, calakuntalam, calliver, catamulai, catamulakkilanku, catamulam, catamuli, catamullacam, catavali, catavari, cataveli, catavelikkilanku, cataveri, cattiraveri, cattiraverikkilanku, catturu, cedavar, challa, challa gadda, challa-gaddalu, challagadda, chambu-rusau-eruidak, chandamama gaddalu, chatavali, chedavar, chhatabar, chikka aashaadi, chitawar, cikkuvai, cirumal, citacintu, citacintukkilanku, citumalar, citumalarkkilanku, cuntarakeci, cutcumanarayani, cutcumapattiram, cuttakeci, darakantika, dasmul, debarum, devbadni, dhoubadni, divya, durmana, durmara, durnamacatana, dvipashatru, dvipika, dvipishatru, erravaaluduthige, ettavaludutige, ghora-chabuk, gogotram, halarru-makkal, halavu makkala balli, halavu makkala thaayi baeru, halavumakkala thayi gida, halavumakkalaballi,

449

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae)

halavumakkalataui, halavumakkalatayi, halunakkalatayiballi, havumakkalathaigida, hemuri, hiranyasringi, indivari, insungi, intivari, intuvaci, intuvari, iru, ishwar jata, ittiyapi, jata, jatthige baeru, jayi baeru, jayibem, jhirna, kadamulam, kadumulla, kancanakarini, kanchanakarini, kankaimittan, karambha, karshni, kauru, keshika, ketaram, khedavar, kilavari, kilavarikkilanku, kizhangu, kulimittan, kumilmittan, laghuparnika, madabhanjini, madhura, mahapurushadanta, mahashita, majjigagadda, majjige-gadde, majjige gedde, majjigeballi, majjigegadde, matacaranai, mekam, mendhamari, migundavanam, mikuntavanam, mikuntiki, mikuntikikkilanku, mirukam, mirutam, moslammatige, motibapji, mula, murmucheng, murmute, murumguja, musli, musli safaid, naaraayani, nagdore, nakatamanam, nani, narayanamuli, narayani, narkanto, neeramuthi, neermutlangkilangu, nikatam, nilichedi, nirkkilanku, nirkkutatti, nirkkutattikkilanku, nirlittan, nirmittan, nirmittankilanku, nirmulakkilanku, nirmulam, nirunti, niruntiver, nirvali, nirvalli, nirvallikkilanku, nirvatan, nirvisakkilanku, nirvittan, nirvittankilanku, nittam, nittankilanku, nungarei, nunggarei, nuruntikkilanku, painajaperi, painasaperi, pakumulam, palapillaikkilanku, pani yanaku, paniti, panitikkilanku, paniyanakku, paniyinakku, pankini, panna oyido, pannai, papattai, paranai, parranai, pattiyal, pattiyarkilanku, peechara, penangmukusi, penangsikari, perumputtika, philli-taga, phusar, pichara, pilli, pilli gaddalu, pilli pisara, pilli teegalu, pilli-tega, pillipeechara, pillipichara, pilliteegalu, pillitegalu, pillitege, pillitheegalu, pillithege, pillityaga, piritivu, piritivukkilanku, pirutanti, piruttiri, pivari, pulipiru, purukam, purukiyam, purupiru, purupirukam, puvupiru, rangini, rishagata, rishyaprokta, rsyaprokta, sadabori, sadamulam, sadavari, sadavarti, sadaveli, sadaveri, safaid musli, safed-musali, safed-musli, sahansarmoli, salvari, sam riching, sandavari, sansarmul, sansbai, sarwashadi, sasa chi gongdi, sasar-muli, saslanu ghas, sat-muli, satabar, satabari, satabri, satamul, satamuli, satamulike, satanandudu, satapadi, sataron, sataur, satavali, satavar, satavara, satavari, satavari-mul, satavari-mull, satavarimool, satavarimul, satavirya, satawar, satawari, satawor, satemuli, sathaa vari, sathaanandudu, sathaavari, sathaavari pacha, sathamuli, sathavalli, sathaveri, satmnli, satmul, satmuli, satomul, satrawai, satrawal, satur, satwari, schadaveli-kelangu, sedavari, seethaveni dumpa, seethammajata, shadavali, shadavari, shahavaliballi, shaka-kul, shakakul, shaqaqul, shaqaqul-i-misri, shaqaqul misri, shatamuli, shatapadi, shatavali, shatavar, shatavari, shatavhaya, shatavir, shatavirya, shathaavari, shathavari, shatmooli, shatmuli, shibariberuballi, shimai shadavari, shvetamuli, sibari, simbrumulla, sipariberuballi, siparimuli, subundri, sukshmapatra, suksmapatra, supatra, supatrika, svadurasa, tailavalli, tampiravalli, tanirvittan, tannir mittan, tannir-muttan-kizhangu, tannir vittan, tannirmuttan, tannirvittam-kelangu, tannirvittan, tannirvittankizhangu, tanuir-muttan, tarakantikam, taudangi, thali periyan, thaneervittan kizhangu, thanneer vittan kizhangu, thanneervittan kizhangu, thannir-vittan, thannirvittan, thannivitan kilangu, thanuttu-kodi, thanuttukodi, tucippukkilanku, tucuppu, tuviputtukkilanku, tuviputturu,

tuvittatturu, urttuvakantam, utaka mulam, utakamulam, vaishnavi, vannattikkilanku, vari, varivali, varivalikkilanku, varivam, varivari, varunamuni, vasudevapriyankari, viduriburu, vipucatturu, viputacatturu, vishvasya, visva, vrishya, zatars in Nepal: ban kurilo, kopi, kurilo, pujutoro in Sanskrit: mahabirya, shatamuli in Tibet: chitawar, ne u sin, nye-shing, satmuli, shatawari in Congo: minimanva, otende in Tanzania: ling’oto Asparagus ramosissimus Baker (Asparagus scandens var. deflexus Baker; Myrsiphyllum ramosissimum (Baker) Oberm.) South Africa. See Gard. Chron., n.s., 2: 6. 1874, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 622. 1875 and Bothalia 15: 87. 1984 (Treatment of colic. Protective charm against snakes.) in English: cascade asparagus in Swaziland: ibutha Asparagus rottleri Baker (Asparagus floribundus Royle, nom. inval.; Protasparagus rottleri (Baker) Kamble) India. See Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.: 393. 1840, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 611. 1875 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 709. 1991 (publ. 1992) (Presumably extinct endemic medicinal plant. Red listed. Tuber cooling.) in India: peddapillipicara, peddapillipichara Asparagus rubicundus P.J. Bergius (Asparagopsis dregei Kunth; Asparagopsis niveniana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth; Asparagopsis thunbergii Kunth, nom. illeg.; Asparagus nitidus J.R. Forst. ex Baker; Asparagus nivenianus Schult. & Schult.f.; Asparagus thunbergianus Schult.; Asparagus thunbergianus Schult. & Schult. f.; Protasparagus rubicundus (P.J. Bergius) Oberm.) South Africa. A fibrous-rooted, hairless shrub, smooth dark stems, sharp slightly curving spines, flowers usually solitary in the axils of the long needle-like leaves, red berries See Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei, … 88. 1767, Syst. Veg. 7: 331, 333. 1829, Enum. Pl. 5: 84–85, 88. 1850, Fl. Cap. 6: 263. 1896 and South African Journal of Botany 2(3): 244. 1983, Bothalia 25: 208. 1995 (Used for bladder and kidney ailments, lung conditions, tuberculosis and as a diuretic.) in English: wild asparagus in South Africa: katdoring, wag-’n-bietjie

450

Asparagus sarmentosus L. (Asparagopsis sarmentosa (L.) Kunth; Asparagus sarmentosus Delile; Asparagus sarmentosus Heyue; Asparagus sarmentosus var. comatus Baker; Asparagus sarmentosus var. kunthii Baker; Protasparagus sarmentosus (L.) Kamble) India. Herb, long fleshy whitish root See Sp. Pl. 1: 314. 1753, Enum. Pl. 5: 97. 1850, Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi. 625. 1875 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 270. 1996 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Roots demulcent, tonic, also boiled in oil and applied in diseases of the skin.) in India: challa-gaddalu, cimaiccataveri, cimaittannir vittankilanku, halarru-makkal, jayibem, kilavari, majjigegadde, pappa kilangu, philli-taga, pilli-pichara, sadavari, sahasravirya, satavari, satavari-mull, satmuli, shakakul, shakakul-hindi, shaqaqul, shatavali, shatavari-kizhanna, shimai shadavari, sufed mush, tanner-vittang-kalung, tannimuttan-kizhangu, tannir vittan, tannir-vittan-kizhangu, tannirvittankizhangu, thannirvithan kalangu, thannirvittan kalangu, utaka mulam, wari Asparagus schoberioides Kunth (Asparagus micranthus Siebold & Zucc. ex Baker; Asparagus parviflorus Turcz.; Asparagus rigidulus Nakai; Asparagus schoberioides var. subsetaceus Franch.; Asparagus sessiliflorus Oett.; Asparagus sieboldii Maxim.; Asparagus wrightii A. Gray) (After Gottlieb (Gottlob) Schober, c. 1675–1739, physician and hydrotherapist in Northern Germany, St. Petersburg and Moscow, (from 1717) on a commission from Peter the Great (1672–1725) travelled along the Volga, the Caspian Sea and Iran, wrote Disputatio … de cholera. Trajecti ad Rhenum [Utrecht] 1696; see Carl (Karl) Friedrich von Ledebour (1785–1851), Icones Plantarum. 1: 11. (May-Dec.) 1829.) Siberia, Japan. See Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 5: 70. 1850, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 6: 413. 1859, Mémoires Présentés à l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées 9: 287. 1859, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 604. 1875, Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 7: 112. 1884 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 213. 1913, Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) Flora Malesiana 9: 1–600. Noordhoff-Kolff, N.V., Djakarta. 1979–1983 [as Asparagus racemosus.] (Stem and leaves for backache. Root sap for the fungal scalp disease favus, also termed tinea favosa.) in Japan: chikap-muk, ikkew-kar-mun Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop (Asparagopsis setacea Kunth; Asparagus asiaticus var. amharicus Pic. Serm.; Asparagus conglomeratus auct., sensu Baker, non Baker, nom. illegit.; Asparagus plumosus auct., non Baker; Asparagus plumosus Baker; Asparagus plumosus var. tenuissimus auct.; Asparagus zanzibaricus Baker; Protasparagus plumosus (Baker) Oberm.; Protasparagus setaceus (Kunth) Oberm.)

Asparagus L. Asparagaceae (Liliaceae)

Ethiopia to S. Africa. A slender, climbing or ascending, branched perennial, with round, green and wiry stems, with very numerous slender branchlets See Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1842: 82. 1842, Enum. Pl. 5: 82. 1850, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 614. 1875 and Miss. Stud. Lago Tana 7(1): 194. 1951, Bothalia 9: 51. 1966, S. African J. Bot. 2: 243–244. 1983, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 294–295. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111: 303–307. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112: 152–161. 2007 (Used for wounds, diarrhea, abscess, postpartum pains, urination problems, toothache, sores, for boils, leaves and stems pounded, local application; chewing crushed and pounded leaves for cough. Decoction of branches used for pulmonary infections; decoction of roots used as a diuretic; roots used for hypotonic labor. Veterinary medicine. Love charms.) in English: asparagus fern, climbing asparagus-fern, fern asparagus, lace-fern, wild asparagus in Ethiopia: saritii in Kenya: karûrûra, rura, rürura, tumbae in South Africa: imvane in Swaziland: mahlabane, silevu sembuti, umutsi wekubeleka Asparagus suaveolens Burch. (Asparagopsis spinescens Kunth; Asparagopsis suaveolens (Burch.) Baker; Asparagopsis triacantha Kunth; Asparagopsis zeyheri Kunth; Asparagus intangibilis Dinter; Asparagus omahekensis K. Krause; Asparagus spinescens Steud. ex Schult. & Schult.f., nom. illeg.; Asparagus spinosissimus Kuntze; Asparagus stipulaceus var. spinescens (Kunth) Baker; Asparagus suaveolens auct., sensu Jessop, non Burch., p.p., misapplied name; Asparagus triacanthus Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f., nom. illeg.; Protasparagus suaveolens (Burch.) Oberm.) Kenya to S. Africa. See Enum. Pl. 5: 91–93. 1850, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 617– 618. 1875, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 315. 1898 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 447. 1914, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 29: 269. 1931, S. African J. Bot. 2: 243–244. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 603–606. 2005 (A remedy for epilepsy. Veterinary medicine, roots, tubers for retained placenta in cows.) in English: bushveld asparagus in South Africa: imvane, lesitwane Asparagus virgatus Baker (Asparagus merkeri K. Krause; Asparagus sylvaticus Burch. ex Baker, nom. illeg.; Asparagus virgatus var. capillaris Baker; Protasparagus virgatus (Baker) Oberm.) Yemen, S. Tanzania to S. Africa. Erect subshrub, wiry stem, wiry branches

451

Asperugo L. Boraginaceae

See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 606. 1875 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 159–172. 1985, Fl. Australia 45: 494. 1987 (Roots and tubers for diarrhea, syphilis and intestinal worms. Protective charms.) in English: broom asparagus in Swaziland: umshanveto in Tanzania: likalakanga, mifagio Asparagus warneckei (Engl.) Hutch. (Asparagus drepanophyllus Welw. & Baker var. warneckei Engl.) (for the German Otto Warnecke, c. 1899 plant collector and gardener in Togo, 1903 to East Africa; see Frank Nigel Hepper (1929– ), “Botanical collectors in West Africa, except French territories, since 1860.” in Comptes Rendus de l’Association pour l’étude taxonomique de la flore d’Afrique, (A.E.T.F.A.T.). 69–75. Lisbon 1962, F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant collectors in West Africa. 84. 1971.) Tropical Africa. Liana, scrambling, climbing by hooks, white or creamy sweet scented flowers See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 1: 254. 1877 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 97. 1902, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 2: 351. 1936, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1939: 245. 1939 (Plant decoction given to infants for stomachache. Leaves poultice drunk as a postpartum remedy, also applied for tapeworms and Guinea worms.)

Asperugo L. Boraginaceae Latin asperugo, inis for a plant with prickly leaves, see Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 85: 210–252. 1975, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 77–94. 1992, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999. Asperugo procumbens L. Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 138. 1753 (For skin diseases.) in English: catch-weed, madwort, rough straw in China: cao cao

Asphodelus L. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Liliaceae) Asphodelos, Greek name for the true asphodel, Asphodelus ramosus; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 309–310. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 146. 1754, Methodus: 634. 1794, Flora Germanica Excursoria 116. 1830, Gen. Pl.: 72. 1866, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 18: 164. 1883 and Quésel, P. Mission Botanique au Tibesti: 1–357. Université d’Alger. 1958.

Asphodelus fistulosus L. (Asphodeloides ramosa Moench, nom. illeg.; Hagenbachia angusta Ravenna; Ophioprason fistulosum (L.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Verinea fistulosa (L.) Pomel) Mediterranean, Mauritius. Herb, short-lived perennial, erect, hollow cylindrical leaves, sweetly scented white flowers with a pink brownish central stripe, widespread and invasive noxious weed See Species Plantarum 1: 309–310. 1753, Methodus 634. 1794, Gen. Pl. 72. 1866 and Phytologia 57: 328. 1985, Egyptian Journal of Medical Laboratory Sciences 10(1): 25–38. 2001, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 52. 2006 (Used in Unani. A suspected cause of dermatitis in cattle. Seeds diuretic, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, insecticidal, laxative, for constipation, applied externally to ulcers, scabies and skin diseases.) in English: hollow-stemmed asphodel, onion-leaved asphodel, onion-weed, pink asphodel, welsh onion, wild onion in Arabic: baroog, barwaq, bayrq, busayl in India: burg-i-gundana in Oman: mubsaila in Spanish: gamonilla tiesa Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Anthericum annuum Pourr. ex Willk. & Lange; Asphodelus bornmuelleri Gand.; Asphodelus canariensis C. Sm. & Buch; Asphodelus clavatus Roxb.; Asphodelus clavosus Don ex Steud.; Asphodelus fistulosus subsp. faurei Sennen; Asphodelus fistulosus subsp. nilotica Ravenna; Asphodelus fistulosus subsp. tenuifolius (Cav.) Arcang.; Asphodelus fistulosus var. tenuifolius (Cav.) Baker; Asphodelus maroccanus Gand.; Asphodelus microcarpus Rchb., nom. illeg.; Asphodelus serrulatifolius Sennen; Asphodelus serrulatus Sennen & Mauricio; Asphodelus tenuifolius f. micranthus (Boiss.) Maire; Asphodelus tenuifolius var. micranthus Boiss.; Ornithogalum flavum Forssk.; Verinea tenuifolia (Cav.) Pomel) India, Mauritius. Herb, pale flowers, leaves eaten raw as a vegetable, bulbs edible See Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 209. 1775, Anales de Ciencias Naturales 3: 46. 1801, Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1816–1817: 262. 1817, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 24. 1832, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 15: 272. 1876, Fl. Orient. 5: 315. 1882 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 565. 1908, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 291. 1920, Fl. Afr. Nord 5: 40. 1958, Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) Flore des Mascareignes 177–188: IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris. 1978 [as Asphodelus fistulosus var. tenuifolius.], Herbertia 43: 40. 1987 (Used in Ayurveda. Febrifuge, diuretic, antiinflammatory, seeds’ smoke inhaled through mouth for carious teeth.) in English: onion-weed

452

in India: bokat, bringharbij, cheel, dungro, jungli pyaz, piazi in Pakistan: pimaluk

Aspidopterys A. Juss. ex Endl. Malpighiaceae

vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants.] (Alkaloids, indole alkaloids, antimalarial.)

Greek aspis, aspidos ‘a shield’ and pteryx ‘wing’, referring to the carpels, see Genera Plantarum [Endlicher] 1060. 1840, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 13: 266. 1840.

Aspidosperma desmanthum Benth. ex Müll.Arg. (Aspidosperma chiapense Matuda; Aspidosperma chiapense f. tenax Matuda; Aspidosperma cruentum Woodson; Aspidosperma matudae Lundell; Macaglia desmantha (Benth. ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze)

Aspidopterys andamanica Hutch.

South America, Mexico.

India. Woody climber, small white or yellowish-white flowers, membranous fruits

See Fl. Bras. 6(1): 52. 1860, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 416. 1891 and Amer. J. Bot. 22: 684. 1935, Phytologia 1: 339. 1939, Madroño 10: 172–173. 1950, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Aspidosperma album.], Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2003 [as Aspidosperma album.], Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 102(3): 359–365. 2007

Aspidopterys A. Juss. ex Endl. Malpighiaceae

See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1917: 99. 1917 (Astringent, a postpartum remedy.) Aspidopterys cordata A. Juss. India. See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 13: 267. 1840 (Root extract given as a postpartum remedy.) in India: rebensla

Aspidosperma Martius & Zucc. Apocynaceae From the Greek aspis, aspidos ‘a shield’ and sperma ‘seed’, see Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(2): 119–206. 1951, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/4): 334–407. 1969, Darwiniana 23(2–4): 367–474. 1981, Flora de la provincia de Jujuy 13(8): 84–116. 1983, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 116–132. 2001, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, Darwiniana 44(2): 453– 489. 2006. Aspidosperma album (Vahl) Benoist ex Pichon (Aspidosperma centrale Markgr.; Aspidosperma desmanthum Benth. ex Müll.Arg.; Aspidosperma latisiliqua (Poir.) A. DC.; Aspidosperma latisiliquum (Poir.) A. DC.; Aspidosperma pachypterum Müll.Arg.; Aspidosperma woodsonianum Markgr.; Bignonia latisiliqua Poir.; Macaglia alba Vahl; Macaglia desmantha (Benth. ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Macaglia pachyptera (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Peltospermum latisiliquum (Poir.) DC.; Peltospermum latisiliquum DC. ex A. DC.; Peltospermum patrisii DC.; Peltospermum patrisii DC. ex A. DC.) S. Trop. America. Tree, sap reddish-orange, corolla yellow See Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 6: 107–109. 1810, Flora 7(1) (Beil. 4): 135. 1824, Flora Brasiliensis 6(1): 51–52. 1860, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 416. 1891 and Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 560. 1935, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, sér. 2 19: 367. 1947–1948, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 6(7): 466–470. 1954, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 7(11): 914–923. 1955, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 102(3): 359–366. 2007 [In

(Alkaloids, indole alkaloids, antimalarial.) Aspidosperma excelsum Benth. (Aspidosperma marcgravianum Woodson; Macaglia excelsa (Benth.) Kuntze) Trop. America. See Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 6: 107. 1810, Flora 7(1) (Beil. 4): 135. 1824, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 245. 1841, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 416. 1891 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38(2): 170–171. 1951, Planta Med. 48(8): 283–9. 1983, Revista Brasileira de Botánica 19(2): 212–213. 1996[1997] (Antimicrobial, antiseptic, active alkaloids. Bark used against toothache. The freshly cut wood and sap causes irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. The sawdust produces local burning and a vesicular eruption with general symptoms of muscular weakness and cramps, sweating, dryness of the mouth and faintness.) in English: paddlewood Aspidosperma megalocarpon Müll.Arg. (Aspidosperma chiapense Matuda; Aspidosperma chiapense fo. tenax Matuda; Aspidosperma cruentum Woodson; Aspidosperma lundellianum Woodson; Aspidosperma matudae Lundell; Aspidosperma sanguinale Bartlett; Aspidosperma sanguineum Bartlett; Aspidosperma stegomeris (Woodson) Woodson; Cufodontia arborea Woodson; Cufodontia escuintlensis Matuda; Cufodontia lundelliana Woodson; Cufodontia stegomeris Woodson; Macaglia megalocarpa (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze) Mexico to N. South America. See Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 6: 107. 1810, Flora 7(1) (Beil. 4): 135. 1824, Linnaea 28: 387–388. 1857, Linnaea 30(4): 400–401. 1860, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 416. 1891 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 21(4):

453

Aspidosperma Martius & Zucc. Apocynaceae

617–618. 1934, Archivio Botanico per la Sistematica, Fitogeografia e Genetica e Bulletino dell’Istituto Botanico della r. Università di Modena 10(1): 38–340, t. 2. 1934, American Journal of Botany 22(7): 684–685. 1935, Phytologia 1(10): 339. 1939, Madroño 10(6): 172–175. 1950, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38(2): 178–179, f. 10. 1951, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 6(7): 466–70. 1954, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 9(11): 763–74. 1957, Planta Med. 64(5): 487. 1998, Rev. Biol. Trop. 48(2–3): 569–78. 2000, J. Ethnopharmacol. 78(2–3): 193–200. 2001 (Antiprotozoal. Indole alkaloids from the trunk bark. The fruits of this species, when reduced to ashes and mixed with oil of patabá from Oenocarpus bataua Mart. var. bataua (Jessenia polycarpa H. Karsten, Palmae/Arecaceae), may be used to lighten dark skin.) Aspidosperma nitidum Benth. ex Müll.Arg. (Aspidosperma aquaticum Ducke; Thyroma nitida (Benth. ex Müll.Arg.) Miers) Peru, Brazil, Amazonas. Tree, milky latex, white flowers See Flora Brasiliensis 6(1): 59. 1860, On the Apocynaceae of South America 22–24. 1878 and Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 4: 59, t. 3, f. g. 1938, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(2): 119–206. 1951 (Latex used in the treatment of leprosy. Bark decoction drunk for malaria.) Aspidosperma parvifolium A. DC. (Aspidosperma ingratum K. Schum.; Aspidosperma tambopatense A.H. Gentry; Aspidosperma vargasii A. DC.; Macaglia vargasii (A. DC.) Kuntze; Thyroma parvifolia (A. DC.) Miers) Brazil. See Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 6: 107. 1810, Flora 7(1) (Beil. 4): 135. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 398–399. 1844, On the Apocynaceae of South America 22, 25. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 416. 1891 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71(4): 1075–1076. 1984, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 102(3): 359–366. 2007 [In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants.] (Indole alkaloids, antimalarial. Wood dust causes dermatitis.) Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg. (Aspidosperma dugandii Standl.; Aspidosperma peroba Allemão ex Saldanha; Aspidosperma peroba Saldanha; Aspidosperma polyneuron var. genuinum Hassl., nom. inval.; Aspidosperma polyneuron var. longifolium Hassl.; Aspidosperma polyneuron var. puberulum Handro; Aspidosperma venosum Müll. Arg.; Thyroma polyneura (Müll.Arg.) Miers) South America, Argentina, Brazil. See Fl. Bras. 6(1): 57. 1860, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1869: 103. 1869, On the Apocynaceae of South America 24. 1878 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 260. 1913, Tropical Woods

36: 15. 1933, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(2): 158. 1951, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/1): 363–455. 1959, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., 3: 225. 1962, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3: 18. 2007 (Used to treat malaria, weakness, renal failure or cerebral malaria.) Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Aspidosperma australe Müll.Arg. var. erythroxylum Hassl., nom. nud.; Aspidosperma bicolor Mart.; Aspidosperma guaraniticum Malme; Aspidosperma martii Silva Manso ex Müll.Arg.; Aspidosperma martii Silva Manso; Aspidosperma molle Mart.; Aspidosperma populifolium A. DC.; Aspidosperma pyrifolium var. molle (Mart.) Müll.Arg.; Aspidosperma refractum Mart.; Macaglia bicolor Kuntze; Macaglia bicolor (Mart.) Kuntze; Macaglia martii Kuntze; Macaglia martii (Silva Manso) Kuntze; Macaglia martii (Silva Manso ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Macaglia populifolia Kuntze; Macaglia populifolia (A. DC.) Kuntze; Macaglia pyrifolia Kuntze; Macaglia pyrifolia (Mart.) Kuntze; Macaglia refracta (Mart.) Kuntze; Macaglia refracta Kuntze; Thyroma bicolor (Mart.) Miers; Thyroma bicolor Miers) Paraguay, Brazil. See Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1: 60. 1824, Herb. Fl. Bras.: 162–163. 1838, Prodr. 8: 397. 1844, Fl. Bras. 6(1): 54. 1860, Apocyn. S. Amer.: 25. 1878, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 416. 1891, Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 24(3/10): 7, t. 1, f. 1. 1899 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 146. 1951, Toxicon. 55(2–3): 320–324. 2010 (Spontaneous cases of poisoning, ingestion of the plant and cases of abortion have occurred exclusively in goats.) Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl. (Aspidosperma chakensis Speg.; Aspidosperma crotalorum Speg.; Aspidosperma quebracho Griseb.; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco fo. malmeana Markgr.; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco fo. schlechtendaliana Markgr.; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco fo. spegazziniana Markgr.; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco subsp. brevifolium Hassl.; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco var. ellipticum Markgr.; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco var. pendula Speg.; Aspidosperma quebrachoideum Rojas Acosta; Macaglia quebracho Kuntze; Macaglia quebracho (Schl.) Kuntze; Macaglia quebracho (Griseb.) Kuntze; Macaglia quebracho-blanco (Schltdl.) A. Lyons) Bolivia to Uruguay. See Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 6: 107. 1810, Flora 7(1) (Beil. 4): 135. 1824, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 19: 137. 1861, Pl. Lorentz. 155. 1874, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 416. 1891 and Cat. Maderas 391. 1910 [also Anales de la Sociedad Rural Argentina 391. 1910], Essai d’une Thérapeutique végétale de Corrientes 21. 1913, Physis. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 3: 333–334. 1917, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 300. 1935, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums

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zu Berlin-Dahlem 13(119): 467. 1937, Lilloa 23: 29–48. 1950, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38(2): 151, 180. 1951, J. Pharm. Sci. 62(11): 1889. 1973, Kurtziana 19: 169–170. 1987, Journal of Urology 168(1): 160–163. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93(2–3): 269–277. 2004 (Antimalarial, analgesic. Bark decoction used for regulating fertility. The alkaloids from the bark are responsible for toxic effects on the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems. An extract from the bark of the tree is used as a prescription drug to treat erectile dysfunction in some countries.) in Paraguay: quebracho-blanco Aspidosperma ramiflorum Müll.Arg. (Geissospermum ramiflorum (Müll.Arg.) Miers) Brazil, Bolivia. See Fl. Bras. 6(1): 55. 1860, Apocyn. S. Amer.: 85. 1878 and Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 39(3): 387–391. 2006, Phytomedicine. 14(6): 377–380. 2007 (Antileishmanial, antibacterial, from the stem bark.) Aspidosperma schultesii Woodson Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil. Tree See Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(2): 168, t. 1, f. 6. 1951, Revista Brasileira de Botánica 19(2): 212. 1996[1997] (Latex febrifuge, antifungal, to treat external infections, infected sores.) Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. ex A. DC. (Aspidosperma chodatii Hassl. ex Markgr.; Aspidosperma subincanum Mart.; Aspidosperma subincanum var. tomentosum Müll. Arg.; Macaglia subincana (Mart. ex A. DC.) Kuntze; Macaglia subincana Kuntze) South America, Bolivia, Brazil. See Prodr. 8: 397–398. 1844, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 6(1): 50. 1860, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 416. 1891 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8: 427. 1923, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 148, 150. 1951, Pharmazie. 64(12): 836–869. 2009 (Used to treat digestive disorders.) Aspidosperma ulei Markgr. (Aspidosperma occidentale Markgr., nom. illeg.) Tropical America. See Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 78. 1924, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 133. 1940, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1–2): 240–244. 2006, International Journal of Impotence Research 20(3): 255–263. 2008 (Pro-erectile effects of an alkaloidal rich fraction from root bark.) Aspidosperma vargasii A. DC. (Macaglia vargasii (A. DC.) Kuntze)

Aspilia Thouars Asteraceae

South America. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 399. 1844, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 416. 1891 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 154. 1951, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 102(3): 359–365. 2007 (Febrifuge, antimalarial, antioxidant, used for jaundice.)

Aspilia Thouars Asteraceae Spotless, from the Greek a ‘without’ and spilos ‘a spot, stain’, see Genera Nova Madagascariensia 12. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 561. 1836 and Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 52: 1–28. 1981. Aspilia africana (Pers.) C.D. Adams (Aspilia africana (P. Beauv.) C.D. Adams; Wedelia africana Pers.) Tropical Africa. See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8, 28. 1760 and Webbia 12: 236. 1956, Thromb. Res. 47(4): 401–407. 1987 [Studies on the anticoagulant action of Aspilia africana.], Feddes Repertorium 101: 49–62. 1990, J. Ethnopharmacol. 28(3): 323–327. 1990, Dimo, T. et al. “In vitro vascular smooth muscle contractile activity of Aspilia africana extract on rat aortic preparations.” Pharmazie. 57(6): 421– 423. 2002, J. Ethnopharmacol. 102(2): 262–268. 2005, J. Ethnopharmacol. 109(2): 219–225. 2007, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 7(1): 24. 2007 (Leaves antiinflammatory, febrifuge, hemostatic, wound dressing, antimalarial, antibacterial, anticoagulant, used to stop bleeding from wounds, clean the surfaces of sores, in the treatment of rheumatic pains, bee and scorpion stings and for removal of opacities and foreign bodies from the eyes; leaves decoction for headache, fever.) in Nigeria: ebe onewa, ogbie Aspilia africana (Pers.) C.D. Adams subsp. africana (Aspilia africana subsp. magnifica (Chiov.) Wild; Aspilia africana var. ambigua C.D. Adams; Aspilia africana var. guineensis (O. Hoffm. & Muschl.) C.D. Adams; Aspilia africana var. minor C.D. Adams; Aspilia africana var. ubanguensis O. Hoffm. & Muschl.; Aspilia guineensis O. Hoffm. & Muschl.; Aspilia latifolia Oliv. & Hiern, p.p.; Aspilia latifolia A. Chev.; Wedelia africana Pers.; Wedelia africana P. Beauv.; Wedelia africana P. Beauv. var. ambigua (C.D. Adams) Isawumi; Wedelia africana var. guineensis (C.D. Adams) Isawumi; Wedelia africana var. minor (C.D. Adams) Isawumi) Tropical Africa. See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8, 28. 1760, Flore d’Oware 2119, pl. 69. 1807, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 379. 1877 and Mémoires de la Société Botanique de France 8 57: 115. 1910, Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 371. 1920, Webbia 12: 236–238. 1956, Kirkia 5: 219. 1966, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie

455

Aspilia Thouars Asteraceae

Végétales, le Botaniste 10: 177–184. 1987, Thromb. Res. 47(4): 401–407. 1987, Feddes Repertorium 99: 1–13. 1988, J. Ethnopharmacol. 28(3): 323–327. 1990, Okoli, C.O. et al. “Antiinflammatory activity of hexane leaf extract of Aspilia africana C.D. Adams.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 109(2): 219– 225. 2007

Aspilia latifolia Oliver & Hiern (Aspilia latifolia A. Chev.)

(The leaves possess constituents capable of arresting wound bleeding, inhibiting the growth of microbial wound contaminants and accelerating wound healing. Leaves antiinflammatory in acute and chronic inflammation which may derive from inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis, inhibition of increased vascular permeability, inhibition of neutrophil migration into inflamed tissues, and stimulation of lymphocyte accumulation, which may enhance tissue repair and healing. The terpenoids present in the leaves may account for the antiinflammatory activity.)

(Hemostatic, febrifuge, vaso-constrictor activity, for headache and hemorrhage.)

Aspilia africana (P. Beauv.) C.D. Adams subsp. magnifica (Chiov.) Wild (Aspilia congoensis S. Moore; Aspilia latifolia Oliv. & Hiern, p.p.; Wedelia magnifica Chiov.) East Africa. See Genera Nova Madagascariensia 12. 1806 Annali di Botanica 9: 74. 1911, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 58: 45. 1920, Webbia 12: 236. 1956, Kirkia 5: 219. 1966, Compositae Newsletter 33: 23–32. 1999 (Leaves antiinflammatory.) Aspilia helianthoides (Schumach. & Thonn.) Oliv. & Hiern subsp. ciliata (Schumach.) C.D. Adams (Aspilia abyssinica (Sch. Bip.) Vatke; Aspilia ciliata (Schumach.) Wild; Aspilia dewevrei O. Hoffm.; Aspilia smithiana Oliv. & Hiern; Coronocarpus gayanus Benth. var. peduncularis; Coronocarpus helianthoides Schumach. & Thonn.; Coronocarpus helianthoides Schumach.; Verbesina ciliata Schumach.; Wedelia helianthoides Kunth; Wedelia helianthoides (Schumach. & Thonn.) Isawumi subsp. ciliata (Schumach.) Isawumi; Wirtgenia abyssinica C.H. Schultz) Tropical Africa. See Species Plantarum 2: 901–903. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8, 28. 1760, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 12. 1806, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 169–170, t. 372. 1820 [1818], Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 391, 393. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 538. 1836, Flora 25: 435. 1842, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 6: 146. 1846, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 371. 1861, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 380–381. 1877 and Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 370. 1920, Webbia 12: 245. 1956, Kirkia 6: 41. 1967, Compositae Newsletter 20/21: 12–15. 1992, American Journal of Botany 81(6): 770–775. 1994, American Journal of Botany 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999, Sci Pharm. 76: 471–483. 2008 (Human neutrophil elastase inhibition. Useful for wound healing, for the treatment of inflammations.)

Tropical Africa. See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 3: 379. 1877 and Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 371. 1920

in English: haemorrhage plant, hemorrhage plant Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild (Aspilia aspilioides (Baker) S. Moore; Aspilia chrysops S. Moore; Aspilia holstii O. Hoffm.; Aspilia ritellii Chiov.; Aspilia tanganyikensis Lawalrée; Aspilia vernayi Brenan; Aspilia wedeliaeformis Vatke; Coreopsis aspilioides Baker; Menotriche strigosa Steetz; Wedelia diversipapposa S. Moore; Wedelia instar S. Moore, p.p.; Wedelia menotriche Oliv. & Hiern; Wedelia mossambicensis Oliv.; Wedelia ringoetii De Wild.) East Africa. See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8, 28. 1760, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 12. 1806, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … Bot. 472–476. 1864 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 26(5): 252. 1930, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 19: 222. 1949, Kirkia 5: 221. 1966, Page, J.E. et al. “Biologically active diterpenes from Aspilia mossambicensis, a chimpanzee medicinal plant.” Phytochemistry. 31(10): 3437–9. 1992, Afr. J. Health Sci. 2(2): 309–311. 1995 [In vitro antimalarial activity of extracts of Albizia gummifera, Aspilia mossambicensis, Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indica against Plasmodium falciparum.], Afr. J. Health Sci. 3(2): 44–46. 1996 [Antimalarial activity of fractions isolated from Albizia gummifera and Aspilia mossambicensis crude extracts.] (A mixture of roots and leaves boiled and the decoction used to bath children suffering from convulsions, also used as antimalarial. A chimpanzee medicinal plant.) in Tanzania: kanyamuza Aspilia natalensis (Sond.) Wild (Aspilia welwitschii O. Hoffm.; Wedelia natalensis Sond.) East and South Africa. Herbaceous shrub, robust, flowers deep yellow, leaves scabrid, whole plant covered with whitish hairs See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8, 28. 1760 (Antibiotic, astringent, fungicidal and vermicidal, used for stomach and intestinal complaints. Roots for dysentery and diarrhea. Leaves for wounds and febrile complaints.) in English: wild creeping sunflower in South Africa: ubuHlungwana (Zulu) in Swaziland: umphamephuce

456

Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. (Aspilia asperifolia O. Hoffm.; Aspilia brachyphylla S. Moore; Aspilia involucrata O. Hoffm.; Aspilia vulgaris N.E. Br.) East Africa. See Genera Nova Madagascariensia 12. 1806 and Cos, P. et al. “Complement modulating activity of Rwandan medicinal plants.” Phytomedicine. 9(1): 56–61. 2002, Cos, P. et al. “Antiviral activity of Rwandan medicinal plants against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1).” Phytomedicine. 9(1): 62–68. 2002 (Plants used for the treatment of infections and/or rheumatoid diseases, autoimmune diseases, heartburn. Antiviral.)

Asplenium L. Aspleniaceae Latin asplenum or asplenon ‘miltwort, spleenwort’, Greek asplenon ‘miltwaste, Asplenium ceterach L.’, a- euph. and splen ‘the spleen’, referring to the medicinal properties of some species, supposed to be a cure for the spleen; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1078–1082. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 485. 1754, The British Herbal 525, t. 74. 1756, Familles des Plantes 2: 20, 536. 1763, Tabulae Bot. 31. 1773, Acta academiae scientiarum imperialis petropolitanae 6(2): 248–250. 1782, Genera Plantarum 15. 1789, Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences 5(1791–1792): 421. 1793, Anleitung zum Selbststudium der Botanik 578. 1804, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 69. 1833, Flore Cryptogamique des Environs de Louvain 8. 1835, Tentamen Pteridographiae 105. 1836, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 409. 1841, A History of British Ferns. (ed. 2) 9–10. 1844, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: 428, 434–435. 1851, Epimeliae Botanicae 80. 1851, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 179. 1852, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 7: 56–57, pl. 17, f. 1. 1855, Annales Museum Botanicum LugdunoBatavi 2(8): 232. 1866, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 11(133): 235. 1873, Hist. Fil. 316–317, 323, 333–334. 1875, Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti ser. 5. 3: 589. 1877 and Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 11/12: 35–135. 1908, Botanical Magazine 41(492): 706, 712. 1927, Botanical Magazine 42(479): 337. 1928, American Midland Naturalist 12(8): 239, 268. 1931, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology: 10(1): 8. 1940, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 5(7): 180–247. 1958, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 10(2): 118–120, pl. 22. 1965, Webbia 28: 452–454. 1973, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 27: 44. 1975, Brittonia 28(3): 326–328, f. 2. 1976. Asplenium achalense Hieron. (Asplenium furcatum Thunb.; Asplenium furcatum Brack.; Asplenium furcatum J. Sm.; Asplenium furcatum Hillebr.; Tarachia furcata (Thunb.) C. Presl; Tarachia furcata C. Presl) South America.

Asplenium L. Aspleniaceae

See Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 172. 1800, Epimeliae Botanicae 80. 1851, U.S. Expl. Exped., Filic. 16: 170. 1854, Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 604. 1888, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 22(3): 378. 1896 (Rhizome anthelmintic.) Asplenium achilleifolium (M. Martens & Galeotti) Liebm. (Adiantum achilleifolium Lam.; Asplenium achilleifolium (Lam.) C. Chr.; Asplenium achilleifolium var. pinnatifidoserratum Hook.; Asplenium conchatum (Fée) T. Moore; Asplenium grande Fée; Asplenium rutaefolium (Bergius) Kunze; Asplenium rutifolium (Bergius) Kunze; Athyrium achilleifolium (M. Martens & Galeotti) Fée; Athyrium conchatum Fée; Athyrium grande (Fée) E. Fourn.; Caenopteris achilleifolia M. Martens & Galeotti) South America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 43. 1783, Linnaea 10: 521. 1836, Nouveaux Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et belles Lettres de Bruxelles 15(5): 63, t. 16. 1842, Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabeli Mathematisk Afdeling 1: 249. 1849, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5. Gen. Filic.: 186, 188, t. 17 C, f. 1. 1850–1852, Index Filicum 49. 1857, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 7: 82. 1857, Species Filicum 3: 230. 1860, Mexicanas Plantas 101. 1872 and Index Filicum fasc. 2: 99. 1905 (Powdered roots taken for stomachache and intestinal worms. Leaves and roots decoction drunk as tonic and stimulant.) in English: common mother spleenwort Asplenium adiantoides (L.) C. Chr. (Asplenium adiantoides Raddi, nom. illeg.; Asplenium adiantoides Raoul; Asplenium adiantoides Lam.; Asplenium falcatum Lam.; Asplenium falcatum Thunb.; Asplenium falcatum Sw.; Asplenium falcatum Bedd.; Asplenium intermedium Kaulf.; Asplenium intermedium Blume; Asplenium intermedium C. Presl; Trichomanes adiantoides L.) India, Asia, Polynesia, Australia. Fern, terrestrial or epiphytic, tufted See Species Plantarum 2: 1098. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 2(1): 306, 309. 1786, Prodr. Pl. Cap. 172. 1800, Fl. Ind. Occid. 3. 1618. 1806, Opuscoli scientifici d’una Società di professori della Pontificia Università di Bologna 3: 291. 1819, Pl. Bras. 1. 40 t. 51 f. 2. 1819, Enum. Pl. Javae 2: 181. 1828, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 2: 115. 1844, Ferns S. Ind. t. 141. 1863 and Index Filicum fasc. 2: 99. 1905 (Whole plant vermifuge, used in the treatment of enlarged spleen, jaundice and malaria.) in English: drooping spleenwort, lance-leaved spleenwort, shining-spleenwort in Comoros: mpindza m’udu

457

Asplenium L. Aspleniaceae

in India: nella-panna-maravara, pamdan in Fiji: bulakacegu in New Zealand: peretao, petako, ware Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. (Asplenium andrewsii A. Nelson; Asplenium chihuahuense Baker; Asplenium dubiosum Davenp., nom. illeg. superfl.) India, Kashmir, Mexico, USA. See Species Plantarum 2: 1098. 1753, Annals of Botany. Oxford 5: 305. 1891, Garden & Forest 4: 483. 1891, Bot. Gaz. 21. 264. 1896 and Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 17(35): 174–175. 1904 (Plant diuretic, bitter, laxative, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, pectoral, used for diseases of spleen and in jaundice, made into a cough syrup with honey; plant produces sterility in women. Fronds extract purgative, drunk with castor oil to remove tape worm, intestinal worms. Leaves decoction drunk against urinary disorders. Rhizome anthelmintic.) in English: black oak fern, black spleenwort, Krishna fern in Arabic: sarkhas el-ballut, zeita Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Bech. (Acrostichum filare Forssk.; Asplenium adiantoides Lam.; Asplenium adiantoides (L.) C. Chr.; Asplenium adiantoides Raddi, nom. illeg.; Asplenium adiantoides Raoul; Asplenium aethiopicum Bech.; Asplenium aethiopicum subsp. filare (Forssk.) A.F. Braithw.; Asplenium canariense Willd.; Asplenium falsum Retz.; Asplenium filare (Forssk.) Alston; Asplenium furcatum Thunb.; Asplenium furcatum Brack.; Asplenium furcatum J. Sm.; Asplenium furcatum Hillebr.; Asplenium lanceolatum Forssk.; Asplenium nigricans Kunze; Asplenium praemorsum Sw.; Asplenium praemorsum var. laceratum Hieron.; Tarachia furcata C. Presl; Tarachia furcata (Thunb.) C. Presl; Tarachia nigricans (Kunze) C. Presl; Trichomanes aethiopicum Burm. f.) India. See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 32 [err. 28]. 1768, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 185. 1773, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 2: 309. 1786, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 130. 1788, Observationes Botanicae 6: 38. 1791, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 172. 1800, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 339. 1810, Linnaea 9: 69. 1834, Epimeliae Botanicae 80. 1851, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: 439. 1851, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 22: 378. 1896 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 469. 1904, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 72(Suppl. 2): 4. 1934, Candollea 6: 22. 1935, Fl. Madagasc. 5(7): 180–247. 1958, Nucleus 20: 105–108. 1977, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 93(4): 362. 1986, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 15(2): 123–161. 1986, J. Cytol. Genet. 22: 156–161. 1987,

Fern Gaz. 14: 301–312. 1994, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Pruhonice) 33: 25–26. 2001, Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 839–937. 2002 (Rhizomes as anthelmintic.) Asplenium bulbiferum Forster f. (Asplenium bullatum Wall. ex Mett.; Asplenium cavalerianum H. Christ; Asplenium viridissimum J. Bommer ex H. Christ, nom. inval.; Asplenium viridissimum Hayata; Caenopteris bulbifera (G. Forst.) Desv.) India. See Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 80. 1786, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 268. 1827, Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 6: 106. 1859 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 20(1): 173. 1909, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 4: 231–232, f. 161. 1914 (Fronds decoction taken for liver problems. Leaves paste applied for hemorrhoids.) in English: hen and chickens, hen and chickens (Isl.) fern, mother spleenwort Maori name: mauku, mouku Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. (Asplenium alternans Wall., nom. nud.; Asplenium rupium Goodding; Ceterach alternans Kuhn & Decken; Ceterach alternans Kuhn; Ceterach dalhousiae (Hook.) C. Chr.; Ceterachopsis dalhousiae (Hook.) Ching) India. Rhizomes erect, short, densely scaly, dark brown short stipe See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 221. 1828, Icones Plantarum 2: t. 105. 1837, Reisen Ost Afr. 3 [3]. Bot. 36. 1879 and Index Filicum 170. 1905, Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 8(8): 92–94. 1912, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology: 10(1): 9. 1940, J. Cytol. Genet. 19: 111–112. 1984, Indian Fern J. 3: 111–120. 1986, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 459– 465. 1989, Indian Fern J. 11: 82–88. 1994, Indian Fern J. 21: 23–25. 2004 (Plant antibacterial, antifertility, used in jaundice, spleen diseases, ophthalmia, produces sterility in women. Fronds decoction given in typhoid.) in English: black wort Asplenium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Hook (Asplenidictyum finlaysonianum (Wall. ex Hook) J. Sm.; Asplenidictyum finlaysonianum J. Sm.; Asplenium finlaysonianum Wall.; Hemidictyum finlaysonianum T. Moore; Hemidictyum finlaysonianum (Wall. ex Hook) T. Moore) India. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 191. 1828, Icones Plantarum 10: t. 937. 1854, Historia Filicum 334. 1875

458

(Pounded roots made into a paste and taken as a remedy for dysentery) in India: tamang Asplenium horridum Kaulf. North America, Hawaii. Perennial See Enum. Filic. 173. 1824 (Stimulant, buds chewed for sore mouths.) in English: lacy spleenwort in Hawaii: ‘iwa Asplenium laciniatum D. Don China. See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 8. 1825 and Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 14: 1–42. 1985, Fern Gaz. 16(4): 177– 190. 2001 (Plant juice causes burning effect on the skin.) Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. (Asplenium capuronii Tardieu) India, Himalaya. See Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 52. 1801 and Naturaliste Malgache 9: 33, f. 7–9. 1957 (Fronds decoction a powerful diuretic, used in beriberi.) Asplenium monanthes L. (Asplenium arcuatum Liebm.; Asplenium bertolonii Donn. Sm., nom. illeg.; Asplenium curvatum Liebm.; Asplenium galeottii Fée; Asplenium leptophyllum Fée; Asplenium menziesii Hook. & Grev.; Asplenium monanthemum Murray; Asplenium monanthemum L.f. ex Murray, nom. illeg.; Asplenium monanthemum var. menziesii (Hook. & Grev.) Sodiro; Asplenium monanthes Murray, nom. illeg.; Asplenium obtusissimum Fée; Asplenium polymeris T. Moore; Asplenium polyphyllum Bertol.; Asplenium repente Desv.) South Africa, South America. See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 130. 1767, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta (J. A. Murray). 933. 1784, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 271. 1827, Icones Filicum t. 100. 1829, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis 4: 443. 1840, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 9: 16. 1857, Anales de la Universidad Central del Ecuador 8(58): 270. 1893, Enumeratio Plantarum Guatemalensium … 4: 189. 1895 (Leaves infusion for women during menstruations.) in Ecuador: culantrillo del cerco, culantrillo del pozo Asplenium nidus L. (Asplenium antiquum Makino; Asplenium australasicum Hook.; Asplenium australasicum (J. Sm.) Hook.; Asplenium ficifolium Goldm.; Asplenium nidus Raddi; Neottopteris antiqua (Makino) Masam.;

Asplenium L. Aspleniaceae

Neottopteris australasica J. Sm.; Neottopteris mauritiana Fée; Neottopteris musaefolia J. Sm.; Neottopteris musifolia J. Sm.; Neottopteris nidus (L.) Hook.; Neottopteris nidus J. Sm.; Neottopteris nidus (L.) J. Sm.; Neottopteris rigida Fée; Thamnopteris nidus (L.) C. Presl; Thamnopteris nidus C. Presl) Asia. Rhizome suberect covered with broad acuminate scales, sori linear See Sp. Pl. 2: 1079. 1753, Opusc. sci. Bol. 3. 290. 1819, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany (Hooker) 3: 409. 1841, Gen. Fil. [Hooker] t. 113 B. 1842, Mémoires sur les Families des Fougeres, Gen. Filic. 203. 1850–1852, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 428. 1851, Epimel. Bot. 68. 1851, Filices Exoticae t. 88. 1854, Cultivated Ferns; or, a catalogue of exotic and indigenous ferns cultivated in British gardens, with characters of the genera, principal synonyms, etc. … 49. London 1857, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 3: 409. 1861 and Journal of Japanese Botany 6(11): 32. 1929, Transactions of the Natural History Society of Taiwan 22(121): 215. 1932, Chromosome Science 1: 89–96. 1997 (Plant tonic, antibacterial, stimulant, depurative and sedative, for general body weakness, tuberculosis, for ulcers or scrofulous sores, for children with mouth sores; childbirth, infuse in cold water and drink in labor; for fever, pound the leaves in cold water and apply the water to the head. Root paste applied on sore between toes. Ceremonial, used in worship.) in English: bird’s nest fern, birdnest fern, Hawai’i birdnest fern in Rodrigues Isl.: langue de boeuf in India: gabo lapping, yoman in Japan: shima-ô-tani-watari (= tiger tail fern) Malay names: selimbar, semun in the Philippines: dapong babae, dapong kalabao, pakpaklauin, pasdak, pugad lauin Asplenium phyllitidis D. Don (Asplenium nidus var. phyllitidis (D. Don) Bedd.; Neottopteris phyllitidis (D. Don) J. Sm.; Neottopteris phyllitidis (D. Don) Ching; Thamnopteris phyllitidis (D. Don) C. Presl) Nepal, India. Epiphytic herb See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13: 65. 1822, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 7. 1825, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 409. 1841, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: 428–429. 1851 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(2): 143–144. 1959 (Leaves extract mixed with the stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum used to cure jaundice and fever.) in India: olapanna

459

Asplenium L. Aspleniaceae

Asplenium pseudofalcatum Hillebr.

(Rhizome as anthelmintic.)

North America, Hawaii.

in Japan: awo-tyasensida

See Fl. Hawaiian Isl. [Hillebrand] 597. 1888. 1888

Asplenium ruta-muraria L. (Asplenium cryptolepis Fernald; Asplenium cryptolepis var. ohionis Fernald; Asplenium ruta-muraria subsp. cryptolepis (Fernald) R.T. Clausen & Wahl; Asplenium ruta Wall.; Asplenium ruta muraria Pappe & Rawson; Asplenium ruta-muraria L. subsp. cryptolepis (Fernald) R.T. Clausen & Wahl; Asplenium ruta-muraria L. var. cryptolepis C. Chr. ex Massey; Asplenium ruta-muraria var. cryptolepis (Fernald) Massey; Asplenium ruta-muraria var. cryptolepis (Fernald) Wherry; Asplenium ruta-muraria var. ohionis (Fernald) Wherry; Asplenium ruta-muraria var. subtenuifolium H. Christ; Chamaefilix ruta-muraria (L.) Farw.)

(Leaf ashes used on sores; infusion of leaves used as a bath.) in English: iwaiwa Asplenium pumilum var. hymenophylloides Fée (Asplenium anthriscifolium Jacq.; Asplenium eylesii R. Sim; Asplenium pumilum Davenp.; Asplenium pumilum Bonap.; Asplenium pumilum Sw.; Asplenium pumilum Sw. subsp. hymenophylloides (Fée) Schelpe; Asplenium pumilum var. anthriscifolium (Jacq.) Wherry; Athyrium verapax Christ) Madagascar. See Collectanea 2: 103, t. 2, f. 3–4. 1788, Prodr. (Swartz) 129. 1788, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 7: 54, t. 15, f. 4. 1857, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15. 226. 1888 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 6(4): 292. 1906, The Ferns of South Africa, ed. 2 147, t. 61, f. 2. 1915, Notes Pteridologiques 16: 68. 1925, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 43: 85. 1930, American Fern Journal 54(3): 144. 1964, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, sér. 2 41: 210. 1967, Indian Fern J. 21: 23–25. 2004 (Plant contains flavonoids.) Asplenium radicans L. (Asplenium alloeopteron Kunze ex Klotzsch; Asplenium cyrtopteron Kunze; Asplenium rhizophyllum L., nom. illeg.; Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link) Jamaica, Guyana. See Species Plantarum 2: 1078. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1323. 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1540. 1763, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 69. 1833, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 176. 1841, Linnaea 20: 353. 1847, Linnaea 23: 233, 303. 1850, Flora Brasiliensis 1(2): 434. 1870 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 31: 463. 1904, Index Filicum 100, 107. 1905, The Ferns and Fern-Allies of the British West Indies and Guiana 172. 1907, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 15: 37–38. 1966, American Fern Journal 74(2): 56. 1984 (Whole plant emetic, for breasts and lungs complaints.) in English: walking fern Asplenium ramosum L. (Asplenium ramosum Poir.; Asplenium viride Huds.) India. See Species Plantarum 2: 1082. 1753, Flora Anglica 385. 1762, Schrad. Journ. 1801 [1]. 2. 1802, Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 2. 515. 1812 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 15: 25. 1966, Taxon 25: 483–500. 1976, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 4389–4393. 1986, Indian Fern J. 3: 111–120. 1986, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 15–19. 1995

Europe, Himalayas, North America. Tiny fern See Species Plantarum 2: 1081. 1753, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 233. 1828, Syn. Fil. Afr. Austr. 20. 1858 and Rhodora 30(351): 41–43. 1928, Rhodora 41(481): 29. 1939, Bartonia 21: 15. 1942, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 149. 1994 (Plant and fronds astringent, deobstruent, pectoral, emmenagogue, expectorant, ophthalmic, for kidney trouble, swellings, epilepsy, erysipelas, to cleanse the lungs and to treat coughs and shortness of breath, applied topically to ulcers, dandruff and falling hair.) in English: herb of the seven gifts, wall-rue, wall-rue spleenwort, wall spleenwort, white maiden-hair Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. (Acropteris septentrionalis (L.) Link; Acropteris septentrionalis Link; Acrostichum septentrionale L.; Amesium sasaki Hayata) India, Himalaya. See Species Plantarum 2: 1068. 1753, Deutschland Flora 2: 12–13. 1795, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 56. 1833 and Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 42(499): 334. 1928, Candollea 30: 189–202. 1975, Amer. Fern J. 73: 85–93. 1983, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 15(2): 123–161. 1986, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988, Fern Gaz. 13(7): 391–395. 1990 (Leaves smoked for headache, influenza, cold.) Asplenium trichomanes L. (Asplenium melanocaulon Willd.; Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes; Chamaefilix trichomanes (L.) Farw.) North and South America. See Species Plantarum 2: 1080. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1072. 1809 and American Midland Naturalist 12(8): 270. 1931, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 150. 1994 (Whole plant expectorant, anthelmintic, pectoral, insecticidal, pesticidal, laxative, abortifacient, infusion taken for dysentery, irregular menses, colds, severe coughs, liver and chest complaints.)

460

in English: bristle fern, common spleenwort, maidenhair, maidenhair spleenwort in Arabic: sha’ar el-ghul in China: tie jiao feng wei cao Asplenium yoshinagae Makino (Asplenium indicum Sledge; Asplenium indicum var. yoshingagae (Makino) Ching & S.H. Wu; Asplenium planicaule Wall. ex Mett.; Asplenium planicaule Lowe; Asplenium planicaule var. yoshinagae (Makino) Tagawa; Asplenium yoshinagae var. indicum (Sledge) Ching & S.K. Wu; Tarachia yoshinagae (Makino) H. Itô) Japan, India. See Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Sencken­ bergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 6: 157–158. 1859 and Makino, Tomitaro (1862–1957), Phanerogamae et Pteridophytae Japonicae Iconibus Illustratae. 1: t. 64. Tokyo, 1899–1902, Botanical Magazine 53(625): 23. 1939, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 14(3): 95. 1951, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 3: 264. 1965, Wu, Zhengyi, Flora Xizangica [Tibet]: vol. 1. The Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Quinghai Xizang Plateau, Academia Sinica, edited by Wu Cheng-yih., [China]: Science Press, 1983, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 4(2): 63. 1999 (Whole plant smoke for wound maggots.) Aster L. Asteraceae Latin aster, asteris ‘a star’, referring to the shape of the flower, to the spreading rays of the capitulum; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 872–877. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 373. 1754, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 37: 464, 491. 1825, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 901. 1826, Synopsis Generum Compositarum 189. 1832, Flora Telluriana 2: 45. 1836[1837] and Scripta Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Purkyn. Brun. 3, 4: 121–130. 1974, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 18/19: 6–8. 1992, Phytologia 75(1): 97. 1993, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 29(1): 5–43. 1997.

Asplenium L. Aspleniaceae

Aster asteroides (DC.) Kuntze (Aster asteroides (L.) MacMill.; Aster asteroides (Colla) Rusby; Heterochaeta asteroides DC.) China, India, Himalaya. Woolly tomentose herb, purple blue heads See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 282. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 315. 1891, The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley 524. 1892, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 4: 213. 1895 (Roots used for coughs and pulmonary infections.) Aster bakeranus Burtt Davy ex C.A. Sm. (Aster asper Wood & Evans; Aster bakeranus subsp. angustifolius Lippert; Aster bakeranus subsp. intermedius Lippert; Aster bakeranus subsp. ovalis Lippert; Aster bakeranus subsp. septentrionalis Lippert; Aster grauii Lippert; Aster hispidus (Thunb.) Baker; Aster hispidus Baker; Diplopappus asper Less.; Diplopappus natalensis Sch. Bip.; Felicia asper Burrt Davy) South Africa, Lesotho. Herb, erect, stoloniferous rhizome, roots fusiform, rays blue-mauve purple, disc yellow, grassland and rocky slope See Species Plantarum 2: 872–877. 1753, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 137. 1817, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1818: 165. 1818 (Roots very poisonous, used for stomach and chest complaints, chronic coughing.) in South Africa: uDlutshana (Zulu) Aster diplostephioides (DC.) C.B. Clarke (Aster diplostephioides Benth. & Hook.f.; Diplopappus diplostephioides (DC.) Hook. f. & Thomson; Heterochaeta diplostephioides DC.) India, Himalaya.

Aster amellus L.

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 282. 1836, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): 272. 1873, Compositae Indicae 45. 1876 and Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 74: 244. 1985, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 19(4): 392–395. 1999

Europe, India. Pubescent or hairy annual herb, toothed lanceolate leaves, lilac flowers

(Powdered flowers antibacterial, taken for influenza, fevers, colds, cough, tonsillitis, wounds, bleeding and poisoning.)

See Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 22: 129–153. 1980, Taxon 47: 354. 1998, Sida 22: 1088. 2006

in India: kiamentok

(Root decoction to cure cough and pulmonary infections.) in India: babru Aster asperulus Nees (Aster asperulus Wall.; Aster asperulus Torr. & A. Gray) Himalaya. See Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 2: 120. 1841 (Root decoction applied to wounds.) in Nepal: ghanse phul

in Nepal: mara Aster exilis Elliott USA, Bolivia. Flowers light purple or lavender, on dark wet soil, in moist soil, on dry gravelly soil, on dry area See Species Plantarum 2: 872–877. 1753, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 2: 344. 1823, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 515. 1826, Flora Brasiliensis 6(3): 22. 1882 and American Journal of Botany 67: 1027–1039. 1980, Phytologia 54: 302–309. 1983, Rhodora 87: 517–527. 1985

461

Asplenium L. Aspleniaceae

(Weed dermatitis.) Aster flaccidus Bunge (Erigeron flaccidus (Bunge) Botsch.) India. See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg, Septième Série(Sér. 7) 2: 599. 1835 and Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 16: 388. 1954, News Sib. Depart. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Biol. 15(3): 46–52. 1976 (Fruits used in fever, cough, poisoning.) in Bhutan: lug-mig Aster molliusculus (Lindl. ex DC.) C.B. Clarke (Aster molliusculus Wall.; Aster molliusculus var. molliusculus; Diplopappus molliusculus Lindl. ex DC.; Diplopappus molliusculus Lindl.) Tropical Asia, India, Pakistan, Himalaya. See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 137. 1817, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2972. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 277. 1836, Compositae Indicae 45. 1876 and Bhattarai, N.K. “Medical ethnobotany in the Rapti Zone, Nepal.” Fitoterapia 64(6): 483–493. 1993 (Root decoction rubbed on the chest to relieve muscular pain. Crushed leaves antifungal, antibacterial, for amenorrhea and to strengthen the body, applied to alleviate pain due to sprains and contusions.) in India: kandam in Pakistan: taverra Aster peduncularis Wall. ex Nees Tropical Asia, India, Nepal, Pakistan. See Gen. Sp. Aster. 24. 1832 and Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 427– 437. 1989, Bhattarai, N.K. “Medical ethnobotany in the Rapti Zone, Nepal.” Fitoterapia 64(6): 483–493. 1993 (Antifungal, antibacterial.) Aster smithianus Hand.-Mazz. (Kalimeris smithiana (Hand.-Mazz.) S.Y. Hu; Kalimeris smithianus (Hand.-Mazz.) S.Y. Hu) India. See Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 12(9): 216–217. 1938, Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 20: 13. 1967

Aster sandwicensis (A. Gray) Hieron.; Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron.; Aster subulatus var. australis (A. Gray) Shinners; Aster subulatus var. cubensis (DC.) Shinners; Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis (A. Gray) A.G. Jones; Conyza squamata Spreng.; Erigeron expansus Poepp. ex Spreng.; Erigeron linifolius Bert. ex DC.; Erigeron multiflorus Hook. & Arn.; Mesoligus subulatus (Michx.) Raf.; Symphyotrichum expansum (Poepp. ex Spreng.) G.L. Nesom; Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom; Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum (Nees) S.D. Sundb.; Tripolium subulatum (Michx.) DC.; Tripolium subulatum (Michx.) DC. var. cubensis DC.; Tripolium subulatum var. parviflorum Nees) South and North America, Mexico. Herb, erect, slender, annual, bushy, low, annual, disk florets yellow, ray florets white to lavender violet, along stream, on wet savanna, roadside, wet soil, in clearing See Species Plantarum 2: 863–865, 872–877. 1753, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 111. 1803, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 154. 1818, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 2: 344. 1823, Systema Vegetabilium 3: 515, 518. 1826, Linnaea 5(1): 143. 1830, Genera et Species Asterearum 9–10, 135–136, 152–158, 286. 1832, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 87. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 254. 1836, Flora Telluriana 2: 44. 1836 [1837], Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1852: 81. 1852, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 7: 173. 1867, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 203. 1884 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29: 19. 1900, Contributions to Western Botany 12: 43. 1908, Field & Laboratory 21(4): 158, 161. 1953, Fieldiana, Botany 24(12): 128–164, 483–495. 1976, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Sida 7: 80–90. 1977, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Brittonia 32: 240–261. 1980, American Journal of Botany 67: 1027–1039. 1980, Brittonia 36: 463–466. 1984, Rhodora 87: 517–527. 1985, Investigatio et Studium Naturae 12: 48–65. 1992, AAU Reports 34: 1–443. 1994, Phytologia 77(3): 281, 293. 1994 [1995], Sida 21(2): 907. 2004, Sida 21(4): 2125–2140. 2005 (Suspected of causing urticaria or skin irritation, dermatitis. Crushed stem and leaves applied as a poultice to draw infection from wounds.) in English: bushy starwort, cobbler’s pegs, salt marsh aster

(Aerial parts used for fevers, wounds.)

Aster thomsonii C.B. Clarke

in Bhutan: yu-gu-shing

India, Himalaya. Perennial, in forests and shrubberies

Aster subulatus Michaux (Aster divaricatus var. sandwicensis A. Gray; Aster exilis var. australis A. Gray; Aster exilis Elliott var. inconspicuus (Less.) Hieron., comb. illeg.; Aster inconspicuus Less., nom. illeg.; Aster madrensis M.E. Jones; Aster pauciflorus Nutt. var. gracilis Benth.;

See Compositae Indicae 48. 1876 and Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 162–163. 1987, CIS Chromosome Information Service 43: 7–9. 1987, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 427–437. 1989, Bhattarai, N.K. “Medical ethnobotany in the Rapti Zone, Nepal.” Fitoterapia 64(6): 483–493. 1993

462

(Antifungal, antibacterial.) in English: Thomson’s aster Aster umbellatus Mill. (Diplopappus umbellatus (Mill.) Hook.; Diplostephium umbellatum (Mill.) Cass.; Doellingeria umbellata Nees; Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees; Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata) USA, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia. Herb, perennial, rigid, erect, tall, rough, pubescent, sometimes purplish, leaves lance-shaped with prominent vein pattern, flower heads in flattish cluster, white ray flowers surrounding yellow disk flowers, yellow disk turns purplish or gray with age, slightly sweet fragrance, open areas and woods, in disturbed areas, moist fields, moist sunny areas lake swamp and other wetland edges, moist thickets, border of swamps, loamy sandy soils, an important host plant in the life cycles of the butterflies Pearl Crescent (Phyciodes tharos) and Silvery Checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis), rabbit deterrent See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 22. 1768, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 137. 1817, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 75, t. 335. 1820 [1818], Genera et Species Asterearum 10, 177–184. 1832, Flora Boreali-Americana 2(7): 22–23. 1834 and American Journal of Botany 67: 1027–1039. 1980, Brittonia 32: 230–261. 1980, Taxon 30: 703–704. 1981, Brittonia 35(2): 140–146. 1983, Rhodora 87: 517–527. 1985, Phytologia 61: 299–310. 1986, Le Naturaliste Canadien 114: 105–116. 1987, Phytologia 77: 252. 1994, Journal of Chemical Crystallography 25(7): 371–374. 1995 (Sesquiterpene lactone. Leaves infusion stomachic, expectorant and emmenagogue, for croup. Root diaphoretic, antirheumatic, tonic and aromatic. Witchcraft medicine, flowers used as a smudge to drive away evil spirits working against a patient’s recovery.) in English: aster flattopped, flat-topped white aster, parasol aster, parasol whitetop, tall flat-topped white aster, umbellate aster, umbelled aster

Asteriastigma Bedd. Flacourtiaceae (Bixaceae)

in India: aeleyam, ailiyan, doddasolte, doddasurante, vellananga

Asterostigma Fischer & C.A. Meyer Araceae Greek aster ‘a star’ and stigma ‘stigma’, referring to the form of the stigma; see Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 3: 148. 1845 and D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 18. 1988. Asterostigma luschnathianum Schott (Arum dracontium Vell., nom. illeg.; Asterostigma dracontium Stellfeld; Asterostigma vellozianum Schott; Staurostigma luschnathianum (Schott) K. Koch; Staurostigma vellozianum (Schott) K. Koch) SE Brazil. The resemblance of the petioles to the jararaca snake (Bothrops jararaca as well as other Bothrops sp.), a venomous viper member of the lancehead, or fer-de-lance, family See Syn. Aroid. 126. 1856, Index Aroidearum 78. 1864 and Tribuna Farm. 12: 134. 1944, Economic Botany 23(2): 97–122. 1969 (Round tuber used in treating snakebite.) in Brazil: jararaca, jararaca minda

Astilbe Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Saxifragaceae From the Greek a ‘without’ and stilbe ‘brilliancy, brightness’, referring to the individual flowers or to the leaves without shine, see Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 210–211. 1825 and The Gardeners’ Chronicle 1902(2): 95, 154–156, 171. 1902. Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham.) India, Himalaya, Vietnam. Shrub, herb, erect, strong, leaves compound, green yellow flowers in woolly pubescent terminal panicles, wet places, sunny moist slopes See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 210–211, 221. 1825

Asteriastigma Bedd. Flacourtiaceae (Bixaceae) Greek aster ‘a star’ and stigma ‘stigma’, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 255. 1824, The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India 266. 1872. Asteriastigma macrocarpa Bedd. India. Trees, evergreen, alternate entire leaves, scented white flowers, very numerous stamens, dark brown woody fruits, numerous angular seeds

(Roots juice, dried or fresh roots taken in small pieces orally during diarrhea and dysentery; rhizome for rheumatism; crushed rhizome decoction for body pain, also used after childbirth; roots decoction given for painful joints and arthritis. Leaves eaten raw to cure toothache. Powdered dried stem and root with powder of Bergenia purpurascens made into a paste and used to cure general body pain, also as a postpartum remedy, tonic.) in English: false buck’s beard, perennial spiraea

See Forest. Man. Bot. 236. 1878

in China: luo xin fu shu

(Used for vitiligo, oils used in the treatment of leprosy. Repellent for blowflies.)

in India: bura okhati, buri okhati, buriokhati, buro okhati, gosy, padah, padum, polah, pothee

463

Astracantha Podlech Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae)

in Nepal: ghanchhyangmran

Astracantha Podlech Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae) From the Greek aster, astron ‘a star, the stars’ and akantha ‘thorn, spine, prickle’, see Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 19: 4. 1983. Astracantha strobilifera (Benth.) Podlech (Astracantha strobilifera (Royle ex Benth.) Podlech; Astragalus strobilifer Royle ex Benth.; Astragalus strobiliferus Benth.; Astragalus strobiliferus Lindl.) Afghanistan. Perennial non-climbing herb See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 199. 1839, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 26(Misc.): 39. 1840 and Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 19: 20. 1983 (Gum a substitute for tragacanth.)

Astraea Klotzsch Euphorbiaceae From the Greek astron ‘a star’, astraios ‘starry’, see Species Plantarum 2: 1004–1005. 1753, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 7: 194. 1841, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 363. 1858, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(5): 40. 1890 and J. Arnold Arbor. 48: 354. 1967, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1–483, 1–529. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Croton.], Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2000 [as Croton.]. Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch (Astraea lobatum (L.) Klotzsch; Astraea lobatum Klotzsch; Astraea manihot Klotzsch; Astraea palmata Klotzsch; Astraea seemannii Klotzsch; Cnidoscolus surinamensis Miq.; Croton courteti Beille; Croton decorsei Beille; Croton digitatus Salzm. ex Schltdl.; Croton leiocarpus Bartl.; Croton lobatum L.; Croton lobatus Vell.; Croton lobatus L.; Croton lobatus Forssk.; Croton lobatus f. crispus Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus lusus gracilis Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus var. digitatus (Salzm. ex Schltdl.) Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus var. genuinus Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Croton lobatus var. gracilis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus var. intermedius Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus var. manihot (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus var. palmatus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg.; Croton lobatus var. riparius (Kunth) Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus var. seemannii (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg.; Croton lobatus var. sericeus Müll.Arg.; Croton manihot (Klotzsch) Baill.; Croton mocinoi Radcl.-Sm. & Govaerts; Croton perrottetianus Baill.; Croton riparius Kunth; Croton trilobatus Willd.; Croton trilobatus Sessé & Moç., nom. illeg.; Croton trilobatus Forssk., nom. illeg.; Oxydectes lobata (L.) Kuntze; Schradera scandens Willd.)

Caribbean and South America, Tropical Africa. Herbaceous, woody shrub, monoecious, erect, branched, strong taproot and lateral roots, leaves papery 3-lobed stellate-pubescent, inflorescence a slender axillary or terminal raceme, male and female, flowers yellowish green, fruit a green capsule stellate hairy, a favourite food for fowls, a weed of cultivation, often invasive, on river banks, along road sides and on wasteland, often as Croton lobatus Linn. See Species Plantarum 2: 1004–1005. 1753, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 162. 1775 [1 Oct 1775], Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 90. 1817, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 7(1): 194. 1841, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald 103. 1853, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 668–669. 1866, Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 222. 1894 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55(3): 71–72. 1908, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1–483, 1–529. MIM, Deurne. 1995 [as Croton lobatus.], Kew Bulletin 52: 188. 1997, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(2–3): 279–284. 2004, BioFactors 27(1–4): 69–78. 2006 (Very poisonous, due care should be taken when using it. Antiviral, antimalarial, antiplasmodial. Root bark decoction purgative. Leaf decoction febrifuge, drunk as a strong purgative; a leaf paste mixed with palm oil applied to treat Guinea worm sores, ulcers, skin diseases, cutaneous and subcutaneous parasitic infection, and headache. Heated leaves rubbed onto the skin to treat rheumatic and costal pain; the leaves boiled in a little water are an enema for gynaecological affections. Penis washed with a maceration of the leafy twigs as an aphrodisiac. Antidote, leaf sap applied to lessen the pain of scorpion stings. A strong arrow poison is made by simply crushing the plant into a paste with water. Religion, superstitions, magic, superstitious use against witchcraft, a person washing with a lotion prepared from it keeps evil at bay.) in English: gasaya of the antelope, lobed croton, male gasaya in Gambia: jambalulu, nyri jejongho in Ghana: akonansa, aneta, balasa natudi, gka, mfansu, voligbe in Guinea: curedjandjam-õ in Ivory Coast: agbonsé, bruété, hitzasan, tahatinta, tototo in Nigeria: àjéofòlé, èru, gaásàyaá, gaásàyár bareewa, kiban kadangari, námíjìn gaásàyaá, námíjìn záakií-bánzaá, òkwè-one in Senegal: hab el khechba, hab el l’hesbal, kurdiãngdiãng, mbèt i tiãngay, ñakalé, ñakali, narhaĺé, ńaxali, vorudièh in Sierra Leone: gomakfuri, njewombi

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae) Latin astragalus and Greek astragalos, used for the anklebone but also for a leguminous plant, milk vetch, Orobus niger (Dioscorides 4.61) or a species of Astragalus, Spanish

464

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

tragacanth; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 755– 762. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 335. 1754, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 24(1): 50. 1877 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 658. 1905, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13(1): 1–596 and 13(2): 597–1188. 1964, Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. 1967, James, L.F., Hartley, W.J., Van Kampen, K.R. “Syndromes of Astragalus poisoning in livestock.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 178: 146–150. 1981, James, L.F. “Neurotoxins and other toxins from Astragalus and related genera.” Pages 445–462 in Keeler, R.F., Tu, A.T., eds. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Vol. 1. Plant and Fungal toxins. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA. 1983, Cheeke, P.R., Shull, L.R. Natural Toxicants in Feeds and Poisonous Plants. AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, CT, USA. 1985, Davis, A.M. “Selenium uptake in Astragalus and Lupinus species.” Agron. J., 78: 727–729. 1986, Mitt. Bot. Staatss. Munchen 30: 1–196. 1992, Taiwania 52(1): 25–48. 2007. This plants can accumulate quantities of selenium high enough to cause toxicity in cattle, horses, sheep and swine. High quantities of selenium cause acute toxicity, with symptoms including staggering, diarrhea, prostration and abdominal pain.

und Pflanzengeographie 36(5, Beibl. 82): 61–62. 1905, Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. Science Studies, Botany 1: 71. 1905, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 372. 1906, Rhodora 39(460): 150. 1937, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 12(3): 64. 1937, Journal of Japanese Botany 19(4): 106. 1943, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Acad. Nauk SSSR 10: 51. 1947, Bot. Zurn. 65(5): 659–668. 1980, Agron. J., 78: 727–729. 1986, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 79(2): 135–139. 1994, Hereditas (Beijing) 17(4). 35–36. 1995, Great Basin Naturalist 56: 85. 1996

Astragalus adsurgens Pall. (Astragalus adsurgens Torr.; Astragalus adsurgens Willd. ex Steud.; Astragalus adsurgens subsp. robustior (Hook.) S.L. Welsh; Astragalus adsurgens var. albiflorus Blankenship; Astragalus adsurgens var. robustior Hook.; Astragalus fujisanensis Miyabe & Tatew.; Astragalus hypoglottis L.; Astragalus hypoglottis var. robustus Hook.; Astragalus inopinatus Boriss.; Astragalus laxmannii Jacq.; Astragalus laxmannii var. adsurgens (Pall.) Kitag.; Astragalus laxmannii var. robustior (Hook.) Barneby & S.L. Welsh; Astragalus longispicatus Ulbr.; Astragalus marianus C. Huber; Astragalus nitidus Douglas ex Hook.; Astragalus nitidus var. robustior (Hook.) M.E. Jones; Astragalus oostachys E. Peter; Astragalus striatus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Astragalus striatus Nutt.; Astragalus sulphurescens Rydb.; Astragalus sulphurescens var. pinicola E.H. Kelso; Phaca adsurgens (Pall.) Piper; Tragacantha adsurgens (Pall.) Kuntze)

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 13: 366. 1878 and Flora of the Rocky Mountains 1063. 1917, Taxon 25: 463–472. 1981

North America, China, Japan. Perennial non-climbing herb, clumped, flowers in oblong congested spike-like clusters on main stalks, flowers erect white or pale purplish to fairly dark purple See Species Plantarum 2: 755–762. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 274–275. 1771, Species Astragalorum 40, pl. 31. 1800, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(3): 149. 1831, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 330. 1838, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1(1–2): 159. 1840, London Journal of Botany 6: 210. 1847, Gen. Astrag. Geront. 1: 100. 1868, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 942. 1891 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28(1): 36. 1901, Contributions to Western Botany 10: 64. 1902, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte

(This plant has the potential to accumulate toxic levels of selenium, which would cause symptoms in cattle and probably other livestock. Ground leaves and stems applied to skin affected by poison ivy.) in English: ascending milkvetch, prairie milkvetch, standing milk-vetch Astragalus allochrous A. Gray (Astragalus allochrous var. allochrous; Phaca allochroa (A. Gray) Rydb. North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, whitish flowers, inflated fruits

(Ceremonial medicine, emetic.) in English: half-moon loco, halfmoon milkvetch Astragalus alopecuroides L. subsp. alopecuroides (Astragalus africanus Bunge; Astragalus alopecuroides Pall.; Astragalus alopecuroides Ledeb.; Astragalus alopecuroides L. var. glabrescens (Coss.) Fern. Casas; Astragalus alopecuroideus Lam.; Astragalus alopecuroideus St.-Lag.; Astragalus atlanticus (Ball) Ball; Astragalus atlanticus Ball; Astragalus marianorum Sennen; Astragalus narbonensis Gouan; Astragalus narbonensis Gouan subsp. africanus (Bunge) Ball; Astragalus narbonensis Gouan var. africanus (Bunge) Kuntze; Astragalus narbonensis Gouan subsp. atlanticus Ball; Astragalus narbonensis Gouan var. glabrescens Coss.; Tragacantha alopecuroides (L.) Kuntze; Tragacantha atlantica (Ball) Kuntze; Tragacantha narbonensis (Gouan) Kuntze) Algeria, Mediterranean. Perennial non-climbing herb See Species Plantarum 2: 755. 1753, Fl. Franç. (Lamarck) 2: 636. 1779 [1778 publ. after 21 Mar 1779], Sp. Astragal. 9, t. 7. [1800–1803], Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (1778–1841), Astragalogia nempe Astragali, Biserrulae et Oxytropidis, nec non Phacae, Colutae et Lessertiae, historia iconibus illustrata. Parisiis, 1802, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 1(3): 633, n. 88. 1843, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 11(16): 61. 1868 and 15(1): 104. 1869, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 11: 306. 1873, Étude Fl., ed. 8 [A. Cariot] 2: 188. 1889 and Saussurea 4: 14. 1973, Taxon 46(3): 463. 1997

465

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

(Leaves laxative, tonic.) Astragalus americanus (Hook.) M.E. Jones (Astragalus alpinus E. Sheld. var. americanus (Hook.) E. Sheld.; Astragalus americanus M.E. Jones; Astragalus americanus (Hook.) M.E. Jones fo. glabrescens J. Rousseau; Astragalus americanus fo. pallescens J. Rousseau; Astragalus americanus fo. williamsii J. Rousseau; Astragalus frigidus A. Gray; Astragalus frigidus (L.) A. Gray p.p.; Astragalus frigidus var. americanus (Hook.) S. Watson; Astragalus frigidus var. gaspensis (J. Rousseau) Fernald; Astragalus gaspensis J. Rousseau; Phaca americana Rydb.; Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb.; Phaca americana Rydb. ex Britton & A. Br.; Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. ex Britton & A. Br.; Phaca americana (Hook.) Britton & A. Br.; Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. ex Small; Phaca frigida L. var. americana Hook.) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, tall, leafy, stout, erect, woody stem base, petals white turning yellow or brownish, several many-flowered open clusters of flowers, drooping inflated pods, in stream banks and moist woods See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(3): 140. 1830, Flora BorealiAmericana 1(3): 140. 1831, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts vi. (1864) 219. 1864, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 258: 193. 1878, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 9: 65. 1894, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 133. 1894, Fl. N. U. S. (ed. 1) 2: 304. 1897, Contributions to Western Botany 8: 8. 1898 and Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal 24: 51, figs. 15, 16. 1933, Rhodora 39: 313. 1937, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 99. 1964, Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. 1967, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10–15. 1999 (Roots chewed for stomachache.) in English: American milkvetch Astragalus amphioxys A. Gray (Astragalus amphioxys var. amphioxys; Astragalus amphioxys var. melanocalyx (Rydb.) Tidestr.; Astragalus amphioxys var. modestus Barneby; Astragalus amphioxys var. musimonum (Barneby) Barneby; Astragalus amphioxys var. typicus Barneby; Astragalus amphioxys var. vespertinus (E. Sheld.) M.E. Jones; Astragalus crescenticarpus E. Sheld.; Astragalus marcusjonesii Munz; Astragalus selenaeus Greene; Astragalus shortianus Torr. & A. Gray var. minor A. Gray; Astragalus vespertinus E. Sheld.; Xylophacos amphioxys (A. Gray) Rydb.; Xylophacos aragalloides Rydb.; Xylophacos melanocalyx Rydb.) Mexico and North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, light green hairy arching leaflet, flowers pink to magenta purple, inflated seed pods sharply narrowed and compressed on both ends See Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 12: 59. 1860, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 211. 1864, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 13: 366. 1878, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 148, 150. 1894, Erythea 3: 76. 1895 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 662. 1905[1906], Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(1):

48–49. 1907, Revision of North-American Astragalus 215. 1923, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 52(4): 149–150. 1925, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 48(9): 40. 1935, Leaflets of Western Botany 3(3): 50. 1941, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 25(3): 150–152, pl. 17, f. 1–9. 1944, American Midland Naturalist 37: 437. 1947, Leaflets of Western Botany 9(6): 89. 1960, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 704. 1964, Intermountain Flora 3(B): 138. 1989 (Snakebite remedy, fresh or dried root chewed and poultice applied to wound.) in English: crescent milkvetch Astragalus atropilosulus (Hochst.) Bunge (Astragalus abyssinicus Steud. ex A. Rich.) Tropical Africa, Yemen, Ethiopia. Perennial non-climbing herb, erect, corolla purplish white or yellow, cooked leaves eaten as a side dish See Flora 29: 596. 1846, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 15(1): 4. 1869 and Kew Bulletin 17(3): 413–423. 1964, International Journal of Crude Drug Research 25(2): 65–71. 1987 (Dried leaves used to relieve backache; roots decoction added to hot milk and given to women with uterine pains after childbirth.) in Arabic: sanabil Astragalus berteroanus (Moris) Reiche (Astragalus aconcaguensis Speg.; Astragalus berterianus (Moris) Reiche; Astragalus canescens DC.; Astragalus canescens Kit.; Astragalus canescens Sol. ex Lowe; Astragalus canescens (Hook. & Arn.) A. Gray; Astragalus canescens A. Gray; Astragalus canescens (Hook. & Arn.) Reiche; Astragalus canescens Bunge; Astragalus dolichostachys Reiche; Astragalus laxiflorus Fisch.; Astragalus laxiflorus (Phil.) Reiche, nom. illeg.; Astragalus laxiflorus (Phil.) Reiche var. dissitiflora (Phil.) Reiche; Astragalus oblongifolius Clos; Astragalus placens Clos var. oblongifolius (Clos) Reiche; Astragalus psoraloides subsp. canescens (DC.) Ponert; Astragalus sphaerocarpus Clos; Astragalus sphaerocarpus Desf. ex Steud.; Phaca berteriana Moris; Phaca berteroana Moris; Phaca canescens Hook. & Arn.; Phaca dissitiflora Phil.; Phaca dolichostachya Phil.; Phaca laxiflora Phil.; Tragacantha berteroana (Moris) Kuntze; Tragacantha canescens (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze; Tragacantha oblongifolia (Clos) Kuntze) South America, Chile. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Astragalogia 114, pl. 16. 1802, Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4: 34. 1831, Botanical Miscellany 3: 185. 1833, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, ser. 2 37: 105. 1834, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1(1–2): 163. 1840, Flora Chilena 2: 109, 111. 1847, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 26(2): 390. 1853, Linnaea 32: 625.

466

1863, Astragalogia 2: 174. 1868, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 943, 946. 1891, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 84: 17, 25. 1893, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 97: 552, 555– 556. 1897 and Anales Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 7: 264. 1902, J. Arnold Arbor. 28(3): 336– 374 and 28(4): 375–409. 1947, Feddes Repertorium 83(9–10): 630. 1972[1973] (When eatern in excess cattle have been fatally poisoned.) Common name: garbancillo Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray (Astragalus bisulcatus fo. albiflorus B. Boivin; Astragalus bisulcatus fo. decalvans Gand.; Astragalus bisulcatus fo. hedysaroides Gand.; Astragalus bisulcatus subsp. haydenianus (A. Gray) W.A. Weber; Astragalus bisulcatus var. bisulcatus; Astragalus bisulcatus var. haydenianus (A. Gray) Barneby; Astragalus bisulcatus var. haydenianus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus bisulcatus var. major (M.E. Jones) S.L. Welsh; Astragalus bisulcatus var. nevadensis (M.E. Jones) Barneby; Astragalus demissus Greene, nom. illeg., non Astragalus demissus Boiss. & Heldr.; Astragalus diholcos Tidestr.; Astragalus grallator S. Watson; Astragalus haydenianus A. Gray; Astragalus haydenianus fo. leiocarpus Gand.; Astragalus haydenianus fo. nelsonii Gand.; Astragalus haydenianus var. major M.E. Jones; Astragalus haydenianus var. nevadensis M.E. Jones; Astragalus haydenioides Porter; Astragalus jepsonii E. Sheld.; Astragalus micranthus Desv.; Astragalus scobinatulus E. Sheld.; Diholcos bisulcatus (Hook.) Rydb.; Diholcos decalvans (Gand.) Rydb.; Diholcos haydenianus (A. Gray) Rydb.; Diholcos jepsonii (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Diholcos micranthus Rydb.; Diholcos scobinatulus Rydb.; Homalobus grallator (S. Watson) Rydb.; Phaca bisulcata Hook.; Tragacantha bisulcata (Hook.) Kuntze; Tragacantha haydeniana (A. Gray) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, leafy See Species Plantarum 2: 755–762. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 3: 78. 1814, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(3): 145. 1831, A Flora of North America: containing … 1: 350. 1838, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 2(9): 50. 1849, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 12(2): 42. 1860, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 220–221. 1864, Bulletin of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 2(3): 235. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 943, 945. 1891, Zoë 2(3): 240–241. 1891, Zoë 3(1): 52. 1892, Erythea 1(11): 221. 1893, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(1): 22, 24. 1894, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 9: 24. 1894, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 131. 1894 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 48: 14–15. 1902, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 664, 666. 1905 [1906], Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(8): 420. 1907, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 51. 1913, North American Flora 24(5): 281. 1929, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 50(7): 20. 1937, American Journal of Botany

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

26(9): 693. 1939, Leaflets of Western Botany 7(8): 195. 1954, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 13(1–2): 413. 1964, Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. 1967, Phytologia 38(6): 483–497. 1978, Great Basin Naturalist 38(3): 266. 1978, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, James, L.F., Van Kampen, K.V., Hartley, W.J. “Astragalus bisulcatus—a cause of selenium or locoweed poisoning?” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 25: 86–89. 1983, Baker, D.C., James, L.F., Panter, K.E., Mayland, H.F., Pfister, J.A. “Selenosis in developing pigs fed selenium from different sources.” Am . Soc. Anim. Sci. Abstr., 65: 351. 1987 (Plant infusion an eyewash; poultice of chewed leaves applied for toothache. Fruit used as ceremonial emetic.) in English: Hayden’s milkvetch, skunkweed, two-groove milk-vetch, two-grooved milk-vetch, two-grooved milkvetch, two-grooved poison-vetch Astragalus calycosus S. Watson (Astragalus brevicaulis A. Nelson; Astragalus calycosus Torr.; Astragalus calycosus Torr. ex S. Watson; Astragalus calycosus var. calycosus; Astragalus calycosus var. monophyllidius (Rydb.) Barneby; Astragalus calycosus var. scaposus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus candicans Greene, nom. illeg.; Astragalus scaposus A. Gray; Hamosa calycosa (Torr. ex S. Watson) Rydb.; Hamosa calycosa (Torr.) Rydb.; Hamosa calycosa Rydb.; Hamosa manca Rydb.; Hamosa monophyllidia Rydb.; Hamosa scaposa (A. Gray) Rydb.; Tragacantha calycosa (Torr. ex S. Watson) Kuntze; Tragacantha calycosa (Torr.) Kuntze; Tragacantha calycosa Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, tufted, weedy, symmetrically round mat of light green oval hairy leaves, inflorescence ascending or spreading, numerous leafless flower stalks, petals white to bright purple, lobed white wing petals, straight rounded at the bottom hairy seed pods See Species Astragalorum 61, pl. 49. 1800, United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Botany 66–67, pl. 10, f. 4–7. 1871, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 13: 366. 1878, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 1(3): 156. 1885, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 943. 1891, Zoë 4(1): 26. 1893, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(1): 9. 1899 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 659. 1905[1906], Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 50. 1913, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 54(1): 17–18. 1927, North American Flora 24(7): 421. 1929, Rhodora 40(471): 136. 1938, Leaflets of Western Botany 3(5): 107. 1942, Leaflets of Western Botany 7(8): 195. 1954, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 1082. 1964, Brittonia 29(3): 310–326. 1977 (Plant applied to injuries; roots decoction taken for venereal diseases.) in English: Torrey’s milk vetch, Torrey’s milkvetch Astragalus Astragalus canadensis canadensis

canadensis L. (Astragalus brevidens Rydb.; canadensis fo. monticola Gand.; Astragalus var. brevidens (Gand.) Barneby; Astragalus var. canadensis; Astragalus canadensis var.

467

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

carolinianus (L.) M.E. Jones; Astragalus canadensis var. longilobus Fassett; Astragalus carolinianus L.; Astragalus halei Rydb.; Astragalus mortonii fo. brevidens Gand.; Astragalus oreophilus Rydb.; Astragalus torreyi Rydb.; Tragacantha canadensis (L.) Kuntze) Canada, North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, erect, inflorescences of tubular greenish-white flowers, pods rattle when dry, seeds eaten by horses See Species Plantarum 2: 757. 1753, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 210. 1891, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 647. 1895 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 48: 15–16. 1902, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31(10): 561–562. 1904, North American Flora 24(7): 447–448, 450. 1929, Rhodora 38(447): 94–95. 1936, Leaflets of Western Botany 4(9): 238. 1946, Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. 1967, Williams, C., James, L.F. “Toxicity of nitro-containing Astragalus to sheep and chicks.” J. Range Manage. 28: 260–263. 1975, Brittonia 29(3): 310–326. 1977, Phytologia 60(3): 159–170. 1986, Taxon 46(3): 464. 1997, Moerman, Daniel E. Native American ethnobotany 113. 1998 (Somewhat toxic alkaloids, cattle have been fatally poisoned when fed on rangeland containing Canadian milk-vetch. Root analgesic, febrifuge and antihemorrhagic, can be chewed or used as a tea to treat chest and back pains, coughs; a poultice made from the chewed root used to treat cuts.) in English: Canadian milk-vetch, Canadian milkvetch Astragalus chlorostachys Lindl. (Astragalus altissimus Rech. f.; Astragalus chlorostachys Hook. f. & Thomson ex Bunge; Astragalus nuristanicus Kitam.; Hedysarum strobiliferum Baker) India. Perennial non-climbing herb See Trans. Hort. Soc. 7: 249. 1830, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 11(16): 27. 1868, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 15(1): 28. 1869 (Roots powdered and taken with milk as a tonic for longevity and strength; root juice taken as a tonic for strength.) in English: Indian tragacanth in India: rudravanti in Nepal: rudranti Astragalus convallarius Greene (Astragalus campestris (Nutt.) A. Gray; Astragalus campestris (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray; Astragalus campestris L.; Astragalus convallarius var. convallarius; Astragalus convallarius var. finitimus Barneby; Astragalus convallarius var. margaretiae Barneby; Astragalus convallarius var. typicus Barneby; Astragalus decumbens (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. convallarius (Greene) M.E. Jones; Astragalus diversifolius subsp. campestris (Nutt.) Dorn; Astragalus diversifolius var. campestris (Nutt.) Dorn; Astragalus diversifolius var. junceus (Nutt.) M.E.

Jones; Astragalus diversifolius A. Gray var. junceus (Torr. & A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus diversifolius var. roborum M.E. Jones; Astragalus junceus (Nutt.) A. Gray; Astragalus junceus A. Gray; Astragalus junceus var. attenuatus M.E. Jones; Astragalus junciformis A. Nelson; Astragalus serotinus Cooper var. campestris (Torr. & A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus serotinus var. campestris (Nutt.) M.E. Jones; Homalobus campestris Nutt.; Homalobus campestris Torr. & A. Gray; Homalobus junceus Nutt.; Homalobus junceus Torr. & A. Gray; Homalobus junciformis (A. Nelson) Rydb.; Phaca convallaria (Greene) Piper; Tragacantha campestris (Nutt.) Kuntze; Tragacantha campestris (Torr. & A. Gray) Kuntze; Tragacantha juncea (Nutt.) Kuntze; Tragacantha juncea (Torr. & A. Gray) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb See Species Plantarum 2: 761. 1753, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 351. 1838, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 229–230. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 943, 945. 1891, Erythea 1(10): 207. 1893, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 668. 1895, Contributions to Western Botany 8: 13. 1898, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(1): 9–10. 1899 and Contributions to Western Botany 10: 58. 1902, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 666. 1905[1906], Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 373. 1906, Leaflets of Western Botany 5(2): 28. 1947, Leaflets of Western Botany 7(8): 192–193. 1954, Brittonia 29(3): 310–326. 1977, Brittonia 36(2): 167–173. 1984, Vascular Plants of Wyoming 297. 1988 (Horse medicine. Locoed horses.) in English: lesser rushy milkvetch, Margaret’s rushy milkvetch, timber milkvetch Astragalus corrugatus Bertol. (Astragalus cruciatus Auct. quib. ex Boiss.; Astragalus cruciatus Link; Astragalus cruciatus Auct. ex Bunge; Astragalus cruentus Balb.; Astragalus tenuirugis Boiss.) Algeria, China. Perennial non-climbing herb See Amoen. Ital. 38. 1819, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 256. 1822, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 9: 61. 1849, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 15(1): 8. 1869, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2: 226, in nota. [Dec 1872 or Jan 1873] and Fl. Palaestina 2: 455. 1972 (Fatal to horses, may be eaten by cattle.) Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. (Astragalus carnosus Pursh; Astragalus carnosus Nutt.; Astragalus caryocarpus Ker Gawl.; Astragalus crassicarpus Fraser Cat. ex DC., nom. nud.; Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus; Astragalus crassicarpus var. paysonii (E.H. Kelso) Barneby; Astragalus crassicarpus var. trichocalyx (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Barneby ex Gleason; Astragalus mexicanus A. DC.; Astragalus succulentus Richardson; Astragalus succulentus var. paysonii E.H. Kelso; Geoprumnon crassicarpum

468

(Nutt.) Rydb.; Geoprumnon crassicarpum (Nutt.) Rydb. ex Small; Geoprumnon succulentum (Richardson) Rydb.; Phaca caryocarpa (Ker Gawl.) MacMill.; Phaca caryocarpus MacMill.; Tragacantha caryocarpa (Ker Gawl.) Kuntze) Canada, North America. Perennial non-climbing herb See Bot. Reg. 5: t. 176. 1791, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 740. 1814[1813], Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected in Upper Louisiana n. 6. 1813, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 2: 176. 1816, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 100. 1818, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 287. 1825, Bot. Reg. 16: pl.1324. 1830, Mémoires de la Société Botanique de Gèneve 6: 224. 1833, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 332. 1838, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 943, 946. 1891, Metasp. Minnesota Valley 326. 1892 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 615–616, 1332. 1903, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 658. 1905[1906], Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53(3): 163. 1926, Rhodora 39(460): 151. 1937, Rhodora 39(464): 317. 1937, The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada 2: 241. 1952, American Midland Naturalist 55(2): 497. 1956, Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. 1967, Proc. Leningr. Chem.-Pharm. Inst. 21(4): 52. 1967, Brittonia 29(3): 310–326. 1977, Phytologia 38(6): 483–497. 1978 (Roots anticonvulsive, stimulant, tonic, used on bleeding wounds. Medicine for horses. Ceremonial medicine.) in English: buffalo plum, ground plum, groundplum milkvetch Astragalus gracilis Nutt. (Astragalus gracilis Steve. ex Ledeb.; Astragalus gracilis Romero; Astragalus gracilis Torr.; Astragalus gracilis unranked parviflorus (Pursh) F.C. Gates; Astragalus gracilis var. erectus Hook.; Astragalus gracilis var. parviflorus (Pursh) F.C. Gates; Astragalus microlobus A. Gray; Astragalus microphacos Cory; Astragalus parviflorus (Pursh) MacMill.; Astragalus parviflorus var. microlobus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Dalea parviflora Pursh; Microphacos gracilis (Nutt.) Rydb.; Microphacos microlobus (A. Gray) Rydb.; Microphacos parviflorus (Pursh) Rydb.; Tragacantha microloba (A. Gray) Kuntze; Tragacantha parviflora (Pursh) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, delicate, sprawling, narrow leaflets with short truncate ends, small white purple flowers, hairy pods See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 474. 1814[1813], Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 4(2): 590. 1816, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 100. 1818, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 179. 1828, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 348. 1838, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 202. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 941. 1891, The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley 325. 1892 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 663.

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

1905[1906], Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 51. 1913, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 42: 137. 1939[1940], Brittonia 29(3): 310–326. 1977 (Roots lactogenic.) in English: slender milkvetch Astragalus graveolens Benth. (Astragalus bodinieri H. Lév. & B. Fedtsch.; Astragalus bodinieri H. Lev.; Astragalus graveolens Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Astragalus graveolens Buch.Ham., nom. nud.; Astragalus rotundifolius Royle; Astragalus rotundifolius Royle ex Benth.; Astragalus rotundifolius Benth.; Astragalus rotundifolius Presl ex Steudel; Astragalus rotundifolius Willd.) Himalaya, India, China. Perennial non-climbing herb See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(2): 1317. 1802, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5929. 1831–1832, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 199. 1835, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel], Editio secunda 1(1–2): 163. 1840 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 25: 49. 1915, Taxon 35: 408. 1986, Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 375–382. 1989, Cytologia 54: 565–571. 1989 (Whole plant for leprosy and colic.) in China: lie xiang huang qi Astragalus gummifer Labill. (Astracantha gummifera (Labill.) Podl.; Astragalus gummifera Labill.; Astragalus rayatensis Eig) Middle East, Syria. Perennial non-climbing shrub, thorny, fragrant, umbellate, leaves composed of thorny rachis, the source of the suspending agent tragacanth gum See J. Phys. (Halle) 46. 1790 and Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 2: 169–181. 1979, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 19: 4, 12. 1983, Cathaya 11–12: 1–218. 2000, Pharmacologyonline 3: 80–89. 2006 (Antitussive, antiinflammatory, antiasthma and dyspnea, antibacterial and anticarcinogenic, demulcent, mild laxative, used for constipation; gum used externally as a dressing for burns. Leaves a wound healing lotion.) in English: gum tragacanth, tragacanth tree African names: adrilel, shagal el Ketira Astragalus hamosus L. (Ankylobus hamosus (L.) Steven; Astragalus aegyptiacus Mill.; Astragalus ancistron Pomel; Astragalus arnoceras Bunge; Astragalus brachyceras Ledeb.; Astragalus buceras Willd.; Astragalus dorcoceras Bunge; Astragalus embergeri Jahand. & al.; Astragalus hamosus Bal. ex Bunge; Astragalus hamosus Kotschy ex Bunge; Astragalus hamosus Pall.; Astragalus hamosus var. ancistron (Pomel) Batt.; Astragalus hamosus subsp. brachyceras (Ledeb.) Batt.; Astragalus hamosus var. brachyceras (Ledeb.) Ledeb.; Astragalus hamosus var. brevipes Lange; Astragalus hamosus

469

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

var. brevipes Faure & Maire; Astragalus hamosus var. buceras (Willd.) Rouy; Astragalus hamosus subsp. embergeri (Jahand. & al.) Maire; Astragalus hamosus var. macrocarpus DC.; Astragalus hamosus var. microcarpus Zohary; Astragalus hamosus var. multiflorus Griseb.; Astragalus hamosus var. pumilus Parsa; Astragalus hamosus var. subcurvatus Pau; Astragalus hamosus subsp. verus Emb. & Maire; Astragalus hamosus var. volubilitanus (Braun-Blanq. & Maire) Maire; Astragalus oncocarpus Pomel; Astragalus paui Pau; Astragalus stribrnyi Velen.; Astragalus taeckholmianus Oppenh.; Astragalus volubilitanus Braun-Blanq. & Maire; Hamosa astragalus Medik.; Tragacantha brachyceras (Ledeb.) Kuntze; Tragacantha buceras (Willd.) Kuntze; Tragacantha hamosa (L.) Kuntze) Asia, Mediterranean, Sahara. Annual non-climbing herb See Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs 3: 653. 1776, Species Plantarum 2: 758. 1753, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 15(1): 14, 17. 1869, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 945. 1891 and Phytologia 10 (5): 321–406. 1964, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 259–270. 1987, Bot. Zhurn. (Leningrad) 76, 11: 1607–1612. 1991, Natural product research 21(5): 392–395. 2007

(Roots diuretic, pectoral and tonic, effective against Grampositive, diabetes.) in English: yellow vetch in China: huang qi, wu la te huang qi in Korea: hwanggi Astragalus humistratus A. Gray (Astragalus datilensis (Rydb.) Tidestr.; Astragalus humistratus var. humivagans (Rydb.) Barneby; Astragalus humistratus var. tenerrimus M.E. Jones; Astragalus missouriensis Nutt. var. humistratus Isely; Batidophaca humistrata (A. Gray) Rydb.; Batidophaca humivagans Rydb.; Pisophaca datilensis Rydb.; Tium huministratum (A. Gray) Rydb.; Tragacantha humistrata (A. Gray) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb

(Plant antiproliferative, anticancer, carminative, astringent, emetic, diuretic, emollient, demulcent, aphrodisiac, laxative, galactagogue, antiinflammatory, used in treating irritation of the mucous membranes, pulmonary and genitourinary problems, inflammatory states, catarrh, malignant tumors; a paste applied in headache.)

See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 43–44. 1853, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 945. 1891, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 649. 1895 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 660. 1905[1906], Catalogue of North American Plants North of Mexico (ed. 3) 214. 1914, Revision of North-American Astragalus 68. 1923, North American Flora 24(6): 315– 317, 328. 1929, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 50(7): 21. 1937, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 29(11): 485. 1939, American Midland Naturalist 55(2): 478. 1956, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 13: 383. 1964

in English: European milkvetch

(Ceremonial, emetic.)

in Arabic: asabea-ul-malik, elkoren, iklil-ul-malik, qoreyn

in English: ground-cover milkvetch

in India: akhil-ul-malik, akhli-el-malik, katila, nakhunah, parang, purtuk, taje badshah, ukil-ul-mulk

Astragalus humistratus A. Gray var. sonorae (A. Gray) M.E. Jones (Astragalus sonorae A. Gray; Batidophaca sonorae (A. Gray) Rydb.; Batidophaca stipulacea Rydb.; Tragacantha sonorae (A. Gray) Kuntze)

Astragalus himalayanus Klotzsch (Astragalus carinalis Benth. ex Bunge; Astragalus carinalis Bunge; Astragalus maddenianus Baker)

North America. Perennial non-climbing herb

India, Himalaya, Kashmir. Perennial non-climbing herb, prostrate to suberect, quite elongated, pubescent, leaves imparipinnately compound, inflorescence an axillary pedunculate condensed raceme

See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 43–44. 1853, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 948. 1891 and Contributions to Western Botany 10: 58. 1902, North American Flora 24(6): 315–317. 1929

See Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar 160, t. 4. 1862, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 126. 1876 and Fitoterapia 66(4): 376. 1995, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154. 27–34. 2007

(Hemostatics, for bleeding wound, sores, nosebleed or lung hemorrhage. Ceremonial medicine.)

(Toxic, antibiotic.) in English: Himalayan astragalus in India: kayabachhutup Astragalus hoantchy Franch. China. Perennial non-climbing herb, famine food, shoots and leaves eaten See Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 5: 238. 1883

in English: ground-cover milkvetch, Missouri milk-vetch, Missouri milkvetch Astragalus kentrophyta A. Gray (Astragalus aculeatus A. Nelson; Astragalus impensus (Rydb.) Woot. & Standl.; Astragalus impensus Wooton & Standl.; Astragalus impensus (E. Sheld.) Wooton & Standl.; Astragalus jessiae M. Peck; Astragalus kentrophyta subsp. elatus (S. Watson) W.A. Weber; Astragalus kentrophyta var. coloradoensis M.E. Jones; Astragalus kentrophyta var. danaus (Barneby) Barneby; Astragalus kentrophyta var. elatus S. Watson; Astragalus kentrophyta var. impensus (E. Sheld.) M.E. Jones; Astragalus

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kentrophyta var. jessiae (M. Peck) Barneby; Astragalus kentrophyta var. kentrophyta; Astragalus kentrophyta var. tegetarius (S. Watson) M.E. Jones; Astragalus kentrophyta var. ungulatus M.E. Jones; Astragalus kentrophyta var. viridis (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Hook.; Astragalus kentrophyta var. viridis (Torr. & A. Gray) Hook.; Astragalus montanus (Nutt.) M.E. Jones; Astragalus montanus (Torr. & A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus montanus var. impensus (E. Sheld.) M.E. Jones; Astragalus tegetarius S. Watson; Astragalus tegetarius var. danaus Barneby; Astragalus tegetarius var. elatus (S. Watson) Barneby; Astragalus tegetarius var. implexus Canby ex Porter & J.M. Coult.; Astragalus tegetarius var. rotundus M.E. Jones; Astragalus tegetarius var. viridis (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Barneby; Astragalus tegetarius var. viridis (Torr. & A. Gray) Barneby; Astragalus viridis (Nutt.) Sheldon; Astragalus viridis var. elatus (S. Watson) Cockerell; Astragalus viridis var. impensus E. Sheld.; Homalobus wolfii Rydb.; Kentrophyta impensa (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Kentrophyta minima Rydb.; Kentrophyta montana Nutt.; Kentrophyta montana Torr. & A. Gray; Kentrophyta viridis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Kentrophyta viridis Torr. & A. Gray; Phaca viridis (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Piper; Phaca viridis Piper; Tragacantha montana (Nutt.) Kuntze; Tragacantha montana (Torr. & A. Gray) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, subshrub See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 353. 1838, London Journal of Botany 6: 215. 1847, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15(3): 60. 1863[1864], United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Botany 76–77, pl. 13, f. 7–10. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 941, 948. 1891, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 118. 1894, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(14): 201. 1894, Botanical Gazette 26(6): 437. 1898, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(1): 10–11. 1899 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 249. 1900, Contributions to Western Botany 10: 63. 1902, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31(10): 563. 1904, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 665. 1905[1906], Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 374. 1906, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(8): 421. 1907, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. xix. 369. 1915, Revision of North-American Astragalus 80–81. 1923, Leaflets of Western Botany 4(7): 180–181. 1945, Leaflets of Western Botany 6(5): 95–97, 100. 1951, Leaflets of Western Botany 6(7): 154. 1951, Phytologia 15 (6): 329–446. 1967, Phytologia 53(3): 187. 1983, Vascular Plants of Wyoming 297. 1988 (Ceremonial medicine.) in English: kentrophyta milkvetch, mat milkvetch, spiny milkvetch, tall spiny milkvetch Astragalus latifolius Lam. (Astragalus candolleanus Boiss.; Astragalus candolleanus Royle; Astragalus candolleanus Royle ex Benth.; Astragalus candolleanus Benth.; Astragalus choicus Bunge; Astragalus heteromorphus Boriss.; Astragalus latifolius DC.; Astragalus latifolius var.

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

choicus Boiss.; Astragalus royleanus Bunge; Astragalus sukaczevii Derv.-Sok. & Elenevsky) Armenia, Middle East. Perennial non-climbing herb, variable, yellow flowers, inflorescence a compact raceme See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 319. 1783, Astragalogia 235. 1802, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 301. 1825, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 199–200. 1835, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 1(2): 80. 1843 and Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Akad. Sci. URSS 10: 43–84. 1947, Feddes Repertorium 83(9–10): 631. 1972[1973], Himalayan Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2: 42–48. 1985 (Whole plant depurative, bechic, blood purifier, used for leprosy, skin diseases, tuberculosis, bringing fertility to barren women; root powder and decoction used in tuberculosis.) Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. (Astragalus amplexus Payson; Astragalus araneosus E. Sheld.; Astragalus arthu-schottii A. Gray; Astragalus bryantii Barneby; Astragalus coulteri Benth.; Astragalus diphysus A. Gray; Astragalus diphysus var. albiflorus A. Gray; Astragalus diphysus var. latus M.E. Jones; Astragalus eremicus E. Sheld.; Astragalus fremontii A. Gray ex Torr.; Astragalus ineptus A. Gray; Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex G. Don; Astragalus lentiginosus var. albiflorus (A. Gray) Schoener; Astragalus lentiginosus var. albifolius M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. araneosus (Sheldon) Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. carinatus M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. chartaceus M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. floribundus A. Gray; Astragalus lentiginosus var. fremontii (A. Gray ex Torr.) S. Watson; Astragalus lentiginosus var. ineptus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. kennedyi (Rydb.) Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. latus (M.E. Jones) M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. lentiginosus; Astragalus lentiginosus var. mcdougallii (Sheldon) M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. oropedii Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. palans (M.E. Jones) M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. pohlii S.L. Welsh & Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. salinus (Howell) Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. scorpionis M.E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus var. semotus Jeps.; Astragalus lentiginosus var. sesquimetralis (Rydb.) Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. stramineus (Rydb.) Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. toyabensis Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. tremuletorum Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. typicus Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. ursinus (A. Gray) Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. vitreus Barneby; Astragalus lentiginosus var. wahweapensis S.L. Welsh; Astragalus macdougalii E. Sheld.; Astragalus palans M.E. Jones; Astragalus salinus Howell; Astragalus ursinus A. Gray; Cystium cornutum Rydb.; Cystium griseolum Rydb.; Cystium heliophilum Rydb.; Cystium kennedyi Rydb.; Cystium lentiginosum (Hook.) Rydb.; Cystium macrolobum Rydb.; Cystium merrillii Rydb.; Cystium ormsbyense Rydb.; Cystium platyphyllidium Rydb.;

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Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

Cystium sesquimetrale Rydb.; Cystium stramineum Rydb.; Cystium vulpinum Rydb.; Hamosa amplexa (Payson) Rydb.; Phaca lentiginosa (Douglas ex Hook.) Piper; Phaca lentiginosa (Hook.) Piper; Tium amplexum (Payson) Rydb.; Tium palans (M.E. Jones) Rydb.; Tragacantha lentiginosa (Hook.) Kuntze; Tragacantha lentiginosa (Douglas ex Hook.) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(3): 151. 1831, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 257. 1832, Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae 34. 1849, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 525–526. 1865, United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Botany 66. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 944, 946. 1891, Zoë 3(4): 287. 1893, Zoë 4(3): 272. 1893, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 4: 86. 1893, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 168, 170. 1894, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 669, 673–674. 1895 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 246. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 659. 1905[1906], Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 368. 1906, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 50. 1913, Botanical Gazette 60(5): 378. 1915, Flora of the Rocky Mountains 1063. 1917, Revision of North-American Astragalus 124–125. 1923, North American Flora 24(7): 398, 407, 409, 413, 415. 1929, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 25(3): 156–157, pl. 17, f. 10–18. 1944, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 2: 597–598. 1944, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 917, 954. 1964, Am. J. Vet. Res. 32: 1253–1256. 1971, Clin. Toxicol. 5: 575–580. 1972, Great Basin Naturalist 34: 180. 1974, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 232: 76–85. 1984, Am. J. Vet. Res. 46: 1903–1907. 1985, Am. J. Vet. Res. 48: 686–690. 1987 (Poisonous, plants contain the alkaloid swainsonine, which can cause locoism, teratogenic effects have also been noted in lambs and foals; at high altitudes cattle suffer from congestive heart failure, swainsonine influences the vascular system. Ceremonial, used as a charm in prayers.) in English: freckled milkvetch, rattle-weed, speckledpod milkvetch, spotted loco, spotted locoweed Astragalus leucocephalus Bunge (Astragalus leucocephalus Graham ex Benth.) Himalaya, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing herb See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 198, pl. 33, f. 2. 1835 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 792–799. 1994 (Plant poisonous to cattle and human beings. Root juice applied to treat boils and pimples.) in China: bai xu huang qi in Nepal: pataka Astragalus lonchocarpus Torr. (Astragalus lonchocarpus var. lonchocarpus; Astragalus macer A. Nelson; Homalobus

macrocarpus (A. Gray) Rydb.; Lonchophaca macra (A. Nelson) Rydb.; Lonchophaca macrocarpa (A. Gray) Rydb.; Phaca macrocarpa A. Gray; Tragacantha lonchocarpa (Torr.) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb See Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 36–37. 1849, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 219. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 946. 1891 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 667. 1905[1906], Botanical Gazette 56(1): 65–66. 1913, North American Flora 24(5): 312–313. 1929 (Emetic.) in English: great rushy milkvetch, rushy milkvetch Astragalus maxwellii Benth. (Astragalus ciliolatus Bunge; Astragalus ciliolatus Benth. ex Bunge; Astragalus ciliolatus Benth.; Astragalus emodi Steud.; Astragalus maxwellii Royle) Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing herb See Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 199. 1833–1840 (Roots as toothbrush for toothache; powdered roots used for eye troubles.) Astragalus michauxii (Kuntze) F.J. Herm. (Astragalus apilosus E. Sheld.; Astragalus glaber Michx., nom. illeg.; Tium apilosum (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Tium michauxii (Kuntze) Rydb.; Tragacantha michauxii Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, erect, underground rootstock, leaves pinnately compound, flowering racemes erect, corolla white, glabrous pod slightly curved upward See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 525. 1783, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 66. 1803, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 941. 1891, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(1): 22. 1894 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 619, 1332. 1903, North American Flora 24(7): 392. 1929, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 38(7): 237. 1948, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 13: 542. 1964 (Poisonous, toxic to animals.) in English: poison vetch Astragalus miser Hook. (Astragalus griseopubescens E. Sheld.; Astragalus miser Dougl. ex Hook.; Astragalus miser var. miser; Astragalus miser var. oblongifolius (Rydb.) Cronquist; Astragalus miser var. tenuifolius (Nutt.) Barneby; Astragalus serotinus Cooper var. strigosus (J.M. Coult. & Fisher) J.F. Macbr.; Astragalus strigosus J.M. Coult. & Fisher; Homalobus decurrens Rydb.; Homalobus hitchcockii Rydb.; Homalobus humilis Rydb.; Homalobus microcarpus Rydb.; Homalobus oblongifolius Rydb.; Homalobus paucijugus Rydb.; Homalobus strigosus (J.M. Coult. & Fisher) Rydb.; Homalobus tenuifolius Nutt.; Phaca misera (Douglas ex Hook.) Piper; Phaca misera Piper; Tium miserum (Douglas

472

ex Hook.) Rydb.; Tragacantha misera (Hook.) Kuntze; Tragacantha misera (Douglas ex Hook.) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(3): 152. 1831, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 352. 1838, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 946. 1891, Botanical Gazette 18(8): 299–300. 1893, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(1): 24. 1894 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 373. 1906, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(1): 50. 1907, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(8): 418. 1907, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 52–53. 1913, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 65: 37. 1922, Revision of NorthAmerican Astragalus 91. 1923, North American Flora 24(7): 394. 1929, Leaflets of Western Botany 3(11): 252. 1943, Leaflets of Western Botany 7(2): 18. 1953, Leaflets of Western Botany 7(8): 195. 1954, Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. 1967, J. Range Manage. 42: 368–371. 1989, Majak, W., Pass, M.A. “Aliphatic nitrocompounds.” Pages 143–159 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. II Glycosides. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton. 1989 (This plant contains miserotoxin, and causes acute and chronic toxicity in cattle and sheep; this toxic principle is found primarily in the leaves and reaches its highest concentration during the bud and mature-flower stages of growth. Honey bees that forage on the flowers of timber milk-vetch were also poisoned.) in English: timber milk-vetch, timber milkvetch, Wasatch milk-vetch, weedy milkvetch

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. matthewsii (S. Watson) Barneby (Astragalus bigelovii A. Gray var. matthewsii (S. Watson) M.E. Jones; Astragalus matthewsii S. Watson) (for Washington Matthews, 1843–1905, a medical doctor, collector, his chief interest was Native American ethnography.) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 18: 192. 1883 and Revision of North-American Astragalus 231. 1923, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 13: 745–746. 1964 (Ceremonial, leaves emetic.) in English: Matthews’ woolly milkvetch, woolly locoweed Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. mollissimus North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, robust, tufted, numerous hairy small light green leaflets usually arching, hairy flower stems, long and narrow pink-purple flowers, short very hairy seeds See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 178–179. 1827–1828, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 195. 1864, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 345–346. 1875, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 8(9): 97. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 946, 948. 1891, Contributions to Western Botany 8: 23. 1898 and Torreya 2(10): 154–155. 1902, Leaflets of Western Botany 4(4): 60. 1944, Rhodora 62(736): 116. 1960, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 13: 745–747. 1964

Astragalus mollissimus Torr. (Astragalus mogollonicus Greene; Astragalus mollissimus fo. flavus McGregor; Astragalus mollissimus var. mollissimus; Astragalus simulans Cockerell; Astragalus thompsoniae S. Watson; Phaca villosa S. Watson)

(Poisonous, producing a toxic and addictive alkaloid, highly poisonous to livestock, especially to horses.)

North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, robust, tufted, numerous hairy small light green leaflets usually arching, hairy flower stems, long and narrow pink-purple flowers, short very hairy seeds

Astragalus multiceps Benth. (Astragalus bicuspis Fisch.; Astragalus jacquemontii Bunge; Astragalus leptocentrus Bunge; Astragalus multiceps Wall. ex Benth.; Astragalus multiceps Wall.)

See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 178–179. 1827–1828, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 195. 1864, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 345–346. 1875, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 8(9): 97. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 946, 948. 1891, Contributions to Western Botany 8: 23. 1898 and Torreya 2(10): 154–155. 1902, Leaflets of Western Botany 4(4): 60. 1944, Rhodora 62(736): 116. 1960, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 13: 745–747. 1964

India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing shrub

(Poisonous, producing a toxic and addictive alkaloid, highly poisonous to livestock, especially to horses.)

in India: bharma, buarina, kandei, kandiara, katarkanda, pisar, sarmul

in English: locoweed, purple locoweed, Thompson’s woolly locoweed, woolly loco, woolly locoweed, woolly milkvetch

Astragalus pachypus Greene (Astragalus pachypus var. pachypus; Brachyphragma pachypus (Greene) Rydb.)

in English: locoweed, purple locoweed, Thompson’s woolly locoweed, woolly loco, woolly locoweed, woolly milkvetch

See Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 199. 1835, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 11(16): 44. 1868 and 15(1): 68. 1869), Flora of British India 2: 56–306. 1876–1879 and Bot. Hist. Hortus Malabaricus 105. 1980 (Seeds demulcent, stomachic, sedative and emollient, used in the treatment of colic and leprosy.) in Afghanistan: diddani, tinani

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Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, flowers cream-white See Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 1(3): 157. 1885 and North American Flora 24(7): 401. 1929, American Journal of Botany 16(4): 204–205, pl. 17S. 1929 (Analgesic, roots decoction taken for menstrual pains.) in English: thickpod milkvetch Astragalus pattersonii A. Gray (Astragalus pattersonii A. Gray ex Brandegee; Jonesiella pattersonii (A. Gray) Rydb.; Phacopsis pattersonii (A. Gray) Rydb.; Rydbergiella pattersonii (A. Gray) Fedde; Rydbergiella pattersonii (A. Gray) Fedde & P. Syd.; Tragacantha pattersonii (A. Gray) Kuntze) (Asa Gray named this species from a specimen “collected by Mr. H.N. Patterson [in 1876?]… in the foothills of Gore Mountains, Colorado”; Patterson, Edward Harry Norton, 1853–1919, Illinois newspaper publisher and amateur botanist.) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, arching red stems, white flowers, distinctive fringing of the calyx See Fl. S. W. Colorado 235. 1876 (also Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 2: 235. 1876), Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 947. 1891 and Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht. 33(1[3]): 534. 1905[1906], Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 661. 1905[1906], Revision of North-American Astragalus 153. 1923, North American Flora 24(7): 402. 1929 (Poisonous to stock. Analgesic, emetic, for earache, sore throats.) in English: Patterson’s milkvetch Astragalus penduliflorus Lam. (Astragalus alpinus (L.) E. Sheld.; Astragalus membranaceus Moench fo. propinquus (Schischk.) Kitag.; Astragalus mongholicus Bunge; Astragalus penduliflorus subsp. mongholicus (Bunge) X.Y. Zhu; Astragalus penduliflorus var. mongholicus (Bunge) X.Y. Zhu; Astragalus propinquus Schischk.; Colutea alpina (L.) Lam.; Phaca alpina L.; Phaca alpina L.; Phaca penduliflora (Lam.) Dusen; Phaca penduliflora (Lam.) Bech.; Tragacantha penduliflora (Lam.) Kuntze; Tragacantha penduliflora Kuntze) Europe. Perennial non-climbing herb See Species Plantarum 2: 755–762. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flore Françoise 2: 636. 1778, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 167. 1794, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 947. 1891 and Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. sér. 7, 11(16): 117. 1964, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 24: 159–189. 1982, Cathaya 2: 139–150. 1990, Nordic Journal of Botany 23(3): 288–289. 2005

in China: huang qi, huangqi Astragalus polyacanthus Benth. (Astragalus polyacanthus Royle ex Benth.; Astragalus polyacanthus Royle; Astragalus polyacanthus Wall.; Astragalus psilacanthus Fisch.; Astragalus psilacanthus auct.; Astragalus psilacanthus Boiss.; Astragalus tenuispinus Bunge) India, Himalaya, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5934. 1831, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 199. 1833–1840, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 9: 97. 1849, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou xxvi. (1853) 407. 1853, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 11(16): 44. 1868 and 15(1): 70. 1869 (Plants given for colic, stomachache, leprosy. Gum anthelmintic, antirheumatic. Roots tonic, as a toothbrush for toothache; a decoction in chronic bronchitis, cough and cold.) in China: duo ci huang qi in India: jib Astragalus praelongus E. Sheld. (Astragalus pattersonii var. praelongus (E. Sheld.) M.E. Jones; Astragalus pattersonii var. procerus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones; Astragalus praelongus var. ellisiae (Rydb.) Barneby ex B.L. Turner; Astragalus praelongus var. lonchopus Barneby; Astragalus praelongus var. praelongus; Astragalus procerus A. Gray, nom. illeg.; Astragalus recedens (Rydb.) C.L. Porter; Astragalus recedens Ced. Porter; Astragalus recedens (Greene ex Rydb.) Ced. Porter; Astragalus rothrockii E. Sheld.; Jonesiella ellisiae Rydb.; Jonesiella mearnsii Rydb.; Jonesiella praelonga (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Jonesiella recedens Rydb.; Jonesiella rothrockii (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Phacopsis praelongus (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Rydbergiella praelonga (E. Sheld.) Fedde & P. Syd.) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, coarse, light green stems, long tubular pale yellow blooms in thick dangling clusters at the apex of the stem See Flora Orientalis 2: 464. 1872, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 13: 369. 1878, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(1): 23. 1894, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 174. 1894, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 636. 1895 and Contributions to Western Botany 10: 65. 1902, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 661. 1905[1906], Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht. 33(1[3]): 534. 1905[1906], North American Flora 24(7): 403–404. 1929, American Journal of Botany 28(10): 888. 1941[1942], The Legumes of Texas 190. 1959, Leaflets of Western Botany 9(6): 90–91. 1960, Phytologia 56(1): 55–60. 1984 (Poisonous, a selenium-accumulating plant. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, emetic.)

(Roots used for diarrhea, rectocele.)

in English: stinking locoweed, stinking milkvetch

in English: Mongolian milk vetch, mountain lentil, nickender tragant

Astragalus propinquus Schischkin (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge; Astragalus membranaceus Moench;

474

Astragalus membranaceus Bunge; Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ex Link) Bunge; Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bunge) P.G. Xiao; Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bunge) P.K. Hsiao; Astragalus mongholicus Bunge; Astragalus penduliflorus Lam.; Astragalus propinquus var. glabra Vydr.; Phaca membranacea Fischer; Phaca membranacea Fischer ex Link) E. Asia, Mongolia, China. Perennial non-climbing herb See Species Plantarum 2: 755–762. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flore Françoise 2: 636. 1778, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 167. 1794, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 252. 1822 and Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 11(2): 117. 1964, Neo-Lineam. Fl. Manshur. 396. 1979, Cathaya 2: 139– 150. 1990, Nordic Journal of Botany 23(3): 288–289. 2005 (Root and plant antibacterial, cardiotonic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, pectoral, uterine tonic, vasodilator, used for treatment of the kidneys, diarrhea, prolapse of the uterus or anus, abscesses and chronic ulcers; root can increase the production of interferon and macrophages.) in English: membranous milk vetch, Mongolian milk vetch in China: huang qi, huangqi Astragalus purshii Hook. (Astragalus glareosus Douglas; Astragalus incurvus (Rydb.) Abrams; Astragalus purshii Douglas; Astragalus purshii Douglas ex Hook.; Astragalus purshii Douglas ex G. Don; Astragalus purshii var. incurvus (Rydb.) Jeps.; Astragalus purshii var. interior M.E. Jones; Astragalus purshii var. longilobus M.E. Jones; Astragalus purshii var. purshii; Astragalus purshii var. typicus Barneby; Astragalus ventosus Suksd. ex Rydb., nom. inval.; Phaca mollissima Nutt.; Phaca mollissima Torr. & A. Gray; Phaca purshii (Douglas ex Hook.) Piper; Phaca purshii (Hook.) Piper; Tragacantha purshii (Hook.) Kuntze; Tragacantha purshii (Douglas ex Hook.) Kuntze; Xylophacos incurvus Rydb.; Xylophacos purshii Rydb.; Xylophacos purshii (Hook.) Rydb.) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, tufted, woodybased, stems and leaves covered with very fine wavy entangled silver or gray hair, flowers purple pink to lavender or cream, flower stalks erect to prostrate among leaves, seedpods covered with thick white hairs See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(3): 152. 1831, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 271. 1832, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 350. 1838, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 947. 1891 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 662. 1905[1906], Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 369. 1906, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 52(7): 366–367. 1925, A Flora of California 2(4): 360. 1936, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 2: 577. 1944, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 671. 1964 (The milk from an animal that has ingested Astragalus plants may also be toxic. Disinfectant.)

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

in English: Pursh loco milkvetch, Pursh milk-vetch, Pursh’s milkvetch, Pursh’s sheeppod, Pursh’s woolly pod, woollypod locoweed, woollypod milkvetch Astragalus purshii Hook. var. tinctus M.E. Jones (Astragalus candelarius E. Sheld.; Astragalus candelarius var. exiguus E. Sheld.; Astragalus consectus E. Sheld.; Astragalus inflexus G. Don var. flocculatus Jeps.; Astragalus inflexus var. ordensis Jeps.; Astragalus leucolobus M.E. Jones subsp. consectus (E. Sheld.) Abrams; Astragalus purshii var. gavisus Jeps.; Astragalus purshii var. longilobus M.E. Jones; Astragalus purshii var. ordensis (Jeps.) Jeps.; Phaca purshii (Hook.) Piper var. tincta (M.E. Jones) Piper; Xylophacos candelarius (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Xylophacos consectus (E. Sheld.) Rydb.; Xylophacos subvillosus Rydb.) North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Zoë 4(3): 269. 1893, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 142–143. 1894 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 369. 1906, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 49. 1913, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 573. 1925, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 52(7): 370. 1925, A Flora of California 2(4): 360. 1936, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 2: 578. 1944, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 675. 1964 (Analgesic, roots decoction taken for menstrual pains.) in English: woollypod, woollypod milkvetch Astragalus racemosus Pursh (Astragalus galegoides Nutt.; Astragalus racemosus var. brevisetus M.E. Jones; Astragalus racemosus var. racemosus; Astragalus racemosus var. treleasei Ced. Porter; Astragalus racemosus var. typicus Ced. Porter; Tium brevisetum (M.E. Jones) Rydb.; Tium racemosum (Pursh) Rydb.; Tragacantha racemosa (Pursh) Kuntze; Tragacantha racemosa Kuntze) Central and North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, erect to ascending, racemes elongate on stalks, drooping white or pale purple flowers See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 740. 1814[1813], The Genera of North American Plants 2: 100. 1818, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 947. 1891, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 662. 1895 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 659. 1905[1906], North American Flora 24(7): 386. 1929, Madroño 8(3): 99–100, pl. 9, f. 1–3. 1945, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 416. 1964, Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 12(4): 165–171. 2006 (Plant poisonous to livestock, selenium poisoning.) in English: alkali milkvetch, cream milkvetch, creamy milkvetch, creamy poison-vetch, Trelease’s alkali milkvetch Astragalus racemosus Pursh var. racemosus Central and North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, erect to ascending, racemes elongate on stalks, drooping white or pale purple flowers

475

Astragalus L. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 740. 1814[1813], The Genera of North American Plants 2: 100. 1818, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 947. 1891, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 662. 1895 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(12): 659. 1905[1906], North American Flora 24(7): 386. 1929, Madroño 8(3): 99–100, pl. 9, f. 1–3. 1945, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 416. 1964, Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 12(4): 165–171. 2006 (Plant poisonous to livestock, selenium poisoning.) in English: alkali milkvetch, cream milkvetch, creamy milkvetch, creamy poison-vetch, Trelease’s alkali milkvetch Astragalus rhizanthus Benth. (Astragalus hindukushensis Wendelbo; Astragalus rhizanthus Royle ex Benth.; Astragalus rhizanthus Royle; Astragalus rhizanthus Boiss.) Himalaya, India, Kashmir, Pakistan. Perennial non-climbing herb, densely covered with silky hairs, stemless and caespitose, bright yellow flowers aggregated in cluster, leaves grazed by sheep and goats, variable species See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 301. 1825, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 199–200. 1835, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 1(2): 83. 1843, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 132. 1876 and Biologia 7: 57. 1961, Taiwania 53(4): 338–355. 2008 (Roots heart stimulant; roots paste applied externally against skin infection and diseases. Insecticide.)

Astragalus sesquiflorus S. Watson (Astragalus sesquiflorus var. brevipes Barneby; Batidophaca sesquiflora (S. Watson) Rydb.; Phaca sesquiflora (S. Watson) Rydb.; Tragacantha sesquiflora (S. Watson) Kuntze) North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 346. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 948. 1891 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 48. 1913, North American Flora 24(6): 318. 1929, American Midland Naturalist 55(2): 478. 1956 (Applied to ringworm. Ceremonial, ritual, emetic.) in English: sandstone milkvetch Astragalus tibetanus Bunge (Astragalus chadjanensis Franch.; Astragalus tibetanus Benth. ex Bunge; Astragalus tibetanus var. patentipilus K.T. Fu; Astragalus talievii Sirj.) India, Afghanistan. Perennial non-climbing herb See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 11(16): 52. 1868 and 15(1): 85. 1869, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 344. 1869, Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 164. 1894 and Bulletin of Botanical Research 2(4): 73. 1982 (Goats could die of excessive eating of the leaves of this plant.) in India: biru

in India: dukchal, krelsed, krelseng, sarma, serma, sralchun, zomoshing

Astragalus tribuloides Delile (Astragalus kirghisicus Stschegl.; Astragalus tribuloides Kotschy ex Bunge; Astragalus tribuloides Delile var. leiocarpus Boiss.)

in Tibetan: srad ser

India, Egypt. Annual non-climbing herb

Astragalus rhizanthus Benth. subsp. candolleanus (Benth.) Podlech (Astragalus candolleanus Royle; Astragalus candolleanus Benth.; Astragalus candolleanus Royle ex Benth.; Astragalus rhizanthus subsp. candolleanus (Royle ex Benth.) Podlech; Astragalus royleanus Bunge)

See Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 70. 1813, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 15(1): 10. 1869 (Seeds used as demulcent.) in Arabic: beyd-el-djemel, ruchainu quedd, rukhaimi qudad

Himalayas, Pakistan, Kashmir. Perennial non-climbing shrub, suberect or prostrate, variable, yellow flowers, inflorescence a compact raceme

in China: ji li huang qi

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 301. 1825, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 199–200. 1835, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 1(2): 80. 1843 and Feddes Repertorium 83(9–10): 631. 1972[1973], Himalayan Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2: 42–48. 1985, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 25(1): 184. 1988

Astragalus verus Olivier (Astragalus verus DC. ex Bunge)

(Whole plant depurative, bechic, blood purifier, used for leprosy, skin diseases, tuberculosis, bringing fertility to barren women; root powder and decoction used in tuberculosis.)

in India: vadomocottay pisin

in India: rudanti, rudarvantee, rudravanti, rudrawanti

in India: ogai, ogaj

Iran, Asia Minor, India. Perennial non-climbing shrub, branches covered with imbricate scales and spines, yellow flowers, gummy exudation (Demulcent.) in English: gum dragon, tragacanth

Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm.(Astragalus gautieri Batt. & Trab.; Astragalus prolixus Sieber ex Bunge; Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Hutch. & Dalziel; Astragalus vogelii Bornm.;

476

Astragalus vogelii subsp. prolixus (Sieber ex Bunge) Maire; Phaca vogelii Webb) Tropical Africa, India. Annual non-climbing herb, ephemerals, sprawling, a good source of livestock grazing See Species Plantarum 2: 755. 1753, Niger Flora 123, pl. 8. 1849 and Conspectus Florae Graecae 1(2): 429. 1900, Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 33: 233. 1915, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1928(10): 404. 1928, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 8: 357–431. 1948, Mitt. Bot. Staatss. Munchen 20: 441–499. 1984 (Veterinary medicine, lactogenic, stimulant, encourages fertility and milk production.) in Arabic: tawil in Mali: adrilel, tiraral Astragalus zanskarensis Bunge (Astragalus zanskarensis Benth. ex Bunge) Himalaya, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub, leaves grazed by goats and sheep See Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 7. 11(16): 43. 1868; 15(1): 67. 1869 (Seeds antihelmintic.) in India: dianko, nanchu Astragalus zanskarensis Bunge subsp. zanskarensis (Astragalus cicerifolius Bunge; Astragalus cicerifolius Royle ex Bunge; Astragalus cicerifolius Royle ex Fisch.; Astragalus oplites Benth. ex Baker; Astragalus oplites R. Parker; Astragalus zanskarensis subsp. oplites (R. Parker) I. Deml) Himalayas, India, Kashmir. Perennial non-climbing shrub, leaves grazed by goats and sheep See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 26(2): 404. 1853, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 11(16): 44. 1868, The Flora of British India 2(4): 134. 1876 (Underground parts antiemetic.) in India: dianko, nanchu, yakpo

Astripomoea A.D.J. Meeuse Convolvulaceae

See Kew Bulletin 13: 196. 1958, African Study Monographs 19(1): 13–33. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109(1): 1–9. 2007 (For mastitis, pregnancy disorders, used to induce labor childbirth. For livestock diseases, wounds, anthrax, rabies, madness, plague.) in Congo: cimenwa, cinenwa, nfumbia likasi in Rwanda: umuháto, umutakampungwe in Uganda: mukuzanyara

Astrocaryum G. Meyer Arecaceae (Palmae) Greek astron ‘a star’ and karyon ‘nut’, an allusion to the arrangement of the fruits; see L. Praelect. Ord. Nat. Pl. 38, 53. 1792, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 265–266. 1818, Nachr. Kaiserl. Oesterr. Naturf. Brasilien 2(Anhang): 12. 1822 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 156. 1934, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 196–299. 1958, Gentes Herbarum, ix. 247. 1963, Claudio Urbano B. Pinheiro and Michael J. Balick, “Brazilian Palms. Notes on Their Uses and Vernacular Names, etc.” in Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. Volume 17. 1987, Hammel, B.E. et al. Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 2: 1–694. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 2003. Astrocaryum acaule Martius (Astrocaryum acaule var. angustifolium Drude; Astrocaryum giganteum Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum huebneri Burret; Astrocaryum luetzelburgii Burret) South America. Trunkless palm, spiny, leaves pinnate, axillary panicle, ovoid fruits apically beaked See Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2: 78, t. 24, 63, fig. 5. 1824, Fl. Bras. 3(2): 386. 1881 and Contributions du Jardin Botanique de Rio de Janeiro 82. 1902, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 1021. 1930, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 35: 128. 1934 (Ripe seeds and endocarp used.)

Astripomoea A.D.J. Meeuse Convolvulaceae

in Brazil: jarivá, tucum rasteiro, tucumã, tucumã-i

From the Greek aster ‘a star’ and the genus Ipomoea L., possibly for a plant with starry pubescence, see Bothalia 6: 709. 1958.

Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey. (Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace, nom. illeg., non Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey.; Astrocaryum aureum Griseb.; Astrocaryum candescens Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum chambira Burret; Astrocaryum jucuma Linden; Astrocaryum macrocarpum Huber; Astrocaryum manaoense Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum princeps Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum princeps var. aurantiacum Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum princeps var. flavum Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum princeps var. sulphureum Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum princeps var. vitellinum Barb. Rodr.; Astrocaryum tucuma Mart.)

Astripomoea grantii Verdc. (Astripomoea grantii (Rendle) Verdc.; Astrochlaena grantii Rendle; Astrochlaena ugandensis Rendle; Convolvulus malvaceus auct., sensu Oliv., non Breweria malvacea Klotzsch) Tanzania. Herb or shrub, short-lived perennial, erect or decumbent, flower white and purple-pink at base, inflorescence a subcapitate cyme, capsule ovoid

477

Astrocaryum G. Meyer Arecaceae (Palmae)

S. Trop. America. Tree, heavily spined trunks, base of spadix densely spiny, leaves very long, the leaflets irregularly arranged and white below, edible oil, (Thorny, intensely spiny.) See Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 265–266. 1818, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2: 77 t. 65 f. 2. 1824, Palm Trees of the Amazon 111, t. 43. 1853, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 521. 1864, Enumeratio palmarum novarum quas valle fluminis Amazonum inventas et ad sertum palmarum collectas 22. 1875, Vellosia (ed. 2) 1: 49–50, 105. 1891 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 6: 271. 1906, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 35: 122. 1934, Braz. J. Biol. 65(4): 711–716. 2005, J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(13): 5062–5072. 2007 in Brazil: murumuru, tucum, tucuma in Venezuela: kiajuaya Astrocaryum alatum H.F. Loomis (Hexopetion alatum (H.F. Loomis) F. Kahn & Pintaud) C. America, Colombia. Tree, short trunk, erect, armed, mass of roots at base, persistent leaf bases, sheath persistent, very spiny along midrib and petiole, inflorescences among leaves, flowers creamy white, infructescence erect or pendent, old spathes reflexed, hard fruit brownish green with blackish spines, fruit can be eaten, pulp sometimes eaten, lowland, forest edge, tropical wet forest, (Rows of black spines.) See Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 29(4): 142–146, f. 1–2. 1939, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 201–293. 2003, Revista Peruana de Biologia 15(Supl. 1): 53. 2008 in Costa Rica: coquillo palm, coquito, coyolillo, surubre in Honduras: kajka, lancetilla in Mexico: chocon in Nicaragua: casca in Panama: lancetilla in Venezuela: alcoyure, cumare, murumuru, tucuma, yauary Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart. (Astrocaryum dasychaetum Burret; Astrocaryum dasychaetum (Burret) Burret; Astrocaryum gymnopus Burret; Astrocaryum gynacanthum var. dasychaetum Burret; Astrocaryum gynacanthum var. munbaca Trail; Astrocaryum gynacanthum var. munbaca (Mart.) Trail; Astrocaryum minus Trail; Astrocaryum minus var. terrae-firmae Drude; Astrocaryum minus var. terrafirme Drude; Astrocaryum munbaca Mart.; Astrocaryum rodriguesii Trail; Astrocaryum rodriguesii var. minus (Trail) Barb. Rodr.) Tropical America. Trunk armed with rings of flattened black spines, pinnate leaves, obovate fruits eaten, (Thorny, intensely spiny.)

See Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 71, 73–74. 1824, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 15: 78–79. 1877, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 374. 1881 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 1020. 1930, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 35: 141. 1934 Vernacular names: cubarillo, xaneeboto in Brazil: coqueiro mumbaca, marajá-açu, mumbaca in Venezuela: manaca, quidijou, wuaju, zawarasi Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm. ex Mart. (Astrocaryum cohune (S. Watson) Standl.; Astrocaryum rostratum Hook. f.; Astrocaryum warscewiczii H. Karst.; Bactris cohune S. Watson; Hexopetion mexicanum (Liebm. ex Mart.) Burret) Mexico to C. America. Tree, flat triangular spines on junction of internodes, blade regularly pinnate, leaves glaucous below, armed throughout petioles, inflorescence erect among the leaves, flowers cream, infructescence erect among leaves, spiny brown ovoid fruits, spathe persisting, seeds and very young inflorescence edible, (Armed with spines.) See Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 70. 1777, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 265–266. 1818, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 323. 1853, Botanical Magazine 80. 1854, Wochenschrift für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 1: 297. 1858, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 21: 467–468. 1886 and Tropical Woods 21: 25. 1930, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 156. 1934, Mycorrhiza. 13(5): 271–276. 2003, Ecol. Appl. 17(1): 118–128. 2007 in Belize: chapay in Brazil: chapéu-mexicano, coyol in Honduras: lancetilla in Mexico: capean, chichon, choco Astrocaryum standleyanum L.H. Bailey (Astrocaryum standleyanum var. calimense Dugand; Astrocaryum trachycarpum Burret) Costa Rica, Ecuador. Tree, adventitious roots at nodes, armed with flattened spines, trunk and petiole very spiny, trunk internodes set with long spines, leaf base heavily armed, rachis armed with spines of different length, pendent inflorescences from upper leaves, peduncle heavily armed, fruits basally on floral branches, drooping ripe fruits bright orange, leathery spineless pericarp, pulp orange, unripe and ripe fruits eaten, (Spiny trunk and leaves.) See Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 3(2): 88, f. 67–70. 1933, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 35: 138. 1934, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 8: 396. 1951 in English: black palm

478

Astrolepis D.M. Benham & Windham Adiantaceae (Pteridaceae)

in Central America: chunga, coyolillo, guerre, guerregue, guinul, mocora, poca chi, pucajchi, pucaishchi, pucashchi, puka tci in Ecuador: huinul, mocora, pucajchi in Panama: naba Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. (Astrocaryum awarra de Vriese; Astrocaryum guianense Splitg. ex Mart.; Astrocaryum segregatum Drude; Astrocaryum tucumoides Drude)

Astronia macrophylla Blume Indonesia, Malaya. Tree, yellow-cream flowers See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1080. 1826 [Oct 1826-Nov 1827] (Young leaves and stem decoction drunk to treat stomachache, diarrhea, fever.) in English: primary forest jelemutin

South America.

in Indonesia: jelemutin empak

See Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 74. 1824, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 323. 1853, Fl. Bras. 3(2): 381–382. 1881

Astronium Jacq. Anacardiaceae

(Roots for venereal diseases. Fruits for colic, stomachache; oil from the fruits for rheumatism.) in Brazil: tucum, tucumã in French Guiana: aouara, arouara in Venezuela: akiato, cumare

Astrolepis D.M. Benham & Windham Adiantaceae (Pteridaceae) From the Greek astron ‘a star’ and lepis ‘scale’, referring to the scales on the blade surface. Astrolepis cochisensis (Goodding) D.M. Benham & Windham (Astrolepis cochisensis subsp. arizonica D.M. Benham; Astrolepis cochisensis subsp. chihuahuensis D.M. Benham; Astrolepis cochisensis subsp. cochisensis; Cheilanthes cochisensis (Goodding) Mickel; Cheilanthes sinuata (Lagasca ex Swartz) Domin var. cochisensis (Goodding) Munz; Notholaena cochisensis Goodding; Notholaena sinuata (Lagasca ex Swartz) Kaulfuss var. cochisensis (Goodding) Weatherby) North America. Perennial desert fern, compact, reddish brown stems See Enumeratio Filicum 135. 1824 and Muhlenbergia 8(8): 93. 1912, Bibliotheca Botanica 85(1): 133. 1913, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 24(3): 314. 1943, Aliso 4(1): 87. 1958, Phytologia 41(6): 433. 1979, Amer. Fern J. 82(2): 56–57, 59–60. 1992 (Reported to be toxic to sheep.)

From the Greek astron ‘star’, see Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 10, 33. 1760 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 184: 1–223. 1958, Phytologia 16(2): 107–152. 1968, Listados Florísticos de México 2: 1–100. 1983, Flora of Ecuador 30: 9–50. 1987, Flora del Paraguay 1–84. 1990, T. Parker & B. Bailey, “A biological assessment of the Alto Madidi region and adjacent areas of Northwest Bolivia.” Rapid Assessment Program Working Papers 1: 1–108. 1991, Listados Florísticos de México 17: 1–41. 1997, T.J. Killeen & T.S. Schulenberg, “A biological assessment of Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Bolivia.” Rapid Assessment Program Working Papers 10: 1–372. 1998, W.S. Alverson, D.K. Moskovits & J.S. Shopland, “Bolivia: Pando, Río Tahauamanú.” Rapid Biological Inventories 1: 1–79. 2000, M.J. Balick, M.H. Nee & D.E. Atha, “Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize.” Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: i-ix, 1–246. 2000, Listados Florísticos de México 22: 1–55. 2001, Guía de los Árboles y Arbustos del Bosque Seco Chiquitano, Bolivia i-x, 1–324. 2003, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap 4: 65–110. 2005. Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Astronium conzattii S.F. Blake; Astronium fraxinifolium Schott ex Spreng.; Astronium fraxinifolium var. glabrum Engl.; Astronium graveolens var. brasiliense Engl.; Astronium graveolens var. inodorum Triana & Planch.; Astronium graveolens var. planchoniana Engl., nom. illeg.; Astronium planchonianum Engl.; Astronium zongolica Reko) South America. Timber tree

Astronia Blume Melastomataceae

See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4(2, app.): 404. 1827, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 14: 268. 1872, Flora Brasiliensis 12(2): 399. 1876, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 455–456. 1883 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 53: 59. 1918, El México Antiguo 1: 157. 1918, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 177–195. 1949, Economic Botany 50(3): 327–336. 1996

From the Greek astron ‘a star’, see Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(Art. 4): 1. 1790, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1080. 1826 [Oct 1826-Nov 1827], Sylva Tellur. 97. 1838 and Blumea 35(1): 104. 1990.

(The sawdust sometimes causes such intense skin irritation that the affected areas resemble second-degree burns. Bactericidal, there is good evidence in several primate taxa of the use of these plants for medicinal purposes.)

in English: Arizona scaly cloakfern, Chihuahua scaly cloakfern, Cochise scaly cloakfern, Jimmyfern, scaly cloakfern, waxy cloak fern

479

Asystasia Blume Acanthaceae

in English: tigerwood, zebrawood in South America: gonçalo alves, gonzalo alves, jobillo, palo obrero, ronron

(Used to relieve internal heat or fever, giddiness, dehydration, leucoderma, leaves and flowers consumed with honey. Roots for skin diseases.)

Astronium urundeuva (Allemão) Engl. (Astronium juglandifolium Griseb.; Astronium urundeuva Engl.; Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão)

in China: shi wan cuo

South America.

Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau

See Trabalhos da Commissão Scientifica de Exploracão, Seccão Botanica 1: 3. 1862, Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam 94. 1879, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 45. 1881 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu BerlinDahlem 11: 1011. 1934, Phytologia 16(2): 107–152. 1968, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 20(6): 803–805. 1987, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 21(3): 531–533. 1998, J. Ethnopharmacol. 67(1): 69–77. 1999, Acta Botânica Brasílica 17: 287–303. 2003, Contact Dermatitis. 51(5–6): 311. 2004, Phytomedicine 11(2–3): 230–234. 2004, Phytomedicine 11(6): 516–522. 2004

India. Herb, young leaves as a vegetable

(Contact dermatitis. Antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory, for treatment of diarrhea, inflammatory processes.) in South America: aroeira, aroeira da serra, aroeira do campo, aroeira do sertao, aroeira preta, chibatao, cuchi, gibao, gibatao, muiracatiara, pandeiro, ubata, ubatani, urunday, urundel, urundeúva

Asystasia Blume Acanthaceae Greek asystasia ‘confusion, inconsistency, want of union’, asystatos ‘loose, having no cohesion’, referring to the habit of the plant; see Karl Ludwig von Blume, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. 14: 796. 1825–1826, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 13–54. 1864 and Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 18: 1–87. 1986, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Asystasia calycina Benth. (Asystasia calycina Nees) Ghana. Scrambling herb, straggling, semi-erect to erect, rooting at nodes, corolla white, browsed by sheep See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 90. 1832, Niger Fl. [W.J. Hooker]. 478. 1849 [Nov–Dec 1849] (Pounded leaves applied to sores; poultice used for healing bullet-wounds.) Asystasia chelonoides Nees (Asystasia violacea Dalzell ex C.B. Clarke) India, Sri Lanka. Herb, straggling, terminal branched panicles, corolla white to light purple See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 89. 1832, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 139. 1850 and Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40: 812–827. 2002, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 280–290. 2007

in India: kaattumanikulikipatchilai, kattumaniculiki pachillai, kattumaniculikipachillai

See Kew Bulletin 1948, 276. 1948 (Heated leaves as a bandage on boils and swellings; leaves paste applied on sprains of foot.) in India: bassatti, harani, karappan-boondu Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson (Asystasia bojeriana Nees; Asystasia capensis Nees; Asystasia comorensis Nees; Asystasia comorensis var. humilis Nees; Asystasia coromandeliana Nees; Asystasia coromandeliana Burkill & C.B. Clarke; Asystasia violacea Dalz.; Justicia gangetica L.; Ruellia secunda Vahl) Tropical Africa and Asia. Herb, weed, prostrate or erect, scrambling, straggling, creeping, scandent, climber, trailing, woody rootstock, weak-stemmed, sepals cream pale green, corolla white-purple to pale yellow, hairy capsules, high nutritive value, tender leaves and young stems edible, browsed by stock, along roadsides and riverbanks, coastal alluvium, at forest edges and disturbed areas, in semi-waterlogged areas See Amoenitates academicae … 4: 299–300. 1759, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 89. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 166–167. 1847, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 235–236. 1860, Flora of Tropical Africa 5: 131. 1899 and Cat. Pl. Madag., Acanth. 2(24): 7–32. 1939, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15: 90–92. 1980, Kang, L.C., “Asystasia.” Nature Malaysiana 6(2): 14–17. 1981, Taxon 31: 595–596, 773. 1982, Cytologia 48: 491–504. 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 65: 310–315. 1986, Feddes Repertorium 99: 507–517. 1988, Special Publication [Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum] 1: 988. 1990, Proceedings of the XIIIth Plenary Meeting of AETFAT, Zomba, Malawi, 1–11 April, 1991 1: 333–346. 1994, Systematic Botany 25(1): 15–25. 2000, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 52(12): 143–158. 2000 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. The juice, with lime and onion juice, used for dry coughs with an irritated throat and chest complaints; sap applied to sores, swellings, wounds and piles; plant juice to children for swellings and rheumatism. Leaves washed, pounded and boiled, the decoction drunk to eradicate intestinal worms; leaf decoction analgesic, to treat epilepsy, rheumatism and urethral discharge. Powdered roots analgesic, for stomachache and snakebites. Veterinary

480

Asystasiella Lindau Acanthaceae

medicine, plants pounded with water to make a wash against fleas for young animals.) in English: Chinese violet, Coromandel, Ganges river asystasia in China: kaw kua chai in India: corri, lavana-valli, lavana-valli, lavanavalli, lavangavalli, maithaala kaddi, medday keerai, medde soppu, meddesoppu, meddhe soppu, mekampokki, mitikirai, mooguthi gida, mukka mungera, pacconti, paccorri, paccottinkirai, paccurri, paccutti, palcorrikkirai, palvatintan, panacakkoti, paralaukikam, paralelakkam, parcorri, parcorrikkirai, parcurri, patunayaki, patuvanayaki, payacakkoti, poda beera, porrikkirai, tappeta, valli-upu-dali, venna kattethige in Malaysia: rumput bunga putih, rumput hantu, rumput nyonya in Philippines: zamboangenita

asistasia,

asistasiya,

bulak-bulak,

in Thailand: baya, yaya

in East Africa: acwer, atipa, ejotot malakao, ttemba in Kenya: chemurguiwet in South Africa: umThunuka

Asystasiella Lindau Acanthaceae Diminutive of the genus Asystasia Blume, see Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 326. 1895. Asystasiella neesiana (Wallich) Lindau (Asystasia chinensis S. Moore; Asystasia neesiana (Wallich) Nees; Asystasia neesiana Nees; Asystasiella chinensis (S. Moore) E. Hossain; Ruellia neesiana Wallich) China. See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 13(152): 228–229. 1875 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 32(3): 405. 1973 (Leaves and rhizome used as medicine.) in China: bei jie guo

in Congo: ondo, ondoko in Kenya: atipa, burutula, enkosida, fuchwe, futsure, futswe, gosida, mtikini, tala-kushe, talakusha, talakushe, thalakushe, tsalakushe, turkwot, vongonya in Rodrigues Isl.: herbe à pistache in Tanzania: enkosida, fuchwe, futsure, futswe, gosida, ikingura, ikobito, kamfondofondo kahendavu, katikamonga, kichwamangwo, mchicha, mfuchwe, mtikini, tala-kushe, tikini in Yoruba: abesukale, ila funfun, lobiri, obo esin, sobohee funfun Asystasia mysorensis (Roth) T. Anderson (Asystasia mysurensis T. Anderson; Ruellia mysorensis Roth) Tanzania. A small herb, erect or scrambling, yellow white flowers borne on a short densely bracted terminal inflorescence, dehiscent yellowish brown capsule, cooked and eaten as a vegetable See Species Plantarum 2: 634–635. 1753, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 9: 524. 1867 (Said to be good for digestion.) in Kenya: atipa, esidiba, esitipa, karimi-ka-nthia, kisuvu, muhika-naihu, nyag’ori, orongwo, sitipa Asystasia schimperi T. Anders. (Adhatoda rostrata Hochst. ex Oliv.; Asystasia rostrata Solms; Asystasia rostrata (Hochst. ex Nees) Solms) Kenya. Erect, white flowers See J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 40, 53. 1863 (Leaves infusion taken to treat cough, skin diseases.)

Ataenidia Gagnepain Marantaceae From the Greek a ‘negative’ and tainia ‘fillet, a ribbon’, see Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 55: xli. 1908. Ataenidia conferta (Benth.) Milne-Redh. (Ataenidia gabonensis Gagnep.; Calathea conferta Benth.; Donax conferta (Benth.) Roberty; Phrynium confertum K. Schum.; Phrynium confertum (Benth.) K. Schum.; Phrynium cristagalli A. Chev., Hutch. & Dalziel; Phrynium crista-galli A. Chev.; Phrynium gabonense (Gagnep.) Loes.; Phrynium textile Ridl.; Phyllodes conferta (Benth.) Kuntze; Phyllodes textilis (Ridl.) T. Durand & Schinz) Ghana, Nigeria, Trop. Africa. Herb, branching, tufted, straggling, mauve white flowers in terminal spikes, flowering bracts dark red, membranous indehiscent fruit, leaf shoot eaten by chimpanzee See Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(2): 653. 1883 [14 Apr 1883], Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 25: 133. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 696. 1891, Consp. Fl. Afric. 5: 133. 1894 and Pflanzenr., IV, 48: 56. 1902, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 41. 1908, Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … i 631. 1920, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 15a: 673. 1930, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] ii. 337. 1936, Kew Bulletin 1952: 168. 1952, Fl. Ouest-Afr.: 360. 1954 (Vermifuge, astringent, wound healing.)

Atalantia Corr. Rutaceae Named in honor of Atalanta (or Atalante), probably a byform of the goddess Artemis, in Greek legend the daughter

481

Atalantia Corr. Rutaceae

of the Arcadian Iasus by his wife Clymene; according to a Boeotian legend she was the daughter of King Schoeneus of Scyros and her husband Hippomenes; in Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. 6: 383. Paris 1805. Atalantia monophylla Corr. (Atalantia floribunda Wight; Atalantia malabarica (Raf.) Tanaka; Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.; Atalantia monophylla (L.) DC.; Atalantia monophylla DC.; Atalantia monophylla Hook. & Arn.; Atalantia puberula Miq.; Atalantia spinosa (Willd.) Tan.; Limonia monophylla L.; Limonia monophylla Roxb., non L.; Malnarega malabarica Raf.; Trichilia spinosa Willd.; Turraea spinosa Willd.; Turraea virens Hellen., non L.) India, Sri Lanka. Shrub or small tree, glabrous, muchbranched, widely spreading crown, unarmed or with strong straight axillary spines, coriaceous alternate leaves, leaflets elliptic or ovate-oblong, calyx more or less irregularly and deeply 2-cleft, fragrant flowers fascicled or shortly racemose to paniculate, fruit a small hesperidium, seeds oblong, ripe fruits palatable, very hard wood, dry habitats and climates, rocky coasts, rocky or sandy soils See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 278. 1756, Mant. Pl. Altera 237. 1771, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 6: 383–384. 1805, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 535. 1824, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 133. 1825, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 18: 324. 1836 and J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 16: 233. 1937, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 71(3-x): 13. 1984, Revis. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 418. 1985, Acta Botanica Indica 18: 67–70. 1990, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 44(7): 1415–1417. 1996, American Journal of Botany 87(5): 735– 747. 2000, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 99(1): 115–118. 2004, Ethnobotany 17(1–2): 205. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Roots antiseptic, antiviral, antispasmodic, stimulant, useful in rheumatism, lumbago, snakebite and swellings. Leaves decoction used in itches and skin diseases; leaf paste massaged to relieve backache and waist pain. Fruits antipyretic; unripe fruits prescribed as digestive, appetizing, invigorating and gastric stimulant; essential oil from the fruits used in paralysis and chronic rheumatism. Mosquitocidal.) in English: Indian atalantia, sea lime, wild lime in India: adavi limbe, adavi nimbe, adavi-nimma, adavimunugudu, adavinimbe, adavinimma, adivinimma, anakamitam, atavi-jambira, betta, betta kanchi, chor-nimbu, chulemo, dodda huli, dodi-nimbu, dodli huli, dodlihuli, erra munukudu, erramunukudu, ettamunukudu, ida-nimbu, iyacakurinci, iyacakurincimaram, jangli-neembu, junglinimbu, kaadu limbe, kaadu nimbe, kaaka kanchi, kaakanchi, kaakanchi balli, kacappuelumiccai, kacapputtotikam, kacapputtotikamaram, kadinimbi, kadnimbai, kadu-limbe, kadulimbe, kadumbi, kadunimbe, kaiperapuli, kaiperipuli, kaitikam, kaitikamaram, kanchi, kanchile, kappiliyelumiccai, karu nimma, karunimma, katimbai, katnaranjee,

kattanaragam, kattelimiccai, kattelumiccai, kattelumichai, kattu-elumchhiphalam, kattu elumiccai, kattu elumicchai, kattu elumichai, kattu-elumichchai, kattu-elumichham-pazham, kattu-elumichhampazham, kattu narankam, kattuelimichai, kattukkani, kattukkiccili, kattukkichili, kattukkolumiccai, kattukkolunci, kattukkurundu, kattukkuruntu, kattukurunnu, kattukurunta, kattulimbe, kattunaragam, kattunarakam, kattunarattai, katunimbe, kolanna, kondanimma, kurandubeej, kurindai, kurundu, kuruntan, kuruntotti, kuruntottimaram, kuruntu, kuttunarakam, maakadlimbu, makadlimbu, makurlimbu, mal-naregam, malai-narathai, malainarathai, malamandarai, malanarakam, malanaregam, malang-nar, malenarakam, malenarakan, malnaregam, murikinimma, narattai, nargumi, narguni, palamaram, perungurundhu, perungurundu, perunkuruntu, perunkuruttu, peyelumiccai, raanlimbu, ramser, ran-limbi, ranlimbu, yerramonukudu in Malaya: limau hantu, merlimau Atalantia racemosa Wight & Arn. India, Sri Lanka. Shrub or small tree, branches with long spines, white flowers in axillary short cymes, globose fruit edible See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 91. 1834, Hook. Journ. Bot. 1: 64, t. 122. 1834 and Fl. Bombay 1: 187. 1903, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 75: 714. 1928, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 37(5): 1435–1437. 1989, Fl. Maharashtra 1: 199. 1996, Fl. Madras 1: 159. 1997, Fitoterapia 73(4): 281–287. 2002 (Used in Sidha. Antiviral, antispasmodic and analgesic, leaf used to treat intestinal ulcers, fever and cough. Fruit juice used for skin ailments. Stem and leaves, insect antifeedants. Sacred tree associated with Lord Shiva.) in English: Bombay atalantia, wild lime in India: aadavinimma, adavinim, atavi-jambira, huchhu nimbe, kadimbe, kadimbi, kattelimiccai, kattelumiccai, kattelumichai, kattu elumiccai, kattu elumicchai, kattu elumichai, kattu-elumichchai, kattu-k-kolinci, kattuelimichai, kattukkolunci, kattunaragam, kurundhu, kuruntu, malanaragam, ran-limbi in Sri Lanka: kattu naragam, kuranga, naivella Atalantia roxburghiana Hook.f. (Atalantia roxburghiana Tanaka) Malaysia. See The Flora of British India 1(3): 513. 1875 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 68: 232. 1930 (For stomachache, pound the leaves with the leaves of Citrus aurantifolia and Areca catechu, and swallow the juice.) Malay name: limau pagar

482

Athanasia L. Asteraceae

Athanasia L. Asteraceae

in India: mahwari

Greek athanasia ‘immortality’, a ‘without, not, un-, lacking’ and thanatos ‘death’, the flowers are dry and long persisting, the involucral bracts are very persistent.

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth (Aspidium angustum Willd.; Aspidium asplenioides Griseb.; Aspidium asplenioides (Michx.) Sw.; Aspidium asplenioides Christ; Aspidium asplenioides Sw.; Aspidium filix femina Sw.; Aspidium filix-femina (L.) Sw.; Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh.; Asplenium michauxii Spreng.; Athyrium angustum C. Presl; Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl; Athyrium arcuatum Liebm.; Athyrium barnebyanum Mickel & Beitel; Athyrium bourgaeui E. Fourn.; Athyrium contingens Ching & S.K. Wu; Athyrium dentatum Ching, later hom., non (Sw.) Gray (1821); Athyrium dombeyi Desv.; Athyrium ensiferum Ching & H.S. Kung; Athyrium excelsium Ching; Athyrium filix femina (L.) Roth; Athyrium filix-femina var. dombeyi (Desv.) Hieron.; Athyrium filix-femina var. michauxii (Spreng.) Farw.; Athyrium galeottii Fée; Athyrium lancipinnulum Ching; Athyrium michauxii (Spreng.) Fée; Athyrium michauxii Fée; Athyrium nudifrons Ching; Athyrium oblongum Ching; Athyrium paramicola L.D. Gómez; Athyrium paucifrons C. Chr.; Athyrium pumilio H. Christ; Athyrium supranigrescens Ching; Athyrium tarulakaense Ching; Athyrium tsaii Ching; Lastrea filix foemina Colomb; Lastrea filix-femina (L.) Colomb; Nephrodium asplenioides Michx.; Nephrodium filix-femina (L.) Michx.; Nephrodium filix femina Michx.; Polypodium filix-femina L.)

Athanasia trifurcata (L.) L. (Santolina trifurcata L.) South Africa. Shrub, aromatic, flowers heads yellow rarely creamy white, unpalatable, drought tolerant and clay soil tolerant, on overgrazed or recently burnt or disturbed veld See Species Plantarum 2: 843–845. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1180. 1763 and “Photosensitivity in South Africa. III. Ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity caused by the plant Athanasia trifurcata L. (Asteraceae).” Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 50(1): 45–53. 1983, Opera Botanica 106: 1–75. 1991 (Toxic, photosensitivity.) in South Africa: klaas louwbos, klaaslouwbos, klaaslouwbossie, kouterbossie Athanasia vestita Druce (Athanasia calva Hutch.; Athanasia coronopifolia Harv.; Athanasia fasciculata (Less.) D. Dietr.; Athanasia leucoclada (DC.) Harv.; Athanasia montana Wood; Athanasia punctata (DC.) Harv.; Athanasia thodei Bolus; Athanasia tridens Oliv.; Athanasia vestita (Thunb.) Druce; Hymenolepis dregeana DC.; Hymenolepis leucoclada DC.; Morysia fasciculata Less.; Tanacetum vestitum Thunb.) South Africa. Perennial shrub, compact See Species Plantarum 2: 843–845. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1180. 1763, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 138. 1817 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 1916, 607. 1917 (Potentially allergenic.)

Athyrium Roth Dryopteridaceae (Polypodiaceae, Woodsiaceae) Greek athyros, athyron ‘without door, open’, referring to the sporangia, see Flora of Chiapas 2: 1–370. 1981, J. Jap. Bot. 56(7): 194. 1981, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(4): 130–133. 1986, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30(3): 246–247. 1992, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 17(3): 286–300. 1997, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 84: viii-xv, 1–278. 1999, Fl. Yunnan. 20: 391–395. 2006. Athyrium falcatum Bedd. India. See The Ferns of Southern India t. 151. 1863 and Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 459–465. 1989 (Leaves extract taken to treat jaundice and diseases of spleen. Fronds decoction used to promote menstruation, to increase bronchial secretion, to remove catarrh.)

South America, Asia. Fern, herbaceous, terrestrial, rhizomatous, clumping, forming rosettes, slow spreading, scales at base black, spores light tan, young shoots edible, a bitter emergency food, páramos, along stream bank See Species Plantarum 2: 1078–1082, 1090. 1753, Tentamen Florae Germanicae 3(1): 31, 58–59, 65. 1799, Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 4, 29, 41. 1801, Flora BorealiAmericana (Michaux) 2: 266, 268–269. 1803, Neues Journal für die Botanik 1(2): 26. 1805, Syn. Fil. (Swartz) 60. 1806, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 5(1): 227. 1810, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 11. 1821, Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle 6: 588. 1824, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1): 39. 1825, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 266. 1827, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4: 88. 1827, Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabeli Mathematisk Afdeling 1: 278. 1849, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 186–187 1850–1852, Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] 693. 1864, Mexicanas Plantas 1: 102. 1872, Hist. Fil. 327. 1875, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 107: 1013. 1888 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 3(2): 147. 1903, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 34: 456. 1904, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 371. 1911, Report of the Michigan academy of science, arts and letters 18: 79. 1916, Phytologia 52(3): 154. 1982, Flora Xizangica 1: 134. 1983, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 6(1): 12–13, 17–21. 1986, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 6(2): 102–103. 1986, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia

Athyrium Roth Dryopteridaceae (Polypodiaceae, Woodsiaceae)

Sinica 6(3): 150, 158. 1986, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 15(2): 123–161. 1986, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 46: 77, f. 129 A, B. 1988 [Pterid. Fl. Oaxaca], Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 48: 82–84. 1990, Watsonia 21: 365–368. 1997, Flora Mediterranea 7: 225–235. 1997 (Used as a medicinal tea to relieve labor pains. The fresh shoots contain thiaminase, large quantities can cause severe health problems; the enzyme is destroyed by heat or thorough drying, so cooking the plant will remove the thiaminase. Plant and rhizome anthelmintic, antirheumatic. Roots anthelmintic, strong vermifuge and diuretic; dried powdered roots applied externally to heal sores.) in English: common ladyfern, lady fern Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. angustum (Willd.) G. Lawson (Aspidium angustum Willd.; Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl; Athyrium angustum var. laurentianum Butters; Athyrium angustum var. rubellum (Gilbert) Butters; Athyrium angustum var. subtripinnatum Butters; Athyrium filix-femina fo. rubellum Farw.; Athyrium filix-femina subsp. angustum R.T. Clausen; Athyrium filix-femina subsp. angustum (Willd.) R.T. Clausen; Athyrium filix-femina subsp. angustum (Willd.) Hultén; Athyrium filix-femina subsp. asplenioides (Desv.) Hultén; Athyrium filix-femina var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw.; Athyrium filix-femina var. asplenioides Farw.; Athyrium filix-femina var. michauxii (Spreng.) Farw.; Athyrium filix-femina var. michauxii Farw.; Athyrium filixfemina var. rubellum Gilbert; Athyrium filix-foemina var. rubellum Gilbert) North America. Perennial, clumped, drooping to erect, sori often horseshoe-shaped, fronds yellowish green, shaded forest edge See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 5(1): 227. 1810, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1): 39. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4: 88. 1827, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 266. 1827, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 186. 1850, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal n.s. 19: 115. 1864 and Report of the Michigan academy of science, arts and letters 18: 79. 1916 [20 Jan 1917], Rhodora 19: 194. 1917, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 2: 13. 1923, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 291: 7. 1949, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 8(5): 178. 1962 (Infusion of rhizomes taken by mothers with intestinal fevers; a medicinal tea to relieve labor pains.) in English: subarctic ladyfern Athyrium hohenackerianum T. hohenackerianum (Kunze) T. Moore) India. See Index Fil. (T. Moore) XLIX. 1857 (Plant used to cure beriberi.)

Moore

(Athyrium

483

Athyrium pectinatum (Wall. ex Mett.) T. Moore (Asplenium filix-femina var. pectinatum Wall. ex C.B. Clarke; Asplenium pectinatum T. Moore, nom. inval.; Asplenium pectinatum Wall. ex Mett.; Asplenium pectinatum Wall., nom. inval.; Athyrium filix-femina subsp. pectinatum (Wall. ex Mett.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth subsp. pectinatum (Wall.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Athyrium filix-femina var. pectinatum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd.; Athyrium filix-foemina var. pectinatum Millsp.; Athyrium pectinatum (Fée) Fée; Athyrium pectinatum (Wall.) Presl; Athyrium pectinatum C. Presl, nom. inval.; Athyrium pectinatum (Wall. ex Mett.) Bedd.) China. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 231. 1828, Tent. Pterid. 98. 1836, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 3(1): 241. 1859, Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 6: 197. 1859, Index Filicum (T. Moore) 2: 152, 186. 1860, The Ferns of Southern India 51. 1863, Handbook to the Ferns of British India 169. 1883 and Millsp. Living Fl. W. Va 5A(1): 193. 1913, Taxon 26(2– 3): 326. 1977, Aspects Pl. Sci. 6: 119–181. 1983, J. Cytol. Genet. 19: 111–112. 1984, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 86: 471–472. 1985, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 459–465. 1989, Indian Fern J. 11: 82–88. 1994 (Plants contain phenols.) Athyrium puncticaule (Blume) T. Moore (Athyrium puncticaule T. Moore) India, China. See Enumeratio Plantarum Javae fasc. 2: 159. 1828, Index Filicum (T. Moore) 186. 1860 and J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988 (Rhizome antibacterial.) Athyrium schimperi Moug. ex Fée (Asplenium filix-femina var. polyspora C.B. Clarke; Asplenium schimperi (Moug. ex Fée) A. Braun; Asplenium schimperi A. Braun; Asplenium schimperi J. Sm.; Athyrium biserrulatum H. Christ; Athyrium filix-femina var. polyspora (C.B. Clarke) Bedd.; Athyrium polysporum (C.B. Clarke) Ching ex Mehra & Bir; Athyrium wumonshanicum Ching) China, India, Madagascar. See Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 187. 1852, Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens … 1: 224. 1867, Hist. Fil. 320. 1875, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 1(7): 493, pl. 61, f. 1. 1880, Handbook to the Ferns of British India 170. 1883 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 17(212): 135–136. 1907, American Fern Journal 50(4): 289. 1960, Taxon 26(2–3): 326. 1977, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Aspects Pl. Sci. 6: 119–181. 1983, J. Cytol. Genet. 19: 111–112. 1984, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 86: 471–472. 1985, Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica 6(1): 20. 1986, J. Cytol. Genet. 23:

484

Atractylis L. Asteraceae

38–52. 1988, Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 459–465. 1989, Indian Fern J. 11: 82–88. 1994

spindle, arrow’, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 7(1): 48. 1838.

(Sporophyll antibacterial.)

Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi ex Kitamura (Atractylis japonica (Koidzumi ex Kitamura) Kitagawa; Atractylis lyrata Siebold & Zucc. fo. ternata (Kom.) Nakai; Atractylis lyrata var. ternata (Kom.) Koidz.; Atractylis ovata fo. pinnatifolia Kom.; Atractylis ovata Thunberg var. ternata Kom.; Atractylis pinnatifolia (Kom.) S.Y. Hu; Atractylodes lyrata Siebold & Zuccarini var. ternata (Komarov) Koidzumi)

Atractylis L. Asteraceae Latin atractylis and Greek atraktylis or atraktyllis for a thistle-like plant used for making spindles, woolly carthamus or Carthamus lanatus L. (Theophrastus, HP. 6.4.6), atraktos ‘a spindle, arrow’, see Species Plantarum 2: 828– 829. 1753, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. [F. Cuvier] 47: 509. 1827 and Feddes Repert. 83(4): 228–231. 1972, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Lett. Bot. 134(2): 179. 1987, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Lett. Bot. 135(1): 72. 1988, Denkschr. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Mat.-Naturwiss. 127: 275. 1990, Denkschr. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Mat.-Naturwiss. 128: 111, 138, 414. 1994, Taxon 59(2): 377. 2010. Atractylis gummifera L. (Atractylis gummifera Salzm. ex Ball; Carlina fontanesii DC.; Carlina gummifera Less.; Chamaeleon gummifer Cass.) Mediterranean regions, North Africa. Spiny thistle, stemless, in dry areas See Species Plantarum 2: 829. 1753, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2. [F. Cuvier] 47: 509. 1827, Flora 11: 325. 1828, Syn. Gen. Compos. 12. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 6: 548. 1838 [1837 publ. early Jan 1838], J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 519. 1878 and Fitoterapia 71(3): 278–307. 2000, J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 41(3): 309– 315. 2003, Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 46(3): 144–146. 2004, Daniele, C. et al. “Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning: an ethnopharmacological review.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(2): 175–181. 2005, Presse Med. 35(12 Pt 1): 1828–1830. 2006, Stickel, F., Schuppan, D. “Herbal medicine in the treatment of liver diseases.” Digestive and Liver Disease: Official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 39(4): 293–304. 2007 (Rhizome juice poisonous and often fatal. Powdered root used as an external application in the treatment of skin abscesses and warts. No specific pharmacological treatment for Atractylis gummifera intoxication is yet available and all the current therapeutic approaches are only symptomatic.)

Japan. Perennial herb, knotty rhizomes, leaves radical and cauline, white flowers, famine food See Species Plantarum 2: 829. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 306. 1784, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(3): 193. 1846 and Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada 25(2): 716. 1907, Botanical Magazine 42: 478. 1928, Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae 5. 1930, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 4(3): 178. 1935, Lineamenta Florae Manshuricae 439. 1939, Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 18: 217. 1965, Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 22(6): 493–497. 2001, Phytother. Res. 15(6): 481–486. 2001, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27(3): 324–327. 2004, Han, S.B. et al. “Prevention of arthritic inflammation using an oriental herbal combination BDX-1 isolated from Achyranthes bidentata and Atractylodes japonica.” Arch. Pharm. Res. 28(8): 902–908. 2005, Journal of Food Science 70(9): 575–580. 2005, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(2): 315–320. 2006 (Rhizome antiemetic, liver-protective, diaphoretic, hypoglycemic, digestive, antioxidant, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic, used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea, edema, mastitis, fistula, rheumatoid arthritis, pain, allergy and asthma. Dried rhizomes of five species of Atractylodes (A. japonica, A. macrocephala, A. lancea, A. chinensis, and A. koreana) used as crude drugs mainly for the treatment of stomach disorders and for their diuretic properties. An oriental herbal combination (BDX-1) was isolated from Achyranthes bidentata and Atractylodes japonica; BDX-1 could be useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.) in English: Japanese atractylodes

in English: bird-lime, blue thistle, gum thistle

in China: guan cang shu

in Italian: masticogna laticifera

in Korea: sab-joo

in Malta: xewk tal-mixta

Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Acarna chinensis Bunge; Atractylis chinensis (Bunge) DC.; Atractylis chinensis fo. erosodentata (Koidz.) Hand.-Mazz.; Atractylis chinensis fo. simplicifolia (Loes.) Hand.-Mazz.; Atractylis chinensis fo. stapfii (Baroni) Hand.-Mazz.; Atractylis chinensis var. liaotungensis Kitagawa; Atractylis chinensis var. loeseneri Kitagawa; Atractylis chinensis var. quiqueloba Baranov & Sk.; Atractylis chinensis var. simplicifolia (Loesen.) Chu; Atractylis chinensis var. simplicifolia (Loes.) Baranova & Sk.; Atractylis lancea Thunberg; Atractylis lancea var. chinensis

in Morocco: addad

Atractylodes DC. Asteraceae From the genus Atractylis L. and eidos, oides ‘resemblance’, Latin atractylis and Greek atraktylis or atraktyllis for a thistle-like plant used for making spindles, woolly carthamus or Carthamus lanatus L. (Theophrastus, HP. 6.4.6), atraktos ‘a

485

Atriplex L. Chenopodiaceae

(Bunge) Kitam.; Atractylis lyrata Siebold & Zucc.; Atractylis lyrata (Siebold & Zucc.) Hand.-Mazz.; Atractylis ovata Thunberg; Atractylis ovata fo. amurensis Freyn ex Kom.; Atractylis ovata fo. lyratifolia Kom.; Atractylis ovata fo. simplicifolia (Loes.) Kom.; Atractylis ovata var. simplicifolia Loesen.; Atractylis separata Bailey; Atractylodes chinensis (Bunge) Koidzumi; Atractylodes chinensis var. simplicifolia (Loesen.) Kitagawa; Atractylodes erosodentata Koidzumi; Atractylodes lancea var. simplicifolia (Loesen.) Kitamura; Atractylodes lyrata Siebold & Zuccarini; Atractylodes ovata (Thunberg) DC.; Giraldia stapfii Baroni) China. Perennial herb, erect, simple, rhizomes finger-shaped somewhat aromatic, inflorescence a terminal head See Species Plantarum 2: 829. 1753, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 195. 1760, Flora Japonica, … 306. 1784, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2: 110. 1833, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 549. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7: 48. 1838, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(3): 193. 1846, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 4: 431. 1897 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 34(1, Beibl. 75): 74. 1904, Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaničeskago Sada 25(2): 716–717. 1907, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 1: 47, f. 16. 1920, Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae 4, 6. 1930, Report of the First Scientific Expedition to Manchoukou 4(4): 94. 1936, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 12(9): 308–310. 1938, Report of the Institute of Scientific Research, Manchoukuo 3: 439. 1939, Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 16: 63. 1940, Journal of Japanese Botany 19(4): 114–115. 1943, Key Pl. N.E. China 410. 1959, Am. J. Chin. Med. 24(2): 165–168. 1996, J. Ethnopharmacol. 84(1): 51–55. 2003, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 51(6): 673–678. 2003, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 51(9): 1106–1108. 2003, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 512(2– 3): 105–115. 2005 (Antiangiogenic, antiinfective, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, febrifuge, antiemetic, anti-night blindness, interferon inducent, tonic, immune regulator, appetite stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, hypoglycemic, sedative, hypotensive, stomachic, rhizomes used for gastric and digestive disorders, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal distension, diarrhea, candida, rheumatism, arthritis, headaches, edema in lower extremities.) in English: southern tsangshu, swordlike atractylodes in China: cang shu, cang zhu, cangzhu, mao cang zhu, nan cang zhu Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi (Acarna chinensis Bunge; Atractylis lancea var. chinensis (Bunge) Kitam.; Atractylis macrocephala (Koidzumi) Handel-Mazzetti; Atractylis macrocephala var. hunanensis Ling)

E. Asia, China, Japan and Korea. Perennial herb, somewhat aromatic, erect, glabrous, branched in upper part, roots brown outside, flowers dioecious, fruit an achene with a silky pappus, pastures and waste ground See Flora Japonica, … 306. 1784, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2: 110. 1833. and Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae 5. 1930, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 12(9): 310. 1938, Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 16: 63. 1940, Contributions from the Institute of Botany, National Academy of Peiping 6: 66. 1949, Yeung, Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles 1985, Nguyen Van Dan & Doan Thi Nhu, Medicinal Plants in Vietnam. World Health Organization, Manila and Institute of Materia Medica, Hanoi 1989 (Rhizomes peptic, stomachic and tonic, immune stimulant, carminative, cholagogic, antiulcer, antibacterial, diuretic, antiinflammatory, sedative, antitussive, hypoglycemic, used in the treatment of gastritis, petpic ulcer, dyspepsia, vomiting, abdominal distension, chronic diarrhea, edema and spontaneous sweating, polyuria, dysuria. Increases excretion of potassium salts.) in English: large-headed atractylodes, white atractylodes in China: bai shu, baizhu, bai zhu in Vietnam: bach truat

Atriplex L. Chenopodiaceae Latin atriplex, icis, a name used by Plinius for the orach, a kitchen vegetable; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1052. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 472. 1754 and Rhodora 102(912): 418. 2000[2001]. Atriplex argentea Nutt. (Atriplex argentea Nutt. subsp. typica H.M. Hall & Clem.; Obione argentea (Nutt.) Moq.) (Obione Gaertner, probably after the river Ob; see De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 198, pl. 126. 1791 and Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 427. Basel 1996.) North America. Annual or perennial, young leaves cooked and eaten, forage for cattle See The Genera of North American Plants 1: 198. 1818, Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 76–77. 1840 and North American Flora 21(1): 46. 1916, Rhodora 102(912): 420. 2000[2001] (Analgesic, stomachic, poultice of leaves applied to spider bites, poultice of chewed root applied to sores and rashes; roots infusion for stomachache.) in English: silverscale, silverscale saltbush Atriplex argentea Nutt. subsp. expansa (S. Watson) H.M. Hall & Clem. (Atriplex argentea var. mohavensis M.E.

486

Jones; Atriplex expansa S. Watson; Atriplex expansa var. mohavensis M.E. Jones) North America. Annual or perennial herb See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 116. 1874 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 284. 1923, Novon 14(4): 509. 2004 (Analgesic.) in English: silverscale, silverscale saltbush Atriplex barclayana (Benth.) D. Dietr. (Obione barclayana Benth.)

Atriplex L. Chenopodiaceae

Mexico, North America. Perennial, dioecious, densely branched, spiny, rounded, rigid erect twigs, irregular trunk, small inconspicuous green flowers, clustered fruits provide food for game birds and songbirds, salt-tolerant shrub, valuable browse plant for wildlife and livestock See Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 318. 1845, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 119. 1874 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 16(4): 119–120. 1913, North American Flora 21(1): 70. 1916, Flora of the Rocky Mountains 248, 1061. 1917 (Anticonvulsive, cold remedy, antirheumatic, antispasmodic.)

North America. Perennial herb, dense branching, groundcover, birds eat seeds, alkaline or saline soils

in English: shad-scale, shadscale saltbush, sheep’s fat, spiny saltbush

See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 198, pl. 126. 1791, The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 48. 1844, Synopsis Plantarum 5: 537. 1852 and North American Flora 21(1): 60. 1916

Atriplex hortensis L. (Atriplex nitens Schkuhr)

(Twigs and leaves cooked with branch tips of Bursera microphylla and the liquid used to bathe stingray wounds.) in English: Barclay’s saltbush, dwarf saltbush Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (Atriplex canescens James; Atriplex nuttallii S. Watson; Calligonum canescens Pursh; Obione canescens (Pursh) Moq.; Obione canescens (Pursh) Torr.; Pterochiton canescens (Pursh) Nutt.) North America. Perennial, shrub, spreading to erect, plants are either staminate or pistillate, inflorescence cream, anthers pale orange, four-winged fruit, on dry saline soils See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 370. 1814[1813], The Genera of North American Plants 1: 197. 1818, Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 74. 1840, Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 95. 1845, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1: 184. 1847 and Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 52: 65. 1975, Taxon 32: 553–554. 1983, Great Basin Naturalist 55: 324. 1995 (Stimulant, emetic, stomachic, analgesic, cathartic. Leaves infusion emetic; leaves poultice applied to ant bites, swellings, itches, rashes; leaves or roots decoction taken for cough; poultice of root applied for toothache. Wood used to make poison arrow heads. Ceremonial medicine, emetic. Veterinary medicine, decoction given to sheep for bloating.) in English: fourwing saltbush, grey sage brush, narrow-leaf saltbush, shad-scale, wingscale in Central America: cenizo, chamere, chamiso, chamiza, chamizo, nocuana laza Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frém.) S. Watson (Atriplex collina Wooton & Standl.; Atriplex jonesii Standl.; Atriplex subconferta Rydb.; Obione confertifolia Torr. & Frém.; Obione rigida Torr. & Frém.)

Asia, Mongolia. Annual, erect, leaves eaten raw or cooked See Species Plantarum 2: 1053. 1753, Handbuch des Naturlichen Pflanzensystems 3: 541. 1803 (Leaves diuretic, emetic, purgative, stimulant, tonic. Seeds emetic, mixed with wine, to cure jaundice; flour of the seeds useful in vitamin A deficiency. Fruits purgative and emetic.) in English: arache, bitter leaves, butter leaves, common orach, French spinach, garden orache, mountain spinach, orach, orache, salt bush in Italian: atreplice degli orti, bietolone, bietolone rosso, spinacione, treppico in China: yu qian bo cai in India: chakkotha, chakothana soppu, chakottae soppu, chandanbatvu, korake, surake Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson (Atriplex lentiformis subsp. lentiformis) North America. Perennial See Report of an Expedition down to the Zuni and Colorado Rivers 169–170, pl. 14. 1853, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 118–119. 1874 and North American Flora 21(1): 62. 1916, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 335–336. 1923, An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs 113. 1939 (Leaves chewed or smoked for colds; poultice of root applied to sores.) in English: big saltbush, lens scale, quail bush, white thistle Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson subsp. lentiformis North America. Perennial See Report of an Expedition down to the Zuni and Colorado Rivers 169–170, pl. 14. 1853, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 118–119. 1874 and North American Flora 21(1): 62. 1916, Publications of the Carnegie

487

Atropa L. Solanaceae

Institution of Washington 326: 335–336. 1923, An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs 113. 1939, Taxon 35: 404. 1986 (Leaves chewed or smoked for colds; poultice of root applied to sores.) in English: big saltbush, lens scale, quail bush, white thistle Atriplex linearis S. Watson (Atriplex canescens subsp. linearis (S. Watson) H.M. Hall & Clem.; Atriplex canescens var. linearis (S. Watson) Munz) North America. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 24: 72. 1889 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 326: 344. 1923, A Manual of Southern California Botany 141. 1935 (Leaves infusion emetic.) in English: narrow-leafed saltbush Atriplex obovata Moq. (Atriplex greggii S. Watson; Atriplex jonesii Standl.; Atriplex obovata var. tuberata J.F. Macbr.) North America. Perennial See Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 61. 1840, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 118. 1874 and Contributions to Western Botany 11: 21–22. 1903, North American Flora 21(1): 65. 1916

Atriplex vestita (Thunb.) Aellen var. appendiculata Aellen (Atriplex glauca L.; Atriplex halimus L.; Atriplex halimus var. glaucoidea Maire; Atriplex halimus var. hastulata Maire; Atriplex halimus var. ramosissima L. Chevall.; Atriplex halimus var. rifea Sennen & Mauricio; Atriplex halimus var. schweinfurthii Boiss.; Atriplex portulacoides L.; Atriplex portulacoides Pall.) Mediterranean, North Africa. Perennial shrub, leaves edible, fodder shrub for livestock in low-rainfall Mediterranean areas, in highly alkaline and salty areas along seashores See Species Plantarum 2: 1493, 1052–1053. 1753, Tabl. Phys. Topogr. Taur. 59. 1795 and Communications in Biometry and Crop Science 1(2): 79–89. 2006 (Carminative, antiacid, emetic, stomatitis, thrush, healing mounth and teeth, useful in the treatment of diabetes, for trypanosomiasis pounded leaves on wounds.) in English: salt bush, sea orach, sea purslane, shrubby goosefoot, tree purslane in Arabic: ârmâs, l-getaf, legtef, legtuf, maluh, qataf in Italian: atriplice alimo in Portuguese: salgadeira

(Anticonvulsive.)

Atropa L. Solanaceae

in English: mound saltbush, New Mexico saltbush

Greek atropos ‘rigid, inflexible, eternal’, Atropos is one of the three Fates of the Greek mythology; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 181–182. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 85. 1754 and Cytologia 62: 103–113. 1997. The whole plants, and especially the roots and fruits, are very poisonous.

Atriplex obovata Moq. var. obovata (Atriplex obovata var. tuberata J.F. Macbr.) North America. Perennial See Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 61. 1840, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 118. 1874 and Contributions to Western Botany 11: 21–22. 1903, North American Flora 21(1): 65. 1916, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 53: 11. 1918

Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl. (Atropa acuminata Royle; Atropa acuminata Royle ex Miers; Atropa belladonna auct.)

(Anticonvulsive.)

See Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 279. 1833–1840, Journ. Hortic. Soc. Lond. 1: 306. 1846, Hook. Kew J. 1:138. 1849, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 241. 1883 and Fl. Iran. 39, 43. 1972, Cytologia 62: 103–113. 1997, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(5): 778–782. 2007

in English: mound saltbush, New Mexico saltbush Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Watson (Atriplex curvidens Brandegee; Obione polycarpa Torr.) North America. Perennial shrub, dioecious, sprawling, graywhite, fragrant leaves, inflorescence yellow green, seeds famine food See Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5): 130. 1857, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 9: 117. 1874, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 2: 201. 1889 and North American Flora 21(1): 64. 1916 (Antirheumatic, moxa of dried galls.) in English: alkali saltbush, all-scale, allscale saltbush, cattle saltbush, cattle spinach, desert saltbush

India, Himalaya, Jammu, Kashmir. Perennial herb, branched, leaves stalked, corolla yellow purplish

(Used in Unani. Roots and leaves poisonous, hallucinogenic, narcotic, sedative, anticholinergic, anodyne, diuretic, stomachic, analgesic, antidote, antispasmodic, mydriatic, applied externally to relieve intestinal colic, painful menstruation, cough and asthma, peptic ulcers, neurological pain.) in English: deadly nightshade, Indian belladona, Indian belladonna in India: angurshefa, belladona, belladonna, jalakajal, jhakra, jharka, rub luffah, shafoo, suchi, yebraj Atropa belladonna L. (Atropa bella-donna L.)

488

Eurasia, Mediterranean. Perennial herb, branched, coarse, red sap, axillary drooping tubular 5-lobed dull red-purple or greenish purple flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 181. 1753 and Fl. Iran. 39, 43. 1972, Taxon 28: 635–636. 1979 (Used in Unani and Sidha. Poisonous all parts, mainly berries, highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten. Hallucinogenic, anticholinergic, anodyne, diuretic, stomachic, analgesic, antidote, antispasmodic, mydriatic, narcotic, sedative, to relieve intestinal colic, painful menstruation, acute sore throat, cough and asthma, peptic ulcers, neurological pain, gout, rheumatism and sciatica, treatment of eye diseases.) in English: belladonna, black cherry, deadly nightshade, devil’s cherries, devil’s herb, naughty man’s cherries in Brazil: beladona in Arabic: bou qini, belaidour, ustrung, zbib el-laidour in India: angurshefa, bikh luffah, luckmuna, luckmunee, merdum seeah, pellatona, pelletonacceti, poast bikh luffah, saagngnur, sag-angur, sagangur, shafoo, suci

Atropanthe Pascher Solanaceae From the genus Atropa L. and anthos ‘flower’, see Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift 59: 329. 1909. Atropanthe sinensis (Hemsley) Pascher (Anisodus sinensis (Hemsley) Pascher; Atropanthe sinensis Pascher; Scopolia sinensis Hemsley) China. Subshrubs or perennial herbs, erect, thick rhizomes, zygomorphic flowers, corolla yellow-green See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 512, 699. 1825, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(174): 176. 1890 and Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift 59(9): 330, f. 1–2. 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7(140– 142): 167. 1909, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 147. 1978, Planta Med. 61(3): 292–293. 1995, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London, Bot. 27: 26. 1997 (Roots used for relieving muscular spasm and pain.) in English: Chinese atropanthe in China: tian peng zi

Attalea Kunth Arecaceae (Palmae) Attalus III Philometor, King of Pergamum in Asia Minor; Attalus was the name of several kings of Pergamos or Pergamum; Attalea or Attalia was the name of a Greek city, in Pamphylia, in the region of Mysia, in Galatia; Attaleia was a festival at Delphi, attalianon was a kind of garment; see Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 309– 310, 319. 1815[1816], Palmarum familia 20. 1824, Hist. Nat.

Atropanthe Pascher Solanaceae

Palm. ii. 131. 1824, Memoria di Matematica e di Fisica della Società Italiana del Scienze Residente in Modena, Parte contenente le Memorie di Fisica 20(2): 312. 1833, Genera Plantarum [Endlicher] 257. 1837, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 56. 1841, Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d’ (1802–1857), Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale… Partie 3, Palmiers. Paris, Strasbourg, 1839–1847, Linnaea 28: 264– 266, 273. 1856[1857], Fl. Bras. (Martius) 3(2): 454. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 728. 1891, Pl. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 5: 17, t. 4C. 1896 and Notizbl. Bot. Gart. BerlinDahlem 10: 498–499, 689–690. 1929, Caldasia 1(1): 10. 1940, Natl. Hort. Mag. Amer. 21: 71, 72, 78, 84. 1942, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(3): 505–510. 1987. Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. (Attalea cryptanthera Wess. Boer; Attalea macropetala (Burret) Wess. Boer; Attalea regia (Mart.) Wess. Boer; Englerophoenix caribaea (Griseb. & H. Wendl. ex Griseb.) Kuntze; Englerophoenix caribaeum (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Kuntze; Englerophoenix longirostrata (Barb. Rodr.) Barb. Rodr.; Englerophoenix maripa (Aubl.) Kuntze; Englerophoenix regia (Mart.) Kuntze; Englerophoenix tetrasticha (Drude) Barb. Rodr.; Ethnora maripa (Mart.) O.F. Cook; Mauritia martiana Spruce; Maximiliana caribaea Griseb. & H. Wendl. ex Griseb.; Maximiliana caribaea Griseb. & H. Wendl.; Maximiliana elegans H. Karst.; Maximiliana longirostrata Barb. Rodr.; Maximiliana macrogyne Burret; Maximiliana macropetala Burret; Maximiliana maripa (Aubl.) Drude; Maximiliana maripa (Corrêa) Drude; Maximiliana maripa Drude; Maximiliana martiana Karsten; Maximiliana regia Mart.; Maximiliana stenocarpa Burret; Maximiliana tetrasticha Drude; Palma maripa Aubl.; Maximiliana venatorum (Poeppig ex C. Martius) H.A. Wendland ex Kerchove; Palma maripa Corrêa; Palma maripa Aublet; Scheelea maripa (Aubl.) H. Wendl.; Scheelea tetrasticha (Drude) Burret; Temenia regia (Mart.) O.F. Cook) (Maximiliana C. Martius, dedicated by Martius to Maximilian Joseph I, 1756–1825, King of Bavaria and sponsor of his travels in Brazil; according to W.T. Stearn and Joseph Ewan the genus was named for the German Prince Maximilian Alexander Philipp zu Wied-Neuwied, 1782–1867, traveller and plant collector in Brazil. See Joseph Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists. 261. The University of Denver Press 1950, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 381. 1981, Claudio Urbano, B. Pinheiro and Michael J. Balick, “Brazilian Palms. Notes on Their Uses and Vernacular Names, compiled and translated from Pio Corrêa’s “Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil e das Exóticas Cultivadas,” with updated nomenclature and added illustrations.” in Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. Volume 17. 1987, William T. Stearn, Stearn’s Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. 203. 1993, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 372. Basel 1996.) Tropical America. Trunk solitary, beaked fruits, fibrous exocarp, pulpy yellow mesocarp, hard endocarp, white solid endosperm, a source of food

489

Atuna Raf. Chrysobalanaceae (Rosaceae)

See Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 974. 1775, Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 132. 1826, Voy. Amér. Mér. 7(3): 123. 1844, Linnaea 28: 271, 273. 1857, Fl. Brit. W. I.: 522. 1864, Palmiers: 256. 1878, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 452, 455, t. 104. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 728. 1891, Vellosia, ed. 2, 1: 112. 1891 and Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 77. 1903, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 667, 692, 696, 699. 1929, Natl. Hort. Mag. 18: 276. 1939, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30: 297. 1940, Indig. Palms Surin.: 150, 155. 1965, Phytologia 38: 161–172. 1978, Phytologia 40: 313–315. 1980, Pittieria 17: 310. 1988, Arnaldoa 9(2): 43–110. 2002 [2003] (Milk-like beverage from the fruits taken as an important source of high quality proteins. Ceremonial.) in English: coquirita palm, cucurit, inajá-palm in Brazil: anajá, anajax, aritá, aritairé, coqueiro anajá, inajá, inajá da Guiana, inajaí, maripá in Guyana: kokerit palm in Peru: anajá, anaju, anaú, ina-yacu, ina-yuca, inajá, inayá, inayacu, inayuca, inayuga, inija, inijá, juajá, juajuá, juayacu, kokerit, maripá, ynayuca in South America: curcurita, inajá, kokerite, maripa, maripá, naxáribo in Venezuela: cucurito Attalea princeps Mart. (Scheelea princeps (Mart.) H. Karst.) South America, Brazil. See Voy. Amér. Mér. 7(3): 113. 1844, Linnaea 28: 269. 1857 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9(2–3): 225–236. 1983, J. Med. Entomol. 44(4): 624–630. 2007 (The crude ash of the spathe or leaf base used as an alkaline additive to coca. Husks burned on charcoal as insect repellents and fumigants against the malaria vector Anopheles.) in English: motacú palm

Atuna Raf. Chrysobalanaceae (Rosaceae) A vernacular name; see C.S. Rafinesque, in Sylva Telluriana 153. 1838 and E.D. Merrill (1876–1956), Index Rafinesquianus. The plant names published by C.S. Rafinesque et al. 136. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA 1949, Flora Malesiana Series. 1. 10: 635–678. 1989. Atuna racemosa Raf. (Atuna racemosa subsp. racemosa; Cyclandrophora glaberrima Hassk.; Ferolia glaberrima (Hassk.) Kuntze; Parinari glaberrima Hassk.; Parinari glaberrima (Hassk.) Hassk.; Parinarium laurinum A. Gray; Petrocarya glaberrima (Hassk.) Miers) Indonesia, Samoa. Tree, fragrant oil extracted from the fruit See Genera Plantarum ed 8. 1: 245. 1789, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 433. 1818, Flora 25(2,

Beibl. 1): 47. 1842, Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 10: 147. 1843, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 17: 336. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 216. 1891 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 57: 35–56. 1997, Econ. Bot. 58(3): 470–475. 2004, Ethnobotany 17: 13–19. 2005, BMJ 333: 1314–1315. 2006, Experimental Biology and Medicine 231: 1739–1743. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109(2): 304–311. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): 592–597. 2007 (Inner bark as a tea to cure severe abdominal pains. Leaves and kernels antibacterial, antibiotic, antiinflammatory, for the treatment of dysentery, body pain, swelling, inflammation, stomachache, liver problems, to prevent scabies and itching. Oil from fruit used for medical massages for body pain and sprains.) in English: makita tree in Samoa: ifiifi

Aucoumea Pierre Burseraceae Vernacular name oukumé for Aucoumea klaineana Pierre, see Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris (sér. 2) 1: 1241. 1896 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 267. 1908, Adansonia, séries 2, 17(3): 335–342. 1978, Planta Medica 44: 215–217. 1982, Adansonia, séries 3, 20(1): 139–162. 1998, Forest Ecology and Management 140: 117–132. 2001. Aucoumea klaineana Pierre Tropical Africa. Tree, canopy tree, evergreen, shallowrooted, inflorescence an axillary or terminal panicle, dehiscent fruit, winged seeds See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris (sér. 2) 1: 1241. 1896 (Bark astringent, used for diarrhea; bark resin to treat wounds and abscesses.) in English: Gabon, Gabon mahogany, Gaboon, Gaboon mahogany, mahogany, okoume, okoume mahagoni, picus mahogany in W. Africa: canbogala in Cameroon: angouma, okoum, mfumu in Congo: moukoumi, mukumi, n’koumi, n’kumi, ongumi in Gabon: acoume, angouma, angoumea, bengouma, combo combo, koumi, mofoumou, mokoumi, moukoumi, moukouni, n’goumi, n’koumi, nyangala, okaka, okoumé, okoume, okoume cambogala, okoume combo combo, okoume nyangala, okoume zouga, ongoumi, zouga in Ivory Coast: hetere in Equat. Guinea: okume

490

Aucuba Thunb. Garryaceae (Aucubaceae, Cornaceae) Aukubi or ao-ki or aokiba, the Japanese name, see Nova Genera Plantarum [Thunberg] 3: 61–62. 1783. Aucuba japonica Thunb. China, North America. Evergreen shrub, alternate simple glossy leaves green or mottled with yellow, small axillary flowers 4-parted See Nova Genera Plantarum [Thunberg] 3: 62. 1783 and J. Jap. Bot. 81: 107–112. 2006 (Causes only low toxicity if eaten, poisonous parts fruit and leaves.) in English: Japanese aucuba, Japanese laurel, spotted laurel, spotted laurels in China: qing mu in Japan: ao-ki, aoki

Augea Thunberg Zygophyllaceae For the German (b. Saxony) gardener Johann Andreas Auge, 1711–1805 (d. Cape Province), botanical collector; see Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 1: [viii], 80. 1794, Peter MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical collectors at the Cape.” Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xxxiv. 1884–1886 and John Hutchinson (1884–1972), A botanist in Southern Africa. London 1946, Mia (Maria) Caroline Karsten, The Old Company’s Garden at the Cape and its superintendants: involving an historical account of early Cape botany. Cape Town 1951, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 83. Cape Town 1981, Gilbert Westacott Reynolds (1895–1967), The Aloes of South Africa. 43, 47, 87. Balkema, Rotterdam 1982. Augea capensis Thunb. Tropical Africa. Shrub or shrublet, yellowish flowers See Prodr. Pl. Cap. 80. 1794 (Tonic roots.)

Avena L. Poaceae (Gramineae) Latin avena, ae, classical name for oats used by Plinius, Horatius and Vergilius (“avenae steriles vanae”); hybrids with Arrhenatherum P. Beauv., type Avena fatua L., see Species Plantarum 1: 79–81. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 34. 1754, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 74. 1777, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 24–25. Bologna 1870, Flora Brasiliensis 2(3A): 1–160, t. 1–43. 1878 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8: 519. 1910, Manual of the Grasses of the United States (ed. 2, revised by A. Chase). 1951 [1950], Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard 16: 265–303.

Aucuba Thunb. Garryaceae (Aucubaceae, Cornaceae)

1954, Fieldiana, Botany 24(2): 38–331. 1955, Taxon 23(4): 579–583. 1974, Canada Dept. Agric. Monogr. 14: 1–463. 1977 [Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Monograph], Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 52: 205–214. 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 60–61. 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 147– 148. 1990, Taxon 40: 132. 1991, Fitologija 39: 72–77. 1991, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(4): 36–47. 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 232. 1994, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 33–37. 1995, Flora Mediterranea 5: 340–345. 1995, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 13(2): 177–179. 1995, Bothalia 26(1): 53–61. 1996, Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9(1): 33–38. 1996, Lagascalia 20(2): 265–275. 1998, Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural College 19(2): 35–38. 1998, Am. J. Bot. 85: 1353–1363, 1626–1630. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 86: 1776–1785. 1999, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 110, 126–138, 589. 2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 1070–1085. 2004. Avena barbata Pott ex Link (Avena alba sensu J.H. Willis, non Vahl; Avena alba Vahl; Avena alba var. barbata (Pott ex Link) Maire & Weiller; Avena almeriensis Gand.; Avena barbata Brot., nom. illeg., non Avena barbata Pott ex Lin.; Avena deusta Ball; Avena hirsuta Mathieu, nom. illeg., non Avena hirsuta Moench; Avena hirsuta Moench; Avena hirtula auct.; Avena hoppeana Scheele; Avena sallentiana Pau; Avena sativa var. barbata (Pott ex Link) Fiori; Avena sesquitertia hort. ex Steud.; Avena strigosa subsp. barbata (Pott ex Link) Thell.) Mediterranean. Annual, variable and often very slender, solitary or tufted, clumped, erect or geniculate, rarely prostrate, often drooping, unbranched, non auriculate, leaf blades hairy or ciliate, leaf sheaths not keeled and pilose or slightly scabrid above, ligule scabrid to hairy, leaves flat and linear, loose and one-sided panicle green to purple, weeping branches, flowers greenish brown, cleistogamous and chasmogamous, glumes subequal and lanceolate, lemmas bristled or silky, awns on lemma apices, awns geniculate with twisted column, palea narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, anthers yellow, ovary antrorsely silky, silky fruit laterally and ventrally compressed, useful fodder, forage, ornamental, invasive, common noxious weed species of disturbed land, edges of fields, waste places, dry banks, near the sea, common in low shrubland, along roads, deep white sand over limestone, sandy soil, on cliffs See Species Plantarum 1: 79. 1753, Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 24. 1791, Journal für die Botanik 2: 314–315. 1799 [1800], Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 64. 1802, Flora Lusitanica 1: 108. 1804, Genera et species plantarum 4. 1816, Nomenclator Botanicus 95. 1821, Flora 27: 57. 1844, Flore Generale de Belgique 1: 606. 1853, Prodromus Florae Hispanicae 1: 68. 1861, Flore d’Alger 62. 1884, Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 15: 398. 1886, Plantae Europeae 1: 62. 1890 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 52: 443. 1905, Flora Sicula 3: 302. 1909, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft

491

Avena L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in Zürich 56: 330, 336. 1911, Boletin de la Sociedad Aragonesa de Ciencias Naturales 1918: 133. 1918, Nuova Flora Analitica d’Italia 1: 109. 1923, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 13: 617, 621, 627, t. 7, f. 1–2. 1938–1939, Grasses of Ceylon 50. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 433. 1960, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76(4): 359. 1978, Grass. Saudi Arabia 118. 1989

in English: black oat, common oat, common wild oat, drake, flaver, poor oats, potato oats, red oats, spring wild oat, Tartarian oat, wild oat, wild oats

(Potentially nitrate-poisonous.)

in Arabic: zommeir

in English: barbed oat, barbed oats, bearded oats, slender oat, slender oats, slender wild oats, slim oat

in East Africa: ribanchore

in Spanish: avena loca, avena silvestre in Mexico: avena, avena cimarrona, avena guacha, avena loca, avena silvestre

in Spanish: avena barbada, ballueca

in Morocco: hortal, wazkun, azqun, iterter, bu zrur, rhortal, tamenshit, inesli

in South Africa: baardhawer, wildebaardhawer

in South Africa: gewone wildehawer, wildehawer

Avena fatua L. (Anelytrum avenaceum Hack.; Avena fatua subsp. meridionalis Malzev; Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm.; Avena fatua var. glabrescens Coss.; Avena fatua var. intermedia (T. Lestib.) Lej. ex Courtois; Avena fatua var. intermedia Hartm., nom. illeg., non Avena fatua var. intermedia (T. Lestib.) Lej. ex Courtois; Avena fatua var. intermedia Husn., nom. illeg., non Avena fatua var. intermedia (T. Lestib.) Lej. ex Courtois; Avena fatua var. intermedia Vasc., nom. illeg., non Avena fatua var. intermedia (T. Lestib.) Lej. ex Courtois; Avena fatua var. vilis (Wallr.) Hausskn.; Avena fatua var. vilis (Wallr.) Malzev; Avena hybrida Peterm. ex Rchb. p.p.; Avena intermedia Lindgr., nom. illeg., non Avena intermedia Guss.; Avena intermedia T. Lestib.; Avena lanuginosa Gilib.; Avena meridionalis (Malzev) Roshev.; Avena nigra Wallr.; Avena patens St.Lag.; Avena pilosa Scop.; Avena sativa var. fatua (L.) Fiori; Avena sativa var. sericea Hook.f.; Avena septentrionalis Malzev; Avena vilis Wallr.)

in Bhutan: bocchar, jangali jar

North Africa, Central Asia, Europe. Annual or perennial, herbaceous, tufted or solitary, clumped, robust or slender, stout, vigorous and competitive, bluish, prostrate to erect or occasionally geniculate at base, unbranched, palea membranous and coriaceous, silky fruit, erosion control, drought resistant, invasive, one of the world’s worst weeds difficult to eradicate because of shattering and dormancy, forage See Species Plantarum 1: 79–80. 1753, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 86. 1772, Exercitia Phytologica 2: 539. 1792, Botanographie Belgique 2: 36. 1827, Compendium Florae Belgicae 1: 71. 1828, Linnaea 14(6): 543–544. 1840, Erst. Beitr. Fl. Hercyn. 173. 1840, Botaniska Notiser 151. 1841, Handbok i Skandinaviens Flora, 4 edn. 30. 1843, Mittheilungen der Thüringischen Botanischen Vereins 6: 39, 45. 1894, The Flora of British India 7: 275. 1896 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8: 519. 1910, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 56: 319. 1912, Nuova Flora Analitica d’Italia 1: 109. 1923, Revista Agronómica (Lisbon) 19(4): 19. 1931, Flora Turkmenii 1: 105. 1932, Grasses of Ceylon 50. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 434. 1960, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Gramineae 1: 82. 1970, Taxon 40: 132. 1991 (Seeds diuretic, emollient and refrigerant.)

in China: ch’iao mai, ye yan mai, yen mai in India: gandal, ganer, ganerjei, ganhel, gozang, jandel, jawatu, jei, kaadu thoke godhi, kujud, kuljud, upwa in Japan: karasu-mugi Avena sativa L. (Avena algeriensis Trab.; Avena anglica Hort. ex Roemer & Schultes; Avena byzantina K. Koch; Avena byzantina var. anopla Mordv.; Avena byzantina var. thellungiana (Malzev) E. Morren; Avena chinensis Fisch. ex Roem. & Schult.; Avena chinensis Link, nom. inval.; Avena cinerea hort. ex Roem. & Schult.; Avena diffusa var. segetalis Vavilov; Avena diffusa var. volgensis Vavilov; Avena distans Schur; Avena fatua L. fo. glaberrima Thell.; Avena fatua subsp. cultiformis Malzev; Avena fatua subsp. macrantha (Hack.) Malzev; Avena fatua subsp. nodipilosa Malzev; Avena fatua subsp. praegravis (Krause) Malzev; Avena fatua subsp. sativa (L.) Thell.; Avena fatua subsp. sativa Thell.; Avena fatua subvar. contracta (Neilr.) Malzev; Avena fatua var. glaberrima (Thell.) Malzev; Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn.; Avena flava Hort. ex Roem. & Schult.; Avena fusca Schur, nom. illeg., non Avena fusca Ard.; Avena fuscoflora Schur; Avena georgiana Roem. & Schult.; Avena georgica Zuccagni; Avena grandis Nevski; Avena heteromalla Haller; Avena hungarica Lucé; Avena hybrida Peterm. ex Rchb. p.p.; Avena macrantha (Hack.) Malzev; Avena macrantha (Hack.) Nevski; Avena nigra Wallr.; Avena nodipilosa (Malzev) Malzev, nom. illeg., non Avena nodipilosa (Malzev) Malzev; Avena orientalis Schreb.; Avena pendula Gilib.; Avena persarum Nevski; Avena podolica Pascal. ex Zuccagni; Avena ponderosa L. ex B.D. Jacks.; Avena praecocioides Litv.; Avena praecoqua Litv.; Avena praegravis (Krause) Roshev.; Avena pseudosativa (Thell.) Herter; Avena pseudosativa Thell. ex Malzev; Avena racemosa Thuill.; Avena rubra Zuccagni; Avena sativa Willd.; Avena sativa convar. nodipilosa (Malzev) Tzvelev; Avena sativa cv. montana Alef.; Avena sativa cv. obtusata Alef.; Avena sativa cv. pugnax Alef.; Avena sativa cv. tristis Alef.; Avena sativa fo. contracta Neilr.; Avena sativa subsp. contracta (Neilr.) Čelak.; Avena sativa subsp. macrantha (Hack.) Rocha Afonso; Avena sativa subsp. nodipilosa (Malzev) Vasc.; Avena sativa var. aristata

492

Schltdl.; Avena sativa var. brunnea Körn.; Avena sativa var. chinensis Döll; Avena sativa var. cinerea Körn; Avena sativa var. contracta Neilr.; Avena sativa var. diffusa Neilr.; Avena sativa var. eligulata Vavilov ex Mordv.; Avena sativa var. flava Körn.; Avena sativa var. glaberrima (Thell.) Maire & Weiller; Avena sativa var. glaberrima (Thell.) Parodi; Avena sativa var. grisea Körn.; Avena sativa var. inermis Körn.; Avena sativa var. ligulata Vavilov ex Mordv.; Avena sativa var. macrantha Hack.; Avena sativa var. mutica Schltdl., nom. illeg.; Avena sativa var. nigra Haller; Avena sativa var. nigra Alph. Wood, nom. illeg., non Avena sativa var. nigra Schrank; Avena sativa var. orientalis (Schreber) Alefeld; Avena sativa var. praegravis Krause; Avena sativa var. secunda Alph. Wood; Avena sativa var. segetalis (Vavilov) Nevski; Avena shatilowiana Litv.; Avena sterilis L.; Avena sterilis fo. pseudosativa Thell.; Avena sterilis var. algeriensis (Trab.) Trab.; Avena sterilis var. thellungiana Malzev; Avena tartarica Ard.; Avena tatarica Ard.; Avena thellungii Nevski; Avena trabutiana Thell.; Avena triseta Thunb.; Avena unilateralis Brouss, ex Roem. & Schult.; Avena verna Heuze; Avena volgensis (Vavilov) Nevski) Europe, Egypt to Morocco. Annual, solitary or tufted, clumping, robust, erect or decumbent and rooting at base, herbaceous, pyramidal green nodding terminal panicle one-sided, cleistogamous and drooping spikelets, pilose to spiny golden fruit, soil improver, fodder, forage See Species Plantarum 1: 79. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 118. 1762, Spicilegium Florae Lipsicae 52. 1771, Novi Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Göttingensis 6: f. 32, f. 33. 1775, Saggi scientifici e letterarj dell’Accademia di Padova 2: 101. 1789, Exercitia Phytologica 2: 539. 1792, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 22. 1794, Flore des Environs de Paris 59. 1799, Collecteana 126. 1809, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 669. 1817, Topographische Nachrichten von der Insel Oesel 20. 1823, Linnaea 14(6): 544. 1841, Rheinische Flora 99. 1843, A Class-book of Botany ed. 2. 610. 1847, Linnaea 21(4): 392. 1848, Flora von Nieder-Österreich 58. 1859, Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae 756. 1866, Landwirthschaftliche Flora 321. 1866, Prodromus der Flora von Böhmen 41. 1867, Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 20: 22. 1870, Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena 3: 238. 1885, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 6: 244. 1885 and Bulletin Agricole de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie 16: 354–356, f. i-f, f. 4. 1910, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 56: 325. 1911, Index to the Linnean herbarium, with indication of … 42. 1912, La flore adventice de Montpellier 110. 1912, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13: 53–54. 1913, Journal of Heredity 5: 77. 1914, Revista Agronómica (Lisbon) 19(4): 19. 1931, Flora URSS 2: 268. 1934, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 13: 611. 1938–1939, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6: 141. 1940, Flore de l’Afrique du Nord: 2: 282. 1953, Grasses of Ceylon 50. 1956, Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria 1: 125. 1959, Grasses of Burma … 434. 1960,

Avena L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Taxon 23: 579–583. 1974, N.Z. J. Agric. 128. 45. 1974, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 76(4): 359. 1978, Grass. Saudi Arabia 123. 1989 (Used in Ayurveda. Antiinflammatory, tonic, antidepressant, diuretic, depurative, cardiac, antioxidant, laxative, emollient, anticholesterolemic, nervine, uterine tonic, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, sedative, stimulant, vulnerary, repellent. Moderate toxicity, under some circumstances capable of poisoning livestock. Can cause nitrate toxicity in livestock. Cattle are more prone to toxicity, but swine and turkeys have been poisoned on oat stubble. Grass tetany also occurs during periods of lush growth when ruminants suffer from a mineral imbalance. Oat hay is a common source of plant poisoning by nitrates.) in English: black tartarian oats (a variety of Avena sativa L.), common oat, common oats, cultivated oat, cultivated oats, oat, oat hay, oats, red oat, sativa oats, side oat, tree oat, wild oat in Arabic: azekkoun, hartaman, khortan, shufan, tamenzirt, taskrunt, ziwan, zummeir in Spanish: avena roja, avena común, avena in Morocco: hortâl, âzqûn, wazqûn, wasqûn in Latin America: avena, avena silvestre, awina in Southern Africa: gewone hawer, sativa hawer; habore (Sotho) in Bhutan: bachu in China: yan mai in India: ganer, jai, javi, jawi, kuljud, otdhanya, pai, seeme thoke godhi, vilaaythi jaw, wilayati jau, yupo in Japan: ma-karasu-mugi in Thailand: khaao ot, khao ot in Hawaii: ‘oka in Turkey: yulaf Avena sterilis L. (Avena affinis Bernh. ex Steud.; Avena algeriensis Trab.; Avena byzantina K. Koch; Avena byzantina var. solida (Hausskn.) Maire & Weiller; Avena fatua var. ludoviciana (Durieu) Fiori; Avena ludoviciana Durieu; Avena x ludoviciana Durieu; Avena ludoviciana var. psilathera (Thell.) Parodi; Avena macrocalyx Sennen; Avena macrocarpa Moench; Avena melillensis Sennen & Mauricio; Avena nutans St.-Lag.; Avena persica Steud.; Avena sativa L.; Avena sativa subsp. sterilis (L.) de Wet; Avena sativa var. ludoviciana (Durieu) Fiori; Avena sativa var. sterilis (L.) Fiori; Avena sensitiva hort. ex Vilm.; Avena solida (Hausskn.) Herter; Avena sterilis Bianca, nom. illeg., non Avena sterilis L.; Avena sterilis Delile ex Boiss., nom. illeg., non Avena sterilis L.; Avena sterilis L. subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) M. Gillet & Magne; Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Nyman; Avena sterilis subsp. macrocarpa

493

Averrhoa L. Oxalidaceae (Averrhoaceae)

(Moench) Briq.; Avena sterilis var. algeriensis (Trab.) Trab.; Avena sterilis var. ludoviciana (Durieu) Husn.; Avena sterilis var. psilathera Thell.; Avena sterilis var. solida Hausskn.; Avena trichophylla K. Koch; Avena turonensis Tourlet) Mediterranean region. Annual, solitary or tufted, strong, robust, rather stiff, leaves mostly basal, stems upright or spreading or geniculate, ligule membranous or chartaceous and acute to truncate, auricles absent, leaves stiff, basal leaf sheaths distally keeled or not keeled, heavy inflorescences, green and nodding panicle, flowers connate and falling as one unit at maturity, cleistogamous spikelets dark brown at maturity or golden-brown at maturity, uppermost florets sterile and awnless, two lower florets fertile and awned, lower glume dorsally rounded, lemma narrow-lanceolate, lower 1–2 lemmas awned, geniculate awns twist and untwist under humid conditions and in moist surroundings, palea firmly membranous to coriaceous, anthers yellow, ovary silky and golden, silky fruit ventrally compressed and longitudinally grooved, ornamental, invasive, widely naturalized elsewhere, a noxious weed of fields and roadsides, waste places, disturbed soils See Species Plantarum 1: 79. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 118. 1762, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 196. 1794, Linnaea 21(4): 392–393. 1848, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 230. 1854, Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 20: 37, 41. 1855, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 171. 1873, Nouvelle Flore Française 532. 1873, Flora Orientalis 5: 543. 1884, Mittheilungen der Thüringischen Botanischen Vereins 6: 40, 44. 1894 and Flora Analitica d’Italia 1: 72. 1908, Catalogue Raisonné des Plantes Vasculaires du Department d’Indre-et-Loire 568. 1908, Bulletin Agricole de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie 16: 354–356, f. i-f, f. 4. 1910, Prodrome de la Flore Corse 1: 105. 1910, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 56: 314. 1911, Journal of Heredity 5: 77. 1914, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 407. 1922, Nuova Flora Analitica d’Italia 1: 109. 1923, Catálogo de la flora del Rif oriental … 129. 1933, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6: 144. 1940, Flore de l’Afrique du Nord: 2: 288. 1953, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 15: 393. 1957, Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria 1: 126. 1959, Grasses of Burma … 434. 1960, Grass. Saudi Arabia 123. 1989, J. Barroso et al., “Comparison of sampling methodologies for site-specific management of Avena sterilis.” Weed Research 45(3): 165–174. Jun 2005 (Potentially nitrate-poisonous.) in English: animated oat, fly oats, red wild oats, sterile oat, sterile oats, tall wild oats, weather spider, wild oat, wild oats, wild red oat, winter wild oat in French: avoine animée, avoine stérile in Spanish: avena, avena loca in Morocco: rhortal, hortal, wazkun, azqun, iterter, bu zrur, tamenshit, inesli

in South Africa: groot wildehawer, rooiwildehawer, wildehawer in Turkey: yabani yulaf Avena sterilis L. var. culta Thell. (Avena sterilis subvar. culta (Thell.) Malzev) India. See Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 56: 317. 1911 (Paste from grain flour and water applied on painful part. Seeds nerve tonic, stimulant and antispasmodic, used in insomnia, fever, nervous disorders, spermatorrhea.) in India: jai

Averrhoa L. Oxalidaceae (Averrhoaceae) After the Moorish physician Abu al-Walid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Rushd (also called Ibn Rushd, Averroës, Averrhoës, the Commentator, Averroes, Abu’l Welid Muhammad Ibn Ahmed Ibn Rushd Al Maliki), (b. 1126, Córdoba—d. 1198, Marrakech, North African capital of the Almohad (al-Muwahhidun) dynasty), studied medicine under Abu Ja’far Harun al-Tajali (in Seville), interested in astronomy and philosophical sciences, translated Aristoteles into Arabic, commentator on Aristoteles. See Collectaneorum de Re Medica Averrhoi philosophi … Sectiones Tres. Lugduni 1537, Colliget Averroes. Venetiis 1542, Species Plantarum 1: 428, 433–435. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 508. 1763, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 5(4): 3. 1790 and N. Amer. Fl. 25: 57. 1907, La Théorie d’lbn Rochd (Averroès). 1909, Léon Gauthier, Ibn Rochd (Averroès). 1948, S. van den Bergh, Averroës’ Tahafut altahafut: The Incoherence of the Incoherence. 1954, The Families of Flowering Plants. I. Dicotyledons, ed. 2 356. 1959, Albert Z. Iskandar, in D.S.B. 12: 1–9. 1981, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 28: 2–16, fig. 2–4. 1991. Averrhoa bilimbi L. Southeast Asia. Small tree, sparsely branched, branches stiff thick, leaves imparipinnate, red-purple fragrant pentamerous flowers in cauliflorous panicles, petals much longer than sepals, greenish-yellow translucent juicy cylindrical fruit, seeds ellipsoid lacking aril, sour taste, edible fruits rich in potassium and vitamin A, humid tropics, at forest edge See Species Plantarum 1: 428. 1753 (Used in Sidha. Stem sap drunk for fevers. Bark roasted and included in a preparation taken to treat peritonitis. Fruit used for skin disorders, fevers, diarrhea and vomiting. Leaves to treat mumps, rheumatism, pimples; a decoction for high blood pressure; macerated leaves applied to cuts and itching; leaf juice applied agianst skin diseases; an extract of the leaves antibiotic; childbirth, leaves infusion as a postpartum

494

Avicennia L. Avicenniaceae (Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae)

remedy. Flowers soaked in water and this used for cough and thrush.)

as a cooling medicine, also taken orally for jaundice and liver problems. Flowers said to kill intestinal worms.)

in English: bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree sorrel

in English: caramba, carambola, Chinese gooseberry, country gooseberry, star fruit

in Tanzania: mbilimbi, mbirimbi in Cambodia: trâlông töng in China: san lian in India: anvalla, belambu, belimbi, bilamba, bilambi, bilibili, bilibilikayulu, bilim, bilimbi, bilimbikay, bilimpi, bilumbi, bimblee, bimbli, bimbuli, binbula, blimbi, blimbu, gommareku, ilimbai, kaalazounsi, kachittamarthakai, kamaranga, kariccakka, koccit tamarattai, koch-chit-tamarttai, pilimbi, pilimbi pullicha-kai, pilimpi, pulasukaya, puli-ccankay, puliccakkay, puliccakkaymaram, pulich-chakkay, pulichai, pulima, pulusukaya, pulusukayulu, tamarang, tok, vilimbi, vilumbi, vilumpi, wilamju, wilumpi in Indonesia: belimbing, belimbing asam, belimbing besi, belimbing buloh, belimbing buluk, blimbing wuluh in Malaysia: belimbing, belimbing asam, belimbing besi, belimbing buloh, belimbing buluk, blimbing wuluh in Philippines: camias, iba, ibag, ibe, kalamias, kalingiua, kamias, kamyas, kiling-iba, kilingiba, kilingiua, kolonanas, kolonauas, pias, puis in Thailand: bli-ming, ka-ling-pring, ling-pring, ta-lingpling, taling pling in Vietnam: khê tau Averrhoa carambola L. Southeast Asia. Small tree, bushy, much-branched, leaves imparipinnate, violet-purplish flowers usually in axillary panicles, lacking anthers, yellow angled sour stellate fruit with 5 pronounced ribs, seeds with fleshy aril, sour taste, edible fruits rich in potassium and vitamin A, young leaves used as vegetable, fruits and flowers edible See Species Plantarum 1: 428. 1753 and Fl. W. Pakistan 11: 3. 1971 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. For ringworm, pound the shoots and poultice; fruit and leaves decoction given to arrest vomiting, diarrhea; crushed leaves and shoots applied externally in chicken pox, ringworm and headache. Root mixed with Eclipta alba roots made into a paste and applied in bleeding from gum; a decoction of roots with roots of Eclipta prostrata given for washing infected gums. Fruits cooling, astringent, stomachic, refrigerant; stembark of Croton oblongifolius, Prunus triflora, rhizome of Curcuma domestica, ripe fruits of Averrhoa carambola and root of Capsicum annuum crushed together and boiled in water and the extract given in jaundice, slices of fresh fruit taken for jaundice, bleeding piles and as antiscorbutic; dried fruits cooling, antiscorbutic, used for skin diseases, jaundice and liver disorders, fevers, bleeding piles, eaten by a patient with sore throat; salted fruit juice given as cooling agent; ripe fruit juice laxative; crushed extract of ripe fruit applied to burns

in Cambodia: spö in China: wu han tzu, wu leng tzu, yang tao in India: amrenga, brihaddala, cakatam, cakattai, carambola, caturappuli, catarapuli, chatarapali, chaturappuli, cicakari, cicam, cikam, cukkirakam, cukkirakamaram, daare huli, dantasatha, darchuli, darehuli, darepuli, dharaphala, dharaphalah, dieng sohtreng, heinoujom, irumpanpuli, kacerukam, kamaraak mara, kamaraakshi, kamaraakshi hannu, kamarak, kamaraka mara, kamarakh, kamarakha, kamarakshi, kamarakshi hannu, kamarakshi mara, kamaramga, kamaranga, kamarangam, kamraak, kamrac, kamrak, kamranga, kandasagadam, kantacatakamaram, kantacatcam, kantacatkam, karamaadalu, karamala, karamanooga, karamara, karamonga, kardai, kardoi, karma-ranga, karmal, karmar, karmara, karmaranga, karmarangah, karmare, karmbala, karomonga, karuka, karukah, khamrak, kiranelli, kirinelli, kirinulli, kobari kaayi, komarakmara, komaree, kordoi, kordoi tenga, koromonga, kumrak, meeta-kamarunga, mudgara, nattuttamarattai, pitaphala, pitaphalah, pukamatitam, pukamatitamaram, pulachi, pulichi, pulinci, pulinji, pulipputtamarattai, putakecam, putakecaramaram, rohdoi, rujakara, sagadam, saturappuli, seizrak, shanba pelick, shiral, shukapriya, sigam, sisam, tamara, tamarakam, tamarakamaram, tamarat-tuka, tamaratamu, tamarathai, tamaraththam, tamaratonga, tamaratta, tamarattai, tamarattaimaram, tamarattam, tamarattankay, tamaratti, tamarta, tamarta-kaya, tamarttam-kay, tantacatam, taurta, thamaratha, thamaratham, thamarathamu, thei her awt, theiher-awt, theiherawt in Indonesia: belimbing manis in Japan: go-ren-shi in Laos: füang in Malaysia: belimbing, belimbing batu, belimbing besi, belimbing kembola, belimbing manis, belimbing sagi, belimbing saji, belimbing sayor in Philippines: baimbing, balanga, balimbing, balinbing, balingbing, bilimbing, birihan, calangan, carambola, daligan, dalihan, dulungan, galangan, galuran, garahan, garnatis, garulan, malimbin, saranate, taranati in Thailand: fu-ang, ma-fu-ang, ma fueang, sa-pu in Vietnam: khê

Avicennia L. Avicenniaceae (Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae) In honor of the Iranian philosopher and physician Avicenna (Abu Ali Al-Husayn Ibn ‘Abd Allah Ibn Sina), 980–1037,

495

Avicennia L. Avicenniaceae (Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae)

scientist, contributed in the fields of Aristotelian philosophy and medicine, among his many works are the Kitab ashshifa` (“Book of Healing”), a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and the Canon of Medicine, which is among the most famous books in the history of medicine, Libri V canonis medicinae, arabice. Romae 1593; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 110–111. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 49. 1754, Ench. Bot. 314, 15–21 Aug 1841, Plantae Preissianae 1: 353. 1845, Linnaea 43: 507–541. 1882 and Y. Mahdavi, Bibliographie d’Ibn Sina. 1954, Soheil M. Afnan, Avicenna. His life and works. London [1958], S.H. Nasr, An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. 1964, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/1–2): 167–236. 1970, Albert Z. Iskandar, in D.S.B. 15: 494–501. 1981, Giuliano Tamani, Il Canon Medicinae di Avicenna nella tradizione ebraica. Padova 1988, Austral. Syst. Bot. 4(2): 299–324. 1991, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2497–2525. 2001, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Avicennia alba Blume (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. var. alba (Blume) Bakh.; Avicennia officinalis L. var. alba (Blume) C.B. Clarke) India, Indonesia. Fodder See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 14: 821. 1826, The Flora of British India 4: 604. 1885 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg III, 3: 103. 1921

in the bark present tannin and a red dye, famine food, wood termite-proof See Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1122. 1759, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 25. 1760, Species Plantarum, ed. 3 2: 891. 1764, Flore d’Oware 1: 79–80, t. 47. 1809, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 502. 1891, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 12: 358. 1898 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 64. 1918, Phytologia 1: 96. 1934, Kew Bulletin 13(1): 34–35. 1958, Taxon 12(4): 150–152. 1963, Phytologia 29: 75. 1974, Phytologia 30: 15. 1975, Phytologia 47: 222. 1980, Wetlands Ecology and Management 8: 263–272. 2000, Molecular Ecology 11(8): 1327–1338. 2002 (Fruits lethally toxic; sprouting seeds reportedly edible when cooked but poisonous raw. A decoction of the roots taken for troubles of the lower intestines. Stem bark and leaves applied for skin diseases, parasitic infections. Powdered bark used to treat various kind of dermatitis, skin itches and fleas; bark resin to treat tumours, diarrhea, hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, rheumatism, swellings, wounds and sore throat; powdered bark made into a paste applied to skin complaints and to dispel fleas and lice. Veterinary medicine.) in English: black buttonwood, black mangrove, black-wood, blackwood-bush, gorilla mangrove, lagoon tree, limewood, mangle, mangrove, olive mangrove, salt water mangrove, saltpond-tree, true mangrove, white mangrove

(Bark paste tonic, astringent, applied over fresh wounds to stop bleeding.)

in Cameroon: bwanjo, janju

in India: dalabani, dhalabani, kalabani

in Ghana: amutsi, asokoro, asokpolo, asopro, asudur, asundur, esukuru

Avicennia germinans (L.) L. (Avicennia africana P. Beauv.; Avicennia elliptica Thunb.; Avicennia elliptica var. martii Moldenke; Avicennia floridana Raf.; Avicennia floridana Gand.; Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, isonym; Avicennia germinans (L.) L.; Avicennia germinans f. aberrans Moldenke; Avicennia germinans f. brasiliensis Moldenke; Avicennia germinans f. venezuelensis Moldenke; Avicennia germinans var. cumanensis (Kunth) Moldenke; Avicennia germinans var. guayaquilensis (Kunth) Moldenke; Avicennia lamarckiana C. Presl; Avicennia meyeri Miq.; Avicennia nitida Jacq.; Avicennia nitida Sessé & Moç.; Avicennia nitida var. trinitensis Moldenke; Avicennia oblongifolia Nutt. ex Chapm.; Avicennia officinalis var. lanceolata Kuntze; Avicennia officinalis var. nitida Kuntze; Avicennia tomentosa Jacq.; Avicennia tomentosa var. campechensis Jacq.; Avicennia tomentosa var. cumanensis Kunth; Avicennia tomentosa var. guayaquilensis Kunth; Bontia germinans L.; Hilairanthus nitidus (Jacq.) Tiegh.; Hilairanthus nitidus Tiegh.; Hilairanthus tomentosus (Jacq.) Tiegh.) North America, W. Trop. Africa. Tree or evergreen shrub, sap wood white, leaves whitish beneath, opposite decussate leaves on square twigs, perfect flowers conspicuous, sweet scented, hairy white petals lobes spreading or reflexed, fruit of a single embryo and two enlarged and fleshy cotyledons, a source of nectar, leaves excrete excess salt through pores,

in the Gambia: jekum, jubun, malanga

in Guinea-Bissau: bule, cabeço, cobaca, djibicum, iofo, pebadje, petà, pule, taraf, tarafe, ufiri, ule in Ivory Coast: biaza in Nigeria: ogbun (Yoruba); ede (Edo); afiaital-nungun (Efik), afia nnunun, ata-nnunun, nunun, odonomon, ogbun in Senegal: buhek, bukelek, burhan, dubukumo, ibuhad, jubukun, maglé, mbagé, mbagé ndiar, mbugad, mbuhan, mburhan, ndiar, sanar in Sierra Leone: an-bure, makindi, mangro, niaya, niaya gole, wofere in Togo: amu-ati Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Avicennia officinalis auct., sensu Baker, non L.; Avicennia officinalis Schau. forma flaviflora Kuntze, p.p.; Avicennia officinalis Schau. forma tomentosa Kuntze, p.p.; Avicennia tomentosa Sieber var. arabica Walp.; Sceura marina Forssk.) East Africa, Trop. & Subtrop. Old World. Evergreen shrub or small tree, variable, resinous, irregular canopy, small pencillike aerial roots, small creamy white fragrant flowers, velvety capsules, a source of honey, fruits can be cooked and eaten, leaves excrete excess salt through pores, goat and cattle fodder

496

Axonopus P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae)

See Hort. Malab. 4: t. 45. 1683, Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 2: 37. 1775 and Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 435. 1907, Kew Bulletin 13: 35. 1958, Molecular Ecology 15(12): 3515–3525. 2006, Annals of Botany 97(6): 1095–1101. 2006, Journal of Natural Products 70(6): 923–927. 2007

3. 3, ii. 891. 1764, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 11: 699. 1847, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 12: 357. 1898 and Arch. Pharm., Berl. 251: 351–354. 1913, Kew Bull. 13: 34–35. 1958, Taxon xii. 152. 1963, Lloydia 30–34. 1967–1971, Arch. Derm. Forsch. 258: 41. 1977, Mangroves and Salt Marshes 2(3): 133–148. 1998

(Contact dermatitis. Stem bark astringent; resin from the bark applied to snakebites, and used to remove the placenta after childbirth. Crushed leaves used in the treatment of stomachache; leaf decoction antidote after eating poisoned fish, leaf and bark decoctions applied against scabies. Wood ash to treat skin complaints. Roots aphrodisiac. Smoke mosquito repellent.)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Contact dermatitis. Bark astringent. Leaf paste applied to get relief from joint pain; leaves chewed for immediate relief from constipation. Root aphrodisiac, tonic, contraceptive, a febrifuge or fever producer when taken internally, cholinesterase inhibitory activity, a remedy for boils and tumors, scabies, ulcers, poulticed onto abscesses, boils and smallpox sores, alternative medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Resin from the sapwood for snakebite. Powder of the unripe seeds applied for boils and abscesses; seed paste used for boils.)

in English: black mangrove, coastal avicennia, grey mangrove, mangrove, olive mangrove, white mangrove in Madagascar: afiafy in Southern Africa: witseebasboom; isiKaha-esimhlope, isiKhungathi (Zulu); isiKhungathi (Xhosa)

in English: grey mangrove, Indian mangrove, mangrove, white mangrove

Malayan names: api api daun bulat, api-api hitam, api-api jambu, api ludat, api-api merah, api puteh, ludat, udat

in India: badabani, bina, eriva, erivogu, gundumada, ipathi, ipati, kaandal, kalabani, kandaale, kandal, kantal, kantil, kantukam, karungarudal, mada, madaipattai, madda, matappattai, meda, nalla mada, nallamada, oepata, oepatu, orei, sagarodbhutah, sagarodhurga, tellamada, thavara, thellamada, timirah, tivar, tivariya, tiwar, tuvara, tuvaraka, upali, upatba, upatha, upattha, uppathi, uppati, uppattam, uppukkurri, uppukkutti, uppukutti, upputti, uri, urppam, vengandal, venkantal

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. var. marina

in Java: api-api, api api ludat, api-api suduh

India. Fodder

in Philippines: api-api

See Hort. Malab. 4: t. 45. 1683, Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 2: 37. 1775 and Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 435. 1907, Kew Bulletin 13: 35. 1958, Molecular Ecology 15(12): 3515–3525. 2006, Annals of Botany 97(6): 1095–1101. 2006, Journal of Natural Products 70(6): 923–927. 2007

Maori name: manama

in Tanzania: mchu, mtu, mtsu, nsusi, nsuti in China: hai lan ci in India: tavra, tivar in Japan: hirugi-damashi (hirugi = mangrove)

(Crushed leaves used in the treatment of stomachache; leaf decoction antidote after eating poisoned fish, leaf and bark decoctions applied against scabies.) in India: tavra, tivar Avicennia officinalis L. (Avicennia germinans (L.) L.; Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn; Avicennia tomentosa Jacq.; Avicennia tomentosa Schauer, nom. illeg.) India. Evergreen tree or shrub, short often-crooked trunk, numerous upright pneumatophores, leathery leaves, malodorous flowers, tubular corolla bell-shaped yellow to orange, calyx 5-lobed with resin dots, green aromatic resin used as a famine food, bitter seeds can be cooked and dried and then eaten, fodder, sometimes confused with Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. See Hort. Malab. 4: t. 45. 1683, Sp. Pl. 1: 110. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 25. 1760, Sp. Pl., ed.

Axonopus P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae) Greek axon, axonos ‘axis, stem, axle’ and pous, podos ‘a foot’, referring to the stolons or to the digitate inflorescences; Latin axon, onis (axis, is ‘axle, pivot’, from ago, egi, actum, ere ‘to move’); from the ancient Indian aksa; from the ancient German ahsa and the Avestic asa, type Axonopus aureus P. Beauv., see Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 846, 855, 1359. 1759, Prodr. 24. 1788, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 12, 154. 1812, Genera et species plantarum 5. 1816, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 24. 1829, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de SaintPétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 3,1(2–3): 193, 195. 1834, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 8: 681. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 112. 1855 [1854], Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 113, 173. 1877, Genera Plantarum 3: 1098. 1883, The Flora of British India 7(21): 63. 1896 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 142. 1908, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 24: 132, 134–135. 1911, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 161. 1912, Die

Axonopus P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae)

natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14e: 53. 1940, G.A. Black, “Grasses of the genus Axonopus (A taxonomic treatment).” Advancing Frontiers of Plant Sciences 5: 1–186. 1963, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Cytologia 40: 185–204. 1975, Flora Ilustrada Catarinense 1(Gram.): 909–1407. 1982, Flora of Tropical East Africa 451–898. 1982, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74(2): 416– 423. 1987, Proc. N.Z. Grasslands Assoc. 51: 47–50. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 768–774. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 356–359. 1994, Darwiniana 3(1–4): 53–60. 1995, Flora Fanerogámica Argentina 19(1): 11–16. 1995, Caldasia 22(2): 237–243. 2000, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1993–2012. 2001, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 26(98): 13–23. 2002 [Las especies de la sect. Lappagopsis del género neotropical Axonopus (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae), by D. Giraldo-Cañas], Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 18–19, 116–134, 143–144, 278. 2003, Am. J. Bot. 90: 796–821.  2003, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. (Agrostis compressa Willd.; Agrostis compressa (Sw.) Poir., nom. illeg., non Agrostis compressa Willd.; Agrostis compressa Poir., nom. illeg., non Agrostis compressa Willd.; Anastrophus compressus Schlecht.; Anastrophus compressus (Sw.) Schltdl. ex Döll; Anastrophus compressus Schltdl. ex Döll; Anastrophus compressus Schltr. ex Döll; Anastrophus platycaulis (Poir.) Nash ex Small; Anastrophus platycaulis Schltdl. ex B.D. Jacks.; Anastrophus platycaulmis Schltdl. ex B.D. Jacks.; Axonopus affinis Chase; Axonopus amplifolius Chase ex C.E. Hubb.; Axonopus barbatus (Nees) Kuhlm.; Axonopus barbatus (Nees) Parodi; Axonopus barbatus Chase ex Parodi, nom. illeg., non Axonopus barbatus (Nees) Kuhlm.; Axonopus brevipedunculatus Gledhill; Axonopus compressus subsp. brevipedunculatus Gledhill; Axonopus compressus var. affinis (Chase) Henderson; Axonopus compressus var. australis G.A. Black; Axonopus compressus var. compressus; Axonopus compressus var. macropodius (Steud.) G.A. Black; Axonopus flexuosus (Peter) C.E. Hubb.; Axonopus kisantuensis (Vanderyst) Vanderyst; Axonopus multipes Swallen; Axonopus poiretii Roem. & Schult.; Digitaria domingensis Desv. ex Kunth; Digitaria flexuosa Peter; Digitaria platicaulis (Poir.) Desv.; Digitaria uniflora Salzm. ex Steud.; Echinochloa compressa Roberty; Helopus barbatus Trin.; Milium compressum Swartz; Panicum filiforme L.; Panicum platycaulon (Poir.) Kuntze; Paspalum barbatum Nees, nom. illeg., non Paspalum barbatum (Trin.) Schult.; Paspalum barbatum (Trin.) Schult.; Paspalum barbatum Nees ex Trin., nom. illeg., non Paspalum barbatum (Trin.) Schult.; Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Nees, nom. illeg., non Paspalum compressum Raf.; Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Raspail, nom. illeg., non Paspalum compressum Raf.; Paspalum compressum P. Beauv. ex C.P. Cowan, nom. illeg., non Paspalum compressum Raf.; Paspalum conjugatum var. subcordatum Griseb.; Paspalum depressum Steud.; Paspalum filostachyum A. Rich. ex Steud.; Paspalum furcatum Fluegge;

497

Paspalum furcatum var. filiforme (L.) Döll; Paspalum furcatum var. fissum Döll; Paspalum furcatum var. parviflorum Döll; Paspalum guadaloupense Steud.; Paspalum kisantuense Vanderyst; Paspalum laticulmum Spreng.; Paspalum longissimum var. guadalupense Steud. ex Griseb.; Paspalum macropodium Steud.; Paspalum platycaule Willd. ex Steud.; Paspalum platycaulon Poir.; Paspalum platycaulon var. parviflorum Döll; Paspalum raunkiaerii Mez; Paspalum tenue Willd. ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Paspalum tenue Gaertn.; Paspalum tristachyon Lam.; Paspalum uniflorum Salzm. ex Steud.; Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc.) (named for Christen Christiansen Raunkiaer, 1860–1938) Northern and Southern America, Tropical America. Perennial or annual, creeping, rhizomatous and distinctly stoloniferous, blunt-ended leaves, erect or spreading spikes, forage, similar to Axonopus affinis See Species Plantarum 57. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 24. 1788, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 176. 1791, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 34. 1804, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique Suppl. 1: 258–259. 1810, Graminum Monographiae … Pars I. Paspalum. Reimaria 114. Hamburg 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 12, 154, 167. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 318. 1817, Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 49. 1821, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 301. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 245. 1825, Mantissa 3(Add. 1): 558. 1827, Species Graminum 1: t. 98. 1827, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 23, 27. 1829, Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 166. 1831, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 49. 1833, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 508. 1840, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 272–273. 1841, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 8: 682. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 18–20. 1855 [1853], Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 7: 262. 1857, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 102, 104. 1877, Index Kewensis 1: 118. 1893, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 363. 1898 and Flora of the Southeastern United States … 79. 1903, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 15(418–421): 60. 1917, Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 9: 246. 1918, Commissão de Linhas Telegraphicas Estratégicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas, Botanica 67(Bot. 11): 45. 1922, Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 16: 654, 667. 1925, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 40(1): 60, t. 3, f. 1. 1931, Bartonia 14: 32. 1932, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 23(10): 459. 1933, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1938: 382. 1938, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 28: 180, f. 2. 1938, Bol. Secr. Est. Negoc. Agr. Ind. e Com. Porto Alegre, Brazil 100: 36. 1943, Blumea 5(3): 529. 1945, Malayan Wild. Fl. Monoc. Mal. Nat. Soc. Kuala Lumpur 339. 1954, Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain 17: 66. 1955, Grasses of Ceylon 146, pl. 33. 1956, Exploration du Parc National de la Garamba 4: 18. 1956, Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2(2): 128. 1959, Grasses of Burma … 278. 1960,

498

Phytomorphology 12(4): 412. 1962, Advancing Frontiers of Plant Sciences 5: 81–82. 1963, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 40: 127, 132. 1966, Listados Florísticos de México 1: 117. 1983, Koh, D., Goh, C.L., Tan, H.T., Ng, S.K. and W.K. Wong, “Allergic contact dermatitis from grasses.” Contact Dermatitis 37(1): 32–34. 1997, Flora Fanerogamica do Estado de São Paulo 1: 136, pl.18. 2001 (Utilized for whooping cough, sometimes used as abortifacient. Allergic contact dermatitis. Leaves made into a paste and applied to external wounds.) in English: blanket grass, broadleaf carpet grass, broadleaved carpet grass, carabao grass, carpet grass, flat joint grass, lawn grass, flat-joint carpet grass, Louisiana grass, savanna grass, tropical carpet grass, wide-leaved carpetgrass Samoan name: vao lima in Latin America: alfombra, cañamazo, cañamazo dulce, cola de caballo, grama, grama trenza, nudillo, pasto alfombra, pasto chato de alfombra, pasto chato veracruzano, pasto de alfombra, walang, zacate amargo in Portuguese: capim-grama, capim-erva-tapete in Borneo: teka

Ayapana Spach Asteraceae

profusely branching, long slender aromatic leaves, pink flowers, essential oils See Species Plantarum 2: 836–839. 1753, Symbolae Botanicae, … (Vahl) 3: 97. 1794, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië: 903. 1826 and Phytologia 20(3): 212. 1970, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 197. 1987, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 36(11): 853–858. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves bitter, aromatic, pungent depurative, cardiotonic, digestive, sudorific, tonic, cicatrizant, astringent, stomachic, detergent, anti-infective, cardiac stimulant, sedative, febrifuge, antineoplastic, emetic, laxative, hemostatic, used for influenza, fevers, yellow fever, cold, headaches, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, colic, constipation, vomiting, stomach troubles, diarrhea, inflammation of the urinary tract, mouth sores, ulcers, hypertension, edema, wounds, snakebites. Planted to repel snakes.) Common names: ahiapana, aiapaina, aiapana, aipana, asmachilca, ayapana, aypana, cagueña, curia, daun panahan, daun perasman, diapalma iapana, diarana-guaco, japana, japana-branca, sekrepatoe wiwir, yapana in English: pool root, white snakeroot

in Indonesia: jukut pahit, papahitan, rumput pahit

in India: aayaa paana, ajaparna, ajaparnah, ayapan, ayapana, ayapani, ayapanie, ayapanum, ayaparnah, ayappanai, ayappani, ayyampana, ayyappana, visappacca

in Japan: tsuru-me-hi-shiba (= vine Digitaria adscendens)

in Philippines: aiapana, apana

in China: di tan cao

in Malaysia: rumput parit in the Philippines: carabao grass, kulape

Azadirachta A. Juss. Meliaceae

in Sri Lanka: potu tana, sappu pul

From the Persian azad dhirakat or azaddhirakt ‘excellent tree, noble tree’, referring to the usefulness and the cosiderable economic importance of the genus, see Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 19: 220–221, t. 2, f. 5. 1830, Bull. Sci. Nat. Géologie 23: 236. 1830 and Taxon 31(1): 66. 1982.

in Thailand: ya baimaln, ya malaysia, ya malesia, yaa paak khwaai, ya pak khwai in Angola: erva tapete, capim grama in Guinea: tenkététèn in Ivory Coast: tunétunénègo in Sierra Leone: boni, fonie brure, jani, ka yan, kharutu-na, kotokpo, kpangba, kpangba tava, nika-yani, serkha-na, tandamaneyo, yani

Ayapana Spach Asteraceae A vernacular name for a species of Eupatorium, see Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux (Spach) 10: 290–291. 1841 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Eupatorium ayapana Vent.; Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl; Eupatorium triplinerve M. Vahl ex Blume) Southern America, Ecuador, West Indies. Perennial herb, undershrub, low spreading shrub, semi-woody at base,

Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs (Azadirachta integrifolia Merr.; Melia excelsa Jack) Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Large deciduous tree, straight bole, buttresses absent, leaves with 7–11 pairs of leaflets asymmetrical, flowers greenish-white, fruit oblong, young shoots, leaves and flowers consumed as a vegetable See Gard. Bull. Singapore 18: 75. 1961, Scientia Horticulturae 86(4): 311–321. 2000, J. Nat. Prod. 68(7): 1047–1050. 2005 (Similar medicinal and insecticidal qualities to neem. Insect repellent, insecticide, antimalarial.) in English: bird’s-eye kalantas, sentang in Indonesia: bawang kunyit, kayu bawang, nibwak, surian bawang in Malaysia: limpaga, ranggu in Papua New Guinea: azadirachta

499

Azadirachta A. Juss. Meliaceae

in Philippines: danggo, maranggo in Thailand: sa-dao-thiam, sadao chang, sadao-thiam, thiam Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb.; Melia azadirachta L.; Melia indica Brandis; Melia indica (A. Juss.) Brandis) India, Sri Lanka. Tree or small tree, straight, evergreen to deciduous, hardy, bole usually short sometimes fluted, rough bark fissured, fast growing, dense leafy oval canopy, shiny green leaves, leaflets asymmetrical, small scented white or greenish white flowers in axillary panicles, oval yellowish green fruits See Species Plantarum 1: 384–385. 1753, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 19: 221. 1830, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17(2): 231. 1835 [1837 publ. 25 May 1835], For. Fl. Ind. 67. 1874 and Blumea 6: 315. 1948, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4: 75–98. 1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 19: 115–117. 1984, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21: 109–125. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48: 131–144. 1995, Afr. J. Health Sci. 2(2): 309–311. 1995 [In vitro antimalarial activity of extracts of Albizia gummifera, Aspilia mossambicensis, Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indica against Plasmodium falciparum.], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83: 39–54. 2002, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 27(1): 17–19. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88: 279–286. 2003, Ceiba 44(2): 105– 268. 2003 [2005], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233– 244. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 273–279. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78. 2006, African Journal of Traditional, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 3 (2): 94–103. 2006, International Journal of Dermatology 46(Suppl. 1): 48–55. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111: 303–307. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Seeds poisonous in large doses and may produce symptoms of severe purgation. A powerful insecticide, insect and nematode repellent; oil, seed, leaves and cake against insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses. Fruit aromatic oil used for malaria, skin diseases, stomach ulcers, worms, rheumatism, leprosy and eczema; neem oil has contraceptive properties, application of the oil from the seeds to both male and female genital organs. Leaves febrifuge, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, emetic, astringent, used in the treatment of malaria, diarrhea, dysentery; leaves juice given internally in piles, jaundice, fever; leaf extract mixed with leaf extract of Momordica charantia and taken against intestinal worms; paste from roots of Maerua apetala with leaves of Azadirachta indica and garlic extract taken for leucoderma; decoction of root of Fagonia arabica with leaf of Azadirachta indica and stem of Tinospora cordifolia used as blood purifier; leaves of Azadirachta indica ground with the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa and the paste applied all over the body for chicken pox; leaf paste applied on chicken pox and measles infected sites, also on wounds, scabies, ringworm, eczema, scorpion sting; decoction of leaves applied

externally for snakebite, boils and wounds as an antiseptic. For diabetes, leaves juice or powdered leaves or pulp of seeds taken with warm water. Stem bark bitter, tonic, astringent and antiperiodic, bark extract drunk to eliminate stomach worms; a decoction of Costus speciosus rhizome alongwith tubers of Cyperus rotundus and bark of Azadirachta indica is given for jaundice; leaves of Ziziphus glaberrima together with stem of Tinospora cordifolia, stem bark of Azadirachta indica and tubers of Cyperus rotundus made into a decoction given in fevers; decoction made of stem bark of Toona ciliata, Azadirachta indica and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata given in fevers to female patients; a decoction of root bark of Mundulea sericea pounded with stem barks of Sapindus emarginatus and Azadirachta indica given as postpartum remedy, antiseptic and general tonic; fresh stem bark crushed with leaves and roots of Cissampelos pareira and Aristolochia indica, the extract in drops applied in nostrils during epileptic attacks; root bark alterative. For skin diseases, bark and leaves boiled in water and used for bathing. Leafy twigs decoction of Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Citrus aurantifolia used for cough. Veterinary medicine, leaves for ephemeral fevers and an antidote to snake poison for goats; leaves infusion given to cattle for fevers; leaves juice applied for mastitis, eczema, ascariasis, also administered orally to cure ulcers; root of Sarcostemma acidum with neem bark pounded and the extract given orally as a snakebite antidote; for ephemeral fever, leaves of Anisomeles indica with those of Annona squamosa and Azadirachta indica burnt close to the animal; stem bark ground with that of Ficus religiosa given to cure anthrax. Sacred plant, being the seat of Shitala, the deity of the disease, used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, reception, stembark sweetish white exudation considered to have magical properties; contact therapy, patient suffering from rheumatism and swelling has to take rest under the tree for some nights.) in English: bead tree, cornucopia, Indian lilac, limbodi oil, margosa, margosa tree, neem, neem oil, neem tree, nim in Angola: lo mbobola, olo mbombolo in Benin: kininoutin in Burkina Faso: go koussi, ieeki, kaadi, neem, nim, tirotiya in Ethiopia: neem in Ghana: akagyatia in Guinea: dyokadyo, kasya misin in Ivory Coast: djaba baka, djaba ouaka, djindé baté, djindé gni, djokouadjo-brou in Kenya: arubaine, dwele, ebei, muarubaine, mwarobame, mwarubaine in Madagascar: traimpilga, voandelaka in Mali: gonji, nim, sa furani in Niger: dogo’n, dogon yaro, neem, turi forta

500

in Nigeria: darbejiya, dogo’n yaro, dogon yaro, dogonyaro, eke-oyenbo, idogoyaro, igi-oba, nim, vim in Senegal: dim-u-tubab, dimi buki, emdepanda, neem, nim, nivaquine in Sudan: neem, nim in Tanzania: muarobaini, mwarobaini in Togo: kiniten, kiniti, kinititi, liliti, neem, nim, nym, sabuléti in Uganda: neem, niimu in Yoruba: aforo-oyinbo, afoforo oyinbo in Arabic: shereesh, zanzalacht in Burma (Myanmar): bowtamaka, tamabin, tamaka in China: lian shu in India: acutakimaram, akaluti, akappalamakkiyacatti, akuluti, ammapattini, ammapattiri, aracankanni, aria-bepou, ariabepou, aricu, arishta, arista, aristah, aristakam, aritam, arittam, ariya-veppa, arkapadapa, arkkapatavam, arukkapatavam, arulaci, arulundi kaduppagai, arulupati, aruluruti, arunati, aruttakam, aruttam, aruveppu, arya-veppu, aryatikta, aryaveppu, arytikta, atipam, auristha, azaddarakhte-hindi azad-dirakht, azaddarachtehindi, baalanthi baevu, baemu, baevina mara, baevu, balantanimba, balanthanimba, balnimb, bemu, beorunara, betain, bevina, bevina chiguru, bevina-mara, bevinahoo, bevinamaram, bevu, beysdunara, burg neem, burge neem, cakarakam, cakatam, cakatamaram, cakatamuli, cankumaru, cankumarutam, cankumarutamaram, carutopattiri, carvacatakam, catapalacitti, catapalacittimaram, cavamuli, cenkumaru, chella, chhardana, chhardighna, cippuratimuli, cirilipannan, cirinapannam, cirinapanni, cirinapannimaram, cirinapattiram, cirnaparam, cirnapattiram, civam, civamatukam, civamatukamaram, dinkan, dokam-balm, gul neem, hingu, hinguniryasa, hnahkha, iravippiriyam, isabaevu, kaayabaevu, kacappi, kacappu, kacappuppacitam, kacappuppacitamaram, kacappuvaruti, kacappuvarutimaram, kadu khajur, kadukhajur, kaduneem, kadunimb, kahi baevu, kahi bevu, kahi nimba, kahibevu, kaippanveppu, kaitariyam, kaitarya, kakaphala, katippakai, kaybevu, kayibevu, kaypebevu, kaypebivu, kecamutti, keibevu, kinci, kincika, kinji, kireshta, kiruminacamaram, kitaka, kosaram, kotakapaciyam, kotakapaciyamaram, kotaravali, kotaravalimaram, leemba, leemda, lemalo, lemdi, limb, limba, limba chajhada, limbachajhada, limbada, limbado, limbo, limbo chaali, limbo gatcho, limbodi (neemguthali), limboli beej, limda, limdo, lobali beej (neem beej), maghz tukhm-e-neem, maghz tukhm neem, mahanim, malaka, malakai, malakam, malugam, malukam, maturakkacappi, moha neem, mutikam, nalatampumaram, nattuvempu, neeb, neem, neem beej, neem chaal, neem chal, neem chhal, neem ke khusk pattay, neem ki chhaal, neem ki namontian, neem pan, neem patti, neem phool, neem tuo, neemba, neemchal, neemda, neemdi, neemdo, neempan, neempatti, neemro, neemtel, neta, nib, nim, nim beej, nim

Azanza Alef. Malvaceae

chaal, nim paan kadva, nim-tita-araung, nimadare, nimb, nimba, nimba hannu, nimbah, nimbaka, nimbam, nimbamu, nimbara, nimbavrikshaha, nimbay, nimbo, nimboli. nimdudh, nimgachh, nimpakam, nimpamaram, nimpataru, ninpam, nimthing nim, nimuri, ninb, niriyacam, niriyasam, niryasa, nitarpam, niyacam, niyamana, niyamanam, niyamanamaram, niyaracam, niyaratam, niyatam, olle-bevu, ollebevu, pacumantam, pakvakrita, paribhadhraka, paribhadrakah, paripattiram, pariyam, parvatam, peranimpam, perunimpam, picacappiriyam, picacappiriyam, picacappiriyam, picacuppiriyam, picaram, picavappiriyam, pichumanda, picumanda, picumandah, picumantam, picumarda, picumarddam, picumattam, pirapattiram, pisidam, pisumarddam, pitasara, piyacukam, poast darakht neem, poast darakht nim, poast neem, prabhadra, prabhadrah, pukamalaka, puyari, puyarikam, rajabhadraka, rajaveppu, ravipriya, roghan neem, roghan nim, sarvatobhadra, seizrak, sengumaru, shirshaparna, shita, shukrapriya, subhadra, sumana, suruk, taruka, tharuka, tittai, tuttai, ukkirakantam, ukkirakanti, ukkragandam, vaepa, varatvacha, varuttam, vembu, vempu, vempumaram, vemu, venipam, vepa, vepa-chettu, vepachettu, vepamkottai, vepanthazlai, veppa, veppam, veppamaram, veppamkottai, veppampoo, veppampattai, veppamtazhai, veppan, veppenna, veppila, veppin tholi, veppu, veppuu, vepu, vevina, vicimikini, vicumantam, vicumikini, vicumini, viruttamaram, visapatcani, vishirnaparna, vranasodhakari, weppa, yaapa chettu, yapa, yavaneshta, yeppa in Indonesia: imba, intaran, membha, mempheuh, mimba in Laos: ka dao in Malaysia: baypay, mambu, repe, veppam, weppa in Nepal: nim in Pakistan: neem, nimoli, shirish in Papua New Guinea: azadirachta in Singapore: kohumba, nimba, veppam in Thailand: khwinin, sadao, saliam in Tibet: ni mba, ni-mba, nim-pa in Vietnam: s[aaf]u d[aa]u

Azanza Alef. Malvaceae Probably from azania, an old word meaning black in Zanzibar, or from a vernacular Mexican name, see Prodr. (DC.) 1: 453. 1824, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 19: 298. 1861. Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. (Shantzia garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Lewton; Thespesia garckeana F. Hoffm.; Thespesia rogersii Moore; Thespesia triloba Hoffm.) (species named after the German botanist Christian August Friedrich Garcke, 1819–1904, author of Flora von Halle… 2 vols. Berlin 1848, 1856) (Shantzia Lewton, Malvaceae, for the American botanist Homer LeRoy (Leroy) Shantz,

Azima Lam. Salvadoraceae

1876–1958, traveller (Africa) and plant collector; see Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. 696. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 265. Boston 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 362. 1972, Irving William Knobloch, compil., “A preliminary verified list of plant collectors in Mexico.” Phytologia Memoirs. VI. 1983.) Tanzania. Tree or shrub, deciduous, rounded crown, large showy red-orange flowers, rounded woody fruit with sweet sticky flesh, fruits important famine food, very sweet ripe fruits edible, on termite mounds, in open bushland and woodland, in Combretum-Terminalia bushland See Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flora von Central-OstAfrika 12. 1889 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18: 15, f. 1–2. 1928, Contrib. Conhec. da Flora de Moçambique (Estud., Ens. & Docum. xii.) 2: 59. 1954 (Roots boiled and drunk to treat infertility and constipation. Used for coughs; stems and leaves pounded and extract taken against liver problems.) in English: snot apple, tree hibiscus, wild hibiscus in Kenya: baamiya, matoo, muto, mutoo, muwatata, nduwe, olmotoo in Nigeria: goron tula (Hausa) in Southern Africa: snotappel (from the Afrikaans snotter = to snivel); morajwa (Mangwato dialect, Botswana); muthowa (Venda); moneko (Kololo, Barotseland); muGurura, muNeko, muNogotogiwa, muTobge, iTobgwe, muTochwe, muTogwe, muTowe (Shona) in Tanzania: dong, emoloo, emotoo, matua, matwa, mchagai, mchai, mnduwe, msembere, mtakataka, mtobo, mtogho, mtoo, mtowo, mtoyo, mtula, mtwa, muchagai, mutogo, mutrogho, mutwa, mwatata, olmatawayu, olmotoo, thogi, tlaghay, xaxabo

Azima Lam. Salvadoraceae Origin of the generic name quite uncertain, or from the Malagasy name azimena, or from an ancient city of Thrace, Azimus, whose swords were straight like the spines of Azima; see Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 343. 1783, Sylva Tellur. 138. 1838, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 8: 44–163. 1857, G.W. Parker, A Concise Grammar of the Malagasy Language. London 1883. Azima tetracantha Lam. (Azima angustifolia DC.; Azima spinosissima Engl.; Azima tetracantha var. laxior C.H. Wr.; Azima tetracantha var. pubescens H. Perrier, nomen nudum; Monetia barlerioides L’Hér.; Monetia tetracantha (Lam.) Salisb.; Monetia tetracantha Salisb.) Tropical Africa to India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Dioecious, erect evergreen small woody shrub,

501

variable, scandent, rambling, straggling, spines in each leaf axil often in whorls of 4, greenish to yellowish unisexual flowers, inflorescence an axillary spike or cyme, fruit a thinly fleshy globose edible berry, edible oil, browsed by livestock, barrier plant See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 343. 1783, Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 1: t. 1. 1784, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 65. 1796, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 298. 1844, Prodr. (DC.) 17: 29. 1873, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xix. (1894) 147. 1894 and Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 118: 1–7. 1946, JAOCS—Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 68(12): 978–979. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 56(2): 145–152. 1997, Annals of the East Cape Museums 1: 26–53. 2000, South African Journal of Science 97: 375–379. 2001, Phytotherapy Research 17(9): 1123–1125. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94(2–3): 261–266. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): 657– 666. 2007, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 948–953. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Wood avoided as fuel wood because the smoke is considered poisonous. Pricks from thorns, unpleasant burning sensations. Whole plant diuretic, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antiproliferative, antifungal, antioxidant and astringent, used to treat dropsy, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, diabetes and arthritis; sap disinfectant, used in oral health care and applied directly to treat toothache and bleeding gums after tooth extraction. Pounded roots applied directly to snakebites; root decoction to treat stomach disorders; root, root bark and leaves added to food as a remedy for rheumatism. Leaves infusion to treat venereal diseases; pickled leaves against colds; leaves made into a paste with water used for fever; juice of the leaves expectorant, said to relieve the cough, bronchitis, vomiting, tuberculosis and asthma, also applied as eardrops against earache and crushed leaves placed on painful teeth; leaf powder antiinflammatory, wound-healing. Juice of the berries applied directly into the ear to treat earache. Veterinary medicine, roots ground and given with rice soaked water for knee pains; dried root ground, put in cold water and given to cows to facilitate difficult parturition; leaves ground with tubers of Asparagus racemosus given in fevers.) in English: bee-hanger, bee-sting, bee-sting bush, by-angel, fire thorn, four thorns, needle bush, stink bush in India: accamaram, ae sagale, aesagale maale, aesagale mele, aesagale mutthu, ancil, ancirikacceti, anji, atiyamam, bilee uppina gida, bili uppi gida, bilivuppi, biliwuppi, cankakiranam, cankam, cankam ver, cankan, cankan kuppi, cankan kuppi ilai, cankan ver, cankanceti, canku, cankucceti, carini, cattinakitacceti, cattinakitam, catukkini, changan, cuvacakkini, egachi, elam, elu, elukacceti, elukam, esagale motu, esagelemale, esagelemuttu, esalake, esanku, etu, etukacceti, etukam, evakaanacceti, evakanacceti, evakanam, ganjimullu, hallusunde, hullu sunde, icanku, ichanka, ijangu, inkanceti, isangu, iyanku, kanda-gur-kamay, kandagachangam, kandaki, kanniram, kanta-gur-kamai, kantakacankam, kantaccanku, kantangur, kantagurkamai, karavelasangam,

502

Azolla Lamarck Azollaceae (Salviniaceae)

kavarelucankam, kecchalu baavu, kokkai, kokkarai, kol, kolaccankam, kolaccanku, kolachangu, koturai, koturaicceti, koturi, koturicceti, kucitamiyam, kuncitamiyacceti, kundali, kuntal, kuntalatti, kuntali, kuntalikacceti, kunthali, miccenkan, minnikizhangu, mucaippul, mujangu, mukai, mulcanku, mulchangan, mullsangan, mulluccanku, mulluchangu, mullukari, mulsangu, mulsanguyelai, muluccanku, mundla kampa, mutai, mutcamkan, mutcankam, mutcankan, mutcanku, muttam, muttapalam, muttayilai, nalla-sanganchedi, nallacanku, nallochangam, narcankan, narcanku, nirccanku, pannaicavitam, pannaiccervitacceti, pannaiccevitacceti, pannaiccevitam, puttu, sangan, sanguchedi, sangumul, sankan, sankunkuppi, shankunkuppi, sukkaa paatha, sukkapat, sung ilai, sungam-chedi, tantapalini, tella-upi, tella uppi, tellavuppi, telluppi, thellavuppi, thelluppi, trikantagati, trikantajata, trikantajati, tuti, tuticcerikacceti, tuticcevikacceti, tuticcevikam, tutiyanci, tutiyancikacceti, tutiyancikam, uppara, uppu chekka, uppugobe, uttapalam, uvarcankam, uvarccankam, uvarccankanceti, vellaiccanku, virutakuntali, vuppukampa, yagachi mullu, yasank, yasanku, yellesundi, yesagale, yesigelamotu, yesigilamali Malay name: pekan in Namibia: onyarayongwe in Southern Africa: byangel, byangelbos, byhanger, groendoring, naaibos (= sewing bush), naaldebos, speldedoring, speldoring, stinkbos; ndewe (Swahili); isiKhumukela, iHlazane, umGeza, umGeya, iNgungumela, inGungumela, gecaya (Zulu); iGcegcelya, iceGceya, iGceleya (Xhosa); ribaba (Tsonga) in Swaziland: umvusankunzi

ligumkela,

ligumkelii,

siKhumekele,

in Tanzania: mdunga ndewe, mpilipili tawa, mswaki ndume

Azolla Lamarck Azollaceae (Salviniaceae) Greek azos ‘dry’, aza ‘dryness’, azo (see the Hittite hat) ‘to dry, to burne’ and ollumi, olluo ‘to kill, destroy’, the plants are killed by drought; see Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de Lamarck (1744–1829), Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. 1(1): 343. 1783, Meyen, Franz Julius Ferdinand (1804–1840), Reise um die erde … 1: 337. Berlin, 1834–1835 and Handb. Syst. Bot. 2: 77. 1903, F. Boerner, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 2. Aufl. 70. 1966, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18(4): 453. 1980, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 63. 1989, Pl. Syst. Evol. 184(3–4): 189. 1993, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 90. Basel 1996. Azolla pinnata R. Br. subsp. africana (Desv.) R.M.K. Saunders & K. Fowler (Azolla africana Desv.; Azolla guineensis Schumach.; Azolla pinnata R. Br.; Azolla pinnata var. africana (Desv.) Baker)

Tropical Africa. Small aquatic nitrogen-fixing fern, slender and creeping, growing in standing water of rice field, floating on surface, green manure, forage for cattle, feed for poultry See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 11. 1810, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6(2): 178. 1827, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 462. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 4: 236. 1829, J. Bot., 25: 101. 1886, Handbook of the Fern-Allies 138. 1887 and Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 86: 471–472. 1985, Fern Gaz. 13: 317–319. 1989, Cytologia 54: 275–286. 1989, Pl. Syst. Evol. 173: 223–239. 1990, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109(3): 351. 1992, Indian Fern J. 9: 94–101. 1992, Pl. Syst. Evol. 184: 175–193. 1993 (Plant antibacterial, antifungal.) in English: duckweed, ferny azolla, green azolla, pinnate mosquito-fern Azolla pinnata R. Br. subsp. asiatica R.M.K. Saunders & K. Fowler (Azolla decomposita Zoll., nom. nud.; Azolla imbricata (Roxb.) Nakai; Azolla imbricata (Roxb. ex Griff.) Nakai; Azolla imbricata var. prolifera Y.X. Ling; Azolla imbricata var. sempervirens Y.X. Ling; Azolla pinnata var. imbricata (Roxb. ex Griff.) Bonap.; Salvinia imbricata Roxb. ex Griff.) Thailand, China. Small aquatic nitrogen-fixing fern, slender and creeping, growing in standing water of rice field, floating on surface See Flora Veronensis 3: 52. 1754, Flora Pedemontana 2: 289. 1785, Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India 4: 469–470. 1844, Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Indischen Archipel 51. 1854 and Notes Pteridologiques 7: 130. 1918, Botanical Magazine 39(463): 185. 1925, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(4): 454. 1980, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 109(3): 349–351. 1992 (Used for perspiration, diuresis and neurodermatitis. Herbal dog remedy, for respiratory troubles.) in China: man jiang hon

Azorella Lam. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) From the Azores Islands in the Eastern Atlantic. See J.B.A.P. de Monnet de Lamarck, Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. 1(1): 344. 1783, G.C. Wittstein, Etymologischbotanisches Handwörterbuch. 88. Ansbach 1852 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5A/1): 3–97. 1962, João Afonso, Bibliografia geral dos Açores: sequencia do Dicionário bibliográfico portugues. Angra do Heroismo 1985, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 63. Berlin & Hamburg 1989. Azorella compacta Phil. (Azorella columnaris H. Wolff; Azorella prismatoclada Domin; Azorella yareta Hauman; Laretia compacta Reiche; Laretia compacta (Phil.) Reiche)

503

Azorella Lam. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Chile. Compact resinous cushion shrub, flowers pale yellow, forming large rounded mounds See Botanical Miscellany 1: 329. 1830, Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile. Primera Sección —- Zoolojía 8: 28. 1891, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 104: 784. 1899 and Flora de Chile 3: 63. 1902, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 4: 297. 1907, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 288. 1908, Physis 4: 485, f. 3d, 4–6. 1919, Phytochemistry 44(4): 649–651. 1997, Journal of

Natural Products 62(9): 1319–1321. 1999, Phytochemistry 56: 177–180. 2001, Journal of Andrology 24(3). May/ June 2003, Phytochemistry 65(13): 1931–1935. 2004, Phytotherapy Research 19(8): 713–716. 2005 (Antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, antiplasmodial, contraceptive. Used to treat the common cold and ache, to reduce sugar in the blood, and as an ointment to treat dermatological disorders; heated resin a dressing for backache.) in Chile: llarella, llareta, yareta

B Baccaurea Lour. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Borneo, Thailand. Tree

Latin baca (or bacca), ae ‘a berry, a small round fruit’ and aureus, a, um ‘golden, of gold’, see Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 641, 651, 661. 1790, Bijdr.: 579. 1826, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 254. 1832, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 444, 471. 1861, Prodromus (DC.) 15(2.2): 456–466. 1866 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 279. 1909, Pflanzenr. (Engler) Euphorb.-Phyllanthoid.Phyllanth. 45–72. 1922 [F. Pax and K. Hoffmann], Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 870. 1924 [publ. 1925], Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2. 24(2): 233. 1935, Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University 21(3): 65–104. 1965, Kew Bulletin 26: 191–363. 1972, Kew Bulletin 36: 239–374. 1981. A very difficult genus.

See Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(2): 359. 1859, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 3: 442. 1861, Linnaea 32: 82. 1863, Prodr. (DC.) 15(2): 457, 462. 1866 and Pflanzenr., (Engler) Euphorb.Phyllanthoid.-Phyllanth. 147,15(Heft 81): 59. 1922

Baccaurea brevipes Hook.f. Pen. Thailand to W. Malesia. Small tree, fruit a globose waxy capsule white to rose-pink, flesh violet, in rain forest, related to Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. See Fl. Brit. India 5: 372. 1887 (Leaves juice to regulate menstruation.) in English: blue rambai in Indonesia: mata ayam, rambai bukit in Malaysia: mata ayam, rambai ayam, rambai tikus, setambum lilin Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Müll.Arg. (Baccaurea courtallensis Müll.Arg.; Baccaurea macrostachya (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f.; Baccaurea macrostachya Wight; Pierardia courtallensis Wight; Pierardia macrostachya Wight & Arn.) India, Sri Lanka. Trees, shining leaves, pendulous inflorescence, crimson flowers, ripe fruits eaten raw See Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 5(2): t. 1912. 1852, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2): 459. 1866, Fl. Brit. India 5: 371. 1887 (Paste from root bark applied on the forehead to get relief from headache.) in India: mootithuri, onapazham Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll.Arg. (Adenocrepis lanceolata Müll.Arg.; Adenocrepis lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Baccaurea glabriflora Pax & K. Hoffm.; Baccaurea lanceolata Müll.Arg.; Baccaurea pyrrhodasya (Miq.) Müll. Arg.; Baccaurea pyrrhadasya Müll.Arg.; Hedycarpus lanceolatus Miq.; Pierardia pyrrhodasya Miq.)

(Pounded leaves with water drunk for stomachache.) in Sarawak: lampa ong Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (Baccaurea beccariana Pax & K. Hoffm.; Baccaurea macrophylla Müll. Arg.; Baccaurea macrophylla Pax; Pierardia macrophylla Müll.Arg.) Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Borneo. Tree See Flora 47: 516. 1864, Prodr. (DC.) 15(2.2): 460. 1866, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28(1): 21. 1899 and Pflanzenr., (Engler) Euphorb.-Phyllanthoid.-Phyllanth. 147,15(Heft 81): 62. 1922 (Inner bark juice for sore eyes.) in Sarawak: pekang Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (Baccaurea motleyana Müll.Arg.; Baccaurea pubescens Pax & K. Hoffm.; Pierardia motleyana Müll.Arg.) (after the British (b. Yorks) plant collector James Motley, c. 1821–1859 (murdered in Borneo), civil engineer and botanist in Malaysia and Borneo, who with Lewis Llewellyn Dillwyn wrote Contributions to the Natural History of Labuan, and the Adjacent Coasts of Borneo. London 1855. See E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 520. 1965, I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (4), Collectors M. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 93. 1976, R. Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 503. 1994.) Thailand, peninsula Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Tree, bushy, ripe fruits eaten usually raw See Hort. Bengal. 28. 1814, Fl. Ind. ii. 254. 1832, Flora 47: 516. 1864, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 461. 1866 and Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XV: 61. 1922 (Sap from bark treats sore eyes, sometimes used with leaves of Mimusops elengi. Bark one of the ingredients of a postpartum remedy.) in English: common rambai in China: duo mai mu nai guo

505

506

in Malaya: rambai Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f. (Baccaurea cordata Merr.; Baccaurea hookeri Gage; Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage) Pen. Thailand to W. Malesia, Sumatra. Tree, leaves oblong, inflorescences clustered on branches, fruit an ovoid capsule reddish, fruits edible

Baccharis L. Asteraceae

Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2.2): 459. 1866 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 70: 431–432. 1923, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 71: 870–871. 1925 [1924 publ. 1925], Planta Medica 73(13): 1415–1417. 2007, Fitoterapia 79(5): 388–392. 2008, Planta Medica 76(1): 88–90. 2010

in Malaysia: jintek bukit, jintek-jintek, jintek merah, rambai hutan

(Stem antioxidant. Bark antioxidant, radical-scavenging activities, used in gynecological disorders, skin diseases, constipation, stomachache, colic and gastric ulcer; a decoction used as a wash for ulcers; bark infusion astringent, taken for food allergy and poisoning; bark sap given to children for constipation; bark chewed by adults for constipation; powdered dry bark applied on infected wounds. Paste made from the root applied in the bite of Neanthes, a worm. Eating too many fruits gives an upset stomach. Magic, contact therapy, a piece of stem tied on arms cures sore eyes.)

in Thailand: chamrai, kachampuling, mafai-ling

in English: Burmese grape, rambai

Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Müll.Arg. (Baccaurea bhaswatii Chakrab. & M. Gangop.; Baccaurea racemosa Müll.Arg.; Baccaurea wallichii Hook.f.; Coccomelia racemosa Reinw. ex Blume; Coccomelia racemosa Reinw.; Pierardia racemosa Blume; Pierardia racemosa (Reinw.) Blume; Pierardia racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume)

in Cambodia: phnhiew

See Flora Cochinchinensis 641, 661. 1790, Fl. Brit. India 5: 369. 1887 and Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9: 230, 232. 1922, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 147. 1929 (Roots grated, mixed with water and the juice squeezed into eyes to relieve soreness and irritation.) in Indonesia: rambe

Malesia. Trees, ripe fruits eaten usually raw See Hort. Bengal. 28. 1814, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (Blume) 110. 1823, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. 12: 579. 1826, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 2: 6. 1828[1825], Prodr. (DC.) 15(2.2): 461. 1866, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 375. 1887 and J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 82: 183– 184. 1920, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18(2): 420. 1994

in China: mu nai guo in India: dampiya-araung, dieng sohmyndong, dojuka, kataphal, khata phal, leteku, lotqua, lutco, lutqua, moktok, pangkai, pangkai, rambai, samai, tampaiuk, tampaiuk-araung in Indonesia: mafai setambun, tajam molek in Laos: f’ai in Malaysia: pupor, tampoi, tempui in Myanmar: kanazo in Thailand: hamkang, mafai, phayiu, sae-khruea-sae, somfai in Vietnam: dzâu miên dzu’ ó’i, giâu gia dât, giâu tiên

(Vomiting caused by eating too much of the fruit. Leaves used for yaws.)

Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Müll. Arg. (Calyptroon sumatranum Miq.)

in Bali: kapundung

Indonesia. Small tree, dioecious, reddish-brown bole, unisexual flowers borne in few-flowered clusters behind the leaves, orange dehiscent berries with a few orange-arillate seeds

in Java: kapundung in Malay Peninsula: kapundung, menteng (the fruit), tuko takal in Sumatra: kapundung Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Baccaurea cauliflora Lour.; Baccaurea oxycarpa Gagnep.; Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Müll. Arg.; Baccaurea wrayi King ex Hook. f.; Gatnaia annamica Gagnep.; Pierardia sapida Roxb.) Cambodia, Pen. Malaysia. Tree, small tree, evergreen, spreading crown, shaggy thin bark, elliptic-ovate leaves spirally arranged, slow growing, fragrant pale yellow flowers in tomentose unbranched inflorescences, yellow globose edible fruits in bunches along the branches, flowers used as vegetable, fruit pulp eaten fresh See Fl. Cochinch.: 2: 661. 1790, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 254–255. 1832, Prodromus

See Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel 471. 1861, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 466. 1866 (Leaf paste applied on wounds.) in India: kachchmai Malay name: tambun

Baccharis L. Asteraceae Greek bakkaris, bakkaridos ‘unguent made from asaron’; bakcharis, an ancient Greek name used by Dioscorides for sowbread, Cyclamen hederaefolium; Greek bakchar, bakchari ‘unguent’, Latin baccar (or bacchar), baccaris for a plant having a fragrant root from which an oil was expressed

507

Baccharis L. Asteraceae

(Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 860– 861. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 370. 1754, Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 98. 1794, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 425. 1807, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 47–48. 1820, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 41: 57–59. 1826, Flora 10(6): 96. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 402, 407, 409–410, 413, 415–416, 420, 424. 1836, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3(17): 38. 1840, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 202. 1845, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 101–102. 1852, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 34: 180. 1870, Flora Brasiliensis 6(3): 55, 61. 1882, Anales Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile 36. 1891 and Anales de la Universidad de Chile 111: 176. 1902, Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für SchleswigHolstein 13: 39. 1904, Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. Beihefte 21(3): 26. 1904, Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. Beihefte 21(Beih. 3): 15, 17, 19. 1906, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 12(2): 69. 1933, Notas del Museo de la Plata, Botánica 9: 246. 1944, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 13(49): 70, 85, 88–89. 1967, Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. 50: 180. 1973, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 128–164, 483–495. 1976, Fl. Prov. Jujuy 10: 1–726. 1978, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 25–27. [Ristampa dell’edizione di Bologna 1870] Bologna 1978, Phytologia 52(3): 168. 1982, Taxon 38: 513– 515. 1989, Boldt, P.E. Baccharis (Asteraceae): A Review of Its Taxonomy, Phytochemistry, Ecology, Economic Status, Natural Enemies and the Potential for Its Biological Control in the United States. Temple, Tex. 1989, Phytologia 69(1): 43. 1990, Candollea 48(1): 211–213. 1993, Taxon 42: 693. 1993, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Compositae Newsl. 37: i-iii, 1–84. 2001, Novon 15(4): 535–540. 2005, Systematic Botany Monographs 76: 1–341. 2006, Maria José Abad and Paulina Bermejo, “ Baccharis (Compositae): a review update.” Arkivoc 7: 76–96. 2007. Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers. (Conyza articulata Lam.; Molina articulata (Lam.) Less.; Pingraea articulata (Lam.) F.H. Hellw.)

Wedd.; Baccharis odorata Kunth fo. spathulata Wedd.; Baccharis procumbens Hieron.; Baccharis tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. var. minifolia Cuatrec.; Molina caespitosa Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 203. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 425. 1807, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 37–38, t. 322. 1820[1818], Chloris Andina 1(4–6): 169. 1855[1856] and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 590. 1901, Caldasia 10(46) : 8. 1967, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 84: 86. 1999 (Crushed leaves applied to sprains and contusions.) Baccharis concava Pers. (Baccharis macraei Hook. & Arn. var. intermedia Heer.; Molina concava Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 3: 32. 1841 (Crushed leaves applied to sprains, wounds, ruptures and contusions.) Baccharis conferta Kunth (Baccharis orizabaensis Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl., nom. nud.; Baccharis resinosa Kunth; Baccharis xalapensis Kunth) Mexico. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 41, 43–44, t. 323. 1820 [1818], Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 2(8): 130. 1881 and Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 54(1): 99–104. 2002 (Spasmolytic, laxative, astringent, used to treat diarrhea, stomachaches, gastrointestinal cramps, for stimulating urination. Tea made from the leaves taken to lose weight.) in Brazil: quauhizquiztli Baccharis coridifolia DC. (Eupatorium montevidense Spreng.)

South America.

Mexico.

See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 94. 1786, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 425. 1807, Linnaea 6: 140. 1831 and Candollea 48(1): 217. 1993

See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 3: 417. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 422. 1836

(Aerial parts decoctions or infusions antidiabetic, diuretic and digestive.)

(Whole herb decoction used externally as an antiinflammatory. Veterinary medicine, vapors of the whole herb, mixed with sulphur, used for horse’s external parasites.)

in Brazil: carquejana, carquejilla, quauhizquiztli Baccharis caespitosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Baccharis alpina Kunth; Baccharis alpina Cerv.; Baccharis alpina fo. macrocephala Hieron.; Baccharis caespitosa var. alpicola Cuatrec. ex Luteyn, nom. nud.; Baccharis caespitosa var. alpina (Kunth) Cuatrec.; Baccharis caespitosa var. caespitosa; Baccharis humifusa Kunth; Baccharis incarum Wedd. fo. prostrata Cuatrec.; Baccharis microphylla subvar. prostrata

in Mexico: mio-mio, romerillo Baccharis corymbosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Molina corymbosa Ruiz & Pav.) South America. Shrub See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 210. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 424. 1807

508

Baccharis L. Asteraceae

(Resinous, balsamic, aromatic, tonic.)

in Brazil: carqueja-amarga

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Baccharis bracteata Hook. & Arn.; Baccharis dracunculifolia fo. spectabilis Heering; Baccharis dracunculifolia fo. subviscosa Kuntze; Baccharis dracunculifolia var. integerrima Kuntze; Baccharis leptospermoides DC.; Baccharis pulverulenta Klatt)

in Mexico: carqueja

Brazil.

North America. Dioecious shrub, not resinous, flowers in heads, in salt marshes, swamps and low ground, in hammocks

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 421. 1836, London Journal of Botany 3: 35. 1841, Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle 15: 327. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 132. 1898 and Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 31: 143. 1913 (Resinous exudates, used to improve health and prevent diseases.) Baccharis emarginata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Molina emarginata Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Synopsis Plantarum 2: 424. 1807 (Crushed leaves applied to sprains, wounds, ruptures and contusions.) in Peru: tayo macho Baccharis gaudichaudiana DC. Paraguay. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 424. 1836 (Used for the treatment of diabetes, gastrointestinal ailments and as a tonic.) in Paraguay: chilca melosa Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. subsp. crispa (Spreng.) Joch. Müll. (Baccharis crispa Spreng.; Baccharis cylindrica (Less.) DC.; Baccharis genistelloides var. crispa (Spreng.) Baker; Baccharis genistelloides var. cylindrica (Less.) Baker; Baccharis genistelloides var. trimera (Less.) Baker; Baccharis myriocephala DC.; Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC.; Molina crispa (Spreng.) Less.; Molina cylindrica Less.; Molina trimera Less.; Pingraea crispa (Spreng.) F.H. Hellw.) South America. See Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 9: 435. 1790, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 466. 1826, Linnaea 6: 141. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 425. 1836, Flora Brasiliensis 6(3): 41. 1882 and Candollea 48(1): 217. 1993 (Aphrodisiac. Decoctions from the aerial parts digestives and antiseptic for external use; decoctions of the whole herb to treat liver disease, rheumatism, diabetes, as digestive and aphrodisiac, for hepatic and renal disorders. Baccharis trimera, leaves and stem, used for regulating fertility.)

in Paraguay: jaguarete ka’a Baccharis glomeruliflora Persoon (Baccharis sessiliflora Michaux, nom. illeg.; Baccharis sessiliflora Vahl)

See Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 97. 1794, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 125. 1803, Syn. Pl. 2: 423. 1807 (Toxic.) in English: silverling Baccharis grisebachii Hieron (Baccharis abientina Kuntze) Andean provinces, Argentina. See Boletín de Academia de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes. Córdoba, Spain 4: 36. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 31. 1898 (Aerial parts infusion digestive, local antiseptic and cicatrizant, to treat gastric ulcers.) Baccharis halimifolia L. (Baccharis halimifolia var. angustior DC.) North America. Dioecious shrub, resinous, white flowers, not generally palatable to cattle See Sp. Pl. 2: 860–861. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 370. 1754, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 412. 1836 and Regnum Veg.127: 23.1993 (Leaves contain a cardiotoxic glycoside known to cause the death of sheep if they eat about one percent of their body weight in leaves.) in English: consumption weed, eastern baccharis, groundsel bush, groundsel tree, sea myrtle, silverling, tree groundsel Baccharis heterophylla Kunth (Baccharis cuneata DC.; Baccharis spathulata Schauer; Baccharis spathulata Klatt, nom. illeg.) Mexico. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 48–49. 1820[1818], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 408. 1836, Linnaea 19: 724–725. 1847, Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle 15: 326. 1882 (Infusions or decoctions of the aerial parts antimicrobial, used for gastrointestinal disorders.) Baccharis illinita DC. Brazil. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 412. 1836

509

Baccharis L. Asteraceae

(Leaves and stems infusion antiinflammatory, anti-infectious, skin and mucosal healing, protective action against stomach ulcers. Powder from macerated and dried leaves used for the cicatrization of skin wounds.)

Mexico. Erect, suffrutescent shrub, flowers yellowish white

in Brazil: erva milagrosa

(Used in the form of infusions of the leaves for the treatment of catarrhs and for urinary problems.)

Baccharis incarum Wedd. (Baccharis incarum (Wedd.) Cuatrec.; Baccharis incarum (Wedd.) Perkins; Baccharis incarum var. lejia (Phil.) Cabrera; Baccharis lejia Phil.; Baccharis microphylla var. incarum Wedd.; Baccharis tola Phil.; Baccharis tola var. lejia (Phil.) Reiche) Argentina. Low shrub, resinous, white heads See Chloris Andina 1(4–6): 170, t. 29. 1855[1856], Florula Atacamensis seu Enumeratio … 30. 1860 and Anales de la Universidad de Chile 111: 176. 1902, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 224. 1913, Phytologia 9: 7. 1963, Systematic Botany Monographs 76: 93. 2006 (Decoctions or poultices of leaves for healing wounds.) Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Baccharis floribunda Kunth; Baccharis polyantha Kunth; Baccharis polyantha fo. genuina Hieron.; Baccharis polyantha var. macrophylla Hieron.; Baccharis riparia Kunth; Molina latifolia Ruiz & Pav.; Pingraea latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) F.H. Hellw.; Pluchea glabra Griseb.; Vernonia otavalensis Gilli)

See Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 4: 46, 59. 1820[1818] and Taxon 19(1): 105. Feb. 1970, Candollea 48(1): 213. 1993

Baccharis nitida (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Baccharis lepidota Gilli Baccharis nitida fo. angustifolia Cuatrec.; Baccharis oronocensis DC.; Baccharis oronocensis var. perua Cuatrec.; Baccharis popayanensis Hieron.; Baccharis prinoides Kunth; Molina nitida Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 44. 1820[1818], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 422. 1836 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 593. 1901, Anales. Ciencias. Universidad de Madrid 4: 209. 1935, Mutisia 17: 11. 1953, Feddes Repertorium 94: 306. 1983, Phytologia 56(4): 252–255. 1984, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997 (Resinous, aromatic, tonic, balsamic, stimulant.) Baccharis notosergila Griseb.

Peru, Andes, Ecuador. Páramos

Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Subshrub, white flowers

See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 208. 1798, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 50–51, t. 325. 1820[1818], Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 183. 1879 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29: 25. 1900, Feddes Repertorium 94: 313. 1983, Candollea 48(1): 217. 1993

See Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam 183. 1879 (also Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 183. 1879)

(Decoctions or infusions of leaves and stems for skin infections, liver disease, wounds, ulcers, diabetes and rheumatism.)

See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 40. 1820[1818], Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 135. 1844

Baccharis linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Baccharis callistemoides Walp.; Baccharis holmbergii Hicken; Baccharis lingulata Kunze ex Less.; Baccharis linifolia Phil.; Baccharis rosmarinifolia Hook. & Arn.; Baccharis rosmarinifolia var. callistemoides (Walp.) Heer. ex Reiche; Baccharis rosmarinifolia var. subandina (Phil.) Heer. ex Reiche; Baccharis rosmarinifolia var. subsinuata DC.; Baccharis subandina Phil.; Molina linearis Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 205. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 425. 1807 and Amer. J. Bot. 76: 585–594. 1980, Darwiniana 30: 115–121. 1990 (Crushed leaves applied to sprains, wounds, ruptures and contusions.) Baccharis multiflora Kunth (Neomolina multiflora Kunth; Neomolina multiflora (Kunth) F.H. Hellw.)

(Infusions of the leaves and/or stems diuretic and digestive.) Baccharis obtusifolia Kunth (Baccharis loxensis Benth.) Ecuador.

(Decoctions of the aerial parts for the treatment of rheumatism, liver disease, wounds and ulcers.) Baccharis pentlandii DC. Bolivia. Resinous shrub densely branched, white flowers See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 416. 1836 (Used in the treatment of inflammation and rheumatism.) Baccharis pentlandii DC. subsp. pentlandii (Baccharis fallax Kuntze; Baccharis pentlandii subsp. sculpta (Griseb.) Joch. Müll.; Baccharis rubricaulis Rusby) Bolivia. Woody shrub, white flowers See Prodr. (DC.) 5: 416. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3: 132. 1898 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical

510

Garden 8(28): 129. 1912, Systematic Botany Monographs 76: 156. 2006 (Infusions or decoctions of the leaves and/or stems used for treating different types of mucous ailments.) Baccharis pilularis DC. (Baccharis pilularis subsp. consanguinea (DC.) C.B. Wolf; Baccharis pilularis subsp. consanguinea C.B. Wolf; Baccharis pilularis var. consanguinea (DC.) Kuntze; Baccharis pilularis var. consanguinea Kuntze) North America. Prostrate shrub, wiry and woody perennial evergreen, large root system, numerous small waxy stiff grey-green leaves, white fluffy female and yellowish male flowers, leaves fragrant and sticky with resinous oils, drought-resistant, fire-retardant, pioneer species See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 407–408. 1836, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 319. 1891 and Occas. Pap. Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. ser. 1; 1: 21. 1935 (Infusion of plant tonic and stimulant; heated leaves to reduce swelling.) in English: bush baccharis, chaparral broom, coyote brush, dwarf baccharis, dwarf chaparral broom, dwarf coyote brush, fuzzy wuzzy, kidney wort, kidney-wort baccharis Baccharis pteronioides DC. (Baccharis ramulosa (DC.) A. Gray; Haplopappus ramulosus DC.; Linosyris ramulosa (DC.) A. Gray; Neomolina pteronioides (DC.) F.H. Hellw.) Mexico. Perennial shrub See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 410. 1836, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 97. 1852, Plantae Novae Thurberianae 301. 1854 and Candollea 48(1): 213. 1993 (A hazard to cattle and sheep, the plants are also said to be poisonous to cattle and sheep. Infusion of the leaves used to treat chills (pasmo) and sores; decoction of leaves and roots used as wash for rheumatism and gonorrhea.) in Mexico: yerba de pasmo Baccharis rufescens Spreng. var. ventanicola Cabrera (Baccharis baldwinii Hook. & Arn.; Baccharis brevifolia DC.; Baccharis chilco Kunth; Baccharis cordobensis Heering; Baccharis denticulata D. Don ex DC.; Baccharis humilis Pruski; Baccharis leptocephala DC.; Baccharis linearifolia (Lam.) Pers.; Baccharis microphylla var. linearifolia Wedd. ex Sch. Bip.; Baccharis microphylla var. pulverulenta Rusby; Baccharis obovata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.; Baccharis patiensis Hieron.; Baccharis paucidentata DC.; Baccharis pedalis Sch. Bip. ex Griseb.; Baccharis pedersenii Cabrera; Baccharis pflanzii Perkins; Baccharis polycephala Wedd.; Baccharis prostrata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Baccharis pseudotridentata Heering; Baccharis rotundifolia var. stuckertii Heering; Baccharis rufescens var. leptocephala (DC.) Baker; Baccharis rufescens var. varians (Gardner) Baker; Baccharis subcapitata Gardner; Baccharis subdentata DC.; Baccharis

Baccharis L. Asteraceae

subdentata var. incogitata Malag.; Baccharis subdentata var. incognita Malag.; Baccharis subrufescens Heering; Baccharis tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. var. ruiziana Cuatrec.; Baccharis tridentata fo. integrifolia Cuatrec.; Baccharis tridentata var. pluridentata DC.; Baccharis varians Gardner; Baccharis ventanicola (Cabrera) Soria & Zardini; Baccharis xerophila Mart.; Conyza linearifolia Lam.; Molina obovata Ruiz & Pav.; Molina prostrata Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 92. 1786, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 206. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 425. 1807, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 30. 1830 and Candollea 46: 539. 1991 (Resinous, aromatic, stimulant, balsamic, tonic. Crushed leaves applied to sprains and contusions.) Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Baccharis angustifolia Desf.; Baccharis angustifolia Michaux; Baccharis buddlejoides Kunth; Baccharis calliprinos Griseb.; Baccharis chilquilla DC.; Baccharis coerulescens DC.; Baccharis douglasii DC.; Baccharis farinosa Spreng.; Baccharis fevillei DC.; Baccharis glutinosa Pers.; Baccharis haenkei DC.; Baccharis huydobriana Remy; Baccharis iresinoides Kunth; Baccharis lanceolata Kunth; Baccharis linifolia DC.; Baccharis longifolia DC.; Baccharis longipes Kunze ex DC.; Baccharis marginalis DC.; Baccharis marginalis var. longipes (Kunze ex DC.) Heering; Baccharis medullosa DC.; Baccharis mirabilis Heering; Baccharis parviflora Less.; Baccharis parviflora Ruiz & Pav.; Baccharis parviflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Baccharis pingraea DC.; Baccharis pingraea fo. angustissima DC.; Baccharis pingraea var. longipes (Kunze ex DC.) Heering; Baccharis salicifolia Nutt.; Baccharis salicifolia var. longifolia (DC.) Cuatrec.; Baccharis serrulata var. subscandens Kuntze; Baccharis subpingraea fo. borealis Heering; Baccharis subpingraea fo. nana Heering; Baccharis subpingraea fo. pseudulicina Heering; Baccharis subpingraea fo. punctulata Heering; Baccharis viminea DC.; Baccharis viminea var. atwoodii S.L. Welsh; Baccharis viscosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze; Baccharis viscosa Walter; Baccharis viscosa Lam.; Molina parviflora Ruiz & Pav.; Molina salicifolia Ruiz & Pav.; Molina striata Ruiz & Pav.; Molina viscosa Ruiz & Pav.; Molina viscosa Ruiz & Pav. ex Spreng.; Pingraea angustifolia Cass.; Pingraea marginalis (DC.) F.H. Hellw.; Pingraea salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) F.H. Hellw.; Pingraea viscosa (Ruiz & Pav.) F.H. Hellw.) North America, Mexico, Chile. Perennial shrub, dioecious, resinous, upright, tall spreading, leaves arranged alternately on the woody stem, white flowers in clusters at the end of the branch, young shoots cooked, a butterfly plant, a browse source for deer and elk, in canyon bottoms, clay to sandy, moist streamsides, irrigation ditches, often forming thickets See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 345. 1783[1785], Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et

511

Baccharis L. Asteraceae

Chilensis 210. 1798, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 125. 1803, Cat. Pl. Horti Paris. ed. 3, 163. 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 401, 420. 1836, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3(17): 38. 1840, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 337. 1840, Flora Brasiliensis 6(3): 55, 59. 1882, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 320. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 134. 1898 and Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 13(4): 88. 1967, Candollea 48(1): 218. 1993, Novon 15(4): 538. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(3): 324–341. 2006 (Toxic. Resinous, aromatic, tonic, balsamic, stimulant, antiseptic. Leaves infusion contraceptive, for gynecological and digestive disorders; decoction of leaves used as a bath for sores and wounds; leaves applied on the head as a remedy for headache, or on a sore area of the body. Leaves and stems decoction used as a female hygienic agent; leaves infusion used as an eyewash and also applied to bruises, wounds or insect stings; crushed leaves applied to sprains and contusions. The green leaves/leafy branches applied externally as a remedy for inflammation, diarrhea and dysentery. Young stems and leaves piscicide.) in English: marsh baccharis, mule-fat, mule’s fat, narrowleaf baccharis, saltmarsh baccharis, saltwater false willow, seep willow, sticky baccharis, water willow in Peru: taya membra, ytaya membra Baccharis sarothroides A. Gray

1907, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 24: 432. 1934, Taxon 19: 263. 1970 (Leaves infusion a treatment for diarrhea, dysentery, against worms and cough.) Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill. (Eupatorium spicatum Lam.) Argentina, Brazil. Subshrub, erect, white yellowish flowers See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 409. 1786 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 590. 1901 (Trypanocidal.) Baccharis subalata Wedd. South America. See Chloris Andina 1(4–6): 174. 1855[1856] (Decoctions of the aerial parts for the treatment of rheumatism, liver disease, wounds and ulcers.) Baccharis teindalensis Kunth (Baccharis capitata Kunth; Baccharis capitata var. entera Cuatrec.) Ecuador. Shrub, white greenish flowers See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 41–42. 1820[1818] and Anales. Ciencias. Universidad de Madrid 4: 210. 1935

North America. Perennial shrub

(Infusions or decoctions of the aerial parts used as an antiinflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial. Magic.)

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 17: 211. 1882

in Ecuador: shadan

(Twigs decoction as a remedy for cold; plant infusion taken for coughs, stomachaches; twigs infusion rubbed on muscles for relief and to treat colds.) in English: broom baccharis, desert broom in Mexico: escoba amarga, hierba del pasmo, romerillo Baccharis scabra (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Baccharis scabra Pers.; Molina scabra Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 1: 210. 1798, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(2): 424. 1807 (Crushed leaves applied to sprains, wounds, ruptures and contusions.) Baccharis serrifolia DC. (Baccharis kellermanii Greenm.; Baccharis parviflora Less.; Baccharis prorepens (S.F. Blake) J.D. Jacks.) Mexico, Guatemala. See Linnaea 5(1): 146–147. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 403, 420. 1836 and Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 2(6): 267.

Baccharis tricuneata (L.f.) Pers. (Baccharis magellanica (Lam.) Pers.; Baccharis microphylla Kunth; Baccharis microphylla var. pulverulenta Rusby; Baccharis mucuchinesensis Hieron.; Baccharis prostrata var. lineata Cuatrec.; Baccharis tolimensis Hieron.; Baccharis tricuneata Pers.; Baccharis tricuneata var. antioquensis Cuatrec.; Baccharis tricuneata var. paramorum Cuatrec.; Baccharis tricuneata var. parvifolia Cuatrec.; Baccharis tricuneata var. procumbens Cuatrec.; Baccharis tricuneata var. tolimensis (Hieron.) Cuatrec.; Baccharis tricuneata var. tricuneata; Baccharis variifolia Hieron.; Conyza magellanica Lam.; Conyza tricuneata (L.f.) Willd.; Erigeron tricuneatus L.f.; Molina prostrata Ruiz & Pav.; Pentaphorus glutinosus D. Don) Venezuela. Páramos See Supplementum Plantarum 368. 1781, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 91. 1786, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 204. 1798, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1946. 1803, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(2): 424. 1807, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 43. 1820[1818], Philosophical magazine, or annals of chemistry, … 11: 392. 1832, Companion to the Botanical Magazine 1: 108–109. 1835, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 3(3): 56. 1893, Botanische Jahrbücher für

512

Baccharoides Moench Asteraceae

Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 21: 342–343. 1896 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 591. 1901, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 13(49): 37–39. 1967, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 13(50): 214. 1969

See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 208. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 425. 1807, Chloris Andina 1(4–6): 176. 1855[1856]

(Resinous, balsamic, tonic, aromatic. Decoctions or infusions of leaves and stems for skin infections and diabetes.)

See Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 39–40. 1820[1818], Linnaea 9(2): 266–267. 1834

Baccharis trinervis Pers. (Baccharis cinerea DC.; Baccharis divergens DC.; Baccharis flexuosa Baker; Baccharis laxa Gardner; Baccharis rhexioides Kunth; Baccharis trichoclada DC.; Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers.; Baccharis trinervis var. rhexioides (Kunth) Baker; Baccharis venusta Kunth; Conyza trinervis Lam.; Conyza trinervis Mill.; Heterothalamus trinervis (Pers.) Hook. & Arn.; Pingraea flexuosa (Baker) F.H. Hellw.; Pseudobaccharis rhexioides (Kunth) V.M. Badillo; Pseudobaccharis trinervis (Pers.) V.M. Badillo; Pseudobaccharis trinervis (Pers.) Teodoro; Psila trinervis (Pers.) Cabrera)

(Infusions or decoctions of the whole plant a remedy for gastrointestinal disorders.)

Latin America. Shrub See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 12. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2(1): 85. 1786, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(2): 423. 1807, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 52. 1820[1818], Linnaea 6: 406. 1831, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3(17): 43–44. 1840, London Journal of Botany 4: 121. 1845, Flora Brasiliensis 6(3): 73, 83. 1882 and Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 10(68): 306, 366. 1946, Contribuicoes do Instituto Geobiologico La Salle de Canoas 2: 35, 45. 1952, Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 5(4): 211. 1955, Candollea 48(1): 217–218. 1993 (Fruits infusion taken for stomachache; infusions of the aerial parts in the treatment of high fever, edema, sores and muscle cramps.) Baccharis tucumanensis Hook. & Arn. (Baccharis myrtilloides Griseb.; Baccharis myrtilloides fo. angustifolia Heering; Baccharis tucumanensis var. myrtilloides (Griseb.) Cabrera) Argentina. Shrub, creamy green flowers See Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 34. 1841, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 176. 1874 and Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 21: 138. 1913, Flora de la provincia de Jujuy 13(10): 221, 223. 1978 (Abortive.) Baccharis uniflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Baccharis grindeliifolia Wedd.; Molina uniflora Ruiz & Pav.) South America.

(Crushed leaves applied to sprains, contusions.) Baccharis vaccinioides Kunth (Baccharis lancifolia Pruski) Mexico.

Baccharis vulneraria Baker (Baccharidastrum triplinervium (Less.) Cabrera; Baccharis lundii DC.; Baccharis pseudoserrulata I.L. Teodoro; Baccharis serrulata (Lam.) Pers.; Conyza serrulata Lam.; Conyza triplinervia Less.) South America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2(1): 85. 1786, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 423. 1807, Linnaea 6: 137. 1831, Flora Brasiliensis 6(3): 75. 1882 and Notas del Museo de la Plata, Botánica 2(16): 177. 1937 (Crushed leaves applied to sprains, wounds, ruptures and contusions.) in Peru: romerillo Baccharis wrightii A. Gray (Baccharis squarrosa Kunth; Baccharis wrightii Sch. Bip., nom. illeg.; Neomolina wrightii (A. Gray) F.H. Hellw.) North America. Perennial subshrub See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 52. 1820[1818], Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 101–102. 1852, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 303. 1856 and Candollea 48(1): 214. 1993 (Strong decoction of plant taken for sexual infection. Ceremonial, emetic.) in English: Wright’s baccharis

Baccharoides Moench Asteraceae Resembling the genus Baccharis L., see Kew Bulletin 43(2): 195–277. 1988, Grana 35: 205–230. 1996, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 89: 1–116. 1999. Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench (Ascaricida anthelmintica (L.) Sweet; Ascaricida indica Cass.; Baccharoides anthelmintica Moench; Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Kuntze ex Gamble; Conyza anthelmintica L.; Dolosanthus sylvaticus Klatt; Serratula anthelmintica Roxb.; Serratula anthelmintica (L.) Roxb.; Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.; Vernonia stenolepis Oliv.) Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka. Herb, erect, short stiff white hairs, disk flowers purple, black bitter nauseous seeds

513

Backhousia Hook. & Harvey Myrtaceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 816. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1207. 1763, Genera Plantarum 2: 541. 1791, Methodus (Moench) 578. 1794, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(3): 1634. 1803, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 60. 1814, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 66. 1817, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 3(Suppl.): 38. 1817, Hortus Britannicus 219. 1826, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London ser. 2, 2: 337. 1887, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4: 472–473, t. 5. 1896 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Cytologia 41: 401–406. 1976, Cytologia 47: 153–162. 1982, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22: 243–249. 1984, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1988, Kew Bulletin 43: 241. 1988 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant decoction given to cure fever; plant extract used for paralysis. Leaves made into a paste with cow milk given for ringworm. Seeds as powerful anthelmintic, wormicide, tonic, antiasthma; a paste of seeds applied in skin diseases, leucoderma, scorpion sting, wounds, skin eruptions in children.) in English: ironweed in India: abalgujaa, adavi jeelakarra, adavi-jilkara, adavijeelakara, adavijilakara, adavijilakarra, adavizeelakura, adivijilakarra, aintavam, akkinipicam, anantalavikam, araniyaciram, araniyakanam, atarilal, atavi-jirakaha, atavijeeraka, atavijirakaha, attukocam, aval, avalguja, avalkucam, bakchi, baksi, banjeer, banjeera, bukchi, caat siragum, canni nayakam, cannikanayan, canninayakam, canninayan, cantira, cantirappirapai, cattu-schiragam, cattuseragam, chingkora, cirrilai, cirrilaiccirakam, cittilai, civakam, comaraci, garitikamma, ghrajiri, guja, intucakalam, irutalaikkupacceti, irutalaikkupam, itrilal, kaadu jeerige, kaala jeera, kaali-jeere, kaala jeerige, kaattu seeragam, kadajirige, kadu-jirigay, kadujeera (kadu, bitter, and jeera, the seeds of Cuminum cyminum), kadujirage, kadujirige, kalajeera, kalajirakam, kalajirdari, kalajiri, kalajirige, kali jeeri saf, kali-jiri, kali ziri, kalijeere, kalijeeri, kalijira, kalizeera, kampocam, kanana-jeraka, kanana-jiraka, kanti, karchindi, kare-jarisi, kare-jirigi, karijeerigai, katseragam, kattacai, kattirinayakan, kattu cheeragam, kattu-chira, kattu cirakam, kattu jeeragam, kattu seeragum, kattu shiragam, kattuc-cirakam, kattuccirakam, kattujirakam, kattukjiragam, kiruttinapalam, krishnajeeraka, krmisatru, kuttakkinam, nayccirakam, nelavavili, nirnocci, petukacceti, petukam, peyccirakam, puvankuruntala, rakuchi, sahadevi, soma raj, somaraaja, somaraja, somaraji, somraj, urakaccirakam, urakacirakam, utuverakam, utuvokacceti, vakuchi, vakuci, vanaciram, vishakantakalu, vishakantakamula in Sri Lanka: kado-seragam, sanne nayan

nurseryman, plant collector, botanist, a Quaker missionary, reached Hobart in 1832, with G.W. Walker he spent nearly six years travelling and preaching throughout Tasmania and New South Wales, brother of Nathan Backhouse (1788–1805) and Thomas Backhouse (1792–1845), father of James Backhouse (1825–1890, d. York). See Extracts from the Letters of James Backhouse, now engaged in a religious visit to Van Diemen’s Land and New South Wales. Accompanied by George Washington Walker. London 1838–1841, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. 71: t. 4133. 1845, J.G. Baker, “James Backhouse.” J. Bot. Lond. 7: 51–58. 1869, Sarah Backhouse, Rev. James Backhouse 1794–1869. Memoir of James Backhouse, by his sister. York, London 1870 and H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 123. 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 99. 1965, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 84–85. Cape Town 1981, Gilbert Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa. 59–62, 318. Balkema, Rotterdam 1982. Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. Queensland. Shrub or tree, low-branching habit, young foliage reddish, numerous white flowers in long-stalked clusters, bell-shaped hairy receptacle with 5 persistent spreading calyx lobes, numerous fluffy stamens, fruit a nut-like capsule, aromatic essential oils from the strongly lemon-scented leaves See Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 1: 78. 1859 and Hayes A.J., Markovic B. “Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity.” Food Chem. Toxicol. 40(4): 535–543. 2002, Hayes, A.J., Markovic, B. “Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 2. Absorption and histopathology following application to human skin.” Food Chem. Toxicol. 41(10): 1409–1416. 2003, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 51(1): 76–81. 2003, Phytother. Res. 18(11): 947–949. 2004, Burke, B.E., Baillie, J.E., Olson, R.D. “Essential oil of Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children.” Biomed. Pharmacother. 58(4): 245– 247. 2004, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386(7–8): 2141–2152. 2006 (A powerful antifungal, antibacterial and antimicrobial agent.) in English: Australian lemon myrtle, lemon ironwood, lemon myrtle, lemon-scented myrtle, sweet verbena tree Backhousia myrtifolia Hook. & Harvey (Backhousia australis G. Benn., nom. nud.; Backhousia riparia Hook. & Harv.) Queensland, New South Wales. Evergreen shrub, essential oil with a cinnamon-like odour obtained from the leaves See Bot. Mag. 71: t. 4133. 1845

Backhousia Hook. & Harvey Myrtaceae

(Toxic woods.)

In honor of the British (b. Darlington, Durham) Rev. James Backhouse, the Elder, 1794–1869 (d. York), traveller,

in English: carrol, carrol ironwood, cinnamon myrtle, grey myrtle, ironwood, neverbreak

514

Bacopa Aublet Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae) From an Indian aboriginal name in French Guiana; see Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica 269. 1756, J.B.C.F. Aublet, Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise. 1: 128, t. 49. Paris 1775, Suppl. Carp. 186 (t. 214). 1807 and Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 16: 105. 1920, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 98: 98. 1946, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5B/3): 461–717. 1971, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319–416. 1973, Fl. Il. Entre Ríos 6(5): 453–504. 1979, Fl. Ecuador 21: 1–189. 1984. Bacopa crenata (P. Beauv.) Hepper (Bacopa calycina (Benth.) Engl. ex De Wild.; Bacopa calycina Pennell; Erinus africanus L.; Erinus africanus Pers.; Herpestis calycina Benth.; Herpestis calycina var. thonningii (Benth.) Benth.; Herpestis crenata P. Beauv.; Herpestis thonningii Benth.; Moniera calycina (Benth.) Hiern) Tropical Africa, Madagascar. See Species Plantarum 630. 1753, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 2: 102. 1800, Synopsis Plantarum Part 2: 147. 1807, Flore d’Oware 2: 83, t. 112. 1819, Companion to the Botanical Magazine 2: 57. 1836, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853--61 1(3): 760. 1898 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 1(9): 832. 1901, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 98: 92. 1946, Kew Bulletin 14: 407. 1960 (Leaves used for conjunctivitis, headache, wound healing.) Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, nom. illeg.; Bacopa monnieri (L.) Edwall, nom. illeg.; Bacopa monniera Wettst.; Bacopa monnieria (L.) Wettst.; Bacopa monnieria Hutch. & Dalziel; Bacopa monnieria Hayata & Matsum., nom. illeg.; Bramia indica Lam.; Bramia monniera (L.) Drake; Bramia monnieri (L.) Pennell; Calytriplex obovata Ruiz & Pav.; Gratiola monnieri (L.) L.; Gratiola monnieri L.; Gratiola monnieria L.; Habershamia cuneifolia Raf.; Habershamia cuneifolia (Michx.) Raf.; Herpestes monnieria (L.) Kunth; Herpestis cuneifolia Michx.; Herpestis fauriei H. Lév.; Herpestis monniera Kunth; Herpestis monnieri (L.) Rothm.; Herpestis monnieri (L.) Kunth; Herpestis monnieria Kunth; Herpestis monnieria (L.) Kunth; Herpestis procumbens Spreng.; Limosella calycina Forssk.; Lysimachia monnieri L.; Moniera cuneifolia Michx.; Monnieria africana Pers.; Monnieria brownei Pers.; Monnieria pedunculosa Pers.; Septas repens Lour.) Tropical Asia, South America. Herb, many-branched, creeping, forming dense mats, somewhat fleshy, rooting at the nodes, flowers axillary solitary, corolla tube cylindrical purplish at stamen insertion point, fruit an ovoid capsule, seed ovoid ribbed, in open wet localities, rice fields See Centuria II. Plantarum … 9. 1756, Amoen. Acad., Linnaeus ed. 4: 306. 1759, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 851. 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1207. 1763, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 112. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique,

Bacopa Aublet Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)

Botanique 1: 459. 1785, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 578. 1794, Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 84. 1797, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 22–23. 1803, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.] 2: 366. 1818, Neogenyton 2. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 802. 1825, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 4(3b): 77. 1891, Flore de la Polynésie Française 142. 1893, Commissao Geographica e Geologica de Sao Paulo: Boletim 13: 183. 1897 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 22: 277. 1906, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 71(6): 243. 1919[1920], Flora of West Tropical Africa 2: 222. 1931, Rhodora 37(444): 440. 1935, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 50: 73. 1941, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 98(2): 94. 1946, Kew Bulletin 33(4): 679–680. 1979, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1–2): 286–289. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant cooling, central nervous system-depressant activity, used for insanity, epilepsy, hysteria, mental disorders, to enhance cognitive health, enhancing memory and mood, activate the mind; a decoction in snakebite, asthma, epilepsy, insanity and madness. Leaves and stems used in snakebites. Leaves antiinflammatory, emetic, anti rheumatic, anxiolytic, antispasmodic, sedative, nerve tonic, febrifuge, laxative, stomachic, cardiotonic, astringent, bitter, cooling, stimulant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, used in skin diseases, ulcers, scabies, liver troubles, asthma, neuralgia, syphilis, tumours, ascites, fever, enlargement of spleen, indigestion, inflammations, leprosy, anemia, biliousness; leaves infusion given in fever and anurea.) in English: water hyssop in Hawaii: ‘ae’ae in Cambodia: (smau) sna:ô in China: jia ma chi xian in India: adha-birni, aindri, akantapuntu, aramiyacceti, aramiyam, arapiyam, aritalocanam, attapirami, attapiramicceti, avapulippi, avarukacceti, avarukam, avavulappicceti, baam, bam, barami, barmi shak, bhekaparni, brahmi, brahmi deshi, brahmi hardwar, brahmi haridvar, brahmi haridwar, brahmi patti (bangal), brahmi-sak, brahmipatti, brami, campirani, campiranippuntu, campiranipuntu, captalai, caracuti, carmakaca, carumam, catala, catcara, cemanavacceti, cemanavam, cempirami, cerrilvalarntamatacci, cerutanilcirukki, chhoti brahmi, cinkamamuli, curapi, gundala, indravalli, irattappirami, jal brahmi, jalabrahmi, jalasaya, jalbrahmi, jalbuti, jalnaveri, jalnim, kadavilun, kadaviluni, kavaliyacceti, kavaliyam, kiri braahmi, kiru brahmi, malanacini, manduki, matsyaksi, maturatipputu, mulaiccarumuli, muntantakanni, mutirntan, nakacattumuli, narivalukkai, narivalukkaicceti, neer brahmi, neerbhrami, neeri sambraani mokka, neeru braahmi, neeru brahmi, neeruppi gida, nikava, nikavapputavi, nikavari, nikavaricceti, nilappirami, nir brahmi, nir-pirimi, nirabrahmi, nirbrahmi, nirbraini, nircconam,

515

Bactris Jacq. ex Scop. Arecaceae (Palmae)

nircconappirami, nirpirami, nirpirammi, nirppirami, nirppiramiyam, noytukacceti, noytukam, pacha brahmi, pakupeta, pan brahmi, pattalakacceti, pattalakam, peravacceti, peravam, peruncampirani, pirakonti, piramamuli, pirami, pirami vazhukkai, pirami vazukkai, piramicceti, piramiya valukkai, piramiya vazhukkai, piramiyam, piramiyapundu, piramiyavalukkai, punalvalukkai, safed chamni, sambraanichettu, sambrani chettu, sambrareni aaku, sarasvati, sarpakshi, seetakamini, soma lataa, somavallari, tiktalonika, tirapatti, tirayanti, toyavalli, trayamana, trayanthi, tutarkkacceti, tutarkkam, utiramalanacani, vakkupalam, vakkupavam, valukkai, vami, vanamali, vankamuli, varalam, varali, varavi, varayam, vatikam, vimala, virumamuli, vivitam in Laos: phôm mi in Malaysia: beremi in Philippines: ulasimang-aso

alasiman,

olasiman,

ulasiman-aso,

in Thailand: phak mi, phrommi in Vietnam: rau (sam) d[aws]ng, ru[ooj]t g[af]

Bactris Jacq. ex Scop. Arecaceae (Palmae) Greek baktron ‘a cane, a walking staff’, alluding to the young and small stems; see Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 196–299. 1958, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/2): 321–418. 1960, Claudio Urbano B. Pinheiro and Michael J. Balick, “Brazilian Palms. Notes on Their Uses and Vernacular Names, compiled and translated from Pio Corrêa’s “Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil e das Exóticas Cultivadas,” with updated nomenclature and added illustrations.” in Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. 17: 12–18. 1987, V.T. Salzman & W.S. Judd, “A revision of the Greater Antillean species of Bactris (Bactridinae: Arecaceae).” Brittonia 47(4): 345–371. 1995, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 49(7): 171–210. 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 201–293. 2003, Flora de Palmeras de Bolivia 1–262. 2004, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Amylocarpus pectinatus (Mart.) Barb. Rodr.; Bactris ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart.; Bactris dahlgreniana Govaerts; Bactris gasipaes var. chichagui (H. Karst.) A.J. Hend.; Bactris hirta Mart.; Bactris hirta var. pectinata (Mart.) Govaerts; Bactris insignis Drude; Bactris insignis (H. Mart.) Drude; Bactris insignis (Mart.) Baill.; Bactris macana (Mart.) Pittier; Bactris microcarpa Spruce; Bactris pectinata Mart.; Bactris pectinata subsp. microcarpa (Spruce) Trail; Bactris speciosa (Mart.) H. Karst.; Bactris speciosa var. chichagui H. Karst.; Bactris utilis (Oerst.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Hemsl.; Guilielma chontaduro H. Karst. & Triana; Guilielma ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) H.A. Wendland ex Kerchove; Guilielma gasipaes (Kunth) L.H. Bailey; Guilielma gasipaes var. chichagui (H. Karst.) Dahlgren; Guilielma gasipaes var. chontaduro (H. Karst. & Triana) Dugand; Guilielma gasipaes var. coccinea (Barb.

Rodr.) L.H. Bailey; Guilielma gasipaes var. flava (Barb. Rodr.) L.H. Bailey; Guilielma gasipaes var. ochracea (Barb. Rodr.) L.H. Bailey; Guilielma insignis Mart.; Guilielma macana Mart.; Guilielma microcarpa Huber; Guilielma speciosa Mart.; Guilielma speciosa var. coccinea Barb. Rodr.; Guilielma speciosa var. flava Barb. Rodr.; Guilielma speciosa var. mitis Drude; Guilielma speciosa var. ochracea Barb. Rodr.; Guilielma utilis Oerst.; Martinezia ciliata Ruiz & Pav.) Tropical America. Tree, trunk and leaf bases armed with sharp needle-like spines, spiny internodes, long needle-like brownblack thorns along trunk, spiny leaf bases caducous, leaves armed, petiole non-spiny, inflorescence in old leaf bases, fruit bright red-orange, cooked fruits edible, several trunks See Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 70. 1777, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 148. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 295. 1798, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 302, pl. 700. 1815 [1816], Palmarum familia 21. 1824, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2: 81, 95, 98, 104, t. 60, 66, 67, 71, 74, f. 1–3. 1824–1826, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale 71, 74, t. 10, f. 3, t. 29A. 1847, Linnaea 28: 402. 1857, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1858(1–4): 46–47. 1859, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 11: 146, 153. 1871, Enumeratio palmarum novarum quas valle fluminis Amazonum inventas et ad sertum palmarum collectas 23. 1875, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 15: 6. 1877, Les Palmiers 246. 1878, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 363. 1881, Biologia CentraliAmericana; … Botany … 3(18): 413. 1885, Vellosia 1: 40. 1888, Histoire des Plantes 13: 305. 1895 and Contributions du Jardin Botanique de Rio de Janeiro 3: 69, 72. 1902, Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 4: 476. 1904, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 2: 187, f. 35. 1930, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 14: 185. 1936, Caldasia 1: 63. 1940, Taxon 38: 520. 1989, Taxon 42: 695. 1993, Plant Systematics and Evolution 189: 83–122. 1994, Rev. Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 61–6. 1995, World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1): 9. 1996, Flora Neotropica 79: 72. 2000, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 54(1): 49–56. 2003, World Checkl. Palms 26. 2005 (Spines as a source of infection. Used for stomachache and headaches, powder from the edge of a piece of bark. A source of vitamin A. Roots infusion drunk to treat colic.) in English: peach-palm, peachnut, pejibayé palm in Bolivia: chonta castilla, huanima in Brazil: paripon, piraguao, pirajá pupunha, pupunha, pupunha-piranga, pupunha marajá, pupunheira, tapiré in Central America: diká in Costa Rica: pejibaye, pejivalle in Ecuador: chonta dura, chontaduro, chunda yura, dagenka, kamancha, o’ma, uchumanga

516

in Honduras: pejibaye, supa in Nicaragua: pejibaye, pejivalle, pijibaye in Panama: nalup, pejibaye, pisbacilla in Trinidad: pewa, pupunha in Venezuela: cocurito, fhihidi, jijiri, lasha, macanilla, pichiguao, pijiguao in Spanish: chima Bactris major Jacq. (Augustinea balanoidea Oerst.; Augustinea major (Jacq.) H. Karst.; Augustinea ovata Oerst.; Bactris albonotata L.H. Bailey; Bactris augustinea L.H. Bailey; Bactris balanoidea (Oerst.) H. Wendl.; Bactris beata L.H. Bailey; Bactris broadwayi L.H. Bailey; Bactris cateri L.H. Bailey; Bactris chaetorhachis Mart.; Bactris chapadensis Barb. Rodr.; Bactris cruegeriana Griseb.; Bactris curuena (Trail) Trail ex Drude; Bactris demerarana L.H. Bailey; Bactris ellipsoidalis L.H. Bailey; Bactris exaltata Barb. Rodr.; Bactris gaviona (Trail) Trail ex Drude; Bactris infesta Mart.; Bactris leucacantha Linden ex H. Wendl.; Bactris major var. infesta (Mart.) Drude; Bactris major var. mattogrossensis Kuntze; Bactris major var. megalocarpa (Trail ex Thurn) A.J. Hend.; Bactris major var. socialis (Mart.) Drude; Bactris mattogrossensis Barb. Rodr.; Bactris megalocarpa Trail ex Thurn; Bactris minax Miq.; Bactris nemorosa Barb. Rodr.; Bactris obovoidea L.H. Bailey; Bactris ottostaffeana Barb. Rodr., also ottostapfeana; Bactris ovata (Oerst.) H. Wendl.; Bactris ovata Stokes, nom. illeg.; Bactris planifolia L.H. Bailey; Bactris pyrenoglyphoides A.D. Hawkes; Bactris socialis Mart.; Bactris socialis subsp. curuena Trail; Bactris socialis subsp. gaviona Trail; Bactris subglobosa H. Wendl. ex Kerch., nom. nud.; Bactris superior L.H. Bailey; Bactris swabeyi L.H. Bailey; Pyrenoglyphis balanoidea (Oerst.) H. Karst.; Pyrenoglyphis chaetorhachis (Mart.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis chapadensis (Barb. Rodr.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis cruegeriana (Griseb.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis curuena (Trail) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis exaltata (Barb. Rodr.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis gaviona (Trail) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis hoppii Burret; Pyrenoglyphis infesta (Mart.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis leucacantha (Linden ex H. Wendl.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis major (Jacq.) H. Karst.; Pyrenoglyphis mattogrossensis (Barb. Rodr.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis nemorosa (Barb. Rodr.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis ottostapfeana (Barb. Rodr.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis ovata (Oerst.) H. Karst.; Pyrenoglyphis socialis (Mart.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis superior (L.H. Bailey) Burret) Trinidad, Mexico to S. Trop. America. Tree, clustering, heavily armed with long stout spines, spiny trunk with spikes around nodes, leaf bases persistent, petiole distictly armed, small spines on edges of leaflets, brown and dry peduncular bract persistent, soft bristly spines brown on peduncle, spines dark brown on abaxial surface of rachis, young fruits creamy, mature fruit purple-black, wine, fruit juice See Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 70. 1777, Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia, ed. 1780–1781

Bactris Jacq. ex Scop. Arecaceae (Palmae)

135, t. 263, f. 88. 1780, A Botanical Materia Medica 4: 394. 1812, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 2: 145. 1844, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale 54, 56, 61, t. 7, 14, 26. 1844–1847, Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappy der Wetenschappen te Haarlem, ser. 2, 7: 207. 1851, Linnaea 28: 345, 395, 607. 1857 [1856], Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1858(1–4): 38–39. 1859, Florae Columbiae terrarumque adjacentium specimina selecta in peregrinatione duodecim annorum observata delineavit et descripsit H. Karsten 2(4): 141–142, t. 174. Berolini: Apud Ferdinandi Duemmler, 1858–69, Flora de Colombia 2(4): 141, t. 142. 1869, Enumeratio palmarum novarum quas valle fluminis Amazonum inventas et ad sertum palmarum collectas 32. 1875, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 14: 359. 1876, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 15: 48. 1877, Les Palmiers 233–234. 1878, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 359. 1881, Timehri 1: 242. 1882, Palmae Mattogross. 38, 41. 1898, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 321. 1898 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 14: 359. 1902, Contributions du Jardin Botanique de Rio de Janeiro 4: 112. 1907, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 3(2): 95, 99, f. 72–73, 75–76, 83 left. 1933, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 158. 1934, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 34: 245–249. 1934, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 7: 388–389, 392, 396, 399, f. 164–165, 167– 173, 209. 1947, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 8: 162, f. 62–64. 1949, Archivos de Botânica do São Paulo 2: 184. 1952, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Field Guide Palms 270. 1995, The Palms of the Amazon 203. 1995 (Medicine for uterine cancer.) in English: black roseau, lata palm, prickly palm in Belize: cocando boy, coconoboy in Brazil: marajá açú in Venezuela: corozo de marea, cubaro, cubarro Bactris maraja Mart. (Bactris actinoneura Drude & Trail ex Drude; Bactris armata Barb. Rodr.; Bactris bella Burret; Bactris brongniartii Mart.; Bactris burretii Glassman; Bactris chaetochlamys Burret; Bactris chaetospatha Mart.; Bactris chaetospatha var. macrophylla Drude; Bactris chloracantha Poepp. ex Mart.; Bactris chlorocarpa Burret; Bactris cuyabensis Barb. Rodr.; Bactris divisicupula L.H. Bailey; Bactris elatior Wallace; Bactris erostrata Burret; Bactris fuscospina L.H. Bailey; Bactris granariuscarpa Barb. Rodr.; Bactris gymnospatha Burret; Bactris juruensis Trail; Bactris kamarupa Steyerm.; Bactris leptospadix Burret; Bactris leptotricha Burret; Bactris longicuspis Burret; Bactris longisecta Burret; Bactris macrocarpa Wallace; Bactris maraja subsp. limnaia Trail; Bactris maraja subsp. maraja; Bactris maraja subsp. sobralensis Trail; Bactris maraja var. chaetospatha (Mart.) A.J. Hend.; Bactris maraja var. limnaia

517

Baeckea L. Myrtaceae

(Trail) Drude; Bactris maraja var. sobralensis (Trail) Drude; Bactris maraja var. trailii A.D. Hawkes; Bactris marajaacu Barb. Rodr.; Bactris microspadix Burret; Bactris monticola Barb. Rodr.; Bactris pallidispina Mart.; Bactris paucijuga Barb. Rodr.; Bactris penicillata Barb. Rodr.; Bactris piranga Trail; Bactris piscatorum Wedd.; Bactris piscatorum Wedd. ex Drude; Bactris rivularis Barb. Rodr.; Bactris sanctaepaulae Engl.; Bactris sigmoidea Burret; Bactris sobralensis (Trail) Barb. Rodr.; Bactris sobralensis var. limnaia (Trail) Barb. Rodr.; Bactris stictacantha Burret; Bactris strictacantha Burret; Bactris sylvatica Barb. Rodr.; Bactris tenera (H. Karst.) H. Wendl.; Bactris trichospatha subsp. jurutensis Trail; Bactris trichospatha subsp. trichospatha; Bactris trichospatha Trail; Bactris trichospatha var. cararaucensis A.D. Hawkes; Bactris trichospatha var. elata Trail; Bactris trichospatha var. jurutensis (Trail) Drude; Bactris trichospatha var. patens Drude; Bactris trichospatha var. robusta Trail; Bactris umbraticola Barb. Rodr.; Bactris umbrosa Barb. Rodr.; Guilielma tenera H. Karst.; Pyrenoglyphis brongnartii (Mart.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis maraja (Mart.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis microcarpa Burret; Pyrenoglyphis pallidispina (Mart.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis piscatorum (Wedd. ex Drude) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis rivularis (Barb. Rodr.) Burret; Pyrenoglyphis tenera (H. Karst.) Burret) Tropical America. Palms, trunk covered with white flattened black-tipped spines, pinnate leaves, prominent spines on sheath and petiole, yellowish staminate flowers, dark purple flatened-globose fruits

Plantarum. Ed. 5. 169. 1754, [Bishop Uno von Troil], Bref rorende en Resa til Island in aaren 1772. [A collection of letters describing a voyage to Iceland headed by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander in 1772, there is a letter by A. Bäck on the prevalence of elephantiasis in Iceland.] Upsala 1777, Carl Adolph Agardh, Antiquitates Linnaeanae. Lundae 1826, Syn. Hesper. 140. 1846 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 101. 1965, Phytochemistry 41(3): 923– 925. 1996, Telopea 7(3): 245–268. 1997, Journal of Tropical Forest Products 4(2): 192–198. 1998, Phytochemistry 50(2): 273–277, 303–306. 1999. Baeckea frutescens L. (Baeckea chinensis Gaertn.; Baeckea cochinchinensis Blume, nom. illeg.; Baeckea cumingiana Schauer; Baeckea ericoides Schltdl.; Baeckea frutescens var. brachyphylla Merr. & L.M. Perry; Baeckea sinensis Gaertn.; Baeckea stenophylla F.Muell.; Baeckea sumatrana Blume; Cedrela rosmarinus Lour.; Drosodendron rosmarinus (Lour.) M. Roem.; Drosodendron rosmarinus M. Roem.; Neuhofia rosmarinifolia Stokes) China, Australia. Shrub or small tree, tufted, slender, pendent branchlets, needle-shaped leaves, white solitary flowers, angular seeds, all parts of the plant are strongly scented See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 157, pl. 31. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 160–161. 1790, Syn. Hesper. 140. 1846, Museum Botanicum 1: 69. 1849 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20(1): 102. 1939, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67(8): 829–831. 2005

See Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 93, t. 71, fig. 1. 1826, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2: 145, 147. 1837, Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale 7(3): 59–60, 62, t. 7, f. 2, t. 28a. 1844, Palm Trees of the Amazon 81. 1853, Linnaea 28: 399. 1857, Enumeratio palmarum novarum quas valle fluminis Amazonum inventas et ad sertum palmarum collectas 27, 36. 1875, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 14: 357. 1876, Les Palmiers 234. 1878, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 3(2): 338, 343–344, 354, pl. 76. 1881 and Sertum Palmarum Brasiliensium 2: 102. 1903, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 18. 1930, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 34: 208, 249–252. 1934, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 157, 207, 622. 1934–35, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 6(4): 228–230, f. 119, 120. 1943, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/2): 321–418. 1960, Rhodora 65: 259. 1963, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1151–1152. 1988, The Palms of the Amazon 205. 1995

(Leaves infusion or decoction diuretic, febrifuge, tonic, emmenagogue, postpartum remedy and abortifacient. Essential oil from the whole plant, except the roots, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic, febrifuge, astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic, used for influenza, headache, hemorrhagic dysentery, dyspepsia, colic, jaundice, rheumatism, epistaxis, menstrual disorders, furunculosis, measles, snakebite. The extracts of Achillea millefolium, Baeckea frutescens, Brucea javanica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Strychnos lucida and Swietenia macrophylla showed both strong antibabesial and antimalarial activities.)

(Fruits tonic, stimulant, eaten to quench thirst.)

in Malaysia: China maki, chuchur atap, cucuran atap, da eng, daun chuchor atap, hujong atap, rempah gunong, Timor tasek, ujan atap

Vernacular names: espina, xaneeboto

in English: false ru, shrubby baeckea in Cambodia: moreck ansai in China: gang song in Indonesia: djung rahab, jhung rahab, jung rabab, junjung atap, udjung atap

in Thailand: son hom, son naa, son saai

Baeckea L. Myrtaceae After the Swedish naturalist Abraham Bäck, 1713–1795, physician, amateur botanist, friend of Linnaeus. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 358–359. 1753, Genera

in Vietnam: choi tren, ch[oor]i xu[eer], ch[oor]i s[er], choi xue, choi xue thanh hao, thanh hao Baeckea gunniana Schauer ex Walp. (Baeckea gunniana Schauer; Baeckea micrantha Hook.f., nom. illeg.; Tetrapora

518

Bafodeya Prance ex F. White Chrysobalanaceae

gunniana (Schauer ex Walp.) Miq.; Tetrapora gunniana (Schauer) Miq.; Tetraspora gunniana (Schauer ex Walp.) Miq.)

4. 1825, Linnaea 6: 352–353. 1831, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 343. 1841, Genera Plantarum 3(1): 362. 1880 and Archives de Botanique, Mémoires 5(1): 31. 1933

New South Wales to Tasmania. Evergreen shrub

(Latex purgative.)

See Repert. Bot. Syst. 2: 920. 1843, Linnaea 17: 238. 1843, Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief 4: 150. 1856, Flora Australiensis 3. 1867 and J. Nat. Prod. 62(12): 1624–1626. 1999

Baileya Harvey & A. Gray Asteraceae

(Crude plant extracts were surveyed for their ability to inhibit DNA polymerase β.) in English: alpine baeckea, mountain heath-myrtle

Bafodeya Prance ex F. White Chrysobalanaceae Bafodeya benna (Scott-Elliot) Prance ex F. White (Bafodeya benna (Scott-Elliot) Prance; Parinari benna Scott-Elliot) West Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, flowers white with pink centre, bristly seeds, savanna See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 514, pl. 204–206. 1775, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 30: 78. 1894 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 46(3–4): 271. 1976, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 320: 1–184. 1988, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114(1): 44–53. 2007 (Fruit vermifuge. Veterinary medicine.) in Guinea: kura, sigmyi, sigon, sigonai, sigonaïa, siko, sikondyi, tusu kuraa in Sierra Leone: siko-na in West Africa: kura, sigmyi, sigon, sigonaï, sigonaïa, sigonyi, siko, siko-na Bafodeya hills, see Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 46(3–4): 271. 1976.

Bagassa Aublet Moraceae A native name for Bagassa guianensis Aublet, called bagasse by the Galibis, French Guiana; bagasse is also the name of the crushed Saccharum, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise Suppl.: 15, t. 376. 1775. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. (Bagassa sagotiana Bureau ex Benth. & Hook. f.; Bagassa tiliifolia (Desv.) Benoist; Bagassa tiliifolia (Gaudich.) Benoist; Bagassa tiliifolia Benoist; Laurea tiliifolia Gaudich.; Piper schiedeanum Steud.; Piper tiliifolium Desv.; Piper tiliifolium Desv. ex Ham.; Piper tiliifolium Schltdl. & Cham., nom. illeg.) French Guiana. See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2(Suppl.): 15, t. 376. 1775, Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis

Dedicated to the American botanist Jacob Whitman Bailey, 1811–1857, plant collector, explorer, 1838–1842 in Charles Wilkes U.S. expedition to Antarctic islands and NW coast of North America. See John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 105. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 21. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 445–446. 1973, Turner, M.W. “Systematic study of the genus Baileya (Asteraceae: Helenieae).” Sida 15: 491–508. 1993. Baileya multiradiata Harvey & A. Gray (Baileya australis Rydberg; Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray ex A. Gray; Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray ex Torr.; Baileya multiradiata var. nudicaulis A. Gray; Baileya multiradiata var. thurberi (Rydb.) Kittell; Baileya pleniradiata Harvey & A. Gray var. multiradiata (Harvey & A. Gray) Kearney; Baileya pleniradiata var. multiradiata (Torr.) Kearney; Baileya pleniradiata var. multiradiata (Harv. & A. Gray ex Torr.) Kearney; Baileya thurberi Rydberg) Southwestern US deserts. Annual, biennial, perennial, slender, tongue-shaped leaves, single yellow flower-head See Not. Milit. Recon. 143–144. 1848, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s. 4(1): 106. 1849, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 318. 1884, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 14(3): 42. 1895 and North American Flora 34(1): 10–11. 1914, Fl. Ariz. New Mex. 457. 1941, Sida 15: 501. 1993 (Poisonous, reportedly toxic to livestock, especially to sheep and goats; cattle and horses seem to be unaffected. Both Baileya multiradiata and Baileya pleniradiata produce an antineoplastic pseudoguaianolide, radiatin that might prove useful in cancer therapy; antibiotic sesquiterpene lactone from Baileya multiradiata inhibits tumor formation. Plant rubbed under arms as deodorant.) in English: desert baileya, desert marigold, wild desert marigold Baileya pauciradiata Harvey & A. Gray North America. Subshrub, stem and leaves with lanate pubescence, recptacle densely lanate, ray florets yellow, disk florets yellow, growing in creosote scrub desert See Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s. 4(1): 105. 1849 (Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones.)

519

Baillonella Pierre Sapotaceae

Baileya pleniradiata Harvey & A. Gray (Baileya multiradiata Harvey & A. Gray var. perennis (A. Nelson) Kittell; Baileya multiradiata var. pleniradiata (Harvey & A. Gray) Coville; Baileya nervosa M.E. Jones; Baileya perennis (A. Nelson) Rydberg; Baileya perennis Rydb.; Baileya pleniradiata Harv. & A. Gray ex A. Gray; Baileya pleniradiata var. perennis A. Nelson)

(Oil applied externally to treat rheumatic pains. Bark decoctions used to treat kidney problems, toothache, vaginal infections and affections of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Oil as fish poison. The tree has several ritual uses.)

Southwestern USA, Northern America.

in Central Africa: adjap, mabi, moabi, noabi

See Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, ser. 2, 4(1): 105. 1849 and Bot. Gaz. 47: 431. 1909, North American Flora 34(1): 10–11. 1914

in Congo: moabi, mobuabi, muyabi

(Both Baileya multiradiata and Baileya pleniradiata produce an antineoplastic pseudoguaianolide, radiatin that might prove useful in cancer therapy.)

in Nigeria: nyabi, okouku, okuku, oko uku; ode, ofri (Ogoja); bojie (Boki); ofor (Kiaka); osat (Itung); oko uku (Igbo)

in English: African pearwood, moabi, njabe oil in Cameroon: adjap, ayap, gio, mabi, njabe, njabi, njap

in Gabon: adza, moabi, oabe, orere

in West Africa: djave in Yoruba: emi igbo

Baillonella Pierre Sapotaceae Named after the French botanist Henri Ernest Baillon, 1827–1895, professor at the Faculté de Médecine, Paris, among his many works are Adansonia. Recueil périodique d’observations botaniques. 1860–1879 and Histoire des plantes. Paris, London, Leipzig 1866–1895, with Emmanuel Drake del Castillo (1855–1904) wrote Histoire naturelle des Plantes de Madagascar. Paris 1886 [-1897] in Alfred Grandidier (1836–1921), Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar. Paris 1886–1903; see Elmer Drew Merrill, in Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 144: 37–39. 1937, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 106. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 21. 1972. Baillonella toxisperma Pierre (Baillonella djave (Engl.) Pierre ex Dubard; Baillonella obovata Pierre ex Engl., nom. illeg.; Baillonella pierriana (Engl.) A. Chev.; Baillonella toxisperma var. obovata Aubrév. & Pellegr.; Mimusops djave Engl.; Mimusops obovata Engl., nom. illeg.; Mimusops pierreana Engl.) WC. Trop. Africa, Southern Nigeria, Gabon, Congo. Very large tree, straight and cylindrical, crown umbrella-shaped, deeply fissured bark, leaves arranged spirally in tufts at the ends of branches, white sticky sap, creamy white flowers in dense fascicles at the ends of branches, edible oil extracted by boiling, fruit pulp eaten fresh See Notes Botaniques Sapotacees 1: 14. 1890, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 1: 279. 1897 and Monogr. Afrik. Pflanzen-Fam. 8: 82. 1904, Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, III, 3: 37. 1915, Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d’Agriculture Tropicale 23: 126–127. 1943, Flore du Gabon 1: 57. 1961, J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. Paris 1985, Phytochemistry 28(5): 1365–1368. 1989, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique centrale. CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989

Balanites Del. Zygophyllaceae (Balanitaceae) Latin balanus and Greek balanos ‘an acorn, a kind of large chestnut’, Latin and Greek balanitis ‘shaped like an acorn’, Latin and Greek balanites ‘acorn-shaped’, fruits more or less acorn-shaped, see Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 508. 1763, Mém. Egypte, iii. 326. 1801–1802, Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 221, t. 28, f. 1. 1813 and Kew Bulletin 56(1): 1–128. 2001. Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile (Agialid abyssinica Tiegh.; Agialid aegyptiaca (L.) Adans.; Agialid aegyptiaca Kuntze; Agialid aegyptiaca (L.) Kuntze; Agialid barteri Tiegh.; Agialid chevalieri Tiegh.; Agialid cuneifolia Tiegh.; Agialid glomerata Tiegh.; Agialid latifolia Tiegh.; Agialid membranacea Tiegh.; Agialid nigra Tiegh.; Agialid palestinaca Tiegh.; Agialid schimperi Tiegh.; Agialid tombouctensis Tiegh.; Agialida abyssinica Tiegh.; Agialida arabica Tiegh.; Agialida barteri Tiegh.; Agialida chevalieri Tiegh.; Agialida cuneifolia Tiegh.; Agialida glomerata Tiegh.; Agialida latifolia Tiegh.; Agialida nigra Tiegh.; Agialida palestinaca Tiegh.; Agialida schimperi Tiegh.; Agialida tombouctensis Tiegh.; Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile; Balanites aegyptiacus Delile; Balanites aegyptiacus var. aegyptiacus; Balanites aegypticus Wall.; Balanites aegypticus Delile; Balanites arabica (Tiegh.) Blatt.; Balanites arabicus Blatt.; Balanites fischeri Mildbr. & Schltr.; Balanites latifolia (Tiegh.) Chiov.; Balanites latifolius (Tiegh.) Chiov.; Balanites suckertii Chiov.; Balanites zizyphoides Mildbr. & Schltr.; Myrobalanus chebula Gaertn.; Myrobalanus chebulus Vesling; Ximenia aegyptiaca L.; Ximenia aegyptiaca Juss.) East Africa, Arabia, Egypt. Evergreen tree, fluted trunk, slow-growing, rounded crown, thorny branches, long straight green spines arranged spirally along the branches, smooth bark fissured, distinctive leaves with two grey-green leaflets, yellow-green clusters of flowers, yellow oblong date-like fruit, very hard pointed seed surrounded by bittersweet flesh,

520

Balanites Del. Zygophyllaceae (Balanitaceae)

ripe fruit edible, young leaves and tender shoots used as a vegetable, livestock eat fruit and browse the leaves

in Ethiopia: baddanno, beddenna, domoho, ‘ndrur, qaq, qog, selibatiqo

See Species Plantarum 2: 1194. 1753, Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 260. 1789, Fl. Egypte 221. t. 28. f. 1. 1813, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6855. 1832, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 103. 1891 and Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 9, 4: 228–233. 1906, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. li. 157–158. 1913, Rec. Bot. Surv. India viii. 109. 1919, Chiovenda, Emilio (1871–1941), Fl. Somala 2: 46. Roma, 1929–1932, Nuovo contributo alla flora della Somalia Italiana. Modena, 1934, Gerhard Lindblom, Carved initiation sticks and bows from Taveta, Kenya Colony. Stockholm 1950, William and Irene Morden, Our African Adventure. London 1954, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 66: 856–861. 1979, Nigel Pavitt, Kenya, the First Explorers. London 1989

in Ghana: kabowoo, gongogua, chiala, chakko, gongo, gushiocho

(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Bark juice poisonous. Antivenin, antidote for snakebites. Antifungal. Roasted seeds given in cough, seeds given to children in colic; oil from the seeds in treating burns; seed powder given internally as a mild purgative. Gum from wood mixed with maize-meal porridge and eaten to treat chest complaints. Fruit pulp mild purgative; dried powdered fruits taken orally to prevent pregnancy; fruit paste put over the forehead for migraine, also applied over an old ulcer, on boils and acne; fruit pulp given in diarrhea; fruits used as suppository for expulsion of worms. Root and fruits anthelmintics and arrow-poison antidote. Roots emetic, a decoction used to treat abdominal pains, intestinal worms, malaria, diarrhea and as an antidote for poisoning; roots paste for reducing swellings caused by insect bites. Bark infusion used to treat heartburn. Flowers and leaves for ceremonial use; seed oil used by Hindu priests in the ceremony of initiating a Hindu. Crushed stem bark and roots piscicides and molluscicide; emulsion of the fruit used as a fish poison; crushed leaves for stupefying fishes. Veterinary medicine, roots of Indigofera trita along with stem bark of Balanites aegyptiacus, stem of Cissus quadrangularis and Tinospora cordifolia pounded and the extract given in impaction.) in English: desert date, Egyptian balsam, Egyptian myrobalan, soapberry bush, soapberry tree, thorn tree, Zachum oil tree in Arabic: heglig, balah harara, zachun, zacon, zaqqoum in Africa: aduwa (Hausa); kingo, ol-ngoswa (Masai); arraronyit (Turkana); baddan (Boran); odhto (Luo); lungoswa (Taveta); mulului (Kamba); mnyira, njienjia, mjunju (Swahili); mjuiya (Batemi); balah harara (the fruits); ngoswet (Kipsigis) in Angola: buza pundi in Benin: gamènlè, garbey, pawounpakabu in Congo: seguene in East Africa: mjunju, mkonga, mohoromo, musongole, novire

in Kenya: baddan, baddana, chuuandet, echomai, eroronyit, ilokwa, kilului, kiwowa, kullan, lowei, lowvai, lowwai, mchunju, mjunju, mkonga, mubadana, mububua, mubuubua, mulului, mwambangoma, ng’osonaik, ng’oswet, ng’osyet, ngonswo, ngoswa, olng’oswa, olokwai, osaragi, otho, othoo, tuyun, tuyunwo in Mali: molo, segene; nsègènè (Bambara); sikha woro (Minyanka); sancere logolo (Sénoufo); bwolio (Bwa); tane tani (Peuhl) in Nigeria: balie; adawa, adowa, aduwa (Hausa); tanni (Fula); kingo (Kanuri); hajlij (Shuwa Arabic) in Rhodesia: umLendhovu, isiXobo, muTambanto, muOngo; Zachun oil (the oil) in Sahara: teborak, teishett in Senegal: ayalid, soump; ségéné (Bambara); modèl (Sérère); sump (Volof) in S. Rhodesia: muTambantau, muTambanto, muOngo in Sudan: guerbe hono, mourotoki, segaine, soump, taborak, tchaichot in Tanzania: ganyamda, hawi, hotlimo, ilokwa, iteru, kivambang’ombe, mdori, mduguya, mduguyu, mfughuyu, mjijiva, mjirya, mjuguyu, mjunju, mkisingo, mkonga, mkongo, mnuwili, modori, mohoromo, mruguhu, mudugunga, muvambang’oma, muwambangoma, mwambangoma, myuguyu, myuguyugu, nchunju, nduguyu, nyijiva, nyuguyu, olng’oswa, olngoswa, olokwai, osaragi in Zambia: mubambwangoma, mulyanzovu in India: akantaka, angaravrksa, angarvriksha, angulidala, anilantaka, baam, banchadi, bhallakiviriksha, daruparnaphala, egorca, elheglyg, gara, gara-chettu, garachetti, gari, gauritvac (Gauri, goddess of abundance; tvac, worship), gaurtvaka, gouritvac, heghelig, hingalbet, hingam, hingan, hingan-ka-per, hinganbet, hingane, hingen, hinger, hingol, hingonya, hingora, hingoriyo, hingorni, hingot, hingota, hingotia, hingotio, hingoto, hingu, hingudi, hinguputra, ingala, ingalarade, ingalare, ingaleeka, ingalike, ingalukke, ingna, ingol, ingori, ingoria, ingorio, ingoriyo, ingoriyu, ingua, inguda, ingudam, ingulada mara, ingudi, ingudi-vraksha, ingudivrikshaha, ingul, inguni, jalajantu, kantaka, krisharaka, kroshtuphala, manchuta, meenu mara, munipadapa, namunta, nanchundan, nanchunta, nancuntan, nanjunda, nanjundan, putigandha, putranjiva, putripatra, ringri, shulari, tailabija, tanupatra, tapasadruma, tapasamudrama, tapasataru, tiktaka, tiktarnajja, toruvattu, vinashaka in Tibet: i ngu da

521

Balanites Del. Zygophyllaceae (Balanitaceae)

Balanites glaber Mildbr. & Schlecht. (Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr.)

green flowers, yellow fruits, cooked cotyledons eaten, usually along dry watercourses, flood plains, dry bushland

Tanzania. Tree or shrub, dense, many-branched, armed with long thick sharp thorns, succulent, branches drooping, thorny twigs, greenish white sweet scented flowers in dense clusters, leaves grazed and browsed, sweet juicy ripe fruit pulp eaten, savanna, open Commiphora, Acacia tortilis and Acacia kirkii woodland

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 51: 162. 1913, Ann. Transvaal Mus. xv. 244. 1933

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflan­ zenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 51: 163. 1913 (Fruit mildly poisonous, causing a feverish feeling, stomachache and diarrhea.) in Kenya: olng’oswa Balanites maughamii Sprague (Balanites dawei Sprague) (the specific name after the botanical collector Reginald Charles Fulke Maugham, 1866-x, a British Consul at Lourenço Marques (now Maputo, Mozambique), author of Zambezia: a general description of the valley of the Zambezi River. London 1910; see I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (4), Collectors M. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 93. 1976) Mozambique, Kenya, Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Tree or a shrub, straight, fluted, spreading, spines branched forked, inflorescence an axillary fascicle-like cyme, flowers scented green or greenish yellow, fruit reddish brown, spongy fibrous dark and oily mesocarp, clear yellow oil from the seed kernel, fruits and seed oil edible, closely related to Balanites wilsoniana See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1913: 131– 141. 1913, Planta Medica 46: 195–209. 1982, South African Journal of Science 84: 201–202. 1988, Kew Bull. 56(1): 37. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76: 239–245. 2001, South African Journal of Botany 68(3): 408–410. 2002

(Fresh fruits bitter and toxic, symptoms of poisoning by fresh fruits are thirst, dizziness and vomiting. Root infusion used for fever and diarrhea, boiled root infusion added to children’s milk.) in English: small green thorn, torchwood minor in Kenya: elamach, ilbule, lom, lomion, sarai in Southern Africa: kleingroendoring; uGobandlovana (Zulu) Balanites rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt. (Agialid rotundifolia Tiegh.; Agialida rotundifolia Tiegh.; Balanites gillettii Cufod.; Balanites gillettii var. renifolia; Balanites orbicularis Sprague; Balanites patriziana Lusina; Balanites rotundifolius Blatt.) Tanzania. A spiny multi-stemmed evergreen shrub or tree, dark green stout straight thorns, oval hairy fruit, ripe orange sweet edible pulp, leaves and fruit eaten by livestock, camel and goat fodder, in dry wooded savanna and grassland See Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 103. 1891 and Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 9 4: 231. 1906, Records of the Botanical Survey of India 8: 109. 1919, Ann. Bot. (Italy) 20(1): 138. 1933 (Leaves used for eye diseases; boiled root infusion added to children’s milk as a tonic; boiled root infusion used as an emetic and purgative during fever and for diarrhea. Ethnoveterinary medicine.) in Kenya: baddan, baddana, ebei, kullan, kulum, kuusam, kuute, loma, lomion, lorn, mubadana, sarai, tirikikwa

(Stem bark extracts inhibit the malarial parasite in vitro. Roots emetic; roots and bark purgative. Fruits insecticide, antiparasitis, cough sedative. Fruit exudate fish and frog poison, molluscicidal, lethal to the freshwater snails and water fleas. Magic, ritual.)

in Tanzania: mvanga ngíoma, mkonga, mvambandusi, olkwai, olngoswa, mbamba ngoma

in English: green thorn, torch fruit tree, torchwood, y-thorned torchwood

India. Shrub, armed with stout axillary spines, leaves alternate, small greenish white flowers

in East Africa: manduro, menduro, nulo

See Familles des Plantes 2: 508. 1763, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 2: 258, t. 2. 1854, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 103. 1891 and Flora of the upper Gangetic Plain, and of the adjacent … 1: 145. 1903, Taxon 28: 274–275. 1979

in Southern Africa: groendoring, iPamu, iPhambo, nnulu, nulu, uGobendlovu, umNulu, Umnunu, umNununu in Malawi: njuyu (Chichewa, Nyanja); mpambula (Yao) in Tanzania: mguguni, mkonga Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. & Schltr. (Balanites australis Bremek.) Kenya. Shrub or small tree, spiny, multi-stemmed, muchbranched, larger spines usually with many smaller ones,

Balanites roxburghii Planch. (Agialid roxburghii (Planch.) Kuntze; Agialid roxburghii Kuntze; Balanites aegyptiaca Delile var. roxburghii (Planch.) Duthie)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fruit powder used for jaundice; fruit extract applied on the eye to cure jaundice.) in India: dirghakanta, gaara, gara, gouritvae, hingaata, hingalat, hingaloru, hingan, hingan bet, hingane, hingoloro, ingalaarada mara, ingala, ingalada mara, ingalara, ingalare, ingaleeka, ingalika, ingalu mullu, ingalukke, inglara, ingudam, ingudi, ingudi-vraksha, ingudi-vrikshaka, ingulada

522

mara, ingulaka, meenu mara, nanchundan, nanchunta, nancunta, nancuntan, nancuntan pattai, nunjoondam, ringri, tailaphala, tapasataru, tapasavrksa, toruvattu Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Sprague (Balanites mayumbensis Exell; Balanites tieghemii A. Chev.; Balanites wilsonianus Dawe & Sprague) Tropical West Africa, Uganda, Gabon. Tree, semi-deciduous, crooked or straight, sweet gum exudate, lack of spines on the flowering branches, ascending branches, spreading crown, branchlets with forked hard sharp spines, yellow-green flowers in stalked clusters, petals hairy inside, yellow drupe with strong unpleasant smell, fibrous coat surrounding hard inner stone, seed kernel edible, edible oil from seeds, elephants eat fallen fruit, leaves and fruit eaten by gorillas See Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 77. 1813 and Bot. Miss. Uganda Prot. 14, 23, 40. 1906, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 506. 1906 [1904–1906 publ. 1906], Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 1911 58 (Mém. 8): 145. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912], Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 65 (Suppl.) 1: 55. 1927 (Bark and roots piscicides, and molluscicide, acting on fresh water snails intermediate hosts of the Schistosoma trematode and on the free-living larval stages of this parasite. Fruits and leaves emmenagogue, anthelmintic, febrifuge, antiinflammatory. Fruit pulp toxic to the snails which carry Bilharzia. Emulsion of the fruit used as a fish poison. Ritual, ceremonial, puberty rites of the young women of Ashanti.) African names: budare, nkwu-awusa, ubogho in Benin: ugbogbo

Balanocarpus Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae

in English: black kongu in India: kara kong, karakong, karakongu, karankongu, kong

Balanophora Forster & Forster f. Balanophoraceae Greek balanos ‘acorn’ and phoros ‘bearing’, referring to the pistillate inflorescence; see J.R. Forster and J.G.A. Forster, Characteres generum plantarum. 99, t. 50. (Nov.) 1775, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 8: 429. 1822 and Dansk Bot. Ark. 28(1): 88–89. 1972, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108(1): 59–67. 2006 Balanophora dioica R. Brown ex Royle China. Dioecious, root parasites, scapes purple to pink, rare and vulnerable See Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 330. 1839 and Tam Pui-cheung. Balanophoraceae. In: Kiu Hua-shing & Ling Yeou-ruenn, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 24: 250–268. 1988, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 26(1): 103–104. 2002 (Medicinal baths to prevent and cure rheumatic and skin diseases.) in China: lu xian cao Balanophora fungosa J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Balanophora fungosa Forst.) India, Vietnam. Reddish purple parasite, fleshy, fungus-like appearance of the tuber, bird lime from the tubers

in Ghana: krobo-dua

See Characteres Generum Plantarum 99, t. 50. 1775 and Dansk Bot. Ark. 28(1): 93. 1972, Fl. Malesiana 1, 7: 764, fig. 8, 9. 1976

in Kenya: kivuw’a, mkonga, mtonga

(Used in Sidha. Treating piles.)

in Nigeria: budare, egungun-ekun (Yoruba); ubogho (Edo)

in China: she gu

in Tanzania: mbambangoma, mguguni, mkonga, mmera, mngalangala, mnuwili-msitu, nyakahamba, popoma

in India: gajapippali, nila bomb, yanai thippali

in Central African Republic: boko, boku, gboko

in Zaire: bukere, kombe, loho, lohole, mukele

Balanocarpus Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae Greek balanos ‘acorn’ and karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the shape of the fruit, see Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 7. 1811, The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India 236 [bis]. 1873. Balanocarpus utilis Bedd. (Hopea utilis (Bedd.) Bole) India. Perennial evergreen tree, yellowish white flowers in axillary panicles See Forest. Man. Bot. 237 [bis]. 1873 and Kew Bulletin 146. 1951 (Used in Sidha.)

Balanophora harlandii Hook.f. (Balania harlandii (Hook.f.) Tiegh.; Balanophora esquirolii H. Léveillé; Balanophora harlandii var. mutinoides (Hayata) F.W. Xing; Balanophora henryi Hemsley; Balanophora kawakamii Valeton; Balanophora kudoi Yamamoto; Balanophora lancangensis Y.Y. Qian; Balanophora minor Hemsley; Balanophora mutinoides Hayata) China. Dioecious, root parasites, rhizome yellowish to brownish, scapes red to yellow See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 22(4): 426, pl. 75. 1859, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(177): 410–411, pl. 9, f. 1. 1894 and Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 9 6: 201. 1907, Icones Bogorienses 4: 169, pl. 351. 1913, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 168–169, pl. 31. 1913, Annual

523

Baliospermum Blume Euphorbiaceae

Reports of the Taihoku Botanic Garden 1: 95. 1931, Bulletin of Botanical Research 12(4): 381. 1992 (Medicinal baths to prevent and cure rheumatic and skin diseases.) in China: ge jun

in India: naagadanti, nagadanti in Thailand: plao tong taek Baliospermum calycinum Müll.Arg. var. sinuatum (Müll. Arg.) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr. (Baliospermum sinuatum Müll. Arg.)

Balanophora involucrata Hook.f. (Balanophora involucrata Hook.f. & Thomson; Balanophora involucrata var. cathcartii Hook.f.; Balanophora involucrata var. flava Hook.f.; Balanophora involucrata var. gracilis Hook.f.; Balanophora involucrata var. rubra Hook.f.)

India, Arunachal Pradesh.

China, temperate Himalayas, Sikkim. Dioecious, root parasites, erect, fleshy, large woody knots, scapes yellow to orange

in India: danti

See Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 30 & 44, t. 4–7. 1856, Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 237. 1886 and Illustr. W. Himal. Flow. Pl. 14, fig. 22.1963, Dansk. Bot. Ark. 28(1): 152–155. fig. 41. 1972 (Medicinal baths to prevent and cure rheumatic and skin diseases.) in China: hong jun

Baliospermum Blume Euphorbiaceae From the Greek balios ‘spotted’ and sperma ‘seed’, the seeds are spotted, see Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 12: 603. 1826 and Kew Bulletin 36: 267. 1981, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 32(1–4): 9. 1990 (publ. 1992), Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 108. 1994, Gen. Euphorb.: 306. 2001, Fl. Thailand 8, 1: 120. 2005. Baliospermum calycinum Müll.Arg. (Baliospermum calycinum var. corymbiferum (Hook.f.) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.; Baliospermum calycinum var. densiflorum (D.G. Long) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.; Baliospermum calycinum var. effusum (Pax & K. Hoffm.) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.; Baliospermum calycinum var. micranthum (Müll.Arg.) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.; Baliospermum calycinum var. siamense (Craib) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.; Baliospermum corymbiferum Hook.f.; Baliospermum densiflorum D.G. Long; Baliospermum effusum Pax & K. Hoffm.; Baliospermum meeboldii Pax & K. Hoffm.; Baliospermum micranthum Müll.Arg.; Baliospermum siamense Craib; Baliospermum suffruticosum Pax & K. Hoffm.) Nepal, China, Thailand. Shrub, dioecious, flowers pale green to green-yellow, erect fruits See Flora 47: 470. 1864, Linnaea 34: 215–216. 1865, The Flora of British India 5: 463. 1888 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1911: 467. 1911, Das Pflanzenreich 52(IV. 147. IV): 27, f. 7. 1912, Das Pflanzenreich 63(IV. 147. VII): 414. 1914, Kew Bulletin 26: 222–223. 1972, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 44: 171. 1986, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 32(1–4): 13, 15–16, 22. 1990 (Used in Ayurveda.) in China: yun nan ban zi mu

See Flora 47: 470. 1864 and Bull. Bot. Surv. India 32: 24. 1990 [1992] (Used in Ayurveda.) Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh (Baliospermum angulare Decne. ex Baill.; Baliospermum axillare Blume; Baliospermum indicum Decne.; Baliospermum montanum Müll. Arg.; Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Müll. Arg.; Baliospermum moritzianum Baill.; Baliospermum pendulinum Pax; Baliospermum polyandrum (Roxb.) Wight; Baliospermum polyandrum Wight; Baliospermum raziana Keshaw, Murthy & Yogan.; Baliospermum raziana Keshaw; Baliospermum razianum Kesh. Murthy & Yogan.; Baliospermum solanifolium (Geiseler) Suresh; Croton polyandrum Roxb., nom. illeg.; Croton polyandrus Roxb., nom. illeg.; Croton roxburghii Wall.; Croton solanifolius Burm.; Croton solanifolius (Burm.) Geiseler; Croton solanifolius Geiseler; Jatropha montana Willd.; Ricinus montanus (Willd.) Wall.) China, Trop. Asia, Himalayas. Stout shrub, woody undershrub, glands at the base of leaf and stipule, leaves chartaceous, axillary panicles, staminate flowers with annular lobed disc, pistillate flowers larger than staminate ones, pistillate flowers sepals 5, subglobose pendulous capsules, calyx persistent, seeds brown See Species Plantarum 2: 1004–1007. 1753, Fl. Malab. 6. 1769, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 563. 1805, Crotonis Monographiam 74. 1807, Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 120. 1821, Syst. Veg. 3: 877. 1826, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 12: 603–604. 1825–24. 1826, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 682. 1832, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 7727. 1847, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5, t. 1885. 1852, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 395. 1858, Linnaea 34: 104. 1865, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2.2): 1125. 1866, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 609. 1891 and Pflanzenr., IV, 147, IV: 28. 1912, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2). Deurne. 1966 [as Baliospermum montanum.], Aryavaidan 11: 95–108. 1977, Curr. Sci. 56: 486. 1987, Interpret. Rheede’s Hort. Malab. 106. 1988 [Regnum Vegetabile 119: 106. 1988], Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae). Kew. 2000 [as Baliospermum montanum.], Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004, FoC 11: 277. 2008

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(Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Oil from the seeds and leaves irritant when touching the skin. Plant juice applied on cuts to check bleeding caused by knife, axe; plants crushed and boiled in water and its bath taken to cure rheumatism. Root, leaves, seed and seed oil used in the form of powder, seed and oil to treat piles, wound, conjunctivitis, anemia, jaundice, skin diseases. Dried root in jaundice and splenomegaly; fresh root paste taken internally as an antidote to food poison, and in dropsy and jaundice; fresly crushed root juice to stop vomiting. Leaves purgative, antiasthmatic; leaves decoction used in asthma; decoction bath taken for scabies; leaf juice applied to forehead in headache. Latex for bodyache and pain of joints. Branches used as toothbrush to relieve the toothache. Seeds drastic purgative, used as a substitute for Croton tiglium L., in large doses act as narcotic poison; seed paste used in rheumatism, snakebite. Doctrine of Signatures, against snakebite, Baliospermum montanum seeds powdered, mixed in boiled water and then drunk.) in English: castor oil plant in Bangladesh: tungkramon in India: anukheti, anukula, appaiccevakacceti, appaiccevakam, artagala, banbhatti, bedanjire khatai, bhadra, buktumbo, cimai amanakku, cimaiyamanakku, dantan, dante, danthi, danti (dant, tooth), danti lambi waali, danti mool, dantika, dantimool, dantimool asli, dantimul, dantt, dati (dat, tooth), dhantimool, donti, dravanti, dumajoda, dumbo joda, erandapatri, erandaphala, erandphalaa, erradundiga, ettadundiga, gunapriya, habbussalatine-barri, habbussalatine-sahrai, hakni, hakum, hakun, hakuna, harital, ilantanamanakku, irancani, jamal ghota, jamalghota, jamalgota, jangli jamaalgotaa, jangli jamalghota, jangli-jamalgota, jarinata, jaupli, jayapala, kaadu haralu, kaduharalu, kakubha, kanaka pata, kanakapaata, kanakapata, kanniyucari, kanniyucaricceti, katalavanakku, kattamanakku, kattamankku, kondamudamu, kumbhachitra, kumbhi, kumpam kurantaka, madhupushpa, makulaka, makunaka, maniyamanakku, maniyamanakkucceti, mukulaka, naaga danti, naagadanthi, naga danti, nagadandi, nagadanthi beru, nagadanti, nagadanti beru, nagadhanthi, nagasphota, nagavinna, nagdanti, nakadanti, nakatanti, neelajidi, neeradimuthu, nela jidi, nelajidi, nepala, nepalam, nervalam, nikumba, nikumbha, nikumbhah, nikumbhi, nir adimuttu, niradimuttu, niratimuttu, nirettimuttu, nirvetti, nishalya, nishkumbha, parankiyamanakku, pey amanakku, peyamanakku, phan-thap, pratyak-shreni, pratyakparni, pratyaksreni, raktadanti, rechani, ruksha, sapdi, shighra, shighraa, shimaiamanakku, shwetaghanta, shyenaghanta, sighra, tanti, taruni, timpalai, turuvati, udumbarparni, upachitra, upakulya, varahangi, vishaalya, vishalya, vishodhini Malay name: maharaja lela in Nepal: ajaphal ka bot in Thailand: long pom, nong pom, pho-bo-cho, tho-khlo, thon di, tong taek in Tibet: da nti, da-nti

Balmeda Nocca Tiliaceae

Balmeda Nocca Tiliaceae Balmeda corylifolia Nocca (Balmeda corylifolia Scannagatta; Grewia chaunothamnos K. Schum.; Grewia chaunothamnus K. Schum.; Grewia corylifolia A. Rich.; Grewia corylifolia Guill. & Perrott.; Grewia echinulata Del.; Grewia orbiculata G. Don; Grewia villosa Willd.; Grewia villosa Heyne ex Roth; Grewia villosa Willd. var. glabrior K. Schum.) Tropical Africa. Small shrub, much-branched See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4: 205. 1803, Hort. Ticin. 21. 1804, Nov. Pl. Sp. 248. 1821, Fl. Seneg. Text. 95. t. 20. 1830–33, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 388. 1874 and Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3: 103. 1901, Fl. Bomb. Pres. 1: 152. 1901 (Roots and fruits tonic, root used as a remedy for diarrhea; bark juice in urinary troubles, irritation in the bladder and gonorrhea. The bark, powdered or fresh, to treat wounds; various parts of the tree used in the treatment of syphilis, spleen trouble, eyeache and stomachache.) in English: mallow-leaved ross berry, mallow raisin, round leaf grewia in Kenya: lpupoi in Pakistan: dhohan, insarra, jalidar, kashkasri, pastuwanne

Balsamorhiza Hook. ex Nutt. Asteraceae Greek balsamon ‘balsam’ and rhiza ‘root’, fleshy taproot with sticky sap, see Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 349–351. 1840 and A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 1077. 1925, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 22(1): 115. 1935, American Midland Naturalist 35: 416. 1946, Phytologia 85(1): 19. 1998[1999]. Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. (Balsamorhiza glabrescens Benth.) North America. Perennial See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 351. 1840, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 317. 1849 (Roots decoction for colds, coughing.) in English: deltoid balsamroot Balsamorhiza hookeri Nutt. (Balsamorhiza balsamorhiza (Hook.) A. Heller; Balsamorhiza hirsuta Nutt.; Balsamorhiza hirsuta var. lagocephala W.M. Sharp; Balsamorhiza hirsuta var. neglecta W.M. Sharp; Balsamorhiza hookeri var. hirsuta (Nutt.) A. Nelson; Balsamorhiza hookeri var. lagocephala (W.M. Sharp) Cronquist; Balsamorhiza hookeri var. neglecta (W.M. Sharp) Cronquist; Balsamorhiza hookeri var.

525

Bambusa Schreb. Poaceae (Gramineae)

platylepis (W.M. Sharp) Cronquist; Balsamorhiza macrolepis var. platylepis (W.M. Sharp) R.S. Ferris; Balsamorhiza platylepis W.M. Sharp; Heliopsis balsamorhiza Hook.) North America. Perennial See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 310. 1833, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 349– 350. 1840, Catalogue of North American Plants North of Mexico 7. 1898 and New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains 546. 1909, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 22(1): 131–132, 139. 1935, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 5: 103. 1955, Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium 5(4): 99. 1958, Intermountain Flora 5: 20. 1994 (Root decoction stomachic, for female complaints, for bladder troubles.) in English: hairy balsamroot, Hooker’s balsamroot Balsamorhiza incana Nutt. North America. Perennial, roots eaten raw See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 350. 1840 (Analgesic, for stomach pains, colds, headaches.) in English: hoary balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nuttall (Balsamorhiza helianthoides (Nutt.) Nutt.; Buphthalmum sagittatum Pursh; Espeletia helianthoides Nutt.; Espeletia sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.) North America. Perennial See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 564. 1814[1813], Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7(1): 38–39. 1834, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 350–351. 1840 (Seeds eaten for dysentery, analgesic, sedative, febrifuge, disinfectant. Leaves poultice for swellings or burns. Roots infusion drunk for tuberculosis, whooping cough, to increase urinary flow; chewed roots applied to sore mouth and throat, syphilitic sores, blisters and sores, toothaches; root decoction taken to ensure easy delivery.) in English: arrowleaf balsam-root, arrowleaf balsamroot, balsam-root

Bambusa Schreb. Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Malayan native name; see Familles des Plantes 2: 244. 1763, Observationes Botanicae 5: 24. 1788, Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber (1739–1810), Genera Plantarum. 236, 828. 1789, Obs. Bot. 5: 24. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 579. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 245. 1799, Semanario del Nuevo Reino de Granada 17: 131–132. 1809,

Synopsis Plantarum 1: 253. 1822, Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95: 150. 1822, Rel. Haenk. 1: 256. 1830, Syst. Veg. 7: 1340–1342. 1830, Linnaea 9(4): 476–477. 1835, Plantae Junghuhnianae 389–390. 1854, Catal. Plantarum in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi 20. 1866, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 98, 109. 1868, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 31. 1881, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 4: 29. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 760– 761. 1891 and Journal of Japanese Botany 9(1–2): 9–12, 86, 88–89, pl. 1, 10. 1933, Lingnan University Science Bulletin 9: 34–35. 1940, Blumea, Suppl. 3: 106. 1946, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(2): 38–331. 1955, Taxon 6(7): 203–204. 1957, Flora of Java 3: 632. 1968, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(2): 214. 1980, Journal of Bamboo Research 2: 11–12. 1983, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 1–75. 1988, Sabah Forest Record 14: i-xi, 1–94. 1992, D.N. Tewari, A Monograph on Bamboo. Dehra Dun, India 1992, Plant Resources of South-East Asia 7: 1–191. 1995[Bamboos, S. Dransfield and E.A. Widjaja, editors], Am. J. Bot. 86: 780–784. 1999, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 39: 29–35. 2000. Bambusa balcooa Roxburgh (Arundarbor balcooa (Roxb.) Kuntze; Arundarbor balcooa Kuntze; Dendrocalamus balcooa (Roxb.) Voigt; Dendrocalamus balcooa Voigt) Northeastern India, Bangladesh. Sympodial, large, tall, caespitose or densely tufted, stout, coarse, thick-walled, branched from the base, densely clumped, thorny branchlets, rhizomatous, lower nodes with aerial roots, known from cultivation and wild, flowering cycle at 35–45 years, young shoots used as a vegetable, foliage as animal fodder, the strongest bamboo used for building purposes, very durable and insect resistant, could be confused with Dendrocalamus calostachyus (Kurz) Kurz See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 25. Serampore 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 196. 1832, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 718. 1845, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 760–761. 1891 and The Indian Forester 114: 576–583, 726–736. 1988, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 72: 1–75. 1988, Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science 20: 31–36. 1991, The Indian Forester 119: 205–211. 1993, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 193–194. 1994, Edinb. J. Bot. 51: 12. 1994 (Siliceous secretion of the culm aphrodisiac and tonic.) in English: bamboo, Cape bamboo in India: balko bans, balku bans, baluka, barak, beru, bhalu bans, bhaluka, borak bans, boro bans, buluka, buluqa, dhanu bans, wamnah in Nepali: ban bans, dhanu bans in South Africa: bamboesriet Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss (Arundarbor arundinacea (Retz.) Kuntze; Arundarbor arundinacea Kuntze; Arundarbor orientalis (Nees) Kuntze; Arundarbor orientalis Kuntze; Arundo bambos L.; Bambos arundinacea Retz.; Bambos bambos (L.) Wight; Bambus arundo C.C. Gmel.;

526

Bambusa arundinacea Wight ex Steud.; Bambusa arundinacea Ait.; Bambusa arundinacea Willd.; Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.; Bambusa arundinacea Retz.; Bambusa arundinacea Humb. & Bonpl.; Bambusa bambos (L.) Druce, nom. illeg., non Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss; Bambusa bambos Becker, nom. illeg., non Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss; Bambusa bambos Backer ex K. Heyne; Bambusa orientalis Nees; Bambusa spinosa Roxb.; Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.; Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.; Bambusa vulgaris Nees; Ischurochloa arundinacea var. orientalis (Nees) Büse; Leleba vulgaris (Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.) Nakai) Southern China, India, Thailand. Tall, armed, giant, woody, erect and leaning to arching, clumps almost impenetrable, spiny lower branches, when young the culms covered with wax, sympodial and pachymorph rhizomes, spiny branches arising from all nodes, interlacing thorny branches, young shoots or newly sprouted buds eaten, siliceous concretion inside the stems (tabasheer or tabashir), very variable species related to and resembling Bambusa blumeana J.A. & J.H. Schultes See Species Plantarum 1: 81. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 878. 1759, Observationes Botanicae 5: 24. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2(1): 579. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(1): 245. 1799, J.C. Wendland (1755–1828), Collectio Plantarum: tam exoticarum, quam indigenarum … 2: 26, t. 47. Hannover 1808, Hortus Kew. (W.T. Aiton), ed. 2. 2: 316. 1811, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 25. 1814, Syst. Veg. ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1340–1342, 1345–1346. 1830, Linnaea 9(4): 472. 1835, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. 462. 1841, Plantae Indiae Batavae orientalis. 115. 1856– 1857, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(1): 101, 104–106. 1868, Fl. Sylv. 231–232. 1872, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 761. 1891, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 51–55, pl. 48. 1896, Fl. Brit. India 7: 395–396. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 313–314. 1900, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 9: 195. 1905, Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Bambusées 128–129, pl. 74, fig. A and pl. 75, fig. A. 1913, Botanical Exchange Club Report London. 4: 608. 1917, (also Report. Botanical Exchange Club. London. 4: 608. 1917), De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch- Indië. ed. 2 i. 294. 1927, J. Jap. Bot. 9: 9. 1933, Grasses of Ceylon 27. 1956, The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore 16: 59–62. 1958, Current Science 47(16): 584–586. 1978, Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 15(1): 38–44. 1984, Journal of the American Bamboo Society 6(1–4): 4–16. 1985[1987], Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 72: 30–36. 1988, Sandakania 3: 17–41. 1993, Kew Bulletin 52(3): 693–698. 1997, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Skin of the stem made into a paste and use for healing cuts; crushed young shoots applied on joints to treat rheumatism; stem bark boiled in water and made as paste and eaten for snakebite. Roots decoction used in case of anuria, leaves anthelmintic, for blood purification, leucoderma and for treatment of inflammatory conditions. An infusion of the leaves used as

Bambusa Schreb. Poaceae (Gramineae)

an eye wash and internally given for bronchitis, gonorrhea and fever; leaves extract blood purifier; warm leaves used for sprain of back; young leaves decoction used as a postpartum remedy, to clean uterus. Veterinary medicine, leaves given to horses for diarrhea, coughs and colds; roots for dog bite; leaf and inflorescence for placental retention; tender shoots paste applied on bone fracture. Ceremonial, rituals, festivals, used in religion and magico-religious and supernatural beliefs, culms used in ceremonies related to funeral rites; plants conserved in sacred groves.) in English: bamboo, banslochan charcoal, giant thorny bamboo, Indian bamboo, male bamboo, spiny bamboo, thorny bamboo in Burma: kya-kat-wa in Cambodia: asey, khléi, rosey, russèi, russèi préi, russey in China: t’ien chu yuen, t’ien chu huang in India: aambal, amai, amal, ambal, ambu, amettiyamaram, ampal, ande bidiru, andebidarus, andebidiru, ari, aril, arilamaram, arttirapattirakam, bahupallava, bamboo, bambu, bams, bamsh, bamslochan, bans, bans-kapur, bans ki jar ka koila, bans-lochan, bansalochan, banslochan, banslochan asli, banslochan desi, banslochan saida, bansalochana, baroowa, bedru, behor, behor bans, beudo baunso, beur bansh, bidaru, bidaruppu, bidirina mele, bidirna gala, bidiru, bidirumale, bidru, bidungalu, bidunguloo, bidungulu, biduru, bikh nay sokhta, bir, bnah, bombu, bonga, bongu, bongu-veduru, bonguveduru, brihattrina, cadam, canagi, canaki, canakimaram, cananki, canti, cantil, cantilatakam, cantilatakamaram, capakam, capakamaram, capatam, catilaki, catilakimaram, catilam, cey, chivari, cilai, cinai, cinaimaram, cittamatitam, cittamatitamaram, cokkali, cokkalimaram, conoqui, cupai, daba, davage, dhanurdruma, dhattai, dhatushya, dirdhakanda, dongi, dougi, dowya, dridhagranthi, dridhakanda, dridhapathra, dridhapatra, duraruha, elubidiru, gala, gale, galu, gatte, hebbedru, hebbidaru, hebbidiru, hebbidru, hebbiduru, hennu bidiru, hennubidiru, hennubidru, hobbedru, hobbidiru, ikuci, ikucimaran, ikucu, illi, illiyila, illiyila pacha, ily, iraivarai, irucu, irulai, itcu, iyavapalam, kaambul, kalai, kalai kampu, kalak, kalale, kalay, kalele, kalikkol, kalla bans, kallak, kallk, kamatam, kamatha, kambu, kambul, kampu, kampuri, kan, kanai, kananki, kaneera, kani, kaniyaaram, kaniyaram, kanta bans, kanta baunso, kanta-baus, kantabams, kantabans, kantaki, kantalu, kantis, kanu, kappu, kapura, karira, karmmaaram, karmmar vamsavidala, karmmara, karmmaram, karmukam, katabams, katang, katang bans, katoba, kattang, kattang bans, katu una, katuhabanh, keechaka, ketai, ketua, ketwa, kicagam, kicaka, kicakam, kicakamu, kichaka, kichakamu, kicatarukam, kicatarukamaram, kilai, kilaimaram, kilati, kirubidiru, kisagam, kishkuparva, kitam, kotoba, kotoha, kotoha-bans, kulaaimungil, kulay, kulaymunkil, kuluaimungil, kunippu, kunippumaram, kushirandhra, kutuasi, kyakatwa, macuk-karam, macukkamaram, macukkaram, madusuveduru, magar, magar bans, magarbams, magarbans, maggar, mahaabala, mahabala,

527

Bambusa Schreb. Poaceae (Gramineae)

malbams, malbans, mandga, mandgai, mandgay, mangal, maskara, maskara-mu, maskaramu, masukkaram, mat, mirittucam, miruttiyupuspantayam, miruttucam, miruttusam, miruttuvicam, miruttuvikam, miruttuvikamaram, mirutuvikam, mola, mole-uppa, moola, moolah, moolkasha, moonghil oopoo, moongil, moongilarisi, moongiluppu, mrityubeeja, mrityubija, mudangal, mudusu-veduru, mudusuveduru, mula, mulai, mulamkarpooram, mulkas, mulla, mulla veduru, mullmoollah, mullu veduru, mullukayali, mullumoongil, mullumungil, mullumunkil, mulluveduru, mulmula, mulmulam, mulmunkil, mundla-veduru, mundlaveduru, mundul, mungal, mungi-luppu, mungil, mungil arisee, mungkil, munjil, munkil, munkililai, munnul, muntul, muntulakam, muntulamaram, mutankal, naadimoongil, nagotbelu, nai, nal bans, narbaams, natimunkil, nattumunkil, navaagragandha, navagragandha, nedil, nemi, nemj, nettil, nettu, nettumaram, nulampannai, nulappannai, onkal, onkuvari, onkuvarimaram, paandil, paasu, paciki, pacu, pacukimaram, painkalaimaram, painkatai, palandam, panai, palantam, palcanti, pallunkam, panai, pannai, pannaimaram, paracu, patiram, patiri, pattil, penmunkil, pente-veduru, penti-veduru, pentivedaru, pentiveduru, periya mingil, periya mungil, perumungil, peruvarai, peruvaraimungil, phalantaka, pol, pottuvaeduru, punai, punaivi, punaivimaram, punmaram, purakkal, purvayoni, pushpaghataka, putpakarikam, putpakaritamaram, putpakatakam, putpakatam, putpapakatam, qasab, saanagi, sabam, saneibi, saneibo, sataparva, satari, sey, shataparva, shathaparva, shatpadalaya, suparva, suparvan, tajan, tajana, tandu, tanitturumam, tantu, tantulam, tantulamaram, tanuttirumam, tanuttirumaram, tanutturumam, tanuvirutcam, tattai, tavakshira, tavakshiri, tecaki, tecakimaram, tecanam, tecanamaram, tecaram, tejana, tejanam, tikiri, tiranattuvacam, tiritakantam, tirrunaketu, tirukantam, tirunaketumaram, tirutakantam, tirutakantamaram, tirutakkantam, tirutakkiranti, tol, trinad wajab, trinadhvaja, trinadhvajamu, trinadhvajan, trinadwajab, trinakaethuka, trinaketu, trinaketuka, trnadhvaja, trynad havjamu, trynadhvajam, tugakshiri, tulai, tumbu, tumpu, tumpuru, tumpurumaram, tunai, tupam, tuppu, tutaikkanam, tutaikkanamaram, tutanam, tutanikam, tutanikamaram, tuttanmaram, tuvaccicaram, tuvakkucaram, tvachisara, tvakasara, tvaksara, twak-kshira, una, vadaniya, vaenu, vaishnavi, valai, valiyamula, vamicam, vamnsa lavanum, vampal, vampalmaram, vamsa, vamsah, vamsaja, vamsalekhana, vamsalocana, vamsavalekha, vamsavalekhana, vamsha, vamsha rochana, vamshalochana, vanacam, vancam, vaniti, vanitimaram, vankiyam, vannigaruppam, vannikaruppam, vans, vansa, vansh, vansha, vanshkapoor, vanshlochan, vanshlochan asli singapore, vanshlochan chaalu, vanshlochan deshi, vanshlochan singapuri, vanya, varaimungil, vaso, vederuppu, vedir, vedroo, veduru, vedurubeam, vedurubeeam, veduruppu, vel, velam, velati, velatimaram, velliamolla, vellu, velu, venu, venu lavanam, venuh, venulavanam, veral, veralmaram, veti, vetiri, vetirkamaram, vey, veyal, veyalamaram, veyil, veymaram, vindil, vinpakal, vinpari, vinparimaram, vintil, vintu, virukattiranam, viruttiram, viruttirunam, visnutanti, vittu-

nukiranti, vnahada, vnahado, wa-kanteh, wans, yavapalam, yavaphala, yavavenu in India: banasa lochana, banasa mitha, bangsolochan, bans kapur, bans lochan, bidaruppu, kabudi (blue, bluish-white or pale blue variety), mole uppa, munga luppu, sufed (white variety), tabasheer, tabashir, tabashira, tavakshirá, tavakshiri, tawashir, tugakshiri, una kapuru, una lunu, va-cchá, vadega-sa, vans kapur, vas nu mitha, vasan, vathega kiyo, vathegasa in Indonesia: bambu duri, pring ori in Laos: phaix pax, phaix pa:x Malayan names: bambu duri, buloh duri, aur gading, buloh minyak has, buloh pau in the Philippines: aonoo, batakan, baugin, botong, butung, caña espina, dugian, kaano, kaanono, kabugauan, kauayan, kauayan gid, kauayan na bayog, kauayan-siitan, kauayantinik, kauayan-totoo, kauayang bayog, kauayang-potog, kauayang-siitan, kauayang-tinik, kauayang totoo, kawayan, labong (bamboo shoots), lamnuan, marubal, marurugi, pagsingan, paua, rugian in Thailand: cha kat waa, cha-kat-wa, cha riang, chaa riang, chaa riong, chaa rong, cha rong, phai, phai naam, phai-nam, phai-pa, phai paa, phai ruak, ra sai, sang nam, saang naam, tha ngan, thangaan, thun, thuun, wa chu, waa chu, waa chuu, waa kha yuu, waa sue, waa tha, wae su, wae suu in Vietnam: tre l[af] ng[af], tre gai r[uw]ng, tre, tre cai, tre gai, tre viron Bambusa blumeana Schult. & Schult.f. (Arundarbor blumeana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Kuntze; Arundarbor pungens (Blanco) Kuntze; Bambus arundo Blanco; Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss; Bambusa blumeana Schult.; Bambusa pungens Blanco; Bambusa spinosa Roxb.; Bambusa spinosa Blume ex Nees, nom. illeg., non Bambusa spinosa Roxb.; Bambusa stenostachya Hack.; Bambusa teba Miq.; Ischurochloa stenostachya (Hack.) Nakai) Borneo, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Islands. Erect, tall, densely tufted, sympodial, young culms pruinose green, spiny basal branches, stout curved spines, lower nodes with aerial roots, culm sheaths with dark brown hairs and narrowly triangular blades, auricles of the culm sheath prominent with curly hairs and bristles, ligule irregularly toothed, propagation by culm cuttings, tolerates flooding, flowers very rarely, plants die after flowering, raw material for paper, cane for construction and basketry, binding, living fences, windbreaks, used for water pipe in pond fields, wild and naturalized, forming densely interlaced thicket, cultivated elsewhere in tropical Asia, used to prevent soil erosion, may be grown for soil reclamation in highly eroded areas, young shoots eaten as a vegetable, growing on irrigation ditch, tropical lowlands, along water courses, canal bank, river banks, often on heavy soils, hill slopes, at low and medium altitudes, freshwater creeks, resembles Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss

528

See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 25. 1814, Flora 8: 580. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium 7(2): 1343. 1830, The Botany of capt. Beechey’s Voyage; comprising an account of the Plants collected by Messrs. Lay and Collie … during the voyage to the Pacific and Bering’s Strait, performed in H.M.S. Blossom … 1825–1828. 254. London [1830-] 1841, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 3: 418. 1859, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 761. 1891 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore 16: 59–62. 1958, Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 301: 79–118. 1978, Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2(3): 227–234. 1990, Sandakania 3: 22. 1993, Journal of Tropical Forest Science 6(2): 159–170. 1993

Bambusa Schreb. Poaceae (Gramineae)

variable, spikelets 1–3 at nodes, glumes keeled, paleas acute, 3 slender lodicules, ovary stipitate, 2–3 stigmas, forming extensive impenetrable thickets and groves, found along riverbanks, forest edge on river bank, along streams See Plantae Aequinoctiales 1: 68, t. 20. 1808, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 253. 1822, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 113. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 761. 1891 and Flora of the Guianas 235. 1990, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79(4): 737–769. 1992, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 39: 36–52. 2000 (Armed with short sharp spines; new canes bearing irritant bristles.)

(The very fine hairs on the leaf-sheaths said to be poisonous.)

in English: bamboo

in English: spiny bamboo, thorny bamboo

in Bolivia: tacuara, tacuar-guasu

in Cambodia: russèi roliek

in Colombia: guadua

in Indonesia: bambu duri, haur cucuk, pring gesing

in Ecuador: amisa, caña brava, caña de Guayaquil, caña guadúa, caña mansa, gadúa, guadúa

in Laos: phaix ban:nz in Malaysia: buloh duri, buloh sikai, buluh duri, buluh sikai in the Philippines: aonoo, batakan, baugin, bengwil, caña espina, dugian, kaaono, kabugauan, kauayan, kauayan gid, kauayan ng bayog, kauayan potog, kauayan siitan, kauayantinik, kauayan totoo, kawayan-siitan, kawayen, lamnuan, marurugi, pasingan, paua, rugian in Thailand: phai see suk, phai si suk, phai-sisuk, seesuk, si suk, waa mee bo, wa mi bo in Vietnam: tre gai Bambusa chungii McClure (Lingnania chungii (McClure) McClure; Lingnania chungii var. petilla T.H. Wen) China, Hong Kong. Perennial, caespitose, culm wall thin, culms heavily and strongly pruinose, vigorous growing See Lingnan Science Journal 15(4): 639–643, f. 1, pl. 28, 29. 1936, Lingnan University Science Bulletin 9: 35. 1940, Journal of Bamboo Research 1(1): 34. 1982 (Febrifuge.) in English: blue bamboo, tropical blue bamboo, white powder bamboo, white powdery bamboo in China: bai fen dan zhu, dan zhu, fen dan zhu, gao jie dan zhu, hei jie dan zhu Bambusa guadua Bonpl. (Arundarbor guadua (Bonpl.) Kuntze; Guadua aculeata Rupr. ex E. Fourn.; Guadua angustifolia Kunth; Guadua angustifolia subsp. angustifolia; Nastus guadua (Bonpl.) Spreng.) South America. Large, woody, erect, caespitose, clumped, thorny with thorns from the nodes, armed with straight and hooked spines, rhizome pachymorph, arching descending branches, lower branches strongly thorny, sheaths deciduous, culm sheaths covered with brown hairs, inflorescence

in Paraguay: tacuara in Venezuela: guafa, guajua, juajua Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Räusch. ex Schultes & Schultes f. (Arundarbor multiplex (Lour.) Kuntze; Arundarbor nana (Roxb.) Kuntze; Arundinaria glaucescens (Willd.) P. Beauv.; Arundo multiplex Lour.; Bambos nana var. alphonsokarri (Mitford) Makino; Bambusa alphonse-karri Mitford; Bambusa argentea hort.; Bambusa floribunda (Büse) Zoll. & Moritzi; Bambusa glaucescens Munro; Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Merr.; Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Holttum, nom. illeg., non Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Merr.; Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Sieb. ex Holttum; Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Siebold ex Munro; Bambusa glaucescens var. riviereorum (Maire) L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung; Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Räusch.; Bambusa multiplex var. nana (Roxb.) Keng f.; Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum Maire; Bambusa nana Roxb.; Bambusa nana var. alphonso-karri Lat.-Marl. ex E.G. Camus; Leleba multiplex (Lour.) Nakai; Leleba shimadai (Hayata) Nakai; Ludolfia glaucescens Willd.; Ludolphia glaucescens Willd.) Indochina, Southern China. Perennial, shrubby, slender and weak, erect or arching above, spineless, young culms pruinose, variable, polymorphic, spreading, densely tufted, forming dense clumps of closely placed culms, sympodial and pachymorph rhizomes, clumps unicaespitose young shoots bitter tasting See Fl. Cochinch. Ed. 1. 1: 58. 1790, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 3 103. 1797, Der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesammten Naturkunde. 2: 320. Berlin 1808, Ess. Agrostogr. 144, 152. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium 7(2): 1350–1351. 1830, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 199. 1832, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 22–23, 89. 1868, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 760–761. 1891, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

529

Bambusa Schreb. Poaceae (Gramineae)

(Calcutta) 7(1): 40–41, pl. 38. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 315. 1900, Philippine Journal of Science 7(4): 230. 1912, Bambusées 121, 132. 1913, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 342. 1931, Journal of Japanese Botany 9(1): 14, f. 2. 1933, Technical Bulletin of the National Forestry Research Bureau 8: 17. Nanking 1948, Kew Bulletin 11(2): 207–211. 1956, Grasses of Ceylon 28. 1956, Tappi 40(8): 671–678. 1957, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlm. 16: 67–70. 1958, S. Suzuki, Index to Japanese Bambusaceae. 102–105. Gakken Company, Tokyo, Japan 1978, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 72: 36–39. 1988, Journal of Bamboo Research 8(1): 20–22, f. 4. 1989, Environmental and Experimental Botany 29: 307–315. 1989, Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College 8(1): 127–130. 1991, Cuscatlania 1(6): 1–29. 1991 (A tea prepared from a handful of the shoots used as an abortifacient; tea made from the shoots pounded with 100 white peppercorns and drunk on 3 successive mornings causes a very upset stomach at least or miscarriage at worst, so ingestion in any form is highly discouraged.)

Bot. 51(1): 17. 1994, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996 (Medicinal, for broken bones. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, ceremonial.) in English: Burmese timber bamboo in India: badia bansa, beng, bidhuli, chak, deo bans, deobans, jotia-makal, kai, kali, mahi bans, mahlu mallo, makla, mala bans, malabans, mallo, mukial, rawthing, sering jai, seringjai, utang, wa malang, waa, wakla, wootang in Myanmar: pai bong in Thailand: phai bong Bambusa oliveriana Gamble India, Myanmar. Tufted, strong, thick-walled, small leaves, edible shoots, non-invasive See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 7: 130. 1896, Fl. Brit. India 7: 392. 1896

in English: bamboo China, Chinese bamboo, Chinese dwarf bamboo, Chinese goddess bamboo, hedge bamboo, Oriental hedge bamboo

(Tonic.)

in China: feng huang zhu, guan yin zhu, xiao shun zhu

in India: warak

in Indonesia: aor selat, bambu cina, buluh pagar

in Myanmar: wa pyu san, wap gu san

in Japan: horai-chiku, hourai-chiku, houshou-chiku (white stripes), suou-chiku (green stripes on yellow background), hou-ou-chiku (Hou-ou, is a legendary bird), beni-hou-ou (green stripes on the culms and the branches), fu-iri-hou-ou (white stripes on the leaves), mikisuji-hou-ou (green stripes on a yellowish culm), komachi-dake, houbi-chiku

Bambusa pallida Munro (Arundarbor pallida (Munro) Kuntze; Bambusa critica Kurz)

in Okinawa: njadaki, ubidai

See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 97. 1868, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 761. 1891

in the Philippine Islands: kauayang tsina, kawayan sa sonsong, kawayan tsina in Malaysia: buloh cina, buloh pagar, buluh Cina, buluh pagar in Myanmar: pa-lau-pinan-wa in Sri Lanka: China una in Thailand: phai chiang phrai, phai-liang, phai sang phrai, phek in Vietnam: cay hop Bambusa nutans Wallich ex Munro (Arundarbor nutans (G.C. Wall. ex Munro) Kuntze; Arundarbor nutans Kuntze; Bambusa nutans Wall., nom. nud.) China, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar. Elegant, thornless, fast growing, straight, graceful, strong, creeping, culm top drooping, young culm pruinose, loosely clumped and many-branched See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens 5031. 1831, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 92. 1868, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 761. 1891 and Edin. J.

in English: bush bamboo, bushy bamboo

NE India, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand. Caespitose, growing in thick clumps, young culms pruinose, used for house building and screens, cultivated, hills and plains, open areas

(Green peel removed and applied on cuttings and injuries.) in India: bakhal, bijli, nijuli bah, bongshing, burwal, hoss-ae, jowa, ka-sken, kalinga, loto, makal, pashipo, pshi, pushee, seskien, shen, skhen, tesero, teusng, tneng, toung, usken, walkthai, watai, wathai, watoi in Thailand: phai phio, phai phiu Bambusa pervariabilis McClure Southern China, Guangxi, Guangdong. Strong and straight culms, young culms pruinose with white deciduous pubescence, clumps unicaespitose, related to Bambusa tuldoides Munro See Lingnan University Science Bulletin 9: 13. 1940, Journal of Bamboo Research 4(2): 9–10, f. 1. 1985 (Shavings of culm-cortex used for treating febrile diseases and hematuria.) in English: punting pole bamboo in China: cheng gao zhu

530

Bambusa textilis McClure China, Guangdong, Guangxi. Straight, clumps unicaespitose, culms with nodding or slightly pendulous tips, culm top bending See Lingnan University Science Bulletin 9: 14. 1940 (From the culm-internodes collected tabasheer (Concretio Silicea Bambusae Textilis, note that the fully natural product is rare), siliceous secretions used for the treatment of childhood convulsions.) in English: weaver’s bamboo in China: zhu huang, zhu huang jing, tian zhu huang (all names for tabasheer) in Japanese: tenjikuo in Korean: ch’onhwabun Bambusa tulda Roxb. (Bambusa lixin Hsueh & T.P. Yi; Bambusa tulda Benth.; Dendrocalamus tulda (Roxb.) Voigt; Dendrocalamus tulda Voigt) Tropical Asia, India, Bangladesh to Burma and Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, China. Sympodial, evergreen or deciduous, pruinose, caespitose, usually erect to ascending, spineless, walls very thick, normally flowers gregariously, more or less edible succulent shoots taste slightly bitter, leaves as animal fodder See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 25. 1814, Fl. Ind. (Carey edn.) 2: 193. 1832 [Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 193. 1832], Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 718. 1845, Fl. Hongk. 434. 1861 and Bamboo Research in Asia 2(1): 30, f. 2. 1983, The Indian Forester 114: 539–548, 549–559, 576–583, 613–621, 637–649, 701–710. 1988, Edin. J. Bot. 51: 19. 1994, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996

Bambusa Schreb. Poaceae (Gramineae)

peka, pepe siman, pheka, rawthing, saneibi, talda, torolabanso, tulda, waa, wada, wagi, wamunna, wati in Laos: bong in Thailand: bong, bong-dam, phai bong, phai-bongdam, phai haang chaang, phai hang chang, phai-hangchang, wa khue, wa si, wa sue, waa khue, waa see, waa sue, wae cho wa, wae sho wa in Vietnam: tre xi[ee]m Bambusa tuldoides Munro (Arundarbor breviflora (Munro) Kuntze; Bambusa angulata Munro; Bambusa blumeana Hook. & Am.; Bambusa breviflora Munro; Bambusa fauriei Hack.; Bambusa flavonoda W.T. Lin; Bambusa longiflora W.T. Lin; Bambusa pallescens (Döll) Hack.; Bambusa parvifolia W.T. Lin; Bambusa tulda sensu Benth., not Roxburgh; Bambusa ventricosa McClure; Guadua pallescens Döll; Leleba breviflora (Munro) Nakai; Leleba tuldoides (Munro) Nakai; Tetragonocalamus angulatus (Munro) Nakai) Southern China, Vietnam, Temperate and Tropical Asia. Open or densely tufted, sympodial, culms erect or nearly erect or slightly nodding, large and dense clumps unicaespitose, flowers occur very rarely, young shoots bitter and edible, growing at low altitudes, on lower hills, along riverbanks, closely related to Bambusa pervariabilis McClure and Bambusa eutuldoides McClure See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 93, 96. 1868 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 6(113–118): 69. 1908, Journal of Japanese Botany 9(1): 16–17. 1933, Lingnan Science Journal 17(1): 5, f. 17–62, t. 5. 1938, Economic Botany 11: 235–243. 1957, Bragantia 29: 11–22. 1970, Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of NorthEastern Forestry Institute 1980(6): 85, f. 1. 1980, Journal of the American Bamboo Society 2: 2–20. 1981, Journal of the American Bamboo Society 6: 43–57. 1985, Bragantia 47: 239–246. 1988, Sandakania 3: 33–34. 1993

(Crushed rhizome with water drunk by pregnant women for abortion. Siliceous secretion of the culm aphrodisiac and tonic; peel of young stem to stop bleeding, green peel removed and applied on cuttings and injuries. Veterinary medicine, leaves fed to animals after delivery to hasten removal of the placenta and also to help increase the amount of milk. Superstitions, magico-religious beliefs.)

(Shavings of the culm cortex (chuk yu) used for febrile diseases, haematuria, epistaxis and infantile epilepsy.)

in English: Bengal bamboo, Calcutta bamboo, common bamboo of Bengal, spineless Indian bamboo, tulda

in Vietnam: h[os]p

in Bangladesh: basini bans, jowa bans, metinga, tulda bans in Bhutan: jhushing, singhane bans in Burma: deo-bans, thaik-wa in China: fu zhu in India: bijuli, bleeng, deo bans, deobans, ghora, hoj-ae, jao, jati, jati bah, jati banh, jowa, kiranti, kranti bans, longmitong, mak, matela, mirtinga, mitenga, mritinga, nal-bans, ootang,

in English: Buddha bamboo, Buddha’s belly bamboo, punting pole bamboo, verdant bamboo in Indonesia: bambu blenduk in Malaysia: buloh balai Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex Wendland(Arundarbor arundinacea (Retz.) Kuntze; Arundarbor blancoi (Steud.) Kuntze; Arundarbor fera (Miq.) Kuntze; Arundarbor monogyna (Blanco) Kuntze; Arundo bambos L.; Arundo fera Oken; Bambos arundinacea Retz.; Bambusa auriculata Kurz; Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss; Bambusa blancoi Steud.; Bambusa fera Miq.; Bambusa humilis Rchb. ex Rupr.; Bambusa madagascariensis Hort. ex A. & C. Rivière; Bambusa mitis Blanco; Bambusa monogyna Blanco; Bambusa sieberi Griseb.; Bambusa striata Lodd.; Bambusa

531

Banara Aubl. Salicaceae (Flacourtiaceae)

surinamensis Ruprecht; Bambusa thouarsii Kunth; Bambusa tuldoides Munro; Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.; Bambusa vulgaris Wendl. ex Nees, nom. illeg., non Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.; Bambusa vulgaris cv. vulgaris; Bambusa vulgaris f. vulgaris; Bambusa vulgaris var. aureovariegata Beadle; Bambusa vulgaris var. striata (Lodd.) Gamble; Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata Rivière; Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata Rivière & C. Rivière; Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris; Leleba vulgaris (Schrader) Nakai; Leleba vulgaris var. striata (Gamble) Nakai; Leleba vulgaris (Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.) Nakai; Nastus thouarsii Raspail; Nastus viviparus Raspail)

in Guinea: ko-tatami, tatami

Tropical Asia, unknown origin. Woody, greatly variable, tall, strong thick walls, culms strong and cylindrical but not straight, not flexible, clumps unicaespitose, sympodial and pachymorph rhizomes, flowering is extremely rare, a source of fiber, stems used for houses and for light construction, young shoots edible

in Upper Volta: ngmalu

See Observationes Botanicae 5: 24. 1789, Sp. Pl. 2: 245. 1799, Coll. Pl. 2: 26–30, pl. 47. 1808, Alexander Moon (d. 1825), A Catalogue of the indigenous and exotic plants growing in Ceylon 26. Colombo 1824, Revis. Gramin. 1: 323, pl. 73, 74. 1830, Bambuseae 49, t. 11, f. 49. 1839, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 331. 1854, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 106–108. 1868, Fl. Sylv. 232. 1872, Bulletin de la Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France sér. 3, 5: 631, 640. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 761. 1891, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7(1): 43–45, pl. 40. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 314. 1900, Bambusées 122–123, pl. 76, fig. A. 1913, Journal of Japanese Botany 9(1): 17. 1933, Fieldiana, Botany 24(2): 60. 1955, Grasses of Ceylon 27–28. 1956, Flora of Java 3: 632–633. 1968, The Indian Forester 98: 359–362. 1972, Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 301: 79–118. 1978, The Indian Forester 114: 576–583. 1988, Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2(3): 227–234. 1990, Sandakania 3: 34–36. 1993, Kew Bulletin 52(3): 697. 1997

in India: bakal, banh, bannada bidiru, basini bans, basinibans, davike, haladi bidiru, jai-baruwa, kalaka, ponmungil, seemamula, sunderkania bansa

(Antiviral, abortifacient. A cold decoction of the roots used for kidney troubles. Leaves sudorific and febrifuge, a drink of macerated leaves taken against venereal diseases; leaves extract to cure tuberculosis. Sap from the young shoot to treat fever and hematuria, tabasheer from culm-internodes to treat infantile epilepsy; young shoots decoction of the yellow form used to cure hepatitis; stem applied over wounds; peel of the green stem mixed with lime to stop bleeding of a fresh cut. Bark astringent and emmenagogue.) in English: bamboo, common bamboo, feathery bamboo, golden bamboo, soft bamboo, striped bamboo, yellow bamboo in Central America: bacáu, bambú, bambú patamba, cañazas, cupamu, itikna, kamwatta, otate, sacaú in Cameroon: lefyog, mfele, mfelè in Congo: linetso

in Ivory-Coast: balé in Malawi: lulasi, mlasi, musyombe, nsungwi in Nigeria: agarabà, igbon ikirai, vyo in Senegal: i n’gol, i ngol in Sierra Leone: baran, boo, kanale, kasul, ken, kenye, kewe, pilanda, semi, sen, seni, senye, sii, simine, tatami, tatamina, wusle in Tanzania: mwanzi, mwazi

in Burma: wanet in Cambodia: russèi kaèw in China: long tou zhu

in Indonesia: bambu ampel (green culms), bambu blenduk, bambu kuning (yellow culms), domar, haur in Japan: dai-san-chiku, daisan-chiku, kinshi-chiku (green stripes on the yellowish culm) in Laos: s’a:ng kh’am’ Malayan names: aur beting, aur gading, bambu kuning, buloh aur, buloh gading, buloh kuning, buloh minyak, buloh minyak has, buloh pau, buluh aur, buluh minyak, buluh pau, tamalang, tamalang silau, tambalang, tamelang in Philippines: bolinao, bolinau, burirau, butong, kabaloan, kauayan, kauayan-china, kauayan-kiling, kauayan-kiting, kawayan, kawayang-china, kawayang-kiling, kawayangkiting, kawayang-tsina, kiling, labong (bamboo shoots), limas, lunas, maribal, marobal, patong, patung, sinambang, sinamgang, taiu-anak, taring, teuanak, tewanak, tiling, yellow bamboo in Thailand: chan kham, mai-luang, phai cheen, phai chin, phai-luang, phai lueang, phai-ngachang, rai yai, ree sai, ri sai in Vietnam: phai-bongkham, tre m[owx], tre tr[owf] in Pacific: kaho palangi, kaho papalangi in New Guinea: mambu kakar

Banara Aubl. Salicaceae (Flacourtiaceae) See Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1068, 1074, 1373. 1759, Mant. Pl. Altera 153. 1771, Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 547–549, t. 217. 1775, Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. (Hamilton) xv (41). 1825. Banara arguta Briq. (Banara amazonica Sleumer; Banara fagifolia Vahl, nom. illeg.; Banara glabrata Sleumer;

532

Banisteriopsis C. Robinson Malpighiaceae

Banara glandulosa (Desv. ex Ham.) Speg.; Banara glandulosa Speg.; Banara guianensis Aubl.; Banara guianensis var. argentina Lillo; Banara guianensis var. isadena Standl.; Banara guianensis var. isadena Standl. ex J.F. Macbr.; Banara guianensis var. martiana Eichler; Banara guianensis var. mollis (Poepp.) Eichler; Banara guianensis var. spruceana Briq.; Banara mollis (Poepp.) Tul.; Banara pubescens Spruce ex Benth.; Banara pyramidata Rusby; Banara tessmannii Sleumer; Banara tulasnei J.F. Macbr.; Kuhlia mollis Poepp.; Laetia glandulosa Poepp. ex Tul.; Trilix glandulosa Domb. ex Tul.; Trilix glandulosa Dombey ex Griseb., nom illeg.; Trilix macrobotrys Ruiz & Pav., nom. nud.; Xyladenius glandulosus Desv.; Xyladenius glandulosus Desv. ex Ham.)

Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton (Banisteria caapi Spruce ex Griseb.; Banisteria inebrians (C.V. Morton) J.F. Macbr.; Banisteria quitensis Nied.; Banisteriopsis inebrians C.V. Morton; Banisteriopsis quitensis (Nied.) C.V. Morton)

South America, Paraguay, Colombia. Tree, shrubby, greenyellow flowers

(Ayahuasca, hallucinogenic, for healing and spiritual exploration.)

See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 548–549, t. 217. 1775, Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 65. 1794, Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 41. 1825, Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum 3: 74, t. 285. 1845, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique sér. 3, 7: 288. 1847, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 22. 1859, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 5(Suppl. 2): 92. 1861, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 13, pt. 1: 501. 1871, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 3(3): 33–34. 1893, Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 2: 49. 1898 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 4: 223. 1900, Revista Argentina de Botánica 1: 210. 1926, Candollea 5: 389. 1934, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 952. 1934, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 50. 1934, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 14: 48. 1938, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4): 26. 1941, Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 16: 374, tab. 427. 1958

in English: soul vine, spirit vine

(Alkaloids.)

Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil. Large woody liana, leaves opposite, flowers yellow or pink, fruit a samara, seeds wind-dispersed, in primary forest See Flora Brasiliensis 12(1): 43. 1858 and Index Lectionum in Lyceo Regio Hosiano Brunsbergensi: Banisteria 12. 1901, North American Flora 25(2): 131. 1910, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 21(20): 486. 1931, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/3): 781–871. 1950

in Brazil: aiahuasca, caapi, cabi, cagahuasca, capi, iagê, iagé, iagi in Colombia: yagé, yajé in Peru: añushi-ayahuasca, árbol de viento, aya huasca, ayac huasca, ayahuasca, ayahuasca-caapi-yajé, ayawasca, bejuco bravo, borrachera, caapi, cadana, capi, cayapi, honii, huni, huyac huasca, ijona, iyona, jayavasca, kamalampi, kamarane, lluasca, mado, mado bidada, natema, natemoni, nepe, nepi, nishi, ñucñu huasca, nucñu huasca, oni, onñaanhon, punga huasca, rambi, rami, ramunu, same, shuri, soga del muerto, soge del muerto, undi, yagé, yagé del monte, zoroopsi Banisteriopsis longialata (Ruiz ex Nied.) B. Gates (Banisteria bopiana Rusby; Banisteria longialata Ruiz ex Nied.; Banisteriopsis longialata (Nied.) B. Gates; Banisteria rusbyana Nied.; Banisteriopsis rusbyana (Nied.) Morton; Diplopterys longialata (Nied.) W.R. Anderson & C. Davis; Diplopterys longialata (Ruiz ex Nied.) W.R. Anderson & C. Cav. Davis; Heteropterys bopiana (Rusby) Nied.)

Banisteriopsis C. Robinson Malpighiaceae

Peru.

Resembling Banisteria L., dedicated to Rev. John Banister, 1650–1692 (Virginia, USA), British (b. Glos) missionary and botanist, naturalist, Anglican minister, plant collector for R. Morison, correspondent of Leonard Plukenet (1642–1706) and M. Lister; see John Ray, Historiae plantarum tomus tertius. London 1704, Species Plantarum 1: 427–428. 1753, R. Pulteney, Historical and biographical sketches of the progress of botany in England. 2: 55–57. London 1790, Linnaea 13: 201. 1839 and Index Lectionum in Lyceo Regio Hosiano Brunsbergensi: Banisteria 12. 1901, North American Flora 25(2): 131. 1910, James Britten, The Sloane Herbarium … revised and edited by J.E. Dandy. 84–87. London 1958, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 125–126. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 117. 1965, Joseph Ewan, in D.S.B. 1: 431–432. New York 1981, Fl. Neotrop. 30: 1–238. 1982.

See Banisteria 1: 18–19. 1900 [Jul 1900] [Index Lectionum in Lyceo Regio Hosiano Brunsbergensi…: de genere Banisteria.], Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 7: 274. 1927, Das Pflanzenreich 4(141): 377. 1928, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 21: 486. 1937, Flora Neotropica 30: 195. 1982, Harvard Papers in Botany 11(1): 10. 2006 (Narcotic, hallucinogenic, one of the admixtures of the Ayahuasca drink is the leaf of Banisteriopsis rusbyana.) in South America: oco-yajé

Baphia Afzel. ex Lodd. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) The name based on the Greek word baphe ‘a dye’, referring to the red dye given by the heartwood of Baphia nitida Lodd.,

533

Baphicacanthus Bremek. Acanthaceae

see Botanical Cabinet; consisting of coloured delineations . . t. 367. 1820, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 9: 406. 1826, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 294–350. 1889 and Adansonia, n.s. 12(1): 137–154. 1972, Kew Bull. 40(2): 291–386. 1985. Baphia capparidifolia Baker (Baphia pyrifolia (Desv.) Baill.; Baphia pyrifolia Baill.; Delaria pyrifolia Desv.) Guinea, Tanzania, Zambia, Madagascar. Climbing or scrambling shrub, liana, white-yellowish flowers See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 9: 406. 1826, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(56): 445. 1885, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 311. 1889 (Leaves to treat fever, and are given to pregnant women when the foetus develops too slowly.)

in Nigeria: okoria, owiwi, ubara, ufie, uhie, ukpa; irosun (Yoruba); otua (Edo); orosun (Itsekiri); arhua (Urhobo); abodi (Ijaw); aboshi (Igbo); ubara (Efik); oshie (Boki) in Yoruba: igiosun, irosun, awewi, owiwi, arase, ajolawo irosun Baphia pubescens Hook.f. (Baphia bancoensis Aubrév.) Congo. Shrub or tree, scented creamy flowers See Niger Fl. [W.J. Hooker]. 320. 1849 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 82: 602. 1936 [1935 publ. 1936] (Ground root bark taken against asthma. Leaves decoction taken against jaundice and diabetes. Bark and leaves to treat constipation.)

Baphia kirkii Baker (Baphia cordifolia Harms)

in English: Benin camwood

Tropical Africa, Tanzania. Tree or shrub, red gum, manybranched, drooping branches, white scented flowers

in Nigeria: majigi (Hausa); awewi (Yoruba); ositua (Edo); aboshi (Igbo)

See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 250. 1871

in Yoruba: awebi

(A root decoction drunk to treat epilepsy.) in English: baphia, camwood

Baphicacanthus Bremek. Acanthaceae

in Tanzania: mkuluti, mkuruti

Greek baphe ‘a dye, a dipping’, baphikos ‘the art of dyeing’ and akantha, akanthes ‘thorn’, referring to the nature of the plant, see Genera Plantarum 102–103. 1789, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 3: 75, 87. 1832 and Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 41(1): 59, 190. 1944.

Baphia nitida Afzel. ex Lodd. (Baphia nitida Lodd.; Carpolobia versicolor G. Don) Tropical Africa, Nigeria. Small tree or shrub, many-stemmed, erect, slender, climbing, lianescent, sprawling and arching, white sweetly fragrant flowers, seeds are eaten, leaves as fodder, the heartwood and roots yield a red dye See Botanical Cabinet; consisting of coloured delineations . . [Edited by Loddiges] t. 367. 1820, Gen. Hist. 1: 370. 1831 and Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 9: 1–163. 1985, Phytotherapy Research 5(6): 254–257. 1991, Phytotherapy Research 6(3): 129–132. 1992, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46(2): 121–124. 1995, Tropical Science 40: 159–161. 2000 (Roots, leaves and stem for inflammation and skin infections. Leaves analgesic, antiinflammatory, astringent, antidiarrheal, for waist pain, sprains, skin diseases, dislocation; leaf sap applied as eye drops against jaundice; leaf infusion drunk to cure enteritis and gastrointestinal problems. Leaves and bark hemostatic, antiinflammatory, used for healing sores and wounds. A decoction of the bark drunk against epilepsy. Ceremonial, magic, rituals, ritual dances, religious ceremonies, ceremonial masks, body paint, magic powers; in some regions the tree is considered sacred, to protect against evil spirits and to attract benevolent ones.) in English: barwood, camwood, Sanderswood in Cameroon: serrené in Ghana: odwen, odwene, odzori, senema in Ivory Coast: ekuro, eseme, essin, okoue, tre

Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremekamp (Goldfussia cusia Nees; Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) J.B. Imlay; Strobilanthes cusia Kuntze; Strobilanthes flaccidifolia Nees) SE Asia, China, Thailand. Shrub or subshrub, often in Strobilanthes See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 781, 796. 1826, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 88. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 11:194. 1847, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 499. 1891 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939: 115. 1939, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 41(1): 190. 1944, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 223. 1944, Honda, G. and Tabata, M. “Isolation of antifungal principle tryptanthrin, from Strobilanthes cusia O. Kuntze.” Planta Medica 36(1): 85–86. 1979, CIS Chromosome Information Service 54: 3–5. 1993, Li L. et al. “[Chemical studies of Strobilanthes cusia].” Yao Xue Xue Bao. 28(3): 238–40. 1993, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 216, 223. 1994, Ethnobotany 10: 127–129. 1998, Ethnobotany 14: 43–46. 2002 (Fresh juice from the leaves used for athlete’s foot. Rhizome and root febrifuge, to remove toxic heat and reduce swelling, to reduce heat in blood and to relieve convulsions, for infantile convulsions due to high fever, epidemic febrile disease with eruption, erysipelas, influenza, encephalitis; root bark decoction taken as soup to cure hepatitis and malaria. Roots and leaves to treat eruptions, snakebite, fever and headache,

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influenza, sore throat, tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, pyogenic infection. Veterinary medicine, whole plant to treat domestic animals suffering from poisoning.) in English: southern ban lan gen in China: banlangen, ma lan gen, nan ban lan gen in Thailand: naw ceh

Baptisia Vent. Fabaceae (Thermopsideae) Greek bapto, baptein ‘to dip, to dip in dye, colour’, baptos ‘dipped, dyed, bright-coloured’, see Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 27(2): 119–258. 1940, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25(3): 1–264. 1981. Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. (Baptisia alba var. macrophylla (Larisey) Isely; Baptisia albescens Small; Baptisia albiflora Raf.; Baptisia lactea (Raf.) Thieret; Baptisia leucantha Torr. & A. Gray; Baptisia leucantha var. divaricata Larisey; Baptisia leucantha var. pauciflora Larisey; Baptisia pendula Larisey; Baptisia pendula var. macrophylla Larisey; Baptisia psammophila Larisey; Crotalaria alba L.; Dolichos lacteus Raf.; Podalyria alba (L.) Willd.; Podalyria alba Sims, nom. illeg., non Podalyria alba (L.) Willd.; Sophora alba (L.) L.) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, long-lived, bushy, stout deep taproot, stout central stem, upright white flower spikes, no floral scent, large oblong seed pods, worker bumblebees pollinate the flowers, adult weevils eat both the leaves and flowers See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 492, 501. 1799, Botanical Magazine pl. 1177. 1808, Decas Generum Novorum 9. 1808, Florula Ludoviciana, or, a flora of the state of … 103. 1817, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 385. 1840 and Hansen, A.A. “Indiana plants injurious to livestock.” Purdue Univ. Agric. Ext. Stn. Circ., 175. 1930, Sida 3(6): 446. 1969, Sida 11(4): 435. 1986

Baptisia Vent. Fabaceae (Thermopsideae)

Larisey; Baptisia versicolor Lodd.; Podalyria australis (L.) Willd.; Podalyria coerulea Michx.; Podalyria coerulea (Trew) Michx.; Ripasia caerulea (Trew) Raf.; Sophora australis L.; Sophora caerulea Trew) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, blue flowers See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 287. 1767, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(1): 503. 1799, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 264. 1803, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 3: 6. 1811, The British Flower Garden, … 1: pl. 97. 1825, Botanical Cabinet; consisting of coloured delineations . . 12: pl. 1144. 1826, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 14: 803. 1829, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 113. 1832, New Flora and Botany of North America … 2: 48. 1836[1837], A Manual of Botany 154. 1840 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 27(2): 206. 1940, Brittonia 19(1): 42–61. 1967, Phytologia 76(5): 383. 1994 (Purgative, emetic, antiinflammatory, for toothache.) in English: baptisia, blue false indigo, blue indigo, blue wild indigo, false indigo, plains baptisia, rattlebush, wild indigo Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott var. glabrescens (Larisey) Isely (Baptisia leucophaea Nutt.; Baptisia leucophaea var. glabrescens Larisey; Lasinia bracteata Raf.) North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, corolla yellow See A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(5): 469. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 282. 1818, New Flora and Botany of North America … 2: 48, 50. 1836[1837] and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 27(2): 161, pl. 21, f. 1. 1940, Brittonia 30(4): 470. 1978, Phytologia 71(4): 276. 1991 (Antispasmodic, stomachic.) in English: cream false indigo, cream-colored indigo, longbract wild indigo, long-bracted wild indigo, plains wild indigo, white wild indigo

(Homeopathy. If cattle, horses, or other kinds of livestock consume sufficient quantities of this plant, they can be seriously poisoned; the plant contains toxic alkaloids that have caused poisoning in cattle. Potentially poisonous to humans. Roots and leaves poultice applied to swellings, piles, rattlesnakebite; roots decoction taken for rheumatism, catarrh.)

Baptisia tinctoria (L.) Vent. (Baptisia gibbesii Small; Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.; Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br., nom. illeg., non Baptisia tinctoria (L.) Vent.; Baptisia tinctoria var. crebra Fernald; Baptisia tinctoria var. gibbesii (Small) Fernald; Baptisia tinctoria var. projecta Fernald; Podalyria tinctoria (L.) Willd.; Podalyria tinctoria (L.) Michx., nom. illeg.; Podalyria tinctoria Lam.; Podalyria tinctoria (L.) Lam.; Sophora tinctoria L.)

in English: baptisia, clover broom, horsefly weed, indigo broom, largeleaf wild indigo, prairie indigo, rattlebush, shoofly, white false indigo, white indigo, white prairie wild indigo, white wild indigo, wild false indigo, wild indigo, yellow indigo

North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, muchbranched, erect, elongated terminal clusters of yellow pealike flowers, a larval host and/or nectar source for Frosted Elfin (Callophrys irus) and Wild Indigo Duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae)

Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. (Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f.; Baptisia australis Hort. ex Lehmann; Baptisia australis var. australis; Baptisia caerulea Eaton & Wright; Baptisia confusa Sweet ex G. Don; Baptisia confusa G. Don; Baptisia exaltata Sweet; Baptisia minor var. aberrans

See Species Plantarum 1: 373. 1753, Tabl. Encycl. 2(2): 471 (t. 327). 1797, Species Plantarum 2(1): 492, 501, 503. 1799, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 265. 1803, Decas Generum Novorum 9. 1808, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 3: 6. 1811 and Flora of the Southeastern

535

Barbarea W.T. Aiton Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

United States 599, 1331. 1903, Rhodora 38(456): 424. 1936, Rhodora 39(466): 414–415. 1937, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 27(2): 119–244. 1940 (Toxic, poisonous in large quantities, caution is advised in the internal use of this plant. Antibacterial, antihemorrhagic, antiseptic, astringent, acrid, bitter, homeopathy, cholagogue, toothache remedy, emetic, antiemetic, stomachic, cathartic, immune-stimulant, tonic, alterative, febrifuge, laxative, purgative, antiinflammatory, stimulant. Plant infusion for liver complaints and gonorrhea, cold tea to stop vomiting. Roots for kidney troubles, gonorrhea, infections of the chest, gastro-intestinal tract, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, treatment of upper respiratory infections; infusion an antiseptic wash for ulcers, bruises, gangrenous sores, wounds, cuts, skin complaints; decoction of roots rubbed on the arms and legs for cramps, sprains.) in English: baptisia, clover broom, false indigo, horsefly weed, indigo broom, rattlebush, rattleweed, shoofly, wild false indigo, wild indigo, yellow indigo in Brazil: anil-bravo, anil-selvagem

Barbarea W.T. Aiton Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) The genus was dedicated to Saint Barbara (2nd–4th century), patron of artillerymen and miners, early Christian martyr; see William Townsend Aiton (1766–1849), Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 4: 109. 1812 and Can. J. Plant Sci. 71: 149–166. 1991. Barbarea australis Hook.f. (Barbarea australis Jord.) New Zealand, Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. Erect annual or short-lived perennial herb, yellow sepals, siliqua beakless and dehiscent, highly palatable, endangered Tasmanian endemic See Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon sér. 2, 7: 471. 1861 (Leaves antiscorbutic.) in English: Austral winter-cress, native winter cress Barbarea verna (Miller) Aschers. (Barbarea praecox (Sm.) R.Br.; Barbarea praecox (Sm.) W.T. Aiton; Campe verna (Mill.) A. Heller; Erysimum praecox Smith; Erysimum vernum Miller) North America, S.W. Europe. Biennial, perennial, vegetable See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition Erysimum no. 3. 1768, Hortus Kew. (W.T. Aiton), ed. 2. 4: 109. 1812, Flora der Provinz Brandenburg 1: 36. 1860 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 7(11): 124. 1911[1912]

in South Africa: waterkerwel Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton (Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex C. Presl & J. Presl) Rchb.; Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl) Rchb.; Barbarea arcuata Rchb.; Barbarea arcuata Andrz. ex DC.; Barbarea barbarea (L.) MacMill., nom. inval.; Barbarea barbarea MacMill.; Barbarea barbareae Sprague; Barbarea stricta auct. non Andrz.; Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz ex C. Presl & J. Presl) Fr.; Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl) Fr.; Barbarea vulgaris var. brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud; Barbarea vulgaris var. longisiliquosa Carion; Barbarea vulgaris var. sylvestris Fr.; Campe barbarea (L.) W. Wight; Campe barbarea (L.) W. Wight ex Piper; Campe stricta auct. non (Andrz.) W. Wight ex Piper; Crucifera barbarea E.H.L. Krause; Crucifera barbarea (L.) E.H.L. Krause; Erysimum arcuatum Opiz ex J. Presl & C. Presl; Erysimum arcuatum Kuntze; Erysimum arcuatum (Nutt.) Kuntze; Erysimum barbarea Forssk.; Erysimum barbarea L.; Erysimum barbarea Pall.; Erysimum barbarea M. Bieb.) Tropical Asia, Europe. Perennial or biennial herb, erect, bee and alimentary plant See Species Plantarum 2: 660–661. 1753, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. p. lxix. 1775, Tabl. Phys. Topogr. Taur. 54. 1795, Fl. Carniol. 522. 1760, Flora 5(1): 296. 1822, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 141. 1824, Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 77. 1838, Flore de Département des Hautes-Pyrénées 199. 1867, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 933. 1891, The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley 259. 1892 and Deutschlands Flora, Abtheilung II, Cryptogamie 6: 31, 93. 1902, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 303. 1906, J. Bot. 63: 183. 1925, Hansen, A.A. “Indiana plants injurious to livestock.” Purdue Univ. Agric. Ext. Stn. Circ., 175. 1930, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 22: 37–69. 1980, Taxon 30: 77–78, 855. 1981, Taxon 31: 587–589. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449. 1984, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Watsonia 19: 134–137, 169–171. 1993, Plant Biology 1: 529–537. 1999 (This plant has poisoned a horse. Plant stimulant, antiscorbutic. Leaves vulnerary, a poultice for treating wounds; infusion appetizer, antiscorbutic and diuretic, taken for coughs.) in English: bitter cress, common winter cress, garden yellow rocket, hedge mustard, herb of St. Barbara, mustard, rockcress, upland cress, winter cress, yellow rocket in China: ou zhou shan jie in India: bannada bidiru, basini bans, davike, haladi bidiru, jai-baruwa, man in Italian: erba di S. Barbara

(Decongestant, antiscorbutic.) in English: American cress, belle isle cress, cress, early winter cress, early yellow-rocket, early yellowrocket, land cress, Normandy cress, peppercress, scurvy grass, upland cress, upland winter cress, winter cress

Barkleyanthus H. Rob. & Brettell Asteraceae See Phytologia 27(6): 407. 1974, Ceiba 25(2): 134–139. 1984, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005].

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Barkleyanthus salicifolius (Kunth) H. Rob. & Brettell (Cacalia angustifolia Kunth; Cacalia angustifolia Kuntze; Cacalia angustifolia (Michx.) Kuntze; Cacalia angustifolia Wall.; Cineraria angustifolia Kunth; Cineraria salicifolia Kunth; Cineraria verna Mairet ex DC.; Monticalia angustifolia (Kunth) B. Nord.; Senecio angustifolius (Thunb.) Willd.; Senecio angustifolius Wall. ex DC.; Senecio angustifolius Hayata; Senecio angustifolius G. Forst.; Senecio angustifolius Willd.; Senecio angustifolius Sond.; Senecio axillaris Vell.; Senecio axillaris Klatt; Senecio salignus DC.; Senecio vernus DC.; Senecio vernus d’Urv.; Senecio vernus Biv.) Mexico. See Fl. Ins. Austr. 91. 1786, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(3): 1973. 1803, Bivona-Bernardi, Antonius de (1774–1837), Sicularum plantarum centuria prima [- secunda]. Panormi, 1806, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) [H.B.K.] 4: 125, 148. 1818 (publ. 1820), Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 366. 1822, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3163. 1831, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 8: t. 112. 1831 [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 367, 430. 1838 [1837 publ. early Jan 1838], Linnaea 25: 526. 1853, Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle 15: 333. 1881[1882], Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 323 and 2: 968. 1891 and Phytologia 27(6): 407. 1974, Taxon 30: 705–706. 1981, Compositae Newsletter 30: 48. 1997, J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(15): 5889–5895. 2005 (Extracts of the aerial parts used for their antiinflammatory effects, antioxidant, radical scavenging activity, and to also reduce rheumatic pains, migraine and headache.)

Barleria L. Acanthaceae The genus was named to honor the French botanist Jacques Barrelier [Jacobus Barrelierus], 1606–1673, physician, Dominican monk, traveller, author of Plantae per Galliam, Hispaniam et Italiam observata … Opus posthumum, editum cura et studio Antonio de Jussieu, medici. Paris 1714; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 636–637. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 283. 1754 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 84: 316. 1937, Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 86: 152–203. 1976, Blanche Henrey, No ordinary gardener–Thomas Knowlton, 1691–1781. Edited by A.O. Chater. British Museum (Natural History). London 1986, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 33. Regione Siciliana, Palermo 1988, Taxon 41: 558. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995. Barleria acanthoides Vahl (Barleria acanthoides Vahl; Barleria acanthoides non Vahl; Barleria lanceolata Oberm.; Barleria lanceolata (Schinz) Oberm.; Barleriacanthus acanthoides Oerst.) India, Sudan, Egypt. Shrub, highly variable species, manybranched, armed with simple spines, white flowers in scorpioid racemes, fodder for goats, camels, donkeys and sheep

Barleria L. Acanthaceae

See Symbolae Botanicae 1: 47. 1790, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 136. 1855 and The Journal of Ecology 44(1): 180–194. 1956, Economic Botany 35(1): 96–130. 1981, Economic Botany 44(3): 369–381. 1990, Biotropica 25(2): 164–175. 1993, Current Science vol. 78, n. 7. April 2000 (Used in Ayurveda. Antimicrobial, antibacterial, for typhoid fever. Leaves for fever and catarrh, soaked in water and used for eye lotion. Roots decoction for stomachache.) in India: amlana, amlatana, artagala, bana, chapari, jhinti, jhintika, kurantaka, sahacara, saireyakah in Pakistan: asad, thath in Kenya: akudho, lekwelito, logolito, onyango arungu, socha Barleria buxifolia L. India. See Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15: 90–92. 1980, Taxon 31: 361–362. 1982, Cytologia 48: 491–504. 1983, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 310–315. 1986, Cytologia 55: 175–179. 1990, Cytologia 56: 353–357. 1991, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1472(3): 462– 470. 1999, Anti-Cancer Drugs 12(10): 807–819. 2001 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha/Siddha. Cytotoxic, antitumor.) in India: caraschulli, chulli, culli, erramullugoranta, gandikottimullu, gandu chotte mullu, gandu kotthi mullu, gandukottimullu, ganukotte mullu, ganukottee mullu, gubbacchi gida, gubbachhi mullu, gubbee mullu, gubbi mullu, iksura, karaculli, kari chulli, karicculli, karichulli, kariculli, kattimullu, kempu gorate, kempugorate, krishna chora, kuruvaka, nalla mullugoranta, peda mullugoranta, rosmullippuntu, thella mullugoranta Barleria courtallica Nees India. See Taxon 31: 593–595. 1982, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 310–315. 1986, Cytologia 56: 353–357. 1991, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 10(4): 103–112. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda.) in India: chethasahacharam, karimkurunni, sahacarah, venkurunji Barleria cristata L. (Barleria ciliata Roxb.; Barleria cristata f. albiflora Degener & I. Degener; Barleria dichotoma Roxb.; Barleria napalensis Wall.) Himalayas. Shrub or undershrub, erect, branched unarmed, corolla white, red pink or purple, in waste places and along roadsides See Species Plantarum 2: 636. 1753 and Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Journal of the Indian Botanical

537

Barleria L. Acanthaceae

Society 65: 310–315. 1986, Baileya 23: 86–93. 1989, Cytologia 56: 353–357. 1991, Taxon 41: 558. 1992

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 25. 1894

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant antiinflammatory, bechic, hypoglycemic, spasmolytic, oxytocic, used in snakebite; a paste or a decoction given in tuberculosis. Leaves for inflammations. Roots and leaves infusion applied to boils and sores to reduce swellings; the bitter juice of the leaves or roots diaphoretic and expectorant; root paste for toothache; roots for anemia and cough, a decoction of the root with Barleria strigosa and dry fish is given in anemia; a decoction of the root of Barleria strigosa with Barleria cristata and Tinospora cordifolia is given in fevers with honey and long pepper.)

(Leaves used as paste applied for snakebites.)

in English: blue bell barleria, bluebell, Philippine violet

in English: racemose blue nail dye

in India: artagala, baipariguda, bana, catserna, dasi, dasikurantaka, daskaranda, december puvvulu, errapulapeddagoranta, ettapulapeddagoranta, gobbi, gokran, gorinta, jhante, jhinte, jhinti, kakubha, kala bansa, karimkurunni, kattukkanagambaram, kinkiraatha, kodi kannu, kodikannu, kurabaka, kurabakah, kurantaka, kuravaka, kurubakah, kuruvaka, mahasaha, mituri, mukro, mulkanagambaram, mullu gorate, na, nallapeddagoranta, neerugoranta, nilaccemmulli, nilachemmulli, nilamlaainduka, nilamparam, niru goranta, nirugoranta, patikada hoo, patro, peddagoranta, ragaprasava, raktajhinti, raktamlana, raktapushpa, raktasaireyaka, ramalinganakamuka, rujakara, saereyakahnilapuspa, saha, sahaacara, sahacara, sahacarah, saireya, saireyaka, saireyakah, sairiya, sairiyaka, sairyaka, semmulli, shemmuli, shonajhintaka, sphatika, sphatikada hoovu, subhaga, sweta saireyaka, swetjhanti, tadrelu, tellanilambari, thellaneelambari, udamulli, vellai nilambaram, vellainilambaram, yera poolapedda gorinta

in India: kurabakah, raktamlanah, saireyakah-raktah

in Japan: barureria in Philippines: kolintang, violeta in Thailand: kaan chang, luem thao yai, thong ra-aa in Tibet: sa ha ra ca, sa ha ra tsap, sa-ha-tsa in Vietnam: hoa ch[oo]ng Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees India, Congo. Low spiny shrub, slender spines, yellow flowers solitary in leaf axils or in terminal spikes

in Kenya: cheperenet in Tanzania: itunga mbichi Barleria involucrata Nees India. See Cytologia 50: 473–482. 1985, Journal of Biogeography 23(6): 783–789. 1996 (Used in Ayurveda.)

Barleria longiflora L.f. India. See Suppl. Pl. 290. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782] and Cytologia 50: 473–482. 1985, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61(5): 282–286. 1999 (Used in Ayurveda. Root decoction in dropsy. Powder from the dried whole plant taken with water to treat poisonous bites.) in India: adyanda, ekakantaka, goarimidi, gokshuraka, ikshurah, kokilaksha, kolavalike, mullanakole, neeruppi gida, pinna-gorinta, pinna gorinta, pinnagorata, suryabhira, suryabhiya, vellai kurinji Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Barleria monostachya Bojer ex Bouton) Mauritius. Shrub, many-branched, axillary spines, flowers in small terminal spikes, corolla lobes orange-yellow, capsule ovoid, in secondary bushland and thickets, moist soil See Species Plantarum 2: 636–637. 1753, Edwards’s Botanical Register 18: t. 1483. 1832, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 356. 1834, Prodr. 11: 243, 1847 and Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 182: 1–219. 1967

(A poultice of the leaves antiinflammatory, put on bites of insects.)

(Roots for jaundice, abdominal pain, insect poisoning, toothache, antisnake venom. Leaves and roots chewed against toothache. Crushed leaves applied to cure fresh cuts, wounds, ulcers and to stop bleeding; a poultice of the leaves put on bites of insects, snakes or dogs, as an antiinflammatory. This species bears sharp spines at its leaf bases which may cause mechanical injury.)

in English: spiny barleria

in English: hop-headed barleria, hophead, Philippine violet

in India: bobbi, gohoma, kadanculi, kate koranti, vellaimuli

in Rodrigues Isl.: piquants tac-tac

Barleria grandicalyx Lindau

in China: hua je jia du juan

Tanzania. Shrub, woody herb, white corollas

in India: kanta bishalyakarani, mullanangai

See Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15: 90–92. 1980, Cytologia 48: 491–504. 1983, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 310–315. 1986, Cytologia 56: 353–357. 1991

538

Barleria L. Acanthaceae

in Indonesia: landik, sujen trus

in English: child’s vegetable, children’s spinach, kwahu

Malay name: setawar sakelian bisa

in Ghana: ala fango, efanba

in Thailand: chek che kiam, phimsen ton, phimsenton, salet phangphong

in Nigeria: aarenikosun

in Vietnam: gai kim v[af]ng

India. Roots eaten during scarcity

Barleria montana Wight & Nees ex C.B. Clarke (Barleria montana Herb. Madr. ex Nees; Barleria montana Nees)

See Kew Bulletin 3: 487. 1948 (publ. 1949)

Barleria prattensis Santapau

India.

(Root powder given to mothers for increasing lactation. Leaf powder in small doses given internally as an antipyretic.)

(Used in Ayurveda.)

in India: bodo kantasaliyo, ikharu

in India: adavi decembaralu, bana, kolista

Barleria prionitis L. (Barleria coriacea Oberm.; Prionitis hystrix (L.) Miq.; Prionitis hystrix Miq.)

Barleria mucronata Lindau (Barleria kilimandscharica Lindau) Tropical Africa. See Species Plantarum 2: 636–637. 1753, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xx. (1894) 24, 26. 1894 and Watt, J.M., Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmacological effects and toxicology in man and animal. 2nd edn. Edinburgh. 1962 (The Masai use the thorns to prick the skin around a snakebite in order to permit the sucking out or pressing out of blood.) Barleria mysorensis Heyne India. (Used in Sidha.) in India: bantalagobbi, cara-schulli, chulli, erramulugoranta, kantanculi, kattucculli, kempugorate, nallamulugornta Barleria noctiflora L.f. (Barleria noctiflora Hochst. ex A. Rich.) India. See Suppl. Pl. 290. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782] and Taxon 31: 361–362. 1982, Cytologia 48: 491–504. 1983, Cytologia 55: 175–179. 1990, Cytologia 56: 353–357. 1991 (Used in Ayurveda.) in India: naaga gorinta Barleria opaca (Vahl) Nees (Barleria opaca Nees; Justicia opaca Vahl) West Africa, Cameroon. Liane, scrambling, straggling, undershrub or shrub, flowers white to pale blue, inflorescence cymose, leaves eaten as a cooked vegetable See Prodr. (DC.) 11: 230. 1847 [25 Nov 1847] (The whole plant used in treating jaundice, epilepsy, arthritis, rheumatism and paralysis. Leaves laxative, for piles and snakebites; leaf sap applied against catarrh and naso-pharyngeal affections.)

Tropical East Africa and Asia. Shrub, erect, bushy, weedy, many-branched, usually very prickly, rarely unarmed, three to five sharp pale spines at the leaf base, solitary axillary tubular golden yellow or creamy orange flowers, inflorescences axillary cymes, calyx lobes spine-tipped, beaked ovoid-conical loculicidal capsule, unpalatable to stock, a very serious troublesome weed, in thickets, in waste places, tropical savannas, riverbanks and grasslands See Species Plantarum 2: 636–637. 1753 and Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 86: 152– 203. 1976, Nadkarni K.M. Indian Materia Medica. With Ayurvedic, Unani-Tibbi, Siddha, allopathic, homeopathic, naturopathic & home remedies. Bombay. 1976, Taxon 29: 358–360. 1980, Taxon 31: 773. 1982, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 310–315. 1986, Cytologia 56: 353– 357. 1991, J. Nat. Prod. 61(10): 1295–1297. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70(2): 111–117. 2000, Phytotherapy Research 19(5): 391–404. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds for infantile diarrhea; leaf and stem hepatoprotective, to heal chronic sores and ulcers. Whole plant used for dental care. Juice used as an application to the feet to prevent cracks and lacerations; a paste of the root applied to boils and glandular swellings; a medicated oil applied to unhealthy wounds. Leaves diuretic, tonic, chewed for fever, rheumatism, liver and skin diseases, jaundice and urinary infections; leaves and the tender branches used for treatment of toothache, strengthening of gums, whooping cough and premature ejeculation. Powdered dried bark with honey given to cure whooping cough; bark juice expectorant, inducing perspiration. A preparation made from the flowers effective in painful menstruation. Iridoid glycosides with potent in vitro activity against respiratory syncytial virus. Antifertility, the roots. Sacred plant, the flowers. Root hung at the door of cowshed to protect cows from diseases.) in English: barleria, lobed needle grass, porcupine flower in Rodrigues Isl.: piquants tac-tac in India: ananta, araniyaccokicceti, araniyacoki, artagala, atotitacceti, atotitam, bajradanti, bana, bhindi, brijdanti,

539

Barringtonia Forst. & Forst.f. Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae)

cakacam, catserina, cayiriyakam, cayiriyam, cemmulli, cemmullikirai, chemmulli, chemulli, cinti, civatamulli, civatamullicceti, coletta-veetla, colettaveetla, dantudi, das karanta, dasi, dasikurantaka, daskaranta, gobbi, gobbi gorinta, gorante, gorantedai, gorata, gorate, gorati, goratige, gotle hoo, jinti, jhinti, jhintika, kakubha, kala-bansa, kalibhrenkar, kalsunda, kanaka, kanta malti, kantakuranta, kantsaria, karanti, karimkurunni, karuntaka, kat-sareya, katasarika, katsaraiya, katsaraya, katsareya, kattu kanakambaram, kattukanakambaram, kholeta, kinkirata, kinkiratah, kodippachalai, kolattevettila, kollakikacceti, kollakikam, kollattuvettila, konda gobbi, kondagobbi, koranda, korandaka, korannam, koranta, korantam, koranti, koreta, koti, kotippacalai, kotivayalai, kovindam, kovintacceti, kovintam, kudan, kurabaka, kuranci, kuranta, kurantah, kurantak, kurantaka, kurantakah, kurantika, kurantike, kuravaka, kurinchi, kurinji, kurrivetila, kutan, kutanacacceti, kutanacam, kuttivetila, mahasaha, mancatcemmulli, manja chemmulli, manjachemulli, mirutam, mituri, mridukanta, muli, mulla gorinta, mulli, mulliver, mullogorinta, mullu goranta, mullu goranti, mullu gorate, mullu gorinta, mullu jaali, mullu madarangi, mullugoranata, mullugoranta, mullugorante, mullugorantta, mullugorate, mullugorinta, mullugunta, mullumadarangi, mulugorata, mundla gobbi, mundlagobbi, pachagoranta, pachhagoranta, pachhamulu goranta, peela bansa, peetjhanti, pitahkurantakah, pitakantakacceti, pitakantakam, pitamlana, pitani, pitapushpaka, pitasaireyaka, pivaalakoranta, pivaalakoreta, pivalakoranta, pivalakoreta, pivia-koranta, piyabansa, potanavakki, pura, rujakara, saha, sahaacara, sahacara, sahacarah, sahachara, saireya, saireyaka, saireyakah-pitah, sairiyaka, sairyaka, sairyakah, sauriyaka, semmulli, sengudan, shemmoollie elley, shemmuli, shemmulli, shvetapushpa, thellamulla aaku, udyanapaki, vajjiratanti, vajradanti, varalmulli, varamuli, varamulli, vatarokacamani, vetilakkutti, vetilakurri, vettargutti, vettilamatippu, vira in Indonesia: jarong kembang landep, landep in Laos: dok man khay in Malaysia: bunga landak in Myanmar: lei’ hsu: shwei, lei’ sajwei, leik-sa-ywe, leik-suywe, leik-tha-ywe, leip-hsu:rhwé, leip-hsu:shwé, leip-sa:rwé in Philippines: kokong-manok, kokong-manuk, kolinta, korrinta, kulanta, kuranta in Thailand: angkaap nuu, khieo kaeo, mankai in Vietnam: ch[oo]ng, gai kim hoang Barleria rigida Nees (Barleria irritans Nees var. rigida (Nees) C.B. Clarke; Barleria rigida Willd. ex Nees; Barleria rigida Spreng.; Barleria rigida var. ilicina (E. Mey. ex Anders.) Oberm.; Barleria schenckii Schinz) South Africa. See Species Plantarum 2: 636–637. 1753, Linnaea 14: 304. 1840, Linnaea 15: 359. 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 11: 242. 1847

(The plant has irritant properties.) in English: scorpion thistle Barleria strigosa Willd. India. Tall shrub, undershrub, young branches and calyx strigose, blue flowers in dense spikes, seeds silky-hairy See Taxon 31: 361–362. 1982, Cytologia 55: 175–179. 1990, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 52(5): 612–614. 2004, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 189–197. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant antimicrobial, spasmodic, cough sedative, pectoral, antiinflammatory. Roots for anemia, fevers, a decoction of the root with Barleria cristata and dry fish is given in anemia; a decoction of the root with Barleria cristata and Tinospora cordifolia is given in fevers with honey and long pepper.) in India: artagala, bala, bana, chavaldhua, dasi, dasikurantaka, dasikurantakah, kakubha, kantartagala, karimkurunni, koelekha, kurabaka, kurantaka, kuravaka, mahasaha, mancatcemmulli, neel jhanti, neela gorinta, neelaamabaram, nilajhinti, nilajhintika, nilakkurinni, nilakurantaka, nilakurinni, nilakusuma, nilambaram, nilambaramu, nilamparam, nilapushpi, nilasaireyaka, nili, ralia baha, rujakara, saha, sahaacara, sahacara, sahacarah, sahachara, sainduka, saireya, saireyaka, sairiyaka, sairyaka, saptaphena, shairiyaka, siruneeli, taci, tacikai, tacikaimaram, vana in Tibet: sa ha ra tsa rnam gcig

Barringtonia Forst. & Forst.f. Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae) After the English lawyer and naturalist the Hon. Daines Barrington, 1727–1800 (London), jurist, antiquarian, botanist, 1767 Fellow of the Royal Society. See J.R. Forster and J.G.A. Forster, Characteres generum plantarum 75, 76, t. 38, 38a, 38b. 1775 [29 Nov 1775], Systema orbis vegetabilium 56. 1830, Flora Indiae Batavae 1(1): 485, 488. 1855 and E.D. Merrill & L.M. Perry, “Plantae Papuanae Archboldianae, III.” J. Arn. Arb. 21: 292–293. 1940, Payens, J.D.P.W. “A monograph of the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae).” Blumea 15: 157–263. 1967. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. (Barringtonia acutangula Blume; Barringtonia acutangula Korth.; Barringtonia acutangula Zoll. ex Miq.; Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn.; Barringtonia acutangula subsp. spicata (Blume) Payens; Barringtonia edaphocarpa Gagnep.; Barringtonia luzonensis Vidal; Barringtonia luzonensis Rolfe; Barringtonia luzoniensis S. Vidal; Barringtonia pedicellata Ridley; Barringtonia spicata Blume; Eugenia acutangula L.; Eugenia acutangula K. Schum.; Michelia acutangula (L.) Kuntze; Michelia acutangula Kuntze; Stravadium acutangulum Sweet; Stravadium acutangulum (L.) Miers) Tropical Asia. Shrub or small tree, evergreen, leaves elliptical or obovate-oblong, pink to red flowers on pendulous

540

terminal racemes, oblong berry 4- or 8-winged or slightly winged, young leaves eaten as a vegetable, sandy river bed, banks of freshwater rivers, lagoons, on seasonally flooded plains, on heavy soils, edges of freshwater swamps See Species Plantarum 1: 471. 1753, Genera Plantarum 326. 1789, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 97, pl. 101. 1791, Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 159. 1826, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1097. [Oct 1826-Nov 1827], J. Bot. 23: 213. 1885, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. 13, 48, 113. 1885, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. 133. 1886, Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land [K.M. Schumann & M.U. Hollrung] (1889) 89. 1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 240. 1891 and J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 134. 1920, Phytochemistry 7(10): 1803–1813. 1968, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 70(3-VI): 77. 1983, Cell and Chromosome Research 6: 1–4. 1983, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 27(10): 877– 884. 1989, Kew Bulletin 50(4): 677–694. 1995 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant expectorant, emetic, laxative, tonic, astringent, for headache and diarrhea. Bark, leaves and roots applied for poulticing itch, wounds, sores and ulcers; bark and roots tonic. Roots laxative. Leaves used for wound healing and against diarrhea; paste made from powdered leaves and turmeric applied all over the body to prevent insect bites like mosquito, bed bug and ants. Bark antimicrobial, abortifacient, contraceptive, to reduce the enlarged abdomen of children, a decoction given as stomachic, as a remedy for diarrhea, rheumatic pains, blenorrhea and malaria; water extract of stem bark given in dysentery; fresh stem bark crushed and the juice given for eczema; stembark taken orally by women to reduce chances of pregnancy. Fruits ground and eaten as a treatment for leucorrhea. Seed used to treat ophthalmia, cough, bronchitis, asthma; powdered seeds emetic, expectorant. Veterinary medicine, stem bark paste applied locally for rheumatism; crushed leaves with rice to treat dysentery of cow. Crushed stem bark, roots and seeds employed as a fish poison; bark red sap used to poison fish.) in English: freshwater mangrove, Indian oak, Indian putat, itchy tree, nurse’s fruit, stream Barringtonia in W. Australia: danba in Burma (Myanmar): kyeni, kyi in India: aattupezhu, abdhiphala, abja, adampa, adampai, amamikkatampu, amantalati, ambudhiphala, ambuja, aram, arrupera, athambu, attampu, attapera, attaperzha, attupela, attupelu, attupera, attupezhu, bhehinsol, camuttirappalai, cariyasamskaravadi, cenkatampu, ceriyasamstaravati, cheriyasamstaravati, cheryasamstravadi, dattephal, dhaathri phala, dhatri phala, dhatripala, dhatriphal, dhatriphala, dimbari, dundi, ganappu, ganigalu, ganigaluthora, ganigilatora, gannerale, goye-mcha-sadaphal, hendol, higal, hijagal, hijal, hijala, hijgal, hijjal, hijjala, hijjul, hinjal, hinjala, hinjana, hinyol, hole kauvva, hole kovva, hole kowa mara, holekauva, ijal, ijjala, imgli, ingar, ingli, isjeriasamstravadi, jalaja, jugli, jujar, kadambu, kadamu, kadanic, kadapa, kadapam,

Barringtonia Forst. & Forst.f. Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae)

kadappai, kadappay, kaddapay, kademba, kadimi, kadimu, kadmi, kanagi, kanapa, kanapa chettu, kanatti, kanigi, kanigi chettu, kanki, kapada chettu, katami, katappaimaram, katappam, kempu ganagala, kurpa, mara, maraam, maram, maravam, mavinkubia, neerkaniki, neerpezhu, neeru ganigalu, neeru halasina mara, neeru kanagilu, neora, newar, niba, nichula, nicula, niculah, nijhira, nipam, nir-kanapa, nir-kanki, nir perzha, nirdaddal, nirkanki, nirpelu, nirperzha, nirppera, niruganigilu, niruganigily, nishula, niwar, pani amra, paniha, panniari, perukatampai, perungaduppai, perunkatampai, perunkatampu, pivar, piwar, ratami, samandar phal, samandar-phal, samandarphal, samudra pazham, samudra phal, samudrafal, samudrakai, samudraphal, samudraphala, samudraphalah, samudraphalam, samudrappazham, samundarphal, samundra phal, samuthirapalai, samutrapullam, samuttirappalam, sathaphala, sathphal, sengadambu, seriyasamstaravati, sjeriasamstravadi, shosha, sindhuphala, tarepu, tiwar, tsjeria-samstravadi, tsjeriasamstravadi, udadhiphala, vidula, yaha in Indonesia: alakang, chik na, jempalang, jurai-jurai, ka don, kacuk, kalambuaia, kradon thung, kyeni, kyi, langkong, pokok gajah beranak, putat, putat nasi, ran bung, salinsa, tong in Laos: ka dôn nam, ka dôn noy in Nepal: samundra phool in Malaysia: jurai-jurai, pokok gajah beranak, putat nasi, putat nasik in Papua New Guinea: ko-o in Philippines: apaling, kalambuaia, latuba, putad, putat, sako, tuba in Thailand: chik na, kradon thung, tong in Tibet: chu lcan in Vietnam: c[aa]y m[uu]n, c[aa]y vung, chi[ees]c d[or], chiê’c, l[ooj]c v[uwf]ng, m[uu]ng Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz (Agasta asiatica Miers; Agasta indica Miers; Barringtonia asiatica Druce; Barringtonia asiatica Kurz; Barringtonia butonica J.R. Forst.; Barringtonia speciosa J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Barringtonia speciosa Wall.; Barringtonia speciosa L.f.; Butonica rumphiana Miers; Butonica speciosa (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) J. St.-Hil.; Mammea asiatica L.; Michelia asiatica Kuntze) Tropical Asia, Indonesia, Pacific. Perennial tree, spreading, large leaf scars, leaves shiny dark green, fragrant flowers in terminal racemes, numerous prominent white stamens with pink tips and yellow anthers, sepals persistent, stamens in 6 whorls, smell of honeysuckle, large green hard 1-seeded lantern-shape floating fruit, exocarp with glandular dots and a shining cuticle, seed oblong, attracts large moths and nectar-feeding bats, young fruits consumed as a vegetable after prolonged cooking, very brittle wood, littoral species, sandy seashores, along rivers, in mangrove swamp at sea level, on sandy beaches or coral-sand flats

541

Barringtonia Forst. & Forst.f. Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae)

See Species Plantarum 1: 512–513. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum [second edition] 76, pl. 38. 1775, Kurz, Sulpiz (1834–1878), Preliminary Report on the Forest and other Vegetation of Pegu App. A: 65. Calcutta, 1875, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. ser. 2, 1: 59, 61, 68, t. 12, 13, f. 23. 1875, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45(3): 131. 1876 and 46: 70. 1877 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 1913, iii. 414. 1914, Kew Bulletin 50(4): 677–694. 1995, Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Occasional Papers no. 34: 141–144. 2001

See Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 656. 1854, Icon. Pl. Asiat. t. 635, 636, f. 1. 1854

(Used in Sidha. Poisonous nature of raw fruits; crushed fruits as arrow poison. Fresh nut scraped and applied directly to a sore. Dried nut ground, mixed with water and drunk to treat coughs, influenza, sore throat and bronchitis; externally applied to wounds and a swollen spleen after an attack of malaria. Fresh leaves applied externally to relieve rheumatism, fever, bodyache and when heated used as a remedy to stomach pain. Seeds vermifuge used against parasitic elements in intestinal tract. Bark decoction to treat constipation and epilepsy. Piscicide, insecticide, fruits, roots or green seed used as a fish poison; bark and fruits narcotic, pulped and used to stupefy fish.)

SE Asia, Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia. A shrub or small tree, flowers not scented, terminal pendulous racemes, sepals purple or pink, convex petals white or pale pink, stamens in 3–4 whorls, fruit fibrous, seed ovoid fissured, along rivers, in swampy forest and periodically inundated areas

in English: box fruit, fish-killer tree, fish poison tree, queen of the shores, sea poison tree, sea putat, shaving brush tree

in Vietnam: l[ooj]c v[uwf]ng qu[ar] to

in Guam: puting in Hawaii: barringtonia, hotu, hutu in Comoros: mpembeya in Madagascar: fotabe in Burma (Myanmar): kyi-git in China: bin yu rui in India: camuttira, camuttirappalam, cemmulli, cingola, cotalankay, hu-ah, katanmulli, katarkani, kinyav, kirutticakiyam, samudraphala in Indonesia: bitung, butun, hutu, jaga, keben-keben, keptun, miju, moju, talise, wutunu in Japan: goban-no-ashi in Malaysia: butong, butun, pertun, putat, putat ayer, putat laut, sea putat in Papua New Guinea: maliou, mbrut, mwanumbu, puc, putu in Philippines: bitoon, bitung, boton, botong in Thailand: chik an, chik le, chik nam, chik ta lae, don ta lae in Vietnam: b[af]ng qu[ar] vu[oo]ng, chiếc vàng Barringtonia conoidea Griff. SE Asia, Myanmar. Shrub or treelet, stout, scarcely branched, leaves spirally arranged in rosettes, short few-flowered pendulous racemes, white flowers, pink style, fruit conical shaped with 8 projecting basal flanges, fruits floating in water, riparian, in brackish and tidal estuaries and estuarine mangroves

(Fish poison, seeds, bark or roots, often in combination with Derris.) in English: river putat in Malaysia: putat ayer Barringtonia macrocarpa Hassk. (Barringtonia insignis Miq.; Barringtonia serrata Miq.)

See Kew Bulletin 50(4): 677–694. 1995 (The pounded roots or root bark used as a fish poison.) in Indonesia: bulat, potet, songgom in Thailand: chik nom yan Barringtonia macrostachya Kurz (Barringtonia acuminata Korth.; Barringtonia annamica Gagn.; Barringtonia balabacensis Merr.; Barringtonia cochinchinensis Merr. ex Gagnep.; Barringtonia cochinchinensis (Blume) Merr. ex Gagnep.; Barringtonia craibiana Knuth; Barringtonia cylindrostachya Griff.; Barringtonia fusicarpa Hu; Barringtonia isabelaensis Knuth; Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz; Barringtonia moluccana Knuth; Barringtonia olivacea Knuth; Barringtonia pendens Knuth; Barringtonia rosea Wall. ex Knuth; Barringtonia wallichiana Knuth; Careya macrostachya Jack; Doxomma acuminatum (Korth.) Miers; Doxomma cochinchinense (Blume) Miers; Doxomma cylindrostachya (Griff.) Miers; Doxomma macrostachyum (Jack) Miers; Michelia acuminata (Korth.) O. Kuntze; Michelia macrostachya (Jack) Kuntze; Stravadium acuminatum (Korth.) Blume; Stravadium conchinchinense Blume) Indonesia, China, Thailand. Tree or shrub, branchy growth habit, wood reddish white, simple leaves alternate to whorled crowded at twig tips, flowers white-pink-red placed on long spikes with long protruding anthers, free sepals red-purple or magenta, 4 elliptical convex petals, stamens in 4(–5) whorls, flowering at night attracting bats and moths, fruit egg-shaped green-pinkish, mesocarp spongy and fibrous, endocarp fibrous, seed ovoid quadrangular ribbed, in primary and secondary forest, in mixed forest, on alluvial sites or near rivers, moist and shady conditions, swamp, in secondary forests, on hillsides and ridges, on sandy to clay soils See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 13. 1811, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlvi. (1877) II. 71. 1877 and Kew Bulletin 50(4): 677–694. 1995

542

(Leaves decoction for stomachache. Pulped roots against ringworm, conjunctivitis and sore eyes. Bark used as fish poison.) in English: red putat in Borneo: karuk, putat, tampalang, tempalang in Burma (Myanmar): cây tam lang, thay nya oo in Indonesia: kayu putat, panga ha, tuwah dotan in Malaysia: putat bukit putih, putat gajah, semuting in Philippines: apalang, karakauat, ulam in Thailand: chick, chik nom, chik nawn wan in Vietnam: chi[ees]c ch[uf]m to, tam lang Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. (Barringtonia ceylanica (Miers) Gardner ex C.B. Clarke; Barringtonia elongata Korth.; Barringtonia pallida (Miers) Koord. & Valeton; Barringtonia racemosa Hort. ex Miq.; Barringtonia racemosa (DC.) Spreng.; Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume ex DC.; Barringtonia racemosa Oliv.; Barringtonia racemosa Roxb.; Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Roxb., nom. nud.; Barringtonia rubra Blume; Barringtonia salomonensis Rech.; Barringtonia stravadium Blanco; Barringtonia timorensis Blume; Butonica apiculata Miers; Butonica caffra Miers; Butonica ceylanica Miers; Butonica inclyta Miers; Butonica rosata Miers; Butonica rumphiana Miers; Butonica terrestris Miers; Eugenia racemosa L.) Eastern Africa and Madagascar to Sri Lanka, India. Tree or shrub, much-branched, no sap, roots above ground, tufted leaves dark green slightly serrated, petiole slightly winged, flowers hanging in raceme or spike terminal, stamens in (5–)6 whorls, berry ovoid fibrous outside, single white ovoid seed, not eaten or the fresh or cooked leaves eaten as a vegetable, inundated floodplains on tidal river banks, in the upper mangrove swamp, in swampy areas, along beach and river banks, in primary and secondary forest See Species Plantarum 1: 470–471. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum [second edition] 38. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 521. 1785, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 52. 1814, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 127. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 288. 1828, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 533. 1837, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 1(2): 68–69, 72, 78–79, t. 13, f. 23. 1875[1880] and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 183. 1912, Cell and Chromosome Research 6: 1–4. 1983, Kew Bulletin 50(4): 677–694. 1995, Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Occasional Papers no. 34: 141–144. 2001 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Roots used as a febrifuge; an infusion used for measles. Fruit for coughs and asthma and peeled seed mixed with flour and oil for diarrhea; fruit used for poulticing sore throat and skin eruptions. Leaves and roots poultice applied for itch; pound the leaves and poultice for chicken-pox. Bark decoction applied as an antirheumatic.

Barringtonia Forst. & Forst.f. Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae)

A decoction of the scraped nut drunk to relieve a cough, sinusitis or bronchitis. Fish poison, the pounded roots, fruits, seeds or bark; it is said that hogs are stupefied by the fruits of this plant. Bark as insecticide, seeds as poison bait.) in English: barringtonia, brack-water mangrove, common putat, hippo apple, powderpuff tree, wild guava in Guam: langasat, langassag in East Africa: mtomondo in Southern Africa: poeierkwasboom; iBhoqo, iBoqo (Zulu) in Borneo: laggong, putat in Brunei: putat aying in Burma (Myanmar): kye-bin, kyi in Cambodia: dawm trojiekbres, pchek tekbray in China: yu rui in India: aare, aracakkini, arattam, arippiriyam, arittiram, calacakam, calam, calaparam, camuttira, camuttirakkatampu, camuttirappalam, camuttirappalavi, camuttirappalavimaram, cantakentam, carucapam, carucapikam, carupam, carusam, cilesmanacani, cilettumavisapakan, citakantanam, citakantanamaram, cukataru, cumpal, cumpul, cupuram, curapi, curapiyankam, cutaru, cuvetacamaram, ganagilatora, ganigala thora, ganigalathora, hijjala, icataru, icitaru, icitarumaram, icutaru, icuvarataru, intirapacitam, intirapacitamaram, ijjul, isudaru, isuvaradaru, kaciram, kadambam, kadambu, kadapa, kalampakam, kanaginathora, kanaginatora, kanapa, karaci, karacimaram, karam, karamam, katampaccuvetam, katampaccuvetamaram, katampam, katampu, katampuri, katampurimaram, katappaimaram, katappamaram, katotam, kelivirutcam, kempuganigilu, kempukanagina, kogali, kokali, kondalai, kontalai, kontalam, kontalankay, kontavakkay, koputtam, kotalankay, kucciram, kuchidam, kunda, mara, maraam, marakika, marakikamaram, maram, maravam, neeruganagile, neevaara, nichula, nipa, nipam, nivar, norvisnee, palapatirappiriyam, periyacali, periyacalimaram, peruncerippan, peruncerippanmaram, piriyakam, piriyatati, pitriyagam, sadphali, samaskaravadi, sametrapalam, samstaravati, samstravadi, samubraphala, samudraccam, samudracham, samudrakka, samudrapad, samudrapandu, samudraphal, samudraphala, samudrapoo, samudrappu, samudrapu, samuthira palam, samuthraccham, samuthrachcham, samuthram, tarakatampam, tenakam, tevavirutcam, tunikkatampamaram, tunikkatampu, varaki, venkatampu, venkatampumaram, vicalam, vicuvalopakarakam, vilattaru, vishaya in Indonesia: alakang, butun darat, kungkungan, malegai, penggung, putat, putat sungai, sesiil in Japan: heihabui, kiifuji, sagari-bana, sagaribana, zurugaki in Laos: som pawng Malayan names: pokok darah, pokok darat, putat ayam, putat ayer, putat kampong, putat kedal, putat padi

543

Barteria Hook.f. Passifloraceae

in Papua New Guinea: paniak, paopao in Philippines: kasouai, kutkut-timbalon, nuling, paling, potat, putad, putat, tuba-tuba in Thailand: chick, chik ban, chik suan in Vietnam: tim lang, chi[ees]c hoa v[af]ng in Comoros: komba, m’gnamba wakaweni, m’nyamba, m’rambia, ngouli, nmba in Madagascar: fotatre, magnondro, manondro, manontro in Tanzania: mkuvukuvu, mtomondo Barringtonia scortechinii King Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. Spreading tree, sometimes with buttresses bark scaly finely longitudinally fissured brown or red peeling off in small flakes, leaves subcoriaceous glabrous, inflorescence a pendulous spike, calyx tubular with 3–4 lobes, petals 4 greenish-white to pink-red, stamens in 4–5 whorls, fruit an ovoid 1-seeded berry with 8 ridges, seed ovoid yellow-white, in primary and secondary forest, in swampy forest and near rivers See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 70: 138. 1901 (Pounded seeds or bark used as a fish poison, contain saponins.) in Borneo: langsat burung, tempalang in Malaysia: putat gajah, putat hutan, putat tuba

Barteria Hook.f. Passifloraceae After the English plant collector Charles Barter (d. 1859 in West Africa, North Nigeria, Rabba), Kew gardener, 1857 botanist on William Balfour Baikie’s Niger Expedition, author of The Dorp and the Veld; or, six months in Natal. London 1852. See Samuel Crowther [Missionary Bishop of the Niger Territory] and John Christopher Taylor, Niger Expedition of 1857–1859. 1859, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 14, t. 2. 1860 [1861 publ. 1860] and Bequaert J. “Ants in their diverse relations to the plant world.” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45: 333–583. 1922, Sir John Hawley Glover, The Voyage of the Dayspring: being the journal of … Sir J.H. Glover … together with some account of the expedition up to the Niger River in 1857, by Archibald Charles Gardiner Hastings. London 1926, Bulletin Institut d’Études Centrafricaines, Nouvelle série 4: 181–186. 1952, J. Lanjouw and F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collectors A-D. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954, F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant collectors in West Africa. 8. Utrecht 1971, Ecology 53(5): 885–892. 1972, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5: 187–204. 1982, Schmidt, R.J. “The super-nettles: a dermatologist’s guide to ants in the plants.” International Journal of Dermatology 24(4): 204–210. 1985, Adansonia 21(2): 307–318. 1999.

Barteria dewevrei De Wild. & T. Durand (Barteria acuminata Baker f.; Barteria stuhlmannii Engl. & Gilg) Tropical Africa. Tree, white flowers See Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 2, 1(1): 8. 1899 [1899– 1900 publ Jul 1899] (Myrmecophyte, ant symbiosis, protection from defoliating insects, branchlets inhabited by small ants.) in Gabon: ongóumóugna Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Barteria braunii Engl.; Barteria nigritana Hook. f. subsp. fistulosa (Mast.) Sleumer; Barteria urophylla Mildbr.) Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, slender, erect, horizontal non-ramified lateral branches with swollen and hollow internodes (domatia), branchlets usually hollow, leaves variable, large white axillary flowers and prominent yellow stigma, leaves and bark eaten by gorillas, seeds dispersed by birds and small mammals See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 511. 1871 and Comptes rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Série D, Sciences naturelles 268(23): 2804–2806. 1969, Blumea 22(1): 14. 1974, Ecological Research 14(4): 393–404. 1999, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93(1): 63–69. 2008 (Leaves, bark and root contain traces of hydrocyanic acid. Stem bark, roots and leaves antidotes, venomous stings, bites, arthritis, anemia, toothache, epilepsy, convulsions, headache, rheumatism. Bark decoction taken to treat venereal diseases and madness, astringent; bark sap to treat wounds, scabies and itch; bark and leaves febrifuge; young shoots eaten as an aphrodisiac. Myrmecophyte, ant symbiosis, protection from defoliating insects, branchlets inhabited by large fierce ants. Pseudophytodermatitis caused by the bites and stings of the ant inhabiting this plant, an aggressive species of Pseudomyrmecinae ants (Tetraponera aethiops F. Smith, syn. Pachysima aethiops F. Smith) with an exceedingly painful sting. Superstitions, ritual, magic.) in English: ant tree in Central African Republic: mogomagoma, ngomangoma, ngoumangouma in Congo: essesse, mumfimfi in Nigeria: igbangitarighá, ngibe, ogeimi, oje, oko Barteria nigritana Hook.f. (Barteria nigritiana Hook.f., nom. illeg., non Barteria nigritana Hook.f.) Nigeria. Tree, stout, leaves coriaceous, corolla white, myrmecophyte, ant plant See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 5: 15, t. 2. 1860 [1861 publ. 1860] and Dorothy Amaury Talbot, 1871–1916, Women’s Mysteries of a Primitive People. The Ibibios of Southern Nigeria. London 1915, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 41: 193–200. 1994, Acta Oecologica

544

Basananthe Peyr. Passifloraceae

26(2): 109–116. 2004, African Study Monographs 25(1): 1–27. 2004

volubilis Salisb.; Gandola alba Rumph. ex L.; Gandola nigra (Lour.) Raf.; Gandola rubra Rumph. ex L.)

(Bark to treat wounds, scabies and itch, anemia and toothache; powdered bark to treat wounds, scabies and itch. Leaves and fruits for fevers, aches, stomach disorders.)

Tropics, Africa and Asia. Soft, herbaceous, creeping, climbing, twining, short-lived perennial, fleshy, slender, rampant, soft shiny leaves heart-shaped with a pointed tip, small fleshy cream or white flowers borne on an axillary spike, fruit a subglobose pseudo-berry, leaves used as a slightly mucilaginous vegetable, eaten raw or cooked, can be confused with Anredera cordifolia

in Nigeria: oko (Yoruba); ogeyben (Edo); oromogwa (Etsako); pereta (Ijaw); ukwoifia (Igbo); akpaekpan (Ibibio)

Basananthe Peyr. Passifloraceae From the Greek basanos ‘a touchstone, a test’ and anthos ‘flower’, see Harvey, William Henry (1811–1866), Thesaurus Capensis 1: 32, t. 51. Dublin: Hodges, Smith, and co., 1859–1863, Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) 17: 101. 1859, Sitzb. Acad. Wien. Math. Nat. xxxviii. (1860) 569. 1860, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(6a): 81. 1893 and Blumea 21: 327–356. 1973. Basananthe heterophylla Schinz (Tryphostemma heterophyllum Engl.) Namibia and Botswana. Herb See Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg xxx. (1888) 252. 1888, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 14(4): 388. 1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 577. 1893 (A root decoction given to treat coughs.) Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J. de Wilde (Trypho­ stemma sandersonii Harv.) Tropical Africa, Tanzania. Herb, woody rootstock, erect or prostrate, pendulous capsule See Thesaurus Capensis 1: 33. 1859 and Blumea 21(2): 339, f. 2a-c. 1973 (Leaves and roots as wound dressing and antidote. Roots chewed and the juice swallowed to treat snakebites.)

Basella L. Basellaceae Vasala or basella-kira, the Malabar names for Basella rubra L.; see van Rheede in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 7: t. 24. 1688, Flora Telluriana 3: 44. 1837 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 573–578. 1973, Syst. Basellaceae 1–279. 1987, Lu Dequan. Basellaceae. In: Tang Changlin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 43–47. 1996, Fl. Ecuador 55: 57–83. 1996, Novon 9(4): 562–563. 1999. Basella alba L. (Basella alba var. subcordata Hassk.; Basella alba var. subrotunda Moq.; Basella cananifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., nom. nud.; Basella cordifolia Lam.; Basella crassifolia Salisb.; Basella japonica Burm.f.; Basella lucida L.; Basella nigra Lour.; Basella ramosa J. Jacq. ex Spreng.; Basella rubra L.; Basella rubra var. virescens Moq.; Basella

See Species Plantarum 1: 272. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 390. 1762, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 382. 1785, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 153. 1796, Syst. Veg. 1: 950. 1824, Numer. List: 6961. 1832, Sylva Tellur.: 60. 1838, Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor.: 82. 1844, Prodr. 13(2): 223. 1849 and Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Basellaceae 2. 1968, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76: 263–268. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88: 19–44. 2003, Asian Journal of Andrology 7: 411–417. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108: 332–339. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116: 370–376. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Cooked vegetable eaten for mouth ulcers. Stem and leaves emollient, diuretic, tonic, laxative, aphrodisiac, androgenic potential, sedative, used for flatulence, ulcers, leprosy, dysentery; for snakebites whole plant crushed and packed into or onto the surface of the skin. Leaves laxative, lactogenic, oxytocic, for foot and mouth disease, to cure stomachache and constipation after childbirth; pulped leaves applied as a poultice to sores, boils, ulcers, abscesses; pounded leaves, infusion, wash the wounds; leaves soaked in water used for diarrhea; leaves along with juice from fruits of Punica granatum given in diarrhea; especially useful as laxative in children and pregnant women; leaves and flowers for diarrhea. Red fruit juice as eyedrops to treat conjunctivitis. Seeds antifungal, antiviral. Veterinary medicine, for constipation and treatment of retained afterbirth and anaplasmosis; plant paste with milk given for reducing labor pain in cows; leaves given to cattle to increase milk yield.) in English: Ceylon spinach, country-spinach, Gambian spinach, Indian spinach, Malabar nightshade, Malabar spinach, red vine spinach, vine spinach in China: chung kuei, hu yen chih, lo k’uei, luo kui, luo kui ke, luo kuei, teng kuei (= twining mallow), yen chih tou in Hawaiian: ‘īnika in India: allabachhalla, allu-batchhalla, apodika, apoedika, apotakam, arancaki, arancakikkoti, atipatati, atipatatikkoti, ayinalikam, ayinilikakkoti, baayi basale, bachali, bachchali-kura, bachhali koora, bachhalitheega, baibasalesoppu, basalaccira, basale, basale soppu, bili basale, borpuroi, cekkai, cekkaippacalikkoti, cempacalai, cempucattumuli, cevappuppacalai, ciappukkatippacalaik koti, civappanapacalai, civappukkati, civappukkotippacalai, cuvetapacali, cuvetapacalikkoti, dodda basale, erraalubachhali, hire

545

Basilicum Moench Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

basale, kaarubachhali, kalambi, kalampi, karubachali, kempu baayi basale, kempu basale, kodip-pasalai-kkirai, kodipasarai, kotippacalai, kotippacalai-k-kirai, kotivacalai, kotivacalaikkirai, kotivayalai, kottuppacalai, kottuvacalai, kozhuppukodi, kupotaki, kuttu pacalai, kuttuppacalai, lalbaclu, maayaalachivel, madushaka, malava, maya-ki-baji, mayalachivel, mayalu, mayalubhaji, mohini, pacalai, pacalaikkilanku, pacarai, pachala, pachalai, pasalai, pasalikkirai, paslakkirai, pedamattu, pedda bachali, peddabachhalia, peddamattuniatkubatsala, perumpacalai, perumpacalaikkirai, perumpaciri, pichhila, pichhilachhada, poi, poi sag, polambachhali, por, potakam, potaki, potakikkoti, poyisaag, pui, puin, putika, putikam, rukhtopuri, shivappupaslakkirai, sivappu salakeerai, sivappu vasalakkirai, tharai pasali, upodaka, upodaki, upodika, upoti, uroksumbam, vali, valipodaki, vallivastuka, vasalaccira, vasalacheera pacha, vasalakkirai, vaslakire, velbondi, velgond, venpacali, venpacalikkoti, vellaippacali, vellaippacalikoti, vennangkodi, vhali, vhalichi-bhaji, vicatam, vicatappacalaikkoti, vishala, vishvatulasi, vrishchikapriya, wahlea in Japan: jiibin, tsuru-murasaki Malay name: remayong in Pakistan: poi in Philippines: alugbati, arogbati, dundul, dundula, grana, ilaibakir, libato in Thailand: saci in Benin: ché éjé chonro, ché éyé toro, djomakou, glasoué kpadjiton, vobouta in Burundi: inderama in Cameroon: ele lengue, lakguegwik in Congo: endenderya, indarama, kimbombolo, mboga buterezi, ndelama, nderema, urudega in Kenya: demra, deremiat, endelema, enderema, eshivetso, kieema, lemoldongu, lemudong’o, ltaai, ltani, lubchan, murerema, mûrerema, ndelema, nderemek, nderemia, nderemiat, nderma, ng’aisichoi, osoiyai, osoyai, rachan, rerema, tsinderema, yindelema in Rwanda: indarama in Tanzania: lelema, mboga buterezi, mjogo, ndelema, ndema, nderema

describendi. Marburgi Cattorum [Marburg] Suppl. 143. 1802 and Bangladesh Journal of Botany 4, 37–47. 1975. Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench (Basilicum polystachion Moench; Lehmannia ocymoidea Jacq. ex Steud.; Lumnitzera moschata (Salisb.) Spreng.; Lumnitzera ocimoides Jacq. ex Spreng.; Lumnitzera polystachyon (L.) J. Jacq. ex Spreng.; Moschosma dimidiatum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Benth.; Moschosma moschatum (Salisb.) Druce; Moschosma polystachyon (L.) Benth.; Moschosma polystachyum (L.) Benth.; Moschosma polystachyum Benth.; Ocimum dimidiatum Schumach. & Thonn.; Ocimum moschatum Salisb., nom. superfl.; Ocimum polystachyon L.; Ocimum tashiroi Hayata; Ocimum tenuiflorum Burm. f., non L.; Perxo polystachyon (L.) Raf.; Plectranthus flaccidus (Vatke) Gürke; Plectranthus micranthus Spreng.; Plectranthus moschatus (Salisb.) R.Br.; Plectranthus parviflorus R.Br., nom. illeg.) Trop. & S. Africa, Tanzania, India. Small herb with woody base, annual to short-lived perennial, erect, very aromatic, often many-branched, 4-angled, papery leaves, white to pinkish small flowers, close to Ocimum See Species Plantarum 597. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 129. 1768, Mantissa Plantarum ed. 2 567. 1771, Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis, Suppl. Meth. (Moench) 143. 1802, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 2711. 1829, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1300. 1830, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 13. 1830, Autik. Bot. 121. 1840, Linnaea 43: 90. 1881, Abh. Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin: 18. 1894, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 19: 206. 1894 and Flora Capensis 5(1): 295. 1910, Notes R.B.E. 6: 135. 1915, Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 637. 1917, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 86–87. 1920, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 59(4): 191–192. 1997, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 45(8): 744–748. 2007 (Used in Sidha. Crushed leaves sedative, antibacterial, to relieve painful sprains and limbs; leaves decoction for epilepsy, palpitations of the heart, neuralgia, nervous breakdown, headaches, depression after childbirth, rheumatism and convulsions; leaf sap pain killer. Fresh roots chewed against cough. Fruit abortifacient, infusion taken for parturition in the case of delayed birth. Plant burnt indoors as a mosquito, arachnicides and snake repellent. Magic, against bad spirits.)

in Uganda: enderema, nderema

in English: African curry powder, musk basil, polystachyous basilicum

in Yoruba: amunu tutu, amunu tutu pupa, efo oyinbo, seje soro

in Ghana: nwansinwansi

Basilicum Moench Lamiaceae (Labiatae) From the Greek basilikos, Latin basilicus, a, um ‘princely, royal, kingly’; see Conrad Moench (1744–1805), Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis a staminum situ

in Nigeria: burafuru, duwei furukáná, kimbar rafi in China: tai wan luo le, xiao guan xun in India: canakki kirai, canakki-p-puntu, canakkirai, citevippuntu, cittanantakkirai, cittanantam, kaachana, kaashana, karuppakkirai, lolekam, lolekkirai, naukacini, naukacinikkirai, peykkancan, tulakakikakkirai, tulakakikam

546

Bassia Allioni Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae)

in Indonesia: sangket, sangketan, surawung gunung

in China: gou ci wu bing li

in Malaysia: tapua jatten

in Italian: granata issopifolia

in Philippines: bauing, lodokong, pansi-pansi

Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott (Atriplex scoparia (L.) Crantz; Chenopodium scoparia L.; Chenopodium scoparium L.; Kochia parodii Aellen; Kochia parodii var. contracta Aellen; Kochia parodii var. densa Aellen; Kochia parodii var. elongata Aellen; Kochia parodii var. glabrescens Aellen; Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader; Kochia scoparia fo. densiflora Moq.; Kochia scoparia fo. remotiflora Beck; Kochia scoparia var. sieversiana (Pall.) Ulbr. ex Asch. & Graebn.; Kochia sieversiana (Pall.) C.A. Mey.; Salsola scoparia (L.) M. Bieb.; Suaeda sieversiana Pall.)

in Vietnam: [es] gi[ar], [es] s[aj], m[ooj]c ma

Bassia Allioni Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) To honor the Italian botanist Ferdinando Bassi, 1710–1774, naturalist, author of Ambrosina, novum plantae genus. Bononiae 1763. See Carlo Allioni (1728–1804), Mélanges de Philosophie et de Mathématique de la Société Royale de Turin pour les années 1762–1765. 177, t. IV, fig. 2. 1766, Necker, Noel Martin Joseph de (1730–1793), Willemetia: nouveau genre de plantes … 1777–1780, Journal für die Botanik 1800 (1): 307, 329. 1801, Antonio Bertoloni (1775–1869), Sylloge plantarum horti bononiensis. Bononiae 1827, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 2: 127. 1834, Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens … 187. 1867, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(1a): 70. 1893 and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, ser. 2 48: 320. 1923, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 16c: 530. 1934, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 135. 1965, Feddes Repertorium 89(2–3): 108, 119. 1978. Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze (Bassia hyssopifolia Kuntze; Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Volkart, nom. illeg., non Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze; Echinopsilon hyssopifolia (Pall.) Moq.; Echinopsilon hyssopifolium (Pall.) Moq.; Echinopsilon hyssopifolius (Pall.) Moq.; Echinopsilon reuterianus Boiss.; Kochia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Roth; Kochia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Schrad.; Salsola hyssopifolia Pall.; Suaeda hyssopifolia Pall.; Suaeda hyssopifolia (Pall.) Pall.) E. Europe, Ethiopia and Asia, China, Pakistan. Small plant, annual, grayish-hairy to densely lanate-villous, manybranched, inconspicuous flowers, small fruit with five distinctive hooked structures on each seed, saline-alkaline places, disturbed places, wetland-riparian See Mélanges de Philosophie et de Mathématique de la Société Royale de Turin 3: 177, pl. 4. 1766, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs 1: 491, pl. 2, f. 1. 1771, Neue Beyträge zur Botanik 176. 1802, Illustrationes plantarum 44. 1803, Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio 87. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 547. 1891, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. ed. 1 3(1a): 70. 1893 and James, L.F., Williams, M.C., Bleak, A.T. “Toxicity of Bassia hyssopifolia to sheep.” J. Range Manage., 29: 284–285. 1976 (Livestock readily graze on bassia, although sheep have died after a single feeding. The plant is suspected of poisoning livestock, in experimental feeding of sheep, caused symptoms similar to poisoning by Kochia scoparia.) in English: bassia, five-hook bassia, five-hooked bassia, five horn bassia, fivehorn smotherweed, thorn orache

Europe. Small plant, extremely variable species See Species Plantarum 1: 221. 1753, Mélanges de Philosophie et de Mathématique de la Société Royale de Turin 3: 177, pl. 4. 1766, Onomat. Bot. Compl. 8: 797. 1776, Journal für die Botanik 1800(1): 307. 1801, Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium 45, t. 38. 1803, Neues Journal für die Botanik 3: 85. 1809, Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1: 144. 1811, Flora Altaica 1: 415. 1829 and Synops. 5: 163. 1913, Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 50: 151. 1939, Darwiniana 5: 121–122, f. 1, A(3), C, D. 1941, Galitzer, S.J., Oehme, F.W. “Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. toxicity in cattle: a literature review.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 20: 421–423. 1978, Feddes Repertorium 81(2–3): 108. 1978, Dickie, C.W., Berryman, J.R. “Polioencephalomalacia and photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consumption in range cattle.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 175: 463–465. 1979, Johnson, A.E. “Photosensitizing toxins from plants and their biologic effects.” Pages 345–359 in Keeler, R.F., Tu, A.T., eds. Handbook of natural toxins. Vol. 1. Plant and Fungal toxins. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 1983, Dickie, C.W., James, L.F. “Kochia scoparia poisoning in cattle.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 183: 765–768. 1983, Thilsted, J. et al. “Kochia (Kochia scoparia) toxicosis in cattle: results of four experimental grazing trials.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 31: 34–41. 1989, Dickie, C.W., Gerlach, M.L., Hamar, D.W. “Kochia scoparia oxalate content.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 31: 240–242. 1989, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 39: 59–65. 1992, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(3): 158–159. 1993 (Ingestion has caused poisoning in cattle, horses, and sheep. Oxalates are at least partly responsible for the complicated toxic affects of kochia ingestion. Hepatogenous photosensitivity and liver damage often occur together, along with the outward signs of photosensitization. In addition, polioencephalomalacia, toxic hepatitis, and nephrosis can occur. Ceremonial.) in English: belvedere, burning bush, common kochia, kochia, summer cypress in China: di fu, sao chou tsao, ti fu

547

Bathysa C. Presl Rubiaceae

in Japan: hôki-gi in Okinawa: kanzanna

Bathysa C. Presl Rubiaceae See Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., V, 3: 514. 1845, Genera Plantarum 2: 49. 1873 and Rodriguésia 50: 49–75. 1999. Bathysa australis (A. St.-Hil.) K. Schum. (Bathysa australis (A. St.-Hil.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Bathysa australis K. Schum.; Bathysa australis (A. St.-Hil.) Hook. f.; Bathysa meridionalis L.B. Sm. & Downs; Bathysa obovata K. Schum. ex Standl.; Bathysa panamensis Dwyer; Bathysa peruviana K. Krause; Cinchona australis (A. St.-Hil.) Brign.; Elaeagia glomiflora Standl.; Exostema australe A. St.-Hil.; Voigtia australis (A. St.-Hil.) Klotzsch) Bolivia, Brazil. Tree or shrub, corollas pale yellow-green, fruit pale green See Pl. Usuel. Bras. 1: t. 3. 1824, Getreue Darstell. Gew. 14: t. 15. 1846, Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, Pt. Mem. Fis., II, 1: 63. 1862, Fl. Bras. 6(6): 239. 1889 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7: 281. 1931, Sellowia 7: 88. 1956, J. Nat. Prod. 40: 515–523. 1977, Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. vol. 18 no. 1 João Pessoa Jan./Mar. 2008 (Hypotensive. Mucilage for wound healing.) in Brazil: folha-grande

Batrachium (DC.) Gray Ranunculaceae From the Greek batrachos ‘a frog’, referring to the aquatic and amphibious habit; Latin ranunculus, i ‘a little frog’, the diminutive of rana, ae, Greek batrachion ‘a small frog’, referring to the habitat, some species grow near the marshes or in damp places, or indicating the shape of the roots; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 548. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 243. 1754, Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828), A natural arrangement of British plants. 2: 720. London 1821 and G. Volpi, “Le falsificazioni di Francesco Redi nel Vocabolario della Crusca.” in Atti della R. Accademia della Crusca per la lingua d’Italia. 33–136. 1915–1916, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 639–661. 1937, Fl. Canada 3: 547–1115. 1978, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 31(3): 91–104. 1996. Ranunculus subg. Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray, unlike most species of Ranunculus, members of this subgenus are not poisonous. Batrachium rionii (Lagger) Nyman (Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix ex Vill.) Bosch subsp. rionii (Lagger) C.D.K. Cook; Ranunculus flaccidus Hook. f. & Thomson var. rionii (Lagger) Hegi; Ranunculus rionii Lagger; Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill. subsp. rionii Soó) India, China. Shallow water herbs, terete stems See Flora 31: 49. 1848, Botaniska Notiser 1852: 98. 1852 and Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3:

601. 1960, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 6: 142. 1966 (Paste of the whole plant given for stomach ailments during acute pain.) in China: zuan tuo shui mao gen Batrachium tricophyllum (Chaix ex Vill.) Bosch (Batrachium aquatile var. capillaceum (Thuill.) Garrett; Batrachium aquatile (L.) Dumort. var. trichophyllum (Bosch) Frye & Rigg; Batrachium aquatile var. trichophyllum (Chaix ex Vill.) Spach; Batrachium capillaceum (Thuill.) Gray; Batrachium divaricatum (Schrank) Schur; Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch; Batrachium trichophyllum F. Schultz; Ranunculus aquatilis L.; Ranunculus aquatilis subsp. trichophyllus (Chaix ex Vill.) Moore & Moore; Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.; Ranunculus aquatilis var. trichophyllus (Chaix ex Vill.) A. Gray; Ranunculus divaricatus Schrank; Ranunculus divaricatus Koch; Ranunculus hydrocharis fo. trichophyllus (Chaix ex Vill.) Hiern; Ranunculus tricophyllus Chaix; Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill.) India. Polymorphic herb, rooting from the base, stems fistular, white flowers, hairy receptacle, seeds eaten by water birds See Species Plantarum 1: 556. 1753, Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné 1: 335. 1786, Baiersche Flora 2: 104. 1789, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 722. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 26. 1824, Florula belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore … 127. 1827, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux 7: 200. 1838, Prodromus Florae Batavae 7, 17. 1850, Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae 12. 1866, A Manual of Botany of the Northern United States (ed. 5) 40. 1867, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 9: 101. 1871 and Northw. Fl. 169. 1912, Spring Flora of the Wasatch Region ed. 3: 35. 1917 (Leaves decoction for toothache and gum troubles.) in English: water buttercup in China: mao bing shui mao gen

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae) After the two Swiss brothers Bauhin, Caspar (Casper, Gaspard) (1560–1624, Basel) and Jean Johannes (1541– 1613, Montbéliard, Württemberg-Montbéliard), herbalists and botanists. Caspar B., physician and botanist, professor of anatomy and botany at Basel University, distinguished between genus and species, was the first to establish a scientific system of nomenclature. Jean J. B. studied at Montpellier under Rondelet and at Zürich under Gesner, collaborated with Jacques Daleschamps at Lyon, traveller, physician to Duke Frederick of Württemberg. See Johann Schultes (Scultetus) (1595–1645), Cheiroplotheke [graece]

548

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

seu … armamentarium chirurgicum. [S. was, with Fabry von Hilden, the leading German surgeon of his era.] [Folio, first edn.] Ulmae Suevorum 1655, Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm (1809–1864), Plantae Junghuhnianae: enumeratio plantarum, quas, in insulis Java et Sumatra detexit Fr. Junghuhn. Lugduni-Batavorum [Leiden, The Netherlands], Parisiis, [1853?]-1857 [Confusion on dating of fasicles exists.], J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 25: 1–107. 1889 and Ludovic Legré, La Botanique en Provence au XVIe siècle. Les deux Bauhin. Marseille 1904, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 413–418. 1922, North American Flora 23: 201–349. 1930, Flora de Cuba 2: 224–367. 1951, Reinwardtia 3: 381–541. 1956, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 140,141. 1965, Rodriguesia 31(51): 127–234. 1979, Gweneth Whitteridge, in D.S.B. 1: 522–525. 1981, Charles Webster, in D.S.B. 1: 525–527. 1981, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70(1): 95–127. 1983, Darwiniana 27: 527–557. 1986, Biologiske Skrifter 28: 1–40. 1987, Fl. Lesser Antilles. (Dicotyledoneae-Part 1) 4: 334– 538. 1988, Flora of Ceylon 7: 34–107. 1991, Flora Malesiana I, 12, 2: 409–784. 1996, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 541–562. 2006, Brittonia 59(4): 357–369. 2007. Bauhinia acuminata L. (Alvesia bauhinioides Welw.; Alvesia tomentosa (L.) Britton & Rose; Bauhinia acuminata Bruce; Bauhinia acuminata Vell.; Bauhinia candida sensu auct.; Bauhinia grandiflora sensu auct.; Bauhinia linnaei Ali; Bauhinia pubescens DC.; Bauhinia tomentosa sensu auct.; Bauhinia volkensii Taub.; Bauhinia wituensis Harms; Pauletia tomentosa (L.) A. Schmitz) India, China, Thailand. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, white flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 375. 1753 and Reinwardtia 3: 393. 1956, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25(2): 19. 1975 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Stem bark and roots for stomach disorders and malaria. Antifungal, antibacterial, to treat ulceration of the nose in the form of a poultice; bark and leaves decoction given for venereal diseases, stone in bladder, asthma, leprosy. Roots to treat cough by making cold extracts, and to treat urinary problem probably by means of hot extraction; roots boiled with oil applied to burns.) in English: bell bauhinia, butterfly, dwarf white bauhinia, mountain ebony, orchid tree, snowy orchid tree plant, St. Thomas’ tree, white bauhinia, yellow bauhinia, yellow butterfly tree in Burma: mahahlegabyu in India: aralu mandaara, bile kanchuvaala, bile kanchuvala, bile mandara, bilemandara, bili kanchuvaala, bili mandaara, bilikancivala, bilikancivalada, bilimandaara, bilimandar, bilimandara, chingthao, civamalli, devakanchanamu, duolo-kanchan, kaanchnaara, kachna, kachnaal, kachnal, kachnar, kaha-petan, kanalmirakamaram, kanalmirukam, kancanarah, kanchan, kanchana, karbudarah, kobo-leela,

kokkirakumantarai, kokkumandarai, kokkumantarai, kovidaara, mandaram, mandharai, manjal mandharai, mati katota, mati kotota, megong aphal, pakam, pakaram, pakaramaram, pujamandara, safed-kachnar, svetakancana, swetkanchan, tevataru, tiruvathi, tiruvatti, vanasampige, vanasampigi, vellaimandarai, vellaimantarai, vellaimantaram, vellamandaram, vellirakumantarai, velutta-mandaru, veluttamandaram, veluttamandaru in Japan: moku-wan-ju in Java: kupu-kupu in Malay Peninsula: bunga perak in Sundanese: penawar seribu in Thailand: kalong Bauhinia bidentata Jack (Phanera bidentata (Jack) Benth.) Indonesia, Sumatra. Perennial climbing shrub See Malayan Misc. 2(7): 76. 1822, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 263. 1852 (For nervous complaints in women.) Malay name: dedaup Bauhinia burbidgei Stapf (Phanera kockiana (Korth.) Benth. var. burbidgei (Stapf) de Wit) Sarawak. Perennial climbing shrub See Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1839–42) 87. 1839, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4(2): 143. 1894 [1894–96 publ. Dec 1894] (Roots decoction drunk for gonorrhea and body ache.) in Sarawak: akar ketong Bauhinia calycina Gagnep. (Bauhinia calycina Pierre ex Gagnepain; Bauhinia calycina Ridl.; Phanera audax de Wit) Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia. Perennial climbing shrub See J. Asiat. Soc. (Straits) 61: 3. 1912 [J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc.], Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 2: 169. 1912, Reinwardtia 3: 381–541 1956 (Boiled roots given for dropsy.) in Malay: akar kurutok hitam Bauhinia diphylla Buch.-Ham. (Bauhinia buchananii Desv.; Bauhinia diphylla Zoll.; Lysiphyllum diphyllum (Buch.Ham.) de Wit; Phanera diphylla (Buch.-Ham.) Benth.) India, Mauritius, Myanmar, Sri Lanka. Perennial climbing shrub or small tree, white flowers See Michael Symes (1753?-1809), An account of an embassy to the Kingdom of Ava…, 476, t. 24. London 1800, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. Neerl. Ind. 3: 70. 1846 and Reinwardtia 3: 431. 1956 (For broken bones.)

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

in India: kadakol, kadukolu Bauhinia esculenta Burch. South Africa. See also Tylosema See Travels in the interior of South Africa 2: 589. 1824 and Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 611. 1960, Kew Bulletin 31(2): 219–220. 1976, Economic Botany 41(2): 216–220. 1987 (Leaves laxative, antiparasitic. Antibacterial, antivirus, antioxidant and antifungal activity of bean extracts.) in English: camel’s foot, gemsbok bean, gemsbuck bean, marama bean, morama bean in Namibia: noukom, tjhng, tschng in South Africa: braaiboontjie, elandsboontjie, gami, marama, maramaboontjie, marumama, morama, ombanui, tsi, tsin Bauhinia ferruginea Roxb. var. griffithiana (Benth.) Baker (Bauhinia ferruginea D. Dietr.; Bauhinia griffithiana (Benth.) Baker; Bauhinia suffruticosa Ridl.; Phanera griffithiana Benth.)

549

Bauhinia foveolata Dalzell (Bauhinia lawii Baker; Bauhinia lawii Benth. ex Baker f.; Piliostigma foveolatum (Dalzell) Thoth.) India. Perennial non-climbing tree See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 13: 188. 1872 [1873 publ. 1872], The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2(5): 277. 1878 and Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Bengal 19(2): 131. 1967 [Oct 1965 issued 23 Feb 1967] (Inner bark paste heated and applied for stomach pain.) in India: chameli Bauhinia glauca (Benth.) Benth. subsp. tenuiflora (Watt ex C.B. Clarke) K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen (Bauhinia caterviflora L. Chen; Bauhinia glauca subsp. tenuiflora (C.B. Clarke) K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen; Bauhinia polysperma Gagnep.; Bauhinia polysperma Pierre ex Gagnepain; Bauhinia tenuiflora C.B. Clarke; Bauhinia tenuiflora Watt ex C.B. Clarke; Phanera tenuiflora (Watt ex C.B. Clarke) de Wit; Phanera tenuiflora (C.B. Clarke) de Wit) China, India, Himalaya. Perennial climbing shrub, liana

See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 90. 1814, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 1476. 1840, The Flora of British India 2: 285. 1878

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25(165–169): 18, pl. 6. 1889 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 2: 177. 1912, Reinwardtia 3: 490. 1956, Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 25(1–2): 10. 1973, Union Burma J. Life Sci. 5: 307–317. 1974

(Decoction against diarrhea.)

(Bark is used in diarrhea.)

Malay names: akar kempaga, selak kerebok

in India: chingthao

Bauhinia forficata Link subsp. pruinosa (Vogel) Fortunato & Wunderlin (Bauhinia candicans Benth.; Bauhinia forficata subsp. candicans (Benth.) E. Latzina; Bauhinia forficata subsp. pruinosa (Vogel) Hassl.; Bauhinia forficata var. candicans (Benth.) Hassl. ex Latzina; Bauhinia forficata var. pruinosa (Vogel) Hassl.; Bauhinia pruinosa Vogel; Pauletia candicans (Benth.) Schmitz; Pauletia pruinosa (Vogel) A. Schmitz)

in Thailand: dok siew

Indonesia, Malaysia. Perennial climbing shrub

Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 404. 1821, Linnaea 13: 301. 1839, Flora Brasiliensis 15(2): 201. 1870 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 16: 157. 1919, Lilloa 1: 154. 1937, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 43(3–4): 389, 396. 1973, Darwiniana 27: 550. 1986 (Medicinal, used specifically for children.) in Argentina: cauba, falsa caoba (caoba = mahogany), palo de buey, pata de buey, pata de vaca, toro pe, toro po in Brazil: bauinia, miroró, mororá, pata-de-burro, pata de cabra, pata de chivo, pata de toro, pata-de-vaca, unhad’anta, unha-de-boi, unha-de-boi-de-espinho, unha-de-vaca, unha-de-veado

Bauhinia guianensis Aubl. (Bauhinia chrysophylla Vogel; Bauhinia excisa (Griseb.) Hemsl.; Bauhinia excisa Hemsl.; Bauhinia guianensis var. splendens (Kunth) Amshoff; Bauhinia manca Standl.; Bauhinia obovata S.F. Blake; Bauhinia outimouta Aubl.; Bauhinia platycalyx Benth.; Bauhinia sericella Standl.; Bauhinia splendens Kunth; Bauhinia splendens var. latifolia Benth.; Bauhinia sprucei var. acuminata Benth.; Bauhinia thompsonii I.M. Johnst.; Schnella bicomata Pittier; Schnella excisa Griseb.; Schnella obovata (S.F. Blake) Britton & Rose; Schnella obovata Britton & Rose; Schnella splendens (Kunth) Benth.; Schnella splendens Benth.) Central America, French Guiana. Perennial climbing shrub See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 377–378, pl. 145. 1775, J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 97. 1840, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 214–215. 1860, Biologia CentraliAmericana; … Botany … 1(4): 337. 1880 and N. Amer. Fl. 23(4): 207. 1930, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht. 52: 1–78. 1939, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(1): 1–94. 1951, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63(2): 346–354. 1977, Selbyana 4(1–6): 372–396. 1978, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(2): 127–137. 2000

550

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

(Antimalarial, astringent, analgesic. Root, vine decoctions for heat and venereal diseases; roots infusion for flu, hypertension, scorpion stings. Stem infusion drunk for diarrhea and stomachache. Vine decoctions for snakebite, pain, eczema, yaws.) Bauhinia herrerae (Britt. & Rose) Standl. & Steyerm. (Bauhinia klugii Standl.; Binaria herrerae (Britton & Rose) Schmitz; Schnella herrerae Britton & Rose) Mexico, North America, Peru. See Sylva Telluriana 122. 1838 and North American Flora 23(4): 206–207. 1930, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(1): 10. 1943, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 43(3–4): 403. 1973 (A remedy for birth control. Stem used as an astringent for diarrhea and to reduce emorrhage, and for headaches, bleeding and internal wounds.) Vernacular names: cowfoot vine, pata de vaca, ki-bix Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. (Bauhinia flammifera Ridl.; Bauhinia holosericea Ridl.; Phanera integrifolia (Roxb.) Benth.) Thailand, Indonesia. Perennial climbing shrub See Hort. Bengal. 90. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 331. 1832, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 263. 1852 (Aqueous extract of roots given for the treatment of syphilis.) in India: mohlain Bauhinia kalantha Harms Tanzania. Shrub, perennial, non-climbing, yellow solitary flowers, woody dehiscent pods green with dark blotches, edible leaves, in Acacia-Commiphora-Adansonia mixed woodland

Brazil, French Guiana. Perennial climbing shrub See Linnaea 13: 312. 1839, Linnaea 18: 588. 1844 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(2): 571. 1973, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 43(3–4): 406. 1973 (To treat malaria. Fish poison.) in English: rose bauhinia, turtle ladder Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. (Bauhinia acida Korth.; Bauhinia acida Reinw.; Bauhinia castrata Hassk.; Bauhinia castrata Blanco; Bauhinia hawkesiana F.M. Bailey; Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. var. reniformis Baker; Bauhinia platyphylla Benth.; Bauhinia platyphylla Zipp. ex Span.; Bauhinia platyphylla Miq.; Bauhinia rugulosa Miq.; Casparea castrata (Hassk.) Hassk.; Casparia castrata (Hassk.) Hassk.; Casparia castrata Hassk.; Pauletia acida (Korth.) Hassk.; Piliostigma acidum (Korth.) Benth.; Piliostigma malabarica (Roxb.) Benth.; Piliostigma malabaricum Benth.; Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth.; Piliostigma malabaricum var. acidum (Korth.) de Wit) Tropical Asia, South India, Bhutan. Perennial, non-climbing, spreading evergreen tree, short bole with branches near the base, bright lilac or creamy pink flowers, dense axillary stalkless racemose inflorescences, flat nearly straight pods, young leaves and fruits cooked as vegetable, fresh leaves as cattle feed See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 31. 1814, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 6(qto.): 317. 1824, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 331. 1837, Linnaea 15: 201. 1841, Flora 25(2, Beibl.): 54. 1842, Flora 29: 598. 1846, Flora 31: 578. 1848, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 261. 1852, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 15(2): 185. 1870 and Queensland Agricultural Journal 15(8): 897. 1905

in Tanzania: mchekwa

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha/Siddha. Infusion of fresh flowers antidysenteric, flower paste for stomachache and gastrointestinal disorders. Leaves used to reduce fever and as aphrodisiac. Bark used for poulticing wounds; stem bark paste applied on fractured limb with bamboo strips; bark juice mixed with bark juice of Oroxylum indicum given for fever; stem bark ground with that of Ficus racemosa given to women to check excess bleeding during menstruation; bark chips added to salphi wine (the sap of fish-leaf sago-palm) to increase its intoxicating action.)

Bauhinia kockiana Korth. (Phanera kockiana Benth.; Phanera kockiana (Korth.) Benth.)

in English: lilac bauhinia, Malabar bauhinia, Malabar mountain ebony, Malabar orchid

Sarawak. Perennial climbing shrub

in Burma: bo-ay-gy-in, bwaygyin, bwechin, bwegyin, chinbyit, selik, shinleyat

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzeng­ eschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 398. 1900, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 77: 1219–1223. 2007 (Larvicidal, sliced roots boiled together with chicken and eaten as a treatment for schistosomiasis.)

See Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1839–42) 87. 1839 (Roots decoction drunk for gonorrhea and body ache.) in Sarawak: akar ketong Bauhinia kunthiana Vogel (Bauhinia guianensis var. kunthiana (Vogel) Wunderlin; Bauhinia rosea Miq.; Schnella rosea (Miq.) Walp.)

in Cambodia: doeum chhoeung ko in India: aamlapathra, acamantam, acamantipam, acamantiram, acamantiyam, ambotha, ambothka, amboti, amlapatrakah, amli, amlosa, ampti, amta, amti, apta, arampuli, are, arumpuli, asmantaka, asmanthaka, asmayokta, asmayoktha, asthura, attaillupei, attillupai, bakbakhol, basavanapaada,

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

551

basavanapada, beolphiu, bol nakhol, camarikam, cappara, chapa, cheppura, chippuru, dhondel, dhondera, dhondermara, dieng thar lang jou, dieng thar lang sob, dieng thaw langjon, dieng thawlongsoh, emapatiyam, emapattiram, hauthar, hauthar arong, holeippe, huliaachalu, imli, jhinjora, jhinjhit, kaattu manthaarai, kachnar, kachnar karal, kacnnar karal, kangali, karal, karmai, kattra, khat papri, khatta, khatta jhanjhora, khatta jhinjhora, khatua, khormang, koenar, kogela, kogele, kogge pukka, kokavali, kokkavali, kokkavalli, koniaphal, koral, korala, korat, kotra, kudugulu, kundupula, kuthor arong, laba, labadaru, lavadaru, makutavatti, makutavattimaram, malaiyatti, malayatti, mandara, mandarai, mandaram, mantharai, migong thak, minpuli, mugung-glap-gig, mugung-la-phang, nimbede, nimpidi, nimpuli, pakhri, panchawa, pataracam, pedda-ari, ponnan, pounan, pul-ari, pulchinta, pul-dondra, pulichinta, pulikogelepukke, pulishinta, puliyatti, pulladanda, pullagoddukura, pullaninta, pullare, pullukoilapukku, purol, sappara, sehara, seheda, shadhu, shadloo, tenga kotna, tenga kotra, tumpup, vattatti, vellathi, vellatthi, waithur

See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 42(2): 73. 1873, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 6, 13: 317. 1882, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(47): 373. 1883, Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 3: 83. 1885, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 314. 1889 and North American Flora 23(4): 217. 1930, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 22(3): 143. 1940, Bioresource Technology 95(2): 229–233. 2004, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146(4): 486–498. 2007, Food and Chemical Toxicology 47(2): 303–308. 2009

in Nepal: aambu, amli taki, gumbati, taki kural, tangi, tanki

in South America: flamboyant blanco, pata de vaca, varital

in the Philippines: alambangbang, alibangbang, balibamban, kalibanbang

in Sri Lanka: kobonila

Bauhinia microstachya (Raddi) J.F. Macbr. (Bauhinia bahiensis Bong.; Bauhinia gentlei Lundell; Bauhinia lagesiana Harms; Bauhinia langsdorffiana Bong.; Bauhinia langsdorffiana Bong. var. bahiensis (Bong.) Benth.; Bauhinia microstachya (Raddi) J.F. Macbr. var. bahiensis (Bong.) J.F. Macbr.; Bauhinia scandens L.; Bauhinia spicata Koenig ex Wallich; Bauhinia spicata Vogel; Bauhinia tomentosa Vell.; Bauhinia vogeliana Steud.; Phanera microstachya (Raddi) L.P. Queiroz; Schnella microstachya Raddi; Schnella microstachya Raddi var. bahiensis (Bong.) A. Schmitz; Schnella spicata (Vogel) A. Schmitz) South America. Perennial climbing shrub See Memoria di Matematica e di Fisica della Società Italiana del Scienze Residente in Modena, Parte contenente le Memorie di Fisica 18: 412. 1820 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 22. 1919, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63(2): 346–354. 1977, Darwiniana 27: 527–557. 1986, Neodiversity: A Journal of Neotropical Biodiversity 1(1): 6. 2006 (Stems used as fish poison.) Bauhinia monandra Kurz (Bauhinia kappleri Sagot; Bauhinia klugii Standl.; Bauhinia krugii Urban; Bauhinia porosa Baill.; Bauhinia porosa Boivin ex Baillon; Bauhinia punctiflora Baker; Bauhinia richardiana Voight; Bauhinia subrotundifolia sensu auct.; Caspareopsis monandra (Kurz) Britton & Rose; Caspariopsis monandra (Kurz) Britton & Rose) Burma, India. Perennial non-climbing tree, original native area uncertain but perhaps America

(Antioxidant, genotoxic, hypoglycemic, cytotoxic, insecticidal, used for the treatment of diabetes.) in English: butterfly-flower, Jerusalem-date, pink bauhinia, pink butterfly tree in Madagascar: bagnaka, banaka, banakafotsy, hotrombengy, hotronaomby, kitrombaingy, kotonomby, ontrombengy, trokombengy, vaksotro, zondala

Bauhinia petersiana Bolle Tropical Africa. Many-branched, perennial, scandent, spreading to semi-erect, shrub or small tree, umbrella-like, scented white flowers, crinkly petals, woody dehiscent pods eaten either roasted or boiled, seeds can be eaten green, widely browsed by livestock, in Brachystegia-Combretum woodland, open grassland See Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 1: 24. 1861 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 43(3–4): 385. 1973, Kew Bulletin 30: 593–595. 1975, Kew Bulletin 37(2): 236. 1982 (For ear complaints, epilepsy. Roots infusion to treat dysmenorrhea and female infertility; decoction of the macerated roots drunk for diarrhea, fever, internal body pains and stomachache. Pounded leaves mixed with salt are boiled and the warm liquid sprinkled on wounds to promote healing; leaves boiled in water a remedy for colds and cough, the steam inhaled and the liquid swallowed when it has cooled. Magic, for spirit illness.) in English: camel’s foot, coffee neat’s foot, Kalahari white bauhinia, wild coffee bean in Malawi: mpandula in Tanzania: ikalakata, ipetambogo, itomonji, itugutu, mpetalupe, mtefya, mtugutu, petambogo Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn. (Bauhinia benthamii Bedd.; Bauhinia phoenicea Heyne ex Wall.; Bauhinia phoenicea Heyne ex Wight & Arn.; Phanera phoenicea (Wight & Arn.) Benth.) India. Shrub, perennial climber, liana, tendrils absent

552

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5800. 1831 and Journal of Basic Microbiology 45(3): 230–235. 2005, Engineering in Life Sciences 6(5): 515–520. 2006 (Antimicrobial, antifungal.) in India: kembattu balli, kembattuballi, kempayataballi, kempu yatha balli Bauhinia purpurea L. (Bauhinia castrata Blanco; Bauhinia castrata Hassk.; Bauhinia coromandeliana DC.; Bauhinia platyphylla Span.; Bauhinia platyphylla Zipp. ex Spanoghe; Bauhinia purpurea var. corneri de Wit; Bauhinia purpurea var. violacea de Wit; Bauhinia retusa Poir.; Bauhinia rosea Corner; Bauhinia triandra Roxb.; Bauhinia violacea Corner; Caspareopsis purpurea (L.) Pittier; Phanera purpurea Benth.; Phanera purpurea (L.) Benth.) Himalayas, India. Tree, perennial, non-climbing, buds and flowers cooked and pickled, young tender leaves and fruits cooked as vegetable, roasted seeds edible, leaves for fodder See Species Plantarum 1: 375. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1(2): 599–600. 1811, Hort. Bengal. 31. 1814, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5797. 1831, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 331. 1837, Linnaea 15: 201. 1841, Flora 25(2, Beibl.): 54. 1842, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 262. 1852, Annales Botanices Systematicae 2(3): 448. 1852 and Cat. Fl. Venez. 1: 363. 1945 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Root bark poisonous. Leaf juice, mixed with onion juice, given to treat stones in gall bladder, leprosy, irregular menstruation, gastrointestinal disorders. Bark juice astringent, given in diarrhea and dysentery; bark pounded by stone tools and sprinkled on sores of smallpox; paste of bark against arthritis, applied on forehead to relieve headache; fine bark paste eaten for asthma, insect bite and chest pain; bark and flower buds for diarrhea. Flowers laxative. Flowers buds and flowers given for dysentery, indigestion; bark and flowers for diarrhea. Root carminative, applied in cuts and bruises. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, spiritual and emotional, the bark used to keep evil spirits away; contact therapy, a portion of root tied on the arm of the person suffering from hydrocele.) in English: butterfly tree, camel’s foot tree, geranium tree, orchid tree, pink bauhinia, pink butterfly tree, poor man’s orchid, purple bauhinia, purple butterfly tree in Bali: bungan glauka, daun kupu-kupu (kupu-kupu = butterfly), kembang sabita in India: acanomantarai, acanomantaraimaram, acuvacampurappu, akilu, apta, arelu, aroe, arputaveni, ashta, atmatti, atthi, banne, basavanapadu, bodanta, bodanta chettu, borodo, camarikah, chingthao angangba, chovanna-mandaru, chovannamandaru, cikappu mantarai, compucikam, compucikamaram, cuvannamandaram, dev kanchan, deva, deva kaanchana, deva-kanchan, deva-kasla, devakaanchanamu, devakanchan, devakanjanamu, devakunchun, devana kanchana, dhondhar, dieng long, dundra, gairal,

guiral, gurial, jhinjhora, kaanchanamu, kachnar, kailari, kalarviluti, kalavilaccai, kalavilaichi, kalaviluti, kaliaar, kaliar, kancan-kacnar, kancanarah, kanchan, kanchana, kanchanam, kanchanar, kanchivaala, kanchivala, kanchuvaala, kancivala, kandan, kaniar, kanjanamu, kanjivala, karal, karalli, karar, karial, karuppumantarai, kattu mantarai, kempu kanchivaala, kempu kanchuvaala, kempu mandaara, kempukanchavala, kempukancivala, kempukanjivala, kempumandaara, kempumandara, kenchna, keolar, keolari, khairwaal, khairwal, khairwal papri, kodel, kodwari, koilaara, koilar, koilari, koinar, koival, kolar, koliar, kovidaara, kovidara, kovidarah, kudwari, kuneri, kural, kurial, kurul, kwillar, kwiryal, lal kachnar, lal karal, mahayamalapatrakah, makkuna, mancaltarai, mancaltaraimaram, mandara, mandarai, mandaram, mandareh, mandari, mandharai, mantarai, mantharai, mawai, megong, mutiraikkali, nilataru, nilattiruvatti, pedda-are, peddaare, peddare, peddari, periyavatti, petigosh, punkaram, purapicam, ragtachandan, ragthachandan, rakta-kaanchanaara, rakta-kanchan, raktakanchan, raktakovidara, raktapushpakovidara, raktha kaanchan, rakta kanchan, sarul, segappumandarai, sing-aa, singara, singyara, sinhara, sivappu mandaarai, sona, sona chal new, sonachal, sovari, suvannamandaram, swetakancanara, tambdo-apto, tamrapuspah, uleppe, ulipe, ulittikam, vanaraja, vau-fa-vang, vaube, vaufavang, weiben tong in Indonesia: kembang kupu-kupu (kupu-kupu = butterfly) in Japan: murasaki-soshin-ka in Nepal: khwairalo, tanki in Philippines Isl.: alibangban, alibanban in Sri Lanka: kolar in Tibet: go bi da rap, ko bi da ra, ko bid drid Bauhinia racemosa Lam. (Bauhinia parviflora Vahl; Bauhinia racemosa Vahl, nom. illeg.; Piliostigma racemosa (Lam.) Benth.; Piliostigma racemosum (Lam.) Benth.) Sub-Himalaya, India, South Asia. Small perennial nonclimbing tree, crooked, bushy, drooping branches, small flowers eaten, flat pods, seeds dried and ground into flour for making bread See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 390. 1785, Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 55, pl. 62. 1794, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 262. 1852 and Helv. Chim. Acta 74, 791–799. 1991, Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University 33: 59–65. 1995, Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University 38: 93–97. 2000, Indian J. Chem. 41B, 1321–1322. 2002, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 25: 1070–1076. 2004, Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3: 12–20. 2004, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 38(7): 1015–1024. 2005, Arch. Pharm. Res. 31(12): 1525–1529. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant cytotoxic, antioxidant, hypotensive, hypothermic, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antifungal, antimicrobial. Stem bark astringent, blood purifier, cholagogue, antiinflammatory, CNS depressant,

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

postpartum remedy, antioxidant and antimicrobial, used in the treatment of headache, gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, fever, skin and blood diseases, tumors, dysentery and diarrhea; paste of fresh bark applied to swellings and in stomachache; bark extract given after meals for indigestion; bark extract of Woodfordia fruticosa along with extract of barks of Oroxylum indicum, Mangifera indica, Bauhinia racemosa and Dalbergia lanceolaria given for jaundice. Root bark decoction wormicide. Gum used to treat diarrhea. Leaves analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, astringent, for diarrhea; leaves decoction for headache and malaria; leaves paste applied on headache. Fresh flower buds antiulcer and for cough. Seed antibacterial. Veterinary medicine, leaf juice given to lamb for diarrhea. Ritual, leaves as a symbol of gold, offered to God and friends; tree worshipped by the Hindus during Dushehra festival. Contact therapy, stem bark as a necklace worn to cure conjunctivitis. Seeds and bark extract used as fish poison and insecticide.) in English: bidi-leaf tree in India: aapata, aapataa, aapta, aaptha mara, aapto, aaralu, aare, aathi chedi, achilu, ada, adaviyavise, adiviyavise, aishuy, amlalota, anupushpak, anupushpaka, apata, apta, ar, ara, araginda, arai, aralukadumandara, aralumandara, aram, arambuli, archi, are, arechettu, areka, arelu, ari, arichettu, arikka, arilumandara, arise, arisele, arisile, arjuna, arjunada, arsilu, arthi, arti, ashmantak, ashmantaka, ashta, asintro, asitra, asitranaparda, asmantaka, asmantakah, asoda, asotaro, asundra, asundro, athi, atthi, atti, aupta, ayata, ban raj, ban raji, bannae, banne, bannemara, banraj, banraji, beriju, candrakah, chitaachi, dhorara, dondra, ghila, goddari, guli-anehnal, gurial, hatera, hetri, ishae, iyuta, jezya, jhanjhora, jhinghora, jhinja, jhinjero, jhinjha, jhinjheri, jhinza, jhira, kaadumandaara, kachnaala, kachnaar, kachnal, kachnar, kanchini, kanchnal, kanchwala, kancivala, kanraja, karal, karial, kitacha, kittarasa, kittarisa, kitthirasa, kitunasa, kodavapuli, kokku mandarai, kokkumantharai, konchana, koryale, kotapuli, kovidara, kusali, kushali, maila, makkuna, malai-atthi, malayathi, manchare, manchiyaare, mandara, mandarai, mandaram, manjiyare, marvil maula, mayila, pachaare, pachare, papri, poast kachnal, sahata, sallagi, seta, seyara, shiara, shida, shlashnatvaka, sirhata, sittacha, slaksnatvak, sonan, sone (= gold), sonpatta, svetakanchan, svetakanchana, tadagi, vana sampige, vanaraja, vanasampige, vanraja, vattatthi, vellai mantarai, yamalapatraka, yamalapatrakah, yugmapatra Bauhinia roxburghiana Voigt (Bauhinia emarginata G. Don) India. Perennial non-climbing tree See Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 254. 1845 (Blood dysentery.) in India: kachan

553

Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Adenolobus rufescens (Lam.) A. Schmitz; Bauhinia adansoniana Guill. & Perrott.; Piliostigma rufescens (Lam.) Benth.) Ghana, Nigeria, Sahel. Perennial non-climbing small trees and shrubs, papery glaucous leaves, flowers greenish-yellow to white and pale pink in few-flowered racemes, fruits edible to humans and animal, leaves and shoots valuable forage, can be planted on dunes, provides a good impenetrable browseresistant live fence See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 391. 1785 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 43(3–4): 399. 1973, Phytochemistry 55(4): 349– 352. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(2): 127–137. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): 625–629. 2007 (Antiplasmodial, leafy stems decoction for malaria. Crude bark to treat dysentery, smallpox and diarrhea; bark of the roots and trunk to cure chest complaints, syphilis and other venereal diseases, leprosy, diarrhea and dysentery and to reduce fever. Roots astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, decoction for conjunctivitis. Leaves antiinflammatory, cholagogue, stomachic, for cancers, skin diseases, eyes problems, conjunctivitis, ophthalmia, diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache, gingivitis; powder of dry leaves and fruits for skin diseases. Veterinary medicine, antiseptic, wound healing, leaves decoction after delivery; leaves and fruits to increase milk production and abortion.) in Arabic: kharoub, kulkul, kulkuli in Burkina Faso: ti pohega in Mali: cartu-baleejo, geseme, namali, sa-dela, sa-delle, séségéré, sifile iri in Niger: dirga, jiga, jirga, nammare, nammarehi, nammary, shishi, sisi, taedaeyni in Nigeria: disga, matsagi, matsattsagi in Senegal: cartu-baleejo, mamadi, namari, namariyel, nammare, rand, randa in Sudan: kulkul in Togo: nator Bauhinia scala-simiae Sandwith Guyana, Venezuela. Woody climber, scrambling, ladder-like stem flattened and pocketed, axillary racemes, corolla yellowish-white with brown veins, flat pod densely rusty-tomentose See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1931(7): 362–363. 1931, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 15(1): 112–128. 1966 (Decoction or infusion tonic, aphrodisiac; decoction useful for backache.)

554

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

in Guyana: hikuri tarafo, monkey ladder, turtle step Bauhinia scandens L. (Bauhinia anguina Roxb.; Bauhinia anguina Roxb. var. horsfieldii (Miq.) Prain; Bauhinia debilis Hassk.; Bauhinia horsfieldii (Miq.) J.F. Macbr.; Bauhinia piperifolia Roxb.; Bauhinia scandens Burm. f.; Bauhinia scandens Roxb.; Bauhinia scandens Blanco; Bauhinia scandens Sessé & Moc.; Bauhinia scandens L. var. anguina (Roxb.) H. Ohashi; Bauhinia scandens var. horsfieldii (Miq.) K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen; Lasiobema anguina (Roxb.) Miq.; Lasiobema anguina (Roxb.) Korth. ex Miq.; Lasiobema anguinum (Roxb.) Miq.; Lasiobema scandens (L.) de Wit; Lasiobema scandens var. horsfieldii (Miq.) de Wit; Phanera bifoliata Miq.; Phanera debilis (Hassk.) Miq.; Phanera scandens (L.) Raf.) India, Bhutan, Sumatra. Perennial climbing shrub, lianas with tendrils, stems carried by the mendicants to keep off serpents See Species Plantarum 1: 374. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 94. 1768, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 31. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 328. 1824, Flora de Filipinas 332. 1837, Sylva Telluriana 122. 1838, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 71. 1855, Flora Mexicana 99. 1894 and Reinwardtia 3: 427. 1956, Enum. Flow. Pl. Nep. 2: 108. 1979, Journal of Japanese Botany 63(4): 159. 1988, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 17: 693–696. 1993, J. Natal. Bot. See. 54: 33–36. 2000, Indian Jour. Environ and Ecoplanning 6(2): 363–365. 2002, Industrial Crops and Products 27(1): 39–43. 2008

Bauhinia semla Wunderlin (Bauhinia retusa Roxb.; Bauhinia retusa Roxb. ex DC., nom. illeg.; Bauhinia retusa Ham.; Bauhinia retusa F. Hamilton ex Roxburgh; Bauhinia retusa Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., nom. illeg.; Bauhinia retusa Poir.; Bauhinia semla (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Wunderlin; Lasiobema retusum (Roxb.) de Wit; Lasiobema retusum de Wit; Phanera retusa Benth.; Phanera retusa (Roxb.) Benth.) Himalayas, India. Perennial non-climbing tree, leaves as fodder, flower buds as vegetable See Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … (Lamarck) Supplément 1(2): 599–600. 1811, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 31. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 515. 1825, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 322. 1832, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 263. 1852 and Reinwardtia 3: 538. 1956, Taxon 25(2–3): 362. 1976, Biologiske Skrifter 28: 24. 1987 (Used in Sidha. Plant astringent, antidysenteric, anthelmintic. Root bark decoction vermifuge, used for liver problems and gastrointestinal disorders. Gum diuretic, emmenagogue, astringent, applied to sores. Fruit diuretic. Seed hypoglycemic, tonic, aphrodisiac, a paste applied to wounds, snake and scorpions bites.) in English: semla gum

in English: snake climber

in India: are, birnju, bunju, chekera, choari, chyakakuryal, dhondra, goddari, goddu yaade, goddukoora, goddukura, godduyaare, godduyara, godduyare, gondi, gwayral, jhinjit, kaamaun, kaimu, kanadi, kanalla, kandiawa, kandla, kandlao, kangali, kanla, kanlao, kanloo, karial, kasini, kathmahuli, katman, katmauli, koilar, koiral, kuayral, kural, kwayral, laba, laoa, makarokranda, nirapa, nirapaayamu, nirapayamu, nirpa, panki, semalaa, semla, semla gond, tewar, thaur, twar

in India: deo-jokhola, mei-lang-rih, naga-mu-valli, nagavalli, nagbaele, zong-lei-lon

Bauhinia sirindhorniae K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen (for HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn.)

Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. (Phanera semibifida (Roxb.) Benth.; Phanera semibifida Benth.)

Thailand. Climber

(Antitumour, antifungal and antibacterial compound from the leaves.)

Indonesia. Perennial climbing shrub See Hort. Bengal. 31. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 330. 1832, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 263. 1852 (Roots decoction drunk for cough.) in Borneo: daun bedaub Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. semibifida (Bauhinia borneensis Merr.; Phanera sumatrana Miq.) Indonesia. Perennial climbing shrub See Hort. Bengal. 31. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 330. 1832 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 78. 1916 (Stem sap drunk for cough. Roots decoction drunk for cough.) in Borneo: akar ruki, daun bedaub

See Nordic J. Bot. 17(2): 113–118. 1997, Natural Medicines 57(4): 150–153. 2003, Thai Journal of Health Research 19(1): 13–18. 2005, Chiang Mai Medical Bulletin 44(1): 1–12. 2005 (Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic and free radical scavenging activities. Dried roots and stems used to cure boils and skin diseases.) in English: bauhinia vine in Thailand: sam sip song pra dong Bauhinia tomentosa L. (Alvesia bauhinioides Welw.; Alvesia tomentosa (L.) Britton & Rose; Bauhinia pubescens DC.; Bauhinia tomentosa Wall.; Bauhinia tomentosa Vell.;; Bauhinia tomentosa var. glabrata Hook.f.; Bauhinia volkensii Taub; Bauhinia wituensis Harms; Pauletia tomentosa (L.) Schmitz) Southern India. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, yellow paired flowers, pointed pods

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

See Species Plantarum 1: 375. 1753, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5790 F-G. 1831, Apontamentos Phytogeographicos 1858: 587, n. 47. 1859, Botanical Magazine pl. 5560. 1866 and North American Flora 23(4): 208. 1930, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 43: 393. 1973 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark decoction astringent, antidysenteric, in diarrhea, worms, dysentery and liver troubles; bruised bark applied to wounds; bark infusion as an astringent gargle. Root bark vermifuge, a decoction prescribed for liver diseases. Fruit diuretic; seeds for wound healing, snakebite, poisonous animals and scorpion sting. Leaves for headache and malaria. Dried leaves, buds and flowers used in dysentery. Young pods diuretic.) in English: bauhinia, bell bauhinia, bush neat’s foot, butterfly tree, hairy bauhinia, St. Thomas tree, yellow bauhinia, yellow butterfly tree, yellow tree bauhinia in East Africa: muandia, mulema (Kamba), murema (Kikuyu), musaponi (Swahili) in Southern Africa: bosbeesklou; isiThibathibana (Zulu) in Uganda: ogal, ogali in India: aane paada, adavimandaaramu, adavimandaramu, aptu, ar, aram, asmantaka, asundro, aswamantaka, aticaracanti, atthi, atti, caat attie poo, campucayanam, campuccayanamaram, canschena-pou, canschenapou, chamel, chan, chanscheha, ciriyattimaram, ciruvatti, citapattira, cupattiram, cuttacamikam, cuttacamikamaram, devakaanchanamu, devakanjanamu, esamaduga, halduem-kanchan, halduvoapto, ilakkappattiram, intucapari, iruvaji, kaadathi, kaadu mandaara, kaadu mandara, kaccattiram, kachnaar, kachnar, kadarti, kadatti, kaha-petan, kalakikam, kalakikamaram, kallarti, kallatti, kancanappu, kancanapu, kancanarah, kancani, kanchan, kanchana, kanchanappu, kanchani, kanchena, kanchini, kancini, kanjanam, kanjani, kanjelapa, kanjini, karanaapu, karanasupu, karanosupu, karunakatti, karunakattimram, katarti, kattathi, kattathipoo, kattatti, kattuathi, kattumandarai, kattumantarai, kincikam, kokkumandarai, kovidarah, kovita, kovitamaram, kovitaram, kucavicam, kuttalakam, kuttalam, kuzhakkala, malaimantarai, mandaara, mandara, mandaram, maniyatti, mulacalacayam, paalepi, palepi, perumuntini, perumuntinimaram, petan, phalgu, pilo asundro, pita kanchana, pita kovidaara, pitakancanara, pitakanchana, pitapuspah, pivala kunchan, pivalakonchan, sampage, siruvatti, suvarnarah, tataki, tava, tintukam, tintukanka, tintukim, tiraviyaputtiram, tiruvaatti, tiruvalai, tiruvatti, toyancupattiram, ushmadugha, usmadugha, utika, utikamaram, vana sampage gida, vanacampanki, vanasampage, vanasampagegida, vanasampige, yukapattirakam, yukapattiram, yukavattirakam, yukavattirakamaram Malay name: kupu-kupu Bauhinia urbaniana Schinz (Bauhinia urbaniana Passarge; Perlebia urbaniana (Schinz) A. Schmitz)

555

Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, and Kalahari. Perennial non-climbing small shrub or treelet, pinkish purple flowers, on red loamy sand of omurambas See Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden Länder 30: 169. 1888 (Cut fresh roots cooked in water and the decoction taken as a tonic for adults in case of any sickness. The dried powdered roots mixed with vaseline and babies are rubbed with the mixture as a protection against sickness.) in English: pink bauhinia, sand neat’s foot in Namibia: dukudunih in South Africa: sandbeesklou Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. (Bauhinia racemosa Vahl; Bauhinia racemosa Lam.; Bauhinia vahlii Fern.-Vill.; Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.) Benth.; Phanera vahlii Benth.) Tropical Himalaya, India. Perennial climbing tree, robust, giant, strong, straggling, flowers yellow or white, woody dehiscent rusty velvety pod, foliage as fodder, seeds fried in butter and eaten See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 390. 1785, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) iii. 56. t. 62. 1794, Catalogue of Indian Plants 38. 1833, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 297. 1834, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 262–263. 1852, Flora de Filipinas … Novissima Appendix ad Floram Philippinarum. 72. Manila, 1880 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50(2): 97–102. 1996, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 14(3 & 4): 175–184. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda. Powdered stem bark prescribed for amenorrhea. Seeds aphrodisiac, antibacterial, tonic, vermifuge; seed paste applied to treat boils. Root juice applied to cuts and wounds; root paste given with water in dysentery and gastrointestinal disorders. Leaves demulcent and mucilaginous. Root with fruit of Aegle marmelos and Madhuca longifolia boiled and given in malaria; powdered root with Leucas nutans given in snakebite. Magico-religious beliefs, tribal wear the tendrils as safeguard against any evil activities of witches; the sacred thread Pavornonde is made from its fibre. Veterinary medicine, flowers of Bauhinia vahlii mixed with rhizome of Zingiber officinale and seeds of pepper pounded and given to treat fever of animals.) in English: adda leaf, camel’s foot climber, maloo climber, malu creeper in India: aadathige, aanepaada, adattige, adda, adda teega, addaku, addatiga, addatige, ane-padu, anepadu, anipadu, aptavel, asmantaka, baro lara, basaanapadaduga, basaanapadadugu, chambal, chambeli, chambil, chambuli, chambura, charbor, chearo-chal, chehur, chihor, chihurlata, hepparige, jallaur, jallur, jom, kambihoo, kambihu, kambu, kat, koja, koya, kural sak, tumandarai, madapu, madapu tige, madaputiga, mahualan, mahul, mahulan, mahul patta, mahulang,

556

Bauhinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae, Leguminosae)

majaup, malanjhana, malghan, maljan, maljhan, malo, malu, maulein, mandarai, maurain, medapu, nehurain, miljan, mohlain, mohlin, mottanvalli, mudupu, murva, nak kati lewa, parkay tige, parutakulu tige, patal pata, patal patra, paur, paur bela, paurtoda, sahare, sealimar, shimool, siadi, siali, sihar, taur, tor, tour

paste applied to skin diseases, muscular pain and swelling, cuts and wounds; bark decoction blood purifier, given orally for skin eruptions; stem bark paste taken orally for dysentery and stomachache. Root bark decoction used for lessening fatness. Roots decoction in dyspepsia, dysentery and flatulence; roots juice given in snakebite. Boiled seed juice in jaundice.)

in Nepal: bhorla, madhan, makalo, mal saapha, maldhan, malu

in English: camel’s foot, Florida tree, mountain ebony, orchid tree, poor man’s orchid tree, red bauhinia, St. Thomas’ tree, variegated bauhinia, variegated orchid tree

in Pakistan: taur Bauhinia variegata L. (Bauhinia alba hort.; Bauhinia chinensis Vogel; Bauhinia decora Uribe; Bauhinia variegata var. alboflava de Wit; Bauhinia variegata var. candida (Aiton) Corner; Bauhinia variegata var. candida Voigt; Bauhinia variegata var. chinensis DC.; Phanera variegata (L.) Benth.; Phanera variegata Benth.) India, South Asia. Deciduous tree, perennial, non-climbing, flowers white or pink-purple, axillary racemes, flat dehiscent glabrous pods, buds and flowers cooked and pickled, tender fruits cooked as vegetable or pickled, seeds fried and eaten, leaves for fodder See Species Plantarum 1: 375. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 37. 1790, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 514. 1825, Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia Ephemerides sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta 19(Suppl. 1): 42. 1843, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 262. 1852 and Flora de Antioquia 193. 1941, Caldasia 4(18): 211–213. 1946, Reinwardtia 3: 411. 1956, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25(2): 30. 1975, Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1979, Listados Floristicos de Mexico 1: 47–61 and 2: 31–38. 1983, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 58(5): 194–196. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89(1): 107– 109. 2003, Biodivers. & Conserv. 13: 459. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(3): 407–409. 2006, Yakugaku Zasshi 127: 1503–1507. 2007, PTR. Phytotherapy Research 22(7): 957–962. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Non-woody aerial parts for inflammatory conditions; leaves antifungal, antibacterial, in skin diseases. Dried buds for diarrhea, worms, dysentery, piles, stomach disorders. Flower juice applied to treat boils; flowers for dysentery and gastrointestinal disorders; flower with sugar is laxative; dried flower buds used for diarrhea, dysentery and bleeding piles; fresh flowers used as mild laxative. Bark, flowers and roots for Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma, dysentery, diarrhea, skin diseases, rectal prolapse, diabetes, inflammations, worms, tumors, hemorrhoids, astringent to the bowel, chemopreventive, tonic to the liver, hypoglycemic, antitumor and cytotoxic. Roots and bark astringent, vulnerary, antiinflammatory, acrid, depurative, anthelmintic, cooling. Bark hepatoprotective, antimalarial, astringent, anthelmintic, tonic; fresh bark juice with the juice of the flowers of Strobilanthes sp. given as an expectorant; bark powder to treat mumps, bark juice anthelmintic, astringent, for diarrhea and dysentery, to remove intestinal worm; bark

in China: lao bai hua in India: akatuti, aranpucaikkerramaram, aranpucaimaram, arishina thaega, arisinantige, arjuna, arsantega, ashmantaka, asphota, ayata, ayisha, barial, bhumij, bilikanchavala, bilikanchivala, bilikancivala, bilikanjivala, boda, bodanta, bodantham, calacacankati, camarika, cekappumantarai, cemmantarai, cempuvatti, cevappumantarai, cevvarattinam, chamari, chamarika, champavidala, chingthao-angouba, chommandara, chovanna-mandaru, chovannamandaree, chovannamandaru, chuvanna-mandaram, chuvanna mandram, chuvannamandaram, chuvannamandari, chuvannamundiri, civappumantarai, cuvannamandaram, cuvannamandram, daevakaanchanamu, daevakanchanamu, darichiksam, deva kanchanamu, devakancanamu, devakanchanam, devakanchanamu, devakanjanamu, dhak, dieng, dieng long, dieng tharlong, gandari, gandhaari, girija, goriyal, gueral, guiral, gurial, gwiar, inku-araung, irattakancanam, irkubalitu, irkumbalithu, irkumbalitu, jhinjero, kaanchana, kaanchanaar guggulu, kaanchanaara, kaanchanaaraka, kaanchanamu, kaanchnar chaal, kacanara, kachan, kachanar, kachnar, kachnar chal, kachnar chhal, kachnar ki chhal, kacini, kammukari, kammukarimaram, kanakaprabha, kanaraj, kancanakam, kancanamu, kancanar, kancanara, kancanarah, kancanaraka, kanchan, kanchana, kanchanak, kanchanala, kanchanar, kanchanara, kanchanarah, kanchanaraka, kanchivala, kanchivalado, kanchiyalapada, kanchnar, kanchnar chal, kanchuval, kanchuvala, kanchvaala, kancivala, kandan, kandul, kaniar, kanjanamu, kanjivala, kantaputpam, kantar, karaka, karal, karalabhogi, karalbogi, karbudara, karial, karyalo, kavidara, kempu kanchivaala, kempu mandara, kempukancivala, kempukancivalada, kempukanjivala, kempumandar, kempumandara, khairwal, khwairaal, khwairai, kochnarphul, kogilepukka, koilar, koliar, konar, kondaalka, kondalka, kongu, kongumandaram, konnu, konnumandaram, kotora, kovidar, kovidara, kovidarah, kovidaram, kovindaara, kuddala, kuddalah, kuddara, kuli, kundali, kuni, kunkumaccemmantarai, kunkumamantari, kuntalam, kural, kurol, kwaru, madapaku, mahapushpa, malaiyatti, malayakatti, mandaara, mandara, mandaara, mandarai, mandaram, mandare, mandari, mandharai, mantarai, manthaaram, maramantarai, migong, mundari, murva, nattumantarai, padrian, pakari, palukam, palukamaram, palupam, papri, pattumantarai, pedama, peddaare, periyavatti, perumantarai, phumpe, plah, potattam, pulikogelapukka, rakta-kanchan, raktakanchan, raktakanchana, raktapushpa, rakthakanchan, rimsi, segappumanchori, segappumandarai,

557

Beaumontia Wallich Apocynaceae

segappumandrai, segapu manchori, segapu-munthari, semmandarai, seyadla, shemmandarai, sigappu-mandarai, sigappu mandaraii, shonapushpaka, sivappumanchori, sonapushpaka, suvannamandaram, suvarnara, svalpakesari, tamiram, tampiraputpi, tamrapushpa, tego, thaur, uddalaka, ulipa, ulipe, ulpe, unna, unnu, utipa, vataraci, vau-be, vau-favang, vaube, vaufavang, vaufawang, vellaippuvatti, vennatti, yamalachhada, yamalapatrakah, yugapatraka, yugmapatra, yugmapatrah in Lepcha: kachik koong in Nepal: aambu, koiralo, puwangma, takki

in Nepal: nagbeli Bauhinia winitii Craib (Lysiphyllum winitii (Craib) de Wit) Thailand. Shrub, climbing, perennial, leaves arranged spirally, unbranched raceme See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1924(3): 95–96. 1924, Reinwardtia 3: 431, 434. 1956, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(2): 214–217. 2008 (Astringent bark. Aphrodisiac, neurotonic, PDE (Phospho­ diesterases) inhibitory activity.) in Thailand: khiunang, oraphim

in N. Rhodesia: msekese Bauhinia variegata L. var. candida Voigt (Bauhinia alba Wall.; Bauhinia alba Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Bauhinia candida Aiton; Bauhinia candida Roxb.; Bauhinia variegata var. alboflava de Wit; Bauhinia variegata var. candida (Aiton) Buch.-Ham.; Bauhinia variegata var. candida (Roxb.) Voigt, nom. illeg.; Bauhinia variegata var. candida (Roxb.) Corner) China, Pacific. Deciduous tree See Hort. Kew. ii. (1789) 49. 1789, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13(2): 497. 1822, Numer. List [Wallich] sub n. 5796. 1831–1832, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 318–319. 1832, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 253. 1845 and Reinwardtia 3: 412. 1956, Pharmacological Research 52(3): 229–233. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Flower juice taken to treat dysentery, diarrhea and stomachache; buds decoction given in piles and against tumors. Bark astringent, anthelmintic, tonic, antioxidant, used externally in scrofula and skin diseases; bark powder to treat mumps, bark juice for diarrhea and dysentery, bark paste applied to cuts and wounds.) in English: Buddhist bauhinia, white butterfly tree in India: kachnar, kowidarah Bauhinia wallichii J.F. Macbr. (Bauhinia macrostachya (Benth.) Baker; Bauhinia macrostachya Benth.; Bauhinia macrostachya Wallich ex Baker; Bauhinia macrostachya Wall., nom. nud.; Bauhinia melanophylla Merr.; Phanera macrostachya Benth.; Phanera wallichii (J.F. Macbr.) Thoth.) India. Perennial climbing shrub See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5774. 1831, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(10): 96. 1840, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 262. 1852, The Flora of British India 2(4): 281. 1878 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 23. 1919 (Used in skin diseases and lesions.) in China: yuan ye yang ti jia in India: gandhagila, gundagilla, jong-rak-kal-hring-rang, makhori ghila, nagbeli, ram jakhola, ran jakhola

Beaumontia Wallich Apocynaceae For Lady Diane Beaumont (of Bretton Hall near Sheffield, Yorks), sent plants to N. Wallich at Calcutta Botanic Garden; see Wallich, Nathaniel (1786–1854), Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae: consisting of botanical descriptions and lithographic figures of select Nipal plants. Calcutta: Asiatic Lithographic Press, 1826, Tent. Fl. Nep. 14–16. t. 7. 1824 and Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 59. London 1994, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, Darwiniana 44(2): 453–489. 2006, Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184. 2009. Beaumontia brevituba Oliv. China. Liana, white flowers See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 16(4): t. 1582. 1887 [1886–1887 publ. Jun 1887] and Phytochemistry 29(6): 1961–1965. 1990, Planta Medica 58(5): 429–431. 1992, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 21(8–9): 1515–1519. 2005 (Cytotoxic activity of cardenolides, from the stems.) in China: duan chang hua Beaumontia grandiflora Wallich (Beaumontia longiflora Hook.f.; Beaumontia longifolia Lodd. ex Loudon; Chonemorpha grandiflora (Roth) G. Don; Echites grandiflora Roxburgh; Echites grandiflorus Stadelm.; Echites grandiflorus Roxb., nom. illeg., non Echites grandiflorus G. Mey.; Echites grandiflorus Roth, nom. illeg.) Nepal, China, Vietnam. Strong, sprawling clambering woody vine, shrub, evergreen, climbing, twining, suffrutescent at base, white latex, glossy shiny dark green leaves, white cream rather fleshy funnelform flowers, faintly scented or not fragrant See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 182. 1756, Hort. Bengal. 20. 1814, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 131–132. 1818, Pl. Coromandel 3: 78. 1820, Novae Plantarum Species 136. 1821, Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae 1: 14–16, pl. 7. 1824, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 14. 1832, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 286.

558

1834, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 76. 1837, Flora 24(1, Beibl. 1): 49–50. 1841, Fl. Brit. India 3: 660. 1882 and Natural Medicines 56: 19. 2002 (Leaves extract showed antiimplantational, antifertility, abortifacient and luteolytic effects.) in English: Easter herald trumpet, Easter lily vine, heralds trumpet, Nepal trumpet flower in China: qing ming hua, pao dan guo in Nepal: swari phool Beaumontia murtonii Craib (Beaumontia fragrans Pierre ex Pitard) China, Pen. Malaysia. Woody vine, fragrant white flowers See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1914(8): 282. 1914, Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 1236. 1933 (Latex used as an arrow poison.) in English: heralds trumpet, Murton herald trumpet, Nepal trumpet flower in China: si mao qing ming hua

Beesia Balf. f. & W.W. Sm. Ranunculaceae See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 63. 1915 Beesia calthifolia (Maximowicz ex Oliver) Ulbrich (Beesia calthifolia Ulbr.; Beesia calthifolia (Maxim.) Ulbr.; Beesia cordata I.B. Balfour & W.W. Smith; Beesia elongata HandelMazzetti; Cimicifuga calthifolia Maximowicz ex Oliver) Myanmar, China. Ground cover, rhizomatous, shiny foliage, small white flowers, short racemes See Genera Plantarum 298, 321. 1763, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 18(2): t. 1746. 1888 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 9(41): 63–64, pl. 148. 1915, Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathmematischenaturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 59: 245. 1922, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu BerlinDahlem 10(98): 872. 1929, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 23: 270–274. 1985, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 37(1): 1–9. 1999, Journal of Natural Products 65(2): 147–152. 2002

Beesia Balf. f. & W.W. Sm. Ranunculaceae

(Rhizomes to treat rheumatic pain, influenza and swelling.) in China: jiao ye tie po luo

Begonia L. Begoniaceae For the French patron of botany Michel Bégon, 1638–1710, Governor of French Canada and San Domingo. See G. Duplessis, Un Curieux du XVIIe siècle. Michel Bégon … Correspondance et documents inédits, recueillis, publiées et annotées par G.D. Avec un portrait. Paris 1874, Georges Duplessis, Un curieux du XVIIè siècle. Michel Bégon, intendant de La Rochelle. Paris 1874, Louis Meschinet de Richemond, Inventaire-sommaire des archives communales antérieures à 1790. Ville de Rochefort. 1877 and Louis Delavaud and Ch. Dangibeaud, Lettres de Michel Bégon, annotées par … Paris 1925–35, Yvonne Bezard, Fonctionnaires maritimes et coloniaux sous Louis XIV. Les Bégon. Paris 1932, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1): 181–202. 1941, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/1): 157–185. 1961, Fl. Madagasc. 144: 1–108. 1983, Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 25(1): 1–131. 1985, Fl. Ecuador. 25: 1–65. 1986, Mark C. Tebbitt, Begonias. Brooklyn Botanic Garden 2005. Begonia annulata K. Koch (Begonia barbata Wall. ex A. DC.; Begonia griffithii Hook.; Platycentrum annulatum (K. Koch) Regel) Himalaya, India. Stipulated stem, inflorescence a few flowered cyme, pinkish perianth, pubescent capsules See Berliner Allg. Gartenzeitung 1: 76. 1837, Bot. Mag. 83: t. 4984. 1857, Gartenflora 8: 15. 1859, Prodr. 15(1): 348. 1864 (Fresh leaf juice applied on leach bite to stop bleeding from the wound.) in India: jabjew, shiltetui Begonia auritistipula Y.M. Shui & W.H. Chen Temperate Asia, China. Flowers pink See Acta Bot. Yunnan. 27(4): 357–359, fig. 2. 2005 (Leaves to circulation.)

relieve

stomachache.

Stimulating

in China: er tuo qiu hai tang

(Rhizomes to treat rheumatic pain, influenza and swelling.)

Begonia baramensis Merr.

in China: dian dou gen, tie po luo

Borneo. Herb, pinkish flowers, red flower stalk

Beesia deltophylla C.Y. Wu (Beesia deltophylla C.Y. Wu ex P.K. Hsiao)

See Sarawak Mus. Journ. iii. 529. 1928

China. Ground cover, rhizomatous, shiny foliage, small white flowers, short racemes See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 9(41): 63–64, pl. 148. 1915, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 27: 91, 604 (Addenda). 1979, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 33(3): 225–229. 1995

blood

(Leaves to relieve stomachache; roots for amenorrhea and snakebites.) Begonia cathcartii Hook. f. & Thomson (Platycentrum cathcartii (Hook. f. & Thomson) Klotzsch; Platycentrum cathcartii Klotzsch) (after John Ferguson (Fergusson) Cathcart, 1802–1851 (Lausanne, Switzerland), Bengal Civil Service, plant collector in India (Darjeeling) and

559

Begonia L. Begoniaceae

South Africa (Cape), amateur botanist; see J.D. Hooker, Illustrations of Himalayan plants chiefly selected from drawings made for the late J.F. Cathcart Esq.re of the Bengal Civil Service. The plates executed by W.H. Fitch. [London 1855] and F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 76. 1989, R. Desmond, The European Discovery of the Indian Flora. Oxford 1992.) Himalaya. See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 18(2): 114, t. 5, f. 1. 1852, Himalayan Plants t. 13. 1855, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 1854: 245. 1855 (Whole plant extract given as febrifuge and in cough and cold.) in India: mangar kanji Begonia crenata Dryand. (Begonia crenata Fisch. ex Walp., nom. inval.) India. Small herbs, tuberous roots See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1: 162, pl. 14, f. 3. 1791, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 2: 217. 1843 (Whole plant juice taken against acidity.) in India: khatadi Begonia cucullata Willd. (Begonia agrial Rojas Acosta; Begonia cucullata var. hookeri (Sweet) L.B. Sm. & B.G. Schub.; Begonia cucullata var. hookeri (A. DC.) L.B. Smith & B.G. Schub.; Begonia cucullata var. hookeri L.B. Sm. & B.G. Schub.; Begonia paludicola C. DC.; Begonia semperflorens Link & Otto; Begonia spatulata Lodd.) South America. See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(1): 414. 1805, Darwiniana 5: 104. 1941 (Antiphlogistic, antibacterial, antispasmodic.) in Japan: shiki-zaki-begoniya

Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 76: 212. 1954 (Juice applied to wounds.) Begonia grandis Otto ex A. DC. (Begonia discolor R. Brown; Begonia erubescens H. Lév. subsp. evansiana (C. Andrews) Irmscher; Begonia evansiana C. Andrews; Begonia grandes Dryand.; Begonia grandis Dryander; Begonia grandis Otto; Knesebeckia discolor (R. Br.) Klotzsch) China. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 1: 163. 1791, Kew Index 5: 284. 1813, Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 4: 349. 1836, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 122. 1854 (Tuberous roots and fruits anodyne, antibacterial, antiphlogistic and antispasmodic; decoction in the treatment of traumatic pain, gonorrhea, postpartum vaginal discharge.) in English: hardy begonia in China: qiu hai tang Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schltdl. (Begonia heracleifolia Schltdl. & Cham.; Begonia heracleifolia var. longipila (Lem.) A. DC.; Begonia heracleifolia var. nigricans Hook.; Begonia heracleifolia var. nigricans (Hook.) A. DC.; Begonia heracleifolia var. punctata F. Cels; Begonia heracleifolia var. sunderbrucki C. Chev.; Begonia heracleifolia var. sunderbrucki Hort. ex C. Chevalier; Begonia jatrophifolia Cels; Begonia jatrophifolia Hort. ex Klotzsch; Begonia longipila Lem.; Begonia nigricans Klotzsch, nom. nud.; Begonia punctata Link & Otto; Begonia radiata Graham; Begonia trigonoptera Sprague; Gireoudia heracleifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) Klotzsch; Gireoudia heracleifolia var. punctata (F. Cels) Klotzsch; Gireoudia heracleifolia var. viridis Klotzsch; Gireoudia punctata (Link & Otto) Klotzsch) Mexico. Herb, perennial, short creeping rhizome, flowers pink

Sierra Leone, Ghana. Herb, pinkish-white flowers, male flowers in lax cymes

See Linnaea 5: 603–604. 1830, Edinburgh Philosophical Journal 1833: 182. 1833, Icones Plantarum Rariorum 1: 16, t. 7. 1840, Journal des Jardins 1842: 104. 1842, Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 125. 1854, Bulletin, University Museum, University of Tokyo 1854: 215. 1855, Botanical Magazine 83: pl. 4983. 1857, L’illustration horticole 8: t. 307. 1861, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 335. 1864 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1921: 218. 1921, Planta Medica 64(4): 385–386. 1998, Economic Botany 54(1): 73–81. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79(1): 129–132. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88(2– 3): 119–124. 2003

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 22: 37. 1895 and

(Antibacterial and antifungal, strong antiproliferative activity towards tumor and immune cells.)

Begonia floccifera Bedd. India. See Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis [Beddome] 1: 23, pl. 111. [1868–1874] (Leaves juice cooling, to cure heart diseases and to reduce body heat.) in India: kalthamarai Begonia fusicarpa Irmsch. (Begonia fusialata Warb.)

560

in English: star begonia, star-leaf begonia Begonia humilis Dryand. (Begonia humilis A. DC.; Begonia lokobeensis Humbert ex Keraudren & Bosser; Begonia lucida Haw.; Begonia meyeniana Walp.; Begonia pavoniana A. DC.; Begonia subhumilis A. DC.) Madagascar, West Indies to Peru and Brazil. See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 353. 1789, Saxifragearum Enumeratio 197. 1821, Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 16, suppl., 2(19, suppl.1) 409. 1843, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 11: 124, 142. 1859 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1): 181–202. 1941, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, sér. 3, 47: 80. 1972 (Herb teas for cough, cold, fever.) Begonia inflata C.B. Clarke India. Succulent herb, flowers in cyme, young shoots eaten as chutney See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 636. 1879 (Plant digestive, stomachic, fresh plant taken for food allergy; plant eaten raw against dysentery and diarrhea; whole plant boiled with the bark of Engelhardia spicata and the liquid drunk for dysentery and piles. Roots decoction drunk as a remedy for genitourinary troubles; crushed root juice taken to cure malaria.) in India: magarkachae, se-khup-thur, sekhupthur Begonia isoptera Dryand. ex Sm. Asia tropical, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia. Herb, creeping, lowland forest See Plantarum Icones Hactenus Ineditae pl. 43. 1790 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(2): 75–95. 1995, Doorenbos, J. et al. “The sections of Begonia.” Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 98–2: 240. 1998, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 43: 74. 2002 (Leaves paste applied to fractures, enlarged spleen.) in Indonesia: reriang Malay name: riang batu Begonia josephii A. DC. India. See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 11: 126. 1859 (For stomachache and indigestion, bulbs eaten raw.) in China: chong chi qiu hai tang in India: chulon derm, jajew Begonia laciniata Roxb. India.

Begonia L. Begoniaceae

See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 68. 1814, Num. List n. 3678B, 1831, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 649. 1832 (Whole plant paste eaten for stomachache and diarrhea.) in India: alikchaba-tasola Begonia longifolia Blume (Begonia aptera Hayata; Begonia crassirostris Irmsch.; Begonia hayatae Gagnep.; Begonia inflata C.B. Clarke; Begonia tricornis Ridl.; Begonia trisulcata (A. DC.) Warb.; Casparya trisulcata A. DC.) India, China. Herb, shrub-like, erect, non-rhizomatous, very short axillary inflorescence, flowers white See Catalogus … 102. 1823, The Flora of British India 2: 636. 1879 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 122–123. 1911, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 25: 282. 1919, Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 10: 513. 1939, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 98–2: 243. 1998, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 43: 85. 2002, Brittonia 55(1): 19–29. 2003 (For stomachache.) in China: cu hui qiu hai tang in India: magarkachae, sekhupthur Begonia magnifolia Noronha Malaya, India. See Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 5(Art. 4): 8. 1790 (Pulp of the stem mixed with fermented millet grain and applied on swellings.) in India: bukuyolo Begonia malabarica Lam. SE Asia. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 393. 1785, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 392. 1864 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79(1): 129–132. 2002 (Antibacterial and antifungal.) in India: minukki, tsjeria-narinampuli Begonia nepalensis (A. DC.) Warb. (Begonia gigantea (A. DC.) Wall. ex C.B. Clarke, nom. superfl.; Begonia gigantea Wall.; Begonia gigantea Wall.; Begonia nepalensis Warb.; Begonia nepalensis var. micropteron (A. DC.) J. Door.; Begonia nepalensis var. micropteron (A. DC.) J. Door. ex F.A. Barkley & Golding; Mezierea nepalensis A. DC. var. micropteron A. DC.) India, Nepal, Himalaya. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3677 B. 1831, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4, 11: 144. 1859, Prodr. (DC.) 15(1): 277. 1864 [May 1864], The Flora of British India

561

Begonia L. Begoniaceae

2: 636, 643. 1879, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 3(6A): 142. 1894 and Check List of Begonia Names 35. 1971, The Species of the Begoniaceae ed. 2: 85. 1974 (Leaf with petiole ground and the juice taken in stomachache; leaf paste with powder of Curcuma longa, white yolk of hen’s egg mixed and made into a paste applied on stomach region against stomachache.) in India: chincharach Begonia palmata D. Don (Begonia palmata Pav. ex A. DC., nom. illeg.)

Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1854: 125. 1854 and Ceiba 1(3): 154. 1950, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/1): 157–185. 1961, Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 25(1): 103–104. 1985 (Sap applied directly to sores of the mouth as an astringent.) Begonia rex Putz. India. See Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe 2: 141, pls. 1255 & 1258. 1857

India, Nepal. Stem used a vegetable

(Calcium oxalate crystals. Plant juice poisonous to leeches; the juice given to relieve headaches.)

See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 223. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 307. 1864

in English: elephant’s ear, king begonia, painted-leaf begonia

(Root decoction drunk for fever and liver complaints. Stem used orally to relieve cough and cold; twigs and leaves chewed and the juice swallowed for urinary troubles; stem and leaves eaten raw as an antidote for poisoning and vomiting; leaves and leafstalk taken to treat throat congestion and pain, cold and fever.)

in China: da wang qiu hai tang in India: lalruanga-dar-nawhna, thunyu-no in Japan: ôba-begoniya Begonia roxburghii A. DC.

in India: alampua, baya, bayia, hurmaw, teisu

India. Succulent herb, rootstock, toothed ovate leaves, white fragrant flowers, winged fruits, leaves and petiole used as vegetable

Begonia picta Sm. (Begonia echinata Royle; Begonia picta Wall.; Begonia picta Hort. ex Hend.)

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(1): 398. 1864

India. On moist moss-covered rocks

(Whole plant decoction taken in dysentery. Raw leaves eaten for indigestion; leaves heated and bound on the affected part for relief from swelling and inflammation. Rootstock pounded and applied on itches.)

in China: lie ye qiu hai tang

See Exotic Botany 2: 81, pl. 101. 1805, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] no. 3685 A. 1831, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 313, pl. 80, f. 1. 1839 (Whole plant eaten raw for stomachache, gas troubles and indigestion; plant juice given to relieve headaches. Warm juice from the leaves applied to ulcer of the mouth and for bristles of the tongue; root juice given for peptic ulcer.) in China: zhang mu qiu hai tang in India: alikchaba, kokora, lalruangaarawhna, longsilawa, patharchatta in Nepal: braju, keyubro, kyubro, kyumru, magarkanche, magarkanchuli, namkimro, pragyum

in India: babrai, bikhu-hamang, chuwat, hati njerang, se-khup-thur Begonia semiovata Liebm. (Begonia flexuosa A. DC.; Begonia guyanensis A. DC.; Begonia guyanensis A. DC. var. glaberrima C. DC. ex Donn.Sm.; Begonia guyanensis var. glaberrima C. DC.; Begonia spruceana A. DC.) Nicaragua. Vine, succulent leaves and stems See Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1852(1): 22. 1852, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 11: 142. 1859, Bot. Gaz. 20(12): 540. 1895

Begonia plebeja Liebm. (Begonia barsalouxiae Standl. & L.O. Williams; Begonia fissurarum C. DC.; Begonia glandulosa Donn. Sm.; Begonia leptophylla C. DC.; Begonia plebeja var. kennedyi Ziesenh.; Begonia ripicola C. DC.; Begonia tenuipila C. DC.; Begonia tenuipila var. kennedyi (Ziesenh.) Ziesenh.; Begonia uvana C. DC.; Gireoudia plebeja (Liebm.) Klotzsch)

(Stems and leaves cooked and eaten to treat vomiting and diarrhea.)

Costa Rica, Nicaragua.

(Low toxicity if eaten; rhizomes, thickened rootstock, tubers and roots the poisonous parts.)

See Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1852(1): 8. 1852, Bericht über die zur

Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss South America. See Brittonia 17(2): 112–120. 1965

in English: hybrid tuberous begonia, tuberous begonia

562

Beilschmiedia Nees Lauraceae After the German botanist Carl (Karl) Traugott Beilschmied, 1793–1848, apothecary, author of Ueber einige bei pflanzengeographischen Vergleichungen zu berücksichtigende Punkte, in Anwendung auf die Flora Schlesiens. Breslau 1829, and Pflanzengeographie, nach A. von Humboldt’s Werke ueber die geographische Vertheilung der Gewächse, etc. Breslau 1831. See Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854), Plantae Asiaticae rariores. 2: 61, 69. London 1831, Flora Novae-Zelandiae 1: 217. 1853, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(55): 434. 1884 and Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 26: 652. 1920, Recueil Trav. Bot. Nierl. 35: 839. 1938, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 302–344. 1946, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 155. 1965. Beilschmiedia mannii Robyns & R. Wilczek (Afrodaphne mannii Stapf; Afrodaphne mannii (Meisn.) Stapf; Beilschmiedia cuspidata (Kraenzl.) Robyns & R. Wilczek; Beilschmiedia mannii (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Oreodaphne mannii Meisn.; Tylostemon cuspidatus Kraenzl.; Tylostemon kamerunensis Engl. & Kraenzl.; Tylostemon mannii (Meisn.) Stapf) Tropical Africa. Tree See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 130. 1864, Genera Plantarum 1: 158. 1880 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 178. 1909, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 148. 1911, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 19: 463. 1949, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 20: 211. 1950 Beilschmiedia pahangensis Gamble Malay Peninsula, Pahang. See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 150. 1910 (Seeds, stem and leaves for dysentery, headache. Stomachic, the bark decoction for stomach trouble after childbirth. Root decoction for dysentery, diarrhea.) Malay names: medang pungoh, medang salah, medang sera, pinang pergam, rambutan pachat, tampu rengat Beilschmiedia tovarensis (Klotzsch & H. Karst. ex Meisn.) Sa. Nishida (Aniba pseudo-coto (Rusby) Kosterm.; Hufelandia tovarensis Klotzsch & H. Karst. ex Meisn.) South America. See Hufelandiae Illustratio 11, 21. 1833, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 65–66. 1864 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49(9): 261–262. 1922, Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 35: 872–873. 1938, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86(3): 696. 1999 (Aromatic, antiseptic.)

Bellendena R. Br. Proteaceae After the British (b. Hants) botanist John Bellenden Ker (olim Gawler), 1764–1842 (Ramridge, Hants), from 1815 to

Beilschmiedia Nees Lauraceae

1824 editor of the Botanical Register, among his works are The authentic Account of Mr. Gawler’s being turned out of the Army. London 1793, Recensio plantarum. London 1801, A review of the genus Amaryllis. London 1817, An Essay on the Archaeology of our Popular Phrases, and Nursery Rhymes. London 1837 and Iridearum genera. Bruxellis 1827. See Trial for adultery. The proceedings on the trial of J.B.G. for criminal conversation with Lady Valentia, in the Court of King’s Bench. London 1799, Robert Brown, in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 10: 166. 1810, Antoine Lasègue (1793–1873), Musée botanique de M. Benjamin Delessert. Paris, Leipzig 1845 and R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993, Elmer Drew Merrill, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 30(1): 173–174. 1947, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. Philadelphia 1964, Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China. [Reprint of the original edition 1898.] Leipzig 1981, Telopea 7: 181–185. 1997. Bellendena montana R. Br. Australia. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 166. 1810 and Planta Med. 41(4): 379–385. 1981 (Alkaloids.) in English: mountain rocket

Bellis L. Asteraceae Bellis, bellidis, Latin name for the white daisy, ox-eye, Bellis perennis L.; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 886– 887. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 378. 1754. Bellis perennis Linnaeus Mediterranean. Perennial herb, short rhizomes See Species Plantarum 2: 886–887. 1753 and Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Taxon 29: 713–714. 1980, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Belorusskoi SSR: Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 2: 7–12. 1983, CIS Chromosome Information Service 45: 3–4. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Pharmazie. 45(8): 618–20. 1990, Flora Mediterranea 1: 157–173. 1991, Biologia 48: 441–445. 1993, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Planta Med. 63(6): 503–7. 1997, American Journal of Botany 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Complementary Therapies in Med. 13(2):87–90. 2005 (Homeopathic medicine. Treatment with homeopathic Arnica montana and Bellis perennis may reduce postpartum blood loss, as compared with placebo. Haemolytic, antimicrobial, antifungal, vulnerary. Plant decoction for stomachaches.)

Belostemma Wallich ex Wight Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

in English: common daisy, daisy, English daisy, English lawndaisy, European daisy, garden daisy, hens and chickens, lawndaisy, red daisy, true daisy in Italian: pratolina

563

Mascareignes 101: 1–21. 1990, Fl. Venezuela 5(1): 11–202. 1992, Etnofl. Yucatanense 22: 1–315. 2004. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Benincasa cerifera Savi; Benincasa hispida Cogn.; Cucurbita hispida Thunberg)

in Japan: hina-giku

China. Vine, hairy climber, branched 2-fid tendrils, large yellow flowers, spreading petals, edible ellipsoid fruit with bluish-white waxy bloom

Belostemma Wallich ex Wight Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

See Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. iv. 38. 1783, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, (J.A. Murray). 868. 1784, Flora Japonica, … (Thunberg) 322. 1784, Savi, Gaetano (1769–1844), Memoria sopra una pianta cucurbitacea [Benincasa cerifera]. Milano, 1818 [Bibliot. Ital. (Milan) ix. 158. 1818], Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 3: 513. 1881 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 78(2–3): 159–164. 2001, Indian Journal of Pharmacology 34: 365–366. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(3): 509–513. 2005

From the Greek belos ‘arrow’ and stemma ‘a crown’, see Contributions to the Botany of India 52. 1834. Belostemma cordifolium (Link, Klotzsch & Otto) P.T. Li (Echites sinensis hort. Angl. ex Walpers, nom. nud.; Hybanthera cordifolia Link, Klotzsch & Otto; Tylophora cordifolia Thwaites; Tylophora cordifolia (Link, Klotzsch & Otto) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kuntze, nom. illeg., non Tylophora cordifolia Thwaites; Tylophora thwaitesii K. Schum.; Vincetoxicum cordifolium Kuntze; Vincetoxicum hybanthera Kuntze) India, China. Scandent shrub, flowers yellow or yellowish, cultivated See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 182. 1756, Genera Plantarum 130. 1776, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 460. 1810, Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae 59. 1833, Contributions to the Botany of India 52. 1834, Icones plantarum rariorum horti regii botanici berolinensis … 2: 109–111, pl. 44. 1844, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 6: 491. 1847, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 196. 1860, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 422–425. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 286. 1895 and Atal C.K. et al. “Immunomodulating agents of plant origin. I: Preliminary screening.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 18(2): 133–41. 1986, Journal of South China Agricultural University 15(1): 64. 1994, J. Med. Food. 7(3): 343–348. 2004 (Commonly used in the Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for treatment of chronic infections and immunological disorders. Vesicant.) in China: xin ye jian yao teng

Benincasa Savi Cucurbitaceae Named after the Count Giuseppe Benincasa (alias Giuseppe Casabona, Joseph Goodhouse, Josef Goodenhuyse), d. 1596, Flemish botanist, Director of the Orto dei Semplici in Florence, from 1592 to 1596 Praefectus of the third Botanic Garden in Pisa. See Gaetano Savi (1769–1844), Memoria sopra una pianta cucurbitacea. Milano 1818 [Reprinted from Biblioteca Italiana. 9: 158–165, f. a-g. 1818] and Lexikon Generum Phanerogamarum 95. 1903, A. Chiarugi, “Le date di fondazione dei primi orti botanici del mondo.” Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 60: 785–839. Firenze 1953, Fl.

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant decoction used in dropsy to wash the body. Dried bark in cough. Leaves for dysentery, measles, edema, bruises; leaves juice used in catarrhal affections of children; leaves chewed to relieve toothache. Leaves, stems, fruit and seeds antifungal. Seeds demulcent, anthelmintic, vermicide, antiinflammatory, antiangiogenic, used for gonorrhea; ripened seeds pasted and taken with water against intestinal worms. Fruit tonic, antihistaminic or anticholinergic, diuretic, alterative, antiulcerogenic, astringent, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, sedative, demulcent, febrifuge, tonic and styptic, a treatment for jaundice, edema, stomachache, fever, diabetes; fruit decoction laxative and styptic, useful in diabetes; fruit juice taken in insanity, epilepsy, nose bleeding, dysentery and diabetes; ash applied to painful wounds. Root paste applied to boils and swellings; roots for gonorrhea; ground root taken for asthma.) in English: ash gourd, ash pumpkin, Chinese fuzzy gourd, Chinese preserving melon, Chinese watermelon, Chinese winter melon, tallow gourd, tunka, wax gourd, white gourd, white gourd melon, white pumpkin, zit-kwa in China: dong gua, pai kua, shui chih, ti chih, tung kua, tung-kua p’i in India: alattuppucanikkoti, alattuppucini, bang-ham-rang-lu, bhujailu, bilay, boarda goomoodoo, boodi kumbala, boodida gummadi, boodidegummadi, boodigummadi, boodu gumbala, boodukumbalakaayi, brhatphala, brihatphala, budekumbalakayi, budida-gummadi, budidegummadi, budithi, burdagumudu, campalpucini, camparpucani, chal-kumra, chalkumra, cumbulam, ghrinavasa, gol-kaddu, golkaddu, gramyakarkati, gummidi, kadu, kaggumbala, kaliyanap pucani, kaliyanappucini, kaliyanappucunai, kalyan-pooshini, kalyana pucani, kalyanappushinikkay, kalyanapucini, kargumbala, karkaru, karkotika, khola, kohala, kokharu, kondha, kooshmaanda, kotai-p-pucani, kucumantam, kudimah, kulppantakkay, kulppantam, kumbalam, kumbhanda, kumbhaphala, kumittikkay, kumittikkaykkoti, kummattikkay, kumora, kumpalam, kumpalanga, kumpalanga

564

pacha, kumpalanna, kumra, kunjaphala, kunmatakkay, kushmaanda lataa, kushmanda, kushmandaka, kushmandi, kushpandaha, kusmanda, kusmandaka, kusmandika, kusmantam, kuvindo, majdabh, mai-pawl, mainpawl, maipawl, makakumpi, makapalikakkoti, makapalikam, maruntitumuriyappanni, mattupparanki, mattuppucani, motacam, nagapushpaphala, nantippucani, nantippucanikkoti, nantippucini, nirruppucani, nirruppucini, paitha, parak-bang-ham, paranki, parankikkay, pattirapani, pendli-gummadi-kaya, pendligummadikaaya, pendligummadikaya, perumpucani, perumpucanikkay, perumpucini, petha, phuthia, pitapushpa, pucani, pucanik kay, pulla, pusanikkai, pushani kai, pushini, pushpaphala, puspaphala, raksa, sandigumbala, shikhivardhaka, soma grushtikaa, tatiyankay, timisha, valliphala, valliphalah, vellaippucani, vellaippucanikkay, ven poosani, venpucanai, venpuncani, venpucini in Japan: tôga Malayan names: kundor, kundor china, kundor jawa in Nepal: kuvindo in Philippines: gondol, kandol, kondol, kundal, malingga, rodal, sekoi, tabugok, tambulok, tangkoi, tangkua, tibaiaiong, tibiayon in Tibet: ku-sma-nda-ka

Benkara Adans. Rubiaceae

Bentinckia A. Berry ex Roxb. Arecaceae Named after Lord William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 1774–1839, Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835; see [Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, Duchess of Portland, 1715–1785], Catalogue of the Portland Museum, lately the property of the Duchess Dowager of Portland … which will be sold by auction … on Monday the 24th of April, 1786, etc. (By John Lightfoot) [1786] and D. Padmanabhan & D. Regupathy, “Studies on Bentinckia condapanna: I. The fruit and the seed.” Principes 25(4): 172–177. 1981, K.S. Manilal & C. Renuka, “Etymology of Bentinckia condapanna.” Principes 27(3): 138–139. 1983. Bentinckia condapanna Berry ex Roxb. (Bentickia coddapanna Berry) Southern India. Single-stemmed palm tree, endangered, fast growing, vigorous, solitary, arching fronds, sparse crown, pinnate, small flowers sunken in branches of spadix, male flowers scarlet, female flowers lilac or violet, palm’s cabbage eaten by elephants See Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 621. 1832, Fl. Madras 3: 1555. 1998 (Fruits for asthma.) in English: hill areca nut, Lord Bentinck’s palm in India: kantakkamuka, kantal, kantha kamuku, kantha panai, kanthakamugu, kanthal, varei kamugu, varukamuvu

Benkara Adans. Rubiaceae See Familles des Plantes 2: 85. 1763

Berberis L. Berberidaceae

Benkara malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng. (Benkara galia Raf., nom. superfl.; Benkara pandacakai (J.F. Gmel.) M.R. Almeida; Canthium recurvum Wall., nom. nud.; Catunaregam malabarica (Lam.) Sivar.; Gardenia fragrans Roxb.; Gardenia pandacakai J.F. Gmel.; Griffithia fragrans (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Oxyceros malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng.; Oxyceros malabaricus (Lam.) Tirveng.; Posoqueria fragrans (Roxb.) J. König ex Roxb.; Randia fragrans (Roxb.) Bedd.; Randia malabarica Lam.; Stylocoryna malabarica DC., nom. superfl.; Stylocoryna pandaki DC., nom. superfl.; Stylocoryna rheedei Kostel., nom. illeg.; Xeromphis malabarica (Lam.) D.C.S. Raju)

From the Arabian name for the fruit; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 330–331. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 153. 1754, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 211–212. 1818 and Ill. Fl. N. U.S. ed. 2. 2: 127. 1913, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 42(2): 111–116. 1953, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 57(369): 1–410. 1961, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42(3): 535–536, 538, 540, 542, 544, 550–551. 1985, Southw. Naturalist 32(4): 487. 1987. The genus Berberis is divided into two genera, Berberis and Mahonia, by some authors.

India, Sri Lanka. Small tree, short simple or branched thorns, axillary inflorescence, white cream flowers, red-black globose fruits See Sylva Tellur. 98. 1838 and Fl. Bombay 1: 600. 1903, Excurs. Fl. Simachalam Hills 13. 1966, Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences 14: 4. 1981, Fl. Calicut 131. 1982, Taxon 32: 440. 1983, Fl. Madras 2: 616. 1993, Fl. Maharashtra 3A: 3. 2001, Fitoterapia 73(5): 424–427. 2002 (Antimicrobial, antifungal, for abdominal pain, throat infections, scorpion sting.) in India: ben-kara, kuthupidari, pedalli, pidathi, pudan, sirukarai, thermuti, thermutti

Berberis actinacantha Mart. (Berberis actinacantha Mart. ex Schult.f.; Berberis actinacantha var. crispa (Gay) Reiche; Berberis actinacantha var. crispa Reiche; Berberis brachyacantha Phil. ex Reiche; Berberis congestiflora var. hakeoides Hook. f.; Berberis coquimbensis Muñoz; Berberis crispa Gay; Berberis florida Phil.; Berberis variiflora C.K. Schneid.) South America, Chile. Shrub See Systema Vegetabilium 7(1): 12. 1829, Flora Chilena 1: 86. 1845, Linnaea 33: 5. 1864, Botanical Magazine t. 6770. 1884, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 88: 95–96. 1894, Flora de Chile 1: 41. 1896 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 146–147. 1905, Agricultura Téchnica (Santiago) 8(2): 79, f. 6–9. 1948, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86(4): 793–834. 1999 [2000] (Stem decoction with sugar given to reduce fevers.)

565

Berberis L. Berberidaceae

in Chile: michay Berberis aggregata C.K. Schneid. (Berberis aggregata var. integrifolia Ahrendt; Berberis brevipaniculata C.K. Schneid.) China. Shrub See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8(3): 203, 263. 1908, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 57: 203. 1961 (Antibacterial.) Berberis amurensis Rupr. Manchuria, China, Korea. Shrub See Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Petersb. xv. (1857) 260. 1857, Tent. Fl. Uss. 46. 1861 (Root antirheumatic, antibacterial, antitumour.) Berberis angulosa Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson (Berberis angulosa Wall.) India, Nepal. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1475. 1829, Flora of India: [Hooker f. & Thomson] 1: 227. 1855 and Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970 (Roots antibacterial, used for cough, cold, fevers, dysentery.) in Nepal: kyunudzu Berberis aquifolium Pursh (Berberis aquifolium Pursh var. aquifolium Berberis piperiana (Abrams) McMinn; Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nuttall; Mahonia piperiana Abrams; Odostemon aquifolium (Pursh) Rydb.) North America. Evergreen perennial shrub, see also Berberis dictyota See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 219, pl. 4. 1814[1813], Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall]. 1: 212. 1818 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33(3): 141. 1906, Abrams, L. “The mahonias of the Pacific states.” Phytologia 1: 89–94. 1934, Syesis 10: 125–138. 1977, Syst. Bot. 7: 48–59. 1982 (Panacea, tonic, antibacterial, antitumor, blood tonic, cholagogue, diuretic, laxative. Root preparations used for stomach trouble, hemorrhages, and tuberculosis; an eye wash, to purify blood. Leaves and roots used in steam baths to treat yellow fever; a poison; tips of stems to treat stomachache. Mahonia aquifolium considered poisonous.) in English: blue barberry, holly barberry, holly mahonia, mountain grape, Oregon grape Berberis aristata DC. (Berberis aristata Sims) Temperate Himalaya. Thorny evergreen shrub, erect, yellowish wood, simple or branched spines, ovate stalked leathery leaves, golden yellow flowers in a raceme, ripe fruits eaten raw or pickled

See Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 8. 1821, Bot. Reg. 9: t. 729. 1823, Bot. Mag. 52: t. 2549. 1825, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 204. 1825 and Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988, Phytotherapy Research 9(7): 489–494. 1995 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha/Sidha. Antibacterial, diaphoretic, laxative, antidiarrheal, astringent, alterative, hepatoprotective, deobstruent, tonic, antiperiodic, antiosteoporosis, antidote, in treatment of joint pain and also used in alleviating symptoms of menopause, in treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Fruit cooling and laxative. Root and dried bark astringent, antiperiodic, used in jaundice, malaria and diarrhea; root used externally to cure eye disease; paste of fresh roots for headache. Concentrated root bark or stembark decoction for eye inflammation and infection, fevers and boils; bark for fevers, diarrhea, cough, eye infection, and as an antidote. Bark piscicide.) in English: berberry, chitra, Indian barberry in Bhutan: skyer-pa-dkar-po in India: aarghis, aargis, ambar-baris, ambarbaris, anbarbaris, baagi soothra, bagisutra, bagisutrum, cailapitti, chitra, chotra, chotru, chuthrakilmora, daaruhaldi chaal, daaruhaldi kacchi, dar-chob, dar-hald, darhald, darhald nim kofta, darhaldi, daru, daru haldi chal, daru haridara (daru, wood; haridara, turmeric), daruhalad, daruhald, daruhalder, daruhaldi, daruhaldi chhal, daruhalood, daruharidar, daruharidra, darunisa, darurajani, darvi, doddamaradarsina, ehitra, filzahrah, fil-zahraj, gantarishina, huzuze-hindi, kaliyaka, kash-mal, kashmal, kashmar, kasmal, kasmale, kastaranjani, kasthoori pushpa, kasturi-paspu, kasturimanjal, kasturipaspu, kata, katankateri, katankati, kateri, kemal, khepacho, kilmora, kottukkala, maradarisina, maramancal, maramanjal, maramannal, mullukala, mullukkala, pacampaca, parjanya, pil-zahrah, pita-daru, rasanjana, rasaunt, rasaut, rasaut musaffa, rasaut mussafa, rascut, rasvat, suvarnavarna, ucikkala, usikkala, zarishk, zarisjhk, zirishk in Nepal: ban chutro, chitra, chomaphram, chutro, daru haridra, kerpak, marpesi, pichyar, tigiri chyungwa in Tibet: lig mig, skyer ba, skyer dkar bar sun, skyer pa, skyer-rtsa yun-ba, yun-ba Berberis asiatica Roxb. (Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC.; Berberis asiatica Griff.) India, Nepal. Evergreen shrub, erect, thorny, yellow flowers in simple inflorescence, ovoid berries, ripe fruits edible See Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 13. 1821, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 4: t. 648. 1840 and Taxon 24: 501–516. 1975, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 19: 115–117. 1984, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6: 3. 2010 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Plants used for ophthalmological problems, toothache, kidney problems and menstrual disorders. Stem bark infusion given in menstrual disorders; stem decoction for rheumatism. Dried leaf powder mixed with castor oil and the paste applied for swelling on ailing part of the

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body; tender leaf buds chewed and kept in mouth to relieve dental caries. Ripe fruits given as a mild laxative to children. Roots antibacterial, stomachic, laxative, astringent, cooling, febrifuge, odontalgic, ophthalmic, tonic, for jaundice, bleeding piles, snakebite and eye complaints; roots made into a paste with water applied on wounds and inflammations; root dried extract as blood purifier; root bark decoction for eye trouble and for boils. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, young shoots used to drive away evil spirits from houses.) in English: barberry in India: ambar-baris, anbar-baris, chitrokankra, daaruhaldi chaal, daaruhaldi kacchi, daaruhaldi kapchi, dar-chob, darhald, darhuld, daru, daru-haldi, daru haldi ki chhal, daruhalad jadh, daruhaldi, daruhaldi chal, daruhaldi choti lakadi, daruharidra, daruhuld, darumool, darunisa, darunisha, darupita, darvi, dvitiyabha, fil-zahrah, fil-zahraj, haimavati, haridra, hemakanti, hemkranta, huzuze-hindi, kaliyaka, kapitaka, karkatini, karnavati, kashmal, kashtha, kashtharajani, kasmal, katankateri, kemal, khapacho, kilmora, kingora, kingori, marmmari, mosholi, nirdishta, pacampaca, pachampacha, parjani, parjaniya, pil-zahrah, pita, pitadaru, pitadru, pitatvaka, pitika, rasanjana, rasaunt, rasort, rasvat, sthirraga, sumlu, ucikkala, zarishk in Nepal: chutro, chutrol, kerpak, pichyar Berberis canadensis Miller North America. Perennial shrub See Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Berberis no. 2. 1768 (Antibacterial, scraped bark infusion taken to treat diarrhea.) in English: American barberry Berberis ceratophylla G. Don India, Nepal. See A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 115. 1831 (Stem bark antibacterial, used for fever.) in Nepal: kyerpa Berberis chitria Lindl. (Berberis chitria Ahrendt, nom. illeg.; Berberis chitria D. Don; Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham.; Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl.; Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Ker Gawl., nom. illeg. nom. superfl.) Nepal, India. Shrub, dark-red prickly stem See Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 8. 1821, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 9: t. 729. 1823, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 204. 1825 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 80(950, Suppl.) 83 (-85). 1942 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Roots and stem bark blood purifier, used for fever, urinary complaints and eye ailments. Antibacterial, stomachic, cooling, febrifuge, odontalgic, ophthalmic, tonic. Filtered root bark extract for eye disorders,

Berberis L. Berberidaceae

skin diseases, menorrhagia, diarrhea; juice of the bark to treat peptic ulcers. Root decoction for fever, diarrhea and piles. Stembark decoction for eye inflammation and infection) in English: barberry, Indian barberry in India: chitter, chotar, chutro, chutrum, kashmal, kashmoi, kasmal, kingor, kingore, totaru in Nepal: ban chutro, chutro, kerpak Berberis crataegina DC. (Berberis vulgaris var. crataegina (DC.) Hook. f. & Thomson) India. See Systema Naturae [Candolle] 2: 9. 1821, The Flora of British India 1: 109. 1872 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79(2): 237–248. 2002 (Extracts obtained from the roots used as antiinflammatory, analgesic and febrifuge.) Berberis dictyota Jepson (Berberis aquifolium Pursh; Berberis aquifolium Pursh var. dictyota (Jepson) Jepson; Berberis californica Jepson; Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nuttall; Mahonia californica (Jeps.) Ahrendt; Mahonia dictyota (Jepson) Fedde; Odostemon dictyota (Jeps.) Abrams) North America. Evergreen perennial shrub or subshrub, see also Berberis aquifolium See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 219, pl. 4. 1814[1813], Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall]. 1: 212. 1818, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 18: 319. 1891 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 31(1–2): 89. 1901, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33(3): 141. 1906, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6(21): 360. 1910, A Flora of California 1: 549. 1921, Abrams, L. “The mahonias of the Pacific states.” Phytologia 1: 89–94. 1934, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 57: 335. 1961, Syesis 10: 125–138. 1977, Syst. Bot. 7: 48–59. 1982, Taxon 36: 284. 1987 (Root decoction to treat gonorrhea. Root preparations used for stomach trouble, hemorrhages, and tuberculosis; an eye wash, to purify blood. Mahonia aquifolium considered poisonous.) in English: blue barberry, holly barberry, holly mahonia, hollyleaved barberry, mountain grape, Oregon grape, shining netvein barberry Berberis empetrifolia Lam. (Berberis empetrifolia var. magellanica C.K. Schneid.; Berberis empetrifolia var. typica C.K. Schneid.; Berberis mutabilis Phil.; Berberis wawrana C.K. Schneid.) Chile. Shrub See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 2: 391, pl. 253, f. 4. 1792 (Antibacterial, antitumour. Crushed roots for mountain sickness.)

567

Berberis L. Berberidaceae

in Chile: zarcilla Berberis fendleri A. Gray North America. Perennial shrub See Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 5. 1849

See Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants. 226. 1855 (Root bark for skin diseases, diarrhea.) in India: timburjhin Berberis jaeschkeana Schneider

(For skin sores, cough, blood purifier.)

Himalaya. Shrub

in English: Colorado barberry

See Flow. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan: 25. 1990

Berberis fremontii Torrey (Berberis higginsiae Munz; Mahonia fremontii (Torrey) Fedde; Mahonia higginsiae (Munz) Ahrendt; Odostemon fremontii (Torr.) Rydb.)

(Antibacterial, antitumour. Leaves chewed and swallowed for relief from toothache.)

North America. Perennial shrub, food

Berberis koreana Palib.

See Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 30–31. 1859 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 31(1–2): 98. 1901, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 141. 1906, Aliso 4(1): 91–92. 1958, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 57: 356. 1961

Korea.

(Laxative, tonic, bitter, for mild liver, intestinal and blood problems, to heal gums. Ceremonial.)

(Antimicrobial and antimutagenic.)

Common names: Fremont’s mahonia, palo amarillo, Rocky Mountain barberry

Berberis kumaonensis Schneider

Berberis gagnepainii C.K. Schneid. (Berberis acuminata non Franch.; Berberis caudatifolia S.Y. Bao; Berberis gagnepainii fo. pluriflora Ahrendt; Berberis gagnepainii var. filipes Ahrendt; Berberis gagnepainii var. lanceifolia Ahrendt)

See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 5: 391, 393, 397. 1905

in India: juffa, kahmal, kaymali

See Biologia (Bratislava) 58(4): 797–804. 2003, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20(6): 1944–1947. 2010, J. Sci. Food Agric. 90(14): 2399–2404. 2010 in English: Korean barberry India, Himalaya. Shrub, stiff erect stems, spiny, solitary flowers, red ovoid fruits (Roots for jaundice.)

China. Evergreen shrub, impenetrable hedge

in India: kingora

See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8(3): 196. 1908, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 79(6): 39. 1941, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 57(369): 53. 1961, Bulletin of Botanical Research 5(3): 5–6. 1985

Berberis lutea Ruiz & Pav. (Berberis boliviana Lechler; Berberis chrysacantha C.K. Schneid.; Berberis conferta Kunth; Berberis conferta var. boliviana (Lechler) C.K. Schneid.; Berberis conferta var. hypopyrrantha C.K. Schneid.; Berberis conferta var. karsteniana C.K. Schneid.; Berberis conferta var. psiloclada C.K. Schneid.; Berberis conferta var. spruceana C.K. Schneid.; Berberis glauca Kunth; Berberis huanucensis J.F. Macbr.; Berberis lutea var. conferta (Kunth) DC.; Berberis paucidentata Rusby; Berberis phyllacantha Rusby; Berberis psiloclada (C.K. Schneid.) Ahrendt; Berberis rusbyana Ahrendt; Berberis spruceana (C.K. Schneid.) Ahrendt; Berberis virgata K. Koch, nom. illeg.; Berberis virgata Ruiz & Pav.; Berberis virgata Lindl., nom. illeg.; Berberis virgata var. huanucensis C.K. Schneid.; Berberis virgata var. typica (Ruiz & Pav.) C.K. Schneid.; Berberis weddellii Lechler)

(Antibacterial, antitumour, used orally for bacterial dysentery.) Berberis haematocarpa Wooton (Berberis nevinii A. Gray var. haematocarpa (Wooton) L.D. Benson; Mahonia haematocarpa (Wooton) Fedde; Odostemon haematocarpus (Wooton) A. Heller) North America. Perennial shrub, berries eaten See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(6): 304– 306. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 31(1–2): 100. 1901, Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 7(12): 139. 1911[1912], American Journal of Botany 30(3): 236. 1943 (Bark as an eyewash.) in English: red barberry Berberis insignis Hook. f. & Thomson India, Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan. Shrub, stems unarmed, well-developed internodes

Peru. See Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 3: 51, t. 280, 281. 1802, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 14. 1821, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 5: 69, 71, t. 430, 433. 1821, Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 5: 6. 1850, Berberides Americae Australis 21. 1857, Dendrologie 1: 413. 1869, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 6: 4. 1896 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 5: 391, 393.

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1905, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 4: 321. 1907, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: 81. 1908, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 665–680. 1938, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 57: 267–269, 272. 1961 (Antibacterial, antitumor, blood tonic.) in Spanish: palo amarillo Berberis lycium Royle Himalaya. Large armed shrub, erect, rigid, pale yellow axillary clustered flowers See Phytotherapy Research 22(9): 1208–1212. 2008, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 128(2): 322–335. 2010 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Stem and roots blood purifier, for urinary complaints and eye diseases. Water extract of roots antispasmodic, tonic, used in ophthalmia, eye ailments, cough, chest pain, throat troubles, earache and in gum swellings; roots for piles and jaundice; root decoction blood purifier, for urogenital disorders and eye complaints. Dried bark powder applied for conjunctivitis. Fruits antibacterial, antitumour, aperient, carminative, febrifuge, ophthalmic, coagulant, for diarrhea and piles, jaundice. Whole plant extract used to treat diabetes and to cure multiple skin diseases.) in India: ambar-baris, ambarbaris, anbar-baris, chatroi, chitra, chutrum, dar-chob, dar-hald, daru haldi, daruhaldi, daruharidra, fil-zahrah, fil-zahraj, hooziz, hoozizindi, huzuze-hindi, kashmal, kasmal, kasmale, kasmali, kelmora, kemal, kingore, kirmora, kirmoru, krumbal, kushmul, pilzahrah, rasaunt, rasaut, rascvat, zarishk, zirishk Berberis microphylla G. Forst. (Berberis antucoana C.K. Schneid.; Berberis barilochensis Job; Berberis buxifolia Lam.; Berberis buxifolia var. antarctica C.K. Schneid.; Berberis buxifolia var. antucoana (C.K. Schneid.) Orsi; Berberis buxifolia var. gracilior Albov; Berberis buxifolia var. inermis (Pers.) C.K. Schneid.; Berberis buxifolia var. microphylla (G. Forst.) Speg.; Berberis buxifolia var. microphylla (G. Forst.) Gay; Berberis buxifolia var. nuda C.K. Schneid.; Berberis buxifolia var. papillosa C.K. Schneid.; Berberis buxifolia var. spinosissima Reiche; Berberis cuneata DC.; Berberis cuneata Hort. ex K. Koch; Berberis cuneata K. Koch; Berberis dulcis Sweet; Berberis dulcis Hort. ex K. Koch; Berberis dulcis K. Koch; Berberis heterophylla Hort. ex K. Koch; Berberis heterophylla Juss. ex Poir.; Berberis heterophylla Juss.; Berberis heterophylla var. pluriflora Reiche; Berberis inermis Pers.; Berberis marginata Gay; Berberis marginata K. Koch; Berberis marginata Hort. ex K. Koch; Berberis michay Job; Berberis microphylla F. Dietr.; Berberis microphylla Hort. ex K. Koch; Berberis microphylla G. Forst. var. gracilior De Wild.; Berberis microphylla var. gracilior (Albov) De Wild.; Berberis morenonis Kuntze; Berberis parodii Job; Berberis spinosissima (Reiche) Ahrendt; Berberis tricuspidata Smith) South America, Patagonian area of Chile and Argentina.

Berberis L. Berberidaceae

See Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 9: 29. 1787, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 391, t. 253, fig. 3. 1792, Synopsis Plantarum 387. 1805, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 8: 622. 1809, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 2: 16. 1821, The British Flower Garden, … [Sweet] 4: pl. 100. 1831, Flora Chilena [Gay] 1: 88. 1845, Dendrologie 1: 394– 395, 399, 415. 1869, Anales Univ. Chile 88: 97. 1894, Fl. Chil. [Gay] 1: 39, 91. 1895, Reiche, Karl Friedrich (b. 1860), Flora de Chile 1: 43. Santiago de Chile, 1896–1911, Revista del Museo de La Plata 7: 361. 1896, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 3. 1898 and Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 302. 1904, Phan. Terr. Magell. 94. 1905, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 142, 144. 1905, Darwiniana 5: 184, f. 1. 1941, Revista del Museo de La Plata (Nueva Serie), Sección Botánica 5: 44, 50, 55, f. 12, 14. 1942, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 57: 241. 1961, Anales Inst. Patagonia, Ser. Ci. Nat. 9: 141–144. 1978, Bol. Soc. Brot. 53: 995–1012. 1981, Flora Patagónica 4a: 331. 1984, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 32(3–4): 235–239. 1997, Caryologia 52: 75–80. 1999, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86(4): 793–834. 1999 [2000], J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(10): 6081–6089. 2010 (Polyphenols and antioxidant activity of the fruits.) in Patagonia: calafate Berberis nepalensis Spreng. (Berberis napalensis (DC.) Spreng.; Berberis nepalensis Hort. ex K. Koch) Himalayan region. See Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 120. 1825 [Jan-May 1825], Dendrologie 1: 393. 1869 (Antibacterial, antitumor, aperient, carminative, febrifuge, ophthalmic, for diarrhea, dysentery and piles, inflammations of the eyes, jaundice.) in India: kemal, maranthu, marantu, tarike Berberis nervosa Pursh (Berberis nervosa var. mendocinensis Roof; Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nuttall; Mahonia nervosa var. mendocinensis (Roof) Roof; Odostemon nervosus (Pursh) Rydb.) North America. Perennial subshrub, shrub, berries eaten See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 219–220, pl. 5. 1814[1813], The Genera of North American Plants 1: 212. 1818 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 141. 1906, Syesis 10: 125–138. 1977 (Antiarthritic, antibacterial, antitumor, blood tonic, laxative, tonic, alterative. Roots used to treat venereal diseases, rheumatism, arthritis.) in English: Cascades mahonia, cascade Oregongrape, Oregon grape Berberis pinnata Lag. (Berberis pinnata subsp. insularis Munz; Berberis pinnata Lag. subsp. pinnata; Mahonia pin-

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Berberis L. Berberidaceae

nata (Lag.) Fedde; Mahonia pinnata Kunth; Odostemon fascicularis (DC.) Abrams) North America. Perennial shrub See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 71, t. 434. 1821 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 31(1–2): 86. 1901 (Roots decoction taken for rheumatism, tuberculosis, heartburn.)

in Spanish: yerba de sangre Berberis thunbergii DC. East Asia, Japan. Shrub, widespread invasive plant See Syst. Nat. 2: 19. 1821 (Root bark anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiseptic and febrifuge.) in English: Japanese barberry

in English: barberry, California barberry, cluster mahonia, Oregon grape, Oregongrape

in China: hsiao po, shan shih liu (= mountain pomegranate), tzu po

Berberis pseudumbellata R. Parker

in Japan: me-gi, megi (= eye-tree), ura-jiro-me-gi

India. Small thorny shrub with yellow flowers

Berberis tinctoria Lesch. (Berberis tinctoria Larrañaga)

See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1921: 118. 1921

India. Evergreen, bushy

(Powder of dried bark applied for conjunctivitis. Root extract given for intestinal disorders. Leaves crushed into paste and applied externally for relieving toothache.) in India: chaiter, pakkad Berberis repens Lindley (Berberis amplectens (Eastw.) L.C. Wheeler; Berberis aquifolium Pursh fo. repens (Lindl.) B. Boivin; Berberis aquifolium Pursh var. repens (Lindley) Scoggan; Berberis pumila Greene; Berberis sonnei (Abrams) McMinn; Mahonia amplectens Eastw. Mahonia pumila (Greene) Fedde; Mahonia repens (Lindley) G. Don; Mahonia sonnei Abrams; Odostemon pumilus (Greene) A. Heller Odostemon repens (Lindl.) Cockerell) North America. Prennial subshrub, shrub See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 219, pl. 4. 1813, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 14: pl. 1176. 1828, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 118. 1831 and Phytologia 1: 92. 1933, An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs 123. 1939, Le Naturaliste Canadien 93(5): 642. 1966, The Flora of Canada 1: 51. 1978, Taxon 36: 284. 1987 (Preparations of the roots to treat stomach troubles, to prevent bloody dysentery, and as a blood purifier; mixed with whiskey and used for bladder problems, venereal diseases, kidney problems. Roots mildly laxative and diuretic, a decoction drunk to alleviate coughing, to facilitate the delivery of the placenta of pregnant woman, for venereal diseases, as a contraceptive and for rheumatism and cuts. Root and bark anaphrodisiac, antibacterial, antiseptic, antitumor, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, tonic, taken internally in the treatment of coughs, fevers, psoriasis, syphilis, hemorrhages, stomach complaints, kidney problems. Preparations made from the entire plant a lotion for scorpion bites.) in English: creeping barberry, creeping Oregon grape, dwarf barberry, mahonia, Oregon grape root

See Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9: 306. 1822 and Taxon 29: 165–166. 1980 (Roots for jaundice.) Berberis tortuosa Dombrain ex DC. South America. See Systema Naturae [Candolle] 2: 11. 1821 (Extracts obtained from the roots and barks used for the treatment of various inflammatory ailments, lumbago, rheumatism and to reduce fever.) Berberis ulicina Hook. f. & Thomson India. Fruits yield a purplish-violet dye See Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants. 1: 227. 1885 (Roots and bark extract used as bitter tonic against body pain. Herb used in the preparation of eye drops.) in India: chhelpa, chhiner, chhinisrangama, kerpa, khizer, kiraring Berberis umbellata Wall. ex G. Don (Berberis umbellata Wall.; Berberis umbellata Phil.; Berberis umbellata Lindl.) India. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1475. 1829, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 116. 1831, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 30: t. 44. 1844 (Antibacterial. Roots tonic, antinausea.) in India: kashmal, malai-t-tummatti Berberis vulgaris L. North America. Perennial shrub See Sp. Pl. 1: 330. 1753 and Journal of American Folklore 58: 113–123. 1945, Phytotherapy Research 22(7): 979–981. 2008, Phytotherapy Research 22(8): 999–1012. 2008, Epilepsy Behav. 18(3): 207–210. 2010, Phytother. Res.

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24(8): 1250–1255. 2010, Food Chem. Toxicol. 48(8–9): 2176–2180. 2010 (Used in Unani. Leaves decoction for jaundice. Poultice of pounded root or bark used for sore throat, ulcerated gums; root bark antiurolithic, antioxidant and cytoprotective, used for the treatment of urolithiasis. Berries decoction or juice febrifuge, used for sore throat and fever. Anticonvulsant activity of berberine.) in English: barberry, common barberry, European barberry, jaundice berry, true barberry in China: xiao bo in India: ambar-baris, ambarbaris, asrar, barbaris, bedana, chachar, cutch, kashmal, kasmal, kaymali, kemal, rartak, rasaunt, zaraj, zarishk, zarshak, zirishk Berberis wallichiana DC. Nepal, China, Himalaya. Shrub See Prodr. (DC.) 1: 107. 1824 (Twigs antibacterial, antitumour, astringent, for diarrhea, dysentery, ophthalmia and dyspepsia. Root and stem used in piles, ophthalmia; root bark for jaundice.) in India: chemo, dahurahidra, dieng mat shynrang, kerpa, niang

Berchemia Necker ex DC. Rhamnaceae After the naturalist Jacob Pierre Berthoud van Berchem, author of Excursion dans les mines du Haut Faucigny, et description de deux nouvelles routes pour aller sur le Buet & le Breuen, avec une notice sur le Jardin. Lausanne, 1787. See J.D.P.E. Levade, A True and Surprising Account of a Natural Sleep Walker [being a report to the Société des Sciences physiques de Lausanne by M.M. Levade, Berthoud van Berchem, etc.]. 1792, A.P. de Candolle, Prodromus. 2: 22–23. 1825. Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl. (Araliorhamnus punctulata H. Perrier; Araliorhamnus vaginata H. Perrier; Berchemia discolor Hemsl.; Phyllogeiton discolor (Klotzsch) Herzog; Scutia discolor Klotzsch) Sudan, South Africa. Tree or shrub, deciduous or evergreen, spreading, small yellow-green flowers, yellow to reddish brown sweetly fragrant fruits, gum edible, ripe and unripe fruit eaten, in semi-arid bushland, wooded grassland, riverine vegetation See Mém. Fam. Rhamnées 61–62, pl. 4, f. 3. 1826, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 10: 362. 1827, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 1: 110–111, t. 21. 1862, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 381. 1868 and Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 15: 168. 1903, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 11: 14–16. 1943, Adansonia: n.s. 5: 121–123. 1966

Berchemia Necker ex DC. Rhamnaceae

(Bark infusion for enlarged spleen and diarrhea; bark decoction taken for jaundice. Ground up fruits used for sore throat and tonsillitis; root decoction given to barren women.) in English: bird plum, brown ivory, mountain date, wild almond in Kenya: deen, dheen-den ro’o, emeyan, emeyen, jajab, jajabho, jejab, kisaaya, kisanawa, kor’guba, mkulu, muchuk, muchukwa, muchukwo, mujajabho, muthwana, muthwaye, mzwana, nzaaya, nzanawa, santaiti in Madagascar: hotrombengy, maroampototra, merana, sarikomanga, tsiadala, tsiandala in S. Rhodesia: muWe, muNye, umNcaga in Southern Africa: bruinivoor, wilde dadel; uMumu, umMumu, uBaletsheni-omkhulu, uBaletsheni likulu, uVuka (Zulu); nyiyi (Tsonga); mutsintsila (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); muhukhuma (Venda); mozinzila (Subya: Botswana, eastern Caprivi); omuve (Herero); omuve (Northern South West Africa); muNye, muNyii, muWe (Shona) Berchemia floribunda (Wallich) Brongniart (Berchemia floribunda Wallich, nom. nud.; Berchemia floribunda (Wallich ex Roxb.) Brongniart; Berchemia giraldiana C.K. Schneid.; Ziziphus floribunda Wall.) Myanmar, Tropical Himalayas. Shrub, vine, evergreen, twining, scandent or erect, evergreen, greenish flowers in fascicles arranged in large terminal pubescent panicles, red-black oblong fruits See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 368– 369. 1824, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 10: 357, pl. 13, f. 1. 1826, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 4256. 1830 and Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2: 263, f. 182 m-n, 183 k. 1909, Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pak. & Kashm. 466. 1972, Chemistry & Biodiversity 3(6): 646–653. 2006, Chinese Chemical Letters 18(4): 412–414. 2007, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 56(9): 1248–1252. 2008 (Bark, cytotoxic activity against human leukemia cells. Roots hepatoprotective, used to alleviate pain, rheumatic pains.) in English: Japanese supple-jack in China: duo hua gou er cha, gou er cha, kou erh ch’a, niu bi quan, niu pi ch’uan Berchemia kulingensis C.K. Schneider China. See Plantae Wilsonianae 2(1): 216. 1914 (Roots for cough.) in English: Kuling supplejack in China: gu ling gou er cha, shan huang ch’i, tzu ch’ing t’eng ken

571

Bergenia Moench Saxifragaceae

Berchemia lineata (Linnaeus) DC. (Berchemia lineata DC.; Berchemia lineata Benth.; Rhamnus lineata Linnaeus) China, Himalayas. Climber, low shrub, arching, trailing, small white flowers in axillary fascicles, black oblong drupaceous fruits See Centuria II. Plantarum … 2: 11. 1756, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 23. 1825 (Febrifuge. Young shoots used in folk medicine, lao shu er. Roots and leaves used for relieving coughs, and for treating injuries and snakebite.) in English: lesser berchemia, rat dropping, supple jack in China: gou er cha, kou erh ch’a, lao shu shi, lao shu shih, t’ieh pao chin, tie bao jin, wu lung ken in Japan: hime-kuma-yanagi, makkô Berchemia polyphylla Wallich ex Lawson var. leioclada (Hand.-Mazz.) Handel-Mazzetti (Berchemia trichoclada (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) Hand.-Mazz. var. leioclada Hand.-Mazz.) China. See Fl. Brit. India 1(3): 638. 1875 and Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathmematischenaturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 58: 149. 1921, Symb. Sin. 7(3): 672. 1933

Frederic Ecklon (1795–1868); see William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), London J. Bot. 2: 163–165. 1843, 5: 242. 1846; Kew J. Bot. 2: 61–62. 1850; I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (7), Collectors T-Z. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 117. 1988) South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Tree, evergreen to semi-deciduous, spineless shrub or small tree, small greenish or yellowish flowers in small clusters in leaf-axils, delicious fruits eaten fresh, wood extremely hard, tree browsed by game and stock See Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München Heft 6, 182. 1953, The Veterinary Journal 173(2): 366–372. 2007 (Powdered roots smoked as a cure for headaches or sometimes used as an enema to relieve pain in the back and to treat rectal ulceration in children. Veterinary medicine, cytotoxic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, bark for infectious diseases in cattle. This is the royal tree of the Zulus because only the royal family was allowed to possess the wood. Magic.) in English: pink ivory, purple ivory, red ivory, red ivorywood in South Africa: monee, moye, muhukhuma, muMbeza, muniane, munia-niane, muNyii, rooi ivoor, rooihout, umGologolo, umNeyi, umNcaka, umNini, umGoloty, xiniyani in Swaziland: sineyi, tineyi, umneyi

(Roots and leaves antitussive, antiasthmatic, expectorant.)

Bergenia Moench Saxifragaceae

in China: guang zhi gou er cha

For Karl August von Bergen, 1704–1760, see Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … (Moench) 664. 1794, Haworth, Adrian Hardy (1767–1833), Saxifragearum enumeratio. Accedunt, Revisiones plantarum succulentarum. Londini, Wood, 1821, Revisiones plantarum succulentarum. Londini, R. et A. Taylor, 1821, Sylva Telluriana 102. 1838, Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard (1816–1853), Repertorium botanices systematicae. Lipsiae, 1842–1848 and Yeo, Peter Frederick (1929–2010), “A Revision of the genus Bergenia Moench (Saxifragaceae).” Kew Bull., 20, 113–148, 1966. 1966, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26(2): 122, 124. 1988.

Berchemia scandens (J. Hill) K. Koch (Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trel., nom. illeg.; Berchemia volubilis (L.f.) DC.; Berchemia volubilis A. DC.; Rhamnus scandens Hill; Rhamnus volubilis L.f.) North America. Woody perennial vine, alternate simple leaves with conspicuous, pinnate veins, greenish flowers in terminal clusters, fleshy blue-black fruits See Hortus Kewensis 453, pl. 20. 1768, Supplementum Plantarum 152. 1781, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 23. 1825, Dendrologie 1: 602. 1869, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 5(3[2]): 364. 1889 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 277–293. 1949 (Poisonous berries if eaten cause only low toxicity. Blood purifier. Leaves and bark decoction taken by males or females for impotency.) in English: Alabama supple-jack, supple Jack, supplejack, trattan-vine, vine rattany Berchemia zeyheri Grubov (Berchemia zeyheri (Sond.) Grubov; Phyllogeiton zeyheri (Sond.) Suess.; Phyllogeiton zeyheri Suess.; Rhamnus zeyheri Sond.) (the specific name honors the German botanist and plant collector Carl (Karl) Ludwig Philipp Zeyher, 1799–1858, in South Africa (col. 1822, 1824, 1825, 1828, 1829–31; col. 1831–32 with Christian

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. (Bergenia ciliata Sternb.; Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.; Bergenia ciliata A. Braun ex Engl.; Bergenia ciliata Stein; Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engl.; Bergenia ligulata Engl.; Megasea ciliata Haw.; Saxifraga ciliata Walp.; Saxifraga ciliata Royle; Saxifraga ciliata Lindl.) Temperate Himalaya, SE Asia. Perennial herb, erect, short, fleshy, thick stout cylindrical rootstock, creeping rhizomes, stalked ciliate leaves sheathing at the base, white pink flowers in spreading panicles, tender leaves or flowers edible, along streams, water holes, damp soils, moist places See Opuscula 26, pl. 1. 1781, Asiatic Researches 13: 398. 1820, Saxifrag. Enum. 7. 1821, Rev. Saxifr. Suppl. 2. p. 2. 1831, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 226. t. 49. f. 2. 1833– 1840, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 29: t. 65. 1843, Botanische

572

Zeitung (Berlin) 26: 840. 1868, Gartenflora 307. 1886, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. II a. 51. 1890 [1891], Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xli. (1894) 397. 1894 and Kew Bulletin 20(1): 134. 1966, Fitoterapia 65(1): 7–13. 1994, Fitoterapia 66(2): 149–155. 1995, Ethnobotany 14: 13–15. 2002 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Rhizome and roots bitter, acrid, analgesic, abortifacient, antilithic, astringent, diuretic, tonic, cooling, febrifuge, laxative, tonic, aphrodisiac, used in fever, heart and liver diseases, kidney stones, ulcers, spleen enlargement, piles, bladder diseases, urinary troubles and discharge, muscular pain, bodyache and backache, diarrhea, dysentery, vomiting, applied to boils, wounds, ulcers, practiced against coughs and pulmonary affections. Root extract taken against food poisoning and to relieve labor pain; roots infusion drunk for asthma, cold, cough and high fever; dried roots powder with mustard oil applied over wounds and boils. Rhizome juice tonic, postpartum remedy, carminative, to relieve fever and asthma, menstrual disorders, applied to cuts, wounds, sprains, swellings; rhizome chewed as abortifacient; rhizomes used in herbal formulations for dissolution of kidney and bladder stones, and for treatment of piles and pulmonary infections, paste of rhizome stops bleeding; powdered rhizome taken as anthelmintic. Leaves juice dripped into the ear for earache. Veterinary medicine, roots used to clean eyes of livestock, rhizome for the treatment of wounds, injuries, bad sore and muscle tear.) in English: rockfoil in China: honhithao in India: alelgaya, ashmabhedaka, ashmaghna, asmabhedaka, asmabhit, bhimayojini, brahala, dhogpuluta, fhiagso, gheepati, ghyopati, giribhita, himsagara, kallurvanci, khamdamdawi, laoo, mohanavalli, nagabhita, paakhan bed, pakhan bed, pakhan bedh, pakhan bhed, pakhanabheda, pakhanbed, pakhanbedh, pakhanbet, pakhanbhed, pakhanved, pakhenbet, pan-damdawi, pandamdawi, pasan, pasan bhad, pasana upalabheda, pasanabheda, pashan bhed, pashan bhed lakadi, pashanbed, pashanabheda, pashanabhedana, pashanabhedi, pashanbhed, pashanbhed lakadi, pashanbhed lakdi, pashanbheda, pashnabheda, pathan bed, pathar phori, pathar tor, patharchatta, patharchuri, pathakucha, pather chauri, pathor tor, phashanbed, pushanbheda, sabia, saprotri, shailagarbhaja, shilabheda, shveta, silabheda, silabhit, silohora kathbiraji, silpara, silparo, telanurupindi, tsiekhanha, zakhm-i-hyat in Nepal: bangmas, bramhendo, bregyal, chyurpu, padam bed, pakhanbed, pakhane, pakhenbet, silpaurei, simpate in Tibetan: a-ma-bhe-da, a-sma-bhe-da, sru sru i tsa ba, sru srui tsa ba Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch (Bergenia bifolia Moench, nom. illeg.; Bergenia cordifolia (Haworth) Sternberg; Bergenia coreana Nakai; Bergenia crassifolia Fritsch; Bergenia crassifolia var. cordifolia (Haworth) A. Borissova; Bergenia crassifolia var. pacifica (Kom.) Nekr.; Bergenia

Bergenia Moench Saxifragaceae

pacifica Kom.; Saxifraga cordifolia Haworth; Saxifraga crassifolia L.; Saxifraga crassifolia var. elliptica Ledebour; Saxifraga crassifolia var. obovata Seringe; Saxifraga crassifolia var. pauciflora Ser.) E. Asia, N.W. China to Siberia. Perennial herb, evergreen, scaly creeping rhizome, pink flower clusters, cymose inflorescence See Sp. Pl. 1: 401. 1753, Miscellanea Naturalia 156. 1803, Flora Altaica 2: 117. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 37. 1830, Revisio Saxifragarum 2: 2. 1831, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 39: 587–588. 1889 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(217– 221): 393. 1911, Botanical Magazine 28(335): 304–305. 1914, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 82(1): 51–53. 2002, PTR. Phytotherapy Research 19(12): 1052–1056. 2005, Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal 40(11): 39–42: 2006, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 40(11): 620–623. 2006 (Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antimicrobial, immunostimulating activity, astringent, for infectious diseases, dermatosis, typhoid, dengue, rheumatism, tuberculosis, bullous myringitis, diarrhea, mastitis, diphtheria, malaria, measles, croup, laryngitis, encephalitis.) in English: Siberian tea in China: hou ye yan bai cai Bergenia pacumbis (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) C.Y. Wu & J.T. Pan (Bergenia ciliata (Haworth) Sternberg f. ligulata Yeo; Bergenia himalaica A. Borissova; Bergenia ligulata Engler; Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engl.; Saxifraga ligulata Hook. f. & Thomas; Saxifraga ligulata Murray; Saxifraga ligulata Wallich, nom. illeg., non Murray; Saxifraga ligulata var. densiflora Seringe; Saxifraga ligulata var. minor Wallich ex DC.; Saxifraga ligulata var. minor Wall. ex Ser.; Saxifraga pacumbis Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) India, China. Stout perennial herb, evergreen, scaly creeping rhizome, white pink flowers, cymose inflorescence See Species Plantarum 1: 398–405. 1753, Opuscula 26, pl. 1. 1781, Asiatic Researches 13: 398. 1820, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 209. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 38. 1830, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 26: 840. 1868, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 3(2a): 51. 1891 and Kew Bulletin 20(1): 134. 1966, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 26(2): 126. 1988 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Dried root stalk powdered and boiled in water, the decoction drunk for tuberculosis, asthma, fever, pulmonary affections and liver complaints, painful urination. Root antilithic, astringent, diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, for fevers, urinary troubles, dropsy and as abortifacient; roots juice used for toothache, swellings and sores; the juice from the crushed roots drunk for any stomach disorders, with milk given to women after delivery to relieve body ache and to stop bleeding. Powdered root mixed with water applied on burns, boils and cuts. Veterinary medicine, mixed with

573

Bergia L. Elatinaceae

Glycine max seeds given to cattle for diarrhea; root extract given for treating weakness and sickness of cattle.) in China: she yan bai cai in India: alelgaya, aria, ashmabhedaka, ashmaghna, asmabhedaka, asmabhit, balapia, bathew, bhimayojini, braghal, dakehu, fhiagso, ghees-pati, giribhita, himsagara, jajewmaw-ramsong, kallurvanci, khamdamdawi, mohanavalli, nagabhita, paakhan bed, pahanda, pakhan bed, pakhan bedh, pakhan bet, pakhan bhed, pakhanabheda, pakhanbed, pakhanbedh, pakhanbhed, pakhanved, palpashand, pan-damdawi, pandamdawi, pasan bhed, pasana upalabheda, pasanabheda, pashamabheda, pashan bhed, pashan bhed lakadi, pashanabhed, pashanabheda, pashanabhedana, pashanabhedi, pashanbhed, pashanbhed lakadi, pashanbhed lakdi, pashanbheda, pashnabheda, pathakucha, pathan bed, pathar tor, patharchur, patharchuri, pathor tor, pattharcur, saprotri, shailagarbhaja, shaphoki, shilabheda, shilphorha, shilphori, shveta, silabheda, silabhit, silohora kathbiraji, silpada, silpara, silpare, silparo, silpharha, silphari, silphora, sohanea soa, telanurupindi, tsiekhanha, vanpatraka, zakhma-hyat, zakhm-e-hyat, zakhm-i-hyat in Tibet: a-sma-bhe-da, sru sru i tsa ba, sru srui tsa ba Bergenia purpurascens (J.D. Hooker & Thomson) Engler (Bergenia delavayi (Franchet) Engler; Bergenia purpurascens f. delavayi (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; Bergenia purpurascens var. delavayi (Franchet) Engler & Irmscher; Bergenia purpurascens var. macrantha (Franchet) Diels; Saxifraga delavayi Franchet; Saxifraga purpurascens J.D. Hooker & Thomson; Saxifraga purpurascens var. macrantha Franchet) China, Nepal. Perennial herb, evergreen, erect, rhizomatous, scaly creeping rhizome, leaves basal, violet purple flowers, cymose inflorescence See J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 2: 61. 1858, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 26: 841. 1868, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 32: 6. 1885, Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum Imperio 2: 51. 1888, Nat. Pflzfam. 3(2a): 51. 1890 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 364. 1900, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(24): 147–148. 1912, Symbolae Sinicae 7(2): 416. 1931 (Roots astringent, styptic, tonic, antiseptic, for lung disease, colds, chronic bronchitis, fever, cough, sore throat, inflammation, gastric ulcer, stomachache, bone fracture, reducing itching and local swelling, swelling of limbs, healing wounds; root decoction taken orally to cure severe stomach pain. Paste made out of leaves and young shoots taken for pneumonia.) in China: yan bai cai in India: pachan bet, pashanvayd in Tibet: a ma we da, ba shyia na we da, benzara, du li, go pi ding ya na, ka tur, li ga du, li ka dur, nagati, u pa la we da

Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thomson) Engl. (Bergenia stracheyi Stein; Saxifraga milesii Baker; Saxifraga milesii Hort. Leichtl. ex Baker; Saxifraga stracheyi Hook. f. & Thomson) China, India, Himalayas. Perennial stoloniferous herb with woody rootstock, broadly ovate leaves, fodder See Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 2: 61. 1857 [1858 publ. 1857], Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 26: 840– 842. 1868, Gardener’s chronicle, new series 18: 102. 1882, Naturl. Pflanzenfam. [Engl. et Prantl] iii. 2a.(1890) 50. 1890 and Ethnobotany 17: 127–136. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Juice from the crushed roots for toothache, swellings and sores; roots chewed against stomach complaints. Rhizome and root bitter, antiscorbutic, febrifuge, antilithic, astringent, diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, used in fever, asthma, coughs and pulmonary affections, diarrhea, vomiting, applied to boils and swelling of limbs. Rhizome juice tonic, carminative, to relieve fever; rhizomes used in herbal formulations for dissolution of kidney and bladder stones, in menorrhagia and urinary troubles, for treatment of piles and pulmonary infections; paste of rhizome has wound healing effects; rhizome paste given for jaundice. Dried leaves ground into powder and boiled with water used for cold and cough; a vegetable from the leaves eaten for removal of kidney stones. Upper parts used in joint diseases, cuts and wounds.) in China: duan bing yan bai cai in India: gatilas, laoo, pakhanbed, pasan bhed, pasana upalabheda, pasanabheda, pashan bhed, pashan bhed lakadi, pashanabheda, pashanabhedana, pashanabhedi, pashanbhed, pashanbhed lakadi, pashanbhed lakdi, pashanbheda, pashnabheda, phashanbed, sabal, sabia, sabla, shilpada, silphadi, silphadu, silphari, shilphor, silphori, tiang in Tibet: ghee-patti, silphari

Bergia L. Elatinaceae After the Swedish physician Peter (Petrus) Jonas Bergius, 1730–1790, botanist and plant collector, pupil of Linnaeus, from 1766–1790 professor of natural history and pharmacy in Stockholm, author of Semina Muscorum detecta … disputat … Pehr Jonas Bergius. Upsaliae 1750, Descriptiones plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei. Stockholmiae 1767 (plants collected by J.A. Auge, employed by the East India Company at Cape Town) and Materia medica e regno vegetabili, sistens simplicia officinalia, pariter atque culinaria. Editio secunda correctior. Stockholm 1778; see C. Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum Altera. 152, 241. 1771, Peter MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical collectors at the Cape.” Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xxxiv. 1884–1886 and Die Nat. Pflanzenfamilien ed. 2, 21. 1925, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 169. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 35.

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1972, Gilbert Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa. 44, 87. Rotterdam 1982, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 37. 1988. Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth (Bergia ammannioides Roxb.; Bergia ammannioides Roth; Bergia ammannioides B. Heyne ex Roth; Elatine ammannioides (Roxb. ex Roth) Wight & Arn.; Elatine ammannioides (Roth) Wight & Arn.; Elatine ammannioides Wight & Arn.) India. Prostrate herb See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 33. 1814, Novae Plantarum Species praesertim Indiae Orientalis 219. 1821, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 41. 1834 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912

Berkheya Ehrh. Asteraceae

See Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 69(213): t. 25, f. 1. 1813, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 7: 765. 1838, Denkschriften der Bayer. Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg 3: 183. 1841 and Journal of Natural Medicines 61(1): 59–62. 2007 (Used to repair bones, cleaning teeth and applied on sores, leaves used as poultice on sores and broken bones. Whole plant decoction for malaria. Plant paste an antidote against scorpion sting. Superoxide scavenging activity, free-radical scavenging activity.) in India: kankairo, kankario, karbuji, kharbuji, kharsan, lavariu, rohan, ropatri, rowan, runvand, runvund in Pakistan: kharbuja, rohwan

(Whole plant paste applied in skin diseases.)

Berkheya Ehrh. Asteraceae

in China: tian fan lü

After the Dutch naturalist and poet Jan (Johannes) Le Franc van Berkhey, 1729–1812, botanist and biologist, author of Expositio characteristica structurae florum qui dicuntur Compositi, etc. [Thesis] Lugduno-Batavus [Leyden] 1760. See Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784, Adrian Loosjes, De geest der geschriften van Jan le Francq van Berkhey. Haarlem 1813 and Roessler, H. “Revision der Arctotideae— Gorteriinae (Compositae).” Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 71–500. 1959, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 171. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection 35. 1972, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 23(4): 289–296. 2006.

Bergia capensis L. (Bergia aquatica Roxb.; Bergia verticillata Willd.) South Africa, India. Glabrous herb, aquatic, erect or ascending, thick creeping succulent stem, prostrate and rooting at the nodes, white or pink flowers in dense clusters, furrowed crimson capsule, freshwater weeds See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 770. 1799 and Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Elatinaceae 3. 1968, Monographiae Biologicae 89: 463–478. 2009 (Superstitions, ritual, magic, fetish.) in China: da ye tian fan lü in India: neeru paavila, pola-tsjira Bergia decumbens Planch. ex Harv. Tropical Africa. See Harvey, William Henry (1811–1866), Thesaurus Capensis: or, illustrations of the South African flora …, selected from the Dublin University Herbarium. Dublin, 1859–1863

Berkheya barbata (L.f.) Hutch. (Berkheya grandiflora (Thunb.) Willd.; Berkheya grandiflora Willd.; Berkheya ilicifolia Druce; Berkheya ilicifolia (M. Vahl) Druce; Gorteria barbata L.f.; Rohria grandiflora Thunb.; Rohria ilicifolia Vahl) South Africa. Near the sea in fynbos See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1229, 1358, 1377. 1759, Supplementum Plantarum 382. 1782 and Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 21: 86. 1932

(Fruits for kidney diseases and stomachache.)

(Phototoxic. Alkaloids.)

Bergia guineensis Hutch. & Dalziel

in South Africa: groot disseldoring

Tropical Africa.

Berkheya carlinopsis Welw. ex O. Hoffm. subsp. magalismontana (Bolus) Roessler (Berkheya magalismontana Bolus; Crocodilodes carlinopsis (Welw. ex O. Hoffm.) Hiern)

See Flora of West Tropical Africa [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 1: 109. 1927, Kew Bull. 1928, 27. 1928 (Whole plant and roots applied for scabies, yaws, skin diseases, bronchitis, venereal diseases.) Bergia suffruticosa (Delile) Fenzl (Bergia odorata Edgew.; Bergia suffruticosa Fenzl; Lancretia suffruticosa Delile) India, Sudan. Perennial undershrub, woody at base, decumbent or spreading, aromatic, flowers white to pinkish

South Africa. See Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 13: 34. 1896, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853– 61 1, 3: 608. 1898 and Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society 18: 397. 1907, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 65, Suppl. 2: 63. 1927, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 143–144. 1959,

575

Berkheya Ehrh. Asteraceae

Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 11: 96. 1973, Planta Med. 50(2): 192–193. 1984 (Guaianolides closely related to subluteolide.) in South Africa: bergdisseldoring Berkheya cirsiifolia (DC.) Roessler (Berkheya alba Phillips; Stobaea cirsiifolia DC.) South Africa, Lesotho. Shiny leaves with sharp spikes on the edges, rays white, disc with yellow corolla fading to brown, stigma white, on slope, along roadside bank See Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: [v], 141. 1800, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 519. 1838 and Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 250–251. 1959 (Phototoxic. Tonic, analgesic, invigorating, for impotency, liver and gall bladder diseases.)

South Africa, Tanzania. Erect, scarcely branched, copiously prickly throughout, stem fluted, prickly wings on stem, basal leaves oval, leaves puberulous densely hispid, flowers in dense yellow heads, involucral bracts with copious long spines, rayflorets scarcely exceeding involucral bracts, corollas narrow See Flora Capensis 3: 495. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 332. 1891 and Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3: 121. 1912 (Phototoxic. Medicinal.) in Swaziland: iphungula Berkheya fruticosa (L.) Ehrh. (Atractylis fruticosa L.; Berkheya asteroides (L.f.) Druce; Berkheya incana (Thunb.) Willd.) South Africa.

in English: thistle

See Species Plantarum 2: 829. 1753, Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784

in Lesotho: mohatollo

(Phototoxic.)

in South Africa: mohata-o-mosoeu, ntsoantsane-e-kholo, tsehlo-ea-thaba

in South Africa: vaalperdebos, vaaldissel, vaaldisseldoring

Berkheya coddii Roessler (The species was named to honor the South African botanist Leslie Edward W. Codd, born 1908, former Director of Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, co-author with Mary Gunn of Botanical exploration of southern Africa. Cape Town 1981, author of Trees and Shrubs of the Kruger National Park. [Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. no. 26] Pretoria 1951 and “Notes on poisonous plants with special reference to the Gousiekte problem.” J. S. Afr. Biol. Soc. 2: 8–18. 1961; see A.P. Backer, D.J.B. Killick and D. Edwards, “A plant ecological bibliography and thesaurus for southern Africa up to 1975.” Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa. no. 52. 1986.)

Berkheya heterophylla (Thunb.) O. Hoffm. var. heterophylla (Stobaea biloba DC.; Stobaea heterophylla Thunb.) South Africa. See Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 141. 1800 (Phototoxic.) in South Africa: isihlungu, disseldoring, graweelwortel, ntsoantsoane Berkheya macrocephala J.M. Wood South Africa.

South Africa. Fast growing, herb, flowers yellow, endemic Nickel hyperaccummulator

See Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784

See Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 231–232. 1959, Mycorrhiza. 13(4): 185–90. 2003, New Phytologist 158(2): 279–285. 2003, Keeling, S.M. et al. “Nickel and cobalt phytoextraction by the hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii: implications for polymetallic phytomining and phytoremediation.” Int. J. Phytoremediation. 5(3): 235– 44. 2003, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 86(3): 243–50. 2004, Robert S. Boyd et al. “Metal concentrations of insects associated with the South African Ni hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii (Asteraceae).” Insect Science 13(2): 85–102. 2006

in South Africa: ntsoantsane, sehohlo-se-seholo

(A hyper-accumulator of nickel, which can be used in phytomining and phytoremediation; formed well-developed arbuscular mycorrhiza under greenhouse conditions.)

South Africa, Swaziland.

Berkheya echinacea (Harv.) O. Hoffm. ex Burtt Davy (Crocodilodes echinaceum (Harv.) Kuntze; Crocodilodes gerrardii (Harv.) Kuntze; Stobaea echinacea Harv.; Stobaea gerrardii Harv.)

(Phototoxic.) Berkheya maritima J.M. Wood and Evans South Africa. See Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784 (Phototoxic.) Berkheya montana J.M. Wood & M.S. Evans (Berkheya arctiifolia O. Hoffm. ex Kuntze; Berkheya bilabiata N.E. Br.)

See Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100(1–2): 210–215 (For bruises; sedatives or to treat various CNS-related ailments, mental diseases.) in South Africa: mohatollo, ntsoa-ntsane-ea-loti

576

Berkheya onopordifolia (DC.) O. Hoffm. ex Burtt Davy (Stobaea onopordifolia DC.) Taiwan, Swaziland. Herb See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 521. 1838 and Annual of Taiwan Museum 3: 121. 1912 (Phototoxic.) in South Africa: mohato, ntsoantsane Berkheya pannosa Hilliard South Africa. See Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784 (Phototoxic.) Berkheya pauciflora Roessler South Africa. See Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 519–520. 1960, Planta Med. 50(2): 192–193. 1984 (Desacetyl laurenobiolide and a caustic acid derivative.) Berkheya pinnatifida (Thunb.) Thell. (Stobaea pinnatifida Thunb.) South Africa. See Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 141. 1800 and Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Solothurn 8(20): 77. 1928 (Phototoxic.) in Southern Africa: isihlungu, mofahla-toeba Berkheya radula (Harv.) De Wild. (Berkheya adlami Hook.; Berkheya radula Hubb.; Crocodilodes radula (Harv.) Kuntze; Stobaea radula Harv.) South Africa. Herb, stem with prickly irregular wings, leaves basal oval narrowing to base margin with numerous shallow lobes edged with small prickles, leaves upper surface dark rough, flower-heads borne singly on short stalks spaced along top of stem, involucral bracts narrow-oblong, ray-florets yellow, highveld See Prodr. Pl. Cap. 2: [v], 141. 1800, Tekhno-Bot. Slovar. 55. 1820, Flora Capensis 3: 491. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 333. 1891, Botanical Magazine 123: t. 7, 514. 1897 and Icones selectae horti thenensis 2: 89. 1901, Kirkia 10(1): 73–99. 1975 (Phototoxic.) in Southern Africa: diphate, isihlungu, ntsoantsoane, boesmansrietjie Berkheya rhapontica Hutch. & Burtt Davy subsp. aristosa (DC.) Roessler (Stobaea aristosa DC.) (Rhaponticum, Latin radix Pontica, Greek rheon, rha ‘roots and rhizomes (from Iran)’, the rha of Pontus, Greek Rha (said to be from

Berkheya Ehrh. Asteraceae

the ancient name of the river Volga/Wolga), Latin Rha ‘the Volga, on whose banks grew the radix pontica, Rha ponticum, rhubarb, Rheum rhaponticum L., which thence received its name’; see C.T. Onions, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford University Press 1966, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1234. [rhubarb] 1967, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. 4: 1017. Bologna 1985, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim & S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14 Aufl. 475. 1993, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XV: 176, 966. 1994, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 532, 533– 534. 1996.) South Africa. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 518–519. 1837 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1935: 571. 1935, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 170–171. 1959 (Phototoxic. Used for coughs.) Berkheya rhapontica Hutch. & Burtt Davy subsp. platyptera (Harv.) Roessler (Berkheya platyptera (Harv.) O. Hoffm.; Stobaea platyptera Harv.) South Africa. Herb, erect, very prickly, stem narrow bearing smaller irregularly lobed leaves whose margins are prolonged downwards to form wings on stem, basal rosette of leaves lance-shaped or oval, leaves upper surface rough, ray-florets yellow, flower-heads lateral on upper part of stem, involucral bracts spreading or reflexed felted below with many marginal prickles See Flora Capensis 3: 495. 1865 and Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 170. 1959 (Phototoxic. Used for coughs.) Berkheya rhapontica Hutch. & Burtt Davy subsp. rhapontica (Stobaea rhapontica DC.) South Africa. Herb, very prickly, stem narrow bearing smaller irregularly lobed leaves whose margins are prolonged downwards to form wings on stem, basal rosette of leaves lance-shaped or oval, lower leaf surface silvery, leaves margins with shallow mostly rounded lobes edged with prickles, florets all yellow, flower-heads lateral on upper part of stem, involucral bracts spreading or reflexed felted below with many marginal prickles See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 519. 1837 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1935: 571. 1935 (Phototoxic. Used for coughs.) in South Africa: ikhakhasi, iphungula, ntsoa-ntsane, pepetloane-e-meutla Berkheya robusta Bohnen ex Roessler

577

Berkheya Ehrh. Asteraceae

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Swaziland, Mozambique. Robust, erect, lower leaf surface grey silvery, flower-heads in large branching terminal inflorescence, florets all yellow, involucral bracts numerous lance-shaped ending in long spines, ray-florets few sometimes absent, disk florets with long pointed lobes, among boulders See Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 3: 260–261. 1959

with long fine point and marginal prickles, ray-florets strapshaped yellow See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 518–519. 1838 and Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 24: 314. 1910, J. Ethnopharmacol. 73(1–2): 209–14. 2000 (Phototoxic. Medicinal, antischistosomic, abdominal disorders, bilharzia and sore eyes.)

(Phototoxic.)

in English: buffalo-tongue Berkheya

Berkheya setifera DC. (Berkheya setifera var. tropica S. Moore; Crocodilodes setiferum (DC.) Kuntze; Crocodilodes setiferum Kuntze)

Berkheya spekeana Oliv. (Berkheya chiesiana Chiov.; Crocodilodes spekeanum (Oliv.) Kuntze) (Dedicated to John Hanning Speke, 1827–1864, British soldier and explorer, 1854 East Africa, 1857–1859 East Africa with R.F. Burton and 1860–1863 with J.A. Grant (1827–1892); see William Allen (1793–1864) and Thomas Richard Heywood Thomson, A narrative of the expedition … to the River Niger, in 1841. London 1848, J.F. Schön & S. Crowther, Journals of the Expedition up the Niger in 1841. London 1848, F.A. Maximilian Kuhn, Filices Africanae … Accedunt filices Deckenianae et Petersianae. Lipsiae [Leipzig] 1868, D. Oliver, The botany of the Speke and Grant expedition, an enumeration of the plants collected during the journey of the late captain J.H., Speke and captain (now Lieut.-Col.) J.A. Grant from Zanzibar to Egypt. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1873– 1875, Carl Claus (Karl Klaus) von der Decken (1833–1865), Baron C.C. von der Decken’s Reisen in Ost Afrika in 1859– 61. Leipzig & Heidelberg 1869–1879 and Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. Boston 1965, F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant collectors in West Africa. 69. Utrecht 1971, Principes. Volume 21(3): 140. 1977, I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (5), Collectors N-R. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 109. 1983.)

South Africa, Zimbabwe. Leaves mostly basal lance-shaped, flower-heads in long loosely branching inflorescence, involucral bracts numerous very narrow, ray-florets yellow, young leaves used as spinach See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 507. 1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 333. 1891 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 40: 123. 1911 (Phototoxic. Roots for rheumatism, arthritis, kidney problems, urinary and stomach complaints; an infusion taken as blood purifier. Magic, repels evil spirits.) in English: buffalo-tongue Berkheya, ox tongue in South Africa: ikhakhasi, indlebe-lenkomo, leleme la khomo, lelelemla-khomo, lulwimi lwenkhomo, mavambuka, ntsoaantsane, rasperdisseldoring, ulimi-lwenkomo, ulimilwenyathi, uLimilwenyathi, uLimilwenkomo Berkheya speciosa (DC.) O. Hoffm. (Stobaea speciosa DC.) South Africa. Erect, slender, inflorescence of few longstalked flower-heads borne at about same level, involucral bracts narrow with long fine point and marginal prickles, ray-florets strap-shaped yellow See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 518–519. 1838 and Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 24: 314. 1910, Sparg, S.G. et al. “Efficiency of traditionally used South African plants against schistosomiasis.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73(1–2): 209–214. 2000 (Phototoxic. Medicinal, urinary schistosomiasis, the plant extracts from Berkheya speciosa, Euclea natalensis (Ebenaceae) and Trichilia emetica (Meliaceae) are lethal to the schistosomula.) in South Africa: ikhakhasi elikhulu, ntsoaantsane, skraaldisseldoring, umaphola Berkheya speciosa (DC.) O. Hoffm. subsp. lanceolata Roessler South Africa, Swaziland. Herb, erect, slender, leaves basal with slender stalk, leaves margin entire with numerous minute prickles, inflorescence of few long-stalked flowerheads borne at about same level, involucral bracts narrow

South Africa, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania. Erect, shrub, herb, thorny, stem with white latex exudate, flowers yellow, ray corollas yellow, stigmas yellow, old inflorescences brown, in open areas, in wooded grassland, stony bushland See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 29: 100, t. 66. 1873 and Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy & Phytopharmacology, Jan. 2002 (Phototoxic. Antiviral, against human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Veterinary medicine, leaves for stomachache, wounds, jaundice.) in Burundi: igihandambwa, umuhandambwa in Congo: cigwigwi, ikigembe-gembe, ikigembegembe, ikigwarara, mugwigwi, ngwigwi, omugwigwi in Kenya: katabut, lirakalu, lisatsa Berkheya umbellata DC. (Crocodilodes umbellatum (DC.) Kuntze) South Africa.

578

See Neues Magazin fur Aerzte 6: 303. 1784 (Phototoxic.) in South Africa: geelklossiedissel, ikhakhasana elincane, klossies, vleidissel Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern (Berkheya subteretifolia Thell.; Crocodilodes zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Kuntze; Stobaea zeyheri Sond. & Harv.) Tropical Africa. Herbaceous, tufted, hispid, woody root, yellow daisy-like flowers See Flora Capensis 3: 496. 1865, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 429. 1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 333. 1891 and Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 74: 126. 1929, Mitt. Bot. Staatssammi. Munchen 3: 218. 1959, Kirkia 10(1): 73–99. 1975 (Bark medicinal for baby’s navel, for diarrhea and as a diuretic.) in English: buffalo-tongue Berkheya

Berlandiera DC. Asteraceae The genus honors the 19th century French-Swiss physician Jean Louis Berlandier, 1805–1851, plant collector in North America, see Prodr. (DC.) 5: 517. 1836, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society n.s., 7: 342. 1840. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. (Berlandiera incisa Torr. & A. Gray; Berlandiera lyrata Benth. var. macrophylla A. Gray) North America, Mexico. Perennial herb, leafy, branching, upper branches sprawling, long alternate velvety leaves, compound fragrant flower heads, yellow rays and maroon central disk See A Flora of North America: containing … (Torr. & A. Gray) 2(2): 282. 1842 and Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 17. 1839, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 243. 1884 and Taxon 32: 510–511. 1983, Sida 21(3): 1665– 1668. 2005 (Roots as sedative, in hysteria, madness, nervousness.) in English: chocolate flower, greeneyes, lyreleaf greeneyes

Berrya Roxb. Tiliaceae After the English physician Andrew Berry, flourished 1780s–1810s, M.D. 1784, nephew of James Anderson (d. 1809, Madras, India), from 1784 to 1814 doctor and botanist in Madras (Madras Medical Service), contributed to the development of the East India Company’s Botanic Garden at Calcutta, friend of W. Roxburgh. See William Roxburgh (1751–1815), Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. 3: 60–61, t. 264. 1819[1820], Flora Indica. 2: 639. Serampore 1832, [Madras, Presidency of Fort St. George], Code of Regulations

Berlandiera DC. Asteraceae

for the Medical Department of the Presidency of Fort St. George. Madras 1833 and D.G. Crawford, A History of the Indian Medical Service, 1600–1913. London 1914, K. Biswas, ed., The original correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks relating to the foundation of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta and The summary of the 150th anniversary volume of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Calcutta 1950, Fl. NovoGaliciana 3: 9–751. 2001. Berrya cubensis (Griseb.) M. Gómez (Berrya ameliae (Lundell) Kosterm.; Berrya cubensis (Griseb.) Kosterm.; Berrya mariarum (Standl.) Kosterm.; Carpodiptera ameliae Lundell; Carpodiptera cubensis Griseb.; Carpodiptera mariarum Standl.) Cuba, Haiti. See Plantae Wrightianae 1: 164. 1860, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 164, 1861, Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 19(2): 215. 1890 and Field & Laboratory 6(1): 13. 1937, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(3): 126. 1944, Reinwardtia 7(5): 424. 1969 (Diuretic, stomachic, for anemia, dysmenorrhea.) in Mexico: telcon

Bersama Fresen. Melianthaceae From the Ethiopian name Senckenbergianum 2: 280. 1837.

brsma,

see

Museum

Bersama abyssinica Fresen. subsp. abyssinica (Bersama abyssinica subsp. engleriana (Gürke) F. White; Bersama abyssinica subsp. nyassae (Baker f.) White; Bersama abyssinica subsp. paullinioides (Planch.) Verdc.; Bersama abyssinica subsp. paullinioides auct. - sensu Brenan; Bersama abyssinica var. engleriana (Gürke) Verdc.; Bersama abyssinica var. gracilipes (Mildbr.) Verdc.; Bersama abyssinica var. holstii (Gürke) Verdc.; Bersama abyssinica var. kandtii (Gilg & Brehmer) Verdc.; Bersama abyssinica var. nyassae (Baker f.) Verdc.; Bersama abyssinica var. paullinioides (Planch.) Verdc.; Bersama abyssinica Fresen. var. ugandensis (Sprague) Verdc.; Bersama acutidens Welw. ex Hiern; Bersama andongensis Hiern; Bersama angolensis Baker f.; Bersama bolamensis Brehmer; Bersama chippii Sprague & Hutch.; Bersama chloroleuca Brehmer; Bersama coriacea Baker f.; Bersama deiningeri Brehmer; Bersama deneckeana Brehmer; Bersama engleriana Gürke; Bersama erythrocarpa Brehmer; Bersama faucicola Gilg & Brehmer; Bersama gallensis Brehmer; Bersama goetzei Gürke; Bersama gossweileri Baker f.; Bersama gracilipes Mildbr.; Bersama hebecalyx Gilg & Brehmer; Bersama holstii Gürke; Bersama integrifolia A. Rich.; Bersama jaegeri Gilg & Brehmer; Bersama kandtii Gilg & Brehmer; Bersama kiwuensis Gürke; Bersama leiostegia Stapf; Bersama leucotricha Brehmer; Bersama lobulata Sprague & Hutch.; Bersama maschonensis Gürke; Bersama maxima Baker;

579

Bersama Fresen. Melianthaceae

Bersama mildbraedii Gürke; Bersama myriantha Gilg & Brehmer; Bersama ninagongensis Gürke; Bersama nyassae Baker f.; Bersama pachythyrsa Brehmer; Bersama palustris L.Touss.; Bersama paullinioides (Planch.) Baker; Bersama preussii Baker f.; Bersama schreberifolia Brehmer; Bersama schweinfurthii Brehmer; Bersama serrata A. Rich.; Bersama subalata Hutch. & Dalziel; Bersama suffruticosa Brehmer; Bersama tessmannii Brehmer; Bersama ugandensis Sprague; Bersama ugandensis var. serrata Baker f.; Bersama usambarica Gürke; Bersama ussanguensis Brehmer; Bersama volkensii Gürke; Bersama xanthotricha Gilg & Brehmer; Bersama yangambiensis L. Touss.; Bersama zombensis Dunkley; Natalia paullinioides Planch.) East Africa, Malawi, Tanzania. Small tree or shrub, evergreen, slender, bark cracking lengthwise, large leaves compound in clusters at branch ends, creamy flowers sweetsmelling, yellowish to reddish woody capsule 4–5 lobed, bright red seeds with yellow or orange arils, large morphological variation See Museum Senckenbergianum 2: 281. 1837 and Kew Bulletin 1950: 237. 1950, Phytotherapy Research 7(2): 211– 212. 1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, Plant Systematics and Evolution 227(3–4): 157–182. 2001, Phytotherapy Research 15(1): 62–69. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(3): 421–427. 2005, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 2(3): 215–221. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): 139–142. 2006, Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal 24(1): 23–30. 2006, Phytochemistry 67(19): 2126–2132. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112: 55–70. 2007, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3: 7. 2007, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4: 10–11. 2008 (All parts poisonous to stock and humans. Leaf extracts antibacterial and antifungal, antiviral, cardiogenic, spasmolytic and hypoglycemic. Bark, leaf and root decoctions taken as a purgative to treat malaria, stomach disorders, abdominal pain, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, intestinal worms, amebiasis. Crushed leaves used as snuff for colds, chewed as an aphrodisiac; leaves to treat mental disturbances, debility, jaundice and leprosy. Pounded leaves mixed with water, the mixture drunk and applied to the body to treat convulsions and snakebites. Stem bark extract antispasmodic, bark juice purgative, stem bark decoction drunk to cure rheumatism, stem bark and leaves to treat diabetes mellitus and cancer. Root decoction taken for epilepsy and hemorrhoids; roots boiled and mixed with other species to treat bilharzia and dysentery. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants, antifungal, insecticide, itching, mastitis, rabies.) in English: bitter bark, winged bersama in Burundi: umuhinguri, umurerabana in Ethiopia: azamir, azamrr, kilisa guracha, lolchisa, lolchissa in Rwanda: umukaka, umurokora in Sierra Leone: jondobai

in Tanzania: eng’arangupe, eng’arapigupe, engarangupe, kirangwe, manguwe, mbatsamwono, misuangatu, mkururumbi, mpeme, mrindawa, mtata, muthandi, mwangwakwao in Zambia: nakancete in Zimbabwe: chereke, muNyahlawa, muNyahava, muNyohava, muNyakowa, muYakawa (Shona) Bersama abyssinica Fresen. subsp. paullinioides (Planch.) Verdc. (Natalia paullinioides Planch.) Tropical Africa. Tree, bushy, slender, erect, low-branched, dark green foliage, leaves imparipinnate, perianth white to brown, stamens yellow, woody globose capsules with four valves spreading horizontally, scarlet seeds with yellow arils, seeds white inside when cut, riverside, montane forest See Museum Senckenbergianum 2: 281. 1837, Flora 24: 663. 1841, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 4: t. 780. 1848 [May 1848] and Kew Bulletin 1950: 237. 1950 (Stem bark and roots purgative, vermifuge, stomachic, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac. Ritual, medico-religious beliefs, magic, ceremonial, twigs used as a ritual plant during the treatment of fractures.) in English: bersama bark, bitter bark African names: chereke, duantu, je ra kpar, kapachi, kpondeblokai, maranguwe, mrandangube, munyahlawa, munyohava, samangya, wamis in Congo: ndondwambi in Tanzania: mpeme, ongarangupe in Zimbabwe: chereke, muNyahlawa, muNyahava, muNyohava, muNyakowa, muYakawa Bersama lucens (Hochst.) Szyszyl. (Bersama lucens Szyszyl.; Natalia lucens Hochst.) South Africa. Small tree or shrub, shiny leathery thick glossy compound leaves, inflorescence long-stalked many-flowered raceme, small greenish white flowers, ridged wrinkled woody capsules, scarlet seeds, fleshy yellowish aril, fruits eaten by Vervet monkeys See Museum Senckenbergianum 2: 280. 1837, Flora 24(2): 664. 1841, Polypet. Discifl. Rehmann. 50. 1888 (Very poisonous, leaves and the roots have been reported to have caused death. Bark used for impotency and barrenness; powder from stem bark sniffed to cure headache; a stem bark maceration drunk to treat menstrual pain, nervousness, venereal diseases and impotence; stem bark extract to kill lice. An aqueous stem bark extract showed significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans. A magical protector against evil spirits.) in English: glossy bersama, glossy white ash, shiny-leaf bersama

580

in Southern Africa: blinkblaarwitessenhout; uNdiyaza, isiNdiyandiya (Zulu); isiNdiyandiya (Xhosa) in Swaziland: ndiyasa, ndiyaza, sindiyandiya Bersama tysoniana Oliv. (Bersama stayneri E. Phillips; Bersama transvaalensis Turrill) (for the Jamaican-born William Tyson, 1851–1920, plant collector and South African school teacher. See E.P. Phillips, “A brief historical sketch of the development of botanical science in South Africa and the contribution of South Africa to botany.” S. Afr. J. Sc. 27: 53. 1930, A.W. Bayer, S. Afr. J. Sc. 67: 407. 1971, I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (7), Collectors T-Z. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 117. 1988.)

Bertholletia Bonpland Lecythidaceae

50(20): 5722–5728. 2002, World J. Urol. 21(1): 21–27. 2003, Fitoterapia 76(1): 26–29. 2005, J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 17(3): 189–191. 2007 (Brazil nuts are a frequent cause of allergic reaction. Nuts antioxidant, nutritive, emollient, high selenium content, wound healer. Husks of seed infusion to treat stomachaches; tree bark infusion to treat liver ailments; stem barks with trypanocidal activity. Insect repellent.) in English: Brazil nut, Brazil nut-tree, creamnut, Pará nut, Paranut in South America: almendra, castaña, castanha do Pará, castanheiro do Para, jubia, tuca

South Africa. See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 23: t. 2267. 1894 [May 1893] (Probably poisonous. A stem bark extract drunk to treat fever and hysteria. Veterinary medicine, bark decoction used for gallsickness in cattle.) in English: bastard sneezewood, bitter-bark, common white ash in Southern Africa: gewone witessenhout; iNdiyandiya, isiNdiyandiya (Zulu); iNdiyandiya (Xhosa)

Bertholletia Bonpland Lecythidaceae After the French chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet, 1748– 1822 (Arcueil, France), physician, in Egypt with Napoléon expedition’s (1798), in 1807 with Pierre-Simon de Laplace (1749–1827) founded the Société d’Arcueil, his works include Essai de statique chimique. 1803 and Description du blanchîment des toiles et des fils par l’acide muriatique oxigéné. Paris 1789. See E.F. Jomard, Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de C.L. Berthollet. Annecy 1844 and W.A. Smeaton, in D.S.B. 5: 600–604. 1981, Satish C. Kapoor, in D.S.B. 2: 73–82. 1981, Fl. Neotrop. 21(2): 1–376. 1990, Libro Rojo Pl. Fanerog. Colombia 1: 1–220. 2002, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Barthollesia excelsa Silva Manso; Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.; Bertholletia nobilis Miers) South America, Venezuela. Tree, large, straight, red gum from the bark, spreading branches, leaves leathery, calyx green, petals light yellow and white towards base, filaments white, anthers golden-yellow, petals tinted red on exterior in buds, round woody capsule or pod, the shell of the fruit woody very hard the outside with sticky sap, nuts eaten See Plantae Aequinoctiales 1: 122–127, pl. 36. 1807, Enumeracão das Substancias Brazileiras 45. 1836, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(2): 197–199, t. 37, f. 4–7. 1874 and Eur. J. Biochem. 159(3): 597–604. 1986, Eur. J. Biochem. 162(3): 477–483. 1987, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 21(2):114–118. 1990, J. Agric. Food Chem.

Bertya Planchon Euphorbiaceae For the French botanist Léonce de Lambertye, 1810–1877, horticulturist, author of Catalogue raisonné des plantes vasculaires qui croissent spontanément dans le département de la Marne. Paris 1846 and Le Fraisier: sa botanique, son histoire, sa culture. Paris [1864]. See Geiseler, Eduard Ferdinand (1781–1827), Crotonis monographiam. Halae, 1807, Hooker’s London Journal of Botany. 4: 472, t. 16A. 1845 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 338. 1965, Ruiz López, Hipólito (1754–1815), Relación del viaje hecho a los reynos del Perú y Chile por los botánicos y dibuxantes enviados para aquella expedición, extractado de los diarios por el orden que llevó en estos su autor. Madrid, 1931 [Revisada y anotada por el vocal de la misma R.P. A.J. Barreiro, O.S.A.]. Bertya gummifera Planchon (Bertya gummifera var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Bertya gummifera var. genuina (Planch.) Müll. Arg.; Bertya neglecta Dümmer; Bertya polymorpha Baill. var. mitchelliana Baill.; Croton gummiferus A. Cunn. ex Planch.) Australia. See also Croton gummiferus See London Journal of Botany 4: 473. 1845, Flora 47: 471. 1864, Adansonia 6: 298–299. 1866 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 52: 151. 1914 (Gum-resin astringent.) in Australia: gum bertya in Spanish: sangre de drago

Berula W.D.J. Koch Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) From the Latin berula, ae for an herb, called also cardamine; berle is the French vernacular name for the plant, see Species Plantarum 1: 251–252. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum 44. 1822 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/1): 21–66. 1966, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 63(12): 1746. 1978. Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville (Berula angustifolia Mertens & W.D.J. Koch; Berula angustifolia (L.) Mertens & Koch; Berula

581

Besleria L. Gesneriaceae

angustifolia (L.) Koch, nom. illeg.; Berula erecta var. incisa (Torr.) Cronquist; Berula incisa (Torr.) G.N. Jones; Berula orientalis Woronow; Berula pusilla Fernald; Berula thunbergii (DC.) H. Wolff; Carum sioides J. Black; Siella erecta (Huds.) Pimenov; Sium angustifolium L., nom. illeg.; Sium erectum Hudson; Sium orientale Soó; Sium thunbergii DC.) Europe. Perennial, hairless, hollow, stoloniferous, submerged aquatic herb, roots adventitious, rooting at the lower nodes, branched, lower leaves pinnate, inflorescences emergent, petals white, growing in shallow part of streams See Flora Anglica 103. 1762, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1672. 1762, J.C. Rohlings Deutschlands Flora 2: 25, 433. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 125. 1830, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 4: 115. 1893 and Das Pflanzenreich IV 228, heft 90: 340. 1927, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 25: 1–18. 1976, Taxon 29: 543. 1980, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 22: 37–69. 1980, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2: 365– 388. 1980, Plant Systematics and Evolution 154: 11–30. 1986, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 23: 457–481. 1991, Flora Mediterranea 8: 221–245. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112: 55–70. 2007 (This plant extremely poisonous, suspected of causing stock poisoning, vlei-poisoning. Used externally for rheumatism; whole plant infusion used as wash for rashes, swellings.) in English: cutleaf waterparsnip, lesser water-parsnip, water-parsnip in China: tian shan ze qin, tian shan zi qin

Ecuador, Colombia. See Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 29: 21. 1944 (Against snakebites.)

Besseya Rydb. Plantaginaceae (Scrophulariaceae) See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): 279–280. 1903. Besseya plantaginea (James) Rydb. (Synthyris plantaginea (E. James) Benth.; Veronica plantaginea E. James; Wulfenia plantaginea (E. James) Greene) North America. See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 2: 173. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 455. 1846, Erythea 2(5): 83. 1894 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): 280. 1903 (Plant infusion diuretic. Ceremonial, witchcraft medicine, protection, emetic.) in English: White River coraldrops Besseya rubra (Douglas ex Hook.) Rydb. (Besseya rubra Rydb.; Gymnandra rubra Douglas ex Hook.; Lunellia rubra (Douglas ex Hook.) Nieuwl.; Synthyris rubra (Douglas ex Hook.) Benth.; Wulfenia rubra (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene) North America.

in Italian: sedanina d’acqua

See Flora Boreali-Americana 2(9): 103, pl. 172. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 454. 1846, Erythea 2(5): 83. 1894 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): 280. 1903, American Midland Naturalist 3: 189. 1914

Besleria L. Gesneriaceae

(A strong infusion drunk for colds and as a physic.)

For the German botanist Basilius Besler, 1561–1629, apothecary, established a private botanic garden, editor of Hortus Eystettensis. [A collection of engravings of flowering plants from the garden of Johann Conrad von Gemmingen, Bishop of Eichstätt in Franconia.] Nürnberg 1613 and Fasciculus rariorum et aspectu dignorum vari generis quae collegit, et suis impensis aeri ad vivum incidi curavit, etc. [Nuremberg] 1616. See Species Plantarum 2: 612, 619. 1753, Essai sur les Propriétés Médicales des Plantes 192. 1816, Nova Gen. Sp. 3: 43. 1829 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 177. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 36. 1972, Nicolas Barker, Hortus Eystettensis. The Bishop’s Garden and Besler’s Magnificent Book. The British Library, London 1994, David Paisey, in The Library. Volume 17. 4: 365–368. 1995, Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. 1997.

in English: kitten’s-tail

in East Africa: esayauta, gonde

Besleria calantha C.V. Morton

Beta L. Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) From the ancient Latin name for the beet; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 222. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 103. 1754 and Nordic Journal of Botany 18(2): 159–167. 1998, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 130(1): 81–96. 1999, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125(5): 658–664. 2000. Beta vulgaris L. (Beta maritima L.; Beta orientalis L.; Beta vulgaris subsp. orientalis Aellen) Europe, Mediterranean. Robust, erect, herb, greenish flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 222. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 322. 1762, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 56. 1849, Compendio della

582

Flora Italiana 593. 1882 and Wageningen Agric. Univ. Papers 93(1): 27. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Leaves applied to burns and bruises. Roots and leaves antitumor, emmenagogue, carminative, stomachic, emollient, tonic, nutritive, rejuvenative, stimulating, for liver complaints, hepatitis, jaundice, fatty liver, nausea, hypoglycemia, infections, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, anemia, cancer, diverticulitis, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, hemorrhoids.) in English: beet, beet root, beetroot, common beet, garden beet, leaf beet, mangel, mangold, red beet, sea beet, spinach beet, sugar beet, Swiss chard, white sugar beet in China: chun ta tsai, tian cai, tian cai gen, tien tsai in India: bit, bittruttu, cencira, cencirai, chakundar, chukandar, chukander, cukkandan, karangia, neycira, palak, palakya, palanki, raktagrnjana, rakthagadde, tukhm chuqandar in Japan: kaen-sai, sangojuna

Betula L. Betulaceae From betulla, ae, the Latin name for birch; Hebrew betula ‘chaste maiden, virgin, bride’, Hebrew bat and Akkadian bîntu ‘girl, daughter, pupil’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 982–983. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 422. 1754, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 222, 243. 1822 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32(2): 137. 1994, Fl. N. Amer. 3: i-xxiii, 1–590. 1997, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 402–403. 2001. Betula alleghaniensis Britton (Betula alleghaniensis f. macrolepis (Fernald) Brayshaw; Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis; Betula alleghaniensis var. fallax (Fassett) Brayshaw; Betula alleghaniensis var. macrolepis (Fernald) Brayshaw; Betula alleghaniensis var. macrolepis (Fernald) F. Seym.; Betula excelsa Pursh, nom. illeg.; Betula lutea F. Michaux, nom. illeg.; Betula lutea f. fallax Fassett; Betula lutea f. macrolepis (Fernald) Fernald; Betula lutea var. alleghaniensis (Britton) Rehder; Betula lutea var. genuina Regel, nom. inval.; Betula lenta var. lutea Regel; Betula lutea var. macrolepis Fernald; Betula lutea var. persicifolia Dippel; Betula persicifolia K. Koch) North America. Tree, perennial, male and female catkins, small nutlets held in catkins, closely related to Betula lenta See Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l’Amérique Septentrionale 2: 152. 1811, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 621. 1813 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 31(3): 166. 1904, Rhodora 24(285): 170–171. 1922, Rhodora 34(401): 95–96. 1932, Canadian Field-Naturalist 80(3): 161. 1966, Fl. New England ed. 2, 220. 1982 (Bark decoction taken as emetic or cathartic, blood purifier, diuretic. Ceremonial, bark placed on the coffins.) in English: gray birch, yellow birch

Betula L. Betulaceae

in North America: merisier, bouleau jaune Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Betula acuminata Wallich, nom. illeg.; Betula acuminata Kindb.; Betula acuminata Ehrh.; Betula acuminata var. arguta Regel; Betula acuminata var. glabra Regel; Betula acuminata var. lancifolia Regel; Betula acuminata var. pilosa Regel; Betula affinis (Spach) Endl.; Betula alnoides var. acuminata (Spach) H.J.P. Winkl.; Betula alnoides var. acuminata (Wall.) H.J.P. Winkl.; Betula cylindrostachya var. pilosa (Regel) Regel; Betula cylindrostachya var. subglabra Regel; Betula nitida D. Don; Betulaster acuminata (Wallich) Spach; Betulaster acuminata Spach; Betulaster affinis Spach; Betulaster nitida (D. Don) Spach) China, Nepal, Himalaya. Tree See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 58. 1825, Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 2: 7, t. 109. 1830, Linnaea 7: 139. 1832, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., II, 15: 198–200. 1841, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 129–130. 1861 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 61 (Heft 19): 89. 1904 (Roots eaten as antiemetic, anodyne, also for itch, measles, cold. Powder of burn bark mixed with ghee and applied for conjunctivitis; bark decoction taken against fever; dried bark powder made into a paste massaged on inflammation, sprain. Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies.) in China: xi hua in India: bhojpatra, bhuji patra, bhuj pattra, bhujapatra, bhujpattra, bhurjapatra, bol nangal, dieng ling, hlosunle, hriang, katbhoj, kath bhuj sauri, kathbhoj, shagra, shaur-sharol, sheori, sour, tadpatra, teria-ching Betula ermanii Cham. (Betula ermanii var. genuina H.J.P. Winkl., nom. inval.; Betula paraermanii V. Vassil) Siberia to Japan. See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 124. 1767, Linnaea 6: 537, pl. 6, f. D, a-e. 1831 and Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 27: 7. 1942 (Bark applied as a bandage to wounds.) in Japan: kamuy-tat, sarampe-tat Betula insignis Franchet (Betula austrosinensis Chun ex P.C. Li; Betula gynoterminalis Y.C. Hsu & C.J. Wang; Betula kwangsiensis F.P. Metcalf; Betula kweichowensis Hu) China. See Journal de Botanique (Morot) 13(7): 206. 1899 and Sinensia 3(3): 88. 1932, Lingnan Sci. J. 20: 216. 1942, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(2): 89. 1979, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5: 381. 1983 (Antiseptic, a spring tonic.) in China: xiang hua Betula lenta L. (Betula lenta var. genuina Regel, nom. inval.) North America. Tree, perennial, bark dark reddish brown

583

Betula L. Betulaceae

See Sp. Pl. 2: 983. 1753, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13: 126. 1861 (Used to treat dysentery, colds, pneumonia, diarrhea, gonorrhea, fevers, soreness, stomachache. Ceremonial, bark placed on the coffins.) in English: black birch, cherry birch, mahogany birch, mountain mahogany, sweet birch Betula nana L. (Betula nana var. genuina Regel, nom. inval.; Chamaebetula nana (L.) Opiz) North America, Arctic and Subarctic. Shrub or subshrub, perennial See Species Plantarum 2: 983. 1753, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 38(2): 407. 1865 and Nordic J. Bot. 14: 153. 1994 (Leaves decoction taken for stomachache and intestinal discomfort.) in English: bog birch, dwarf birch Betula neoalaskana Sarg. (Betula alaskana Sarg., nom. illeg.; Betula alba var. humilis Regel; Betula papyrifera subsp. humilis (Regel) Hultén; Betula papyrifera subsp. humilis (Regel) A.E. Murray; Betula papyrifera subsp. neoalaskana (Sarg.) A.E. Murray; Betula papyrifera var. humilis (Regel) Fernald & Raup; Betula papyrifera var. neoalaskana (Sarg.) Raup; Betula resinifera (Regel) Britton; Betula resinifera Britton, nom. illeg.) North America, Alaska. See Arbustrum Americanum 19. 1785, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2B): 166. 1868 and Botanical Gazette 31(4): 236–237. 1901, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 2(6): 165. 1901, Das Pflanzenreich IV,61: 79. 1904, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 3(4): 206. 1922, Contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 6: 152. 1934, Rhodora 47(562): 321. 1945, Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. A Manual of the Vascular Plants 367. 1968, Kalmia 12: 18. 1982, Kalmia 13: 4. 1983 (Astringent, stomachic.)

in English: black birch, red birch, river birch Betula occidentalis Hook. (Betula alba f. occidentalis (Hook.) Fernald; Betula alba subsp. occidentalis (Hook.) Regel; Betula beeniana A. Nelson; Betula elrodiana E.J. Butler; Betula fontinalis Sarg.; Betula fontinalis fo. inopina Jeps.; Betula fontinalis var. inopina (Jeps.) Jeps.; Betula microphylla var. fontinalis (Sarg.) M.E. Jones; Betula microphylla var. occidentalis (Hook.) M.E. Jones; Betula obovata E.J. Butler; Betula occidentalis f. inopina Jeps.; Betula occidentalis subsp. inopina (Jeps.) A.E. Murray; Betula occidentalis var. fecunda Fernald; Betula occidentalis var. inopina C.L. Hitchc.; Betula occidentalis Hook. var. inopina (Jeps.) C.L. Hitchc.; Betula papyracea var. occidentalis (Hook.) Dippel; Betula papyrifera subsp. occidentalis (Hook.) Hultén; Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg.) North America, Subarctic. See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 155. 1838 and Botanical Gazette 31(4): 239. 1901, American Journal of Science, and Arts IV,14: 173. 1902, Contributions to Western Botany 12: 77. 1908, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 426–427. 1909, Fl. Calif. 1: 349. 1909, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 1(1): 63. 1919, A Flora of California 1: 349. 1922, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 270. 1923, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40(1): 582. 1944, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 284. 1945, Vasc. Pl. Pacific Northw. 2: 78. 1964, Kalmia 13: 3. 1983 (Abortifacient.) in English: river birch, water birch Betula papyrifera Marshall (Betula alba subsp. papyrifera (Marshall) Regel; Betula alba var. commutata Regel; Betula alba var. papyrifera (Marshall) Spach; Betula alba var. communis Regel, nom. illeg.; Betula lenta var. papyrifera (Marshall) Castigl.; Betula papyracea Aiton; Betula papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) Fernald; Betula papyrifera var. elobata (Fernald) Sargent; Betula papyrifera var. macrostachya Fernald; Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera; Betula papyrifera var. pensilis Fernald; Betula papyrifera var. subcordata (Rydberg) Sargent)

in English: paper birch, resin birch

North America. Tree, perennial, the bark has a high oil content

Betula nigra Linnaeus (Betula americana Buc’hoz, nom. nud.; Betula lanulosa Michx.; Betula nigra Murith; Betula nigra Du Roi; Betula nigra Duhamel; Betula rubra F. Michaux; Betula rubra Hort. ex Regel)

See Arbust. Amer. 19. 1785, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 188. 1841, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 401. 1865 and Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. 1998

North America. Perennial tree

(Diaphoretic, contraceptive, cathartic, tonic, analgesic, burn dressing, antidiarrheal, used in enemas, cold, coughs, gonorrhea, burn, skin rashes, sores, back pain, stomachache. Ceremonial, bark placed on the coffins. Sacred tree.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 982. 1753, Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 2: 181. 1803, Traité Arbr. Arbust. (Duhamel), nouv. éd. 3: 203, t. 51. 1806, Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l’Amérique Septentrionale 2: 143. 1812, Prodr. (DC.) 16(2.2): 167. 1868 (Leaves applied as a poultice to cleanse and heal ulcers and fresh wounds, to treat dysentery, diarrhea, colds, inflammations, stomachache, milky urine.)

in North America: bouleau blanc, bouleau à papier, canoe birch, paper birch, western paper birch, white birch Betula papyrifera Marshall var. papyrifera (Betula alba L. var. commutata Regel; Betula papyrifera Marsh. var.

584

Betula L. Betulaceae

commutata (Regel) Fernald; Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. elobata (Fernald) Sarg.; Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. macrostachya Fernald; Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. pensilis Fernald)

(Root bark, and other parts of the plant, anticancer, antioxidant, antifungal, antiinflammatory, anticancer, tonic, used for atopic dermatitis and the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.)

North America. Tree, perennial, the bark has a high oil content

in English: Asian white birch, Japanese white birch

See Arbust. Amer. 19. 1785, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 188. 1841, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 401. 1865 (Diaphoretic, contraceptive, cathartic, tonic, analgesic, burn dressing, antidiarrheal, used in enemas, cold, coughs, gonorrhea, burn, skin rashes, sores, back pain, stomachache. Ceremonial, bark placed on the coffins; plant spirit used by the shaman to heal sick people. Sacred tree.) in North America: bouleau à papier, bouleau blanc, canoe birch, paper birch, western paper birch, white birch Betula platyphylla Sukaczev (Betula ajanensis Kom.; Betula alba L. subsp. latifolia Regel; Betula alba subsp. mandshurica Regel; Betula alba subsp. tauschii Regel; Betula alba var. japonica Miq.; Betula japonica Siebold ex H. Winkler, nom. illeg.; Betula japonica var. kamtschatica (Regel) H.J.P. Winkl.; Betula japonica var. mandshurica (Regel) H. Winkler; Betula japonica var. rockii Rehder; Betula japonica var. szechuanica C.K. Schneider; Betula latifolia Komer; Betula mandshurica (Regel) Nakai; Betula mandshurica var. japonica (Miq.) Rehder; Betula mandshurica var. mandshurica; Betula mandshurica var. rockii (Rehder) Rehder; Betula mandshurica var. szechuanica (C.K. Schneid.) Rehder; Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara; Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Miq.) Hara; Betula platyphylla var. kamtschatica (Regel) H. Hara; Betula platyphylla var. mandshurica (Regel) Hara; Betula platyphylla var. rockii (Rehder) Rehder; Betula platyphylla var. szechuanica (C.K. Schneider) Rehder; Betula szechuanica (C.K. Schneider) Jansen; Betula szechuanica (C.K. Schneid.) C.A. Jansson; Betula tauschii Koidz.; Betula verrucosa var. platyphylla (Sukaczev) Lindl. ex Jansen; Betula verrucosa Ehrhart var. platyphylla (Sukaczev) Lindley ex Jansson)

in China: bai hua in Japan: shira-kaba, shira-kamba Betula populifolia Marshall (Betula acuminata Ehrh.; Betula alba L. subsp. populifolia (Marshall) Regel; Betula alba var. populifolia (Marshall) Spach; Betula cuspidata Schrad. ex Regel; Betula excelsa var. canadensis Wangenh.; Betula lenta var. populifolia (Marshall) Castigl.; Betula populifolia f. incisifolia Fernald) North America. Tree See Arbust. Amer. 19. 1785, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 187. 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2B): 164. 1868 and Rhodora 47: 304. 1945, Catling, P.M. and K.W. Spicer. “The separation of Betula populifolia and Betula pendula and their status in Ontario.” Canad. J. Forest Res. 18: 1017–1026. 1988 (To treat bleeding piles, infected cuts and as an emetic.) in North America: bouleau à feuilles de peuplier, bouleau gris, fire birch, gray birch, white birch Betula pubescens Ehrhart (Betula alba L.; Betula alba subsp. pubescens (Ehrh.) Regel; Betula alba var. pubescens (Ehrhart) Spach; Betula odorata Bechst.; Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman; Betula pubescens var. typica H.J.P. Winkl.; Betula tortuosa Ledeb.) Europe, Russia. Tree See Species Plantarum 2: 982. 1753, Beitr. Naturk. 5: 160. 1790, Archiv für die Botanik 2: 73. 1799, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 187. 1841, Fl. Ross. 3: 652. 1851, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(2): 402. 1865, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 166. 1868, Conspectus florae europaeae 3: 672. 1881, Deutsche Dendrologie 109. 1893

Japan, Siberia. Large deciduous tree, small nutlets held in cylindrical catkins

(Used to relieve stomach cramps.)

See Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 6: 45, pl. 4. 1799, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 38(2): 399, pl. 7. 1865, Prolusio florae japonicae 68. 1866 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 61 (Heft 19): 78. 1904, Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 8:220, t. 3. 1911, Botanical Magazine 29(340): 42. 1915, Plantae Wilsonianae 3(3): 454–455. 1917, Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae 35. 1930, Journal of Japanese Botany 13(5): 385. 1937, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 19(1): 73. 1938, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20: 311. 1939, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 25(5): 113–120, 124–129, f. 4–8, 12–14. 1962, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(2): 270–278. 2008

Betula pumila L. (Betula borealis Spach; Betula glandulifera (Regel) B.T. Butler; Betula glandulifera (Regel) E.J. Butler; Betula glandulosa Michaux var. glandulifera (Regel) Gleason; Betula glandulosa var. hallii (Howell) C.L. Hitchcock; Betula grayi Regel; Betula hallii Howell; Betula nana L. var. glandulifera (Regel) B. Boivin; Betula nana var. renifolia (Fernald) B. Boivin; Betula neoborealis Lepage; Betula pubescens Ehrhart subsp. borealis (Spach) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Betula pubescens var. borealis (Spach) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Betula pumila f. glandulifera (Regel) H.J.P. Winkl.; Betula pumila f. hallii (Howell) Brayshaw; Betula pumila f. latipes (H.J.P. Winkl.) Lepage; Betula pumila f. pubescens H.J.P. Winkl.;

in English: downy birch, European white birch

585

Bidens L. Asteraceae

Betula pumila f. subcycla Lepage; Betula pumila subsp. glandulifera (Regel) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Betula pumila var. borealis (Spach) Regel; Betula pumila var. fastigiata Rehder; Betula pumila var. glabra Regel; Betula pumila var. glabrescens Regel; Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel; Betula pumila var. latipes H.J.P. Winkl.; Betula pumila var. renifolia Fernald; Betula pumila var. setarioides H.J.P. Winkl.; Betula pumila var. typica Regel, nom. inval.; Betula quebeccensis Burgsd.; Chamaebetula pumila (L.) Opiz) North America. Shrub See Mant. Pl. 124. 1767, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 38(2): 410. 1866 and A Flora of Northwest America 6: 614. 1902, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36(8): 425. 1909, Rhodora 28(334): 190–191. 1926, The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada 2: 36. 1952, Advisory Leaflet: Botany (Branch) 2: 77. 1964, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94(2): 231. 1967, Naturaliste Canad. 103: 220. 1976, Occasional Papers of the British Columbia Provincial Museum 18: 151. 1976, Taxon 31: 121. 1982 (Gynecological and respiratory aid, for catarrh.) in North America: bog birch, dwarf birch, gray birch, low birch, swamp birch, yellow birch, bouleau nain Betula utilis D. Don (Betula albosinensis Burkill var. septentrionalis C.K. Schneider; Betula bhojpattra Lindley; Betula bhojpattra Lindl. ex Wall.; Betula bhojpattra var. latifolia Regel; Betula utilis var. prattii Burkill; Betula utilis var. typica Regel, nom. inval.) Himalaya, Afghanistan, China. Small deciduous tree, reddish smooth bark, ovate stalked leaves, male catkin few, female catkin solitary or in pairs, bark powder mixed in preparation of incense See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 58. 1825, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 7. 1830, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 38(2): 416. 1865, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(178): 499. 1899 and Plantae Wilsonianae 2(3): 458–459. 1916 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark antiseptic, carminative, used to heal the wounds, in hysteria, jaundice, ear ache, bronchitis, diseases of blood, anemia, cold, cough, urogenital diseases, obesity, leprosy; bark decoction for washing ulcerating sores; fungal growth on bark used against muscular pain and swellings. Leaves and bark antibacterial, used for fever. Leaves decoction diuretic, antipyretic, to relieve dysuria. Tree resin as an oral contraceptive, also used on cuts, wounds and burns. Trees are not cut and are considered sacred. Magic, ritual, bark used in sorceries, mythological significance.) in English: Himalayan silver birch, white Himalayan birch in China: cao pi hua in India: bahulavalkala, bahulavalkalah, bahupata, bahuputa, bahutvaka, bahuvalkala, bhejpattra, bhiy, bhoj, bhoj patra,

bhoj patra chalu, bhoja, bhojpatar, bhojpatra, bhooj, bhuj, bhuja, bhujapathri, bhujapatram, bhujapatri, bhujpata, bhujpatar, bhujpatra, bhujpattra, bhujyarh, bhurj, bhurja, bhurjagranthi, bhurjah, bhurjapatra, bhurjapatraka, bhurjaputra, bhurjjamaram, bhutaghna, bhuyapathra, bindupatra, carmi, charmi, charmmadruma, chhadapatra, chhatrpatra, chitratvaka, dalanismoka, lekhyapatra, lekhyapatraka, mriducharmi, mridupatra, mridutvaka, pad, padmaki, patrapushpaka, purccam, purccapattiram, rakshapatra, shag, shailendrastha, shitri, sthirachhada, sucharma, takpa, vichitraka, vidyadala in Nepal: bhojpatra, bhujpata, bhuspath, khel, takpa in Tibetan: stag pa

Bidens L. Asteraceae From the Latin bidens, bidentis (bis ‘twice’ and dens, dentis ‘a tooth’), the cypsela is two-toothed; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 831–834. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 362. 1754, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 51: 476. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 594, 596, 604. 1836, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 368. 1841 and Pittonia 4(24B): 271–272. 1901, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 8(6): 430. 1932, Taxon 47: 485–486. 1998, Taxon 49: 272. 2000. Bidens andicola Kunth (Bidens andicola var. heterophylla Kuntze; Bidens andicola var. normalis Kuntze; Bidens cosmantha Griseb.; Bidens fruticulosa Meyen & Walp.; Bidens humilis Kunth; Bidens pusilla Sherff) Ecuador. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 184, 186. 1820 [1818], Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 271. 1843, Pl. Lorentz. 137–138. 1874, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 185–186. 1874, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 136. 1898 and Sida 1: 369. 1964 (Flowers infusion sedative.) in Ecuador: nache Bidens andicola Kunth var. decomposita Kuntze (Bidens grandiflora var. breviloba Kuntze; Bidens macrantha Griseb.) Ecuador. See Pl. Lorentz. 137–138. 1874, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 185–186. 1874, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 136. 1898 (Flowers infusion sedative and analgesic.) Bidens beckii Torr. ex Spreng. (Bidens beckii fo. scissa E. Sheld.; Megalodonta beckii (Torr. ex Spreng.) Greene; Megalodonta beckii var. beckii; Megalodonta beckii var.

586

hendersonii Sherff; Megalodonta beckii var. oregonensis Sherff; Megalodonta nudata Greene) (Probably for the American naturalist Lewis (Louis) Caleb Beck, 1798–1853, physician, wrote Botany of the northern and middle states. Albany 1833; see H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 129. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 149. 1965, J. Ewan, ed., A Short History of Botany in the United States. New York and London 1969) USA, Canada. Aquatic, perennial, lower stems submerged and upper portions usually emergent, solitary flower heads borne on the ends of the emergent stems, each head has 2 series of involucral bracts, yellow ray flowers, disk flowers yellow, achenes with 3–6 long slender barbed awns at the tops, threatened or endangered See Species Plantarum 2: 831–834. 1753, Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 135. 1821 and Pittonia 4(24B): 271–272. 1901, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, Roberts, M.L. “The cytology, biology and systematics of Megalodonta beckii (Compositae).” Aquat. Bot. 21: 99–110. 1985 (Antiseptic.)

Bidens L. Asteraceae

N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 15: 8–10. 1990, Erigenia 11: 1–8. 1991, Ludoviciana 29: 81–82. 2000, Journal of Food Science 68(3): 816–819. 2003, Phytother. Res. 19(6): 481–485. 2005, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 59(7): 1017–1025. 2007 (Leaves and whole plant antidiarrheal, stimulant, relaxant, vermifuge, antibacterial, antioxidant, febrifuge, hemostatic, hepatoprotective, antiphlogistic, emmenagogue, promoting expectoration. Plant juice styptic, also as ear drops. Root and seeds as an emmenagogue and in the treatment of laryngeal and bronchial diseases, asthma. Leaves infusion vermifuge, diaphoretic and emetic; chewed as a treatment for sore throat; poultice of leaves for earache.) in English: beggar’s ticks, cobbler’s peg, Spanish needles in China: gui zhen cao, nianshencao in Vietnam: v[aj]n th[oj] t[aa]y, song nha k[es]p Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff (Bidens abyssinica Sch. Bip.; Bidens abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex Walp.; Bidens chinensis Willd.; Bidens robertianifolia H. Lév. & Vaniot; Coreopsis biternata Lour.)

in English: Beck’s beggarticks, Beck’s watermarigold, beggar ticks, Henderson’s water-marigold, Oregon water-marigold, water beggarticks, water-marigold

SE Asia, India. Herb, heterogamous, erect shrub, simple or sparingly branched, simple or compound variable glabrous leaves, yellow or white heads, ray florets white, black achenes, leaves and shoots as vegetable, a weed

Bidens bipinnata L. (Artemisia indica Willd.; Artemisia tangutica Pamp.; Bidens pilosa L. var. bipinnata (L.) Hook.f.; Bidens bipinnata var. biternatoides Sherff; Bidens bipinnata var. cynapiifolia (Kunth) M. Gómez; Bidens bipinnata L. var. minor Memm.; Bidens cynapifolia Kunth; Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth)

See Species Plantarum 2: 907–909. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 508–509. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(3): 1719. 1803, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae (Walpers), vi. 167. 1842–1847 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8(163– 165): 140. 1910, Botanical Gazette 88(3): 293. 1929

China, Tropical Africa, Mesoamerica. Annual herb, erect, glabrous, small, dichotomously branching, flowers in solitary heads on long stalks, florets lemon yellow, flower rays white yellow, disc florets yellow, ligules light yellow, ripening fruits dark gray, achenia armed with needlelike awns, the root system consists of a branching taproot, leaves edible, in shady places, open to partial shade in sandy alluvial soil, in rocky sites, on moist soil, weedy in open ground

(Plant stimulant, diuretic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, used in leprosy, fistulae, skin troubles, diarrhea, an infusion given for cough, a decoction taken in fever. Chewed roots immediately reduce toothache; fresh roots made into a paste and given to drink against snakebite. Leaf juice applied externally on septic wounds, to get relief from pain due to wounds, and also to treat eye and ear affections; leaves extract taken for stomachache; bruised leaves applied on forehead in headache. Rubbed leaves applied to skin diseases, as a haemostatic on wounds; fresh leaves infusion if consumed in excess quantity causes diarrhea. Flowers for diarrhea. Seeds anthelmintic. Veterinary medicine, seeds applied or a decoction given as an anthelmintic.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 831–834, 845–850. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 185. 1820 [1818] and Botanical Gazette 90(4): 397. 1930, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 36(4): 426. 1930, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 189: 623–911. 1963, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 6: 90–109. 1971, Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. [Compositae Fl. Panama] 62: 1178. 1975, Taxon 25: 341–346. 1976, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 19: 53–66. 1978, Taxon 30: 695–696. 1981, Informatore Botanico Italiano 18: 159–167. 1986, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 10: 177–184. 1987, Feddes Repertorium 99: 1–13. 1988, American Journal of Botany 75: 652–668. 1988, Foster S. & Duke J.A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central

in English: gold cup silver plate, Spanish needles in China: jinzhan yinpan in India: ara-ka-zad, araka-jhara, bap-nak-he, changha pitei, chorkanta, fiju-athai, kathori, kuro, mangrinya, manjalpoo keerai, phut jom, samarakakdi, sinki-koro, tenutsuthu, vawkpuithal in Indonesia: agedi, daun jarong, hareuga, ketul

587

Bidens L. Asteraceae

in Thailand: koncham

North America.

in Tanzania: kimbara, pwimbiji

See Species Plantarum 2: 832. 1753, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(8): 405–407. 1899 and Rhodora 5(51): 91. 1903, Rhodora 17(193): 22–23. 1915, Rhodora 26(301): 5. 1924, Rhodora 40(477): 352. 1938, Brittonia 11(3): 190. 1959

Bidens borianiana (Sch. Bip. ex Schweinf.) Cufod. (Coreopsis borianiana Sch. Bip.; Coreopsis borianiana Sch. Bip. ex Schweinf.) Senegal, Cameroon. Erect branched annual herb, glabrescent, golden yellow flowers, winged achenes See Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 18: 684. 1868 and Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 37(3, Suppl.): 1136. 1967 (A decoction given as a drink and bath for fever.) Bidens cernua L. (Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wiegand; Bidens cernua var. integra Wiegand; Bidens cernua var. minima (Hudson) Pursh; Bidens cernua var. oligodonta Fernald & H. St. John; Bidens cernua var. radiata DC.; Bidens filamentosa Rydberg; Bidens glaucescens Greene; Bidens gracilenta Greene; Bidens minima Hudson; Bidens prionophylla Greene)

(Infusions and tinctures for irritation, inflammation, pain and bleeding of the urinary tract mucosa, for benign prostatic hypertrophy and increasing excretion of uric acid, decreasing the risk of gout attacks.) Bidens gracilior Sherff Tanzania. See Bot. Gaz. 76: 84. 1923 (A mixture of leaves of the plant with leaves of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. drunk to remedy malaria and other fevers.) in Tanzania: rwongera, vimulimuli Bidens parviflora Willd.

USA. Erect herb, nodding flowering heads solitary

China.

See Species Plantarum 2: 832. 1753, Flora Anglica 310. 1762, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 566. 1814[1813], Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(8): 417–419. 1899 and Pittonia 4(24B): 258. 1901, Ohio Naturalist (and Journal of Science) 5: 317. 1905, Brittonia 1(2): 104. 1931

See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 848. 1809 and Phytochemistry 62(5): 741–746. 2003, Tetrahedron 60(42): 9405–9415. 2004, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 54(8): 1190–1192. 2006

(Used medicinally to treat urinary-tract infections. Root paste warmed and applied to forehead for relieving headache and fever.) Bidens coronata (L.) Britton (Bidens coronata (L.) Fisch. ex Steud.; Bidens coronata Britton ex Sherff; Bidens coronata Britton; Bidens coronata Fisch. ex Steud.; Bidens coronata Fisch. ex Colla; Bidens coronata (L.) Britton var. brachyodonta Fernald; Bidens coronata (L.) Britton var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) Sherff; Bidens coronata (L.) Britton var. trichosperma (Michx.) Fernald; Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton) North America. Annual See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1281. 1763, Herb. Pedem. iii. 306. 1834, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 202. 1840, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 7: 360. 1841 and Bot. Gaz. 56: 495. 1913 (Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antirheumatic, febrifuge, antiinflammatory. Roots infusion taken for eye disease, headache, high fever and diarrhea.) in English: crowned beggarticks Bidens frondosa L. (Bidens frondosa var. anomala Porter ex Fernald; Bidens frondosa var. caudata Sherff; Bidens frondosa var. pallida (Wiegand) Wiegand; Bidens frondosa var. stenodonta Fernald & H. St. John; Bidens melanocarpa Wiegand)

(Antiallergic, histamine release inhibitor. Antidote, stings, vulnerary.) in English: deer antler herb, prickly bidens, small flower bidens in China: cizhencao, lujiaocao, xiaohua guizhencao Bidens pilosa L. (Bidens adhaerescens Vell.; Bidens alausensis Kunth; Bidens alba (L.) DC.; Bidens alba var. radiata (Schultz-Bipontinus) R.E. Ballard; Bidens alba var. radiata R.E. Ballard; Bidens chilensis DC.; Bidens hirsuta Nutt., nom. illeg., non Bidens hirsuta Sw.; Bidens hispida Kunth; Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd.; Bidens leucantha fo. discoidea Sch. Bip.; Bidens leucantha var. pilosa (L.) Griseb.; Bidens leucantha Willd. var. sundaica (Blume) Hassk.; Bidens leucanthema (L.) Willd.; Bidens leucorrhiza (Lour.) DC.; Bidens montaubani Phil.; Bidens odorata Cavanilles; Bidens pilosa fo. discoidea Sch. Bip.; Bidens pilosa fo. indivisa Sherff; Bidens pilosa fo. odorata (Cav.) Sherff; Bidens pilosa fo. radiata Sch. Bip.; Bidens pilosa fo. scandicina (Kunth) Sherff; Bidens pilosa var. alausensis (Kunth) Sherff; Bidens pilosa var. discoidea (Sch. Bip.) J.A. Schmidt, nom. illeg.; Bidens pilosa var. minor (Blume) Sherff; Bidens pilosa var. pilosa; Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Schultz-Bipontinus) Schultz-Bipontinus; Bidens pilosa var. radiata Sch. Bip.; Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Sch. Bip.) J.A. Schmidt; Bidens pilosa var. subbiternata Kuntze; Bidens reflexa Link; Bidens scandicina Kunth; Bidens sundaica Blume; Bidens sundaica var. minor Blume; Centipeda minuta (G. Forst.) C.B. Clarke; Centipeda orbicularis Lour.; Coreopsis alba L.; Coreopsis

588

leucantha L.; Coreopsis leucanthema L.; Kerneria pilosa (L.) Lowe; Kerneria pilosa var. discoidea (Sch. Bip.) Lowe, nom. illeg.; Myriogyne minuta (G. Forst.) Less.) East Africa. Annual herb, erect, 4-angled, fibrous roots, branched terminal loose inflorescence composed of flower heads on long stalks, yellow tubular florets, disk flowers deep yellow, white ray florets, double row of bracts surrounding the flower head, black ribbed achene with 2–3 barbed bristles, eaten as vegetable, leaves edible when very young, leaves pig food, weed of cultivation, along roadside, in disturbed forest, open areas, in poor or exhausted soils, along streams, in open montane forest, edge of primary forest, in cleared areas See Species Plantarum 2: 831–834, 908. 1753, Centuria I. Plantarum … 29. 1755, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 1(1): 9, pl. 13. 1791, Meth. 595. 1794, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1719. 1803, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 184–185. 1820 [1818], Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 306. 1822, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 914. 1826, Florae Fluminensis 348. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 605. 1836, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, II. 7: 369. 1841, Flora 27: 673. 1844, Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries 3(2, ser. 2, livr. 75): 242–243. 1844, Beitrage zur Flora der Cap Verdischen Inseln 197. 1852, A Manual Flora of Madeira 1: 474. 1860–1862 [1868–1872 reprint], Catalogus plantarum cubensium … 155. 1866, Anales Mus. Nac. Chile, Bot. 1891: 49. 1891 and Botanical Gazette 80(4): 387. 1925, Botanical Gazette 81: 35–36, 41. 1926, Botanical Gazette 88(3): 297–298. 1929, Kirkia 6(1): 1–62. 1967, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 6: 90–109. 1971, Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. [Compositae Fl. Panama] 62: 1178. 1975, Phytologia 32(4): 295. 1975, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 181–361, 503–570. 1976, American Journal of Botany 64: 791–798. 1977, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Taxon 27: 223–231. 1978, Adansonia 18: 19–24. 1978, Taxon 29: 352–353. 1980, Taxon 30: 78. 1981, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 52: 1–28. 1981, Taxon 31: 595–596. 1982, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Lagascalia 13: 318–323. 1985, Ballard, R. “Bidens pilosa complex (Asteraceae) in North and Central America.” American Journal of Botany 73: 1452–1465. 1986, Kromosomo 42: 1311–1315. 1986, Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 22: 5–20. 1986, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 10: 177–184. 1987, Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 3: 177– 393. 1987, Feddes Repertorium 99: 1–13. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Botanica Helvetica 100: 97–100. 1990, Feddes Repertorium 101: 49–62. 1990, Forest Research (China) 3: 503–508. 1990, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993, Ludoviciana 29: 81–82. 2000 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant juice antibacterial, antiulcer, alterative, antimalarial, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, antiyeast, antihypertensive, antifungal,

Bidens L. Asteraceae

antimycobacterial, styptic, antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, insecticide. Flower heads used for toothache. Leaves or roots for stomach complaints; leaves juice applied to swollen glands; leaf paste applied for joint pain and rheumatism; warm paste of the leaves used to treat boils, ulcers, sores, wounds, toothache, fungal infections; leaves ground with those of Tithonia diversifolia and the paste applied all over the body against fever; leaves infusion for stomach problems, intestinal worms and food poisoning; leaves infusion drunk to relieve excessive gas in the stomach. Roots used to treat constipation and malaria; extract of fresh root taken orally to remove the effect of poison in snakebite. Used to increase the production of blood. Broth of cooked leaves administered to treat goiter.) in English: beggar ticks, beggar’s ticks, black fellows, black jack, blanket-stabbers, bur marigold, burr marigold, cobbler’s pegs, common black jack, gurgur tea, hairy beggartick, Spanish needle, sweethearts, three-leaf bidens, widowers in Congo: bulangu, potambili in East Africa: eida, ekemogamogia, enyabarashana, kichoma mguu, labika, muceege, murashe, nyabarasana, nyanyiekmon, ononot, onyekmon, onyiego, ssere in Kenya: mucege, muhehenje, mung’ei, munganga, munzee, musee, oloreperep in Southern Africa: duiwelkerwel, gewone knapsekêrel, kaapsekêrel, knapsakkêrel, knapsekêrel, knapsekerwel, mokolonyane, muchize, mushiji, ouwewenaar, tantgesieseblommetjie, umhlabangubo, uqadolo, uQadolo, wedevrouens, wewenaars in S. Rhodesia: nyamaradza in Tanzania: akakulula, chanda, darimbwigia, ghalmi, imbar’a, inderepenyi, inyule, kakurura, kalasa, kimbara, kimbaza, kinywegerere, kishonanguo, kisosoki, kitojo, lekalamata, livanivani, mangapulya, manyonyoli, mbwembwe, mhangalale, mpangwe, mshona nguo, nsanda, ntwanguo, nungunungu, nyaweza, pumbuji, soma riguo, twanguo, ulesakaya in Yoruba: abere oloko, agamayan, agaran moyan, agbede dudu oko, ajisomobiala, akesin maso, elesin maso, malanganran, oya in China: jin zhan yin pan, sanye guizhencao in India: afkar, cheelagutti, chhikika, chhikkani, chhikni, chikkana, chikkika, chorkanta, ghranadukhada, gurgur chai, hachuti, hansia bon, kruranasa, ksavakah, kshavaka, kshavakrita, kumra, kumur, kurei, kuro, nagdowana, nakashikani, nakasinkani, nakchhikni, nakkchikni, narasinkani, pachittie, sanvedanapatu, shikani, tikshna, tittarokani, tummarpuntu, ugra, ugragandha, vante soppu, vaw pui thal, vawkpui-thal, vawkpuithal in Indonesia: ajeran, hareuga, jaringan, ketul in Japan: ko-sendan-gusa

589

Biebersteinia Stephan Geraniaceae (Biebersteiniaceae)

in Malaysia: daun roten, kanching baju, kancing baju, keroten, pau-pau pasir, rumput jual

Biebersteinia Stephan Geraniaceae (Biebersteiniaceae)

in Nepal: katare, nir

For the German explorer Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 1768–1826, author of Flora taurico-caucasica. Charkouiae [Charkow] 1808–1819, Beschreibung der Länder zwischen den Flüssen Terek und Kur am Caspischen Meere. Frankfurt am Main 1800 and Centuria plantarum rariorum Rossiae meridionalis praesertim Tauriae et Caucasi iconibus descriptionibusque illustrata. Charkoviae 1810. See Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1: 89. 1806, Fischer, Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von (1782–1854), Catalogue du jardin des plantes de son excellence monsieur le comte Alexis de Razoumoffsky, à Gorenki. Moscou, 1812, Antoine Lasègue (1793–1873), Musée botanique de M. Benjamin Delessert. Paris, Leipzig 1845, Analysen zu den natürlichen Ordnungen der Gewächse 14. 1856 and E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, Warren R. Dawson, The Banks letters. London 1958, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 207. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 450. 1965, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 305–306. 1981, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993.

in Papua New Guinea: ivu na mag, kwipo, matapikwa, rakot in Philippines: ang-nguad, burburtak, dadayem, ‘enwad, nguad, pisau-pisau, puriket in Thailand: puen noksai, kee nok sai, yaa koncham khaao in Vietnam: d[ow]n bu[oos]t, t[uwr] t[oo] hoang, q[ur]y tr[aa] m th[ar]o in Hawaii: ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, nehe in Tonga: fisi’uli Bidens schimperi Sch. Bip. (Bidens prolixa S. Moore) Ethiopia, Tanzania. An annual herb, many-branched, erect or straggling, conspicuous bright yellow terminal flowers, small achenes, pappus of barbed bristles, leaves eaten as a vegetable See Repertorium Botanices Systematicae 6: 168. 1846 (Roots to treat coughs and colds.) in Tanzania: mangwe, mbangwe, mwitango, nyahedja, nyahedza, nyatwanga, nyaweza Bidens tetraspinosa A. Majeed Kak & Javeid India. Herbs, much-branched stems sulcate, spiny achenes, leaves sweet See J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79(1): 175. 1982 (Leaves paste applied for boils and rheumatism.) Bidens tripartita L. (Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand; Bidens comosa Wiegand) Europe. Annual, erect herb See Species Plantarum 2: 831–832. 1753, A Manual of Botany of the Northern United States (ed. 5) 261. 1867, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 24(9): 436. 1897 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 16: 271. 1937 (Whole plant antiseptic, aperient, refrigerant, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, narcotic, sedative, styptic, sudorific, a remedy for bleeding of any kind. Used internally to treat bladder and kidney problems, blood in the urine, uterine bleeding, chronic dysentery, ulcerative colitis and peptic ulcers. Roots and seeds emmenagogue, expectorant, diuretic, against kidney stones and gallstones. Burning herb repels insects and flies.) in English: bur-beggar tick of Europe, bur marigold, threelobed butterbur, trifid bur-marigold, wolf’s grasp weed in China: lang ba cao, lang pa tsao, longbacao in Japan: ta-ukogi in Vietnam: th[ur]y song nha

Biebersteinia odora Stephan ex Fisch. (Biebersteinia emodii Jaub. & Spach; Biebersteinia odora Royle) India. Perennial herb, fern-like leaves, densely tufted rootstock, strongly aromatic, deep yellow flowers in terminal clusters See Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1: 89. 1806, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 153. 1835, Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium 2: 109. 1844, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 6: 109. 1846 (Paste of whole plant applied on cuts, burns, skin sores and wounds; plants used as insect repellent. Crushed leaves made into a paste applied against septic wounds, infections. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves made into a paste applied against septic wounds.) in China: gao shan xun dao niu, xun dao niu shu in India: chhekerpa, darkspos, khardug, khardung

Bignonia L. Bignoniaceae Named in honor of Abbé Jean Paul Bignon, 1662–1743, librarian to the King Louis XIV, contributor to the Journal des savants, author of Discours prononcé dans l’Académie Françoise … par l’abbé Bignon, reçeu à la place de M. le comte de Bussy. Paris 1693. See Paris - Académie des Inscriptions, etc., Médailles sur les principaux évenements du régne de Louis le Grand, avec des explications historiques

590

par l’Académie [F. Charpentier, J.P. Bignon and others]. 1702, E. Rassicod, Notes sur le Concile de Trente touchant les points les plus importants de la discipline ecclésiastique et le pouvoir des évêques, etc. [from lectures by J.P. Bignon and others] 1706, Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733), Herbarium diluvianum. Leyden 1723, Bibliotheca duboisiana, ou Catalogue de la bibliotheque de feu son Eminence Monseigneur le Cardinal Du Bois; recueillie ci devant par Monsieur l’abbé Bignon. Paris 1725, Sébastien Vaillant (1669–1722) and Claude Aubriet (1665?-1742), Botanicon Parisiense. Leyden & Amsterdam 1727, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 622–625. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 273. 1754, Genera Plantarum 137. 1789, Henry C. Andrews, The Botanist’s Repository. 2: t. 86. London 1800 and Fl. Neotrop. 25(1): 1–131. 1980. Bignonia capreolata L. (Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bureau; Anisostichus crucigera (L.) Bureau) North America. Perennial vine See Species Plantarum 2: 624. 1753 (Leaves infusion or decoction taken as blood purifier, antirheumatic.) in English: cross vine, quarter vine Bignonia hyacinthina (Standl.) L. Lohmann (Bignonia macrophylla Sessé & Moc.; Bignonia prieurei DC.; Bignonia prieurei DC. ex Seem., nom. illeg.; Mussatia hyacinthina (Standl.) Sandwith; Tynanthus hyacinthinus Standl.) Amazon Basin, Peru and Bolivia. Lianas, leaves compound, pseudostipules, flattened woody dehiscent fruit, primary forest, also as Mussatia hyacinthina (Standl.) Sandwith See Species Plantarum 2: 622–625. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 154. 1845, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 179. 1854, Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society of London 3: 193. 1863, Histoire des Plantes 10: 32. 1888, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(3b): 224. 1894 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 461(4): 87. 1935, Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 34: 218. 1937, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/3): 153–232. 1974, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9(2–3): 225–236. 1983, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 77–161. 2000, Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela 272. 2008 (Leaf infusion against colds. Bitter and astringent bark an admixture to coca.) in Peru: chamairo

Biondia Schltr. Apocynaceae (Asclepiadaceae) Biondia microcentra (Tsiang) P.T. Li (Adelostemma microcentrum Tsiang; Biondia elliptica P.T. Li & Z.Y. Zhu) China. Liana, twining, corolla yellowish white with purplish interior

Biondia Schltr. Apocynaceae (Asclepiadaceae)

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 36(5, Beibl. 82): 91. 1905, Sunyatsenia 2(2): 184–186, pl. 34. 1934, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 4(2): 161–162, pl. 1. 1982, Journal of South China Agricultural University 12(3): 39. 1991 (A decoction of all parts used as a febrifuge and for the treatment of rheumatism.) in China: qin ling teng shu, qu feng teng

Biophytum DC. Oxalidaceae Greek bios ‘life’ and phyton ‘plant’, the leaves and pods are sensitive to touch; see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 689–690. 1824, Genera Plantarum 1172. 1840. Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A. Rich. (Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch; Biophytum reinwardtii Klotzsch; Biophytum reinwardtii subsp. abyssinicum Steen) India, Southeast Asia, Tanzania. Herb, flowers yellow and purple in pedunculate umbels See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 122. 1847, Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 6(Bot., 1): 85. 1861 (Used in Ayurveda. Plant against fever, rashes, insanity; whole plant extract applied for hip pain; dried plant put in milk and taken on an empty stomach against jaundice; induction of sleep in children, contact therapy, whole plant put below the pillow.) in India: bhoomi sakkari, horamuchhaka, lajjalu, puliyarala in Indonesia: biskucingan, ki payung, krambilan in Malaysia: inya payung in Tanzania: chakuse, kikusi Biophytum adiantoides Wight ex Edgew. & Hook.f. India, Vietnam, Cambodia. Woody perennial shrublet, branched, white yellowish petals See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1(2): 437. 1874 [Jan 1874] (Whole plant given to children against stomach troubles.) in Malaysia: daun payong, mayong, payong ali in Thailand: krathuep yop in Vietnam: sinh di[eej]p r[as]ng Biophytum candolleanum Wight India. See Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(2): 246–255. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaf paste febrifuge, to cure skin diseases, poison bites, wounds and rheumatism.) in India: alambusa, horamuni, mukkutti, todda-vaddi

591

Biophytum DC. Oxalidaceae

Biophytum fruticosum Blume (Biophytum blumei Zuccarini; Biophytum esquirolii H. Lév.; Biophytum thorelianum Guillaumin var. sinensis Guillaumin) China, Java. Perennial, white petals See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 5: 242. 1825 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 1(1): 24–25. 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(317–321): 181. 1913 (Antiinflammatory.) in China: fen zhi gan ying cao Biophytum helenae Buscal. & Muschl. (Biophytum bequaertii De Wild.; Biophytum bogoroense De Wild.; Biophytum homblei De Wild.; Biophytum sensitivum auct., non (L.) DC.) Tanzania. Petals yellow purple See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 475. 1913 (Prevention of abortion, miscarriage, piles. Purgative, vermifuge, laxative, carminative, stomachic, astringent, against diarrhea, cough.) in Burundi: itinyabakwe, tinyabakwe in Congo: bishasri, funyebishari, kafunhya in Tanzania: tenyabakwe Biophytum intermedium Wight var. verticillatum (Wight) Edgew. & Hook. f. India. See Illustrations of Indian Botany; or Figures Illustrative of Each of the Natural Orders of Indian Plants… 1: 162. 1840, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1(2): 439. 1874 and J. Cytol. Genet. 30(2): 151–155. 1955 (Plant paste consumed for diarrhea, vomiting.) in India: paarainellipatchilai Biophytum nervifolium Thwaites (Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. var. nervifolium (Thwaites) Edgew. & Hook. f.) India. See Prodr. (DC.) 1: 690. 1824, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] 64. 1858, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1(2): 437. 1874 (Leaf paste applied over the forehead to relieve severe headache.) in India: thottasurungi Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. var. candolleanum Edgew. & Hook. f. (Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. var. candolleanum (Wight) Edgew. & Hook.f.) India. See Prodr. (DC.) 1: 690. 1824, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1(2): 437. 1874

(Magico-religious beliefs, the plant as a good luck charm.) in India: kirunelli Biophytum umbraculum Welw. (Biophytum apodiscias (Turczaninow) Edgeworth & J.D. Hooker; Biophytum cumingianum (Turcz.) Edgew.; Biophyton cunningianum (Turczaninow) Edgeworth; Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch; Biophytum rotundifolium Delhaye; Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.; Biophytum sessile (BuchananHamilton ex Baillon) R. Knuth; Oldenlandia herbacea var. papillosa (Chiov.) Bremek.; Oxalis apodiscias Turczaninow; Oxalis cumingiana Turcz.; Oxalis cunningiana Turczaninow; Oxalis gracilenta Kurz; Oxalis metziana Miquel ex Edgeworth & J.D. Hooker.; Oxalis petersiana (Klotzsch) C. Muell.; Oxalis petersianum C. Muell.; Oxalis petersii Edgew. & Hook. f.; Oxalis sensitiva L.; Oxalis sessilis Buchanan-Hamilton ex Baillon) India. Herb, shrub, flowers in terminal and axillary cymes, corolla yellow to yellow-pink See Species Plantarum 1: 434, 437. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 689–690. 1824, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 1: 81. 1861, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 36(1): 430, 599. 1863, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1(2): 437. 1874, Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 598. 1886, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 4344. 1886 and Das Pflanzenreich 4(130): 406. 1930, Brittonia 33: 451. 1981, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, J. Cytol. Genet. 30(2): 151– 155. 1995, Ethnopharmacologia 22: 33–45. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 78(1): 89–93. 2001, Glycobiology 18(12): 1074–1084. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant antiinflammatory, stimulant, styptic, antimicrobial, used in the treatment of psychosis, hysteria, epilepsy, sore throat, chest complaints, abscesses, chronic wounds and fever, eaten as aphrodisiac; ash with lime juice for stomachache. Leaves diuretic, antidiabetes, a decoction given to treat dysentery, fevers and uterine troubles; leaves eaten as an antiallergic; leaves decoction for muscular or rheumatic pains; leaf juice applied on scorpion stings for temporary relief; leaf paste applied to wounds and cuts to stop bleeding. Root decoction in gonorrhea, fevers and lithiasis; powdered seeds applied to wounds. A source of birth control. Leaves or roots, when smoked with tobacco, said to cause impotency. Magic ritual, contact therapy, induction of sleep in children, whole plant put below the pillow.) in China: gan ying cao, wu bing gan ying cao in India: alambusa, anjalikari, attapatti, atti pathri, chinna puliarai, chumi, dodda horamuchhaka, dodda horamuni, dulupuspa, ghaati horamuni, hara muni, hora muchhaka, hora muni, horamuni, jala puspa, jalapushpa, jalapuspaka, jangli lajalu, japid sing, jharera, jhullapushpa, jhullapuspah, jvalatpushpa, kangani, kanguni, krichhraha, ladjiri, laghuvrikshaka, lahanamulki, lajalu, lajawani, lajjalu, lajjaluka, lajjamani, lajri, lajvanti, lajwani, lak-chana, lakhshana,

592

Bischofia Blume Phyllanthaceae (Bischofiaceae, Euphorbiaceae)

laksmana, lavundi pasur, malkangani, malkangoni, mukkutti, mukkutti pacha, murphula, nilaccurunki, panktipatra, pigavi, pitapushpa, risamnu, satri, theendanali, tintanali, tintanazi, todda-vaddi, totta-vati (= that which folds when touched), viparitalajjalu, zarer, zarero in Indonesia: daun kucingan, krambilan, kurang-kurang in Laos: dok han in Philippines: damong-bingkalat, damon-huya, mahihiin in Thailand: chi yop tontaan, khan rom, krathuep yop in Vietnam: l[as] chue me, chua me l[as] me, ta lang in Burundi: tinyabakwe, tinyahabakwe in Congo: kounta, kuta kuta, nkari in Mali: ju tuguni in Tanzania: kantalala, kategu, webumbe in Togo: kpabikayi in Uganda: ori-bino Biophytum zenkeri Guillaumin Cameroon. Herb, much-branched, petals yellow See Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 1: 26. 1909 (Sedative, lactogenic, for epilepsy. Veterinary medicine, lactogenic, before and after delivery.) in Congo: changoli, nabwifomeke, nabwifunye

Bischofia Blume Phyllanthaceae (Bischofiaceae, Euphorbiaceae) Named after the German botanist Gottlieb Wilhelm T.G. Bischoff, 1797–1854 (Heidelberg), pharmacist, lexicographer and glossographer, his observations on cryptograms prepared the way for Wilhelm F.B. Hofmeister’s discovery of the alteration of generations, among his writings are Die kryptogamischen Gewächse. Nürnberg 1828, Plantae medicinales secundum methodum Candollii. Heidelberg 1829, Lehrbuch der Botanik. Stuttgart 1834–1840 and Handbuch der botanischen Terminologie und Systemkunde. Nürnberg 1830–1844. See Karl L. von Blume, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 17: 1168–1169. 1826–1827, Wilhelm Friedrich Benedikt Hofmeister (1824–1877), Vergleichende Untersuchungen. Leipzig 1851 and Kew Bulletin 18: 252. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 190. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 39. 1972, Johannes Steudel, D.S.B. 2: 159–160. 1981. Bischofia javanica Blume (Andrachne apetala Roxb. ex Wall., nom. inval.; Andrachne trifoliata Roxburgh, nom. nud.; Bischofia cumingiana Decaisne; Bischofia cummingiana

Decne.; Bischofia javanica var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Bischofia javanica var. lanceolata Müll.Arg.; Bischofia javanica var. oblongifolia (Decne.) Müll.Arg.; Bischofia javanica var. toui (Decne.) Müll.Arg.; Bischofia leptopoda Müll.Arg.; Bischofia oblongifolia Decaisne; Bischofia roeperiana Decne. ex Jacquem.; Bischofia roeperiana Decne.; Bischofia roeperiana Wight & Arnott; Bischofia roeperiana (Wight & Arn.) Decne. ex Jacquem.; Bischofia toui Decaisne; Bischofia trifoliata (Roxburgh) Hooker; Microelus roeperianus (Decne.) Wight & Arn.; Microelus roeperianus (Decne. ex Jacquem.) Wight & Arn.; Microelus roeperianus Wight & Arnott; Phyllanthus gymnanthus Baill.; Stylodiscus trifoliatus Bennett; Stylodiscus trifoliatus (Roxb.) Benn.) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, Pacific Islands. Evergreen or semievergreen tree, often leaning, wood heavy, leathery trifoliate alternate leaves with serrate margins, male and female flowers on separate plants, tiny creamy greenish flowers without petals, reddish or bluish black pea-shaped fleshy fruits said to be edible, seeds yielding oil, invasive See Species Plantarum 2: 1014. 1753, Hort. Bengal. 70. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 728–729. 1832, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 14: 298. 1833, Plantae Javanicae Rariores 133, pl. 29. 1840 [1838], Voyage dans l’Inde 4: 152–153, pl. 154. 1844, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7956. 1847, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 9: pl. 844. 1851, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 478–479. 1866 and Fitoterapia 72(6): 662– 665. 2001, Asian Journal of Chemistry 7: 5150–5156. 2007, Pharmacologyonline 1: 1324–1332. 2009 (Used in Sidha. Toxic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antityrosinase, antiacne, spasmolytic, antinematodal, antioxidative, antimycotic, antifungal, antinociceptive, free radical scavenging properties. Roots for rheumatism, malaria, tuberculosis, ulcers, bedwetting, fracture, dislocation and other inflammatory conditions. Leaves for cancerous wounds, diarrhea, gingivitis, toothache, cough and sore throat, crushed leaves rubbed on an aching stomach; juice of young tender leaves taken against tonsillitis, sores and throat pain; leaves juice applied on sores. Bark for the treatment of tuberculosis, stomach ulcer and stomachache, body ache, mouth ulcer and for inflammatory conditions; stem bark juice applied on wounds, sore feet, inflamed part of the body and cuts.) in English: autumn maple tree, beefwood, bishop wood, Java cedar, Javanese bishopwood, Javawood, needlebark, toog, vinegar wood in China: qiu feng, qiu feng mu in India: asri, betta honne, bhiliar, bhillar, boke, bolasri, chola vengai, cholabengai, cholavenga, dieng jamew, dieng satung, dieng soh tung, dingiri, gobbara nerale, gobra, gobra naerale, gobra nerale, gobranairul, gobranerul, goparinga mullu, goparini, goparinigurulle, govar nelu, govarnellu, hajam gahkas, kainjal, kanji, kein, khaijal, khuang-thli, khuangthli, khauangthli, madagir-vembu, malapuvarasu,

593

Bistorta (L.) Adans. Polygonaceae

marak, matakarivempu, milachadayan, milachityan, mlachethayan, naayural, nairul, nalupu-mushti, nalupu-musthi, nalupumushti, nanal, nannal, neeli, neeli mara, nigurulle, nile, nili, nira, nugallu, paanta, paniala, panjala, panta, phangaraung, phang-put-araung, sile, sunong-kung, theichak, thichri, thirippu, thiripu, thiruppu, thondi, tirippu, urium in Indonesia: gadog, gintungan, kerinjing in Japan: aka-gi, katan in Laos: ‘foung ‘fat, ‘khom ‘fat

in India: eran, gadeek, inni, yamli in Pakistan: chookroo, masloon in Tibetan: li ga dur (gong li) Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene var. speciosa (Meisn.) Munshi et Javeid (Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don var. speciosum (Meisn.) Hook. f.; Polygonum speciosum Meisn.) Nepal, India.

in Philippines: tuai

See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 70. 1825, Monographiae Generis Polygoni Prodromus 66. 1826, The Flora of British India 5: 33. 1886 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: 21. 1904, Syst. Stud. Polygon. Kashm. Himal. 60. 1986

in Thailand: pradu-som, toem

(Rhizome decoction diuretic, expectorant, stomachic.)

in Vietnam: nhoi, xich moc, may phat, bi puong diang, qua com nguoi

in India: amli, kutrya

in Malaysia: jitang, tuai in Nepal: kainjalo in Papua New Guinea: alok

in Hawaii: koka, toog in the Solomon Isl.: oli-oli

Bistorta (L.) Adans. Polygonaceae From the Latin bis ‘twice’ and tortus ‘twisted’, referring to the roots, see Meth. Pl. (Scopoli) 24. 1754, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. [194]. 1754 and Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 24: 75. 1987, Fl. Jap. (Iwatsuki et al., eds.) 2a: 141. 2006. Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Greene (Bistorta affinis Greene; Persicaria affinis (D. Don) Ronse Decr.; Polygonum affine D. Don; Polygonum affine Wall.; Polygonum affine Steph. ex Spreng.; Polygonum brunonis Wall.; Polygonum donianum Spreng.) Nepal, India, Pakistan. Herb, pink flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 256. 1825, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 70. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 4(2, Cur. Post.): 154. 1827, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1683/3, 1692, 1723. 1829, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 317, pl. 80. 1839 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: 21. 1904, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98(4): 368. 1988 (Tender shoot paste given for dysentery. Rhizome infusion stomachic, antiinflammatory, lung disorders, fever, influenza; roots for diarrhea. A drop of leaf juice drunk and rubbed on abdomen for abdominal complaints; crushed powdered leaves rubbed for headache, burns and scalds. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves applied to check abnormal growth of bones in cattle.) in China: mi sui quan shen

in Pakistan: masloon Bistorta plumosa (Small) Greene (Bistorta major Gray subsp. plumosa (Small) H. Hara; Polygonum bistorta L. subsp. plumosum (Small) Hultén; Polygonum bistorta var. plumosum (Small) B. Boivin; Polygonum plumosum Small) North America. Perennial herb, food See Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 2(6): 166–167. 1901, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1(2): 18. 1904, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40(1): 613. 1944, Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 6(2): 34. 1952, Le Naturaliste Canadien 93(5): 644. 1966 (Rhizome decoction diuretic, stomachic. Leaves rich in vitamin C and pro-vitamin A.) in English: meadow bistort Bistorta vacciniifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Greene (Bistorta vacciniifolia Greene; Persicaria vacciniifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Ronse Decr.; Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall.; Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall. ex Meisn., nom. nud.; Polygonum vacciniifolium var. flagelliforme Wall. ex Meisn.; Polygonum vacciniifolium var. medium Wall. ex Meisn.; Polygonum vacciniifolium var. obtusifolium Wall. ex Meisn.) Nepal. Herb, slender, trailing, deep pink flowers in terminal racemes See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1695. 1829, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 54. 1832 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: 21. 1904, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98(4): 368. 1988 (Whole plant juice given for dysentery. Juice of the root given to treat fever.) in China: wu fan shu ye liao in India: langang mentok

594

in Nepal: pulunge jhar Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray (Bistorta bulbifera (Royle ex Bab.) Greene; Bistorta bulbifera Greene; Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre; Bistorta vivipara Gray; Bistorta vivipara subsp. macounii (Small) Soják; Bistorta vivipara (L.) Gray subsp. macounii (Macoun) Soják; Bistorta vivipara subsp. macounii (Small ex Macoun) Soják; Bistorta vivipara var. angustifolia Nakai; Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr.; Polygonum bulbiferum Royle ex Bab.; Polygonum macounii Small; Polygonum macounii Small ex J.M. Macoun; Polygonum renii L.C. Wang; Polygonum viviparum L.; Polygonum viviparum Wall. ex D. Don; Polygonum viviparum var. macounii (Small ex J.M. Macoun) Hultén; Polygonum viviparum L. var. macounii (Macoun) Hultén; Polygonum viviparum var. macounii (Small) Hultén) Nepal. Herb, pink flowers in slender terminal spikes, a widespread and highly variable species See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Flore d’Auvergne, éd. 2 2: 516. 1800, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 268. 1821, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 70. 1825, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18(1): 94. 1838 [1841 publ. 21 Jun 1838], The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean 3: 570. 1899 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: 21. 1904, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40(1): 623. 1944, Preslia 46(2): 152. 1974, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22(2): 1–95. 1978, Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 15: 395–405. 1980, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 67(3): 360–365. 1982, Taxon 37: 397–398. 1988, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98(4): 321–371. 1988, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 154. 1994, Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica 16(3): 310–318. 1996, Acta Bot. Boreal.Occid. Sin. 18(3): 457. 1998 (Root astringent, tonic, styptic, antiseptic, used in chronic bronchitis, sore throat, spongy gums, ulcers, abscesses, diarrhea; a gargle in sore throat and spongy gums.)

Bixa L. Bixaceae

10–13. 1941, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 3: 385, 392. 1963[1964], Anthropos 69: 33–56. 1974, Fl. Ecuador 20: 1–7. 1983, Fl. Paraguay [13:] 1–9. 1989, Fl. Novo-Galiciana 3: 9–751. 2001, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 428–430. 2001. Bixa orellana L. (Bixa acuminata Bojer, nom. inval.; Bixa americana Poir.; Bixa katangensis Delpierre; Bixa odorata Ruiz & Pav.; Bixa odorata Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don; Bixa orellana f. leiocarpa (Kuntze) J.F. Macbr.; Bixa orellana var. leiocarpa (Kuntze) Standl. & L.O. Williams; Bixa orleana Noronha; Bixa platycarpa Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don; Bixa purpurea Sweet; Bixa tinctaria Salisb.; Bixa tinctoria Salisb.; Bixa upatensis Ram. Goyena; Bixa urucurana Willd.; Orellana americana (Poir.) Kuntze; Orellana americana Kuntze; Orellana americana var. leiocarpa Kuntze; Orellana orellana (L.) Kuntze) (named after the Spanish explorer Don Francisco de Orellana, c. 1511–1550, discoverer of the Amazon River 1541–1542, unfaithful comrade of Gonzalo Pizarro (c. 1502–1548). See Joseph Sabin, A dictionary of books relating to America from its discovery to the present time. The bibliographical society of America. New York 1868–1939, H.C. Heaton (ed.), The Discovery of the Amazon according to the Account of Friar Gaspar de Carvajal and Other Documents. New York 1934, J. Alden and D.Ch. Landis, European Americana: a chronological guide to works printed in Europe relating to Americas. 1473–1776. New York 1980–1988, Beatriz Pastor Bodmer, Armature of Conquest: Spanish Accounts of the Discovery of America, 1492–1589. Stanford 1992, G.W. Cole, ed., A catalogue of books relating to the discovery and early history of North and South America, forming a part of the Library of E.D. Church. [Reprint of 1907 edition.] Mansfield 1994.) Trop. America. Shrub or small tree, evergreen, variable, short stem, inner bark with orange sap, dense round crown, fragrant flowers in terminal panicles, petals pinkish, whitish or purplish, red ovoid densely bristly capsule, cultivated for the red oil-soluble pigment bixin in the seed coat which is used commercially as a food colorant and as a fabric dye

Bixa L. Bixaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 512. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 369. 1796 [Nov-Dec 1796], Encycl. (Lamarck) 6(1): 229. 1804, Hortus Maurit. 20. 1837 and Fl. Nicarag. 1: 217. 1909, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13, pt. 4: 11. 1941, Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 17(1): 384. 1959, Fieldiana, Bot. 29(6): 358. 1961, Taxon 19: 304. 1970, Tropical and Geographical Medicine 43(1–2): 184–188. 1991, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39(12): 3346–3347. 1991, Science 300: 2089–2091. 2003, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 6: 2. 2006, Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 30(4): 301–305. 2008

From biche, the Brazilian or South American vernacular name; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 512. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 581. 1754, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 297. 1821, Malvaceae, Buttneriaceae, Tiliaceae 17. 1822, London Journal of Botany 6: 305. 1847 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1):

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Homeopathy. Bark bactericidal, antimicrobial, styptic, hypotensive, astringent, hypoglicemic, diuretic, antidysenteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, inhibitor of prostaglandins, to treat diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, intermittent fever, oliguria, sores, rashes, infected bites, influenza, venereal diseases; roots of Sida

in English: alpine bistort, alpine smartweed, serpent-grass in China: zhu ya quan shen in India: manchiren, maslun in Nepal: khalti in Tibet: na-ram

595

Blainvillea Cassini Asteraceae

rhombifolia, Urena lobata, Elaeagnus caudata and stembark and roots of Bixa orellana and Randia dumetorum pounded together and boiled in water, the extract taken to cure jaundice. Roots decoction diuretic and antitussive; root bark antiperiodic and antipyretic. Leaves antidote, antidysenteric, hemostatic, stomachic, aphrodisiac, to treat inflammations, prostate and urinary difficulties, to stop vomiting and nausea; juice leaf anticancer; a decoction taken in jaundice. Seeds diuretic, antidysenteric, for skin and kidney diseases, burns, blisters, sinusitis, asthma, constipation, high cholesterol, hypertension, heart diseases, hepatitis, stomach disorder, tonsillitis, epilepsy; seed paste aphrodisiac; seeds paste applied on swollen parts of the body and in sprain. Seed pulp insect repellent. Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies.) in English: anatto, annatto, arnatto, arnotto, arnotto plant, arnotto tree, lipstick tree, yellow dye in Tropical America: achiote (= the red dye from the tree), achiotl, achote, aneto, bija, huantura, k’iwi, k’uxub, kuró, ox, roucou

in Laos: kh’am, satii, sômz phuu in Malaysia: kesumba, kesumba keling, kunyit jawa, jarak belanda in Papua New Guinea: pop, tar in Philippines: achote, achuete, asuite, asuti, atsuete, echuete, sotis in Thailand: kam sêt, kam tai in Vietnam: diêù nhuôm in Ghana: á’jama, bernitiku, daagyene, daagyeni, dagyiri, konin in Guinea-Bissau: djambaraná, djanfaraná in Ivory Coast: kuiguéhé in Nigeria: osun elede, úfíé, uhia nkum, úhíé, úhíé aro, úhíé nkū, ula, ula machuku in Sierra Leone: a-kam, a-kam-a-loli, bundu, kamgo-poto, kamonyi, kudonia, lugbagbel-la, mbundona

in Hawaii: ‘alaea, ‘alaea la’au, kumauna

in Tanzania: mzingifuri

in Cambodia: châm’-puu, châm’-puu chrâluëk’

in Togo: berniticu, kirane

in China: hong mu in India: aarnatu, akvel, amudadaram, amutataram, amuttaram, amuttiram, anatto, annatoo, arnatto, arnattu, aruna, avam, bangaara kaayi, bangarakayi, bhangarakai, bhangarakayi, camankalikam, cappira, cappiran, cappiravīrai, carani, caruni, chaayulitha, chayalitha, curanacanimaram, curattunacani, gowpurgee, gulbas, irakumancal, iram, jaabara, jaabura, jaapharaa chettu, jaaphra, jaaphredu, jabaru kaya, jabra, jabura, jaffra, jaffra-maram, jaffrachettu, jafra, jampra, japhara, japhredu, japrero, jophoran, jorot goch, kaesari, kantukam, kappu mankaali, kappumankala, karachhada, karankumankal, kesari, kesari rangu, keshri, kesui, kesuri, kisri, kong, konkamaram, konkaram, konkaramam, konkaramaram, konkarayam, konkari, korangumunga, korungoomungal, kumkum, kunguman, kunkumam, kuombi, kuppaimancal, kuppamanhale, kuppamanjal, kuppamannal, kurakumancal, kurangamanchil, kurankumancal, kurannamannal, kurannumannal, latkan, latkan dana, lotkan, latkhan, mancatti, mancitti, manjitti, mantiravanci, nakamucikai, nakamucikaimaram, naravam, naravu, naravucaram, onetto, onetto beeja, punkavi, raktabija, raktapushpa, rangamalar, rangamali, ranggida, rangoomalai, rangu maale, rangu malle, rangumale, rwang-sen, rawngsen, roucou, rungamali, sabara, sannajabbale, sannajapali, sappira virai, sappiravirai, sendri, senduria, shendari, shendri, shonapushpi, sindhuri, sindur, sindurapuspi, sindure, sinduri, sinduria, sinduriya, sindurpushpi, sunomala, thidin, trivapushpi, tumpacitamaram, turumam, uragumanjai, uragumanjal, urakumañcal, ureirom, urucu, varagumanjal, vatkana, vennaivirai, virpushpa in Indonesia: galuga, kesumba

Blainvillea Cassini Asteraceae For the French biologist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, 1777–1850 (d. Paris, France), zoologist, physician, paleobiologist, naturalist, professor of zoology, comparative anatomy and physiology, among his writings are Manuel d’actinologie ou de zoophytologie. [Engravings by Prêtre, Turpin and Massard.] Paris, Strasbourg [1830-] 1834, Manuel de Malacologie et Conchologie. Paris, Strasbourg 1825–1827, De l’Organisation des Animaux, ou principes d’Anatomie comparée. Paris & Strasbourg 1822, and Ostéographie … Ouvrage précédé d’une étude sur la vie et les travaux de M. de Blainville, par M.P. Nicard. Paris 1839–1864. See Alexandre Henri Gabriel Comte de Cassini, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. 29: 493–494. 1823, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré (1789–1854), [Botany of the Voyage.] Voyage autour du Monde … sur … l’Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant … 1817– 1820. Paris 1826 [-1830], A.N. Vaillant, Voyage autour du Monde exécuté pendant les Années 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette “La Bonite”. Paris, 1844–1846, 1851, 1866 and Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic literature. 1: 227. [Date of birth: 1777.] Utrecht 1976, Kew Bulletin 32: 321–322. 1978, William Coleman, D.S.B. 2: 186–188. 1981, Taxon 30: 78. 1981, Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega, Taxonomic Literature. Supplement II. 190. [Date of birth: 1778.] Königstein 1993, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 800–808. 1994, Compositae Newslett. 27: 7–10. 1995. Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson (Bidens acmella (L.) Lam.; Bidens ocymifolia Lam.; Blainvillea latifolia (L.f.) DC.; Blainvillea rhomboidea Cass.; Ceratocephalus acmella

596

(L.) Kuntze; Coreopsis acmella (L.) K. Krause; Eclipta latifolia L.f.; Pyrethrum acmella (L.) Medik.; Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray; Spilanthes ocymifolia (Lam.) A.H. Moore; Verbesina acmella L.; Verbesina lavenia L.) India. Herb See Species Plantarum 2: 901–902. 1753, A System of Vegetables. Translated from the thirteenth edition 610. 1774, Obs. Bot. 243. 1775, Supplementum Plantarum 378. 1781, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 415. 1783, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 29: 493. 1823, Contributions to the Botany of India 17. 1834, Prodr. 5: 492. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 326. 1891 and Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 32: 340. 1914, Blumea 6(2): 350–351. 1950, Taxon 30: 78. 1981, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 800–808. 1994, Compositae Newslett. 27: 7–10. 1995 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaf juice antiseptic. Shoot paste against animal bite.) in India: acharbomdi, akalkarra, akarkara, byshit-iong, kalajari, pipulka, pirazha, sam atching, sarahattika, vana-mugali Blainvillea dichotoma (Murray) Stewart (Blainvillea latifolia (L.f.) DC.; Blainvillea rhomboidea Cass.; Eclipta latifolia L.f.; Verbesina dichotoma Murray) India. See Opuscula 2: 15, t. 4. 1779, Supplementum Plantarum 378. 1781, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 29: 493. 1823, Contributions to the Botany of India 17. 1834, Prodr. 5: 492, 1836 and Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 2: 149. 1911, Kew Bull. 32: 321–322. 1978, Taxon 30: 78. 1981 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaf juice antiseptic. Paste of shoots applied externally on the portion of wild animal bite.) in India: kalajari

Blastania Kotschy & Peyr. Cucurbitaceae From the Greek blastano, blastao ‘to bring forth’, see Kotschy, Karl Georg Theodor (1813–1866), Plantae tinneanae sive descriptio plantarum … in septentrionali interiori Africæ parte collectarum … suis sumptibus ediderunt A.P.F. Tinne et J.A. Tinne. 15, pl. 7. Vindobonæ, 1867. Blastania fimbristipula Kotschy & Peyr. (Melothria fimbristipula (Kotschy & Peyr.) Roberty) Tropical Africa. See Species Plantarum 1: 35. 1753 and Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire 16: 795. 1954 (Fruit for venereal and skin diseases.) Blastania garcini (L.) Cogn. (Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm. f.) C.B. Clarke; Ctenolepis garcinii (L.) C.B. Clarke; Ctenopsis

Blastania Kotschy & Peyr. Cucurbitaceae

garcini (L.) Naudin; Sicyos garcini L.; Sicyos garcini Burm. f.; Zehneria garcini (L.) Stocks) India. Herb, spreading, twining, small axillary greenish yellow flowers, red globose fruit See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 148. 1852, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 6: 13. 1866, Genera Plantarum 1: 832. 1867, The Flora of British India 2: 629. 1879, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 3: 629. 1881 (Tonic, diuretic. Used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, seeds as amulets.) in India: ankh-phorni, ankh-phorni-ki-bel

Blastus Lour. Melastomataceae From the Greek blastos ‘bud, sprout, germ, ovary, sucker’, referring to the anthers and to the ovary, see Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 517, 526. 1790. Blastus borneensis Cogn. ex Boerl. (Blastus cogniauxii Stapf) SE Asia, Borneo. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 28(1): 116. 1871[1872], Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) 1: 531. 1890, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 7: 477, 481. 1891, Icones Plantarum 24: pl. 2311. 1894 (Roots decoction as a postpartum remedy.) in China: nan ya bai la mu Malay names: keduduk cherang, keduduk hutan, senduduk rimba

Blechnum L. Blechnaceae (Blechnoideae) Latin blachnon or blechnon applied by Plinius to a kind of fern, the ancient Greek name blechnon used for a species of fern, male fern, Aspidium filix-mas; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1077. 1753, Methodus Plantarum 25. 1754, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 485. 1754, Plantae Cryptogamicae Florae Gottingensis 286–288. 1770, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 3(2): 160. 1809, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 152–153. 1810, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 463, 469–472, 474–475, 477, 481, 514–515. 1851, Historia Filicum 303. 1875, Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 1898: 108. 1898 and Botanical Magazine 41(492): 702. 1927, Botanical Magazine 47(555): 180–181. 1933, Annales Cryptogamici et Phytopathologici 5: 155. 1947, Webbia 28: 456–457. 1973, Fern Gaz. 11(23): 141– 162. 1975.

597

Blechum P. Browne Acanthaceae

Blechnum orientale L. (Blechnopsis orientale Nakai; Blechnopsis orientalis (L.) C. Presl; Blechnopsis orientalis C. Presl) SE Asia, Belize. Terrestrial fern, robust, stout, woody, erect, short stem densely covered with glossy brown scales, long fronds, whole plant as food See Species Plantarum 2: 1077. 1753, Species Plantarum ed. II. 2. 1535. 1763, Epimel. Bot. 117. 1851, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 477. 1851 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47. 181. 1933, Pharmacologyonline 3: 58–60. 2008 (Whole plant ground and taken with water to cure impotency in men. Fronds antibacterial, tonic, antiviral, anthelmintic, female contraceptive, diaphoretic, stomachic, a new leaf of the fern eaten by women to ensure complete sterility; a poultice for boils, abscesses, sores, weeping sores. Rhizome anthelmintic, a cure for intestinal wounds and urinary bladder complaints. Magico-religious beliefs, ceremonial, used in worship and rituals.) in English: barking deer fern, fern, Oriental hammock fern, shield fern in China: dong fang wu mao jue ye in India: bajee, brahma rakshasani, hathajori, haththazori, hobe tepop, japi, lase paye, rajhans, thotripanai in Indonesia: paku telao in Japan: hiryu-shida (= flying dragon fern) Malay name: paku lipan in Papua New Guinea: awor in Philippines: pakong alagdan in Sarawak: paku kelindang Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm. (Acrostichum spicant (L.) Willd.; Asplenium spicant Bernh.; Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth; Blechnum spicant Roth; Blechnum spicant (L.) With.; Blechnum spicant subsp. nipponicum auct. non (Kunze) A. Löve & D. Löve; Blechnum spicant var. elongata B. Boivin; Blechnum spicant var. elongatum (Hook.) B. Boivin; Lomaria spicant (L.) Desv.; Lomaria spicant Desv.; Lomaria spicant fo. serrulatum Clute; Lomaria spicant var. elongata Hook.; Onoclea spicant Hoffm.; Osmunda spicant L.; Struthiopteris spicant (L.) F.W. Weiss; Struthiopteris spicant Weiss) Europe, North America. Evergreen fern, perennial, dimorphic, emergency food, chewed to alleviate thirst, plant eaten by mountain goats and deer See Species Plantarum 2: 1066–1067. 1753, Methodus Plantarum 25. 1754, Plantae Cryptogamicae Florae Gottingensis 287. 1770, Flora Berolinensis Prodromus 289. 1787, Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences 5: 411. 1793, Annalen der Botanick. ed. Usteri 10: 56. 1794, An Arrangement of British Plants, Third Edition 765. 1796,

Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 5: 325. 1811 and American Midland Naturalist 12: 277. 1931, Economic Botany 27: 257–310. 1973, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 150. 1994 (Plant used in diarrhea. Astringent, anticancer, stomachic, leaflets chewed in the treatment of cancer, lung disorders, colic and stomach problems; fronds used externally for skin sores; roots decoction taken for diarrhea.) in English: deer fern, hard fern

Blechum P. Browne Acanthaceae Latin and Greek blechon applied to some other plant species, wild pennyroyal, see The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 261. 1756, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1120. 1759 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/4): 328– 462. 1974, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 48(13): 253–284. 1995, Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115. 1995, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 21: 161–174. 1997, Brittonia 59(3): 199–216. 2007, Taxon 58(3): 893–906. 2009, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 61(4): 291–379. 2010. Blechum brownei Juss. (Barleria pyramidata Lam.; Blechum blechum (L.) Millsp.; Blechum brownei Kunth, nom. illeg.; Blechum brownei fo. albiflorum Kuntze; Blechum brownei fo. coeruleum Kuntze; Blechum brownei fo. puberulum Leonard; Blechum brownei var. laxum Nees; Blechum linnaei Nees; Blechum linnaei var. laxum Nees; Blechum linnaei var. nanum Nees; Blechum linnaei var. parviflorum Nees; Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb.; Blechum trinitense Nees; Ruellia blechum L.) West Indies. Sometimes as Ruellia blechum L. See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1120. 1759, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 380–381. 1785, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 9: 270. 1807, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 2: 238. 1818 and Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 2(1): 100. 1900, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 15: 323. 1918, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 32(6): 184. 1942, Ceiba 20(1): 27–41. 1976, Brittonia 59: 209. 2007 (Whole plant decoction for venereal diseases. Pounded leaves as vulnerary.) in Philippines: bamburia, bumburrua, daiang, damong-sambali, dayang, garem nga purau, karimbusuk, karis-busuk, kopis-kopis, sapin-sapin, tari-tari, tarre-tarre

Blepharis Juss. Acanthaceae From the Greek blepharis ‘eyelash’, in allusion to the fringed bracts and bracteoles, or to the white fringed anthers, see

598

Blepharis Juss. Acanthaceae

Genera Plantarum 103. 1789 and Cat. Pl. Madag., Acanth. 2(24): 7–32. 1939, Fl. Madagasc. 182: 1–219. 1967.

(Leaves for boils and ulcers, leaves crushed and the paste applied on forehead for headache.)

Blepharis asperrima Nees (Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees) Vollesen)

Blepharis linariifolia Pers. (Acanthodium hirtum Hochst. ex Nees; Blepharis edulis Pers. fo. hirta (Hochst. ex Nees) A. Terracc.; Blepharis hirta (Hochst. ex Nees) Martelli; Blepharis hirta var. latifolia Martelli; Blepharis linariaefolia Pers.; Blepharis passargei Lindau)

India. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 11: 267. 1847 and Kew Bulletin 54: 171–172. 1999 (Leaves and seeds as tonic, aphrodisiac, purgative, in liver disorders, throat inflammation, asthma.) in India: karadu Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B.L. Burtt (Acanthodium spicatum Delile; Acanthus edulis Forssk.; Blepharis ciliaris auct.; Blepharis edulis (Forssk.) Pers.; Blepharis edulis Pers.; Blepharis edulis var. gracilis Maire; Blepharis persica (Burm.f.) Kuntze; Ruellia ciliaris L.; Ruellia persica Burm.f.) Pakistan, Saudi Arabia. Upright spiny herb, rigid, lavender flowers edible, leaves and seeds reported to be edible, good fodder for sheep and camels See Species Plantarum 2: 634–635. 1753, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 424. 1767, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis, pl. 42. 1768, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 114. 1775, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1): 180. 1806, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 483. 1891 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 22: 94. 1956 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Plant juice to cure earache. Leaves useful in wounds, ulcers, nasal hemorrhage, asthma, throat inflammation, purgative, disorders of spleen and liver. Roots diuretic, in urinary discharges and dysmenorrhea. Seeds diuretic, aphrodisiac, expectorant, useful in strangury and conjunctivitis; dried ripe seeds ground and powdered to heal wounds and sore eyes. Blepharis edulis aphrodisiac.) in India: babhru, chachu, chaupatia, grahaka, guthava, kamavrddhi, karadu, kukkuta, kuranta, kurkuta, medhakrita, oontgan, parnaka, sachidala, shikhi, shiriari, shitichara, shitivara, shrivaraka, shvetavara, sitivara, suchipatra, suchyavha, suchyavhaya, sunishanna, sunishannaka, sutapatra, svastika, tukham balanga, tukhm anjir, tukhm anjrah, tukhm balanga, tukhm-i-otangan, tukhm utangan, uchchata, ustrakandi, utangan, utangana, utanjan, utingana, uttangan, uttanjan, vitunna

East Africa. Herb, wiry, low-growing, linear leaves, prickly bracts, flowers blue, eaten by cattle, goats, sheep, camels and donkeys See Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1): 180. 1806 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35: 25–63. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda. Febrifuge, drink plant decoction; a tisane of the whole plant taken for syphilis, tuberculosis, chestpain; wounds, decoction used as a wash and powder of the dried plant applied; fresh or dried whole plant, powdered, local application, for skin burns, urogenital infection. Seeds and leaves applied for pains. Veterinary medicine, lactogenic, retained placenta.) in India: bhongri, billikhoja, chatuspatri, oontakateri, oonthkantela, ucchata in Burkina Faso: wiwintin wilinwitin in Ivory Coast: wiwintin wilinwitin in Kenya: ekuleu-lochi, imaraga, lmarak in Mali: giirngal, nãman, nãman doñolo ya, nyame danga, yaanso, yawotanjomolo in Mauritania: giirngal in Niger: barkari si goudji in Nigeria: daúdàr-maáguzaáwaa, daudar maguzawa, fàskàrà toòyí, gagi, gandarin damo, gigi in Senegal: kuru ulu in Somalia: yamaarug in Upper Volta: wiwintin wilinwitin

Southern and Eastern Africa.

Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) B. Heyne ex Roth (Acanthus ciliaris Burm. f.; Acanthus maderaspatensis L.; Blepharis boerhaviifolia Pers., nom. illeg.; Blepharis boerhaviifolia var. nigrovenulosa De Wild. & T. Durand; Blepharis breviciliata Fiori; Blepharis gueinzii T. Anderson; Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Heyne; Blepharis maderaspatensis Heyne ex Roth; Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth; Blepharis maderaspatensis subsp. maderaspatensis; Blepharis maderaspatensis subsp. rubiifolia (Schumach.) Napper; Blepharis maderaspatensis var. abyssinica Fiori; Blepharis rubiifolia Schumach.; Blepharis teaguei Oberm.; Blepharis togodelia Solms)

See Supplementum Plantarum 294. 1782, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 60: 416. 1915

India, Tropical Africa. Suffrutescent herb, procumbent, scrambling, creeping, prostrate or suberect, wiry,

in Pakistan: sagedantan Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E. Mey. ex Schinz (Acanthus integrifolius L.f.; Acanthus repens Vahl; Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E. Mey. & Drège; Blepharis integrifolia var. setosa (Nees) Oberm.; Blepharis molluginifolia Pers.; Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth; Blepharis rupicola Engl.; Blepharis saturejifolia Pers.; Blepharis setosa Nees)

599

Blepharispermum Wight ex DC. Asteraceae

many-branched, rooting at nodes, whorled leaves, cream white flowers, spiny spikes See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 139. 1768, Novae Plantarum Species 320. 1821, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 292. 1829 and Boschi e Piante Legn. Eritrea 346. 1912, Kew Bulletin 24: 325. 1970, Fl. TamilnaduCarnatic 3(1): 1167. 1983 (Plant ash for dropsy, swellings, edema, gout; dry alcoholic extract of the plant a potent diuretic; plant parts crushed mixed with sheep milk given for venereal diseases. Leaf juice in throat troubles and asthma; leaves ground with egg and onion and applied for bone fracture; leaf paste applied on wounds. Veterinary medicine, leaves ground with egg and onion and applied for bone fracture.) in English: creeping blepharis in India: anthrinta pulu, arithilai poruthi, dudhiya choti, karattukkodi, kodali soppu, kolagohoma, nanthrapundu, nethira poondu, uttagana, vettukaya poondu in Mali: eñe tara, énye taràà in Nigeria: abéròdéfe Blepharis repens Roth India. See Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm (1757–1834), Novae Plantarum Species praesertim Indiae orientalis 321. Halberstadii: Sumptibus H. Vogleri, 1821 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94(2–3): 261–266. 2004 (Plants used in oral health care.) Blepharis sindica Stocks ex T. Anderson India, Pakistan. See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 9: 500. 1867 (Seeds boiled in cow milk and taken as tonic.) in India: bhangari

Blepharispermum Wight ex DC. Asteraceae From the Greek blepharis ‘eyelash’ and sperma ‘seed’, referring to the shape of the seeds, see Contr. Bot. India 11. 1834 and Economic Botany 59(1): 43–65. 2005. Blepharispermum pubescens S. Moore Tropical Africa. Scandent shrub, scrambling, florets white See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 168. 1905 [1904–1906 publ. 1905] (For malaria.) in Rwanda: umunyuragisaka Blepharispermum subsessile DC. India. Herb, shrub, woody rootstock, white globose heads See Contr. Bot. India 12. 1834

(Used in Ayurveda. Plant or roots decoction used as a tonic. Powdered root in snakebite and scabies; root juice given in rheumatoid arthritis; root extract given to expel intestinal worms, also for rheumatic pains and diarrhea; root paste taken internally in body pain. Veterinary medicine, leaves ground with those of Alysicarpus vaginalis given for anthrax. Magico-religious beliefs, auspicious twigs put in houses on festival days, the harvest festival Navkhana.) in India: adavi banti, adivibanti, batvali, batvati, konda mamidi, naama banta, nallipodla, nemabanti, raasnajadi, rasna, rasna jadi, rasnajadi, rasnajandi, rasnajhodi

Blepharistemma Wall. ex Benth. Rhizophoraceae From the Greek blepharis ‘eyelash’ and stemma ‘a crown’, referring to the shape of the crown, see J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 73, 78. 1858. Blepharistemma serratum (Dennst.) Suresh (Blepharistemma corymbosum Benth.; Blepharistemma corymbosum Wall. ex Benth.; Blepharistemma membranifolium (Miq.) Ding Hou; Rodschiedia serrata Densst.) India. Tree, corky bark, inflorescence axillary cymes, white flowers polygamodioecious, petals laciniate, greenish black capsule, arillate seeds See Species Plantarum 1: 443. 1753, Schlüssel Hortus Malab. 31. 1818, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 5: 218–219. 1825, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6320. 1832, Cat. Hort. Bog. Alt. 213. 1844, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 65, 73, 78. 1858 and Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 5: 489. 1958, Interpret. Van Rheede’s Hort. Malab. 214. 1988, Saldanha, Cecil John (1926–2002), Flora of Karnataka 2: 57. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH, 1996, Fl. Madras 1: 460. 1997, Novon 9(4): 550. 1999 (Used in Siddha/Sidha.) in India: karumarachedi, nirkurunda, tsjerou-poeam

Blepharocarya F. Muell. Anacardiaceae (Sapindaceae, Blepharocaryaceae) Greek blepharon ‘an eyelid’ and karyon ‘a nut’, the fruit is ciliate and contained in a globular involucre; see Ferdinand von Mueller, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. 11: 15. 1878. Blepharocarya involucrigera F. Muell. Australia. Tree, pinnate leaves, green insignificant flowers, woody pods See J.C Mitchell et al. “Absence of cross sensitivity between Toxicodendron (syn. Rhus) and Blepharocarya.” Contact Dermatitis 3 (3): 169–170. 1977 (Wood toxic, poisonous, if rubbed on the skin.) in English: bolly gum, north Queensland bollygum, northern bolly gum, rose butternut

600

Bletia Ruíz & Pavón Orchidaceae Named for the Spanish botanist Luis Blet, flourished towards the end of the 18th century, apothecary, owner of a Botanical Garden in Algeciras, Spain; see Hipólito Ruíz López (1754–1815) and José Antonio Pavón (1754–1844), Flora peruvianae, et chilensis prodromus. 119, t. 26. Madrid 1794, C.S. Rafinesque, in Am. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 268. 1818 and E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus 101. 1949, Fieldiana, Bot. 26(2): 399–727. 1953, Harvard Pap. Bot. 5(2): 383–466. 2001. Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC. (Bletia acutipetala Hook.; Bletia alta (L.) Hitchc.; Bletia florida R. Br.; Bletia havanensis Lindl.; Bletia havannensis Lindl.; Bletia pallida Lodd.; Bletia pottsii S. Watson; Bletia pulchella auct.; Bletia purpurea var. alba Ariza-Julia & J. Jiménez Alm.; Bletia purpurea var. pittieri Schltr.; Bletia tuberosa (L.) Ames; Bletia verecunda (Salisb.) R. Br.; Cymbidium altum Willd.; Cymbidium floridum Salisb.; Cymbidium trifidum (Michx.) Sw.; Cymbidium verecundum (Salisb.) Sw.; Epidendrum altum (Willd.) Poir.; Gyas verecunda (Salisb.) Salisb.; Helleborine americana Steud.; Limodorum floridum Salisb.; Limodorum purpureum Lam.; Limodorum trifidum Michx.; Limodorum tuberosum Jacq., nom. illeg.; Limodorum tuberosum L.; Limodorum verecundum Salisb.; Serapias purpurea (Lam.) Poir.; Thiebautia nervosa Colla) Mexico, Tropical America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 515. 1791, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 9. 1796, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 299. 1812, Hortus Kew. 5: 206. 1813, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 3: 161. 1824, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 24: t. 28. 1838, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 9(1): 97–98. 1841, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 478. 1887, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 4: 132. 1893 and Flora of the Southeastern United States … Ed. 2 329, 1375. 1913, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 17: 50. 1922, Bull. Agric. Martinique 8: 155. 1939, Rhodora 62: 236. 1960 (Bulbs boiled and the broth taken as a cure for poisoning from eating fish. Split bulbs applied to open wounds.) in English: wild ginger

Bletilla Reichb.f. Orchidaceae The diminutive of the American genus Bletia Ruíz & Pavón, see Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe 8: 246. 1852–1853. Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex Murray) Reichb.f. (Bletia gebina Lindl.; Bletia hyacinthina (Sm.) R. Br.; Bletia hyacinthina (Sm.) Aiton; Bletia striata (Thunb.) Druce; Bletilla elegantula (Kraenzl.) Garay & G.A. Romero; Bletilla gebina (Lindl.) Reichb.f.; Bletilla striata f. gebina (Lindl.) Ohwi; Bletilla striata var. albomarginata Makino; Bletilla striata

Bletia Ruíz & Pavón Orchidaceae

var. gebina (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Calanthe gebina (Lindl.) Lindl.; Coelogyne elegantula Kraenzl.; Cymbidium hyacinthinum J.E. Smith; Cymbidium striatum (Thunb.) Sw.; Epidendrum striatum (Thunb.) Thunb.; Epidendrum tuberosum Lour.; Gyas humilis Salisb.; Jimensia nervosa Raf.; Jimensia striata (Thunb. ex Murray) Garay & R.E. Schultes; Jimensia striata (Thunb.) Garay & R.E. Schultes; Limodorum hyacinthinum (Sm.) Donn; Limodorum striatum Thunb. ex Murray; Polytoma inodora Lour. ex B.A. Gomes; Sobralia bletioides Brongn. ex Decne.) China, Cambodia, Laos. Perennial, terrestrial herb, orchid, flat tubercle, large underground tuber, roots brownish-white, hard pseudobulbs oblong, leaves lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, unscented, flowers violet-pink, labium trilobate, capsule fusiform 6-angled See Definitiones Generum Plantarum 358. 1760, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 816. 1784, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 327. 1794, Flora Telluriana 4: 38. 1836 [1838], Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 36: 75. 1878 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 609. 1917, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 111. 1921, J. Jap. Bot. 6: 31. 1929, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 70. 1953, Botanical Museum Leaflets 18: 184. 1958, Kromosomo 67–68: 2301–2311. 1992, Harvard Pap. Bot. 3: 53. 1998, Biotechnol. Lett. 28(8): 539–543. 2006 (Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, mucilaginous, antiphlogistic, demulcent, pectoral, styptic, vulnerary. Pseudobulbs used for gastric ulcer, uterine bleeding, hemorrhages, melaena, hematuria, whooping cough; for external use, wound bleeding, cuts, abscesses, sores and burns.) in English: bletilla, common bletilla, hyacinth orchid, urn orchid in China: bai ji, lan hu, pai chi in Japan: shi-ran

Blighia König Sapindaceae Dedicated to the British (b. Cornwall) mariner William Bligh, 1754–1817 (London), navigator, in March 1776 appointed sailing master to James Cook on his 2nd voyage in Resolution, Captain of the merchant ship Bounty sailed in 1787 for a voyage to the Pacific to collect breadfruit plants, he wrote A Narrative of the Mutiny on board His Majesty’s Ship Bounty; and the subsequent voyage of part of the crew, in the ship’s boat, from Tofoa … to Timor. London 1790 and A Voyage to the South Sea. London 1792. Blighia sapida König Africa, Jamaica. Tree, small tree, bark rough brownishgray, spreading branches, compound leaves papery coriaceous, sweet scented flowers white yellow to creamy white, branched inflorescences, pendent fruits deep coral red split open when ripe, seed brown, yellow or white cream fleshy aril, edible fruit tastes like egg when cooked

601

Blinkworthia Choisy Convolvulaceae

See Annals of Botany 2: 571–574, t. 16–17. 1806 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 234–273. 1949, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, South African Journal of Botany 74: 76–84. 2008 (Fruit poisonous, but edible when ripe, the ingestion of unripe ackee can give rise to acute poisoning called Jamaican vomiting sickness, the vomiting disease of Jamaica or toxic hypoglycemic syndrome. Fruits edible, but children often poisoned by cooked akee water. Stem bark and leaves used externally as body stimulant, a weak decoction used in wasting disease. Various parts of the tree used to expel parasites and to treat dysentery, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and headache. Pounded fruit used as a fish poison. Veterinary medicine, lactogenic.)

(Bark toxic. Root, pods and leaves hemostatic (in childbirth), tonic, anthelmintic. Oil from the seeds laxative. Bark cooked with soup to treat indigestion, stomach disorders, diarrhea and stomachache. Leaves used for stomachache and diarrhea. Roots boiled, decoction for typhoid fever, dysentery and amebic dysentery, abdominal pain. Bark and leaves poisonous to fish.) in English: triangle tops in Ivory Coast: bebi in Nigeria: ishin oko, ukpe nehwi; isin-oko (Yoruba); ukpe nehwi (Edo); ojawala (Igbo)

in English: ackee, ackee apple, akee, akee apple, vegetable brain

in Southern Africa: blighia, driehoektolletjies; iDlebelendlovu, umDlaguva, umHlabelo (Zulu); musadema (Shona)

in Benin: atéhan, dirébou, ewé ishin, ishin, isin odan, lisséman

in Yoruba: ako isin, akoisin, isin ako, odofin ile in Zaire: bobili, bubili, buba

in Cameroon: abale, ndamba in Gabon: ekom, ngwim, ngwin in Ghana: achin, adza, akee, akee apple, atsa, ayigbe atia, takwadua in Ivory Coast: atian, atian foufoué, attienfoufou, atuanbi, baza, bazia, finezan, finsan, finzan, fisa, fitanfitanzalé, foufoué, fouzan, goihien, kaa, kaa foufoué, kaha, kaka, kaya, kou, kwagoué, newgouéï, pakgwè, sen, sougo, sugo, tia in Nigeria: abikotor, awai, feso, gwanja kusa, ila, ilipa, ishin, isin, isin jije, isin odan, isin oka, ogheghe, okpu, otusi, ukpe, ukpe rerhen

Blinkworthia Choisy Convolvulaceae For Robert Blinkworth, plant collector for N. Wallich, see Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 430, pl. 4. 1833. Blinkworthia convolvuloides Prain (Blinkworthia discostigma Handel-Mazzetti) China, Burma. Climbers or trailers, woody, flexuous, slender, white greenish flowers See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 63(2): 91. 1894

in Togo: adza, atchanti, atchati, bupobu, itchin, keka, kpesso, peso

(Roots and leaves for stomachache.)

in South America: akee, huevo, huevo vegetal, huevos de yankee, seso vegetal

in China: bao ye teng

Blighia unijugata Baker (Blighia zambesiaca Bak.; Phialodiscus plurijugatus Radlk.; Phialodiscus unijugatus (Baker) Radlk.; Phialodiscus zambesiacus (Bak.) Radlk.) South Africa, SE Africa. Tree, leafy, spreading, prostrate scrambler, slow-growing, short trunk, small flowers greenyellow, furry capsules, shiny dark red-brown to black oval seeds, juicy orange-to-pink flesh edible, bee forage, leaves browsed by animals, fodder for cattle and goats during dry periods, ripe and unripe fruits eaten raw, ripe fruits liked by birds, found in bushland and wooded or bushed grassland See Species Plantarum 1: 367. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis Extratropicae 53. 1835, Flora Capensis 2: 562. 1862, Genera Plantarum 1: 907. 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.]1: 427. 1868, Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 9: 497, 655. 1879, Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München xx. (1890) 263. 1890 and Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3: 121. 1912

in English: bindweed-like blinkworthia

Bloomeria Kellogg Asparagaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae) For the American (San Francisco) botanist H.G. Bloomer, 1821–1874, see F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 67. Berlin & Hamburg 1989, James C. Hickman, ed., The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. 1180. University of California Press, Berkeley 1993. Bloomeria clevelandii S. Watson (Muilla clevelandii (S. Watson) Hoover) North America, Mexico. Perennial See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. 20: 376. 1885 and Pl. Life 11: 23. 1955, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1–492. 1996 [as Muilla clevelandii] (Corms, diuretic.) in English: San Diego golden star

602

Blumea DC. Asteraceae

Blumea DC. Asteraceae

in Papua New Guinea: kumpeka

After the Dutch (German born) botanist Karl Ludwig (Carl, Carolus Ludovicus) von Blume, 1796–1862, physician, traveller, plant collector, Director of the Botanic Gardens of Buitenzorg, with Johannes Baptistus Fischer (d. 1832) wrote Flora Javae. Bruxelles 1828 [–1851], his works include Enumeratio plantarum Javae. Leyden 1827–1828, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. Batavia 1825–1826. See Archives de Botanique 2: 514. 1833 and Randeria, A.J. “The composite genus Blumea, a taxonomic revision.” Blumea 10: 176–317. 1960, Kirkia 7: 121–136. 1968, Fl. Madagasc. 189: 339–622. 1969, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 133–134. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 204. 1965, Koster, J.T. “The Compositae of New Guinea III.” Blumea 20: 13–226. 1972, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 42. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 448. 1973, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92: 314–321. 1995, Susanne KingJones, “Revision of Pluchea Cass. (Compositae, Plucheeae) in the Old World.” Englera 23: 3–136. 2001.

Blumea arnakidophora Mattf.

Blumea alata (D. Don) DC. (Blumea crispata (Vahl) Merxm.; Blumea pterodonta DC.; Blumea purpurascens A. Rich.; Conyza alata Roxb.; Erigeron alatum D. Don; Erigeron alatus D. Don; Laggera alata (D. Don) Sch.Bip. ex Oliv.; Laggera alata var. dentata S. Moore; Laggera appendiculata Robyns; Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood; Laggera pterodonta (D. Don) Sch.Bip. ex Oliv.) Tropical Africa. A strongly aromatic erect weedy herb, see also Laggera alata See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 171. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 448. 1836. (Leaves antalgic, for convulsion, bleeding; ashes from leaves applied to cure backache. Roots for cough, constipation, stomachache, sinusitis. Conjunctivitis and sores eyes, leaves decoction. Veterinary medicine.) in Rwanda: igikatsikatsi, igitabitabi, umutamatama in South Africa: kaptisbossie, muishondbossie in Tanzania: ludenyikumbwe, mdenyi-kumburi, muuga Blumea arfakiana Martelli (Blumea balfourii Hemsl.) Moluccas, Papua New Guinea. A herb or low shrub, erect, woody based, branched, sparsely pubescent, capitula in large terminal panicles, involucral bracts glandular, achene ribbed, pappus whitish to pale red See Nuov. Giorn. Bot. xv. 292. 1883 and Planta Med. 57: 278–281. 1991 (Young leaves eaten to treat anemia; leaves and roots used against stomachache.)

Borneo, Mt Kinabalu, New Guinea. A small shrub, erect, woolly tomentose, soft leaves woolly tomentose below, capitula in large terminal panicles, involucral bracts densely lanuginose, achene ribbed, pappus pale reddish-yellow See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lxix. 286. 1938, International Journal of Crude Drug Research 27: 1–8. 1989 (Leaves astringent, used for diarrhea.) in Papua New Guinea: kambali, kuwmkuwm Blumea aurita (L.f.) DC. (Blumea aurita DC.; Blumea bojeri Baker; Blumea glutinosa DC.; Blumea obliqua (L.) Druce; Blumea obliqua var. aurita (L.f.) V.N. Naik & P.Y. Bhogaonkar; Conyza aurita L.f.; Conyza viscosa Mill.; Erigeron chinensis Jacq.; Laggera aurita (L.f.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke; Laggera aurita (L.f.) Sch. Bip., nom. inval.; Laggera viscosa (Mill.) D’Arcy; Pluchea glutinosa (DC.) Bojer ex Baker, nom. inval.; Pluchea kotschyi Sch. Bip.; Pseudoconyza viscosa (Mill.) D’Arcy) Tropical Africa. Herb, shrub, erect, strongly aromatic, woody taproot, leaves grey-green softly pubescent, plant not or very rarely grazed by stock, weed, dry waste places See Species Plantarum 2: 863–865. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 8. 1768, Supplementum Plantarum 367. 1781, Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 3: 30, t. 303. 1798, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 31. 1817, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Archives de Botanique 2: 514. 1833, Contributions to the Botany of India 16. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 434. 1836, Flora 25(1, Beibl. 9): 134. 1842, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 393. 1848, Genera Plantarum 2(1): 290. 1873, Compositae Indicae 92. 1876, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 327–328. 1890 and Report. Botanical Exchange Club. London 1916: 609. 1917, Ciencia (Mexico) 21(1): 30–31, f. 4a-i. 1961, Phytologia 25(5): 281. 1973, Science and Culture 41: 603–604. 1975, Taxon 24: 501–516. 1975, Feddes Repertorium 101: 49–62. 1990, Acta Botanica Indica 20(1): 49. 1992 (Used in Sidha. Plant used for arthritis, rheumatism, diarrhea, dysentery, stomach troubles. Leaves have cicatrisant properties, applied to heal cuts and to bruises; leaves prepared as an enema used to cure constipation and dysentery. Powdered plant or infusion given for dyspepsia and indigestion.) in English: hunchback’s mother, slave of tobacco, vulture’s excrement in India: cuvarmullanti, kattumullangi, kuttumullanki in Ghana: afun neena, afun nena, plaaduru in Guinea: ompempene, umpempene in Nigeria: abanaadene, eru-taba

603

Blumea DC. Asteraceae

in Senegal: boylé buti, bubungor, datota, frasabukonao, frâsesâkukunau, lubun gor, lubuno, ngun

involucral bracts densely woolly, achene ribbed, pappus whitish or reddish-yellow

Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. (Blumea chamissoniana DC.; Blumea cunninghami DC.; Blumea dregeanoides Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.; Blumea honigbergeri Rech. f.; Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.; Blumea leschenaultiana DC.; Blumea mollis D. Don; Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr.; Blumea neilgherriensis Hook. f.; Blumea parvifolia DC.; Blumea perrottetiana DC.; Blumea phyllostachya DC.; Blumea trichophora DC.; Blumea wightiana Hook. f., nom. illeg.; Blumea wightiana DC.; Conyza axillaris Lam.; Conyza bifoliata Cham. & Less.; Conyza bifoliolata Wall., nom. nud.; Conyza paniculata Wall., nom. nud.; Conyza parvifolia Wall., nom. nud.; Conyza wightiana Wall., nom. nud.; Erigeron glomeratus Spreng. ex DC.; Erigeron mollis D. Don)

See Species Plantarum 2: 860–861. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1280. 1763, Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(1): 88. 1786, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 494. 1790, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 31. 1817, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 15: 895. 1826, Linnaea 6: 150. 1831, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 447. 1836, Compos. Ind. 90. 1876, Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) 2(1): 237. 1891 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 23(3–4): 66. 1968, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995

Tropical Africa, Pakistan. Shrub, erect herb, strongly aromatic, inflorescence dark pink, fodder See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 180, pl. 59, f. 1. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 84. 1786, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 172. 1825, Linnaea 6: 135. 1831, Contributions to the Botany of India 14. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 434– 438, 443. 1836, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 393. 1847, The Flora of British India 3: 261. 1882 and Philippine Journal of Science 5(5): 395. 1910, Kirkia 7: 121–136. 1968, Cytologia 40: 365–370. 1975, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 19: 53–66. 1978, Cytologia 47: 153–162. 1982, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Glimpses Pl. Res. 8: 1–177. 1988, Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 177–189. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 68: 395–396. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995 (Whole plant used for diarrhea, dysentery, fever, parasites; plant sap taken for hookworm, given to children for malaria. Roots stomachic. Leaf juice anthelmintic and antiscorbutic, for eyes and skin diseases; leaves styptic, in enemas. Veterinary medicine, paste of leaves and fruits applied on wounds of cattle. Whole plant as fish poison.)

(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Whole plant used an expectorant, postpartum remedy, stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic, antimutagenic, antibacterial, vermifuge, stomachic, expectorant, insecticide, sudorific, diuretic, antifungal, repellent, carminative, mild stimulant, in the treatment of colds, rheumatism, dysmenorrhea, bellyache, itch, indigestion. Roots decoction taken as a postpartum remedy; used locally as a cure for colds. Leaves soaked in water, the liquid drunk as carminative and for indigestion; leaves extract used to cure throat and chest ailment, dropsy and fevers; leaves applied to the forehead to relieve headache; leaves of Blumea sessiliflora, Blumea balsamifera, Mikania cordata and Blumea lanceolaria boiled in water and the decoction used for bathing to cure bodyache; leaves of Blumea balsamifera boiled with those of Centella asiatica and the liquid drunk against fever, when mixed with Plantago major the juice taken to cure diabetes; young leaves juice given to babies suffering from bowel disorders; fresh leaves decoction a bath for women after childbirth; leaves decoction drunk as a postpartum remedy, astringent, for dysentery; hypotensive, essential oil from leaves. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, leaf juice rubbed on the body of babies to protect from evil spirits and to bring good luck. Leaves used with other plants for poisoning fish.) in English: blumea camphor, blumea camphor plant, camphor plant, camphor tree, ngai camphor, ngai camphor plant in Burma (Myanmar): poung-ma-theing in Cambodia: bai mat

in India: basoor, gabbu soppu, nimurdi, pindugu mokka

in China: ai na hsiang, ai na xiang

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Baccharis salvia Lour.; Blumea appendiculata (Blume) DC.; Blumea appendiculata DC.; Blumea balsamifera DC.; Blumea balsamifera var. microcephala Kitam.; Blumea densiflora Hook.f. in part; Blumea grandis (Wallich) DC.; Blumea grandis DC.; Blumea zollingeriana Boerl.; Blumea zollingeriana C.B. Clarke; Conyza appendiculata Blume; Conyza appendiculata Lam.; Conyza balsamifera L.; Pluchea balsamifera (L.) Less.)

in India: banga-chappa, bhangaruda, buar-thau, buarthau, cuvarru mullanki, gangaapatri, hotlik, janiya, kakarondaa, kakoranda, kakronda, kakronda buti, kakronda buti ka pani, kakronda buti sabz, kattu mullani, kukkura-dru, kukronda, kukundara, kukur-huta, kukuraadra, langthrei, lapu-pui, laru-rui, narak-karantai, pha-khi-mon, sombong, tamracuda

India, Burma, Taiwan, Thailand. Shrublet or herb, arborescent shrub, aromatic, erect, villous densely woolly, flowers yellow, capitula in large axillary or terminal panicles,

in Indonesia: capa, embeng pasa pen, sembung, sembung gantung, sembung utan in Laos: ‘nat, phi ma ‘sen in Malaysia: chapa, chapor, daun telinga kerbau, sembang, semboh, sembong

604

in Philippines: alibum, alimon, ayoban, ayohan, bukadkad, dalapot, gabuen, ginting-gitin, hamlibon, kaliban, kalibura, lakadbulan, lakdanbulan, sambong, sambun, sob-sob, sobasob, subsub, subusob, subusub, takamain in Sarawak: susuoh in Thailand: kam phung, naat yai in Tibetan: ku la, shel ga-bur in Vietnam: dai bi, dai ngai, co nat, phac pha, c[aa]y t[uwf] bi, d[aj]i bi, t[uwf] bi, b[aw]ng phi[ees]n Blumea chinensis (L.) DC. (Blumea chinensis DC.; Cacalia chinensis (L.) Kuntze; Centratherum chinense (L.) Less.; Centratherum chinense Less.; Conyza chinensis L.; Cyanthillium chinense (L.) Gleason; Cyanthillium chinense Gleason; Vernonia chinensis (L.) Less.; Vernonia chinensis Less.) SE Asia. See Species Plantarum 2: 862. 1753, Linnaea 6: 105, 320, 674. 1829, Linnaea 6: 105, 674. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 444–445. 1836, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 294. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 324. 1891 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40: 306. 1913, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 89: 1–116. 1999 (Roots for colic, stomachache, fevers.) Malay names: perasi putih, ruku gajah, sampu angin, tombak-tombak Blumea clarkei Hook. f. (Blumea hongkongensis H. Lév. & Vaniot; Blumea lessingii Merr.; Blumea malabarica Hook. f.; Pluchea hirsuta Less.) India, Sikkim. Erect, pubescent or tomentose, herb, yellow flowers, silky achenes See Linnaea 6: 150–151. 1831, The Flora of British India 3(8): 267. 1881 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 12(158): 22. 1903, An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants 3: 603. 1923 (Leaves extract antiseptic on wounds and cuts.) Blumea densiflora DC. India, Vietnam, Sub-tropical Himalayas. Shrub or herb, flowers greenish yellow

Blumea DC. Asteraceae

India. See Wight, Robert (1796–1872), Contributions to the botany of India. London: Parbury, Allen, 1834 Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92: 314–321. 1995 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Herb juice carminative, sedative. Leaves carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, sudorific, for healing wounds and bleeding of nose; an infusion taken as diuretic, sudorific, emmenagogue. Oil antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal. Decoction of bark of Albizia procera with barks of Combretum ovalifolium and Acacia ferruginea and root of Blumea eriantha given as an antidote for snakebite; root extract of Cryptostegia grandiflora with barks of Holarrhena pubescens and Blumea eriantha given as antidote in snakebite.) in India: kakarondaa, kukundara, manja-adeca-manjen, nimdi, nimurdi, nirmudi Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz (Blumea amethystina Hance; Blumea fistulosa Kurz; Blumea glomerata DC.; Blumea leptoclada DC.; Blumea nodiflora Hook. f.; Blumea purpurea DC.; Blumea racemosa DC.; Conyza fistulosa Roxb.) Tropical Himalayas, Sri Lanka, Nepal to Bhutan. See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 429. 1832, Contributions to the Botany of India 15. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 442– 443. 1836, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 6(66): 173–174. 1868, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 46(2): 187. 1877, The Flora of British India 3(8): 262–263. 1881 and Taxon 24: 501–516. 1975, Taxon 28: 401–402. 1979, Cytologia 47: 153–162. 1982, Taxon 32: 668. 1983, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Water extract diuretic, anthelmintic, used for intestinal diseases. Essential oil CNS depressant.) in India: duggi, kakarondaa, kukundara, rumdum Blumea hieraciifolia Hook.f. & Thomson (Blumea hieracifolia (Spreng.) DC.; Blumea hieracifolia Hayata; Blumea hieraciifolia DC.; Blumea hieraciifolia (Don) DC.) India.

(Used in Ayurveda. Juice of fresh leaves insecticidal, mosquito repellent.)

See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 514. 1826, Contributions to the Botany of India 15. 1834, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 267. 1881 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 8: 52. 1919

in English: ngai camphor

(Essential oil astringent.)

in India: karpoor, kukundara

in India: ching-terapaibi

Blumea eriantha DC.

Blumea junghuhniania Boerl. (Conyza junghuhniana Miq.)

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 446. 1836

605

Blumea DC. Asteraceae

India, Java. Erect pubescent herb, leaves dentate, yellow flowers in heads See Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) 2(1): 239. 1891 (Stomachic, diaphoretic.) Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. (Blumea bodinieri Vaniot; Blumea chevalieri Gagnep.; Blumea glandulosa Benth.; Blumea glandulosa DC.; Blumea glandulosa Thwaites; Blumea glutinosa DC.; Blumea lacera (Roxb.) DC.; Blumea lacera DC.; Blumea lacera var. cinerascens Hook. f.; Blumea lacera var. glandulosa Hook. f.; Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr.; Blumea musra DC.; Blumea runcinata DC.; Blumea subcapitata DC.; Blumea thyrsoidea Sch. Bip.; Blumea velutina (H. Lév. & Vaniot) H. Lév. & Vaniot; Conyza dentata Blanco; Conyza dentata Willd.; Conyza lacera Burm. f.; Conyza velutina H. Lév.; Erigeron mollis D. Don; Senecio velutinus H. Lév. & Vaniot) Tropical Africa, SE Asia. Herbaceous plant, erect, tomentose, capitula in axillary and terminal dense to lax panicles, achene ribbed, pappus whitish, camphor-like oil, leaves eaten as a vegetable, highly variable, in grassland, field, roadside and forest edge See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 180, pl. 59, f. 1. 1768, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(3): 1928. 1803, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 172. 1825, Contributions to the Botany of India (Wight) 14. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 434–438, 443. 1836, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 629. 1837, Fl. Hongk. 177. 1861, The Flora of British India 3: 261. 1882 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 6: 331. 1909, Philippine Journal of Science 5(5): 395. 1910, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 42. 1921, Blumea 10: 176–317. 1960, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 19: 53–66. 1978, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 177–189. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 68: 395–396. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995, J. Cytol. Genet. 33(2): 201–205. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Plant antipyretic, antiinflammatory, pesticide, insecticide, a paste applied on sores. A decoction of fresh flowers to treat bronchitis. Leaf juice anthelmintic, febrifuge, astringent, stimulant, diuretic, wound-healing, for thread worm, cholera asthma; leaf paste for gums and mouth ulcers, tooth caries and decay, pyorrhea. Roots of the plant and rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus macerated together and the juice taken to cure dysentery and blood dysentery; root juice given to relieve fever; roots decoction orally given in dog bites. Essential oil antibacterial, antifungal. Veterinary medicine, paste of leaves and fruits applied on wounds of cattle; whole plant given to cattle for dysentery. Whole plant as fish poison.) in Bangladesh: kukursusga, shealmotra

in China: hong tou cao in India: adavimulangi, advimulangi, amboj-sak, bamburdi, basoor, bhamaburada, bhamurda, burasuksung, bhambrude, catakkinam, divalimuli, gaandhaari gida, gandhaari gida, gangli-muli, janglimulli, jangli tambaku, jarbu-ambuj, kaatu mullangi, kachidoria, kakarondaa, kakranda, kakronda, kamafitus, kapurio, karupogaku, kattumullangi, kattumullanki, kukaraundha, kukkuradru, kukkuravrksam, kukraunda, kukraundha, kukronda, kukrondha, kukshime, kukundara, kukundarah, kukuradru, kukurandru, kukurbanda, kukurmuta, kukuroundha, kukurshoka, kukursunga, kulahala, malaicharanai, mriduchhada, narak-karandai, narakkandai, narakkarandai, navakkarandai, paroh, phatakdi, rakkila, shiltetui, sukshmapatra, taamrachuuda, tamrachuda, tamracuda, tevuppula in Indonesia: batu lincar, kremahan, sembung lalaki in Malaysia: lumai hutan in Nepal: bugi in Philippines: damong-mabaho, lamlampaka, tubang-kabayo in Thailand: naat wua in Vietnam: c[ar]i ma, d[aj]i bi r[as]ch Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce (Bileveillea granulatifolia H. Lév.; Blumea conspicua Hayata; Blumea lanceolaria Druce; Blumea lanceolaria var. spectabilis (DC.) Randeria; Blumea laxiflora Elmer; Blumea myriocephala DC.; Blumea myriocephala Thwaites; Blumea spectabilis DC.; Conyza lanceolaria Roxb.) SE Asia. Shrub, herb, erect, leaves simple, flowers light yellow, capitula in terminal panicles, achene ribbed pubescent, pappus yellowish white to pale red, along stream banks See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 490. 1790, Hort. Bengal. 61. 1814, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 432. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 445. 1836, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 163. 1860 and Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 13: 326. 1904, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. i. 110. 1906, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8(185–187): 449. 1910, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 151–152. 1911, (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 4: 609. 1917, Blumea 10(1): 220. 1960, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 19: 53–66. 1978, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995 (Leaves sudorific, a decoction used against bronchitis and asthma, liver ailments; applied externally as a poultice to treat rheumatism; leaves infusion taken for dysentery; leaves juice applied on wounds and chronic ulcers, also on the head of a small child as a cure for fever; leaves of Blumea sessiliflora, Blumea balsamifera, Mikania cordata and Blumea

606

lanceolaria boiled in water and the decoction used for bathing to cure bodyache. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves juice dropped over the sores and ulcers to kill worms, maggots.) in India: buar-ze, buarze, buarzo, han-mauichu, hanmoichu, merumdak, terapaibi-macha in Malaysia: chapa, kepijit in Vietnam: rau [ax]n g[ox]i, x[uw][ow]ng s[oo]ng Blumea malcolmii Hook.f. (Pluchea malcolmii C.B. Clarke) India. Strongly fragrant, smells strongly of turpentine See Compos. Ind. 95. 1876 and Taxon 27: 223–231. 1978, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, Phytochemistry 28 (1): 243–244. 1989 (Antibacterial. Whole plant juice honey bee repellent, and as a smoke to control flea and tick.) Blumea membranacea DC. (Blumea balansae Gagnep.; Blumea membranacea Hayata, non DC.; Blumea paucifolia DC.) Myanmar. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 440. 1836 and Comp. Formos. 29. 1904, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 68: 41. 1921, Cytologia 40: 365–370. 1975, Nucleus 18: 6–19. 1975, Taxon 27: 223–231. 1978, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995

Blumea DC. Asteraceae

Science 5(5): 395. 1910, Blumea 10: 176–317. 1960, Kirkia 7: 121–136. 1968, Cytologia 40: 365–370. 1975, Taxon 26: 557– 565. 1977, Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 19: 53–66. 1978, Cytologia 47: 153–162. 1982, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Glimpses Pl. Res. 8: 1–177. 1988, Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 177–189. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 68: 395–396. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995 (Plant antipyretic, antiinflammatory, pesticide, insecticide. Leaf juice anthelmintic, febrifuge, astringent, stimulant, diuretic, wound-healing, for thread worm, cholera asthma. Essential oil antibacterial, antifungal. Veterinary medicine, paste of leaves and fruits applied on wounds of cattle. Whole plant as fish poison.) in India: gabbu soppu, nimurdi, pindugu mokka Blumea obliqua (L.) Druce (Blumea amplectans DC.; Blumea pubiflora DC.; Conyza obliqua Willd.; Erigeron obliquus L.) Sri Lanka.

(Antibacterial, emetic, mosquito repellent, plant boiled and taken for bladder infection, stomach disorders, fever and painful bones. Plant juice to relieve body pain; leaf juice given in pneumonia.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 861, 863–865. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum Alterna 573–574. 1771, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1930. 1797, Contributions to the Botany of India 13. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 434. 1836 and Report. Botanical Exchange Club. London. 1916: 609. 1917, Blumea 10: 287. 1960, Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 177–189. 1988, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, J. Nat. Prod. 58(9): 1426–1429. 1995, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995, Phytochemistry 49(1): 259–261. 1998

in India: dabba-ka-zara, pacha

(Antifungal, for venereal diseases.)

Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr. (Blumea chamissoniana DC.; Blumea cunninghami DC.; Blumea dregeanoides Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.; Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.; Blumea leschenaultiana DC.; Blumea neilgherriensis Hook. f.; Blumea parvifolia DC.; Blumea perrottetiana DC.; Blumea phyllostachya DC.; Blumea trichophora DC.; Blumea wightiana DC.; Blumea wightiana Hook. f., nom. illeg.; Conyza bifoliata Cham. & Less.; Conyza bifoliolata Wall., nom. nud.; Conyza lacera Burm. f.; Conyza paniculata Wall., nom. nud.; Conyza parvifolia Wall., nom. nud.; Conyza wightiana Wall., nom. nud.; Erigeron glomeratus Spreng. ex DC.; Erigeron mollis D. Don)

in India: sakarkandi, sankaooli

India, Nepal. See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 180, pl. 59, f. 1. 1768, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 172. 1825, Linnaea 6: 135. 1831, Contributions to the Botany of India 14. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 435–438, 443, 454. 1836, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 393. 1847 and Philippine Journal of

Blumea oxyodonta DC. (Placus oxyodonta (DC.) Kuntze) Sri Lanka, India. Annual herb, slender whitish hairy stem, often forked, branches spreading or prostrate, leaves with spinous-toothed margin and tip, yellowish flower-heads on long peduncles See Flora Cochinchinensis 475, 496. 1790, Contributions to the Botany of India 15. 1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 357. 1891 and Cytologia 40: 365–370. 1975, Cytologia 47: 153–162. 1982, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 33(2): 201–205. 1998 (Known allergenic activity. Root decoction in impotency and spermatorrhea.) in English: spiny keaved blumea Blumea pubigera (L.) Merr. (Conyza pubigera L.)

607

Blumea DC. Asteraceae

Indonesia. Shrub, herbaceous climber, smooth vine, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, flowering heads clustered, terminal hairy panicle, corolla-lobes hairy strongly 10-ribbed, pappus white See Philippine Journal of Science 14: 250. 1919, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49(1): 1–16. 1995 (Crushed young leaves applied as a poultice to new wounds, scabies; leaves in a complex remedy taken orally and applied externally for leprosy; leaves used in remedies for mental disorders; young leaves poultice applied to swollen liver or spleen. Roots decoction drunk for colic.) in English: aster vine in Indonesia: embeng aka, serungkas sebekas, udu sekiput lulut in Philippines: katarai, kuli amu, lankat, pagang pagang Blumea repanda (Roxb.) Hand.-Mazz. (Blumea procera DC.; Blumea semivestita DC.; Conyza repanda Roxb.; Leveillea procera (DC.) Vaniot; Placus procera (DC.) Kuntze) China, India. Villous or tomentose herb, yellow flowers, ribbed silky achenes See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 431. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 445. 1836, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 357. 1891 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 13(170–171): 16. 1903, Symbolae Sinicae 7(5): 1378. 1936 (Leaves extract on wounds and cuts, applied in anus in children to kill the pinworm.) Blumea riparia DC. (Blumea chinensis auct. non (L.) DC.; Blumea pubigera auct. non (L.) Merr.; Blumea semivestita DC.; Conyza riparia Blume, nom. illeg., non Conyza riparia Kunth; Conyza riparia Kunth; Conyza semivestita Wall.; Phalacromesus riparia (Kunth) Cass. ex B.D. Jacks.; Phalacromesus riparia Cass.) India, Thailand, SE Asia. Shrub, herbaceous, scandent, sprawling, creeping, capitula in terminal and axillary racemes, achene ribbed pubescent, pappus white, weed of sugarcane fields, in open grassy places, forest clearings, along streams and rivers See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 60. 1820 [1818], Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 899. 1826, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] [F. Cuvier] 53: 235. 1828, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2996. 1831, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 444. 1836, Index Kewensis 2(3): 486. 1895 [1894] and Taxon 26: 443–452. 1977, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995, Chinese Chemical Letters 18(3): 303–305. 2007 (A roots decoction to cure colic. Leaf juice used to treat sores, boils and sore eyes, to stop bleeding in cuts and wounds; sore

eyes treated by rubbing a young leaf around the eye. Chewed leaves applied to boils.) in Indonesia: jonge areuy, lalangkapan, tombak-tombak in Laos: phang nhot pang in Papua New Guinea: mulmul, mungla in Philippines: katarai, lankat, pagang-pagang in Sarawak: klumpah pinggai in Thailand: kamu maeng, mu masang Blumea sessiliflora Decne. (Blumea fasciculata DC.; Blumea gracilis DC.; Blumea membranacea DC. var. gracilis (DC.) Hook. f.) India. Herb, sessile oblanceolate leaves, white heads in panicles See Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 140. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 442–443. 1836, The Flora of British India 3(8): 265. 1881 and J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92: 314–321. 1995, J. Cytol. Genet. 33(2): 201–205. 1998 (Leaves sudorific, a decoction used against bronchitis and asthma, liver ailments; applied externally as a poultice to treat rheumatism; leaves infusion taken for dysentery; leaves of Blumea sessiliflora, Blumea balsamifera, Mikania cordata and Blumea lanceolaria boiled in water and the decoction used for bathing to cure body ache; leaves juice applied on wounds and chronic ulcers, also on the head of a small child as a cure for fever. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves juice dropped over the sores and ulcers to kill worms, maggots.) in India: chulum-paui Blumea sinuata Merr. (Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC.; Blumea laciniata DC.; Blumea okinawensis Hayata; Blumea onnaensis Hayata; Blumea runcinata DC.; Blumea sinapifolia Gagnep.; Blumea sonchifolia DC.; Blumea uninata DC.; Conyza laciniata Roxb.; Gnaphalium sinuatum Lour.) SE Asia. See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 497. 1790, Hort. Beng. 61. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 427–428. 1832, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 436–438. 1836 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 8: 53. 1919, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 68: 43. 1921, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 24: 388. 1935, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Nucleus 18: 6–19. 1978, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92: 314–321. 1995

608

Blumeopsis Gagnepain Asteraceae

(Leaves used for skin diseases, eczema, insect repellent; leaves juice applied on snakebite. Roots of Blumea laciniata along with those of Butea superba and Vitis repanda used for snakebite; crushed roots made into a paste taken for snakebite.)

Aubert Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1758–1831), Genera Nova Madagascariensia. 4. [Paris 1806] and Fl. Madagasc. 26: 1–13. 1946, Aquatic Bot. 15: 1–52. 1983, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1–590. 2003.

in India: khuanglawi

Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch. ex Thwaites (Blyxa aubertii Rich.; Blyxa ceylanica Hook. f.; Blyxa coreana (Lév.) Nakai; Blyxa ecaudata Hayata; Blyxa graminea Steud., nom. illeg.; Blyxa griffithii Planch. ex Hook. f.; Blyxa malayana Ridl.; Blyxa muricata Koidz.; Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Thwaites; Blyxa octandra Planch. ex Thwaites; Blyxa oryzetorum (Decne.) Hook. f.; Blyxa roxburghii Rich., nom. illeg.; Blyxa saivala Steud., nom. superfl.; Diplosiphon oryzetorum Decne.; Hydrolirion coreanum Lév.; Vallisneria octandra Roxb.; Vallisneria spiralis L.)

Blumea tomentosa A. Rich. (Laggera tomentosa (A. Rich.) Oliv. & Hiern; Laggera tomentosa (A. Rich.) Sch. Bip. ex Oliv. & Hiern; Laggera tomentosa Sch. Bip., nom. nud.) East Africa, Ethiopia. Herb, sweet strong pleasant smell See Flora 24(1 Intell.): 26. 1841, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 394. 1848 and Phytochemistry 52: 1491–1494. 1999, Chem. Ind. Forest Prod. 19: 43–47. 1999, J. Essent. Oil Res. 12: 345–349. 2000, Journal of Essential Oil Research: JEOR Mar/Apr 2003 (Carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, astringent, anthelmintic. High percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes and a relatively low percentage of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Chrysanthenone reported to be an effective component in toothpaste for the removal of tobacco stains. Veterinary medicine, stomachic, for colic.) in Ethiopia: keskeso Blumea virens DC. (Blumea hymenophylla DC.; Blumea lapsanoides DC.) India. Herbs, pubescent toothed leaves, yellow flowers, ribbed achenes with spreading hairs See Contributions to the Botany of India 14–15. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 444. 1836 and Cytologia 40: 365–370. 1975, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92: 314–321. 1995 (Sudorific, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, astringent, anthelmintic.)

Blumeopsis Gagnepain Asteraceae Resembling the genus Blumea DC., see Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 26: 75. 1920. Blumeopsis flava (DC.) Gagnep. (Blumea flava DC.; Laggera flava (DC.) Benth. & Hook. f.) India. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 439. 1836, Genera Plantarum 2: 290. 1873 and Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 26(1): 76. 1920

Australia, Sri Lanka, India. Annual, tufted, acaulescent, aquatic dioecious herb, growing in water, leaves radical shething, flowers unisexual, sepals pinkish tinged, inflorescence emergent, linear fruit See Species Plantarum 2: 1015. 1753, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2: 34, t. 165. 1802, Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques de L’Institut National de France 12(2): 19–23, 77, pl. 4. 1812, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 212. 1840, Voyage dans l’Inde 4: 166–167. 1844, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] [pt. 5]: 332. 1864, The Flora of British India 5: 661. 1888, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 3: 358. 1893 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11: 67. 1912, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam 5: 208, f. 77c-f. 1915, Botanical Magazine 31: 258. 1917, Journal of Japanese Botany 19: 247. 1943 (Used in Ayurveda. “ The plants, whose womb is the avaki (Blyxa octandra), whose essence are the waters, shall with their sharp horns thrust aside evil!” Atharva-veda, the fourth Veda. Hymn to all magic and medicinal plants, used as a universal remedy.) in India: naachu, nacchu, nilika, paachi, paathala banthi, pata siala, saivala in Japan: marumi-subuta

Bobgunnia J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Swartzieae) See Brittonia 49(1): 1–23. 1997.

in India: mural pocha, murva

Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema (Swartzia madagascariensis Desv.; Swartzia marginata Benth.; Swartzia sapini De Wild.; Tounatea madagascariensis (Desv.) Baill.)

Blyxa Noronha ex Thouars Hydrocharitaceae

Tanzania. Tree or shrub, perennial, non-climbing, creamy white petals, dark brown snake-like pod, common in woodland

Possibly from the Greek blyzo ‘gush forth’, blyzein ‘to bubble, flow out’, referring to the habitat; see Louis-Marie

See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 549, pl. 218. 1775, Genera Plantarum 2: 518. 1791, Annales des

(Root in jaundice. Whole plant juice applied on burns.)

609

Bocagea A. St.-Hil. Annonaceae

Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 9: 424. 1826, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(10): 87–88. 1840, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(56): 446. 1885 and East Afr. Med. J. 68(10): 827–830. 1991, Brittonia 49(1): 1–23. 1997, Toxicon. 44(4): 417–430. 2004, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 3(1): 75–81. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114(1): 44–53. 2007, Bioresour. Technol. 99(6): 2037–2045. 2008 (Toxins. Antimalaria, insecticidal, molluscicidal. Pods used to kill fish in streams and ponds.) in English: ironheart tree, snake bean tree in East Africa: kasanda in Nigeria: bayama, bogo-zage, gama-fada, gwanja-kusa, gwaskiya; bayama (Hausa); hil ighgom (Tiv); yawolawogi (Nupe) in North Nigeria: bayama, bozo zage, gamma fada, guazkiya in N. Rhodesia: mutete in Southern Africa: moshakashela (Mbukushu); muCherechedzi, muCherechese, muCherekese, muChezeze, muChiakacha, muPondo, muShakashele, muTeherenge, muTseketsa, muTshakatsha, muWengerezi (Shona) in Tanzania: ching’eng’e, kasanda, mnyenye, msekeseke, mukhangosi in Togo: subando in W. Africa: samakara, samagara in Zaire: kabi, n’daale, ndale, pampi in Zambia: bayama, bozo zage, gamma fada, guazkiya, kapwipwi, mchelekete, Mpingo, mulundu, mushakashela, ndale

Bocagea A. St.-Hil. Annonaceae See Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: ed. folio. 33; ed. qu. 41, t. 9. 1825, Kew Journ. iii. (1851) 207. 1851 Bocagea dalzellii Hook.f. & Thomson India. See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 92. 1872 (Leaves bitter, pungent, for cold and influenza.) in India: andi, undi

Bocconia L. Papaveraceae To honor the Italian monk Paolo (afterwards Silvio) Boccone (Bocconi or Pauli Bocconis), 1633–1704, physician, naturalist, professor of botany at Padua, plant collector and traveller, appointed botanical preceptor to Ferdinand II, in 1682 he entered the order of Cistercian monks at

Florence. See Icones & descriptiones rariorum plantarum Siciliae, Melitae, Galliae, & Italiae, etc. [Edited by Robert Morison.] E Theatro Sheldoniano [Oxford] 1674, Giuseppe M. Mira, Bibliografia Siciliana. 1: 111–112. Palermo 1881 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 933–936. 1938, J. Lanjouw and F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collectors A-D. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 134. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 205. 1965, Economic Botany 39(3): 346–362. 1985, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 42–44. 1988, Fl. Ecuador 52: 1–13. 1995. Bocconia arborea S. Watson Mexico. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 25: 141–142. 1890 and Archives of Medical Research 29(2): 191–194. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66(2): 223–226. 1999 (Antimicrobial, for infectious diseases.) Bocconia frutescens L. (Bocconia frutescens var. cernua Moc. & Sessé ex DC.; Bocconia glauca Salisb.; Bocconia pearcei Hutch.; Bocconia quercifolia Moench; Bocconia sinuatifolia Stokes; Bocconia subtomentosa L’Hér. ex Stahl) Central and South America. Evergreen shrub or small tree, perennial, soft-wooded, branched, yellowish orange translucent bitter sap, small greenish-purple apetalous flowers in terminal panicles densely branched, bracts lanceolate, bright red aril attached to the shiny black seeds, noxious weed very invasive, multiple-trunked bushy growth habit, pulpy aril material attractive to birds See Species Plantarum 1: 505. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 121. 1824 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1920(8): 78. 1920, Fl. Veracruz 22: 1–16. 1982, Fl. Lesser Antilles 4: 276. 1988, Pharmaceutical Biology 44(7): 540–543. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): 66–70. 2006, PTR. Phytotherapy Research 22(4): 557–559. 2008 (All parts of this plant are poisonous. Abortifacient, purgative, astringent, analgesic, sedative, hypnotic, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antisecretory, vermifuge, to treat skin ulcer, dermatitis, gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea and some respiratory tract infections. Roots and bark infusion drunk to treat kidney or abdominal pains. Orange sap for ulcers and skin eruptions, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, to alleviate bronchitis, and as a local anesthetic, when the leaves have been heated and applied to wounds.) in English: John Crow bush (= John Crow Mountains, Portland Parish, Jamaica), parrotweed, plume poppy, tears of blood, tree celandine, tree poppy

610

in Central America: biábia, chocolate blanco, gordolobo, guacamayo, llorasangre, palo amarillo, palo de toro, pan cimarrón, panilla, saúco, tabaquillo, trompeto, yagrumito Bocconia integrifolia Bonpl. (Bocconia frutescens var. integrifolia (Bonpl.) Kuntze; Bocconia macbrideana Standl.; Bocconia pearcei Hutch.; Bocconia pubibractea Hutch.)

Boechera Á. Löve & D. Löve Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 187. 1864, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22(2): 467. 1887, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 621. 1895 and Pittonia 4(23): 195. 1900, Phytologia 51(6): 370. 1982 (Anticonvulsive, analgesic.)

Central America.

in English: perennial rockcress

See Plantae Aequinoctiales 1: 119, t. 35. 1807, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 4. 1898 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1920(8): 278–279. 1920, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2–3): 935. 1938

Boechera puberula (Nutt.) Dorn (Arabis arida Greene; Arabis bruceae M.E. Jones; Arabis lignipes var. impar A. Nelson; Arabis puberula Nutt.; Arabis sabulosa M.E. Jones; Arabis sabulosa var. colorata M.E. Jones; Arabis sabulosa var. frigida M.E. Jones; Arabis subpinnatifida var. impar (A. Nelson) Rollins; Erysimum puberulum (Nutt.) Kuntze)

(Antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, antitumor and antiviral, used to treat endemic diseases such as cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.)

Boechera Á. Löve & D. Löve Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Boechera fendleri (S. Watson) W.A. Weber (Arabis fendleri (S. Watson) Greene; Arabis fendleri var. spatifolia (Rydb.) Rollins; Arabis holboellii var. fendleri S. Watson; Arabis porphyrea Woot. & Standl.; Arabis spatifolia Rydb.; Boechera fendleri subsp. spatifolia (Rydb.) W.A. Weber; Boechera fendleri var. spatifolia (Rydb.) Dorn) North America. See Synoptical Flora of North America 1(1[1]): 164. 1895, Pittonia 3(16A): 156. 1897 and Flora of the Rocky Mountains 361, 1062. 1917, Rhodora 43(512): 394. 1941, Phytologia 51(6): 370. 1982, Vascular Plants of Wyoming (ed. 3) 375. 2001, Harvard Papers in Botany 11(1): 84. 2006 (Plant infusion for stomachache.) in English: false arabis, Fendler’s rockcress Boechera holboellii (Hornem.) Á. Löve & D. Löve var. holboellii (Arabis holboellii Hornem.; Erysimum holboellii (Hornem.) Kuntze) North America, Europe.

North America. See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 82. 1838, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 20: 353. 1885, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 933. 1891 and Botanical Gazette 30(3): 191. 1900, Botanical Gazette 54(2): 139. 1912, Research Studies of the State College of Washington 4(1): 32. 1936, Brittonia 55(1): 3. 2003 (Antirheumatic, crushed plants, a liniment.) in English: silver rockcress Boechera sparsiflora (Nutt.) Dorn var. sparsiflora (Arabis arcoidea A. Nelson; Arabis campyloloba Greene; Arabis peramoena Greene; Arabis sparsiflora Nutt.; Arabis sparsiflora var. peramoena (Greene) Rollins; Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. var. sparsiflora) North America. See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 81–82. 1838 and Botanical Gazette 53(3): 220. 1912, Research Studies of the State College of Washington 4(1): 25. 1936, Vascular Plants of Wyoming (ed. 3) 376. 2001 (Contraceptive. Infusion of whole plant used as an eyewash for sore eyes. Roots chewed and juice swallowed for diarrhea, for heartburn.) in English: sicklepod rockcress

Boechera perennans (S. Watson) W.A. Weber (Arabis angulata Greene ex Wooton & Standl.; Arabis arcuata var. perennans (S. Watson) M.E. Jones; Arabis eremophila Greene; Arabis gracilenta Greene; Arabis perennans S. Watson; Arabis recondita Greene)

Boechera stricta (Graham) Al-Shehbaz (Arabis albertina Greene; Arabis brachycarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) Britton; Arabis confinis S. Watson; Arabis connexa Greene; Arabis drummondii A. Gray; Arabis drummondii var. connexa (Greene) Fernald; Arabis drummondii var. oxyphylla (Greene) M. Hopkins; Arabis drummondii var. pratincola (Greene) M. Hopkins; Arabis oxyphylla Greene; Arabis philonipha A. Nelson ex Rydb.; Arabis pratincola Greene; Boechera angustifolia (Nutt.) Dorn; Boechera brachycarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) Dorn; Boechera drummondii (A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Erysimum drummondii (A. Gray) Kuntze; Streptanthus angustifolius Nutt.; Turritis drummondii (A. Gray) Lunell; Turritis stricta Graham)

North America.

Canada, North America. Herb

See Species Plantarum 2: 660–661, 664–666. 1753, Flora Danica 11(2): 5, pl. 1879. 1827, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 933. 1891 and Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 513. 1975[1976] (Ceremonial.) in English: Holboell’s rockcress

611

Boehmeria Jacquin Urticaceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 664–666. 1753, Flora Anglica 292. 1762, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 7: 350. 1829, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 187. 1864, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22(2): 466. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 933. 1891 and Pittonia 4(23): 197. 1900, Rhodora 5(57): 231. 1903, American Midland Naturalist 5(12): 236. 1918, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 513. 1975[1976], Novon 13(4): 389. 2003 (Analgesic, diuretic, decoction of whole plant taken for kidney and bladder troubles, gonorrhea. Poultice of fresh or dried plant applied to sores.) in English: Drummond’s rockcress

Boehmeria Jacquin Urticaceae Named for the German botanist Georg(e) Rudolf Boehmer, 1723–1803, professor of botany and anatomy at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, among his most valuable writings are Flora Lipsiae indigena. Leipzig 1750, Commentatio physio-botanica de plantarum semine. Wittebergae & Servestae 1785, Commentatio botanico-literaria de plantis in memoriam cultorum nominatis. Lipsiae 1799, Lexicon rei herbariae tripartitum continens etymologiam nominum et terminologiam. Lipsiae 1802 and Bibliotheca scriptorum historiae naturalis. Leipzig 1785–1789. See Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), Enumeratio systematica plantarum, quas in insulis Caribaeis vicinaque Americes continente detexit novas, aut jam cognitas emendavit. 9, 31. Lugduni Batavorum 1760 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 208. 1965, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 45. 1988. Boehmeria clidemioides Miquel var. diffusa (Weddell) Handel-Mazzetti (Boehmeria comosa Wedd.; Boehmeria diffusa Weddell; Boehmeria diffusa var. strigosa Weddell) China, India. Shrub, herbs or subshrubs, perennial, pig feed See Plantae Junghuhnianae 1: 34. 1851, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9(1–2): 356. 1856, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(1): 205. 1869 and Symb. Sin. 7(1): 152. 1929 (Febrifuge.) in China: bai mian zhu ma, xu ye zhu ma Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. (Boehmeria depauperata Wedd.; Boehmeria glomerulifera var. leioclada W.T. Wang; Boehmeria leiophylla W.T. Wang; Boehmeria malabarica Wedd., nom. illeg.; Boehmeria malabarica var. leioclada (W.T. Wang) W.T. Wang; Boehmeria oblongifolia W.T. Wang) India, China. Shrub or small tree, flowers in axillary fascicles See Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Indischen Archipel 2: 101, 104. 1854 and Fl. Bombay 2: 636. 1908, Acta Botanica

Yunnanica 3(3): 318–320. 1981, Fl. Karnataka 1: 123. 1984, Economic Botany 44(1): 94–105. 1990, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 23(2): 326. 1995, Fl. Madras 3: 1387. 1998 (Leaf decoction bath given to babies for fever; plant juice a remedy for sores or ulcer of mouth.) in Bangladesh: ka-nei-soi in China: ye qiu zhu ma in India: bulliat Boehmeria japonica (L.f.) Miquel (Boehmeria grandifolia Weddell; Boehmeria holosericea Blume; Boehmeria japonica var. appendiculata (Blume) Yahara; Boehmeria japonica var. appendiculata Yahara; Boehmeria japonica var. longispica (Steudel) Yahara; Boehmeria longispica Steudel; Boehmeria pilushanensis Liu & Lu; Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don var. macrophylla Weddell; Boehmeria spicata var. duploserrata C.H. Wright; Boehmeria taiwaniana Nakai & Satake; Urtica japonica Linnaeus f.) China. Leaves fodder See Nat. Hist. 11: 291, pl. 72, f. 2. 1779, Supplementum Plantarum 481. 1782, Flora 33: 260. 1850, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 131. 1867, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(178): 488. 1899 and Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 4(6): 526–528, f. 45, 46. 1936 (Leaves to relieve internal fever.) in China: ye xian ma Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. (Boehmeria caudata Sw.; Boehmeria elliptica Wedd.; Boehmeria macrophylla D. Don, nom. illeg.; Boehmeria macrophylla (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.; Boehmeria macrostachya Wight; Boehmeria mauritiana Wedd.; Boehmeria platyphylla Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don; Boehmeria platyphylla var. macrostachya (Wight) Wedd.; Boehmeria platyphylla var. masoalensis Leandri; Boehmeria platyphylla var. tomentosa (Wedd.) Wedd.; Boehmeria rotundifolia D. Don; Boehmeria tomentosa Wedd.; Splitgerbera macrostachya Wight; Urtica caudata Burm. f.; Urtica macrostachya Wall. ex D. Don; Urtica moluccana Blume) China, Nepal. Shrub, spreading branches, scabrous leaves, greenish white flowers, brownish achenes See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 198. 1768, Flora Japonica, … 69. 1784, Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis 2: 890. 1815, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 60. 1825, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 492. 1826, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(3): 215. 1846, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 6: 10, pl. 1977. 1853, Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 367. 1856, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 212. 1869, Annales Museum Botanicum LugdunoBatavi 4: 303. 1869 and Australian Journal of Chemistry

612

21(10): 2579–2581. 1968, Fitoterapia 60(1): 61–68. 1989, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 23(2): 337. 1995, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 775–790. 2009 (Leaf juice applied to treat eczema, cuts and wounds; ash of roasted leaves mixed with butter applied on burnt part; boiled leaves and stems for dysentery. Roots paste to treat diarrhea and dysentery; roots cut into pieces, pounded and made into a paste, dissolved in a cup of water, decanted and supernatant taken internally twice a day during leucorrhea until the disease is cured; root juice given for stomach disorders.) in English: false nettle in China: shui zhu ma in India: bara-siauru, dieng sohkhra, muithlimsu, samrali in Nepal: aabrarak, aasyan polo, ambara, bhraun, kamle, khasreti Boehmeria nivea (Linnaeus) Gaudichaud-Beaupré (Boehmeria nippononivea Koidz.; Boehmeria nivea (L.) Hook. f. & Arn., nom. illeg.; Ramium niveum (Linnaeus) Small; Urtica nivea Linnaeus) China. Small trees or shrub, pale green yellowish flowers in spikes, young leaves used as fodder for silkworms, tender leaves given to cattle as fodder, species extremely variable See Sp. Pl. 2: 985. 1753, Enum. Syst. Pl. 9. 1760, Voy. Uranie, Bot. 12: 499–500. 1830[1826], The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 5: 214. 1837, Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2): 253. 1859 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 396–430. 1952, Fieldiana, Bot. 40: 218–283. 1977, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2479–2495. 2001 (Roots for cough, dysentery, wound dressing. Roots and leaves decoction tonic in dysentery, to relieve internal fevers and treat infections of the urethra. For boils, pound the leaves and poultice to hasten the ripening. Veterinary medicine, leaves as galactagogue.) in English: China grass, Chinese grass, Chinese nettle, Chinese silk plant, false nettle, ramie, ramie grass, rhea grass in China: chu ma, zhu ma, zhu ma gen in India: bhyddhingi, chiple, kamle, kithaa naaru in Japan: nan-ban-kara-mushi Malayan names: rami, rami rami in the Philippines: amirai, arimai, dami, hasu, labnis, lapnis, rami in Vietnam: bau pan, cay la gai, co pan, chieu du, gai, hac co pan, tru ma Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd. (Pouzolzia rugulosa (Wedd.) Acharya & Kravtsova) Nepal.

Boenninghausenia Reichb. ex Meissner Rutaceae

See Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: 378. 1856 and Edinburgh J. Bot. 66(1): 60. 2009 (Bark juice applied to relieve body ache; bark crushed and the paste applied to cuts and wounds.) in India: ganthi in Nepal: githa Boehmeria tricuspis (Hance) Makino (Boehmeria japonica Miquel var. platanifolia Maximowicz; Boehmeria maximowiczii Nakai & Satake; Boehmeria platanifolia Franchet & Savatier; Boehmeria platyphylla D. Don var. tricuspis Hance; Boehmeria tricuspis W.T. Wang) China. Leaves for fodder See J. Bot. 12(141): 261. 1874, Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium … 1(2): 440. 1875 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26(312): 387. 1912, Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 4(6): 522–524, f. 40. 1936, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 3(4): 410. 1981 (Leaves to relieve fever.) in China: ba jiao ma

Boenninghausenia Reichb. ex Meissner Rutaceae Named after the German magistrate Clemens Maria Friedrich von Boenninghausen, 1785–1864, botanist and botanical collector, from 1825 Director of the Botanical Garden at Münster, physician, author of Nomenclator botanicus. Coesfeldiae [Coesfeld] 1821 and Prodromus florae monasteriensis westphalorum. Phanerogamia. Monasterii [Münster] 1824; see Species Plantarum 1: 383. 1753, Exotic flora 1: pl. 79. 1823, Plantarum vascularium genera secundum ordines … [Meisner] 1: 60 and 2: 44. 1837, NatuurGeneesk. Arch. Ned.-Indië ii. (1845) 45. 1845 and Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. 1902, 48. 1902, E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 208. 1965. Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Reichenb. ex Meisn. (Bodinieria thalictrifolia H. Lév. & Vaniot; Boenninghausenia albiflora Rchb.; Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Meisn.; Boenninghausenia albiflora var. brevipes Franch.; Boenninghausenia albiflora var. pilosa Z.M. Tan; Boenninghausenia brevipes (Franch.) H. Lév.; Boenninghausenia japonica Siebold ex Miq.; Boenninghausenia japonica (Siebold ex Hook.f.) Nakai, nom. inval.; Boenninghausenia schizocarpa S.Y. Hu; Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa H. Lév.; Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa H. Lév. & S.Y. Hu; Podostaurus thalictroides Jungh.; Ruta albiflora Hook.) China, Nepal. Shrubs or undershrubs, perennial herb, strongly aromatic glandular leaves, white flowers in terminal spreading leafy panicles, carpels deeply ribbed

613

Boerhavia L. Nyctaginaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 383–384. 1753, Exotic flora 1: pl. 79. 1823, Consp. Regn. Veg. 197. 1828, Plantarum vascularium genera secundum ordines … [Meisner] 2: 44. 1837, Natuur- Geneesk. Arch. Ned.-Indië ii. (1845) 46. 1845, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 33: 450. 1886 and Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. 1902, 48. 1902, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 282. 1913, Catalogue des Plantes de Yun-Nan 249. 1917, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1922, xxxvi. 25. 1922, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 32(4): 391–392. 1951, Phytochemistry 12: 2073–2074, 2312–2314. 1973, Pharmazie 30: 753–754. 1975, Phytochemistry 14: 308–309, 836–837. 1975, Phytochemistry 16: 291–293. 1977, Phytochemistry 17: 169–170. 1978, Bulletin of Botanical Research 9(2): 47. 1989, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2(11): 947–956. 2004, PTR. Phytotherapy Research 20(7): 607–609. 2006, Chinese Medicine 2: 5. 2007 (Styptic, hepatoprotective, anodyne, parasiticide, insecticide. Plant juice for chronic hepatitis and chronic liver diseases, headaches, cuts and wounds, spread to get rid of bugs. Root decoction in the treatment of malaria; for toothache a small piece of root kept on aching tooth; root paste applied on old wounds. Leaf juice applied on fresh wounds; leaf paste kept between the teeth to relieve dental caries, toothache. Dried leaves as a flea repellent; leaves and flower for killing insects and bed bugs. Veterinary medicine, applied on body to remove lice; whole plant paste given orally for animal sickness.) in China: chou jie cao, yan jiao cao in India: likhijari, nukmann, pesmmar, pishumar, pissu mar, pissubuti, pissumar, pissumar buti, pissumar butti, pisumar, upniyaghas, ymari in Nepal: dampate, merere, nagpadong, uruse jhar

Boerhavia L. Nyctaginaceae After the Dutch physician and botanist Herman Boerhaave, 1668–1739, humanist, professor of botany and medicine, one of the most influential clinicians and scientific teachers of the 18th century, he helped to revive the Hippocratic method of bedside instruction. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 3. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 4. 1754, Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680), The Book of Nature; or the History of Insects … With the life of the author, by Herman Boerhaave. [First edition in English, first published under the title Biblia Naturae in a Dutch/Latin edition in 1737–38.] London 1758 and Menno Hertzberger, Short-title catalogue of books written and edited by Herman Boerhaave. Amsterdam 1927, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 174–192. 1946, Garrison and Morton, Medical Bibliography. 581, 2199, 1830. 1961, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 135. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 208. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 43. 1972, G.A.

Lindeboom, in D.S.B. 2: 224–228. 1981, Gilbert Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa. 84, 86. 1982, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 13: 180–199. 1983, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 46. 1988, International Journal of Crude Drug Research 27(3): 178–184. 1989, Webbia 46(2): 327–339. 1992, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66(2): 235–240. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 785–796. 2007. Boerhavia coccinea Mill. (Boerhavia adscendens Willd.; Boerhavia caribaea Jacq.; Boerhavia decumbens Vahl; Boerhavia glandulosa Andersson; Boerhavia hirsuta Willd.; Boerhavia paniculata Rich.; Boerhavia patula Dombey ex Vahl; Boerhavia polymorpha Rich.; Boerhavia viscosa Lag. & Rodr.) Mexico, North America. Nigeria. Herb, leaves sometimes cooked and eaten as a potherb, the nomads of the Sahara cook the protein-rich seeds in a soup, related to Boerhavia repens See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition [unpaged] Boerhavia no. 4. 1768, Hort. Bot. Vindob. 1: 3 (t. 7). 1770 (Leaf pulp mixed with peanut oil is burnt and the smoke inhaled to calm toothache. Root infusion taken to treat liver problems. Roots ground with other herbs and taken in water as a vermifuge.) in China: hong xi xin Boerhavia diffusa L. (Boerhavia adscendens Willd.; Boerhavia africana Lour.; Boerhavia caribaea Jacq.; Boerhavia coccinea Mill.; Boerhavia coccinea var. leiocarpa (Heimerl) Standl.; Boerhavia coccinea Mill. var. leiocarpa Standl.; Boerhavia coccinea var. paniculata (Rich.) Moscoso; Boerhavia coccinea var. paniculata Moscoso; Boerhavia diffusa Sw.; Boerhavia diffusa Vahl; Boerhavia diffusa Engelm. & A. Gray; Boerhavia diffusa var. leiocarpa (Heimerl) C.D. Adams; Boerhavia diffusa var. mutabilis R.Br.; Boerhavia diffusa var. mutabilis (R.Br.) Heimerl; Boerhavia erecta L.; Boerhavia erecta Burm.f.; Boerhavia hirsuta Willd., nom. illeg., non Boerhavia hirsuta Jacq.; Boerhavia hirsuta L.; Boerhavia paniculata Rich., nom. illeg., non Boerhavia paniculata Lam.; Boerhavia paniculata fo. leiocarpa Heimerl; Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb.; Boerhavia procumbens Roxb.; Boerhavia repens Rojas; Boerhavia repens Sieber.; Boerhavia repens L.; Boerhavia repens var. diffusa (L.) Heimerl ex Hook.f.; Boerhavia surinamensis Miq.; Boerhavia viscosa Lag. & Rodr.; Boerhavia viscosa Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.; Boerhavia viscosa Fresen.) Pantropical. Herb, annual or perennial, strong, decumbent or partly erect, prostrate or ascending, creeping, spreading stems many from rootstock, white latex, puberulous to glabrescent, leaves papery ovate-lanceolate, flowers 1–12 together in cymose panicles, perianth campanulate pinkpurple to bright red, ovary inferior, glutinous sticky green fruit, scraped root eaten raw, leaves used as fodder, a weed of cultivated land and wasteland, very variable species

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See Species Plantarum 1: 3. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 3, t. 1, f. 2. 1768, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. 1768, Mant. Pl. Altera 170. 1771, Observationum Botanicarum (Jacquin) 4: 5–6, t. 84. 1771, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 16. 1790, Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 105. 1792, Phytographia 1. 1794, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 1(1): 19. 1797, Anales de Ciencias Naturales 4(12): 256–257. 1801, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. i. 148. 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 146. 1832, Mus. Senckenberg. i. (1834) 75. 1834, Linnaea 18: 244. 1844–1845, Boston J. Nat. Hist. v. (1847) 259. 1847, Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 167. 1867 and Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 56: 252. 1906, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 11(3): 108. 1931, Cat. Fl. Doming. 1: 180. 1943, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 115. 1970, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 39: 4. 1978, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: 180–199. 1983, Awasthi, L.P. & Menzel, G. “Effect of root extract from Boerhavia diffusa L., containing an antiviral principle upon plaque formation of RNA bacteriophages.” Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 141(5): 415–419. 1986, International Journal of Crude Drug Research 27(3): 178–184. 1989, Advances in Contraception 6(2): 113–124. 1990, Webbia 46(2): 327–339. 1992, Regnum Veg. 127: 25. 1993, Taxon 47: 873. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66(2): 235–240. 1999, Taxon 49(2): 276–277. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88: 279–286. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102: 336– 343. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha/Sidha. Whole plant decoction for arthritis; plant parts stomachic, antiarthritic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, diuretic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, febrifuge, spasmolytic, expectorant and, in higher doses, emetic and purgative; aerial parts decoction diuretic; stem cooked in water and the tea taken to cure measles; plant juice taken for diabetes. Root diuretic, abortifacient, expectorant, anticonvulsant, CNS depressant, analgesic, aphrodisiac, purgative, anthelmintic and febrifuge; dried powder of roots given in jaundice and liver disorders, edema, swellings, calculi, obesity, piles, rheumatism; roots decoction for diarrhea and dysentery, used externally for snakebite and rheumatism; freshly crushed roots applied for healing the wounds; to cure jaundice root paste applied to eyes and root pieces garlanded to neck; root paste given along with cow milk to women for abortion; roots chewed for intestinal disorders, gas troubles. Boiled roots and leaves expectorant, febrifuge and, in large doses, emetic, used for dysmenorrhea, jaundice, asthma. Leaves decoction for urine troubles and to induce sterility in women; leaves ground, macerated and strained and the liquor used to wash the face for conjunctivitis; crushed leaves applied on swellings and boils; leaves juice given for treatment of low blood pressure; leaves boiled with rice and garlic and the water rubbed on the body to cure rheumatic pains; leaves extract along with grains of Hordeum vulgare and black pepper given to cure leucorrhea and spermatorrhea. Magic, ritual. Contact therapy, pieces of root tied with a sacred thread as a necklace to cure typhoid. Veterinary medicine, root juice used in dysentery

Boerhavia L. Nyctaginaceae

and diarrhea, crushed roots antiinflammatory; whole plant juice given as diuretic; leaves with those of Mentha spicata, ginger and onion pounded with warm water and the extract used as ear and nasal drops in trypanosomiasis.) in English: erect boerhavia, erect spiderling, hogweed, horsepurslane, punarnava roots, red hogweed, red spiderling, spiderling, spreading hog-weed, tar-vine, upright spiderling in Angola: ulyangulo in Benin: ahozén ménklo, hwassia, kpéto, gangasikoussou, gbadjéhwen, gbagbada, handoukpo, katchouanyi, térédisi, térégasirou, txébissou, wassè in Comoros: katsi in Congo: ebeli, etokopele, etokopeli, imbala mbosi, kikonkouachi, kinkokanachi, mambata, mboli, mbolo, mbudika ya gata, moukanga banouni, mudembe, nboo in Ghana: posompo in Ivory Coast: bliklo, blikro, boton chié, kogbé, kogouagrou, komengué, kpokpolikpo, kpopoliko, tiala noukwo, tifa ogo in Kenya: edea, elete in Madagascar: bea, behamena in Mali: n’doroni in Nigeria: babba juji, barmatabo, etiponla, etiponola, gogomashu, itioponla, karperta, sarkin juji in Senegal: omiguelem, tanguinarh in South Africa: boerhavia, regop boerhavia in Tanzania: mkwakwara, mkwayakwaya in Togo: awahassa, maligba in Burma (Myanmar): khomhin pak in China: huang xi xin in India: adaka puttana gida, adakaputtana gida, adathamaamidi, adavi maamena, ambati madu, ataka maamidi, atika-mamidi, atikamamidi, attatamamidi, attukamaamidi, atukamamidi, balavadaka, balavadike, belavadaka, beshakapore, bhauma, bishkhapara, bishkhaparaa, caranai, caranai ver, caranakacam, carankacacceti, catakakkanni, cattacaranai, cattacataranai, cattacattaranai, catticaranai, catticattaranai, cenatika, cennakkukka, cennakkurattai, cennatikka, cetti, chattaranai, cherukanda, chinawari, choti dhankni, cinati, cinatikkurattaikkoti, ciriya mukkurattai, cokkala, cokkalacceti, culainacani, cuvetapattiram, gaayi, gaayimore thoppalu, gadah-purnaa, gadahpurna, gadhaparna, gadhapurna, gadiali, ganajali, gatruk, getulee, ghetuli, gonajali, guda purna, inaikkonam, irattaputpika, irattaputpikacceti, irattaputpikai, irattaputpikam, itsit, jhin-juri, kadiyirattam, kannika, kannikacceti, kannirkkutai, kannirkkutaicceti, kannirnatukkurai, katali, katalikacceti, kathilah, kathilla, kathillak, kathillaka, kathillakah, katil, katila, katili, katillah, katirakacattam, katiyirattam, katthilla, kattumukkirattai,

615

Boerhavia L. Nyctaginaceae

khapra, khapra shak, kharaparya, kocam, komme gida, kommegida, koomme gida, kopra saagu, kopra sagu, krishnakhya, krura, ksudra-punarnava, lal patherchata, lalpatherchata, lanchkicha, lohita, maha-punarnava, mahavarsabhu, mandalpatrika, mantalattiram, mookaratai, mookarutty vayr, mookirathai saranai, mookirattai, mookkirattai, mukarattai, mukaratte, mukirattai, mukkaranti, mukkaratai, mukkarattai, mukkarattai-kirai, mukkaratti, mukki-rattai, mukkirattai, mukku-rattai, mukkuranti, mukkurattai, mukukrattai, mukurattai, mulattinatikam, muppuramerittan, nadivel, nadu murukana balli, nadumurukana balli, naklu-adro, nava, navyaswara, nerpolaki, nerpolakicceti, netiyontulaci, nila, nilapunarnava, nilavarshabhu, nilini, pacha keere, pananua, pandharighentuti, patharchatta, patharchatti, pattharchatta, peti, pincam, ppunarnava, pravrishayani, pravrishenya, pukalpukal, pulappakacceti, punanavi, punara bela, punarbhava, punarnaba, punarnava (punaha, again; nava, new, fresh), punarnavaa, punarnavah, punarnavam, punarnavamool, punarnavashtak, punarnavi, punarnova, punarva, pundera, punerva, punnakam, puranavam, purittiyam, purnava, purnu, putpakam, putpakkurattai, rakta punarnava, raktapunarnava, rakta-punarnavaa, raktakanda, raktapatrika, raktapunarnava, raktapushpa, raktapushpika, raktavarshabhu, raktavasu, raktha punarnava, rakthavasu, ranratala, rettappinappikam, saattaranai, samdelma, sanaadika, sanadika, sant, santh, santhi, santhi-jadh, santi, santsag, sarini, satadi thikedi, satha, sathi, sati, satodi, sattaranai, shilatika, shodhani, shonapatra, shophaghni, shothaghni, shovaata, shwethpunarnava, shyma, sinadika, sindika, sonaa jaali, sophaghni, sophagni, sothaghni, sothagni, talu-dama, talutama, tamilama, tavilama, tavizama, tazutama, thazhuthaama, thazhuthama, thella attikimaamidi, thikri, thopparu, ticaimali, ticaimalicceta, tiraiviccata, tiraivikkurattai, tiriviccata, tiriviccuta, tirivinkata, tukhm-i-ispast, uruttirani, uruttiranikkoti, vaishakhi, varsabhu, varsabu, varshaabhu, varshabhava, varshabhu, varshaketu, varusapu, varutaketuccam, vasu, vikacata, virocana, visakha, visakhah, vishaghni, vishakarpara, vishakharpara, vosu, vrsciva, vrscivah, vrusir, yerra galijeru in Indonesia: bajam merah, cakar ayam, cakaran in Nepal: punargava in Papua New Guinea: mamauri in Philippines: katkatud, paanbalibis, tabtabokol in Thailand: nang kuu sae, phak bia hin, phak khom hin, yaa nuat in Tibet: ba de, pa jia in Vietnam: nam s[aa]m d[uws]ng, s[aa]m r[uwf]ng, s[aa]m d[aas]t, s[aa]m nam in Australia: common spiderling, giotcho, hog-weed, tah vine, tar vine Boerhavia diffusa L. var. diffusa (Boerhavia adscendens Willd.; Boerhavia africana Lour.; Boerhavia coccinea var. paniculata (Rich.) Moscoso; Boerhavia paniculata Rich.,

nom. illeg., non Boerhavia paniculata Lam.; Boerhavia repens L. var. diffusa (L.) Hook.f.; Commicarpus africanus (Lour.) Dandy) Paraguay, Tanzania. See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. 1768, Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 105. 1792, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1: 19. 1797 (Diuretic, purgative, anthelmintic and febrifuge, for jaundice and diabetes.) in India: thazhuthama in Nepal: punargava Boerhavia erecta L. (Boerhavia discolor Kunth; Boerhavia erecta Burm.f.; Boerhavia erecta Elliott) Tropical America. Annual to short-lived perennial herb, spreading, succulent leaves eaten as a vegetable, a serious weed, has similar properties to Boerhavia diffusa See Species Plantarum 1: 3. 1753, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 1: 41. 1816, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 215. 1817 (Used in Ayurveda. Leaf juice to cure eye problems and as an antidote to poison. Roots stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, diuretic, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, emetic and purgative; roots ground and rubbed on skin to remove boils. Strong larvicidal effect on the tick Boophilus microplus.) in English: erect boerhavia, erect spiderling, tar-vine, upright spiderling in West Indies: bata-bata in China: zhi li huang xi xin in India: adavi maamena, ataka maamidi, khapri, punarnava, talutama, tavilama, thella attikimaamidi in Indonesia: bajam merah, cakar ayam, cakaran in Thailand: phak khom hin, yaa nuat in Vietnam: nam s[aa]m d[uws]ng in Nigeria: karperta in Tanzania: mkwakwara Boerhavia repens L. (Boerhavia diffusa auct., non L.; Boerhavia diffusa var. minor (Delile) Cufod.; Boerhavia plumbaginea auct., non Cav.; Boerhavia repens var. annua (Batt. & Trab.) Maire; Boerhavia repens var. glabra Choisy; Boerhavia repens var. glutinosa (Vahl) Maire; Boerhavia repens var. minor Delile; Boerhavia repens var. mollis Batt. & Trab.; Boerhavia repens var. pachypoda (Batt. & Trab.) Maire & Weiller; Boerhavia repens var. undulata (Ehrenb.) Asch. & Schweinf.; Boerhavia vulvariifolia Poir.) Tropical Asia and Africa. Herb, shrub-like, annual to perennial, prostrate or straggling, slender, sparingly to

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many-branched, inflorescences cymose or pseudo-umbellate axillary, white pink or mauve flowers usually 2–4 per cluster, perianth campanulate, ovary glabrous, tender shoots eaten as vegetable, on dry soils, considered to have similar properties to Boerhavia diffusa, often confused with Boerhavia diffusa See Species Plantarum 1: 3. 1753, Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 19: 119–120. 1824 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots and leaves decoction emetic, diuretic and laxative, taken in moderate doses to cure asthma and in larger doses to cure leprosy and syphilis; leaves infusion taken for jaundice. Roots diuretic, emetic, purgative, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, expectorant; root powder with sugar taken in whooping cough; root decoction aphrodisiac and stomachic. Whole plant infusion taken to cure convulsions and amenorrhea, dropsy, jaundice; plant smoked to treat asthma; plant paste applied on scorpion sting.) in English: creeping spiderling in Arabic: kharad, meddad, moddeid in Comoros: katsé

Boesenbergia Kuntze Zingiberaceae

in India: atodi, dhokriyal, gujju kanne-komali, gujjukannekomlai, gujjukannerkomali, kanne komali, kannekomali, madinika, madanike, mukkorri, mukkuttikkodi, shveta punarnavaa, ucha, vrshchiva, vrshchiraka in Tibet: pu-na-rna-ba

Boesenbergia Kuntze Zingiberaceae See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 685. 1891 and Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 685. 1891 and Sirirugsa, P. “A revision of the genus Boesenbergia Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand.” Natural History Bulletin Siam Society 40: 67–90. 1992, Larsen, K. “A preliminary checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Thailand.” Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 24: 35–49. 1996. Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze (Alpinia hamiltoniana Wall., nom. inval.; Boesenbergia fallax Loes.; Boesenbergia longiflora Kuntze; Curcumorpha longiflora (Wall.) A.S. Rao & D.M. Verma; Gastrochilus jenkinsii Wall. ex Voigt; Gastrochilus longiflora Wall.; Gastrochilus longiflorus Wall.; Kaempferia fallax Gagnep.; Kaempferia fallax Lingelsh. & Borza, nom. illeg.)

in Tanzania: mkwayakwaya

India, China.

in China: pu fu huang xi xin

See Trans. Hort. Soc. London i. (1812) 286. 1812, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich) 1: 22. 1829, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 685. 1891, and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 50: 259. 1903, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(370–372): 385. 1914, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 15(a): 572. 1930

in India: mukkaraiver, periya mukkurattai, punarnaba, punarnava, punarnavi, talu-dama in Japan: Naha-kanoko-sô in Tibet: ba sbru ba in Hawaii: alena, anena, nena Boerhavia verticillata Poir. (Boerhavia verticillata Rottl.; Boerhavia verticillata Boiss., nom. illeg.; Commicarpus verticillatus (Poir.) Standl.; Commicarpus verticillatus Standl.) India. Herb, prostrate or decumbent, pale pink flowers See Encyclopedie Méthodique. Botanique … (Lamarck) 5: 56. 1804, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6772. 1832, Flora orientalis [Boissier] 4(2): 1044. 1879 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 12(8): 373–374. 1909, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 18(3): 101. 1916

(Rhizome rubbed on forehead for cataract; an infusion or juice given for diarrhea, dysentery and chronic dysentery, stomach pain, cough and cold.) in Bangladesh: nunukkhai in China: xin ye ao chun jiang in India: ai-lai-dum, ai tur, aitur Boesenbergia minor (Baker) Kuntze (Gastrochilus minor King ex Baker; Gastrochilus minor Baker; Kaempferia minor (Baker) K. Schum.) Peninsula Malaysia.

(Used in Sidha. Stomachic, antiarthritic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anticonvulsant, spasmolytic, CNS depressant, analgesic, aphrodisiac, abortifacient, diuretic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and in higher doses, emetic and purgative, useful in eye diseases. Roots decoction for diarrhea and dysentery, used externally for snakebite and corns. Leaves boiled with rice and garlic and the water rubbed on the body to cure rheumatic pains, skin dryness and allergy.)

See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 217. 1890, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 685. 1891 and Pflanzenr., IV, 46: 86. 1904

in Sahara: gheillele

Borneo.

(Rhizome infusion given for diarrhea, dysentery, cough and cold.) Boesenbergia oligosperma (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. (Haplochorema oligospermum (K. Schum.) K. Schum.; Haplochorema oligospermum K. Schum.; Kaempferia oligosperma K. Schum.)

Bolbitis Schott Lomariopsidaceae (Aspleniaceae, Bolbitidaceae)

See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27(3): 337. 1899 and Pflanzenr., (Engler) Zingib. IV, 46: 90. 1904, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38(1): 19. 1980 (Crushed leaves rubbed on the forehead for headache.) in Borneo: rumput kekura

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discomfort, indigestion, colic, to treat dyspepsia, aphthous ulcer, dry mouth and peptic ulcer; antibacterial activity of Boesenbergia rotunda and Myristica fragrans Houtt. against Helicobacter pylori. Dried powdered rhizome used in the treatment of diarrhea, stomachache; for stomachache, pound the rhizome and eat it.)

Boesenbergia pulchella (Ridl.) Merr. (Boesenbergia pulchella Merr.; Boesenbergia pulchella Loes.; Boesenbergia pulchella Ridl.; Boesenbergia pulchella var. attenuata R.M. Sm.; Gastrochilus pulchella Ridl.; Gastrochilus pulchellus Ridl.; Gastrochilus pulchellus Schltr.)

in English: Chinese ginger, Chinese key, Chinese keys, finger root, Thai ginger

Borneo.

in India: canda, manja-kua

See J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46: 234. 1906, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 315. 1913, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc., Spec. No.: 122. 1921, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2 [Engler & Prantl] xv a. 568. 1930, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44(2): 225. 1987

in Indonesia: anipa wakang, aruhu konci, dumu kunci, ene sitale, konce, koncih, kunci, rutu kakusi, sun, tamputi, tamu konci, tamu kunci, temmo konce, temu konci, temu kunci, temu kuntji, tombu konci, tumbu konci, uni nowo, uni rawu

(Crushed roots or seeds made into a paste applied on fractures, fever.) Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansfield (Boesenbergia cochinchinensis Loes.; Boesenbergia cochinchinensis (Gagnep.) Loes.; Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxburgh) Schlechter; Boesenbergia pandurata Schltr.; Curcuma rotunda L.; Gastrochilus pandurata Ridl.; Gastrochilus panduratus (Roxb.) Ridl.; Gastrochilus rotundus (L.) Alston; Kaempferia cochinchinensis Gagnep.; Kaempferia ovata Roscoe; Kaempferia pandurata Roxburgh) China, Java and Sumatra. Herb, groundcover, perennial, rhizome strongly aromatic, single stem, robust roots tuberous and fleshy, erect alternate leaves hardly fragrant when bruised, pink-purple aromatic flower, spike-like inflorescence terminal on leafy shoot, hairy bracts, rhizomes and roots commonly used as a spice in cooking, in mixed deciduous and evergreen forests, hot humid tropical climate See Species Plantarum 1: 2. 1753, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 351. 1807, Asiat. Res. xi. (1810) 328. 1810, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 22. 1829, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 685. 1891, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32: 114. 1899 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 165. 1907, Asiatic Researches 11: 328, pl. 2. 1910, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(325–330): 316. 1913, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, [Engler & Prantl] 15a: 571. 1930, Hand-Book Fl. Ceylon vi. Suppl., 281. 1931, Kulturpflanze 6: 239. 1958, Guihaia 8: 143–147. 1988, Pandji, C., Grimm, C., Wray, V., Witte, L. & Proksch, P. “Insecticidal constituents from four species of the Zingiberaceae.” Phytochemistry 34(2): 415–419. 1993, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 28(Suppl. 1): 157–163. 2006, Heterocycles 75(7): 1639–1650. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda. Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, gastroprotective, antispasmodic, stomachic, diuretic, antidysenteric, antifungal, insecticide, antihelmintic, mutagenic and antimutagenic, aphrodisiac, carminative, antipyretic, a remedy for coughs, swelling, wounds, diarrhea, stomach

in Cambodia: khchiëy in China: ao chun jiang

in Malaysia: tamu kinchi, temu cunchi, temu kunci in Laos: kas’a:y, nè:ngx kiengz in Thailand: chee-puu, ka-aen, kra chaai, krachai, poh-see, poh-so-roh, ra aen, see-phuu, waan phra aa thit, wan-phraathit in Vietnam: b[oof]ng nga tru[aaj]t, c[ur] ng[ar]i

Bolbitis Schott Lomariopsidaceae (Aspleniaceae, Bolbitidaceae) From the Greek bolbos ‘a bulb’, referring to the veinlets. Bolbitis subcrenata Hook. & Grev. (Bolbitis subcrenata (Hook. & Grev.) Ching) Sri Lanka, India. Terrestrial fern, fronds dimorphic See Index Filic., Suppl. Tertium pro Annis 1917–1933 50. 1934, Monogr. Fern Gen. Bolbitis (Leiden Bot. Ser., 2): 179(1977): 1977 (Diuretic.) in India: nari-patsja, panna-mara-maravara

Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Palla Cyperaceae From the Greek bolbos ‘a bulb, onion’ and the related genus Schoenus L. Bolboschoenus maritimus belongs to a difficult complex, see Acta Bot. Mex. 82: 15–41. 2007. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama; Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus (A. Nelson) Á. Löve & D. Löve, nom. illeg., non Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama; Bolboschoenus paludosus (A. Nelson) Soó; Reigera maritima (L.) Opiz; Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye; Scirpus campestris Britton var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald; Scirpus maritimus L.; Scirpus maritimus fo. cymosus (Rchb.) T. Koyama; Scirpus maritimus

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var. cymosus Rchb.; Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Kük.; Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson; Scirpus robustus Pursh var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald) Temp. & Subtrop. See Species Plantarum 1: 47–52. 1753, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 56. 1814 [1813], Flora Germanica Excursoria 79. 1830, Verhandlungen der KaiserlichKöniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien Sitzungsber. 38: 49. 1888, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 1: 267, f. 627. 1896, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(1): 5. 1899 and Rhodora 2(24): 241. 1900, Synopsis der Deutschen und Schweizer Flora 3: 2531. 1905, Rhodora 8(92): 162. 1906, Synopsis der Deutschen und Schweizer Flora 3(16): 2531. 1907, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 23: 200. 1926, Canad. J. Bot. 40: 913–937. 1962, Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1: 315–421. 1968, Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16(3–4): 368. 1970 [1971], Blyttia 29(3): 145. 1971, Brittonia 31(2): 284–293. 1979, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 31(4–6): 148. 1980, Taxon 30(4): 845. 1981, South African Journal of Botany 58(5): 380–385. 1992, Brittonia 47(4): 433–445. 1995, Taxon 48: 356. 1999 (Whole plant decoction in fever. Rhizomes laxative, antiemetic.) Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla subsp. paludosus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama (Bolboschoenus fernaldii (E.P. Bicknell) Soó ex Govaerts; Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus (A. Nelson) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Bolboschoenus maritimus var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Bolboschoenus paludosus (A. Nelson) Soó; Scirpus brittonianus Piper; Scirpus campestris Britton, non Rottbøll, nom. illeg.; Scirpus campestris var. fernaldii (E.P. Bicknell) Bartlett; Scirpus campestris var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald; Scirpus fernaldii E.P. Bicknell; Scirpus interior Britton; Scirpus maritimus var. fernaldii (E.P. Bicknell) Beetle; Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Kükenthal; Scirpus pacificus Britton ex Parish; Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson; Scirpus paludosus var. atlanticus Fernald; Scirpus robustus var. campestris Fernald; Scirpus robustus var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald) Temp. & Subtrop. America. Perennial herb, long-rhizomatous, creeping, horizontal stems below ground, triangular stems sheathed by emerald green serrated leaves, flowers monoecious but both sexes can be found on the same plant, bracteate corymb of large brown spikelets, tough inner vascular cores of the rhizomes used in making baskets, waterfowl food, in saline and semi-saline marshes, in roadside ditches See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26(1): 5. 1899 and Rhodora 2(24): 241. 1900, Rhodora 8(92): 162. 1906, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 23: 200. 1926, Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16(3–4): 368. 1970[1971], Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 31(4–6): 148. 1980, Taxon 30(4): 845. 1981

Bolbostemma Franquet Cucurbitaceae

(Astringent and diuretic. Insecticides, arachnicides, used in locust bait. Alkaloids.) in English: alkali bulrush, cosmopolitan bulrush in North America: bolboschoenus des marais salés, scirpe des marais salés in Hawaii: kaluha

Bolbostemma Franquet Cucurbitaceae From the Greek bolbos ‘a bulb’ and stemma ‘crown, garland, wreath’, see Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, sér. 2 2: 325, 328. 1930. Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maximowicz) Franquet (Actinostemma multilobum Harms; Actinostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Maxim. ex Cogn.; Actinostemma paniculatum (Maximowicz) Maximowicz; Bolbostemma paniculatum Franquet; Mitrosicyos paniculatus Maximowicz; Schiz­ opepon fargesii Gagnepain) China. See Mémoires Présentés à l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées 9: 113. 1859 (Prim. Fl. Amur. 113, in nota, 1859), Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 920. 1881 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(5): 602–603, pl. 29. 1901, Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 24(5): 377, pl. 34. 1918, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér. 2 2(3): 327–328. 1930, Phytochemistry 23(12): 2919. 1984, Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 18(4): 6. 1987, Chinese Chemical Letters 14(10): 1037–1040. 2003, Planta medica 70(5): 458–464. 2004, Chinese Chemical Letters 16(4): 479–482. 2005, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16(17): 4575–4580. 2006 (Antitumor, antiviral and cytotoxic, spermicidal and contraceptive, antiinflammatory and antineoplastic-promoting effects, bulbs a treatment for mastitis, male contraception, tuberculosis, tumors, as well as for detoxication.) in China: jia bei mu, tu bei mu

Bolusanthus Harms Fabaceae (Sophoreae) Genus named after the South African (British born, Nottingham) businessman and botanist Harry Bolus, 1834–1911 (d. Surrey), collector and founder of the Bolus Herbarium in the University of Cape Town, his works include Sketch of the flora of South Africa. Cape-Town 1886, with Anthony Hurt Wolley-Dod (1861–1948) wrote A list of the flowering plants and ferns of the Cape Peninsula. 1903; see Ernest Nelmes and William Cuthbertson, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine Dedications, 1827–1927. 271–272. [1931], Alain White (1880–1951) and Boyd Lincoln Sloane (1886–1955),

619

Bomarea Mirbel Alstroemeriaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae)

The Stapelieae. Pasadena 1937, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 214. 1965, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical exploration of southern Africa. Cape Town 1981, Gilbert Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa. Balkema, Rotterdam 1982, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 84. London 1994. Bolusanthus speciosus (Bolus) Harms (Lonchocarpus speciosus Bolus) South Africa, Swaziland. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, non-invasive root system, straight stems, very slow-growing, arching and drooping branches, fissured bark, compound leaves, long sprays of fragrant drooping purplepea flowers, fruit in pendent clusters, monkeys, giraffe and grey duiker eat the pods and leaves, attracts butterflies See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 6: 300. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 260. 1825, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 161. 1889 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 2: 15. 1906, Proc. 3rd All Indian Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3: 493–499. 1981, Pure Appl. Chem. 73(7): 1197–1208. 2001, Phytochemistry 56(8): 837–841. 2001, Planta Medica 68(7): 615–620. 2002, Phytochemistry 65(7): 875–880. 2004, African Journal of Biotechnology 4(12): 1458–1460. 2005 (Antimicrobial and antioxidant flavonoids from the root wood and stem bark; roots to alleviate stomach problems and the inner bark used to treat abdominal cramps; dried inner bark to treat abdominal pains, vomiting and tuberculosis.) in English: elephant’s wood, Rhodesian tree wistaria, Rhodesian wistaria, Rhodesian wisteria tree, South African wistaria, tree wistaria, tree wisteria, wild wistaria, wild wisteria in Southern Africa: kisa, muRutsa, mogamba, olifantshout, pakwa, umPaca, Vanwykshout, Van Wijk’s Hout; iNjenjenje, Mukwashanyama, muKweshemgoma, muKweshenyama, muNyati, muPangamabwe, muRutsa, muRutsu, muSingamara, muTswingamara (Shona); umHohlo, umHolo (Zulu); umHohlo (Swazi); mpfimbahongonyi (Tsonga or Thonga: Eastern Transvaal); motsokophala, nsukungaphala (Mangwato dialect, Botswana); kgomo-nahlabana (North Sotho: North and north east Transvaal); mukamba, muswinga-phala (= impala-blinder) (Venda); nsungamola (Kalanga: Northern Botswana)

Bomarea Mirbel Alstroemeriaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae) For the French (b. Rouen) naturalist Jacques-Christophe Valmont de Bomare (Valmont-Bomare), 1731–1807 (d. Paris), mineralogist, professor of natural history, his writings include Dictionnaire raisonné universel d’histoire naturelle. Paris 1764, Articolo … sopra il Vesuvio ed altri vulcani. 1779, Minéralogie ou nouvelle exposition du Règne minéral. Paris

1762 and Notice des Travaux du Citoyen Valmont de Bomare. [Paris 1800]; see E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 421. 1965, John G. Burke, in D.S.B. 13: 565–566. 1981, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 48–51. 1994, Heredity. 84(Pt 5): 564– 569. 2000, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 46–50. 2003, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Bomarea carderi Mast. (Bomarea allenii Killip; Bomarea comata Sodiro; Bomarea williamsiae Mast.) Central and South America. Vine, liana, herbaceous, sepals bright pink, petals pink with dark purple spots See Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux, Classés par Familles 9: 71. 1802, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1: 795. 1876 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 32: 16. 1945, Guin J.D., Franks H. “Fingertip dermatitis in a retail florist.” Cutis. 67(4): 328–330. 2001 (Leaves, stems, and flowers contain small quantities of tuliposide A from which the allergenic lactone tulipalin A may be produced if the plant material is damaged.) in Colombia: corta pico, petacas Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herbert (Alstroemeria affinis M. Martens & Galeotti; Alstroemeria edulis Tussac; Alstroemeria gloriosa Cham. & Schltdl.; Alstroemeria grandifolia Kunth; Alstroemeria hirtella Kunth; Alstroemeria jacquesiana Lem.; Alstroemeria miniata M. Martens & Galeotti; Alstroemeria pauciflora Lem., nom. illeg.; Alstroemeria salsilla Vell., nom. illeg.; Alstroemeria salsilloides Mart.; Alstroemeria sepium Schott ex Seub.; Bomarea affinis (M. Martens & Galeotti) Kunth; Bomarea bakeriana Kraenzl.; Bomarea brauniana Schenk; Bomarea caraccensis Herb.; Bomarea edulis var. furcata (Klotzsch ex Kunth) Kuntze; Bomarea edulis var. grandis Herb.; Bomarea edulis var. hirtula Suess. & R. Goepp.; Bomarea edulis var. hirtula Suess.; Bomarea edulis var. maranensis Herb.; Bomarea edulis var. parvifolia (Seub.) Hoehne; Bomarea furcata Klotzsch ex Kunth; Bomarea gloriosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) M. Roem.; Bomarea grandifolia (Kunth) Herb.; Bomarea guianensis Kraenzl.; Bomarea hirta Schenk; Bomarea hirtella (Kunth) Herb.; Bomarea jacquesiana (Lem.) Kunth; Bomarea janeirensis M. Roem.; Bomarea maakiana Klotzsch; Bomarea maranensis Herb.; Bomarea martiana Schenk; Bomarea miniata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Kunth; Bomarea ovata var. tatiana Herb.; Bomarea perlongipes Killip; Bomarea petiolata Rusby; Bomarea salsilla Vell., nom. illeg.; Bomarea salsilloides (Mart.) M. Roem.; Bomarea salsilloides var. pauciflora Schenk; Bomarea salsilloides var. pubescens Schenk; Bomarea salsilloides var. sepium Schenk; Bomarea sororia N.E. Br.; Bomarea spectabilis Schenk; Bomarea spectabilis var. parvifolia Seub.; Bomarea tatiana Herb.; Vandesia edulis (Tussac) Salisb.) Tropical America, Mexico. See Planta Alströmeria 8. 1762, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux, Classés par Familles 9: 71. 1802, Flore des Antilles

620

1: 109–112, t. 14. 1808, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 1: 332. 1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 284. 1815 [1816], Linnaea 6: 51. 1831, Amaryllidaceae 17, 111–113, 423. 1837, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 264, 267. 269. 1847, Enum. Pl. 5: 792, 796, 800. 1850, Allg. Gartenzeitung 20: 337. 1852, Fl. Bras. 3(1): 168– 170. 1855, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 310. 1898 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 235. 1908, Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 27: 153. 1913, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 216. 1927, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 25: 375. 1935, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 72(2): 295. 1942, Ind. Bibl. Num. Pl. Col. Com. Rond. 153. 1951 (The leaves, stems, and flowers of this species have been found to contain small quantities of tuliposide A from which the allergenic lactone tulipalin A may be produced if the plant material is damaged.) in English: Chile arrowroot Bomarea salsilla (L.) Mirb. (Alstroemeria oculata Lodd.; Alstroemeria salsilla L.; Bomarea granatensis M. Roem.; Bomarea oculata (Lodd.) M. Roem.; Bomarea praecipua Herb.; Bomarea salsilla Vell., nom. illeg., non Bomarea salsilla (L.) Mirb.; Bomarea salsilla var. praecipua Herb.; Bomarea salsilla var. subfalcata Gay; Bomarea subfalcata Herb.) Chile. Shrub, winding, clambering, climbing, twining, herbaceous vine, pendulous to spreading dark red flowers, starchy tuber cooked See Planta Alströmeria 8, 10. 1762, Amoenitates academicae … 6: 247. 1789, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux, Classés par Familles 9: 71. 1802, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des plantes 9: 71. 1804, Florae Fluminensis 3: t. 20. 1825 [1829], Bot. Cab. 19: t. 1851. 1832, Amaryllidaceae 110, 422. 1837, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 263–264. 1847 (Allergic diseases.) in Chile: copihuito, salsilla, zarcilla

Bombax L. Bombacaceae Greek bombyx ‘silk’, referring to the silky hairs surrounding the seeds, Latin bombyx, bycis ‘silk-worm, silk, any fine fibre’, Plinius applied to cotton; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 511. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 227. 1754 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 386–403. 1949. Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. (Bombax angulicarpum Ulbr.; Bombax brevicuspe auct.; Bombax brevicuspe Sprague; Bombax buesgenii Ulbr.; Bombax buonopozense subsp. reflexum (Sprague) A. Robyns; Bombax buonopozense var. cristata A. Chev.; Bombax flammeum Ulbr.; Bombax reflexum Sprague; Gossampinus angulicarpa Bakh.; Gossampinus angulicarpa (Ulbr.) Bakh.; Gossampinus buonopozensis Bakh.; Gossampinus buonopozensis (P. Beauv.) Bakh.; Gossampinus flammea Bakh.; Gossampinus

Bombax L. Bombacaceae

flammea (Ulbr.) Bakh.; Gossampinus reflexa Bakhuisen; Gossampinus reflexa subsp. reflexum Robyns) Tropical Africa. See Flore d’Oware 2: 42, t. 83, 1. 1816 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 500. 1906, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1909: 306. 1909, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 530, 534, 537, f. 1, 2. 1913, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 5: 190–192. 1924, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 33: 108. 1963 (Leaves for venereal diseases, constipation, infections.) Bombax ceiba L. (Bombax ceiba Burm.f.; Bombax malabaricum DC.; Gossampinus malabarica (DC.) Merr.; Gossampinus malabarica Merr.; Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl.; Salmalia malabarica Schott. & Endl.) (Gossampinus Schott & Endl., a variant of gossympinus, a Latin name used by Plinius for the cotton tree, Gossypium arboreum L.; see Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1794–1865) and Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher, Meletemata botanica. 35. Wien 1832.) (Salmalia Schott & Endl., from salmali, a Sanskrit name for Salmalia malabarica.) Tropical India. Tree, deciduous, woody thorns, hard conical prickles on the trunk and branches all over, leaves palmately compound, leaflets entire acuminate, bright red flowers, woody capsule, small smooth seeds enveloped in floss, flowers and flowers buds cooked as vegetable See Hort. Malab. 3: 61, t. 52. 1682, Sp. Pl. 1: 511. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 145. 1768, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 479. 1824, Meletemata Botanica 35. 1832, FBI 1: 349. 1874 and Lingnan Science Journal 5(1–2): 126. 1928 [1927 publ. 1928], Taxon 10: 160. 1961, Taxon 28: 370. 1979, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant used for wounds, ulcers, skin diseases, hemorrhoids, urinary calculus, cystitis, inflammations, cough, bronchitis. Spines pounded and applied as paste on abscesses; water extract of thorns used for treating pimples. Vegetable from the unripe fruit eaten to cure dysentery; freshly crushed fruits applied on the wounds as a pain killer; flower and fruits useful in snakebite. Roots stimulant, aphrodisiac, tonic, emetic, astringent, given for cough, impotency, heart and lung disease, for urinary complaints, gallbladders, diarrhea; the resin or powder of dry root bark given for nocturnal pollution; taproots of the young plants given with jaggery and milk for spermatorrhea and impotence; root decoction taken with water to promote conception, to prevent miscarriage and to cure menorrhea and sexual weakness. Paste of the bark applied over skin eruptions, boils, pimples, acne; bark decoction given to relieve fever, piles, diarrhea, to regulate menstruation; stem bark antiangiogenic; bark juice used for jaundice; juice or gum from the bark used in diarrhea, dysentery, stomach pains during menses and menorrhea. Gum astringent, aphrodisiac, for diarrhea, dysentery, wounds, leucorrhea, menorrhagia

621

Bombax L. Bombacaceae

and general debility. Magic, ritual, used in ceremonies of worship, a piece of wood tied around the wrist is believed to prevent cholera, to drive off deities believed to cause cholera. Veterinary medicine, seeds as a prophylaxis against pox; bark extract pounded with leaves of Tinospora cordifolia given in dysentery.) in English: cotton tree, Indian kapok tree, red cotton tree, red silk cotton tree, semul gum, silk cotton tree, wood cotton tree in China: mu mian, mu mien shu, mu sian in India: aala, acikai, agigaai, agigi, akikai, ala, alada, alava, ali tong, apoorani, apurani, bahuvirya, baraga, baruga, booragha, boorgha, booral, boorga, booruga, boorugadamara, bouro, bura, buraga, buragada, burga, burgao, burgha, burla, buroh, buruga, burugada, burugadamara, burugu, burugudu, buruyu, calika, calikapparutti, callaki, calmali, camblero, canamali, canmalam, canmali, caumali, chirayu, chirjivi, cittamuka, cittamukapparutti, cittan, curapu, dasanipu, deokapas, dhoodi, dhudi, dirghadruma, dirghapadapa, dirghayu, doodile, dudi, dumboil, duraroha, elava, elavam, elavamaram, elavu, erana, gond simbhal, hathi, hatthi, hatti, heembal, hemlo, huttian, ielavampisin, ilavam, ilavinpasha, ilavu, illavu, irattaputam, kadala, kalpavriksha, kandaka, kankataadhya, kannikaram, kanpuburaga, kanta-sair, kantakadruma, kantakaram, kantakari, kantakashtha, kantakudruma (kanta, prickles; kudruma, tree, plant), kanterisamar, kantesavar, kanti-senbal, kantisembal, karuppilavu, kate saver, kate saveri, katesambar (kate = thorns; sambar = antelope), katimuli, kempu booraga, kempuburaga, kempuburga, kempuburuga, kempuburugada, khirang, konda buruga, kondabooruga, kondaburaga, kondaburuga, kongu, konku, kukkutavandaka, kukkutti, kutacanmali, letpan, mahavriksha, malaielavam, mali-elavam, maochras, mara hatthi, maratti mokku, moca, mocaiyilavam, mocam, moch ras, mocha, mochaa, mochaahva, mochani, mocharasa, mochras, mochras chalu, mochras gaund (sehajava gaund), mochrus, moochras, morchrus (the gum), moul-elavou, moulelavou, mudlaboorugachettu, mul-iivam, mul-ilava-maram, mul ilavam, mul-ilave, mul-ilavu, mul-lilava, mulilavan, mulilavu, mullala, mullalada, mullelava, mullelavu, mullilava-maram, mullilavam, mullilavamaram, mullilavu, mullilavupichila, mullu booruga, mullu-buraga-mara, mulluburaga, mulluburugacettu, mullulavamarum, mulveluccikam, mulveluccikamaram, mundla-buraga-chettu, mundlabooruga, mundlaburaga, musali sambhal, musli senbhai, musli simbhal, musli simble, nakuli, nirgandhapushpi, nissara, nurma, pagun, pakaung-araung, panchaparni, panchparni, pang, park-aung-araung, parkaung-araung, patti, pattu, peyilavamaram, peyilavu, phun chawng, phunchawng, picchila, pichhala, pichhila, picphele, pinnabooruga, pinnaburaga, pinnaburuga, pishphele, pnachaparni, pongar, ponkar mocam, poola, poolatholi pacha, poor, poorani, pula, pulai, pulamaram, pulamaram, pulavaipparutti, purami, purani, ragatsemal, ragat-senbal, ragatsemal, ragatsembal, rakta-semul, raktapushpa, raktashalmali, raktotpala, ramyapushpa, rato shimlo, roktosimul, saalmali, safed saver, sallagi, salmali,

salmali niryas, salmili, sam, samani, samar, samparuthi, samul, sanmali, sanwal, sanwar, saur, sauri, savar, savara, savari, saver, sayar, sawar, selavagu, semal, semar, semarmusala, sembal, sembaruthi, semra, semul, semul musali, semuli, semulmusli, semur, shaalmali, shaalmali-veshtaka, shalmali, shalmalini, shembal, shevari, shimal, shimbal, shimool, shimulu, simal, simalu, simbal, similikonta, simlo, simlu, simmal, simul, simuli, sjmal, somr, sthiraayu, sthirayu, sthirayuh, sthulaphala, stirayu, supari phul, tamari, tambdi-savaru, tera, tolaya, tulam, tulavriksha, tulini, tuliphala, tuti, tuulini, unnamurikku, unnamuriku, urocanam, utangan, varikkaricamaram, varunturu, vhadli-savar, vitaram, voorda, wallaiki, wuraga, yamadruma, yamatturumam, yelevalada mara in Japan: ki-wata in Lepcha: tungloo koong in Nepal: ghruksu, glausi, simal, simaltun, simar in Tibetan: dres ma’i ge-sar, ge-sar gsum, naka kesar Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuill. (Bombax andrieui Pellegr. & Vuill.; Bombax buonopozense auct.; Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. var. vuilletii Pellegr.; Bombax houardii Pellegr. & Vuill.; Bombax vuilletii Pellegr.) Sudan. Tree, stems with thorns, watery exudate, fragrant flowers, corolla red to orange, leaves and fallen flowers fodder for all stock, very resistant to fire See Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 88. 1914, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004, African Journal of Biotechnology 4(2): 128–133. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007 (Leaves antioxidant, astringent, for diarrhea, dysentery, pains, fevers, convulsions, venereal diseases; bark of stem and roots diuretic; bark for the treatment of skin diseases, wounds, yellow fever and headache. Molluscicidal. Veterinary medicine.) in English: kapok, Laube’s tree, red kapok tree in Benin: mororou in Burkina Faso: buboli, dala-qo, lala-qo, vacka, voaaka, voaka in Dahomey: forgo, kponpara, melonlu, monoru, mulodu, muroru, póponlà òdàn in Gambia: bunkung, gerablaube, johi, kaltupa in Ghana: bufo, fufulung in Guinea: bantangforo, belofa, belôfò, bumbu, bumbum, bumbun, bumu, bungkungo, buúforè, djóè, djóia, djoóè, fidalgo, lorongui, luncum, polóm fidalgo, polom foro, tanga, ulôfò in Ivory Coast: bumu, puka, véko, zangoro in Mali: belaguon, bolognon, bumbu, bumbui, bumbuwi, bumu, bunbuvi, diohi, dooto, forgo, forogo, johi, kuruhi, tanga, togee, togodo, tógodo, togole, tungulu, zantalga

622

Bonamia Thouars Convolvulaceae

in Niger: abblugar, bantam, bumbuvi, djoi, forgo, forgo kponpara, forogo, gurdjia, kuluhi, kuria, kuruhi, kuruhy

(Suckers from the base of the trunk cut and the juice blown into eyes to relieve soreness and swelling of the eyelids.)

in Nigeria: gúrijíyaá, gurjiya, joohi, kuriya, kúríyaá, kuruhi, kurya, kúryaá, kutukpachi, kútúkpáci, tarn, velta

in Indonesia: dangdeur leuweung, gabok, gamboh, kabukabu, kapuk rimba, kebabu, kekabu hutan, kékabu rimbeu, krai, ngiu paa, ngui pa, nun pa, randu alas

in Senegal: doy, jooyi in Togo: afobil, bufon, fokubu, folo, fuog, kula, melonlu, monoru, mulodu, muroru, tode in Upper Volta: a-kam, a-ngákhúrè, ba, bak, blofo, boh, bu dimb, bumbu, bumbuvi, bumkuô, bumu, buńâbu, bunkung, bunkungo, diohi, dioy, djoi, dodol, doy, dundul, fofo, garab, garab laobé, garablaobe, griomé, gurdjia, johi, kattupa, koyo koyo, kuio kuio, kuria, kuruhi, mbetauar, n-dondul, siludia, waka kikela Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Schum. var. rhodognaphalon Tanzania. Tree, palmately compound leaves, pinkish flowers, often in Rhodognaphalon Roberty See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 269. 1895 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 27: 666. 1957 (Bark used to treat diarrhea. Leaves and roots used as a charm against witchcraft.) in Mozambique: muma Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Schum. var. tomentosum Robyns Tanzania, Mozambique. Tree, straight bole, yellow green smooth bark, leaves compound, calyx bell shaped, red stamens, brown woody capsule, seeds in dark red-brown fluffy kapok, seeds roasted and eaten, often in Rhodognaphalon Roberty See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 269. 1895 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 27: 666. 1957 (Bark used to treat diarrhea. Leaves and roots used as a charm against witchcraft.) in English: East African cotton tree, wild kapok tree in Tanzania: mfuma, mkaranga mti, mng’uma, msufi mwitu, msufi pori, msyavala, mwale, mwali Bombax valetonii Hochr. (Bombax larutensis Ridley; Gossampinus valetonii (Hochr.) Bakh.; Gossampinus valetonii Bakh.; Salmalia valetonii (Hochr.) Corner) (For the Dutch botanist Theodoric Valeton, 1855–1929, bacteriologist, scientist, traveller; see R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 6: 649–651. 1986, S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 1993.) Indonesia. Tree, deciduous, flat crown, thorny trunk and twigs, palmate leaves, flowers at the end of the branches, light green calyx, white corolla, fruit a large kapok-filled capsule, forest, lowland forest clearings See Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. III, vi. 191. 1924, Telopea 10 (1): 81–98. 2003

Bonamia Thouars Convolvulaceae After the French physician François Bonamy [Bonami], 1710–1786, botanist, author of Florae nannetensis prodromus. Nannetis [Nantes] 1782. See Louis-Marie Aubert Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1758–1831), Histoire des Végétaux Recueillis sur les Isles de France, la Réunion (Bourbon) et Madagascar … 33–34, t. 8. Paris 1804 [ante 22 Sep 1804], Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 487–488. 1810, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1: 677. 1810, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 497. 1825, Icones Plantarum 3: pl. 666. 1844, Linnaea 28: 437–438. 1856[1857], Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 16(4–5): 530. 1893 and Flora Hawaiensis 307. 1932, Candollea 14: 31. 1952, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 215. 1965, Phytologia 17: 121–239. 1968, Burma Journal Life Sciences 1: 31, 34. 1968, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9): 4–85. 1970. Bonamia mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Hallier f. (Bonamia mossambicensis Hallier f.; Prevostea mossambicensis Klotzsch) Tropical Africa. Herb, liana, climber, twining, creeper, white sap when cut, purple-pale blue corolla See Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … [Peters] 6(Bot., 1): 244, t. 39. 1861, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 18: 91. 1894 and Taxon 30: 701. 1981 (Powdered roots or leaves applied over wounds.) in Tanzania: kalanzulu, mlipu

Bonatea Willd. Orchidaceae After the Italian botanist Giuseppe Antonio Bonato, 1753– 1836, professor of botany at Padua, from 1794 to 1835 Praefectus of the Botanical Garden of Padua, author of Pisaura automorpha e Coreopsis formosa, piante nuove. Padova 1793 and Catalogus Plantarum Horti Botanici Patavini Anno MDCCCXII. Padova 1812. See the Italian botanist and professor of botany Giulio Pontedera (1688– 1757), Epistolae ac dissertationes. Opus posthumum in duos tomos distributum, praefatione et notis auctum ab Josepho Antonio Bonato. Patavii 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(1): 5. 43. 1805 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 215. 1965, T.W. Bossert, compil., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 44.

623

Bonellia Bertero ex Colla Theophrastaceae (Primulaceae)

1972, Nordic Journal of Botany 12: 39–61. 1992, Nordic Journal of Botany 17: 5–10. 1997. Bonatea steudneri (Rchb.f.) T. Durand & Schinz (Bicornella arabica Deflers; Bonatea arabica (Deflers) Cortesi; Bonatea eminii (Kraenzl.) Rolfe; Bonatea kayseri (Kraenzl.) Rolfe; Bonatea philippsii (Rolfe) Rolfe; Bonatea pirottae Cortesi; Bonatea steudneri T. Durand & Schinz; Bonatea sudanensis Rolfe; Bonatea ugandae Rolfe; Habenaria arabica (Deflers) Kraenzl.; Habenaria eminii Kraenzl.; Habenaria ecaudata Kraenzl.; Habenaria kayseri Kraenzl.; Habenaria philippsii Rolfe; Habenaria steudneri Rchb. f.; Habenaria sudanensis (Rolfe) Schltr.) Tropical Africa, South Africa. See Reichenbach, H. G. (Heinrich Gustav) (1824–1889), Otia Botanica Hamburgensia 2: 101. Hamburgi: Theodor Theophil. Meissneri, 1871–1881, Deflers, Albert, Voyage au Yemen. Journal d’une excursion botanique faite en 1887 dans les montagnes de L’Arabie heureuse …: 208. Paris, 1889, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 245. 1894, Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1894: 62. 1894, Consp. Fl. Afr. [T.A. Durand & H. Schinz] 5: 90. 1894 [1892 publ. Dec 1894], Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 227. 1895, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 152. 1895, Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 184. 1897, Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 254–255. 1898 and Ann. Bot. (Rome) 2: 362–363. 1905, Orchid Rev. 14: 368. 1906, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1910: 162. 1910, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 53: 508. 1915 (Roots anthelmintic, carminative, for cold, cough.)

Bonellia Bertero ex Colla Theophrastaceae (Primulaceae) See Hortus Ripulensis 21–22. 1824 and Nordic J. Bot. 9(1): 15–30. 1989, Novon 14(1): 115–118. 2004, Fl. Mesoamer. 4(1): 1–855. 2009. Confusion with Jacquinia. Bonellia flammea (Millsp. ex Mez) B. Ståhl & Källersjö (Jacquinia flammea Millsp. ex Mez) South America. See Das Pflanzenreich IV. 236a(Heft 15): 40. 1903, Nordic Journal of Botany 9(1): 27. 1989, Novon 14(1): 116. 2004, Nat. Prod. Commun. 5(3): 365–368. 2010 (Sakurasosaponin as a cytotoxic principle from Jacquinia flammea.) Bonellia macrocarpa (Cav.) B. Ståhl & Källersjö subsp. panamensis (Lundell) B. Ståhl & Källersjö (Jacquinia macrocarpa Cav. subsp. panamensis (Lundell) B. Ståhl; Jacquinia panamensis Lundell) Central America, West Indies. See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … [Cavanilles] 5: 55–56, t. 483. 1799 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 27(3): 329–330. 1940, Nordic Journal of Botany 9(1): 23. 1989, Novon 14(1): 117. 2004

(All parts of the plant reported to be used as a fish poison.) Vernacular names: barbasco, manzanillo de la playa

Bongardia C.A. Mey. Berberidaceae Named after a German botanist H.G. Bongard, see Verzeichniss Pfl. Casp. Meer. (C.A. von Meyer). 174. 1831 Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach (Bongardia chrysogonum Boiss.; Bongardia margalla R.R. Stewart; Bongardia margalla R.R. Stewart ex Qureshi & Chaudhri; Bongardia olivieri C.A. Mey.; Bongardia rauwolfii C.A. Mey.; Leontice chrysogonum L.) Greece, E. Mediterranean, Pakistan. Small perennial herbs with scapes, erect, tuberous rhizome, hairy radical leaves, racemes branched or paniculate in the upper half of the naked scapes, golden yellow flowers, inflated bladder-like fruits, sourish leaves eaten raw or cooked, tubers baked or boiled, very variable species See Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. (C.A. von Meyer). 174–175. 1831, Ench. Bot. 441. 1841, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 1: 99. 1867 and Pakistan Syst. 3(1): 21. 1987, J. Nat. Prod. 52(4): 818–821. 1989, (Acta-hortic. Wageningen) International Society for Horticultural Science 333: 175–179. 1993, Pharmaceutical Biology 33(4): 317–323. 1995, Pure & Appl. Chem. 70(2): 403–406. 1998, Phytochemistry 50(2): 333–336. 1999, Pharmaceutical Biology 38(3): 171–175. 2000, J. Nat. Prod. 63(2): 251–253. 2000, Toxicon 46(2): 119–129. 2005 (Tubers decoction to treat urinary tract infections, prostate hypertrophy and hemorrhoid, improves glucose homeostasis, renal hemodynamics and arterial pressure. Antispasmodic, antiviral, boiled extracts used locally as a treatment for epilepsy. Veterinary medicine, leaves used in curing sore eyes in horses. Alkaloids, saponins.) in English: golden rod, lady’s nightcap, rooster’s coxcomb in Jordan: uruf-el-deek in Pakistan: pucca tutuka, shrin in Turkey: çatlak otu

Bontia L. Myoporaceae (Scrophulariaceae) See Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae 77. 1834. Bontia daphnoides L. (Bontia daphnifolia Salisb.; Bontia daphnoides var. menor (Gaertn. f.) A. DC.; Bontia menor Gaertn. f.; Myoporum laetum G. Forst.) Caribbean, West Indies. Shrub or small tree, much-branched from base, thick light brown furrowed bark, solitary axillary tubular flowers, tubular yellow corolla with purple hairy blotches, yellowish green fruits hanging, provides food and cover for wildlife

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See Hort. Eltham. t. 49, fig. 57. 1732, Species Plantarum 2: 638. 1753, Iter Hispanicum 193. 1758, Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 44. 1786 and Regnum Veg. 127: 25. 1993, Insect Science and its Application 14(5): 697–700. 1993, Brenesia 41–42: 73–80. 1994, Philippine Journal of Science 126(2): 155–162. 1997, Insect Science and its Application 18(2): 149–155. 1998, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2: 45. 2006 (Leaf infusion for nephritis, diabetes, jaundice, hypertension, cold, cough, cytotoxic; extracts of the plant used to control intestinal worms, herpes, inflammation, insect bites, ulcers and wounds; leaves steeped and the brew administered to people suffering from fish poisoning. Insecticidal, acaricidal.) in English: button wood, kidney bush, mangle bobo, olive bush, white alling, wild olive

Boophone Herb. Amaryllidaceae (Liliaceae, Alliaceae) Greek bous ‘an ox’ and phonos ‘murder’, referring to the poisonous properties of one species, Boophone disticha, see Nordal, I. Amaryllidaceae. Flora of Tropical East Africa: 1–30. 1982. Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. (Amaryllis disticha L.f.; Ammocharis taveliana Schinz - p.p.; Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb.; Boophane longipedicellata Pax; Boophone intermedia M. Roem.; Boophone longepedicellata Pax; Boophone longipedicellata Pax; Boophone toxicaria (L.f. ex Aiton) Herb.; Brunsvigia ciliaris (L.) Ker Gawl.; Brunsvigia disticha (L.f.) Sweet; Brunsvigia rautanenii Baker; Brunsvigia toxicaria (L.f. ex Aiton) Ker Gawl.; Haemanthus ciliaris L.; Haemanthus distichus (L.f.) L.f. ex Savage; Haemanthus lemairei De Wild.; Haemanthus robustus Pax; Haemanthus sinuatus Thunb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Haemanthus sinuatus Schult. & Schult.f.; Haemanthus toxicarius L.f. ex Aiton, nom. superfl.) Sudan, S. Africa. Herb, deciduous, bulb above ground, stem white, peduncle green-white, succulent, perianth pinkish red, sweetly scented flowers dark pink, fruit yellow-red, flowerheads attract bees and flies See Species Plantarum 1: 325. 1753, An Appendix 18. 1821, Botanical Magazine 52, sub t. 2578. 1825 and Herbertia 4: 97. 1937, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19: 67–80. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43: 89–124. 1994, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52: 95–100. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 327–332, 347–354. 1999, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 20(5): 277–278. 2001 [Poisoning with Boophane disticha: a forensic case.], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79: 109–112. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 385–388. 2005, South African Journal of Botany 73: 384– 390. 2007 (Plants known to be poisonous to cattle and sheep. Bulb very poisonous if eaten, irritant to the skin, internal use

Boophone Herb. Amaryllidaceae (Liliaceae, Alliaceae)

dangerous; concoctions of the bulb taken orally cause sedation, analgesia, visual hallucinations, irrational behaviour, coma or death. Fresh leaves used to stop bleeding of wounds. Bulb scales used as wound dressing after circumcision and as general wound dressing, treating boils, septic wounds. Bulb infusion antibacterial and antiinflammatory, external application on sores, wounds, rheumatic pain. Used for the external treatment of various skin and inflammatory conditions. Arrow poison. Veterinary medicine, a remedy for redwater disease in cattle; bulb scales abortifacient. Ceremonial, rituals.) in English: bushman poison bulb, candelabra flower, Cape poison, Cape poison bulb, Cape poison bush, century plant, fan-leaved boophane, kaffir onion, poison bulb, red posy, sore-eye, sore-eye flower, tumbleweed in Southern Africa: boesmangifbol, gifbol, gifui, ibadi, ibhade, incotha, incotho, incoto, incumbe, inCwadi, incwadi, inKoto, ishwadi, kopseerblom, kxutsana-yanaha, leshoma, malgif, malkopgif, motlatsisa, muMandwe, muwandwe, perdeskop, perdespook, seeroogblom, seerooglelie, siphahluka, siphaluka

Bopusia Presl Scrophulariaceae See David Don (1799–1841), Prodromus Florae Nepalensis, sive enumeratio Vegetabilium quae … Ann. 1802–1803 detexit atque legit F. Hamilton (olim Buchanan). 88. London 1825. Bopusia scabra C. Presl (Bopusia scabra (L.f.) Presl; Gerardia scabra L.f.; Graderia scabra (L.f.) Benth.; Sopubia scabra (L.f.) G. Don) South Africa. See Supplementum Plantarum 279. 1781, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 88. 1825, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 560. 1837, Botanische Bemerkungen 91. 1844, Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, nebst der Geschichte derselben 3: 521. 1845, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 514. 1846 (Leaves for stomach and intestinal complaints. Roots for gangrenous rectitis, skin diseases, body sores. Inner root bark for febrile complaints and enteric fever.) in English: graderia, wild penstemon in South Africa: iBheja, inKunzi, uGweje

Borago L. Boraginaceae Possibly from the Arabic abu ‘araq ‘sudorific’, or from the Latin burra, ae (burrus, a, um ‘rufus, rubens’; Akkadian burruqu ‘with reddish face and red hair’) ‘a shaggy garment, hairy garment’. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.

625

Borassus L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

137–138. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 67. 1754 and V.A. Llorente Maldonado de Guevara, Misc. Griera. 2: 65–77. Barcelona 1955–1960. Borago officinalis L. Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 137. 1753 and Fl. Libya 68: 8. 1979, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(2): 460. 1988, Regnum Veg. 127: 25. 1993 (Used in Unani. Demulcent, depurative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, emollient, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, mildly sedative, nervine tonic. Leaves infusion for colds, premenstrual tension, fever and neuralgia. Repellent.) in English: bee bread, borage, common borago, common bugloss, cool-tankard, cow’s tongue plant, herb borage, starflower, starflower oil, tale-wort in Arabic: bou krish, bou sassal, bou shenaf, boukhrich, harsha in French: bourrache in Italian: borragine

Borassus L. Arecaceae (Palmae) Greek borassos for the growing and immature spadix of the date palm, or for the membrane surrounding the date, name applied by Linnaeus to the date palm spathe; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1187. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 494. 1754, Fam. Pl. 2: 25. 1763 and Principes 20: 83–90. 1976, Economic Botany 41: 247–266. 1987, Economic Botany 42(3): 420–441. 1988, Principes 36: 148–155. 1992. Borassus aethiopum Mart. (Borassus aethiopum var. bagamojense Becc.; Borassus aethiopum var. senegalense Becc.; Borassus deleb Becc.; Borassus flabellifer L. var. aethiopum (Mart.) Warb.; Borassus madagascariensis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Jum. & H. Perrier; Borassus madagascariensis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Bojer ex Jum. & H. Perrier; Borassus sambiranensis Jum. & H. Perrier) Trop. & S. Africa. Very slow growing, unbranched, slightly bottle shaped stem, very large fan-shaped leaves, male and female flowers on different trees, male flowers producing branched spikes, large orange fruits in bunches, enlarged calyx cup, edible oily fibrous pulp, dark brown seeds strongly attached to the fibers in the pulp, white-translucent endosperm, high sugar content, sap fermented into a palm wine, along watercourses, in floodplains, in wooded savanna grassland, often in dense stands See Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3(7): 220–221. 1838, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, B: 20. 1895 and Ann. Inst. Bot.Géol. Colon. Marseille, III, 1(1): 67. 1913, Webbia 4: 334, 337, 339. 1914, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21: 109–125. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007

(Fruits and sap for cough, asthma, bronchial complaints. Juice stem for parotitis and earache. Roots antibacterial, for cough, wounds, angina and bronchitis, against internal parasites. Seeds aphrodisiac, for impotency. Veterinary medicine, antifungal.) in English: African fan palm, African Palmyra palm, borassus palm, Debeb palm, deleb palm, Palmyra palm, Ron palm, Ronier palm Malaysian name: lontar in Angola: (omu) kapa-kapa in Benin: agbancorico, agbon, agbon-oko, agbon onidu, ago, agontégré, agontin, agoti, baadorororou, doukounkandé, kolaka, moutchétimou, rônier in Cameroon: babalda, kolongo in Central African Republic: gbokoso, kelebu, kom, koso, in Congo: bâ dia madibou, ba dia madibu in East Africa: katungo, muhama, mvumo in Guinea: cebe, doube, kanke, khankè in Kenya: dzova, edukudukut, edukut, marafa, mardafa, mchapa, mnazi, mtapa, mugumo, mungthi, murifate, mvumo, nazi, ngolokolo, ong in Mali: sebe-foro in Nigeria: agbon enidu, agbon-eye, agbon eye, agbon gambari, agbon odan, agbon olodu, agbon onidu, deleb, dubbi, gbachi, giginya, idu agbon, kemeletu, kukon, kuvugh, lelekorhu, nsongo, ope okunkun, oyoyo, perepe, ubiri, urua in Senegal: kalahay, njol in South Africa: breëblaarpalmboom in Tanzania: dzova, mchapa, mfama, mhama, mpama, mtapa, muhama, mvuma, mvumo, ngolokolo, vumo in Togo: dukukankpatu Borassus flabellifer L. (Borassus flabelliformis Murray; Borassus flabelliformis L.; Borassus sundaica Becc.; Borassus sundaicus Becc.; Borassus tunicata Lour.; Borassus tunicatus Lour.; Lontarus domestica Gaertn., nom. superfl.; Pholidocarpus tunicatus H. Wendl.; Pholidocarpus tunicatus (Lour.) H. Wendl.) India, China, Vietnam, Java. Palm, edible fruits See Species Plantarum 2: 1187. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima tertia 827. 1774, Fl. Cochinch.: 2: 618. 1790, Palmiers [Kerchove] 235. 1878 and Webbia 4: 321. 1914, Taxon 28: 60. 1979, Botanica Acta 110: 79–89. 1997 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Young plant to relieve biliousness, dysentery, dropsy, catarrh and gonorrhea; plant paste of Naravelia zeylanica consumed with Borassus flabellifer for chest pain; leaves and flowers paste of Vernonia ramaswamii consumed with Borassus flabellifer for skin

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diseases and infections; leaves and flowers paste of Tarenna alpestris consumed with Borassus flabellifer for nervous problems. Juice stem cooling, stomachic, diuretic stimulant, antiinflammatory, for parotitis and earache, catarrh, ulcers, dropsy, digestive troubles, gonorrhea; slightly fermented sap given in diabetes. Ash of spadix taken to relieve heartburn and enlarged spleen and liver, applied over pimples; sap from the flower stalk tonic, diuretic, stimulant, laxative, antidiabetic; ash powder of inflorescence applied on scalp to get rid of lice. Roots for cough and bronchitis; young roots diuretic and anthelmintic. The pulp of mature fruit relieves dermatitis. Seeds for impotency. Veterinary medicine, flower stalk juice applied in bruises, contusions.) in English: Doub palm, Lontar palm, Palmyra, Palmyra palm, Tala palm, toddy palm, wine palm

Borrichia Adans. Asteraceae

trinaraja, trinarajamu, trinarajan, trinraj, trnaraja, trynaraja, trynarajamu, trynarajan, turapokam, turarokam, turumacirettam, turumecuvar, turumecuvaram, turumekam, turumekamaram, ulokapattiram, upatakam, utupatakam, varanikam, varanikamaram, vet, vole in Indonesia: lontar, pohon tuwak, siwalan, tal, tala in Japan: ôgi-yashi in Laos: mak tan kok, ta:n Malayan names: lontar, tah, tai in Pakistan: tar in Sri Lanka: panna-maram, tal-gas in Thailand: dtan, not, tan-yai, than

in Burma (Myanmar): tan bin

in Tibet: sin ta la

in Cambodia: thnaôt, thnot

in Vietnam: thot-not, th[oos]t n[oos]t, th[oos]t l[oos]t

in India: aavardu, acavattiru, acavattirumaram, acavatturu, ailantal, ailantalam, ailantalmaram, ailantar, aintar, aintaram, ampana, anbanai, avan, bhumipishacha, carim-pana, carimpana, carruppanai, carupanai, catapalam, cattuppanai, chirayu, cirpaki, civantikkiriyam, civantikkiriyamaram, darakhte-tari, dhvajadruma, dirghadru, dirghapadapa, dirghaskanda, dirghataru, drumashreshtha, drumeshvara, edagam, eta, etakam, etakamaram, etkai, etkam, guchhapatra, kamam, karadalam, karakalam, karambanai, karampanai, karapatr talavrikshaha, karatalam, karatalamaram, karatalamu, karatale, karathaalamu, kari thaale, karimapana, karimpana, karimpanai, karitale, karpakam, karrumpana, karumpanai, karumpul, karumpuram, karupuram, karupuramaram, kayinpanai, kaympanai, kayppanai, kirusnakaya, kirusnakentam, kona, kuliram, lekhyapatra, madadhya, madhurasa, mahonnata, makapattiram, makonnatam, mal, maturacam, maturacamaram, naamathaadu, nama-today, namatadu, namatody, narpanai, netini, netumi, netuncevikam, netuncevikamaram, neyam, nilam, nilamani, nilamanimaram, nonkupanai, nungu, ole, oleya, pakarpali, pana, panai, panai maram, panaimaram, panal, panam, pandi, pane, pane-mara, panei, pani, pannangkulloo, patootody, patootody, patri, pennai, pennaimaram, penthithaati chettu, penti tadi, pentitadi, pentitadu, pentithaadu, pentytody, peuty, pirancutirkkam, ponantai, pondai, pondu, pontukam, pontukamaram, pothuthaadu, potutadi, potutadu, pul, pullutiyam, purappi, purbadi, purpati, purrali, puttali, puttrani, rotam, s-iallu, shataparva, shindoli, sial lu, taada, taadi, taala, tad, tad-mad, tada, tadi, tadu, taduka, tal, tala, taladruma, taladrumah, talah, talam, talamastaka, talatalam, talatmad, talavilacam, tale, tale dare, tali, talimara, taltar, tamar, tamas, tamsi, tantugarbha, tantuniryasa, tar, tari, tariya, tarkajhar, taruracam, taruracan, taruraja, tarurajamaram, taruviracan, taruvirakam, taruvirakamaram, taruvirakan, tati, tati-chettu, tatichettu, tatti, thaadi chettu, thaadu, thaale mara, thaalo gatcho, thaathinungu mara, thaati, thaati kullo, thaatiningu mara, thad, thadi, thalogatcho, tharu, thati, thruna raaja, tiranaracan, tirunapati, tirunaracan, tod,

Borassus madagascariensis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Bojer ex Jum. & H. Perrier (Borassus flabellifer var. madagascariensis Jum. & H. Perrier; Borassus madagascariensis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Jum. & H. Perrier) Madagascar. Solitary trunk, inflorescence unisexual, female inflorescence unbranched See Hort. Maurit. 308, 1837 and Ann. Inst. Bot.-Géol. Colon. Marseille, II, 5: 389, f. 2–4. 1907, Ann. Inst. Bot.Géol. Colon. Marseille, 1(1): 61. 1913 (Antiinternal parasites. Juice stem for parotitis and earache. Roots antibacterial, for cough, wounds, angina and bronchitis. Seeds aphrodisiac. Veterinary medicine, antifungal.) in English: Madagascar Palmyra palm

Borrichia Adans. Asteraceae Named for the Danish botanist Ole Borch, latinized as Olaus Borrichius, 1628–1690, see Familles des Plantes 2: 130. 1763 and Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 181–361, 503–570. 1976, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65: 681–693. 1976, Fl. N. Amer. 21: i-xxii + 1–616. 2006. Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. (Anthemis crassifolia Sessé & Moc.; Borrichia argentea (Kunth) DC.; Buphthalmum arborescens L.; Buphthalmum frutescens L.; Diomedea argentea Kunth; Diomedea glabrata Kunth) North America, West Indies. See Species Plantarum 2: 893–896, 903. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1227. 1759, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 70. 1817, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 4: 167. 1820[1818], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 489. 1836, Flora Mexicana 190. 1894 and Fl. Jamaica 7: 226. 1936, Fl. Lesser Antilles 6: 533. 1989, Taxon 47: 355. 1998

Boschniakia C.A. Mey. ex Bong. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae)

(Leaves infusion for whooping cough, asthma, malaria, back pain, colds.) in English: bay marigold, creeping oxeye, sea bush, sea oxeye, sea oxeye daisy in Puerto Rico: verdolaga de mar

Boschniakia C.A. Mey. ex Bong. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae) See Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 159. 1833, Bibliotheca Botanica 4(19(1)): 74, 85. 1890 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 261 (Heft 96): 304. 1930. Boschniakia himalaica J.D. Hooker & Thomson (Boschniakia handelii Beck; Boschniakia handelii f. minor Beck; Boschniakia kawakamii Hayata; Xylanche himalaica (J.D. Hooker & Thomson) Beck; Xylanche kawakamii (Hayata) Beck) India, Tibet. Erect, unbranched, corolla yellow-brown or pale purple, parasitic on species of Rhododendron L. See Fl. Brit. India 4(11): 327–328. 1884, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(3b): 132. 1893 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 4: 19–20. 1914, Monogr. Orob. 328–330, f. 23(H-O). 1930, Chinese Chemical Letters 15(1): 43–45. 2004 (Whole plant tonic, for pain and cough; plant paste for constipation.) in China: ding zuo cao in Nepal: jhomasin Boschniakia hookeri Walp. (Kopsiopsis hookeri (Walp.) Govaerts) North America. Perennial herb, roots eaten See Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 3: 479. 1844 and World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1): 14. 1996 (Cough sedative.) in English: Vancouver groundcone Boschniakia rossica (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) B. Fedtschenko (Boschniakia glabra C.A. Meyer; Boschniakia glabra C.A. Mey. ex Bong.; Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Standl., nom. superfl.; Orobanche glabra (C.A. Meyer) Hooker; Orobanche glabra (C.A. Mey. ex Bong.) Hook.; Orobanche rossica Chamisso & Schlechtendal) North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 2: 632–633. 1753, Linnaea 3(2): 132–134. 1828, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 91, pl. 167. 1840 and Fl. Europ. Ross. 896. 1910, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 8(5): 325. 1931 (Parasitic on species of Alnus Miller. Whole plant tonic, an extract applied locally to cure wounds and bruises.)

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in English: northern groundcone in China: cao cong rong in Japan: eba

Boscia Lamarck Capparaceae (Capparidaceae) After the French naturalist Louis Auguste (Augustin) Guillaume Bosc (olim Bosc d’Antic or Dantic), 1759–1828 (d. Paris), botanist, horticulturist, author of Mémoire sur les différentes espèces de chênes qui croissent en France. Paris (Baudouin) 1808; see Expos. Fam. Nat. 2: 3. 1805 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 225. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 46. 1972, Jean-François Leroy, in D.S.B. 2: 321–323. 1981, Economic Botany 48(1): 90–95. 1994. According to some other authors the genus was named for a French professor of agriculture, Louis A.G. Bosc, 1777–1850. Boscia albitrunca Gilg & Gilg-Ben. var. albitrunca (Boscia albitrunca Gilg & Ben.; Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Ben.; Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.; Boscia pechuelii Kuntze; Boscia pechuellii Kuntze; Boscia peuchellii Kuntze; Boscia puberula Pax; Boscia transvaalensis Pest.; Capparis albitrunca Burch.; Capparis oleoides auct., sensu Marloth, misapplied name; Capparis punctata Wall.; Capparis punctata Burch.) Namibia, Southern Africa. Tree, evergreen, usually singlestemmed, dense round to spreading crown, leathery greygreen leaves in clusters, heavily scented yellowish green inconspicuous star-shaped flowers borne in clusters on short lateral shoots usually on old wood, wanting petals, yellowish smooth brittle-skinned fruits, very nutritious leaves valuable fodder for both domestic and wild animals, giraffe and gemsbok and kudu browse the tree, hardy and drought-resistant, closely related to Boscia foetida subsp. rehmanniana See Prodr. (DC.) 1: 248. 1824 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. liii. 212. 1915 (Root to treat hemorrhoids; green fruit used to treat epilepsy. Veterinary medicine, an infusion of the leaves used to treat eye infections in cattle.) in English: caper bush, coffee tree, shepherd’s tree, tree of live, white stem, white-stemmed boscia, white trunk in Namibia: /hunib, omunghudi, omutendereti, weissstamm in Southern Africa: hunis, matoppie, mohlôpi, siPhiso, umTopi, witgat, witgatboom, witstam, witteboom, xukutsi; muDobe, muDowe, muPama, muTobi (Shona); isiKhwelampisi, isiNama, umVithi, umFithi (Zulu); umGqomogqomo (Xhosa); umbombwe, umhlope, umHlophe (Central and southern Transvaal); motlhopi, motlopi (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); mohlopi (North and north east Transvaal); muthobi, muvhombwe (Venda); omutendereti (Central South West Africa)

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Boscia angustifolia A. Rich. var. angustifolia (Boscia angustifolia fo. mesetarum Roberty; Boscia caloneura Gilg; Boscia corymbosa Gilg; Boscia dawei Sprague & Green; Boscia engleri Gilg; Boscia firma Radlk., p.p.; Boscia fischeri Pax; Boscia integrifolia Brunner; Boscia intermedia Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Boscia patens Sprague & M.L. Green; Boscia reticulata Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Boscia tenuifolia A. Chev.; Maerua crassifolia Forssk.) Tanzania, Sahel. Shrub or small evergreen tree, sweetly scented yellow-green flowers clustered in short simple terminal racemes, rough skinned yellowish bitter fruit, bee forage, seeds eaten cooked, browsed by elephant, foliage consumed by camels and small livestock See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 104. 1775, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 26, t. 6. 1831 and Kew Bulletin 16: 82. 1962, J. Ethnopharmacol. 46: 31–47. 1995, J. Ethnopharmacol. 67: 347–354. 1999, J. Appl. Microbiol. 86: 985–990. 1999, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9: 317–321. 2003, Afr. J. Biotech. 3 (9): 481–483. 2004, African Journal of Biotechnology 5(18): 1602–1607. 2006 (Bark stated to be poisonous. Leaves and roots used for the treatment of diarrhea, pneumonia, boils, chest pain, wound infection, urinary infection and typhoid fever, burns and headache; leaves cholagogue; pulverized roots for chest pains and the treatment of bacterial diseases. Bark applied on swollen feet, for dropsy, swellings, edema, gout, kidney problems; fruit a laxative. Veterinary medicine, pounded leaves a tonic and astringent for horses and camels; berries crushed in water given to cause purging.) in English: rough-leaved shepherd’s tree, tree of the head in Arabic: sehel, sereh, shajeret almarfin in Gambia: nos in Guinea: diaba guinadiu, guineguiu, somon késébéré, tiekoni kolo, tutigui in Kenya: kalkacha in Mali: diaba guinadiu, guineguiu, hassu, somon késébéré, tadent, tiekoni kolo, tutigui in Niger: agahini, ballakani, gigile, jigile, sáncílígà, tadent in Nigeria: anza, anzagi, dilo, hamza, hanza, laoro in Sahel: hasu kourey in Senegal: amìdoráw, bèrédé, dâbâ dâbâ, dâba ginadu, gamene-mene, ginégu, isus, kiréwi, ndeyis, nos, somô késébéré, sus, tékoni kolo, tirewi, tirey, tutigi in Somalia: chieh in Southern Africa: muBite, narrow-leaved boscia, roughleaved shepherd’s tree, skurweblaarwitgat, umBalibali in Tanzania: mhingiha, muhingiha, nandukutuku in W. Africa: bereje, kesebere, tegelena

Boscia Lamarck Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

in Yoruba: ikobe Boscia coriacea Pax (Boscia flavescens Mattei; Boscia paolii Chiov.; Boscia pungens Gilg; Boscia somalensis Gilg; Boscia teitensis Gilg; Boscia xylophylla Gilg) Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia. Shrub or small tree, evergreen, much-branched, usually multi-stemmed, twiggy, leathery leaves, creamy green flowers more or less sweet scented or unpleasant, inflorescence a terminal or axillary short dense many-flowered raceme, small orange succulent fruits, boiled seeds may be fried, sweet ripe fruit may be sucked, boiled cotyledons eaten, fruits eaten by birds, fodder for goats, donkeys, camels and cattle, in dry bushland, in AcaciaCommiphora bushland, rocky areas See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 14: 299. 1891 (Root decoction used for the treatment of headache, root infusion taken for gonorrhea, in controlling appetite; bark for yellow fever. Veterinary medicine, in combination with Boscia coriacea, the fruits of Solanum incanum are used for the treatment of anthrax.) in English: shepherd’s tree in Ethiopia: ayteneba in Kenya: degaiyare, degeiyar, dhuorich, edung, eedung, eerdung, enkapalases, enkapoleses, galgacha-hareh, ghalangal, ghalanghal, gitangira, k’alk’acca, kalaqacha, kalkach, kalkacha, kikiare, kupungur, lyoror, mnafisi, mukiare, mutangira, muthiu, muthiuthiu, qalqalq, sericho, serichoi, sirkwa, sorchon, sorich, sorichon, sorik, sorikwo, yoror Boscia mossambicensis Klotzsch (Boscia angustifolia sensu Oliv.; Boscia carsonii Bak.; Boscia elegans Gilg: Boscia grandiflora Gilg; Boscia gymnosporiifolia Chiov.; Boscia hildebrandtii Gilg; Boscia holtzii Gilg & Gilg-Ben.; Boscia pachyandra Gilg; Boscia suaveolens Gilg & Gilg-Ben.; Boscia uhligii Gilg & Gilg-Ben.; Boscia viridiflava Gilg & Gilg-Ben.; Boscia welwitschii Gilg; Boscia zimmereri Gilg & Winkl. f.) Tropical East Africa. Dense twiggy evergreen shrub or small tree, dense-crowned, widely branched at base, greenish white or purplish flowers, inflorescence an axillary many-flowered raceme, similar to Boscia angustifolia See Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 1: 164. 1861, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 1: 109. 1895 (Pesticide.) in English: broad-leaved boscia, broad-leaved shepherds tree in South Africa: breëblaarwitgat, witgatboom in Tanzania: mguluka, mosingisi, msingisa, msulula, mutumba, muwisa, nasichand, orlopolosek, sangetmo, tlangetimo Boscia salicifolia Oliv. (Boscia powellii Sprague & M.L. Green; Boscia stylosa Gilg & Gilg-Ben.)

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Bosea L. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon. Small deciduous tree, drooping salix-like foliage, small yellowish green sweetly scented flowers axillary in dense branched clusters, seeds eaten after cooking, berries and leaves eaten See Trans. Linn. Soc. 29: 29, t. 6. 1872 and Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 217. 1953, Journal of Natural Medicines 61(3): 261–268. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115(2): 223–231. 2008 (Roots poisonous, or suspected of being. Antiplasmodial and antimalarial. Bark for conjunctivitis; roots for arthritis, rheumatism; a root and bark-decoction drunk as an aphrodisiac. Veterinary medicine, leaf given to cattle with fever. Ingredient of hunting poison, arrow poison.) in Ethiopia: abo, avo, kalkalohia

troubles; leaves infusion used to remove intestinal parasites from camels. Ingredient of arrow poison.) African names: anza, anzagi, diendoun, dilo, hanza, kungassa, mekhet, ndiandam, tandeni, tandomei in Arabic: hemmet, makhei, moheb in Burkina Faso: nabedgo in Cameroon: anzahe, buldumhi, makhei, moheb, nkuale in Chad: djama, kodongurdi, kodonguru, madera, marhet in Ghana: dila in Ivory Coast: nabédéga

in Gambia: ansayi, dnsayi, jendum

in Mali: bere, béré, gidjili, guidjili, hóoréy, horej, horregna, n-guiguilé, ngigilé, orha, sihir, tadahant, tadent, tadomet

in Mali: kitshagass, sáncílígà, sansiliga, tientirgaye, tiré-i, tiréï

in Mauritania: aïzen, aizen, aizeur, ayzin, bokkhelli, mandiarha

in Niger: assu koareg, djure, kitshagass, shiukilifa, tiéntirgaye, tiré-i, tiréï, zure, zuré

in Niger: anza, anzahe, bullu, bultu, bûltù, damdam shiya, damdamshia, dilo, gigilé, guidjili, hóoréy, horaj, makheit, mikheit, modu, mokheit, n-guiguilé, orha, sihir, tadahant, tadant, tadomet

in Nigeria: cankas, caskas, legel, mandingiji, zande, zure, zuré, zuré chankas in Senegal: tientirgaye, tientrgaye, tiré-i, tiréï in Southern Africa: muTiri in Tanzania: kimwaganga, maamba-matatu, mguluka, mguruka, mlibunjo, mpotolo, mulindindo, mumjenje in Zimbabwe: mudemarara, mungezi, murunganyama, musauti, mutiri Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Poir. (Boscia octandra Hochst. ex Radlk.; Boscia octandra Fenzl ex Radlk.; Boscia senegalensis Hochst.; Boscia senegalensis Lam.; Boscia senegalensis Hochst. ex Walp.; Podoria senegalensis Pers.)

in Nigeria: anza, anzagi, bilo, buldu, bultu, ďan loma, dan loma, dilo, dulumwa, dulunhwa, gigile, gigilé, hamza, hanza, jigile, kursan, legel, lilo, makheit, marheit, mikheid, mokheit, tabila, zeyi in Sahara: eisen in Senegal: a-mid o-ráw a-tyán, aïzen, bagnan, bana, berefin, béréfin, dada, dâda, dadum, dâdum, ga-mene-mene, gidili, gigilé, gisili, mandiarha, mbagno, mbana, mbańa, mbum guelem, n’diandam, n-diandam, nadam, nâdam, nadom, nâdom, ndadam, ńdiandam in Sudan: boscia, kursan, shagaraalmukhet

Tropical Africa, Mauritania, Nigeria. Shrub or small tree, black stem, short dense racemes of greenish yellow sweet scented flowers, small warted fruits, on termite mounds

in W. Africa: beli, bere, tegelena

See Syn. Pl. 2: 5. 1806, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 2: 517. 1819, Tent. Fl. Abyss. i. 27. 1847, Ann. Bot. Syst. (Walpers) iii. 824. 1848–1868, Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München xiv. [1884] 62. 1884

Bosea L. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)

(Leaves and berries aphrodisiac, antimicrobial and antifungal, for venereal diseases, malaria, wound dressing, eye wash, diabetes, stomachache. Fruit and roots aphrodisiac, antimicrobial and antifungal; berries used as a diuretic in the treatment of syphilis; root decoction for stomachache. Leaves used in the preparation of malaria remedy, fungal infections, venereal diseases, intestinal troubles, stomach complaints, colics and for jaundice, an infusion of leaf extract used as an eye wash. Applied externally for wound dressing. Veterinary medicine, roots, bark and leaves for treating intestinal

Bosea amherstiana Hook.f. (Bosea amherstiana (Moq.) Hook. f.; Rodetia amherstiana Moq.) Himalaya, Pakistan. Shrub, large, much-branched, straggling, arching, flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters, inflorescence of axillary and terminal spikes, famine food, young shoots fried in butter and eaten, ripe fruits eaten raw See Species Plantarum 1: 225. 1753, Genera Plantarum 87–88. 1789, Prodr. (DC.) 13(2): 323. 1849, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 716. 1885 and Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan 231. 1972 (Leaves astringent, antiseptic, used on sores and eczema.) in India: bhengoi, kotibilge

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Boswellia Roxb. ex Colebr. Burseraceae Named in honor of the Scottish (b. Ayrshire) botanist John Boswell, 1710–1780 (d. Edinburgh), physician. He was uncle of James Boswell, 1740–1795, advocate, traveller, friend and biographer of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709–1784); James Boswell wrote The Life of Samuel Johnson. London 1791 and The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson. London 1785. See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 471. 1762, Asiatic Researches 9: 379, 382 in nota. 1807, Pl. Corom. iii. 4. t. 207. 1819, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 2: 346. 1824, Endl. Nov. Stirp. Dec. 39. 1839, George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood (1832–1917), “On the genus Boswellia, with descriptions and figures of three new species,” Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27(2): 111–148. 1870 and E. Marston, Sketches of some booksellers of the time of Dr. Samuel Johnson. London 1902, M. Thulin & A.M. Warfa, “The Frankincense Trees (Boswellia spp., Burseraceae) of Northern Somalia and Southern Arabia.” Kew Bulletin 42(3): 487–500. 1987, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 88. 1994, Nordic Journal of Botany 26: 223–225. 2008. Frankincense resin is obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia. Boswellia carteri Birdw. (Boswellia carterii Birdw.) East Africa and China, India and the Middle East. Tree See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: 143. 1870 and BioFactors 13: 225–230. 2000, Anticancer Res. 22: 2853–2862. 2002, Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol. 12: 575–580. 2005, J. Ethnopharmacol. 107: 249–253. 2006, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29: 1976–1979. 2006, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9: 6. 2009 (Resin antiinflammatory, used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, other inflammatory diseases. Boswellic acid, one of the main components of frankincense oil, known to have antineoplastic properties.)

Boswellia Roxb. ex Colebr. Burseraceae

abortion. Fresh bark eaten to induce vomiting; bark boiled to make a wash for fever, rheumatism, arthritis and also taken internally for gastrointestinal troubles; stem bark antibacterial, antiulcer, antispasmodic, astringent, antidiarrheal, reduced gastrointestinal motility; aqueous bark extract may strengthen the liver, may be used in the management of hepatic disorders. Root decoction boiled along with Hibiscus sabdariffa used for the treatment of syphilis; root decoction with Daniellia oliveri for wounds healing; bark root antidote, venomous stings, bites. Veterinary medicine, young leaves for diarrhea, dysentery; extract from the leaves used for the treatment of diarrhea in poultry.) in English: frankincense tree in Burkina Faso: condrényogho, gondregneogo, koubré niango, pianwogu, piengwogu in Ghana: kabona, pianwogu, piengwogu in Ivory Coast: condrényogho, koubré niango, pianwogu, piengwogu in Niger: andakehi gorki, hano in Nigeria: anndakehi, ararabi, ararrabi, ba-samu, cibdi, ďan magami, ebe ghimwin, hano, hánoó, hánoó kai, hánuú, hararrabi, harrabi, harrarrabi, janauhi, janawhi, juguhi, kadayan, káfi dukkán, shabilabi, tarmasika in Upper Volta: condrényogho, gonéniogo, komhenyegho, kubré niango, pianwogu, piengwogu Boswellia frereana Birdw. Tropical Africa, Somalia. Small tree See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27(2): 146, t. 31. 1870 and Kew Bull. 43: 494. 1987 (Masticatory.)

in English: African elemi, Bible frankincense, mastic tree

in English: African elemi, Coptic frankincense, elemi frankincense, maydi frankincense, moxor trees, yigaar tree

in China: ru xiang

in Arabic: luban lami

Boswellia dalzielii Hutch. (Boswellia odorata Hutch., p.p.)

in Somalia: fas kebir (kabeer), fas saghir (saqeer), foox, jabaanjib, maydi, mujarwal, mushaad, shorta, slif, yagar, yagcar

Tropical Africa. Tree, papery bark, whitish gum resin, white fragrant flowers See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 137. 1910, J. Ethnopharmacol. 60: 85–89. 1998, J. Ethnopharmacol. 62: 123–127. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 225–228. 1999, African Journal of Biotechnology 3(5): 284–288. 2004, J. Pharmacy Bioresour. 2: 131–136. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78. 2006, Indian J. Pharmacol. 38: 359–360. 2006, J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1: 591–596. 2006, Asian Journal of Biochemistry 2(5): 359–363. 2007

in Yemen: yegaar

(Gum resin used along with other medicines as a stomachic and for the treatment of veneral diseases. Oil from the leaves antibacterial and antifungal. Leaves decoction to prevent

Boswellia neglecta S. Moore (Boswellia bricchettii auct. - sensu Vollesen; Boswellia campestris Engl.; Boswellia elegans Engl.; Boswellia hildebrandtii Engl., non Baker;

Boswellia hildebrandtii Engl. Tropical Africa. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzeng­ e­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 15: 98. 1893 (Roots diuretic, wound dressing, for gonorrhea, venereal diseases.)

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Boswellia Roxb. ex Colebr. Burseraceae

Boswellia holstii Engl.; Boswellia microphylla Chiov.; Boswellia multifoliolata Engl.)

India. Tree, bark exudes black gum, white flowers, trigonous drupes

Uganda, Tanzania. Shrub, greenish white flowers, reddish fruits, goat and camel fodder, bark used for making tea, resin from bark used as chewing gum, found in AcaciaCommiphora bushland

See Asiat. Res. 9: 379, t. 5. 1807, Pl. Coromandel 3: 4. 1811 and Taxon 28: 403. 1979, Agents Actions 18: 407–412. 1986, Agents Actions 24: 161–164. 1988, European Journal of Herbal Medicine 3: 511–514. 1998, Planta Medica 64: 328–331. 1998, Phytochem. Anal. 12: 374–376. 2001, Planta Medica 67: 391–395, 778–780. 2001, Phytomedicine 10: 3–7. 2003, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 41: 1460–1462. 2003

See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 15: 67, t. 185. 1877 and Phytochemistry 66: 1499–1514. 2005 (Bark decoction added to milk and given to children as tonic. Dried ground bark put into wounds; root decoction drunk for enlarged spleen. Resin burned during peace prayers. Insect repellent.)

Boswellia papyrifera Hochst.

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Resin diuretic, stimulant, demulcent, emmenagogue, hypoglycemic, astringent, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal, used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rehumatism, joint pain, toothache, Crohn’s disease, chronic ulcers, asthma, backpain, other inflammatory diseases; resin mixed with rice water applied for skin eruptions; a mixture of gum and red ochre consumed to check the nocturnal emissions. Bark and gum-resin to treat bronchitis, asthma, cough, chronic laryngitis, stomatitis, dysentery, ulcers, hemorrhoid, skin diseases, fever, convulsions, syphilitic diseases, jaundice, arthritis, rheumatism, conjunctivitis; stem bark decoction to relieve body aches and to treat dysuria, in small doses given internally to cure chronic cough and cold; stem bark paste given for indigestion; stem bark paste applied to wounds; stem bark powder made into a paste and applied on forehead to relieve headache; stem bark pounded together with Curcuma longa and applied in traumatic pain. Resin used as incense, dry gum burns easily. Bark with root of Leea asiatica made into a paste and used in snakebite. Aromatic leaves and twigs used as repellent for flies, termites and insects. Veterinary medicine, bark juice for fracture of limb; pounded bark juice applied on the broken part of the limb. Sacred plant.)

Ethiopia.

in English: Indian frankincense, Indian olibanum

See Flora 26: 81. 1843

in India: aanebyala, agavrttika, andaka, andika, anduga, anduga-pisunu, andugapisunu, andugu, anduk, ashvamutri, asraphala, attam, bahusrava, bastaj, bhor-salai, campirani, char gond, chilakadi, chilakadoopa, chilkada, chilku, chite mara, chitta, chitteenthi, chittha, chitthu, chittu, chittumbe, cite, citinti, citumme, curapi, dhoopamu, dhup-gugali, dhupa, dhupadamara, dhupali (= inflammable), dhupam, dhupamu, dhupelio, dhupelo, doopa, dupa, dupalio, gajabhaksha, gajabhaksya, gajabhaksyaa, gajapriya, gajasana, gajashana, gajavallabha, gandhabiroz, gandhamula, gandhavira, goggilamu, gogoola, gond-kondru, googilum, googoolupu, googula, gugal, guggal, guggala, guggala doopa, guggaladupa, guggar, guggila, guggila puchettu, guggilam, guggilamu, guggilapu, guggillam, guggu, guggul, guggula, guggula mara, guggulu, halar, hladini, hraswada, huguludhupa, idabola, jalatiktika, kaattu nelli, kanda, kanduruki, kanupu, kapitthaparni, karaka, kavucikam, khapurah, kondrike, konkanadhoopam, konkanadhupa, koondricum, koondrika, koondrikam, koonthrakum, kulikili, kumaincan, kumancam, kumancan, kumbhi, kunda, kundar, kundara, kundre, kundrikam, kundu, kundur, kundurakam, kunduru, kunduruguggulu, kunduruka, kundurukam-pishin, kunduruki,

in English: frankincense in Kenya: dakar, dakara, dakkar, dakkar gurate, dakkara, dong’od-nee-dhieroka, ekinyate, halale, hancha-dakkara, hancha-lubadin, hanja, kinondo, lecholoo, lkinoo, magafur, mirafur, murfur-madbe, sungululwo, ubani Boswellia odorata Hutch. Nigeria. Tree, pale papery bark, whitish gum-resin, leaves pinnately compound, fragrant white flowers, pear-shaped fruit 3-valved, savanna forest See Asiatic Researches 9: 379. 1807 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1910: 137. 1910 (Eating the fresh bark causes vomiting. A mixture of root and bark used as an antidote for arrow poison. Gum stomachic and a tretament for syphilis.)

(Febrifuge, sedative. Magic, control of evil spirits.) in Ethiopia: itan Boswellia sacra Flueck. (Boswellia bhar-dajiana Birdw.; Boswellia bhar-dajiana var. serrulata Engl.; Boswellia carteri Birdw. var. undulato-crenata Engl.; Boswellia undulatocrenata (Engl.) Engl.) Arabia. See Lehrb. Pharmak. 31. 1867 (Abortifacient, astringent, antiinfection, antiinflammatory, oxytocic; antiseptic in wound healing and application for swollen joints.) in English: frankincense, olibanum, yagcar trees Boswellia serrata Roxb. (Boswellia glabra Roxb. ex Colebr.; Boswellia glabra Roxb.; Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.; Boswellia thurifera Colebr.; Boswellia thurifera Roxb. ex Flem.)

632

kundurukkam-pishin, kundurukkamaram, kundurukkan, kunduruska, kunduruskah, kungiliam, kungiliyam, kungli, kungulu, kunkiliyam, kunkulu, kuntarikkam, kunthirikkam, kuntilinkam, kuntirikam, kuntirikkam, kuntirukkam, kunturu, kunturucam, kunturukam, kunturukkam, lhadini, lobaan asli singapore, lobaana maadi, loban, loban asli singapuri, loban desi, loban ganesh, loban haathi, loban kawadil, loban madrasi, loban singapuri, lobana, lobban, lobhan, luban, maddi, maddi mara, madi, maherana, maheruna, manna-kungiliyam, mannakkunkilyam, mocha, mukunda, mukundam, muraiyidam, muruntapali, nagavadhu, nagavrttika, narumpicin, pahadi dhup, pahadidhup, palangam, palankam, parangi, parangi-sambrani, parangi-shambirani, parangichambrani, parangisaambraani, parangisambrani, paranki campirani, parankic campirani, parankisampirani, parankisamprani, paringhi sambrani, pharangisambrani, pinniyakam, pinniyakkam, pintivakanam, pintivalakam, pintivalam, punniyakam, punniyakkam, rasala, saalayi, saampraani, salaee, salaga, salai, salai guggal, salakhi, salaki guggul, salaphali, salar, salaran, salasi, salasiniryasam, salasiniryasasallaki, sale, saledi, salei, saler, salga, salhe, salia, saliria, sallaki, salphulia, sambrani, samprani, sat loban, selgond, shalga, shallaki, silhabhumika, silhaki, site, situmme, stayanti, sugandha, sukhamoda, surabhi, surabhisrava, sushrika, susrava, susravaa, suvaha, tadika, tadiku, taduku, tellaguggilamu, tevatupam, thellaguggilamu, tiera, titcanam, tunwak, turushka, valakam, valanku-chambrani, valugam, vanakarnika, vasamaharuba, vella-kundirukkam, vellai kunkiliyam, vellaik kunkiliyam, vellaikungiliyam, vellakkunturukkam, viseshadhupa, viseshadhupada, visheshadhoop, vishesha dhoopa, visheshadhupada, visheshdhup, vrttika, yakshadhupa in Tibet: bo ga dkar po, bog dkar pa, po ga dkar po, po-ga-dkarpo

Bothriochloa Kuntze Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Greek bothros ‘a pit, hole’, bothrion ‘a little pit’ and chloe, chloa ‘grass’, in allusion to the glumes, joints and pedicels, or to the pitted lower glumes of sessile spikelets, hybrids with Capillipedium Stapf and Dichanthium Willemet, sometimes included in and referred to as Dichanthium Willemet, see Species Plantarum 2: 1045. 1753, Annalen der Botanick. ed. Usteri 18: 11. 1796, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(4): 285. 1832, Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae I. Gramineae. 103. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 371. 1854, Gaz. NW Prov. & Oude 10: 638. 1882, Flora Brasiliensis 2(4): 291. 1883, C.E.O. Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 762. 1891 and Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 71. 1901, J. Linn. Soc. 55: 755– 760. 1957, Madroño 14: 18–29. 1957, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 159, 167–170. 1960, Bot. Gaz. 126: 209–214. 1965, Amer. J. Bot. 53: 94–98.

Bothriochloa Kuntze Poaceae (Gramineae)

1966, Amer. J. Bot. 55(10): 1246–1250. 1968, Taxon 19: 339–340. 1970, Syst. Bot. 8(2): 168–184. 1983, Austrobaileya 3(1): 79–99. 1989, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 384–386. 1994, Darwiniana 38(1–2): 127–186. 2000, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 17–18, 135–141, 192–193. 2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 707–723. 2004. Bothriochloa odorata (Lisboa) A. Camus (Amphilophis odorata (Lisboa) A. Camus; Andropogon odoratus Lisboa; Cymbopogon odoratus (Lisboa) G. Watt; Dichanthium odoratum (Lisboa) S.K. Jain & Deshp.) India, Deccan. See Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 4: 123. 1889 and Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d’Agriculture Tropicale 1: 305. 1921, Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 76: 165. 1931, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 20(1–4): 134. 1978[1979] (Smells like ginger, carminative, essential volatile oil.) in India: ushadhana Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus (Amphilophis pertusa (L.) Nash ex Stapf; Amphilophis pertusa (L.) Stapf, nom. illeg., non Amphilophis pertusa (L.) Nash ex Stapf; Andropogon angustifolius Parl., nom. illeg., non Andropogon angustifolius Sibth. & Sm.; Andropogon panormitanus Parl.; Andropogon pertusus (L.) Willd.; Andropogon pertusus var. panormitanus (Parl.) Hack.; Bothriochloa insculpta (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) A. Camus; Bothriochloa panormitana (Parl.) Pilg.; Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) Maire, nom. illeg., non Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus; Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) Willd.; Dichanthium ischaemum subvar. pertusum (L.) Roberty; Dichanthium pertusum (L.) Clayton; Elionurus pertusus (L.) Nees ex Steud.; Holcus pertusus L.; Lepeocercis pertusa (L.) Hassk.) Tropical Asia, India, Indonesia. Perennial, herbaceous, prostrate, matted, culms erect or geniculately ascending and branching, spreading, stoloniferous or tufted, numerous creeping shoots which root at the nodes, shortly rhizomatous, inflorescence purplish and scented when crushed, quite palatable, eaten when mixed with other grasses, erosion control, vigorous weed species, very close to Bothriochloa insculpta (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) A. Camus, closely related to Bothriochloa panormitana (Parl.) Pilg., Bothriochloa decipiens (Hack.) C.E. Hubbard, Bothriochloa longifolia (Hack.) Bor and Bothriochloa radicans (Lehm.) A. Camus See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 301–302. 1771, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 922. 1806, Flora Palermitana 1: 269. 1845, Plantae Javanicae Rariores 52. 1848, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 458. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 364. 1854 and Agric. News W. Indies 15: 179. 1916, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 175. 1917, Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 76: 164–165. 1931, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 31: 45. 1940, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 32: 216. 1941, Grasses of Ceylon

633

Bothriocline Oliver ex Benth. Asteraceae

180–181. 1956, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 48: 478. 1957, Grasses of Burma … 109. 1960, Phyton 20: 205–211. 1963, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15: 51–57. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 20: 205–206. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143. 1990 (Used to help increase tolerance in winter against cold.) in English: Barbados sour grass, hurricane grass, Indian blue grass, Indian couch, Indian couch grass, pitted beardgrass, pitted blue grass, pitted bluestem, Seymour grass, sour grass, sweet pitted grass in India: aanekattu hullu, basana, chapruro, chikka kaare hullu, chinna karai pullu, chinna karai pully, chinna korai pul, chirrya, chota piya, choti jergi, ghanya marvel, girji, gohhaya, hennu ganjala garike hullu, janewa, janewah, janu gaddi, janugaddi, jarewa, jinjivo, karadaa kaasi hullu, khetrav-jinjvo, killa, makhel, malhar, malher, miniyar, nukah, paluah, palva, palvan, palwa, palwal, palwan, parwal, payen, phularia, phulra, rukah, rukar, sandhur, tikria, tikriya, turri gadai, vida-gucha gadi in Indonesia: rebha las-alasan, suket putihan in Malaysia: rumput embun in the Philippines: salay, salay parang in Thailand: ya hang ma, ya hangma, yaa haang maa, yaa hom, ya hom, yaa tot lueat, ya tot lueat in Vietnam: hoa co, huyêt tha’o lô Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. subsp. saccharoides (Amphilophis argentea (DC.) Roshev.; Amphilophis saccharoides (Sw.) Nash; Andropogon argenteum DC.; Andropogon argenteus DC.; Andropogon saccharoides Sw.; Andropogon saccharoides subsp. genuinus Hack.; Andropogon saccharoides subvar. argenteus (DC.) Hack.; Andropogon saccharoides subvar. paucirameus Hack.; Andropogon saccharoides subvar. typicus Hack.; Andropogon saccharoides var. genuinus Hack.; Andropogon saccharoides var. surius Krause; Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb.; Bothriochloa saccharoides var. saccharoides; Dichanthium saccharoides (Sw.) Roberty; Dichanthium saccharoides subvar. paucirameus (Hack.) Roberty; Holcus saccharoides (Sw.) Kuntze ex Stuck.; Sorghum saccharoides (Sw.) Kuntze; Trachypogon argenteus (DC.) Nees)

1–3. 1940, Field & Laboratory 23(1): 18–19. 1955, Madroño 14(1): 25. 1957, The Southwestern Naturalist 3: 212. 1959, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 168. 1960, Phytologia 30(5): 344, 346. 1975, Systematic Botany 8(2): 168–184. 1983, Phytologia 61: 119–125. 1986, Cuscatlania 1(6): 1–29. 1991, Fontqueria 46: [i-ii], 1–259. 1997, Boletim do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 57: 52, f. 6, 19. 1998, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 135–141. 2003 (Carminative.) in English: plumed beard grass, silver beard grass, silver blue-stem in Mexico: pasto blanco, popotillo cola de zorra, popotillo plateado, zacate aceite

Bothriocline Oliver ex Benth. Asteraceae From the Greek bothrion ‘a little pit, small hole’ and kline ‘a bed’, klino ‘to lean, bend’, see Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 12: 1133. 1873 and Kew Bulletin 43(2): 195–277. 1988. Bothriocline longipes (Oliv. & Hiern) N.E. Br. (Bothriocline eupatorioides (Hutch. & B.L. Burtt) Wild & G.V. Pope; Bothriocline longipes N.E. Br.; Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. var. longipes Oliv. & Hiern; Bothriocline schimperi var. tomentosa Oliv. & Hiern; Bothriocline tomentosa (Oliv. & Hiern) Wild & G.V. Pope; Erlangea eupatorioides Hutch. & B.L. Burtt; Erlangea longipes (Oliv. & Hiern) S. Moore; Erlangea pubescens S. Moore; Erlangea spissa S. Moore; Erlangea squarrulosa Chiov.; Erlangea tomentosa (Oliv. & Hiern) S. Moore; Erlangea tomentosa var. acuta R.E. Fr.) Tropical Africa. Shrub, suffrutex, herb, woody-based, straggling, erect, bushy, woody rootstock, aromatic, stem pale brown-green with white pubescence, flowers bright purple or mauve, fruits white

Mexico, Southern America, Colombia, Venezuela. Perennial, herbaceous, weed

See Flora 36: 34. 1853, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 266. 1877, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894: 389. 1894 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 35: 313. 1902, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 46: 158. 1908, Annali di Botanica 7: 177. 1909, Acta Horti Bergiani 9: 112. 1929, Rev. Bot. Zool. Afr. 23: 36. 1932, Kirkia 10: 321, 323. 1977, Systematic Botany 4: 29–43. 1979, Kew Bulletin 37: 221–227. 1982, African Journal of Ecology 45(s3): 94–98. 2007

See A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 148. 1816, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 380. 1854 and Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904, Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 9: 237. 1918, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 24(8): 497. 1927, Brittonia 1(2): 81. 1931, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6(5–6): 135. 1940, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14e: 160. 1940, Rhodora 42(502): 413–415, pl. 626, f.

(Poisonous to rabbits. Plant maceration for agalactia, constipation. Roots stomachic, sedative, for gastro-enteritis, colic. Leaves antiplasmodial, anthelmintic, antibacterial, stomachic, pain killer, purgative, laxative, oxytocic, carminative, for nausea, mental confusion, dysentery, diarrhea, malaria, conjunctivitis, to treat amoebas and convulsions (degedege) in children. Magic, against the bad spirits, hallucinations, psychosis.)

634

Botrychium Swartz Ophioglossaceae (Botrychiaceae)

in Burundi: umubebe

(Fronds eaten against dysentery.)

in Congo: idubo, kahenekeru, kikanzu, lusele, lwibaye, mushi ya paa, uruhehe

Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. (Botrychium lanuginosum Wall., nom. nud.; Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. var. lanuginosum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) T. Moore; Botrypus lanuginosus (Hook. & Grev.) Holub; Botrypus lanuginosus (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Y.X. Lin; Botrypus lanuginosus (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Holub; Osmundopteris lanuginosa (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Nishida)

in Kenya: sunoni in Rwanda: igiheehe in Tanzania: botto, ornalipe in Uganda: ekyoganyanja Bothriocline ugandensis (S. Moore) M.G. Gilbert (Erlangea ugandensis S. Moore) Uganda, Burundi. Shrub, erect, corolla mauve See Flora 36: 34. 1853, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 12: 1133. 1873 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 165. 1905, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 45: 421–445. 1975, Kew Bulletin 36: 594. 1981, African Study Monographs 19(1): 13–33. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, Fitoterapia 72(4): 351–368. 2001 (Leaves juice for pharyngitis, stomachache. Veterinary medicine, for infection of eyes, blindness, conjunctivitis and related ocular affections, for rabies, madness, anaplasmosis, diarrhea, agalactia. Magic, against the bad spirits, hallucinations, psychosis.) in Burundi: umuhana in Congo: cirhabirhabi in Rwanda: igicumucumu

Botrychium Swartz Ophioglossaceae (Botrychiaceae) Greek botrys ‘a cluster, a bunch of grapes, cluster of grapes’, referring to the fronds or to the indusia, see Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 8, 110. 1800[1801], Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 19: 96. 1869 and Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 19(2): 1–177. 1938, Ferns of the Southeastern States 377, 482. 1938, Fl. Ecuador 66: 107–170. 2001. Botrychium australe R. Br. subsp. negeri (H. Christ) R.T. Clausen (Botrychium negeri H. Christ; Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw.; Botrychium ternatum Hook. & Baker; Sceptridium negeri (H. Christ) Holub) South America. See Schrad. Journ. 1800 [2]. 111. 1801, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 3: 336. 1884 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32: 222, pl. 6. 1905, Botanical Gazette 40(6): 458. 1905, Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 6: 2, f. 1. 1906, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 19(2): 40. 1938, Preslia 45(3): 277. 1973

India, Japan. Fern, young leaves eaten as vegetable See J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 111. 1801, Icones Filicum 1(4): t. 79. 1828, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 48. 1828, Fl. Tasm. 2: 154, t. 169. 1850, Index Filicum 213. 1860 and Journal of Japanese Botany 27(9): 276. 1952, Preslia 45(3): 277. 1973, Higher Pl. China 2: 75. 2008 (Boiled rhizome for pneumonia, cough, catarrh, bronchial disorders.) in English: grape fern in Nepal: degani, jaluko Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. (Botrychium lunaria Sw.; Botrychium onondagense Underw.; Botrypus lunaria (L.) Rich.; Osmunda lunaria L.) Nepal. Fern, erect herb, young yellowish spores, food See Species Plantarum 2: 1064. 1753, Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 110. 1800[1801], Catalogue des Plantes du Jardin Medical de Paris 120. 1801 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(1): 47–48, f. 1–2. 1903, Rhodora 55(651): 94. 1953, Nord. J. Bot. 14: 148. 1994 (Plant vulnerary, astringent, a paste applied to boils; plants cooked and prescribed to convalescent as a tonic and a postpartum remedy. Leaves and roots vulnerary, astringent, for dysentery.) in English: common moonwort, moonwort in Nepal: harre jhar Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Rupr. (Botrychium californicum Underw.; Botrychium coulteri Underw.; Botrychium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Trevis.; Botrychium multifidum subsp. californicum (Underw.) R.T. Clausen; Botrychium multifidum subsp. coulteri (Underw.) R.T. Clausen; Botrychium multifidum subsp. silaifolium (C. Presl) R.T. Clausen; Botrychium multifidum var. californicum (Underw.) M. Broun; Botrychium multifidum var. coulteri (Underw.) M. Broun; Botrychium multifidum var. silaifolium (C. Presl) M. Broun; Botrychium silaifolium C. Presl; Osmunda multifida S.G. Gmel.; Sceptridium californicum (Underw.) Lyon; Sceptridium californicum Lyon; Sceptridium coulteri Lyon; Sceptridium coulteri (Underw.) Lyon; Sceptridium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) Nishida ex Tagawa; Sceptridium multifidum (S.G. Gmel.) M. Nishida; Sceptridium multifidum Nishida ex Tagawa; Sceptridium silaifolium (C. Presl) Lyon; Sceptridium silaifolium Lyon)

635

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. Nyctaginaceae

Central America.

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. Nyctaginaceae

See Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae 12: 517. 1768, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1): 76. 1825, Beitraege zur Pflanzenkunde des Russischen Reiches 40. 1859, Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (Milano) 17: 241. 1874, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25: 537. 1898 and Botanical Gazette 40(6): 457–458. 1905, Torreya 5(6): 107. 1905, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 64(5): 271. 1937, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 19(2): 26–27, 36. 1938, J. Jap. Bot. 33: 200. 1958, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 83–92. 1993

Dedicated to the French (b. Paris) explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, 1729–1811 (Paris), navigator, scientist, mathematician, from 1766 to 1769 the first Frenchman to sail around the world, searched for the mythical Davis Land (said to be off the coast of Chile), he made an unsuccessful attempt to colonize the Falkland Islands, Fellow of the Royal Society of London, he made the first charts of longitude in the Pacific, his writings include Traité du calcul intégral. Paris 1754–1756 and Voyage autour du monde par la frégate du Roi “La Boudeuse” et la flute L’Etoile” en 1766– 1769. Paris 1771; see Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 91. 1789, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(1): 348. 1799, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 10: 516. 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 437. 1849, Theoria Systematis Plantarum 364. 1858 and “Le Premier Voyage Français autour du Monde.” in Revue Hebdomadaire. 22–36. 1907, J. Dorsenne, La vie de Bougainville. Paris 1930, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 518–546. 1937, “Routier Inédit d’un Compagnon de Bougainville.” in La Géographie. 69: 112–114. 1939, C.G.M. de La Roncière, Bougainville. Paris 1942, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 174–192. 1946, Wilma George, in D.S.B. 2: 342–343. 1981.

(Frond juice given in case of stomach disorders, colic.) in Nepal: bayakhra, tana Botrychium underwoodianum Maxon (Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw.; Botrychium ternatum var. daedaleum H. Christ; Sceptridium underwoodianum (Maxon) Lyon) Jamaica, India. Fronds eaten as vegetable See Schrad. Journ. 1800 [2]. 111. 1801, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 3: 336. 1884 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32: 222, pl. 6. 1905, Botanical Gazette 40(6): 458. 1905 (Fronds eaten against dysentery.) Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. (Botrychium brachystachys Kunze; Botrychium charcoviense Port.; Botrychium cicutarium (Savigny) Sw.; Botrychium dichronum Underw.; Botrychium virginianum Hook.f.; Botrychium virginianum subsp. meridionale (Butters) R.T. Clausen; Botrychium virginianum var. europaeum Ångström; Botrychium virginianum var. meridionale Butters; Botrychium virginianum var. mexicanum Hook. & Grev.; Botrypus virginianus (L.) Michx.; Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub; Botrypus virginianus subsp. europaeus (Ångström) Holub; Botrypus virginicus Michx.; Japanobotrychium virginianum (L.) M. Nishida; Osmunda cicutaria Savigny; Osmunda virginiana L.; Osmundopteris virginiana (L.) Small) North America. Evergreen fern, boiled and eaten See Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 111. 1800[1801], Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 274. 1803, Fl. Tasm. 2: 154, t. 169. 1850 and Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 19(2): 97. 1938, Ferns of the Southeastern States 377. 1938, Journal of Japanese Botany 33: 202. 1958, Preslia 45(3): 277. 1973 (Plant diaphoretic, emetic, astringent, expectorant, used against dysentery. Roots infusion emetic, vulnerary, induces sweating and expectorant, used in the treatment of lung ailments; a poultice from the roots applied to snakebites, bruises, cuts and sores.) in English: rattlesnake fern

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. var. glabra (Choisy) W.J. Hooker) China. Shrubs, vine-like, stems thick, branches pendent, spines axillary, chartaceous leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous chartaceous purple or magenta bracts oblong or elliptic, ribbed perianth tube greenish distinctly angled See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 437. 1849 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13(11): 394. 1911, Lu Dequan. Nyctaginaceae. In: Tang Changlin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 1–14. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 62: 183–193. 1998 (Steroidal component in the leaves. Leaves antidiarrheal, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial. Flowers included in remedies for fever, also an essential ingredient in an oral remedy for anemia associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and epigastric pain; an infusion of the flowers a treatment for low blood pressure. Roots and flowers included in a complex preparations smeared on the body to treat mental disorders.) in English: bougainvillea, paper flower, paper plant in Congo: livetso in China: guang ye zi hua in Indonesia: bunga melati, bunga melur, bunga meru Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (Bougainvillea virescens Choisy) Brazil. Perennial shrub, spreading, arching, thorny, bracts bright reddish, red calyx

636

See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(1): 348. 1799 and Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46(5): 187–188. 1984, Indian Journal of Indigenous Medicines 8(2): 65–7. 1992, Advances in Biological Research 2(1–2): 1–5. 2008 (Used in Sidha. Antiviral, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, helpful in non-insulin diabetes. Roots boiled to make strength medicine; a decoction of dried stems for hepatitis. Leaves antiinflammatory, expectorant, laxative, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, febrifuge, for diarrhea, diabetes, cough, sore throat and to reduce stomach acidity; leaves boiled in water and taken as laxative.) in English: Brazil bougainvillea, great bougainvillea, paper flower in South America: bombilia, buganvilea, camelina, gutembilla, hasta-lasta, Jerusalém, Napoleón, papelillo, pompilia, santa rita, veranera in Bali: bungan kertas in India: bogana malli, boganvel, boganvilla, huh jupeang, kaagadada hoo gida, kagithala puvvu, kemputhuraayi, kirusnakeli, kiruttinakeli, sarawn in Indonesia: bugenvil in Japan: ikada-kazura (= raft vine) in Philippines: bogambilya, bongabilya

Bourreria P. Browne Boraginaceae The name to commemorate Johann Ambrosius Beurer who was a friend of Ehret, but the name when published in 1756 was misspelled Bourreria, corrected becoming Beurreria or Beureria. Bourreria ovata Miers (Bourreria revoluta Kunth; Bourreria succulenta Jacq.; Morelosia ovata (Miers) Kuntze) Bahamas, Jamaica. Tree, somewhat weedy, tubular flowers with white spreading lobes, conspicuous terminal inflorescences, fruit a rounded berry ripening red and with a persistent style, four angular seeds See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 168–169, pl. 15, fig. 2. 1756, Novorum Vegetabilium Descriptiones 1: 1–2. 1824, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4 3: 203–204. 1869, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 439. 1891 and Journal of Ethnobiology 3(2): 149–156. December 1983 (A leaf infusion to treat colds, flu, bedwetting children, blood complaints. Love potion, the leafy twig.) in English: strongback, strongbark Bourreria succulenta Jacq. var. revoluta (Kunth) O.E. Schulz (Bourreria revoluta Kunth; Bourreria succulenta Jacq.; Crematomia revoluta (Kunth) Miers; Crematomia

Bourreria P. Browne Boraginaceae

revoluta Miers; Ehretia havanensis Willd.; Ehretia havanensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Ehretia havanensis Roem. & Schult.; Ehretia laevis var. cymosa Roem. & Schult.; Ehretia revoluta DC.; Ehretia revoluta (Kunth) DC.; Ehretia tomentosa var. havanensis M. Gómez; Ehretia tomentosa var. havanensis (Roem. & Schult.) M. Gómez; Ehretia tomentosa var. havannensis (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) M. Gómez; Morelosia revoluta (Kunth) Kuntze; Morelosia revoluta Kuntze; Tournefortia hirsutissima L.; Tournefortia hirsutissima Billb. ex Beurl.; Tournefortia hirsutissima Blanco) North America. Vine See Sp. Pl. 1: 140. 1753, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica 168. 1756 [10 Mar 1756], Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 14. 1760, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.] 3: 67. 1818, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 805. 1819, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 128. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 9: 505, 507. 1845, Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 1854 (1856) 140. 1856, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 3(16): 309. 1869, Anales Hist. Nat. 19: 256. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 439. 1891 and Symbolae Antillarum 7(1): 59–61. 1911, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76(4): 1050–1076. 1989, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61(2): 101–110. 1998, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 45. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112(1): 96–100. 2007 (Tournefortia hirsutissima, hypoglicemic, febrifuge, diuretic. Used for bladder complaints, fevers, hypertension, jaundice, urinary problems and diabetes mellitus.) in English: chickenet, chiggernut, chiggery grapes, giniper

Bouteloua Lag. Poaceae (Gramineae) After the Spanish botanist Estéban Boutelou y Soldevilla, 1776–1813 (Madrid), professor in Madrid; type Bouteloua racemosa Lag., see Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4,21): 134, 141. 1805, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 937. 1806 [1805], Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 188. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 40. 1812, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 68. 1813, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 171–172, 174–175, 177–179, t. 55, 61. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium 2: 22, 417. 1817, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 161. 1820, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 242. Petropoli 1824, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 413. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 293–295, t. 41, 42, f. 1–12. 1830, Genera Plantarum 94. 1836, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 108. 1840, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 192, 299. 1841, Nom. Gen. Pl. 38. 1841, The Vegetable Kingdom 116. 1847, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Second Edition 553. 1856, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 18. 1856, Plantas Hartwegianas

637

Bouteloua Lag. Poaceae (Gramineae)

imprimis Mexicanas 347. 1857, Miguel Colmeiro y Penido, La Botánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana. Madrid 1858, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 1: 432. 1859, Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de historia natural] 1: 347. 1870, Yahya Ibn Muhammad called Ibn Al-’Auwan, Libro de Agricultura … Arreglo hecho … por D. C. Boutelou, precedido de una introduccion de D. E. Boutelou, etc. 1878, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 37, t. 45. 1884, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 59–60. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 763. 1891, Botanical Gazette 21: 137– 138. 1896, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 4: 7–9. 1897, Circular, Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture 15: 7. 1899 and Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 14(3): 343–428. 1912, Fieldiana, Botany 24(2): 38–331. 1955, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 90: 195–196. 1963, Brittonia 16: 182–207. 1964, Brittonia 17(1): 29–30. 1965, Leaflets of Western Botany 10: 327. 1966, Brittonia 21: 261–274. 1969, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 105(2): 134. 1978, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66(3): 348–416. 1979 [1980], Syst. Bot. 5(3): 312–321. 1980, Kew Bulletin 37(3): 417–420. 1982, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 296. 1994, Sida 17: 111–114. 1996, Aliso 17(2): 99–130. 1998, Aliso 18: 61–65. 1999, Flora of Ecuador 68: 113–119. 2001, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 41: 20–33. 2001, Restoration Ecology 12(1): 80–84. Mar 2004, Conservation Biology 18(2): 444–454. Apr  2004, New Phytologist 162(2): 447–458. May 2004, Molecular Ecology Notes 4(2): 262–264. Jun 2004, Plant, Cell and Environment 27(7): 907–916. Jul  2004, Oikos 106(1): 151–157. Jul  2004, Conservation Biology 18(4): 947–956. Aug 2004, Journal of Applied Ecology 41(4): 604–614. Aug 2004, Global Change Biology 10(9): 565–1575. Sep  2004, Journal of Applied Ecology 41(6): 1058–1064. Dec 2004, Oikos 107(3): 576–582. Dec  2004, Restoration Ecology 12(4): 546–551. Dec  2004, Diversity & Distributions 11(1): 45–55. Jan  2005, Global Change Biology 11(4): 666–684. Apr 2005, Qing Liu, NanXian Zhao, Gang Hao, Xiao-Ying Hu and Yun-Xiao Liu, “Caryopsis morphology of the Chloridoideae (Gramineae) and its systematic implications.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 148(1): 57–72. May 2005. Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths (Actinochloa gracilis (Kunth) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Atheropogon gracilis (Kunth) Spreng.; Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt.; Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Griffiths; Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag.; Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths; Bouteloua gracilis Vasey; Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Steud.; Bouteloua gracilis f. pallida (Scribn. ex Beal) B. Boivin; Bouteloua gracilis var. gracilis; Bouteloua gracilis var. major (Vasey ex L.H. Dewey) Beetle; Bouteloua gracilis var. stricta (Vasey) Hitchc.; Bouteloua major Vasey; Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. ex A. Gray; Bouteloua oligostachya var. major Vasey ex L.H. Dewey; Bouteloua oligostachya var. pallida Scribn. ex Beal; Bouteloua stricta Vasey; Chondrosium gracile Kunth; Chondrosum gracile Kunth; Chondrosum gracile Willd. ex Kunth; Chondrosum

gracile var. gracile; Chondrosum gracile var. polystachyum Nees; Chondrosum oligostachyum (Nutt.) Torr.; Eutriana gracilis (Kunth) Trin.; Eutriana oligostachya (Nutt.) Kunth) North America, USA. Perennial, variable, usually densely caespitose, erect, geniculate or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, leaves basal, often with short stout rhizomes, inflorescence racemose or digitate, spikelets with 1 bisexual and 1 rudimentary floret, upper florets sterile, glumes mostly glabrous or scabrous, good forage, ornamental, golf courses, turf, naturalized elsewhere, grows in disturbed habitats, grass­lands, on rocky or clay soils, pine forest, slopes, scrub, flats, drainages, shrubland See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 176, t. 58. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium 2: 418. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 78. 1818, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 240. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta (ed. 16) 1: 293. 1825 [1824], Révision des Graminées 1: 96. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 219. 1840, Linnaea 19(6): 692. 1847, Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana 300. 1853, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Second Edition 553. 1856, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 14: 9. 1887, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15: 49. 1888, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 2(3): 531. 1894, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 418. 1896 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 14: 375. 1912, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 23(10): 454. 1933, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94(4): 521. 1967, Proc. N.Z. Ecol. Soc. 17: 18–24. 1970, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66: 392. 1979, Phytologia 52(1): 11. 1982, Phytologia 69: 302. 1990, Julie Fair, W.K. Lauenroth and D.P. Coffin, “Demography of Bouteloua gracilis in a mixed prairie: analysis of genets and individuals.” Journal of Ecology 87(2): 233–243. Mar 1999, Diversity 16: 11–14, 40–41. 2000, Taxon 50: 573–575. 2001, Debra P. C. Peters, “Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid-arid transition zone.” Am. J. Bot. 89: 1616–1623. 2002, Laura G. Ambrose, Scott D. Wilson, “Emergence of the introduced grass Agropyron cristatum and the native grass Bouteloua gracilis in a mixed-grass prairie restoration.” Restoration Ecology 11(1): 110–115. Mar  2003, Norma Elena Leyva-López, Karla Iveth Pérez-Márquez, Edmundo García-Moya, José Tulio Arredondo-Moreno and Juan Pablo Martínez-Soriano, “Genetic variability of Bouteloua gracilis populations differing in forage production at the southernmost part of the North American Graminetum.” Plant Ecology 170(2): 287– 299. 2004 (Plant decoction taken as an antidote.) in English: blue grama, blue grama grass, eyelash grass in Spanish: navajita, navajita azul in Mexico: grama, grama azul, navajita, navajita azul, zacate cepillo

638

Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. (Actinochloa hirsuta (Lag.) Roem. & Schult.; Atheropogon hirtus (Kunth) Spreng.; Atheropogon papillosus Engelm.; Bouteloua aschenborniana Griseb. ex E. Fourn.; Bouteloua bolanderi Vasey ex Beal; Bouteloua foenea (Torr.) Torr. ex S. Watson; Bouteloua glandulosa (Cerv.) Swallen; Bouteloua hirsuta f. vivipara Beetle; Bouteloua hirsuta var. glandulosa (Cerv.) Gould; Bouteloua hirsuta var. major Vasey; Bouteloua hirsuta var. minor Vasey; Bouteloua hirsuta var. palmeri Vasey ex Beal; Bouteloua hirsuta var. pectinata (Feath.) Cory; Bouteloua hirta (Kunth) Scribn.; Bouteloua hirta hort. ex Lag.; Bouteloua hirta Scribn. ex Vasey; Bouteloua hirta var. major (Vasey) Vasey ex L.H. Dewey; Bouteloua hirta var. minor Vasey ex L.H. Dewey; Bouteloua hirticulmis Scribn.; Bouteloua palmeri Vasey; Bouteloua papillosa (Engelm.) Torr.; Bouteloua pectinata Feath.; Chloris hispida P. Durand; Chondrosium hirsutum (Lag.) Sweet; Chondrosum aschenbornianum Nees; Chondrosum drummondii E. Fourn.; Chondrosum foeneum Torr.; Chondrosum hirsutum (Lag.) Sweet; Chondrosum hirsutum Sweet; Chondrosum hirsutum var. glandulosum (Cerv.) R.W. Pohl; Chondrosum hirtum Kunth; Chondrosum papillosum (Engelm.) Torr.; Erucaria glandulosa Cerv.; Erucaria hirsuta Cerv.; Erucaria longifolia Cerv.; Eutriana hirta (Kunth) Trin.) (named for the American (California) (b. in Germany) botanist Henry Nicholas Bolander, 1831 (or 1832)–1897, plant collector (California), ca. 1867–1872 with Albert Kellogg (1813–1887), 1873–1874 with Albert Kellogg et al. (California), Bolander was a friend and correspondent of Charles Léo Lesquereux (1806–1889), author of A catalogue of the plants growing in the vicinity of San Francisco. San Francisco 1870. See J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 212. 1965; S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 448. 1973; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933; J. Ewan, ed., A Short History of Botany in the United States. New York and London 1969; W.L. Jepson, in Erythea, a Journal of Botany, West American and General. 76: 100–107. Berkeley, CA 1898; J. Lanjouw and F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collectors A-D. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954) North America, USA, Guatemala. Perennial, densely or loose­ ly caespitose, dense, erect or decumbent, forming clumps, occasionally stoloniferous, panicle branches extending beyond the base of the terminal spikelets, spikelets with 1 bisexual floret and 1–2 rudimentary florets, glumes acuminate or awn-tipped, forage, open areas, along roadsides, dry rocky soil, dry sandy soil See Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4): 141. 1805, De Quibusdam Chloridis Speciebus 17, 22. Monspelii 1808, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 176–177, t. 59. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium 2: 419. 1817, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 240. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 293. 1825, Sweet’s Hortus Britannicus 455. London 1826, American Journal

Bouteloua Lag. Poaceae (Gramineae)

of Science 46: 104. 1843, Linnaea 19(6): 692. 1847, Notes of a Military Reconnoissance 153, t. 12. 1848 [Emory, William Hemsley (1811–1887), Notes of a military reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California: including part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. Washington, 1848], Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana 300. 1853, Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de historia natural] 1: 347–348, 350. 1870, Catalogue of Plants 18. 1874, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 137. 1886, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 14: 9. 1887, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences xxii: 531. 1887, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Botany. Bulletin 12(1): t. 39, f. 2–3. 1890, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 2(3): 531. 1894, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 417. 1896 and Circular, Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture 30: 4–5. 1901, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 372. 1912, Botanical Gazette 91: 103, f. 1–4. 1931, Rhodora 38(455): 405. 1936, North American Flora 17(8): 621. 1939, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66: 394. 1979, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 60(2): 320. 1979, Phytologia 54(1): 1. 1983, Novon 2(2): 102. 1992, Taxon 50: 850. 2001 (Sacred, ceremonial.) in English: hairy grama in Mexico: navajita velluda, navajitas Bouteloua simplex Lag. (Actinochloa humilis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Actinochloa procumbens (P. Durand) Roem. & Schult.; Actinochloa prostrata (hort. ex Lag.) Roem. & Schult.; Actinochloa simplex (Lag.) Roem. & Schult.; Actinochloa tenuis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Atheropogon humilis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Spreng.; Atheropogon procumbens (P. Durand) J. Jacq.; Bouteloua brachyathera Phil.; Bouteloua humilis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Hieron.; Bouteloua humilis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Hack. ex Sodiro; Bouteloua procumbens (P. Durand) Griffiths; Bouteloua prostrata hort. ex Lag.; Bouteloua pusilla Vasey; Bouteloua rahmeri Phil.; Bouteloua simplex var. actinochloides Henrard; Bouteloua simplex var. rahmeri (Phil.) Henrard; Bouteloua tenuis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Griseb.; Bouteloua tenuis var. humilis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Griseb.; Chloris filiformis Poir.; Chloris procumbens P. Durand; Chloris tenuis Poir.; Chondrosium humile Kunth; Chondrosium simplex (Lag.) Kunth; Chondrosium tenue P. Beauv. ex Kunth; Chondrosum humile P. Beauv. ex Kunth; Chondrosum humile P. Beauv.; Chondrosum procumbens (P. Durand) Desv.; Chondrosum procumbens Desv. ex Beauv.; Chondrosum procumbens (P. Durand) Desv. ex P. Beauv., nom. illeg., non Chondrosum procumbens (P. Durand) Desv.; Chondrosum prostratum (Lag.) Sweet; Chondrosum prostratum (hort. ex Lag.) Sweet; Chondrosum prostratum (hort. ex Lag.) Kunth, nom. illeg., non Chondrosum prostratum (hort. ex Lag.) Sweet; Chondrosum simplex (Lag.) Kunth; Chondrosum tenue P. Beauv. ex Kunth; Chondrosum tenue P. Beauv.; Cynodon procumbens (P. Durand) Raspail; Erucaria

Bowenia Hook. ex Hook.f. Boweniaceae (Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae)

lutescens Cerv.; Eutriana humilis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Trin.; Eutriana tenuis (P. Beauv. ex Kunth) Trin.) North and South America, USA, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru. Annual, erect, decumbent, leaf sheaths smooth, panicle branches straight and arching, 1 bisexual floret and 1–2 rudimentary florets, glumes acute or acuminate, lowest lemmas 3-awned, stout compressed awns, forage, weed species, grows on rocky open slopes, disturbed places See Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4): 141. 1805, De Quibusdam Chloridis Speciebus 16, 22. 1808, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 188. 1810, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 2: 237. 1811, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 1: 41, 158, t. 9, f. 7. 1812, Eclogae Graminum Rariorum 2: 16, t. 12. 1813, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 175–176, t. 56–57. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium 2: 417–419. 1817. Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 5: 614. 1817, De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 239–240. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 293. 1825, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 303. 1825, Hortus Britannicus 1: 455. 1826, Révision des Graminées 1: 94. 1829, Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de historia natural] 1: 349. 1870, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 259. 1874, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 303. 1879, Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina 4: 495. 1882, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 11: 6. 1884, Anales de la Universidad Central del Ecuador 3(25): 481. 1889, Verzeichniss der von Friedrich Philippi auf der Hochebene der Provinzen Antofagasta und Tarapacá gesammelten Pflanzen 85. Leipzig 1891 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 14(3): 364, f. 27. 1912, Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 40: 65–66. 1921, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66: 404. 1979, Great Basin Naturalist 50: 74. 1990 (Infusion used internally and externally for sore throat. Ashes applied to sores.) in English: mat grama, matted grama in Mexico: navajita simple, navajita anual

Bowenia Hook. ex Hook.f. Boweniaceae (Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae) After the Irish-born Right Hon. Sir George Ferguson Bowen, 1821–1899 (Brighton, Sussex), in 1854 Chief Secretary for the Ionian Islands, Governor successively of Queensland, New Zealand, Victoria, Mauritius, and Hong Kong, in 1887 to Malta, wrote Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus: a diary of a journey from Constantinople to Corfu. London 1852, The Federation of the British Empire. A paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute. London 1886, Ithaca in 1850. London 1854 and Thirty years of Colonial Government. A

639

selection from the despatches and letters of … Sir G.F. Bowen … Edited by Stanley Lane-Pool. London 1889; see Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. 89: t. 5398, 6008. 1863 and Pathologia Veterinaria 5(1): 26–34. 1968, American Journal of Botany 68: 1114. 1981, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191: 1410–1412. 1987, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 57: 200–206. 1990. Bowenia serrulata (W. Bull) Chamb. (Bowenia serrulata Chamberlain; Bowenia spectabilis var. serrulata W. Bull) Australia. See Catalogue de l’Établissement Horticole de Louis van Houtte à Gand 4: t. 5. 1878, A Retail List of New Beautiful & Rare Plants offered by William Bull 1878 and Botanical Gazette (London) 54: 419. 1912 (Very poisonous to cattle, cycad neurotoxicity, causing staggers syndrome in cattle.) in English: byfield fern Bowenia spectabilis Hook. ex Hook.f. (Bowenia spectabilis Hook.; Bowenia spectabilis Hook.f.) Australia. See Botanical Magazine 89: t. 5398. 1863 (Poisonous to stock, cycad neurotoxicity, causing staggers syndrome in cattle.) in English: zamia fern in Australia: chiroo, gunyoo, ja-yur, julbin (Aboriginals name)

Bowiea Harvey ex Hook.f. Hyacinthaceae (Liliaceae, Asparagaceae) After the English (b. London) Kew gardener James Bowie, circa 1789–1869 (Claremount, Cape Town), botanical collector, he wrote “Sketches of the botany of South Africa.” S. Afr. Quart. J. 1: 27–36. 1830 (A list of 209 Cape plants); see Botanical Magazine 93: t. 5619. 1867 and John Hutchinson, A Botanist in Southern Africa. 623–624. London 1946, A.M. Coats, The Quest for Plants. 263–265. London 1969, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 101–102. Cape Town 1981, Harold B. Carter, Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820). A Guide to Biographical and Bibliographical Sources. 476–479 and 501. Winchester 1987, Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) “Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist.” Strelitzia 14: i-vi, 1–1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. 2003. Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook. f. (Bowiea kilimandscharica Mildbr.; Bowiea volubilis Harv.; Bowiea volubilis Hook. f.; Ophiobostryx volubilis (Harv.) Skeels; Ophiobostryx volubilis (Harv. ex Hook. f.) Skeels; Schizobasopsis volubilis (Harv.) J.F. Macbr.; Schizobasopsis volubilis (Harv. ex Hook.f.) J.F. Macbr.)

640

Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Tropical Africa, S. Africa. Perennial, fleshy, climber, slender, twining and sprawling, trailing, branched, depressedglobose scaly bulb, strap-shaped basal leaves, branched flower stem, small yellow-green flowers, fruits 3-angled, seeds flattened, scented of sour musk, tepals and stamens accrescent and green See Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 223: 45. 1911, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 202. 1934, Nordic Journal of Botany 7: 53–65. 1987, Nordic J. Bot. 15: 601. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71(1–2): 281–292. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97(1): 107–115. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): 139–142. 2006 (Entire plant poisonous, toxic if large quantities eaten; not to be eaten, containing cardiac glycosides, internal use not safe, not recommended; contact with bulb can cause irritation of wet skin. Cardiotonic, laxative, irritant, emetic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal, used externally for edema, dropsy, ascites, headache, infertility, sterility, venereal diseases. Rodenticide.) in English: climbing onion, climbing potato, climbing sea onion, sea onion, South African climbing sea onion, Zulu potato in Southern Africa: umagaqana, umGaqona

gifisila,

igibisila,

knolklimop,

in Swaziland: gibizisila

Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. Poaceae (Gramineae) Latin brachium, ii (bracchium) ‘the arm, the forearm’, referring to the shape of the grass or to the racemes, arm-like; Greek brachion; serious taxonomic problems and relationships between Brachiaria, Panicum and Urochloa, particularly difficult to separate from Panicum L. and from a number of other genera, Brachiaria has been nearly completely reduced to Urochloa P. Beauv., see also Panicum L. and Urochloa P. Beauv., see Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Flora Graeca 1(2): 44, t. 59. 1808, De Graminibus Paniceis 51, 125, 266. 1826, Mémoires de l’ Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 3: 233. 1834, C.F. von Ledebour, Flora Rossica sive enumeratio plantarum in totius imperii Rossici provinciis Europaeis, Asiaticis et Americanis hucusque observatarum. 4: 469. Stuttgartiae, E. Schweizerbart, 1842–1853, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 184. 1877, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853–61 2: 193–194. 1899 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1923(9): 315. 1923, Cytologia 19: 97–103. 1954, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 58–59, 60–61. 1983, Taxon 34: 159–164, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154. 1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 161–162. 1987, Canad. J. Bot. 65: 2297–2309. 1987, Bothalia 18: 119–122. 1988, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 866–873. 1988, Journal of

Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143, 147–148. 1990, Cytologia 56: 437–452. 1991 [about some Kashmir grasses…, by K.K. Koul and R.N. Gohil], O. Morrone & F.O. Zuloaga, “Sinopsis del género Urochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) para México y America Central.” Darwiniana 32(1–4): 59–75. 1993, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775–783. 1994, Taxon 45: 319–320. 1996, J.F. Veldkamp, “Brachiaria, Urochloa (Gramineae - Paniceae) in Malesia.” Blumea 41: 413–437. 1996, Taxon 47: 869. 1998, Taxon 48: 376. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1988–1992, 1993–2012. 2001, Am. J. Bot. 90: 796–821. 2003, Austrobaileya 6(3): 572. 2003, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 46: 141–143, 629–634. 2003. Brachiaria eruciformis (J.E. Sm.) Griseb. (Brachiaria erucaeformis (Sm.) Griseb.; Brachiaria eruciformis (Sibth. & Sm.) Griseb.; Brachiaria isachne (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Stapf; Brachiaria isachne (Roth) Stapf; Brachiaria poaeoides sensu Cufodontis, non Stapf; Echinochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Koch; Echinochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Rchb.; Milium alternans Bubani; Moorochloa eruciformis (Sm.) Veldkamp; Panicum anisostachium Bojer; Panicum caucasicum Trin.; Panicum cruciforme Sibth. ex Roem. ex Schult.; Panicum eruciforme Sm.; Panicum isachne Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Panicum isachne var. mexicana Vasey ex Beal; Panicum pubinode Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Panicum wightii Nees; Urochloa eruciformis (Sm.) C. Nelson & Fern. Casas) (Latin eruca, ae, ancient name for a caterpillar and for Brassica eruca L., see Plinius, L. Junius Moderatus Columella, Q. Horatius Flaccus, M. Valerius Martialis) India, Sri Lanka, Mediterranean region, Pakistan, Kenya, Namibia, Swaziland, Sudan, Egypt, Tanzania, Uganda, South Africa. Annual, stoloniferous, loosely tufted, slender, fine, delicate, soft, spreading, creeping, geniculately ascending, prostrate or decumbent at the base and often rooting at the lower nodes, valuable pioneer grass, forage, palatable or relatively palatable, low grazing value, best time to feed in the flowering stage, invasive weed species, one of the worst weeds of cropping See Fl. Graeca 1(2): 44, t. 59. 1806, Syst. Veg. 2: 426, 458. 1817, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 458. 1819, Species Graminum 3: t. 262. 1829–1830, Flora Germanica Excursoria 3: 45. 1833, Hortus Mauritianus 364. 1837, Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae 29. 1841, Linnaea 21(4): 437. 1848, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 363. 1850, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359. 1864, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano 5: 317. 1873, Henry Trimen (1843–1896), A Systematic Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous to or Growing Wild in Ceylon 104. Colombo 1885, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 114. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 133. 1900, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 552. 1917, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 36–37. 1920, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 318. 1931, Grasses of Ceylon 142. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 283. 1960, Fontqueria 51: 4. 1998, Reinwardtia 12(2): 139. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda. Found to increase the milk yield.)

641

Brachyglottis Forst. & Forst.f. Asteraceae

in English: signal grass, summer grass, sweet signal grass, sweet summer grass

(Used in Sidha/Siddha. Ash of the plant applied as an ointment on burns.)

in Mauritius: mehenki

in English: browntop millet

in India: antu garike hullu, chimpigyan hullu, chinari, chinwari, domakalu gaddi, guhria, khariu, loidan siput, sarpot, sarput, seprut, sheput, shimpi, shimpigyan hullu, sipi, tiliya, tuvara

in Portuguese: pé-de-galinha

in Somalia: kule-kule, kulekule

in Nigeria: baadeho, kanarin doki

in Southern Africa: kgalane, kgolane, khalane, litjiesinjaalgras, litjiesrysgras, soetgras, soetlitjiesrysgras, umfisane, umkraut armgras

in Senegal: gae rid, ndugup i mpiti

in Sudan: um sileika Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf (Brachiaria regularis (Nees) Stapf; Brachiaria regularis var. nidulans (Mez) Täckh. & G. Täckh.; Echinochloa ramosa (L.) Roberty; Panicum arvense Kunth; Panicum brachylachnum Steud.; Panicum breviradiatum Hochst.; Panicum canescens Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Panicum cognatissimum Steud.; Panicum nidulans Mez; Panicum pallidum Peter; Panicum patens Bojer, nom. illeg., non Panicum patens L.; Panicum petiveri var. puberulum Chiov.; Panicum ramosum L.; Panicum sorghum Delile ex Steud.; Panicum supervacuum C.B. Clarke; Urochloa ramosa (L.) R.D. Webster; Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q. Nguyen; Urochloa supervacua (C.B. Clarke) Noltie) Tropics of Old World. Annual, variable, loosely tufted, branching, spreading, erect or geniculate, ascending, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, grown as a cereal, edible grains used in preparing traditional foods, palatable, grazed, straw and grains readily eaten by baboons and cattle, bird feed, a weed of cultivation, closely related to Brachiaria deflexa (Schumach.) C.E. Hubb. ex Robyns, can be confused with Brachiaria villosa See Mantissa 29–30. 1767, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 457. 1817, De Graminibus Paniceis 144. 1826, Révision des Graminées 2: 391, t. 109. 1831, Hortus Mauritianus 365. 1837, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 58, 62, 69. 1854, Flora 38: 195. 1855, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 24(164): 407–408, f. A-E. 1888 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 140. 1900, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 34(1): 136. 1904, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 302–303. 1908, Fl. Trop. Africa 9(3): 542–544. 1919, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1923(2): 315. 1923, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen N, f. 13(2): 45. 1928, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 319. 1931, Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Egyptian University 17: 432. 1941, Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain 398. 1954, Bull. Inst. Franc. Afr. Noire, Sér. A, 17: 64, 1955, Grasses of Ceylon 144. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 284. 1960, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 13. 1966, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 49(4): 380. 1983, The Australian Paniceae (Poaceae) 251. 1987, Blumea 41: 427. 1996, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 56(3): 394–395. 1999

in Niger: garaji, garza, garzahy, ishibaen, ishiban, kreb, pagguré

in India: anda korra, bennaki hullu, benne akki hullu, chama pothaval, chapar, chapsura, dhraman, eduru gaddi, kaadu baragu hullu, makra, murat, pala pul, sanam pul in Indonesia: au kawunga, rebha pereng-perengan

Brachyglottis Forst. & Forst.f. Asteraceae From the Greek brachys ‘short’ and glossa ‘a tongue’, referring to the ligulate corollas of the ray florets, see Charact. Gen. 91, t. 46. 1776 and Fl. New Zealand 1: 757. 1961. Brachyglottis repanda Forst. & Forst.f. (Brachyglottis repanda Forst.) New Zealand. Small shrub, white felt covering the underside of the leaves, flower heads in branching clusters of small white daisy florets, leaves used as a substitute for toilet paper See Char. Gen. Pl. 46. 1775 and New Zealand J. Bot. 11(4): 743. 1973 (Poisonous to stock, causing staggers; wild honey found near this plant is very poisonous. Leaves antiseptic, placed over the wounds, applied to boils as a poultice.) in English: potato fern, the bushman’s friend Maori name: pukapuka, rangiora, wharangi

Brachylaena R. Br. Asteraceae Greek brachys ‘short’ and chlaena, chlaenion ‘cloak’, the involucre is usually shorter than the florets, see Observations on the Natural Family of Plants called Compositae 115. 1817, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 12(1): 75–142. 1817 (publ. 25 Feb 1818) and Kirkia 7: 121–136. 1968. Brachylaena discolor DC. (Brachylaena natalensis Sch. Bip.) South Africa. Shrub or small tree, evergreen, silvery-blue, dense, spreading, single or multi-stemmed, hairy leaves silvery-white, nectar rich creamy-white flowers grouped together in large terminal panicles, male and female flowers borne on separate trees, leaves very bitter and unpalatable, bee tree See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 430. 1836, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 2: 972. 1843

642

Brachystegia Benth. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae, Leguminosae)

(Leaves infusion a tonic for intestinal parasites, diabetes, to treat kidney conditions, for chest pain. Roots infusion an enema to stop bleeding of the stomach. Magic, ritual, roots and stem.) in English: coast silver leaf, coast silver oak in Southern Africa: bosvaalbos, iPhahla, isiPhaluga, kreukelboom, kusvaalbos, lepelboom, mphahla, muAkawura, muPasa, phahla, umDuli, umPhahla, vaalbos Brachylaena ilicifolia (Lam.) E. Phillips & Schweick. (Baccharis ilicifolia Lam.; Brachylaena ilicifolia Phill. & Schweick.; Brachylaena racemosa (Thunb.) DC.; Brachylaena racemosa (Thunb.) Less.; Brachylaena racemosa Less.; Tarchonanthus racemosus Thunb.) South Africa. See Bothalia iii. 212. 1937 (Veterinary medicine, leaves for diarrhea.) in English: small bitter-leaf in Southern Africa: bitterblaar, fynbitterblaar, iGqeba, umgqheba, umPhahla

Brachystegia Benth. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae, Leguminosae)

& Trans. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 43: 16 (sphalm. Hopkinson). 1951, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21: 253–277. 1987 (Roots decoction for sterility, infertility, impotence, stomachache; bark infusion laxative, for constipation, lumbago.) in English: Prince of Wales’ feathers, Prince of Wales’ feathers tree in Malawi: mombo in Southern Africa: muFuti, muPfute, muPfuti, umvombo in Tanzania: chifula, mnyenye, mvomaro, myombo, myombro in Zimbabwe: chabela, itshabela, muFute, mfuti, mupfuti, muPombo, umTshabela Brachystegia eurycoma Harms Tropical Africa. Tree See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 424. 1913 (Seeds and leaves anthelmintic.) in Cameroon: ekop naga in Nigeria: akolodo, okwein; akolodu (Yoruba); okwen (Edo); eku (Ishan); akpakpa (Ijaw); achi (Igbo); ukung (Efik); etare (Ekoi); kepuruk (Boki) in Yoruba: akolo, eku, ojiji itakun

The name is based on Greek brachys ‘short, flattened’ and stege, stegos ‘roof, cover’, possibly referring to the small bracteoles, see Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(2): 582. 1865 [19 Oct 1865].

Brachystegia laurentii (De Wild.) Louis ex Hoyle (Brachystegia laurentii (De Wild.) Hoyle; Brachystegia laurentii (De Wild.) Louis ex J. Léonard; Macrolobium laurentii De Wild.)

Brachystegia boehmii Taub. (Brachystegia boehmii var. katangensis (De Wild.) Hoyle; Brachystegia ferruginea De Wild.; Brachystegia ferruginea var. angustifoliolata De Wild.; Brachystegia ferruginea var. interrupta De Wild.; Brachystegia ferruginea var. querrei De Wild.; Brachystegia ferruginea var. robynsii De Wild.; Brachystegia filiformis Hutch. & Burtt Davy; Brachystegia flagristipulata Taub.; Brachystegia hopkinsii Suess.; Brachystegia katangensis De Wild.; Brachystegia malengensis De Wild.; Brachystegia woodiana Harms) (the specific name after the German botanical collector Richard Boehm, 1854–1884, see Von Sansibar zum Tanganjika. Briefe aus Ostafrika. Mit einer biographischen Skizze herausgegeben von Herman Schalow. Mit dem Bildniss Böhm’s und einer Uebersichtskarte. Leipzig 1888)

Cameroon, Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree

Angola, Botswana. Perennial non-climbing tree, manybranched, crown flat-rounded, many-branched terminal or axillary pubescent to tomentose panicles, woody pod See Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C (1895) 197–198. 1895 and Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 4, [1(3)]: 204. 1903 [1902–1903 publ. Jan 1903], Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923, 150. 1923, Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Sér. B xlviii. Compt. Rend. 73. 1928, Contrib. Fl. Katanga, Suppl. 2, 47, 55. 1929, Proc.

See Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 3: 461. 1952 (A remedy for severe cough. Veterinary medicine.) in Cameroon: leke in Congo: bokumbo, bomanga, laanga, manga, mu’ulu, mubangu, mukulu, muti-a-milim in Gabon: andoung, nzobeu Brachystegia nigerica Hoyle & A.P.D. Jones Nigeria. Perennial non-climbing tree See Kew Bulletin 2(1): 68–71. 1947, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 5: 313–319. 2003, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2: 444–447. 2003, Environmental Practice 7(4): 246–256. 2005, African Journal of Food Science 3(1): 7–10. 2009 (Growth of the edible medicinal mushroom Lentinus squarrosulus (M.) Singer on sawdust.) Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. (Brachystegia appendiculata Benth.; Brachystegia bragaei Harms; Brachystegia edulis Hutch. & Burtt Davy; Brachystegia euryphylla Harms; Brachystegia hockii De Wild.; Brachystegia itoliensis Taub.;

643

Brachystelma R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

Brachystegia lujae De Wild.; Brachystegia lujae De Wild. ex Hutch. & Burtt Davy; Brachystegia lujai De Wild.; Brachystegia mpalensis Micheli; Brachystegia mpalensis Micheli var. latifoliolata De Wild.; Brachystegia oliveri Taub.; Brachystegia randii Baker f.; Brachystegia spiciformis var. kwangensis Hoyle; Brachystegia spiciformis var. latifoliolata (De Wild.) Hoyle; Brachystegia spiciformis var. mpalensis (Micheli) Hoyle; Brachystegia spiciformis var. schmitzii Hoyle; Brachystegia taubertiana Hutch. & Burtt Davy; Brachystegia trijuga R.E. Fr.; Brachystegia venosa Hutch. & Burtt Davy) Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrubby, short trunk, flat spreading crown, bark dark brown and smooth, racemes of small fragrant white greenish flowers, woody pods, bee forage, good fodder See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 25(2): 312–313, t. 42. 1865 [30 Nov 1865], Naturl. Pflanzenfam. iii. 3. (1894) 387. 1894, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C (1895) 197. 1895, Compt. Rend. Soc. Bot. Belg. 36: 73. 1897, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 37: 433. 1899 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 30: 82. 1901, Annales du musée du Congo. Série 1, Botanique IV, 1: 45. 1902 [Etud. Fl. Katang. 45. 1902], Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 512. 1913, Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exped. 1911–1912 1: 65. 1914, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923(4): 150, 157–158, 162. 1923, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 21: 361. 1951, Fl. Congo-Belge Rwanda-Burundi 3: 453, 456. 1952, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68: 551, 557. 1981

of the Australasian Asclepiadaceae. I. Brachystelma Sims in Australia.” Nuytsia. 6(3): 285–294. 1988, P.I. Forster, “Correction and further notes to Studies of the Australasian Asclepiadaceae. I. Brachystelma Sims in Australia.” Nuytsia. 7(2): 123–124. 1990. Brachystelma barberiae Harv. ex Hook. f. (Brachystelma barberae Harv. ex Hook.f.; Ceropegia barberiae Hook. f.; Dichaelia barberiae (Harv. ex Hook. f.) Bullock; Dichaelia barberiae Bullock) (for the artist Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Barber, née Bowker, 1818–1899, d. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, in 1845 she married Frederick William Barber, 1813–1892, her brother was Colonel James Henry Bowker, 1822–1900.) South Africa. Perennial caudiciform herb, dwarf, discshaped underground tuber, watery sap, many-flowered head a cage-like structure, corolla lobes united into a cage dark crimson on the inside, greenish yellow outside, rotting smell of the flowers, follicles, tubers eaten and a source of water See Bot. Mag. 92: t. 5607. 1866 and Kew Bulletin 1953: 359. 1953 (Used for headache, stomachache and colds in children.) in South Africa: platvoetaasblom

Bragantia Lour. Aristolochiaceae See Fasciculus plantarum cum novis generibus et speciebus 6. 1771, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 508, 517, 528. 1790.

(Roots to treat dysentery, diarrhea and stomach problems; a decoction applied as an eyewash for conjunctivitis.)

Bragantia corymbosa Griff. (Thottea corymbosa (Griff.) Ding Hou)

in English: bean-pod tree, msasa tree, rough plant

Malay Peninsula.

in East Africa: gondwa, igonda, igonde, iGondi, mchenga, messassa, mputi mrihi, mriti, msasa, mundu, mupuchi, muputi, muputu, musasa, musewe, mutatsa, mutsiwa, mutuya, myombo, umBuze

See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 19(4): 335. 1845 and Blumea 27(2): 320. 1981

in Malawi: kamponi in Southern Africa: iMsasa, msasa, muGuzhe, muSasa, muSatsa, muTsatsa in Tanzania: mfumbu, miombo, mjombo, mtondo, mtondoro, mtundu

Brachystelma R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) Greek brachys ‘short, flattened’ and stelma, stelmatos ‘a girdle, belt, crown, garland, wreath’, alluding to the coronal processes; see Species Plantarum 1: 214–217. 1753, Botanisches Wörterbuch 1: 31. 1797, J. Sims, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. 49: t. 2343. 1822, Gen. S. African Pl. ed. 2 241. 1868 and Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 87–88, 102. Cape Town 1981, Robert Allen Dyer (1900–1987), Ceropegia, Brachystelma and Riocreuxia in Southern Africa. Rotterdam 1983, P.I. Forster, “Studies

(Roots given to pregnant women.) Malayan name: akar julang bukit

Brahea Mart. ex Endl. Arecaceae (Palmae) For the Danish astronomer Tycho (Tyge, Ticone) Brahe, 1546–1601 (d. Prague), see Genera Plantarum 252. 1837, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 243. 1838, Geological Survey of California, Botany 2: 211–212. 1880 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5: 236–237. 1915, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 196–299. 1958. Brahea armata S. Watson (Brahea armata var. microcarpa Becc.; Brahea clara (L.H. Bailey) Espejo & López-Ferrari; Brahea elegans (Franceschi ex Becc.) H.E. Moore; Brahea glauca hort. ex Hook.f., nom. nud.; Brahea glauca Hook.f.; Brahea lucida Hook.f.; Brahea nobilis Hook.f.; Brahea roezlii Linden; Erythea armata S. Watson; Erythea armata (S. Watson) S. Watson; Erythea armata var. microcarpa Becc.; Erythea clara L.H. Bailey; Erythea elegans Franceschi ex

644

Becc.; Erythea roezlii (Linden) Becc. ex Martelli; Erythea roezlii (Linden) Becc.; Glaucothea armata (S. Watson) O.F. Cook; Glaucothea elegans (Franceschi ex Becc.) I.M. Johnst.) Mexico. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 146–147. 1876, Bot. California 2: 212. 1880 [Geological Survey of California, Botany.], Ill. Hort. 28: 38. 1881, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1882: 64. 1884 and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 239. 1915, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 12: 993. 1924, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 13: 320. 1931, Gentes Herb. 6: 197. 1943, Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Baileya 19: 168. 1975, Sida 15(4): 617. 1993, Pharmazie. 61(12): 1034–1037. 2006 [Phenolics from extracts of Brahea armata with inhibitory effect against 5α-reductase type-II.] (Ceremonial.)

Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planchon Araliaceae

(Bark used as tonic drug, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, to treat rheumatism and back pain, to promote urination and assist in lactation; bark juice taken for digestion and to alleviate constipation; bark paste to treat bone fractures and sprains. Crushed leaves kept in bed to drive out bed bugs. Extracts of the leaves were found to inhibit aromatase.) in China: luo san in India: arti-sam-phru in Nepal: kalo chuletro, seto chuletro Brassaiopsis speciosa Decne. & Planch. var. hirta C.B. Clarke (Brassaiopsis glomerulata var. hirta (C.B. Clarke) Mahesw.) India. Tender bitter leaves eaten See The Flora of British India 2: 737. 1879 and Bulletin of the Botanical Society of India 2: 375. 1960

in English: blue fan palm, blue hesper palm, grey goddess, Mexican blue fan palm, Mexican blue palm, short blue hesper, short blue hesper palm

(Leaves with rice to cure diarrhea, stomachache, throat pain.)

Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planchon Araliaceae

Brassica L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Like the genus Brassaia Endl., see Rev. Hort. [Paris]. Sér. IV, iii. 106. 1854.

From brassica, ae, the Latin classical name for cabbage (Plinius, T. Maccius Plautus); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 666–668. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 299. 1754, Genera Plantarum 237. 1789, Outlines of Botany 854, 1093, 1123. 1835, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 24: 416. 1838 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 354–380. 1946, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 35(1): 99–106. 1948. All these vegetables are capable of forming toxic quantities of SMCO, a chemical that can cause hemolytic anemia in livestock. These plants also contain glucosinolates, which can cause goiter. In general, these widely used vegetables are safe for human consumption. Cases of livestock poisoning occur when they are used almost exclusively as fodder for animals. SMCO is most abundant in young leaves and growing points. There is some confusion in the literature about mustards.

Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Blume) Regel (Acanthopanax esquirolii H. Lév.; Aralia glomerulata Blume; Brassaiopsis acuminata H.L. Li; Brassaiopsis coriacea W.W. Smith; Brassaiopsis glomerulata var. angustifolia Y.R. Li; Brassaiopsis glomerulata var. brevipedicellata H.L. Li; Brassaiopsis glomerulata var. coriacea (W.W. Smith) H.L. Li; Brassaiopsis glomerulata var. longipedicellata H.L. Li; Brassaiopsis gracilis Hand.-Mazz.; Brassaiopsis liana Y.F. Deng; Brassaiopsis speciosa Decne. & Planchon; Hedera floribunda Wallich ex G. Don, nom. illeg.; Hedera glomerulata (Blume) DC.; Macropanax glumerulatus (Blume) Miquel) South and SE Asia. Small tree or large shrub, branches prickly, palmate digitate leaves, small white-greenish flowers in glomerulous heads, inflorescence terminal, subglobose fruits crowned by persistent style See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 15: 872– 873. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 265. 1830, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 394. 1834, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 764. 1855, Wochenschrift für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 2: 365. 1859, Gartenflora 12: 275, pl. 411. 1863, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2(22): 292. 1864 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 24(294): 143. 1914, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 10(46): 11. 1917, Sinensia 3(8): 197. 1933, Sargentia; continuation of the contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 2: 57–58, f. 9. 1942, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 24(5): 604. 2002, Phytochemistry Letters 2(1): 29–33. 2009

in India: tago

Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain (Brassica rapa L. subsp. sarson (Prain) Denford; Brassica rapa var. sarson (Prain) Mehrotra & Aswal) India. See Agric. Ledger 5: 24 (tt. 5–7). 1898 and Bot. Not. 128: 456. 1975, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 6: 587. 1985 (Oil from the seeds depurative, used as massage on chest for cough and cold. Ceremonial, seeds used in marriage ceremony.) in India: sarsav, sarson Brassica carinata A. Braun (Brassica carinatua A. Brown; Brassica integrifolia (West) Rupr.; Brassica integrifolia (West.) O.E. Schulz, nom. illeg., non Brassica integrifolia

645

Brassica L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

(H. West) Rupr.; Brassica integrifolia var. carinata (A. Braun) O.E. Schulz; Sinapis integrifolia West; Sinapis integrifolia Willd.) Kenya, Ethiopia. Erect herb, often branched, yellow flowers borne in a long terminal inflorescence, capsule, small seeds, oil crop, leaves used as a vegetable, fodder for livestock, seeds to feed birds, a weed of cultivation, unclear taxonomic position and doubtful origin See Bidrag til Beskrivelse over Ste Croix … 296. 1793, Flora 24: 267. 1841, Flora Ingrica 1: 96. 1860 and Symbolae Antillarum 3(3): 509–511. 1903 (Seed to treat stomachache; seeds oil used for rubbing on the skin.) in English: Abyssinian cabbage, Abyssinian mustard, African cabbage, Ethiopian cabbage, Ethiopian kale, Ethiopian mustard, Ethiopian rape, texsel greens in Ethiopia: gomen zer in Kenya: chinkongonyira, likabichi lya manyonyi kandhira, kanzira-sukuma Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Brassica integrifolia O.E. Schulz; Brassica integrifolia (H. West) O.E. Schulz, nom. illeg., non Brassica integrifolia (H. West) Rupr.; Brassica juncea (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson; Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.; Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., nom. illeg., non Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.; Brassica juncea var. crispifolia L.H. Bailey; Raphanus junceus (L.) Crantz; Raphanus junceus Crantz; Sinapis integrifolia H. West; Sinapis integrifolia Walp.; Sinapis juncea L.) Cosmopolitan, Western and Central Asia. Erect, annual to biennial herb, glabrous See Species Plantarum 2: 666–669. 1753, Bidrag til Beskrivelse over Ste Croix … 296. 1793, Consp. Pl. Charc. 8. 1859, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 6: 609–610. 1860 [1859 publ. Jan 1860], J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 170. 1861, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 1: 91. 1891 and Symbolae Antillarum (Urban). 3(3): 509– 511. 1903, Cat. Fl. Austriae 2: 238. 1957, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 40: 727–734. 1975, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 63: 117. 1976, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Taxon 31: 587–589. 1982, Oil Crops of China 1985(1): 11–14. 1985, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 9(1): 59–65. 1987, Can. Vet. J., 30: 524. 1989, Fenwick, G.R., Heaney, R.K., Mawson, R. Glucosinolates. Pages 1–41 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. II. Glycosides. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA. 1989, Journal of August 1st Agricultural College 16(4): 26–31. 1993, Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University 13(2): 111–117. 1994, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 32(1): 41–48. 1994 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. This plant can contain large quantities of toxins that are common to the genus

Brassica. Acute mustard seed toxicosis in beef cattle; oil cake poisonous to cattle. Anodyne, febrifuge, antidysenteric, aperient, diuretic, stomachic, emetic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic and rubefacient. Leaves applied to the forehead to relieve headache; leaves eaten in soups to treat bladder inflammation or hemorrhage. Seeds to treat abscesses, colds, arthritis, tumours, footache and sores, lumbago, rheumatism and stomach disorders; seed paste smeared on the forehead for headache; powdered or roasted seeds eaten for stomach pain; oil used against skin eruptions and ulcers; seeds decoction given in indigestion, cough; seed paste. Odor repellent to mosquitoes. Veterinary medicine, roots given to cows to promote milk production; crushed seeds to promote reproduction. Magico-religious beliefs, ritual, ceremonial, seeds used to perform rites to ward off evil eyes and spirits on children and cattle.) in English: brown mustard, Chinese mustard, common Indian mustard, Dijon mustard, Indian mustard, Japanese greens, kai choy, leaf mustard, mustard cabbage, mustard greens, ostrich-plume, sarepta mustard, southern cole, swatow mustard in Malawi: mpiru in Nigeria: laulau in Tanzania: haradali, mastadi in Zimbabwe: tsunga in China: jie cai, gaii-choi, kai-tsoi in India: aasuri raai, abba, acuri, aim, aintaicceti, aiyavi, am, aritam, arkkam, asur, asuri, attavattanati, avalu, aviyam, ayacuri, ayyam, ayyavi, badshahirai, barirai, barlai, caracapam, caracapika, carasapam, carasapikai, carsapam, carucapam, carucapikam, carukam, carupam, caruppam, cavakam, cerukatuku, cetacam, cilapa, cinam, citari, cittaratti, cittarttam, cittitacceti, cittitam, cotakku, cotaku, cukkumapattiram, gohnasarson, han-lahik, icikar, iciyar, intuvakikam, irattaraci, irecakakuna, jatilai, kacavam, kadugu, kaduka, kaduku, kadula, kali mohari, kali sarson, karantam, karung kadugu, katamvatam, katippakai, katiyakai, katu, katugu, katuku, kauri, kempu saasive, kevura, khasrai, kirusappam, kiruttinai, ksavaka, ksujjanika, kurkevu, lai, laya, mantalicitam, mohari, mutaiyal, nallaturavam, nattai, nattukkatuku, nuskar, pallan, patai, pivali rai, pivali siras, punnakikam, putanacan, putanacanam, raai, raajikaa, racakuna, rai, raisarisha, rajasarsapa, rajica, rajika, rayan, rayi, roghan sarson, samsvel, sarisa, sarsapah, sarson, sarson sarsonlahi, sarsva, sasam, sasive, sasivey, sasuve bili, shahzadarai, siddartha, siddarthaka, siddhartha, siddharthaka, siras, tai, tantukam, tantunapam, tantupam, tiksna gandha, tikshnagandhaa, tiksnagandha, tittakantam, urocanai, urocani, urocaniyam, urokani, valivin, vicitaki, vicitti, vimpatam in Pakistan: jambo Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. juncea (Brassica argyi H. Léveillé; Brassica cernua (Thunberg) F.B. Forbes & Hemsley;

646

Brassica integrifolia (West) O.E. Schulz; Brassica japonica (Thunberg) Siebold ex Miquel; Brassica juncea subsp. integrifolia (West) Thellung; Brassica juncea var. crispifolia L.H. Bailey; Brassica juncea var. foliosa L.H. Bailey; Brassica juncea var. gracilis M. Tsen & S.H. Lee; Brassica juncea var. integrifolia (Stokes) Sinskaya; Brassica juncea var. japonica (Thunberg) L.H. Bailey; Brassica juncea var. longidens L.H. Bailey; Brassica juncea var. longipes M. Tsen & S.H. Lee; Brassica juncea var. multiceps M. Tsen & S.H. Lee; Brassica juncea var. multisecta L.H. Bailey; Brassica juncea var. rugosa (Roxburgh) Kitamura; Brassica juncea var. strumata M. Tsen & S.H. Lee; Brassica juncea var. subintegrifolia Sinskaya; Brassica lanceolata (DC.) Lange; Brassica napiformis (Paillieux & Bois) L.H. Bailey var. multisecta (L.H. Bailey) A.I. Baranov; Brassica rugosa (Roxburgh) L.H. Bailey; Brassica taquetii H. Léveillé; Brassica willdenowii Boissier; Raphanus junceus (Linnaeus) Crantz; Sinapis cernua Thunberg; Sinapis chinensis Linnaeus var. integrifolia Stokes; Sinapis cuneifolia Roxburgh; Sinapis integrifolia West; Sinapis japonica Thunberg; Sinapis juncea Linnaeus; Sinapis lanceolata DC.; Sinapis patens Roxburgh; Sinapis ramosa Roxburgh; Sinapis rugosa Roxburgh) Cosmopolitan. See Species Plantarum 2: 666–669. 1753, Bidrag til Beskrivelse over Ste Croix … 296. 1793, Consp. Pl. Charc. 8. 1859, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 6: 609–610. 1859, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 23: 47. 1886, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 1: 91. 1891 and Symbolae Antillarum 3(3): 509–511. 1903, Hortus Sinicus 2: 26. 1942, Cat. Fl. Austriae 2: 238. 1957, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 40: 727–734. 1975, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 63: 117. 1976, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Taxon 31: 587–589. 1982, Oil Crops of China 1985(1): 11–14. 1985, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 9(1): 59–65. 1987, Journal of August 1st Agricultural College 16(4): 26–31. 1993, Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University 13(2): 111–117. 1994, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 32(1): 41–48. 1994 (Used in Unani. This plant can contain large quantities of toxins that are common to the genus Brassica. Acute mustard seed toxicosis in beef cattle. Plant anodyne, antidysenteric, aperient, diuretic, stomachic, emetic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic and rubefacient. Seeds mixed with fruits of Cuminum cyminum and ground, mixed with water and given for constipation; seed oil for toothache, whooping cough, arthritis, bone fracture.) in China: jie cai in India: rai, roghan rai Brassica napus L. (Brassica campestris subsp. napus (L.) Hook. f.; Brassica campestris var. napus (L.) Bab.; Brassica carinata A. Brown var. saharensis A. Chev.; Brassica napobrassica DC. ex H. Lév.; Brassica napobrassica Hegetschw.;

Brassica L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Brassica napobrassica (L.) Mill.; Brassica napobrassica Mill.; Brassica oleracea var. napobrassica L.; Brassica rugosa (Roxb.) L.H. Bailey; Brassica rugosa Prain) China, Eastern Mediterranean and West Asian region. Erect, annual to biennial herb, golden yellow flowers, purplishblack seeds used to feed birds, young plants used as vegetable, often difficult to distinguish from Brassica rapa See Species Plantarum 2: 666–669. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Fl. Schweiz 658. 1839, Flora 24(1): 267. 1841 and Bengal Pl. 1: 220. 1903, Monde Pl. sér. 2, 12: 25. 1910, Taxon 31: 128, 587– 589. 1982, Oil Crops of China 1985(1): 11–14. 1985, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 24: 268–272. 1986, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 9(1): 59–65. 1987, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 11: 275–278. 1989, Genome 33: 131–142. 1990, Genome 35: 583–589. 1992, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 32(1): 41–48. 1994, Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University 13(2): 111–117. 1994, Acta Genetica Sinica 23(2): 124–130. 1996, Acta Genetica Sinica 23(4): 315–321. 1996, Plant Biology 1: 529–537. 1999 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Toxicity occurs from glucosinolates and erucic acid, in the seeds; enteritis, bloody diarrhea, abortifacient. Roots juice emollient, diuretic, anticatarrhal, used in coughs, catarrh and bronchitis. Oil from the seeds used to dissolve gallstone, to warm skin and to counter skin irritation. Seed paste applied in pyorrhea; a poultice of seeds with roots of Moringa oleifera is applied on rheumatic pain and covered with leaves of Ricinus communis. Veterinary medicine, whole plant preparations externally applied to abscesses, mammary abscesses.) in English: coleseed, colza, field mustard, Indian rape, mustard, oilseed rape, rape, rape kale, rapeseed, rutabaga, swede rape in India: antam, baga sariah, boga sariha, hanggam, kaali sarson, kattaka, katusneha, krishna-sarshapa, lai, pachhaavaalu, pila-sarson, pilirai, raajakshavaka, rakshogna, raya sarson, sarsapa, sarson, siddhaartha, siddhaartha-sita, siddhaarthaka, swet-rai, tantubha, tori, tukhm-i-shalgham in Nepal: sarsoo, tori in East Africa: sukuma wiki in Tanzania: nakasikero in Mexico: coo nagati castilla, goo gati, guu yati castilla in Tunisia: left, navet Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch (Brassica nigra (L.) Andrz.; Brassica nigra W.D.J. Koch; Brassica nigra L.; Brassica nigra subsp. nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch; Brassica sinapioides Roth ex Mert. & W.D.J. Koch; Brassica sinapioides Roth; Brassica sinapoides Roth; Crucifera sinapis E.H.L. Krause; Melanosinapis nigra (L.) Calest.; Mutarda nigra (L.) Bernh.; Mutarda nigra Bernh.; Sinapis nigra L.; Sisymbrium nigrum (L.) Prantl)

647

Brassica L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Asia Minor, Iran, Mediterranean. Many-branched annual herb See Species Plantarum 2: 668. 1753, Laicharding, Johann Nepomuk von (1754–1797), Manuale botanicum sistens plantarum Europearum characteres generum, specierum differentias, nec non earum loca natalia. Oeniponte & Lipsiae, Apud Michaelem Aloysium Wagner, 1794, Systematisches Verzeichnis (Bernhardi) 184, 197. 1800, J.C. Röhlings Deutschlands Flora 4: 713–714. 1833, Exkursionsflora für das Konigreich Bayern 222. 1884 and Deutschlands Flora, Abtheilung II, Cryptogamie 6: 131. 1902, Nuova Flora Analitica d’Italia 15: 384. 1908, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 937–983. 1938, Fl. Il. Entre Ríos 6(3): 358–362, 370–389, 392–414. 1987 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaf paste applied to boils, cuts and wounds; leaf juice applied all over the body, sun-dried and taken in a bath for body itching. Spoonful of oil emetic, larger doses produce violent gastro-intestinal irritation. Mustard baths to treat skin ailments, arthritis and rheumatism. Seeds diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, irritant and stimulant; seed powder mixed in castor oil dropped in ear to relieve earache; seed infusion to cure sore throat and to relieve bronchitis and rheumatism. Veterinary medicine, crushed seeds applied on the sprain.) in English: black mustard, brown mustard, cadlock, scurvy, senvil, warlock

See Species Plantarum 2: 667. 1753, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 396. 1790 and Smith, R.H. “Kale poisoning: the Brassica anemia factor.” Vet. Rec., 107: 12–15. 1980, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 100: 332. 1989 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Drastic hemolytic anemia occurs when these plants form exclusive fodder for livestock. Leaves anticarcinogenic, to treat gout and rheumatism; seeds diuretic, laxative, stomachic and anthelmintic.) in English: broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cabbage turnip, calabrese, cauliflower, coleslaw, collard, headed cabbage, Jersey long jacks, kale, kohlrabi, leaf cabbage, sprouting broccoli, Tronchuda cabbage, wild cabbage in China: ye gan lan in India: aele kosu, antakkocu, antakocu, bandh gobhi, bandhakabi, bandhgobhi, bantgopi, cakacilakacceti, cakacilakam, dalamalani, dalasarini, ele kosu, fulgobi, ganth gobhi, gedde kosu, gos, hookosu, karam-sag, karamkalla, kebuka, kechuka, keluta, kembu, kembukah, kemuka, kemukh, knolkhol, kob, kobi, kobi-gaddi, kocu, kocukkiri, kocumuttai, kos, kosapuvvu, kosuguddae, kovicu, kovicukirai, kovikkirai, kovippu, kyabaej, kyabej, manoratacceti, manoratam, matanakkocu, matanam, melliyakocu, mottakkusu, mudde kosu, muttaikkocu, navil kosu, nulkolkilanku, patagobi, pechuka, pichuni, polini, supatra, swadukanda, swalpavitapa, yele kosu

in Arabic: khardal, libdan, libsan, lifsan, lisban

Maori name: kapeti

in Brazil: mostarda-preta

in Kenya: kabici

in Mexico: xaa guiña castilla

in Tanzania: kabichi, kabichu, sukuma wiki

in Hawaii: makeke in China: hei jie in India: ana, aslrai, asuri, atitikshva, avalu, banarasi raai, banarasirai, banarsi-rae, betta sasive, bhutaghnah, bilesasive, ghorrai, jagrai, jwalanti, jwalatprabha, kadagu, kadugu, kaduka, kali rai, kalirai, kalorai, kappu saasiva, karee saasive, kari saasive, karisasive, karisasivey, karun katuku, katuasuri, katuku, katusnehah, khardal, khardal siyah, kharool, khirdal, khurdal, krimika, krishnasarshapa, krishnika, kshava, kshavaka, kshudhabhijanikshnagandha, kshujjanika, kshutabhijanaka, kshutaka, lahi, madhurika, makra-rai, makrarai, mohori, naula avalu, raai, raajika, rai, raji, rajika, raktasarshapa, raktika, sarsapah, sarshaf, sarshap, sarshapa, sarshapah, sasive, siddharthah, sorshey, taramira, tira in Philippines: mustasa in Tibetan: skye tshe, yungs-nag in Vietnam: c[ar]i den, h[aws]c gi[ows]i Brassica oleracea L. (Brassica oleracea Lour.) Europe. Erect, glabrous, herb, erect, cooked or stir-fried vegetable

Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC. India. Annual herb with yellow flowers See Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 583. 1821 and Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978 (Leaves crushed and applied to boils.) in English: bore cole, cole, colewort, collards, flowering cabbage, kale in China: yu yi gan lan in India: haak Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. (Brassica botrytis (L.) Mill.; Brassica botrytis Mill.; Brassica botrytis DC. ex H. Lév.; Brassica cauliflora Garsault; Brassica cretica convar. botrytis (L.) G. H. Loos; Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Metzg.; Brassica oleracea subvar. cauliflora (Garsault) DC.) China, India. See Species Plantarum 2: 667. 1753, Les Figures de Plantes et Animaux d’Usage en Médecine, Décrit[es] dans la Matiére Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy 2: t. 179. 1764, The Gardeners

648

Dictionary: … eighth edition n. 3. 1768 and Monde des Plantes; revue mensuelle de botanique 12: 24. 1910, Genét. Ibér. 28: 197–204. 1976, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Taxon 31: 587–589. 1982, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 268–272. 1986, Floristische Rundbriefe 7: 124. 2004, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 97: 205–216. 2006 (Poultice.) in English: broccoli, cauliflower in China: hua ye cai in India: phulgobhi Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. (Brassica capitata (L.) H. Lév.) India. Fodder for livestock See Species Plantarum 2: 667. 1753 and Monde des Plantes; revue mensuelle de botanique 12: 24. 1910, Genét. Ibér. 28: 197–204. 1976, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Oil Crops China 1985(1): 11–14. 1985, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 9(1): 59–65. 1987, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32(1): 41–48. 1994 (Fresh juice given for bleeding piles.) in English: cabbage, savoy, savoy cabbage in China: gan lan in India: band-gobi, bandhgobhi Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. (Brassica caularapa Pasq.; Brassica caulorapa (DC.) Pasq.; Brassica caulorapa DC. ex H. Lév.; Brassica gongylodes Mill.; Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg.; Brassica oleracea var. caulorapa DC.) China, Himalaya. See Species Plantarum 2: 667. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition n. 8. 1768, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 586. 1821, Catalogo del Real Orto Botanico di Napoli 17. 1867 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 354– 380. 1946, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Taxon 31: 587–589. 1982, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 268–272. 1986, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 97: 205–216. 2006 (Stimulant, aphrodisiac, tonic.) in English: kohlrabi in China: pie lan in India: ganth gobhi Brassica rapa L. (Brassica campestris L.; Brassica campestris race rapa (L.) Samp.; Brassica campestris subsp. rapa (L.) Hook. f.; Brassica campestris var. purpuraria L.H. Bailey; Brassica campestris var. rapa (L.) Hartm.; Brassica chinensis L. var. pekinensis Benth.; Brassica dubiosa L.H. Bailey; Brassica napella Chaix; Brassica pechinensis (Lour.) Rupr.; Brassica petsai Bail.; Brassica purpuraria

Brassica L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

(L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey; Brassica rapa subsp. campestris (L.) Clapham; Brassica rapa var. campestris (L.) Clapham; Brassica rapa var. campestris (L.) Peterm.; Brassica rapa var. communis (L.) Schübl. & G. Martens; Brassica rapa var. purpuraria Kitam.; Brassica rapa var. typica (L.) Posp.; Brassica rutabaga Druce; Brassica sativa var. rapa (L.) Clavaud; Crucifera rapa (L.) E.H.L. Krause; Gorinkia campestris (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl; Napus campestris (L.) Schimp. & Spenn.; Napus rapa (L.) Schimp. & Spenn.; Raphanus rapa (L.) Crantz; Sinapis rapa (L.) Brot.) Eastern Mediterranean to Pakistan and Eastern China. The taxonomy of Brassica rapa is confused See Species Plantarum 2: 666–669. 1753, Flora Lusitanica 1: 586. 1804, Flora Cechica 140–141. 1819, Flora Friburgensis 3: 939, 941. 1829, Handbok i Skandinaviens Flora 110. 1854 and Deutschlands Flora, Abtheilung II, Cryptogamie 6: 31, 137. 1902, Fl. Brit. Isles ed. 2 124. 1962, Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 40: 727– 734. 1975, CIS Chromosome Inform. Serv. 20: 32–33. 1976, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 63: 117. 1976, Taxon 26: 557– 565. 1977, Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise de Sciences Naturelles 101: 95–106. 1978, Le Naturaliste Canadien 106: 451–461. 1979, Taxon 29: 358–360. 1980, Taxon 31: 587–589. 1982, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 71(3-VI): 90–91. 1984, Oil Crops China 1985(1): 11–14. 1985, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 24: 268–272. 1986, Taxon 36: 627. 1987, Benevenga, N.J., Case, G.L., Steele, R.D. “Occurrence and metabolism of s-methyl-l-cysteine and s-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide in plants and their toxicity and metabolism in animals.” Pages 203–228 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. III. Proteins and Amino Acids. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA. 1989, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 11: 275–278. 1989, Genome 33: 131–142. 1990, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 116–118. 1990, Genome 35: 583–589. 1992, J. August 1 Agric. Coll. 16(4): 26–31. 1993, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 32(1): 41–48. 1994, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 80(2): 87–90. 1995, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999, Cytologia 70: 447–454. 2005, Breed. Sci. 55: 127–133. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. These plants can accumulate toxic quantities of SMCO (S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), which has poisoned several types of livestock after they have ingested sufficient quantities. Stimulant, diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, antidote, used externally for bronchitis and rheumatic pains. Crushed seeds infusion for liver pain; powdered seeds a tea for colds, fever and influenza; a decoction of the leaves or stems used in the treatment of cancer; fresh juice from bulb of Allium cepa and oil from Brassica campestris given to drink as an emetic in snakebite; seeds of Raphanus sativus boiled with Brassica campestris oil massaged on penis to cure impotency. Insecticide. Ritual, magico-religious beliefs, emotional, spiritual, seeds to avoid evil spirits; seeds used in birthday celebrations. Veterinary medicine, given to cows after delivery for the removal of placenta; leaf juice applied over wounds.)

649

Breonadia Ridsdale Rubiaceae

in English: bird rape, bird’s-rape, bird’s-rape mustard, bok choi, bok choy, braze, caisim, caisin, celery cabbage, Chinese cabbage, field mustard, mustard, neep crops, pak-choi, petsai, petsai, rape, rapeseed, turnip, turnip rape, white turnip, wild rape, wild turnip Maori name: pohata in China: song cai, huang ya bai cai, man jing, wu jing in India: an-tam, antam, aunkar, bangasarson, baralai, bhutaghana, bimbata, dain, dainlai, duradharsha, grahagna, grnjanakam, grunjanakam, jadiya, jariya, kadamba, kadambada, kadambaka, kadugu, kala-sarshapa, kalamohare, kalasarshapa, kalerai, kalisarson, kappusasoe, karupakatuka, karuppukkadugu, katukasveha, katusneha, katusveha, khardale-asvad, khardaleasvad, khetiya, lahi, lahota, lai, nalla avalu, nallaavalu, niuma, nuskar, rajakshavaka, rajika, rakshitaphala, rakta-sarshapa, raktasarshapa, roghan sarson, salgam, sarishapa, sarsapa, sarshapa, sarsive, sarson, sarsoon, shalgam, shalgom, sherasa, shulgam, siddhaartha, siddharthah, sidhaprayojana, sidhartha, sipandane-siyah, sipandane siyah, sorshey, tantubha, tantuka, til gogul, tukhm shalijam, tukhm shaljam, tuverika, ugragandha in South Laos: bat huy (bat = weeds or edible herbs) (people Nya Hön)

flowers in compound axillary spherical heads, yellow-brown fruiting heads, infructescences composed of numerous separate fruits, on rocky river bank, medium- and low-altitude riparian vegetation, in shade, on sandy soil by river See Species Plantarum 1: 95, 105–108. 1753, Symbolae Botanicae … 2: 45. 1791, Flora Chilena 3: 180. 1848, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 80. 1852, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 67. 1853, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 40. 1877, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20: 137. 1882, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 378. 1895, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2386. 1895, Cat. Afr. Pl. 1: 434. 1898 and Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 11–12: 95. 1908, Blumea 22: 549. 1975, Kew Bulletin 36: 860. 1982, Kew Bull. 38: 85. 1983, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4: 10. 2008 (Bark for stomach problems and as children’s tonic, bark soaked in water to prevent influenza and fever; a wash of the bark infusion a remedy for kwashiorkor and a protection against witches; stem bark anthelmintic; bark boiled with Ocimum leaves a remedy for headache. Bitter roots used to treat vertigo, chewed for colic. Leaves febrifuge. Wood used during traditional ceremonies, purification rites. Veterinary medicine, to treat livestock diseases.)

in Tibetan: nyung-ma, yun ba, yums kar, yuns-dkar

in English: African teak, Rhodesian redwood, Transvaal teak, wild oleander

in Congo: loundif

in Ethiopia: erba

in South Africa: beesraap, raap, sweissoldeer, wilde raap

in Madagascar: soaravy, sohihy in Nigeria: kadanyar rafi

Breonadia Ridsdale Rubiaceae The generic name probably after Jean Nicolas Bréon, 1785– 1864, plant collector in Mauritius, author of Catalogue des Plantes cultivées aux Jardins Botanique et de Naturalisation de l’Ile Bourbon par N. Bréon. Saint-Denis, Ile Bourbon 1825; see J. Lanjouw and F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II, Collectors A-D. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 2. 1954, Fl. Trop. E. Africa 415–747. 1988. Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood (Adina galpinii Oliver; Adina lasiantha K. Schum.; Adina lasiantha var. parviflora Hochr.; Adina microcephala (Del.) Hiern; Adina microcephala var. galpinii (Oliv.) Hiern; Adina spathellifera (Baker) Oliv.; Breonadia microcephala (Del.) Ridsdale; Breonadia salicina var. galpinii (Oliv.) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood; Cephalanthus coriaceus K. Schum.; Cephalanthus spathellifer Baker; Cephalanthus spathelliferus Baker; Galium proliferum A. Gray; Nauclea microcephala Del.; Nauclea verticillata Baill.; Nerium salicinum Vahl) (Adina from the Greek adinos ‘clustered, plentiful’, in allusion to the clustered flowers) Trop. & S. Africa. Shrub or tree, evergreen, single trunk, irregular canopy, verticillate coriaceous leaves green with pinkish patches on both sides, inconspicuous small fragrant yellowish

in Southern Africa: basterkiaat, matome, matumi, mingerhout, mohlomê, umfomfo, water matumi, watermatoemie; muOnya, muWana, muWona (Shona); umHlume, umFula (Zulu); Thlume, umHlume (Swazi); mhlume (Tsonga); mohlome (North Sotho); mutu-lume (Venda)

Breonia A. Rich. ex DC. Rubiaceae See Herb. Amb. 3: 36, t. 19. 1743, Mémoire sur la famille des Rubiacées 21, 157–158, 210. 1830, Prodr. 4: 620. 1830, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 477. 1885, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 276, 296. 1891, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 1: 277. 1893 and Taxon 19: 468–480. 1970, Blumea 22(3): 545–546. 1975, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89(1): 1–37. 2002. Breonia chinensis (Lam.) Capuron (Anthocephalus chinensis Hassk.; Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) Hassk., nom. illeg.; Anthocephalus indicus A. Rich.; Anthocephalus indicus var. macrophyllus Pierre ex Pit.; Bancalus cuspidatus Kuntze; Bancalus cuspidatus (Baker) Kuntze; Breonia citrifolia (Poir.) Ridsdale; Breonia coriacea Havil.; Breonia mauritiana Havil.; Breonia richardiana Havil.; Breonia richardiana (Baill.) Havil.; Cephalanthus chinensis Lam.; Cephalidium citrifolium (Poir.) A. Rich.; Cephalidium

650

Brexia Noronha ex Thouars Celastraceae (Brexiaceae, Escalloniaceae, Grossulariaceae, Saxifragaceae)

citrifolium A. Rich.; Nauclea citrifolia Poir.; Sarcocephalus richardianus Baill.; Sarcocephalus richardii Drake) Madagascar. Tree, fast growing, cylindrical bole, spreading branches, flowering heads terminal solitary, flowers in dense ball-like clusters, corolla yellow to orange, fruitlets fleshy See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 678. 1785, Encycl. (Lamarck) 4(2): 435. 1798, Mémoire sur la famille des Rubiacées 21, 157. 1830, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, v. 238, 290. 1834, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. (Walpers) 2: 491. 1843, Flora 28: 231. 1845, Adansonia 12: 312. 1879, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 276. 1891, Hist. Phys. Madagascar 36: t. 457. 1897, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 33: 35–36. 1898 and Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 33. 1922, Adansonia, n.s., 13: 472. 1973 [1974], Blumea 22(3): 545. 1975, Adansonia, sér. 3. 21(1): 93–95. 1999 (Used in Ayurveda. Bark scraped and mixed with water along with the scraped bark of Dysoxylum variabile Harms to treat severe boils. Bark febrifuge, tonic, astringent, for dysentery, snakebite; a paste of bark or root said to decrease fertility in women; bark juice given to treat syphilis. Leaves decoction for gargling in stomatitis, aphthae; extract of fresh leaves or powdered leaves with water given to children against intestinal worms; a poultice from the pounded leaf applied to the chest for fevers. For malaria, smear the leaves with coconut oil, heat, and apply hot to the abdomen.) in English: Chinese anthocephalus, common bur-flower tree in Brunei: bangkal, kaatoan bangkal in East Asia: kadam, kaddam, kedam, laran in India: apathyada mara, arisina thaega, atuthekku, bale, banphar, begada, dhaaruja kaare, dieng sohalngpathi, etthakada, halipriya, hellthaega, helthige, kaada balige, kada pode, kadabolige, kadaga, kadaha, kadahada, kadahada mara, kadam, kadamb, kadamba, kadamba mara, kadambah, kadambakamu, kadambam, kadambamu, kadambaryya, kadambe, kadambole, kadambu, kadamchal, kadappai, kadava, kadaval, kadavala, kadavara, kadayaala, kaddabailu, kadimi, kadubale, kadubalige, kaduve, kadvala, kadwal, kalamb, kalampam, kalempayan, kapam, karanapurakkiyam, karnapuraka, karnapurakam, katamba, katampa, katampacivam, katampai, katampam, katampamaram, katampu, katappai, katappaimaram, katappam, katarvayura, kathambu, katousjaka, kattuccakka, kattuchakka, kodawaala, kodeyaala, kodivaala, kokalamaram, kokali, kola aiyila, kolayilal, kuccitam, kutsitangah, kuyilenamaram, laungchu-araung, mi bol, mogulu kadimi, neepamu, neeronje, neerpaala kadambamu, nhiv, nipa, niv, peddakambo, prenkhanamu, priyaka, priyakamu, rudraakshakamba, thole, vrattapuspa in Indonesia: emajang, jabon, kelampajang, laran in Malaya: kelampayan, kelapayan, kelempai, kelempayan, kelempoyan, kelepayan, kelumpang, kelumpong, kempoyan, kepayang kayu, laran, lempayang, lempoyan, selimpoh in Nepal: kadam

in Papua New Guinea: gaping in Philippines: kaatoan bangkal in Sabah: laran in Sarawak: selimpoh in Thailand: krathum, krathum bok, takoo in Tibet: ka da mba, ka da mpa in Vietnam: c[aa]y g[as]o, c[af] tom, g[as]o tr[aws]ng

Brexia Noronha ex Thouars Celastraceae (Brexiaceae, Escalloniaceae, Grossulariaceae, Saxifragaceae) Greek brecho ‘to rain’, brexis ‘rain’, referring to the large and coriaceous leaves, see Genera Nova Madagascariensia 20. 1806, A Voyage to Terra Australis 2: 554. 1814 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 80: 198–214. 1933, Adansonia, Sér. 3 26(1): 67–81. 2004. Brexia madagascariensis (Lam.) Ker Gawl. (Brexia acanthifolia Noronha; Brexia acanthifolia Noronha ex Tul.; Brexia amplifolia Noronha; Brexia amplifolia Noronha ex Tul.; Brexia chrysophylla Sweet; Brexia digyna Noronha ex Tul.; Brexia digynia Noronha; Brexia heterophylla Noronha ex Bojer; Brexia heterophylla Bojer; Brexia madagascariensis Thou. ex Ker Gawl.; Brexia madagascariensis Thouars; Brexia madagascariensis var. mossambicensis Oliv.; Brexia microcarpa Tul.; Brexia ovatifolia Noronha; Brexia ovatifolia Noronha ex Tul.; Brexia serrata Presl; Brexia spinosa Lindl.; Brexia spinosa Spreng.; Brexia spinosa Colla; Clavija serrata (Hoffmanns.) Mez; Theophrasta serrata Hoffmanns.; Thomassetia seychellana Hemsl.; Thomassetia seychellarum Hemsl.; Venana madagascariensis Lam.) Madagascar. Shrub or small tree, much-branched, dense, evergreen, thick leathery leaves, flowers in loose branched clusters beside leaves, spreading thick fleshy curling backwards petals pale yellow or green-white, woody fibrous fruits, dark seeds, ripe fruit edible, along the coasts, edges of saline water, swamp forest, mangrove swamps See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 9, t. 730. 1823, Hortus Mauritianus 52. 1837 and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 28: t. 2736. 1902 (Roots boiled and the liquid drunk to treat stomachache and yaws.) in Madagascar: voakarepokala, voalava, voambilanona, voananana, voantalanona, voatalagna, voatalegny in Tanzania: mfukufuku, mfurugudu, mkurufu, mkuvufu, mpumbuti

651

Breynia Forster & Forster f. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Breynia Forster & Forster f. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

var. pubescens Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa rhamnoides var. pubescens Müll.Arg.)

In honor of the naturalist Jacob (Jakob) Breyne (Breynius), 1637–1697, merchant in Danzig and botanical collector, and his son Johann Philipp Breyne, 1680–1764, botanist and physician in Danzig. See J.R. Forster and J.G.A. Forster, Characteres generum plantarum. 145–146, t. 73. (Nov.) 1775, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 98. 1777, Linnaea 32: 74. 1863, P. MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical collectors at the Cape.” Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xxxiii-xxxiv. 1884–1886 and H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 138. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 249. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 52. 1972, Kew Bulletin 26: 191–363. 1972, Gilbert Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa. 2, 75, 86. 1982, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 49. 1988, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 73(2): 155–281. 2002, Chayamarit, K. & Van Welzen, P.C. Euphorbiaceae (Genera A-F). Flora of Thailand 8(1). The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok. 2005.

Thailand. Shrub or treelet, flowers dull pinkish-white

Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll. Arg. (Breynia cernua var. acutifolia (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Breynia cernua var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Breynia rubra (Blume) Müll.Arg.; Breynia rumpens J.J. Sm.; Melanthesa cernua (Poir.) Decne.; Melanthesa cernua var. acutifolia Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa rubra Blume; Phyllanthus blumei Steud.; Phyllanthus cernuus Poir.; Phyllanthus ruber Noronha, nom. nud.)

New Caledonia, Vanuatu. Shrub or treelet, evergreen, membranous green-white-red variegated leaves, flowers green

Malesia to New Guinea, Australia, Northern Territory. Shrub or treelet, small flowers green-yellow and white, fruit a pink spherical berry, very variable species See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 298. 1804, Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 483. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 439. 1866 and International Journal of Pharmacognosy 30: 185–190. 1992, Fitoterapia 79(5): 370–373. 2008 (Antibacterial and antifungal, leaves, stem and root barks and heartwoods. Bark infusion taken for dysentery. Leaves used for local anaesthesia and treating tropical ulcers or sores, poultice of hot leaves applied to relieve body pains; leaves decoction used to wash a child with malaria; leaf sap drunk to soothe coughs; pounded leaves applied to swollen legs.) in Indonesia: gamer, gembiran, imer in Papua New Guinea: giligili, nohonil, pil pil, pilpil, pipi-il, pipul, ziziling in Philippines: bagbagotot, matang-ulang, tintug Breynia discigera Müll.Arg. (Breynia rhamnoides var. pubescens (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa racemosa

See Linnaea 32: 73–74. 1863, Prodr. 15(2): 440–441. 1866, Fl. Br. India 5: 331. 1887 and Kew Bull. 26: 225. 1972, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 73. 1973, Thai For. Bull. 28: 75. 2000, Fl. Thailand 8(1): 134. 2005 (Leaves used in poultices to relieve kidney disorders.) in Malaysia: katut selaya, katut selayer, saga monyit, semelit jekok in Thailand: kraduk kai dum Breynia disticha J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Breynia axillaris Spreng.; Breynia disticha fo. nivosa (W. Bull) Croizat ex Radcl.-Sm.; Breynia disticha var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Breynia disticha var. neocaledonica (Baill.) Müll. Arg.; Breynia nivosa (Bull) Small; Breynia nivosa (W.G. Sm.) Small; Breynia nivosa var. roseopicta (Regel) F. Br.; Breynia rubra (Blume) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa neocaledonica Baill.; Melanthesa neocaledonica var. forsteri Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus nivosus W. Bull; Phyllanthus nivosus W.G. Sm.; Phyllanthus nivosus roseopictus Regel; Phyllanthus sandwicensis var. hypoglaucus H. Lév.)

See Char. Gen. Pl. 146, pl. 73. 1775, Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 92. 1815, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 591. 1826, Adansonia 2: 240. 1862, Linnaea 32: 74. 1863, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 438–439. 1866, Catalogue of New Beautiful and Rare Plants offered by William Bull. London 9. 1873, Floral Magazine: Comprising Figures and Descriptions of Popular Garden Flowers, n.s. 3: pl. 120. 1874, Gartenflora 28: 21. 1879 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 37(10): 516. 1910, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 124. 1911, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 130: 137. 1935, Kew Bulletin 35(3): 498. 1980 (Antiplasmodial.) in English: foliage flower, Hawaiian leaf flower, Hawaiian snow bush, ice plant, leaf flower, snow bush in Bolivia: arbolito de navidad in Japan: takasago-koban-no-ki Breynia fruticosa (L.) Hook.f. (Andrachne fruticosa L.; Breynia fruticosa (Müll.Arg.) Hook.f.; Breynia fruticosa (L.) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa chinensis Blume; Melanthesa glaucescens Miq.; Melanthesopsis fruticosa Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis fruticosa (L.) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis lucens Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis lucens (Poiret) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus introductus Steud.; Phyllanthus lucens Poiret; Phyllanthus simsianus Wall., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus turbinatus Sims)

652

Breynia Forster & Forster f. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

China, Vietnam. A shrub or tree, erect, small flowers, young shoots edible

Blume; Melanthesa reclinata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa rhamnoides var. hypoglauca Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis fruticosa Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis lucens Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus racemifer Steud.; Phyllanthus reclinatus Roxb.; Phyllanthus rhamnoides Bojer ex Müll.Arg.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 981–982, 1014. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum 145, pl. 73. 1775, Botanical Magazine 44: pl. 1862. 1816, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 590, 592. 1826, Linnaea 32: 74–75. 1863, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 437. 1866, The Flora of British India 5(14): 331, in obs. 1887 and J. Nat. Prod. 70(5): 824–829. 2007 (Roots and leaves used for inflammation of intestine and stomach, sore throat, eczema; leaves decoction an antiseptic wash to clean cuts and sores.) in China: hei mian shen in Thailand: khon ma in Vietnam: b[oof] cu v[ex], d[or] d[oj]t Breynia glauca Craib Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo. Shrub to treelet, papery elliptic leaves, axillary flowers See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 460. 1911 (Depurative, antitoxin, tonic, roots mixed with chicken and eaten by new mothers.) in Thailand: cha sisiat, dap phit, phak wan dang, prik, ra ngap phit Breynia officinalis Hemsley (Breynia accrescens Hayata; Breynia formosana (Hayata) Hayata; Breynia officinalis var. accrescens (Hayata) M.J. Deng & J.C. Wang; Breynia stipitata Müll.Arg. var. formosana Hayata) China, Taiwan. Erect shrubs, small green flowers See Prodr. (DC.) 15(2.2): 442. 1866, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 427. 1894 and Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 3: 430. 1993, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2). Continental Publishing, Deurne. 1996 [as Breynia vitis-idaea.], Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1–4. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2000 [as Breynia vitis-idaea.] (All parts used for asthma, sore throat and eczema.) in China: hong zi zhu in Japan: takasago-koban-no-ki Breynia racemosa (Blume) Müll.Arg. (Breynia acuminata (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Breynia racemosa var. aromatica Airy Shaw; Breynia racemosa var. concolor Müll.Arg.; Breynia racemosa var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Breynia reclinata (Roxb.) Hook.f.; Breynia reclinata Hook.f.; Breynia rhamnoides var. hypoglauca (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Breynia rhamnoides var. hypoleuca (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa acuminata Müll.Arg.; Melanthesa racemosa

Thailand, Borneo. A scandent shrub or tree, straggling to climbing, thorny, rose flowers, small globose fruits See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 669. 1832, Linnaea 32: 74. 1863, The Flora of British India 5: 331. 1887 and Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8: 41. 1980 (Leaves to poultice skin diseases and swellings; leaves decoction for rashes and skin eruptions; leaves juice a postpartum remedy. Bark astringent, hemostatic, useful in rheumatism.) in India: aruni, bili suli in Malaya: asin-asin, jangi padang, kemanchong, lortan haij in Papua New Guinea: musmus in Philippines: karmai, matang-ulang in Thailand: kang pla, kang pla thuan, kangpla Breynia retusa (Dennstedt) Alston (Breynia angustifolia Hook.f.; Breynia hyposauropus Croizat; Breynia microphylla (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Müll.Arg. var. angustifolia (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw; Breynia patens Rolfe; Breynia patens (Roxb.) Rolfe; Breynia patens Benth.; Breynia patens (Roxburgh) Benth.; Breynia patens (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Breynia turbinata (Oken) Cordem.; Breynia turbinata Cordem.; Flueggea retusa (Dennst.) Voigt; Flueggea retusa (Roxb.) Voigt; Flueggea retusa Royle; Melanthesa obliqua Wight; Melanthesa retusa Kostel.; Melanthesa retusa (Dennst.) Kostel.; Melanthesa turbinata (Koenig ex Roxb.) Oken; Melanthesa turbinata Oken; Melanthesa turbinata Wight; Melanthesopsis patens (Roxburgh) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis patens Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis patens var. oblongifolia Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis patens var. turbinata (Oken) Müll.Arg.; Melanthesopsis patens var. vulgaris Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Melanthesopsis variabilis Müll. Arg.; Phyllanthus naviluri Miq. ex Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus patens Roxburgh; Phyllanthus pomaceus Moon; Phyllanthus retusus Dennstedt; Phyllanthus retusus Roxb.; Phyllanthus suffultus Wall., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus turbinatus J. König ex Roxb., nom. illeg.; Sauropus elegantissimus Ridl.) Himalayas, India, China. Shrub or small treelet, small elliptic fleshy leaves with axillary flowers, female flowers on short straight pedicel, capsules 3-lobed subtended by enlarged persistent calyx, flowers and young leaves cooked and eaten See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum 145, pl. 73. 1775, Hort. Bengal. 69. 1814, Schlüssel Hortus indicus malabaricus … 31. 1818, A Catalogue of the Indigenous and Exotic Plants Growing in Ceylon 65. 1824, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 590. 7 Dec 1825–15 Mar 1826, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 666–667.

Breynia Forster & Forster f. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

653

1832, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 327. 1833–1840, Allgemeine Medizinisch-Pharmazeutische Flora 5: 1771. 1836, Allg. Naturgesch. 3(3): 1603. 1841, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 152. 1845, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 5: t. 1897, 1898. 1852, Linnaea 32: 74–75. 1863, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2.2): 437, 442. 1866, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20: 359. 1882, Genera Plantarum 3: 67, 277. 1883, Fl. Brit. India 5: 330. 1887, Fl. Réunion (E.J. de Cordemoy) 348. 1895 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926: 476. 1926, Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Peradeniya 11: 204. 1929, J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 493. 1940, Journ. Arn. Arb. xxxi. 280. 1950, Kew Bulletin 36: 272. 1981

Breynia keithii Ridley; Breynia microcalyx Ridley; Breynia officinalis Hemsley; Breynia officinalis var. accrescens (Hayata) M.J. Deng & J.C. Wang; Breynia rhamnoides (Willdenow) Müll.Arg.; Breynia rhamnoides Müll.Arg.; Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Müll.Arg.; Breynia rhamnoides var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Breynia stipitata Müll. Arg var. formosana Hayata; Melanthesa ovalifolia Kostel.; Melanthesa rhamnoides (Retz.) Blume; Phyllanthus calycinus Wall., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus rhamnoides Willdenow; Phyllanthus rhamnoides Retz.; Phyllanthus sepiarius Roxb. ex Wall., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus tinctorius Vahl ex Baill.; Phyllanthus tristis A. Juss.; Phyllanthus vitis-idea (Burm. f.) D. Koenig ex Roxb.; Rhamnus vitis-idaea N.L. Burman)

(Used in Ayurveda. Plant galactagogue, astringent, spasmogenic; fresh plant juice given as eye drop in eye diseases, conjunctivitis. Roots for meningitis; leaves and roots in pneumonia and cough. Leaves juice for skin inflammation, skin diseases, taken for swollen testicles; leaves mixed with the leaves of Cupania jackiana and Syzygium samarangense pounded and mixed with pig’s blood and applied as analgesic and febrifuge; leaf bud or young leaves made into a paste given for diarrhea; macerated leaves squeezed in water and taken for body pain; leaves smeared in castor oil tied over the sprained part. As febrifuge, leaves of Breynia retusa and Cassia occidentalis pounded in coconut oil and rubbed on the body of child; for reducing swelling and pain in testicles, extract of the leaves of Breynia retusa and Euphoria longan taken orally. Veterinary medicine, leaves crushed with pepper and garlic and the extract given for cough; leaf paste applied to maggots infected sores; leaves given to sheep as a fodder in illness and weakness.) in China: dun ye hei mian shen in India: abodipithuni, asana, bahupraja, bahuprajaa, bahupushpa, bahupuspa, chang-chang, chitki, davadari, dawadaree, devadaari, devadari, devadaru, bilisuli, fanot, jajanga, jirul, kaali kamboi, kaamboji, kalamahomad, kalichikali, kambhi, kamboji, kedakamboi, khedakamboi, kintaipude, kumarbeeja, lapano, medhokotahotoru, mimaishing, nelanelli, parinnirouri, paruniruri, perin-nirouri, peruniruri, pitconk, soh matiar syurang, surasarumi, tella pulicheru in Thailand: kang pla khao, khao chan, khram-nam, na-khothi, phong, ra ngap

India, Indonesia, Sumatra. A shrub or treelet, woody climber See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 61. 1768, Characteres Generum Plantarum 145, pl. 73. 1775, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 580. 1805, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 665. 1832, Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5: 1772. 1836, Numer. List: 7914. 1847, Étude Euphorb. 633. 1858, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 440. 1866, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(177): 427–428. 1894 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 20(3): 22, 23, pl. 2A, 2B. 1904, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 59: 174. 1911, General Index Flora Formosa 65. 1916, Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums 10: 114. 1920, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1932(2): 65. 1932, Taxon 29: 536–537. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 16: 35–45. 1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 20: 162–203. 1985, Fl. Taiwan ed 2, 3: 430. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda. All parts used for the asthma, sore throat, eczema, diarrhea; bark astringent, antiinflammatory, for rheumatism and to stop the bleeding. Leaf juice given after childbirth, a postpartum remedy; leaf paste for boils and skin diseases. Root decoction of Breynia rhamnoides drunk for vomiting and dizziness, and a decoction of leaves of Breynia rhamnoides applied as a wash mixed with Dalbergia pinnata and Myrmeconauclea strigosa. Roots used as a fish poison.) in English: clear sleep vine

Breynia rostrata Merrill

in China: xiao ye hei mian shen

China, Vietnam. Shrubs or rarely trees, evergreen, flowers male and female mixed in axillary clusters, capsules apex beaked, persistent stigmas

in India: aruni, bamari, chttha vaduvu, chuvannaniruri, cuvannaniruri, erraballi, errapulugudu, errapurugudu, ettaballi ettapurugudu, gandupachcheri, gandupacceri, huli, kadunugge, kalisetki, katounirouri, kattuniruri, kattuniruvi, kempuhuli, manippulanji, manipulnatti, nagatipaccari, nagatipachchari, nagetipatcheri, neerpoolan, pagadapu, pagadapurugudu, pamari, pavala poola, pavalappul, pavalappula, pavalapula, pavallapundu, pavilappula, pavizhappula, sangram, sigappuppula, suli, surasaruni, vellari, yellari, yerraballi, yerrapooroogoodoo, yerrapulugudu

See Philipp. J. Sci. 21: 346. 1922, Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica 41(2): 125–127. 2006, Fl. China 11: 207–209. 2008 (Reported to be hepatotoxic.) in China: hui guo hei mian shen Breynia vitis-idaea (N.L. Burman) C.E.C. Fischer (Breynia accrescens Hayata; Breynia formosana (Hayata) Hayata;

in Indonesia: aka lundok demah

654

in Malaysia: hujan panas, semomah, seruyan in Philippines: gungumayi, matang hipon, matang olang, matang saga, matang-ulang, santing, sintug, sungut-olang, tangisan bagio in Thailand: dap phit, kaangplaa thale, kang pla thale, phak wan tua phu, phia fan in Vietnam: c[uf] d[eef]

Brickellia S. Elliott Asteraceae After the Irish physician John Brickell, 1748–1809 (d. Savannah, Georgia, USA), who sent plants to H. Muhlenberg; see Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1662. 1763, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 67. 1817, Llave, Pablo de la (1773– 1833), Novorum Vegetabilium Descriptiones in lucem prodeunt opera Paulli de la Llave et Joannis Lexarza Reip. Mexic. Civ. 1: 9. Méxici, M. Riveram, 1824–1825, S. Elliott, Sketch Botany South Carolina and Georgia. 2(3): 290. 1824[1823], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 138. 1836, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 15: 29. 1880 and Howard Atwood Kelly (1858– 1943) and Walter Lincoln Burrage (1860–1935), Dictionary of American medical biography. Lives of eminent physicians of the United States and Canada, from the earliest times. New York 1928, Sida 3: 331–332. 1969, Phytologia 24: 70. 1972, Brittonia 30(3): 343. 1978. Brickellia cavanillesii (Cass.) A. Gray (Brickellia botterii B.L. Rob.; Brickellia cavanillesii A. Gray; Brickellia rosalesia (DC.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Hemsl.; Brickellia rosalesia Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl.; Brickellia squarrosa (Cav.) B.L. Rob., nom. illeg.; Brickellia squarrosa B.L. Rob. & Seaton; Brickellia squarrosa B.L. Rob.; Eupatorium squarrosum Cav.) Mexico. See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 1(3): 66, t. 98. 1791, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 67. 1817, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 183. 1836, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 85. 1852, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 2(8): 106. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 327. 1891, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 28: 108. 1893 and Memoirs of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 1: 90, 93, f. 70, 72. 1917, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(5): 1481–1482. 1926 (Leaves, stems and flowers infusion cholagogue, to treat diabetes.) in English: brickel-bush Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. (Brickellia grandiflora Nutt.; Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. var. petiolaris A. Gray; Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze; Coleosanthus grandiflorus Kuntze; Coleosanthus

Brickellia S. Elliott Asteraceae

petiolaris (A. Gray) Greene; Eupatorium grandiflorum Hook.; Eupatorium grandiflorum Andre, nom. illeg.) North America. Perennial subshrub, herb See Flora Boreali-Americana 2(7): 26. 1834, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 287. 1840, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 207. 1882, Revue Horticole 54: 384–385, fig. 1882, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 328. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(3): 117–118. 1898 and Amer. J. Bot. 63: 1393–1403. 1976, Taxon 35: 407–408. 1986, Amer. J. Bot. 75: 652–668. 1988, Sida 15: 147–150. 1992, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 581– 592. 1995 (Seeds poisonous, toxic.) in English: tassel-flower, tasselflower brickellbush

Bridelia Willd. Phyllantaceae (Euphorbiaceae) After the Swiss botanist Samuel Elisée von Bridel (afterwards Samuel Elias von Bridel-Brideri), 1761–1828, bryologist, he is best known for his Bryologia universa. Leipzig 1826–1827 and Muscologia recentiorum. Gothae, Parisiis 1797–1803. See Genera Plantarum 384–385. 1789, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 978. 1806, Anleit. Kenntn. Gew. (ed. 2) 2: 887. 1818 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 250. 1965, Airy Shaw, H.K. “The Euphorbiaceae of Siam.” Kew Bulletin 26: 191–363. 1972, Airy Shaw, H.K. The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. Kew Bulletin. Additional Series 4. 1975, Airy Shaw, H.K. “The Euphorbiaceae of Sumatra.” Kew Bulletin 36: 239–374. 1981, Airy Shaw, H.K. “The Euphorbiaceae of Central Malesia (Celebes, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Is.).” Kew Bulletin 37: 1–40. 1983, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 50. 1988, Taxon 45: 337–338. 1996, Taxon 47: 872. 1998, Chayamarit, K. & Van Welzen, P.C. Euphorbiaceae (Genera A-F). Flora of Thailand 8(1): 1–303. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok. 2005, Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A Synopsis of Its Profile, Taxonomy and Bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007. Closely related to Cleistanthus. Bridelia affinis Craib (Bridelia colorata Airy Shaw; Bridelia henryana Jabl.) Thailand, China. Shrubs or small trees, undershrub See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911(10): 456. 1911, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, VIII: 62. 1915, Fl. Hainanica 2: 143. 1965, Kew Bulletin 23: 65–66. 1969, Kew Bulletin 26: 228. 1972, Thai For. Bull. 28: 61. 2000, Higher Pl. China 8: 22. 2001, Fl. Yunnan. 10: 74. 2006 (Leaves used for traumatic injury.) in China: ying ye tu mi shu in Thailand: kang pla

655

Bridelia Willd. Phyllantaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Bridelia atroviridis Müll.Arg. (Bridelia zenkeri Pax)

Kenya, Ethiopia to S. Africa, Mozambique. Edible fruits

Tropical Africa. Tree, shrubby, much-branched, scrambling, long thorns on trunk, yellow and red flowers, fruits red-green to dark purple, seeds eaten

See Mem. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 5: 476, t. 28. 1854, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 1: 103. 1861 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1914: 249. 1914, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 25: 364. 1955, Flora Zambesiaca 9(4): 16. 1996

See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2: 327. 1864, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 327. 1899 and Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 5(4): 319–329. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 57(3): 189–196. 1997 (Bark infusion or maceration purgative, aphrodisiac, astringent and diuretic, to treat urethral discharges, cough, asthma, venereal diseases, fever, abdominal pain, dysentery, diarrhea and rheumatic pain; bark infusion a mouth wash to treat thrush in children. Leaves purgative and sudorific, taken in decoction to treat diarrhea and fever.)

(Root decoction cathartic, tonic, astringent, drunk for stomachache. Stem and root bark antiviral, febrifuge.) in English: blue sweetberry, knobby bridelia in Kenya: makarakara, mkalakala, mkarati in N. Rhodesia: chilama

in Central African Republic: bosa, dingbé, somba somba

in Southern Africa: bloublaarsoetbessie, mPambale; umNwangazi, umZilanyoni, umThundangazi, umNangasi (Zulu); muPambale (Shona)

in Congo: enjeku, kakonge, njeku, tokonge

in Tanzania: mkarakala

in Ivory Coast: tougbi

Bridelia curtisii Hook.f. (Bridelia ovata Decne. var. curtisii (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw)

in Nigeria: aarasa, aeragba, aga, ako-araasa, asa, asaragba, ogangan in Tanzania: mbilagila Bridelia brideliifolia (Pax) Fedde (Bridelia brideliifolia subsp. pubescentifolia J. Léonard; Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.; Bridelia neogoetzea Gehrm.; Bridelia ramiflora Gehrm. ex Jabl., nom. inval.; Neogoetzea brideliifolia Pax) Sudan. Tree or shrub, flowers in terminal panicles See Flora 26: 79. 1843, Adansonia 3: 164. 1862 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 419. 1900, Botanischer Jahresbericht 36(11): 413. 1905, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 31: 56. 1961, Journal of Tropical Ethnoforestry 3(1): 107–122. 2000 (Bark laxative, purgative, decoction, enema; boiled bark used to treat diarrhea; crushed stem bark or root bark in water given as an enema or taken orally as a purgative to treat intestinal worms. Leaves decoction oxytocic; leaf sap used as an enema to treat female infertility; leaf extract drunk to treat gastro-intestinal problems, gastric ulcers and headache; leafy twigs sap drunk to treat elephantiasis. Root and twig powder sniffed to stimulate digestion. Veterinary medicine, for calf colibacillosis. Magic, ritual.) in Burundi: umugimbi in Congo: bimashumashu, mugimbu, mujimbu, mukembu, murugundu in Tanzania: lihapi, mhapa, mhapi, muhapi Bridelia cathartica Bertol.f. (Bridelia cathartica subsp. melanthesoides (Klotzsch) J. Léonard; Bridelia cathartica var. melanthesoides (Klotzsch ex Baill.) Radcl.-Sm.; Bridelia schlechteri Hutch.)

Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand. Scrambling shrub to tree, fruits edible, tidal riversides See Fl. Brit. India 5: 273. 1887 and Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 184. 1924, Kew Bulletin 26: 229. 1972, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2). Continental Publishing, Deurne. 1996 [as Bridelia ovata.], Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1–4. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2000 [as Bridelia ovata.], Thai For. Bull. 28: 61. 2000, Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007 [as Bridelia ovata.] (Fruits stomachic, tonic.) in Thailand: maka bai na Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Bridelia micrantha var. ferruginea (Benth.) Müll. Arg.; Bridelia speciosa var. kourousensis Beille; Gentilia chevalieri Beille) Tropical and S. Africa. Small tree or shrub, scaly bark, tan stems armed with short spines, slender twigs pubescent, spiny branches, broadly elliptic leaves rough and pubescent below, sweet scented minute yellowish green flowers, small fleshy fruits bluish black, leaves cooked and eaten in time of famine, goat fodder See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 978. 1806, Niger Flora 511. 1849, Adansonia 3: 164. 1862–3, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 498. 1866 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 40(8): 68. 1908, Economic Botany 44(3): 382–390. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007, South African Journal of Botany 74: 76–84. 2008 (Antidiabetic, antiseptic, antidote, febrifuge, laxative, astringent, tonic, anthelmintic, antibacterial. Bark decoction for

656

splenomegaly, asthenia, chest pain, fever, intestinal worms. A decoction of the leaves of Bridelia ferruginea, together with those of Anthonotha crassifolia and Ximenia americana febrifuge. Roots for conjunctivitis, dysentery, hypertension, headache, cold; roots powder for child cough; root bark against infections, abdominal pains. Leaves and bark for miscarriage, paludism; leaves and roots for diabetes; leaves decoction for diarrhea, varicella; powder of dried leaves applied for female sterility; roots, bark and leaves used for pediatric illness; leaves and roots applied for fevers, cough and diabetes. Stem bark an antidote for arrow poison. Veterinary medicine, for diarrhea, fever, intestinal worms. Hunting poison.) in Benin: ahlinhoti, anoun, awlin, bamon, banoun, bemebekou, bénebenkou, dégnin, djabako, gbènbènkou, hita, hon, hongla, honsou-kouékoué, honsoukokoe, honsoukokwe, ira, ira odan, kiri, kisni, kpatiika, kpépéla, nlinhoui, pékpéra, pinkpera, sidika, tomtope, tchantchala in Burkina Faso: bou-yampebou, briaka, sagoua, yampoum in Cameroon: bududi, ebag ongelé, ibag in Central African Republic: indiri, ngola, norkora in Congo: ekili kama, inkuka-i-nsii, kikolokoto, kimonindu, kolokoto tsia makanga in Gabon: evèng, givala, ivala-i-mvendu, ivala-i-mwèndu in Ghana: baree, ekpazenra, flatsho, kimi, kolu, opam fufuo in Guinea: dafin sagba in Ivory Coast: akamati, baboni, babouni saba, barié, g’bété, gli, gön, hongla, ihrigo, ira, nakourougo, nakrou, sagba, sagha, sagoua, sagouan, saguin, sea, sêa, tiakoroko, tiblen felé, toukwé in Mali: dafi sagwan, du’upapa, jiringbo, ndiriwo, nyirinwo, sagouan, sagwan baboni, sawan in Nigeria: egede, ira, ira odan, iralodan, kensange abia, kirni, kisni, kizni, marehi, oha, ola, ora, tchanchala in Togo: akamati, kéélo, n’tchintchin in Uganda: katazamiti in W. Africa: dafi sagwan, sagwan Bridelia glauca Blume (Bridelia acuminatissima Merr.; Bridelia glauca f. laurifolia (Elmer) Jabl.; Bridelia glauca var. acuminatissima (Merr.) S. Dressler; Bridelia glauca var. sosopodonica (Airy Shaw) S. Dressler; Bridelia laurifolia Elmer; Bridelia multiflora Zipp. ex Scheff.; Bridelia nooteboomii Chakrab.; Bridelia platyphylla Merr.; Bridelia pubescens Kurz; Bridelia sosopodonica Airy Shaw; Cleistanthus myrianthoides C.B. Rob.; Cleistanthus oblongifolius var. scaber Müll.Arg.) India, Bhutan, Trop. Asia. Shrub to tree, often near rivers See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 597. 1826, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 42(2): 241. 1874 and

Bridelia Willd. Phyllantaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 7: 2637. 1915, Kew Bull. 23: 67. 1969, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4: 64. 1975, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5(4): 949. 1984, Blumea 41: 314–315. 1996, Thai For. Bull. 28: 63. 2000 (Radical-scavenging activities. Used in an Agri ritual on Mindanao.) in China: mo ye tu mi shu in Malaysia: balitahan, balitahan-tilos, gandri kebo, kanyere badak, ki howe, see-thoh-phaa-nee, si-wa-lathee in Thailand: chi on, pha ni, si thao, si-tho-pha-ni, si-wa-la-thi Bridelia insulana Hance (Bridelia griffithii var. glabra Gehrm.; Bridelia griffithii var. penangiana (Hook.f.) Gehrm.; Bridelia insulana var. subnuda (K. Schum. & Lauterb.) S. Dressler; Bridelia minutiflora Hook.f.; Bridelia minutiflora var. abbreviata J.J. Sm.; Bridelia morotaea Airy Shaw; Bridelia palauensis Kaneh. ex Kaneh. & Hatus.; Bridelia penangiana Hook.f.; Bridelia penangiana var. subnuda (K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Airy Shaw; Bridelia platyphylla Merr.; Bridelia subnuda K. Schum. & Lauterb.) Trop. Asia, Myanmar, Vietnam. Tree, very small monoecious flowers in axillary fascicles, berry-like black-violet fruits edible See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 15(179): 337. 1877, The Flora of British India 5(14): 273. 1887 (Heated leaves applied to a sores or ulceration, used to relieve an itch; for headache and a decoction of the leaves is applied as a lotion against itch.) Malay name: kenedai in Papua New Guinea: kasitabolo in Thailand: maka ton Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. (Bridelia abyssinica Pax; Bridelia gambecola Baill.; Bridelia micrantha var. genuina Müll.Arg.; Bridelia mildbraedii Gehrm.; Bridelia mollis Hutch.; Bridelia speciosa A. Chev.; Bridelia stenocarpa Müll. Arg.; Bridelia tenuifolia Müll. Arg.; Bridelia zanzibarensis Vatke & Pax; Bridelia zanzibariensis Vatke & Pax; Candelabria micrantha Hochst.) Trop. & S. Africa. Evergreen tree or large multi-branched shrub, dense spreading crown, bole crooked, stilt rooted, trunk with short spines, leafy, bark irregularly cracked in small squares, inner bark dark blood red, sapwood tan, midrib not projecting, male and female flowers on different trees, inflorescences in dense axillary panicles, filaments pale green, anthers cream yellow, one-seeded purple-black fruit sweet and edible when ripe, leaves fodder for goats, timber and fuel wood, beehives, building poles, in bushland, in forest at disturbed edge, at forest edge, on river banks, in swamp forest, savanna woodland See Flora 26: 79. 1843, Adansonia 3: 164. 1862–3, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2: 328. 1864 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1912: 100. 1912, Kew

657

Bridelia Willd. Phyllantaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Bulletin 1: 10–25. 1937, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 257–263, 265–277. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 28: 255–283. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113: 521–540. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115: 67–71. 2008 (Poisonous. Leaves decoction for diabetes, jaundice, syphilis; leaves infusion abortifacient, astringent; leaf sap used to treat sore eyes. Leaves and stem bark laxative, for cough, diabetes. Bark pounded, mixed with water for diarrhea, stomachache, dysentery and intestinal worms; bark mixed with soup and given to children as a tonic. Bark and roots cause vomiting; cough medicine, bark decoction drunk for sore throat or for cough; bark boiled in water and the redbrownish decoction used as enema. Roots to treat allergy, venereal diseases, headache, diarrhea and prolapsed rectum. Veterinary medicine, ascaricidal, for diarrhea, dysentery, bilharziasis, schistosomiasis.) in English: coast goldleaf, coastal goldenleaf, sweetberry in Angola: imbalala, mulengwe-lengwe in Burundi: umugimbu in Cameroon: esengue, essat, ewoulet, mosenge, tata in Central Africa: ko indiyu, msopa in Congo: dinita, enjeku, kenkum musur, kimwindu, mujimbu, munjaku, murama, muzau, ndiamusera in East Africa: muvira in Ethiopia: muka chito in Gabon: éso, evèng, ewoleghe, éwoleghe, éwoloc, mosasa, mutsèndè-tsèndè, mutsètsèndi, nnom-asas, notsisénè, osèsèndè, oséséndé, otèndya in Ghana: apakyisie, awogye, badi in Ivory Coast: amangbréhia, apoï, ataba, bacié, bianzua, diembrémihia, egpa, ekuané, epako troubo, gringouinmia, irigo sanga, kosagba, opam, tchikué, tchikue, tougbibi in Kenya: katazamiti, lupobo lusatsa, mukoigo, mukwego, odugu-kulo, shikanganya in Mali: du’upapa, ndiriwo, nyiringbo, sagwan in Nigeria: araasa, arasa, asa, asa gidi, asaragba, asha, fonu fonu, ira, ira-odan, iranje, kensange, ndiriwo, ogangan, ogaofia, sagwan in Rwanda: umugimbu in Sierra Leone: kui in Southern Africa: bruinstinkhout, Garagunguvu, isiHlalamangewibi, mitserie, mitzeerie, mitzeri, motsere, muDzinza, muFugusi, muFukusi, muGaragunguwa, muKodokodo, munzere, muShungunu, muSungunu, muTengwiza, muTsungunu, umHlahla-makwaba, umHlahlahlungulu, umHlalamagwababa, umHlahlamakhwaba, umHlahle, umShonge

in Tanzania: intsalmo, isalmo, isongamino, kamembe, maarie, marie, mayenda, mhapi, mkaati, mkakangananga, mkarakara, mkarangatanga, mkarati, mkolakole, mlangali, mnyenda, monde, mpalangíanga, msamiko, mshamako, mshumako, msitu, msumba, mtutu, mugimbo, muhapi, mukuwe, mulumba pori wa mtoni, muiya, muiza, munyamaji, munyeraminu, munyeraminzi, mushamako, mwaru, mwesa, mweza, mwira, mwisya, mwiza, myenda, ngwiza, omukuwe, omusha mako, omushamako, sengamino, sungwaminu, yaarile in Uganda: katazamiti, ogarwe Bridelia montana (Roxb.) Willd. (Andrachne elliptica Roth; Bridelia hamiltoniana Wall. ex Müll.Arg.; Bridelia hamiltoniana var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Bridelia montana Woodrow ex J.J. Sm., nom. nud.; Clutia montana Roxb.) India, Himalaya. See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 38, pl. 171. 1798, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 978. 1805 and Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 12: 315. 1910 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark and roots astringent, anthelmintic. Veterinary medicine, stem bark applied in boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds; young tender leaves used as eye drops for opacity of cornea.) in English: feather foil in India: asaanaa, asana, balli, bandha, bantha, bigalu, bontavegi, ekaviraa, ganduvikke, geia, gondni, gondu, goonjun mara, gundabigula, gundu bigalu, gundubigalu, gundubigulu, guntabigulu, guntabiridi, kaisho, kanchepi, kantakoi, kargnalia, khaja, kitto, kittoe, kote, kotte, kottoe, kusi, mahaaveera, mulvengai, nuanali, paanchavoni, panchavoni, panchodakamu, panchor, panchothkam, panchvoni, pancuvoni, pantangi, pantegi, pantenga, panthangi, pantiga, pasanabheda, patangam, patenga, ponthangi, sanna kodari, sannakodari, sannakotari, sidigulige, sidigulu, tella yegise, tellavegisa, tellayegi, thellavegisa, vadishi chettu, vengaimaram, venge-maram Bridelia ovata Decne. (Amanoa ovata (Decne.) Baill.; Bridelia burmanica Hook.f.; Bridelia kurzii Hook.f.; Bridelia lanceolata Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.; Bridelia ovata var. acutifolia Müll.Arg.; Bridelia ovata var. genuina Müll. Arg., nom. inval.; Bridelia pedicellata Ridl.; Bridelia tomentosa var. oblonga Gehrm.; Cleistanthus lanceolatus (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Müll.Arg.; Kaluhaburunghos lanceolatus (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Kuntze) Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand. Small tree or shrub, scrambling, many-branched See Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3: 484. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 495. 1864, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 495. 1866, Fl. Brit. India 5: 269, 272. 1887, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 607. 1891 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41(95): 32. 1908, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 167. 1911

658

(Leaves against syphilis and as a purgative.) in Thailand: cham-cha maka, khai maka, khi lao mat ka, kong, kong kaep, mai maka, maka, mat ka, salao, samsa, siwa-la, som ka Bridelia pervilleana Baill. (Bridelia berneriana Baill.; Bridelia pervilleana var. humbertii Leandri) Madagascar. Shrub or tree, much-branched, corolla orange green, food for lemurs See Adansonia 2: 38–39. 1861 and Notulae Systematicae. (Paris) 11: 151–159. 1944, International Journal of Primatology 23(5): 1025–1051. 2002 (A leafy stem decoction taken to treat syphilis.) in Madagascar: katrafay, kitàta, kitata Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. (Andrachne doonkyboisca B. Heyne ex Wall., nom. inval.; Bridelia airy-shawii P.T. Li, nom. superfl.; Bridelia amoena Wall. ex Baill.; Bridelia cambodiana Gagnep.; Bridelia chineensis Thin; Bridelia cinerascens Gehrm.; Bridelia crenulata Roxb.; Bridelia fordii Hemsl.; Bridelia fruticosa Pers.; Bridelia hamiltoniana var. glabra Müll.Arg.; Bridelia pierrei Gagnep.; Bridelia retusa Baill.; Bridelia retusa A. Juss.; Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng.; Bridelia retusa Spreng.; Bridelia retusa var. genuina Müll. Arg., nom. inval.; Bridelia retusa var. glabra Gehrm.; Bridelia retusa var. glauca Hook.f.; Bridelia retusa var. pubescens Gehrm.; Bridelia retusa var. roxburghiana Müll. Arg., nom. superfl.; Bridelia retusa var. squamosa (Lam.) Müll.Arg.; Bridelia retusa var. stipulata Gehrm.; Bridelia roxburghiana Gehrm.; Bridelia roxburghiana (Müll.Arg.) Gehrm.; Bridelia spinosa (Roxb.) Willd.; Bridelia squamosa Gehrm.; Bridelia squamosa (Lam.) Gehrm.; Bridelia squamosa var. meeboldii Gehrm.; Bridelia squamosa var. typica Gehrm., nom. inval.; Clutia retusa L.; Clutia spinosa Roxb.; Clutia squamosa Lam.) India, Myanmar, Indochina. Shrub or tree, yellowish-green to pinkish flowers, globose drupes, ripe fruits eaten by the children See Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(1): 54. 1786, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 70. 1814, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 3: 48. 1826, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, 3: 734. 1832, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7879. 1847, Étude Euphorb. 584, nomen. 1858, Fl. Brit. India 5: 268. 1887, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 419. 1894 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 432, 434. 1923, Kew Bull. 23: 67. 1969, Kew Bull. 26: 229–230. 1972, Kew Bull. 36: 274. 1981, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20(1): 117. 1982, J. Biol. (Vietnam) 9: 37. 1987 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Young leaves poisonous to cattle. Young leaves chewed for the treatment of aphthous mouth; leaves warmed and applied on swellings; leaves paste applied in conjunctivitis. Fruit very astringent, a decoction given as an emmenagogue. Root decoction taken orally in dysentery and abdominal pain. Stem bark antiviral, postpartum remedy, hypoglycemic, hypersensitive, hypotensive,

Bridelia Willd. Phyllantaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

anthelmintic, astringent, used for tuberculosis; tender twigs of Argyreia cuneata ground with Dodonaea viscosa, stem bark of Bridelia retusa, feces of goat, egg albumen, made into a paste applied for bone fracture; powdered stem bark given with water in abdominal pain; bark of Oroxylum indicum along with barks of Pterocarpus marsupium, Bridelia retusa, Dalbergia lanceolaria and Albizia lebbeck crushed with water and the extract given for jaundice; bark juice given to treat peptic ulcer; pounded bark decoction given for total infertility, to prevent pregnancy; bark pounded and mixed with oil and applied externally in rheumatism, wounds. Veterinary medicine, leaves used as fodder said to free cattle of intestinal worms.) in India: aasana, acavai, adamarudu, aggniya, akaj, anap, anem, anempu, anemu, aneputa, annemu, asan, asana, asano, asanakutgi, ashind, asna, asuna, asunna, asuvai, atamarutu, bontavegi, bontavegisa, bontayegi, bontayepi, calaru, cem, cemmaram, chalaru, cinkattan, ciruvenkai, coraman, dieng rishan, dudimaddi, duriamaddi, duriamadi, duriyamaddi, duriyamadi, durva maddi, ekadivi, ekavira, ekaviraa, ekdania, ekdaniya, errabottuka, errabotuca, errapatta, errapattaka, ettapattaka, gaddi kuri, gadi kuri, gajh, garige, gauli, gaya, geio, goje, goji, gojji, gojju, goju, gondani, gondui, gonje, govige, guju, gunjan, gunjana, guorji, gurige, gworge, hasan, havugandha, henhahar, huvugandha, kaduga, kadugai, kaini, kaj, kaja, kajja, kantakauchi, kantakoi, kararatti, karatti, kasai, kassi, katiain, katian, katti-daman, kattian. kausi, khaajaa, khaja, khasi, kishphochol, kodaaratti, kodaari, kodari, kodaratti, kodavi, koderu, kogyamunchi, kogyamunji, koja, komanchi, komanci, komanjee, komanji, konje maram, kopramaun, kora maddi, koramaanu, koramaddi, koramanu, kosengi, kosi-gacha, kovyamunji, koya, koyamarwa, koyamunchi, koyya, kuhir, kutki, kyne, lagpano, lapano, maguva, mahaaviraa, mahavira, makhiro, malaivengai, malaivenkai, marua, mooloovangay, muguva, mukkayini, muljane, mulkaini, mullaane, mullabengha, mullahonne, mullangayam, mullankayini, mullu-honne, mullu-maruthu, mullu-vengai, mullubenga, mullugunje, mulluhonne, mullukayani, mullumarathu, mullumarudu, mulluvanga, mulluvenga, mulluvengai, mulluvenkai, mulluvenna, mulluvenya, mulu maddi, mulu moddi, mulvatengai, mulvengai, mulvenkai, na sinage, nasinagandha, nasanigandhu, nasinage, nasma gandha, nasuni gandha, palapasana, pasanabheda, peddaanem, peddajana, peddayaanemmu, peddayanemu, pengji, phatarphad, piamaddi, poramanu, putta karaka, sakridvira, salaaka, salaka, salar, sem, siruhonne, suvarika, vairai, verri karka, yega, yerrabottuga in Nepal: gayo, gramachhe in Thailand: cha-li-luek-puak, hang nam, pao nam, rangnam, rang thon, teng nam, wo-bo Bridelia ripicola J. Léonard Tropical Africa, Congo. See Bull. Jard. Bot. État 25: 370. 1955

659

Bridelia Willd. Phyllantaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

(A leaf or bark decoction taken as a purgative to treat stomachache, diarrhea, liver problems and also to treat female sterility.) Bridelia scleroneura Müll.Arg. subsp. angolensis (Müll. Arg.) Radcl.-Sm. (Bridelia angolensis Welw. ex Müll.Arg.; Bridelia angolensis Müll.Arg.; Bridelia angolensis var. typica Gehrm.; Bridelia angolensis var. welwitschii Gehrm.; Bridelia scleroneura subsp. angolensis (Welw. ex Müll.Arg.) Radcl.-Sm.)

in India: akshatthe balli, bandanaar, bisila balli, chiri aannem, chiriannem, dankibura, dhantiboora, donka-bhuvara, donkabshurara, donkabuvara, donkibura, doonkiboora, dunkibura, ghonta, harinhara, kasreto, khaji, lahara gayo, lei-kangron, madlatah, mouhilika, murikootti, nunnuniki, phatarpodi, ran-phatarphad, scherunam-cottam, shiriannemu, sirayannemu, siri aannem, sirianaem, thebhiaraung, thondan valli, umei tongkrong risan um, undergupa in Indonesia: daun kutu, kandri kebo, kanyere badak

Zaire, Angola. Shrub

in Laos: salongx kh’oong

See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2: 327. 1864, Flora 47: 515. 1864 and Kew Bulletin 51: 303. 1996

in Malaysia: chenderai gajah, kenidai babi, kenidai samak, kerenan makan

(To bring on the oestral cycle.)

in Philippines: alub-alub, karabaui, kuto-kuto

in Angola: (omu) vole

in Thailand: ai nai, ai nai khai yai, ai nuai, hatsa ai khruea, hatsa khun phi, maka khruea, makaa khruea, sa ai, sa ai khruea

Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume (Bridelia dasycalyx Kurz; Bridelia dasycalyx var. aridicola Kurz; Bridelia montana Woodrow ex J.J. Sm.; Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Jussieu; Bridelia scandens (Roxburgh) Willd.; Bridelia stipularis Hook. & Arn., nom. illeg.; Bridelia stipularis Blume; Bridelia stipularis subsp. philippinensis Jabl.; Bridelia stipularis var. ciliata Gehrm.; Bridelia stipularis var. typica Gehrm.; Bridelia zollingeri Miq.; Clutia retusa L.; Clutia scandens Roxb.; Clutia stipularis L.; Cluytia scandens Roxburgh) Tropical and Subtrop. Asia. Small trees or shrub, scandent shrub or liana, straggler, woody climber, scrambling, yellow greenish flowers in axillary panicled spikes, anthers cream, softly tomentose indumentum, blue-black rounded drupes, ripe fruits edible, along the stream and water courses See Species Plantarum 2: 1042, 1475. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 127. 1767, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 4: 39, pl. 173. 1798, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 979. 1805, De Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viribus tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18 illustratum 27, 109, pl. 7, f. 22. 1824, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 597. 1826, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 211. 1837, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 42, ii: 241. 1874 (Used in Ayurveda. Plant said to be poisonous. Stem for digestive disorders. Bark against intestinal worms; bark juice taken for stomachache and diarrhea; a decoction used for cough, fever and asthma, and shows hyposensitive hypoglycemic action, also on animals. Leaves infusion for colic and for jaundice; leaves boiled in water and the steam inhaled for toothache; paste from dried leaves along with turmeric applied for wounds; leaf powder and warm leaf poultice applied to white spots in the skin. Roots antiinflammatory, astringent, antidiarrheal; roots chewed for stomachache and diarrhea. Fruits used as emetic and antitoxic.) in Bangladesh: somui in Burma: byaung, seikchenwe, seit chey hwe, sin-ma-no-pyin in China: tu mi teng

Bridelia taitensis Vatke & Pax Kenya. Shrub, much-branched, multi-stemmed, tiny greenish yellow flowers borne in clusters, small sweet-sour edible fruits purple almost black, in dry bushland, woodland or riverine bushland See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 15: 531. 1893 (Bark extract used against earache. Magic, ritual, the dead buried under this shrub.) in Kenya: karo, lapironit, muce, muyee, mwaanzia Bridelia tomentosa Blume (Amanoa tomentosa Baill.; Amanoa tomentosa (Blume) Baill.; Bridelia chinensis Müll. Arg.; Bridelia glabrifolia Merr.; Bridelia henryana Jablonszky; Bridelia lanceifolia Roxb.; Bridelia lancifolia Roxb.; Bridelia loureirii Hook. & Arn.; Bridelia loureiroi Hook. & Arn.; Bridelia monoica Merrill; Bridelia nayarii P. Basu; Bridelia phyllanthoides W. Fitzg.; Bridelia rhamnoides Griff.; Bridelia tomentosa Blume; Bridelia tomentosa var. chinensis (Müll. Arg.) Gehrm.; Bridelia tomentosa var. chinensis Müll. Arg.; Bridelia tomentosa var. eriantha Airy Shaw; Bridelia tomentosa var. genuina Müll. Arg.; Bridelia tomentosa var. glabrescens Benth.; Bridelia tomentosa var. glabrifolia (Merr.) Airy Shaw; Bridelia tomentosa var. lanceifolia (Roxb.) Müll. Arg.; Bridelia tomentosa var. lancifolia (Roxb.) Müll. Arg.; Bridelia tomentosa var. nayarii (P. Basu) Chakrab.; Bridelia tomentosa var. ovoidea Benth.; Bridelia tomentosa var. rhamnoides (Griff.) Müll. Arg.; Bridelia tomentosa var. trichadenia Müll. Arg.; Bridelia urticoides Griff.; Phyllanthus loureiroi Müll. Arg.) Tropical & Subtrop. Asia to N. Australia. Scrambling to erect shrub or tree, leaves light greyish-green beneath, pale greenish-yellow flowers in clusters, fruits eaten, leaves as fodder

660

See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 256, t. 101. 1775, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 597. 1825, Adansonia 6: 336. 1866 (Leaves used for traumatic injury; leaf decoction given in dysentery and stomachache; leaf juice mixed with leaf juice of Pipturus argenteus and given to the patients suffering with fits. Roots sedative, to treat influenza, neurasthenia; roots of Smilax ovalifolia with those of Bridelia tomentosa made into a paste applied on rheumatism and gonorrhea; roots of Ardisia paniculata together with those of Smilax ovalifolia and Bridelia tomentosa crushed and boiled and the water drunk for jaundice. Astringent bark and leaves infusion used against colic, stomachache, fever.)

Brillantaisia P. Beauv. Acanthaceae

Tanzania. Robust herb, shrub, sparingly branched, gorilla foods See Bot. Jahrb. 22: 112. 1895 (Antimicrobial.) in Cameroon: noukango Brillantaisia lamium Benth. (Leucorhaphis lamium Nees) Tropical Africa. Herb, glandular-pilose, coarse, erect, straggling, weed, rooting at lower parts, blue flowers See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 97. 1847, Niger Fl. [W.J. Hooker]. 477. 1849 [Nov–Dec 1849]

in China: tu mi shu

(Leaves decoction antiinflammatory.)

in India: bonokosi, ka-noh, khasi dubret, phaktel, ranam, tellaballi

Brillantaisia nitens Lindau

Malayan names: kenedai, kenidai, kenidai jantan, kenidei, kerenan, kernam, kernong

Cameroon. Multi-branched shrub or small tree, quadrangular, herbaceous, erect, straggling, weed, glandular pubescent, flowers blue-purple

in Thailand: ai, ka-ai, khon non, krabue, kue fung, kue nung, la-ai, lo-ko, ma fang, ma kae, men true, sa lao, sam phan ta, si fan krabue

See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 17: 102. 1893 and Internat. J. Epidemiology 27: 181–185. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(1): 104–109. 2007, Pharma­ cologyonline 1: 495–510. 2007

Brillantaisia P. Beauv. Acanthaceae

(Leaves for diarrhea, yaws, skin infections, pain, toothache. Dried leaves decoction vasorelaxant, hypotensive, used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, especially hypertension.)

See Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph (1752–1820), Flore d’Oware et de Benin en Afrique 2: 67–68. t. 100. Paris, Fain, 1805 [1805–1821], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 96. 1847, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2: 852. 1890 and Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, LXXVI, 6, 1936, 899–920. 1936, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 28(2): 67–113. 1998. Brillantaisia cicatricosa Lindau Tanzania. Herbaceous shrub, scandent, lianescent, straggling, flowers purple to green, inflorescence axillary See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 4. 1895 and African Study Monographs 19(1): 13–33. 1998 (Leaves decoction for malaria, snakebite, insect sting, fevers, enema, kwashiorkor, colic, psychosis, cicatrizing effect, antivenomous, antiinflammatory, antinecrosis, antiedema. Magic, ritual, psychosis, against bad spirits, spell, stems with leaves. Veterinary medicine, for snakebites, grass tetany also called grass staggers and wheat pasture poisoning.) in Burundi: igihoza, ikivusa in Congo: ikirogora, majoka-joka, mbobo, mushegemanjoka, namadwi

in Nigeria: ogwumadibia Brillantaisia owariensis P. Beauv. (Brillantaisia bauchiensis Hutch. & Dalziel; Brillantaisia madagascariensis T. Anderson ex Lindau; Brillantaisia nitens Lindau; Brillantaisia nyanzarum Burkill; Brillantaisia vogeliana (Nees) Benth.; Brillantaisia vogeliana Benth.) Tropical Africa, Nigeria. Perennial shrub, erect, herbaceous, woody based, stout, papery leaves, winged petioles, bluepurple flowers See Niger Fl. [W.J. Hooker]. 477. 1849, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xvii (1893) 102–103. 1893, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5(1): 39. 1899 and Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 253– 254. 1931 (Roots and leaves stomachic, cathartic.) Brillantaisia palisotii Lindau Tropical Africa. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 99. 1893 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(3): 377–381. 2005

in Rwanda: ikigorora, ikirogora

(Stem extracts antinociceptive, peripheral and spinal analgesic activity; leaves antiinflammatory and antinociceptive.)

Brillantaisia kirungae Lindau (Brillantaisia ulugurica Lindau)

Brillantaisia patula T. Anderson (Brillantaisia alata T. Anderson ex Oliv.)

661

Brodiaea Sm. Asparagaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae)

Gabon. Shrubby, robust See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 7: 21. 1863 and Ethnopharmacologia 26: 23–30. 2000, International Journal of Botany 4(2): 176–185. 2008 (Leaves decoction antiinflammatory, sedative, for respiratory diseases, chest pain, asthma, yaws, diarrhea, anemia, toothache, malaria, arthritis, rheumatism, infertility and sterility, to ease childbirth and for menstrual pains and stomachache; leaves juice analgesic and psychotropic, for cardiac pain, gastritis, bronchitis, cough, epilepsy, convulsion, psychosis. Magical power, to exorcise evil spirits.) in Congo: dilelembe, leelemba, lelembe, lembelembe, lementoko, malee-lemba, mbuli, muinmunene, muinwamula, nvuli, poli, yeko in Gabon: délèmbètogo, dilèmbètogo, éèmbèmbè-a-pombo, élèm-betogo-a osongo, élèmbotogo, gitotu-gilèmba, givolagilèmba, ilèmbotogo-inomé, ivola-ilèmba, iwèlè-wèlè, lèma, lemba-lemba, lèmbè-lembè, lèmbè-lèmbè-ny’opomlo, lilèmbètogo la bavili, nyar-élöc in Nigeria: owo Brillantaisia vogeliana Benth. (Brillantaisia preussii Lindau; Leucorhaphis vogeliana Nees) Tropical Africa. Erect herb, quadrangular, axillary terminal paniculate inflorescence, purplish blue flowers, leaves browsed by sheep and goats See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 97. 1847, Niger Fl. [W.J. Hooker]. 477. 1849 [Nov–Dec 1849], Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 17: 100. 1893 (Mild laxative, leaves eaten by pregnant women to increase the flow of urine.)

Brodiaea californica Lindl.; Hookera californica (Lindl.) Greene; Hookera californica (Lindl. ex Lem.) Greene; Hookera californica Greene) North America, California. See Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 4: 84. 1849, Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 5: 428b. 1849, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2(6): 136. 1886 [1887 publ. 1886] and A Flora of Western Middle California [Jepson], ed. 2. 101. 1911 (Reported the bulb is poisonous.) Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl. (Brodiaea coronaria Jeps.; Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Jeps.; Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Hort.; Hookera coronaria Salisb.) North America, British Columbia. Perennial herb, corms eaten See Parad. Lond.: t. 98. 1808, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 2. 1810, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 712. 1891, Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 1116. 1895 and Madroño 1: 61. 1917 (Tonic.) in English: crown brodiaea Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl. subsp. coronaria (Brodiaea grandiflora Sm., nom. illeg.; Brodiaea grandiflora (Lindl.) J.F.Macbr.; Hookera grandiflora (Sm.) Kuntze; Hookera grandiflora Kuntze) North America, British Columbia. Perennial herb, corms eaten by sheep See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 2. 1810, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 712. 1891 (Tonic, stomachic.) in English: crown brodiaea, harvest clusterlily Brodiaea elegans Hoover

Brodiaea Sm. Asparagaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae) For a Scottish plantsman, James Brodie, 1744–1824 (d. Elgin), algologist, 1795 Fellow of the Linnean Society, 1797 Fellow of the Royal Society; see Lewis Weston Dillwyn (1778–1855), British Confervae. London [1802–] 1809, James Sowerby (1757–1822) and J.E. Smith, English Botany, or Coloured Figures of British Plants. London 1790–1814, Parad. Lond.: t. 98. 1808, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10(1): 2, t. 1. 1810, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. t. 1590. 1833, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 4: 469–470. 1843, Bergen’s Elements of Botany: key and flora: Pacific Coast Edition. Boston, 26. 1897–1901 [Alice Eastwood, Joseph Young Bergen] and Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 60: 48. 1971, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 69. 1989, James C. Hickman, ed., The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. 1180. Berkeley 1993. Brodiaea californica Lindl. ex Lem. (Brodiaea californica (Torr.) Jeps., nom. illeg.; Brodiaea californica Jeps.;

North America. Perennial herb, long narrow basal leaves, trumpet-shaped purple to violet flowers on a leafless stalk, food See Amer. Midl. Naturalist 22(3): 555–558. 1939 (Tonic, stomachic.) in English: elegant brodiaea, grass nuts, harvest brodiaea Brodiaea elegans Hoover subsp. elegans (Brodiaea coronaria var. mundula Jeps.; Brodiaea elegans subsp. hooveri T.F. Niehaus; Brodiaea elegans Hoover var. mundula (Jeps.) Hoover) North America. Perennial herb, food See Fl. Calif. [Jepson] 1: 287. 1921, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 22(3): 555, 557. 1939, University of California Publications in Botany 60: 48, f. 11, 12a-d. 1971, Plant Life 29: 47. 1973 (Tonic, stomachic.)

662

in English: elegant brodiaea, harvest brodiaea Brodiaea minor (Benth.) S. Watson (Brodiaea grandiflora (Lindl.) J.F. Macbr. var. minor Benth.; Brodiaea minor S. Watson; Brodiaea minor (Benth.) S. Watson var. nana (Hoover) Hoover; Brodiaea minor (Benth.) S. Watson var. nana Hoover; Brodiaea purdyi Eastw.; Hookera minor (Benth.) Kunze; Hookera minor Kuntze; Hookera minor Britton ex Greene; Hookera minor (Benth.) Britten ex Greene; Hookera minor (S. Watson) Britten ex Greene; Hookera minor var. multiflora Britten; Hookera purdyi A. Heller) North America. Perennial herb, food See Pl. Hartw.: 340. 1857, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 236. 1870, J. Bot. 24: 51. 1886, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 2(6): 136. 1886 [1887 publ. 1886], Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 712. 1891, Man. Bot. San Francisco 318. 1894, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., II, 6: 427, pl. 58. 1896 and Muhlenbergia 6: 83. 1910, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 22: 566. 1939 (Tonic, stomachic.) in English: vernalpool brodiaea, vernalpool clusterlily

Bromelia L. Bromeliaceae After the Swedish botanist Olof Bromel (Olaus Bromelius), 1629 (1639?)–1705, physician in Göteborg, among his writings are Disputatio medica inauguralis, de lumbricis terrestribus illorumque in medicina proprietatibus atque recto usu. Lugduni Batavorum 1673, Chloris gothica. [Gothenburg] 1694 and Catalogus generalis. Gothoburgi [1698], he was the father of the Swedish geologist and mineralogist Magnus von Bromell (Bromelius 1679–1731, d. Stockholm); see Plumier, Charles (1646–1704), Nova plantarum americanarum genera. Parisiis, 1703 [“Catalogus plantarum americanarum, quarum genera in Institutionibus rei herbariae jam nota sunt, quasque p. Carolus Plumier … descripsit & delineavit in insulis americanis.”], Dillenius, Johann Jakob (1684–1747), Hortus Elthamensis, seu Plantarum rariorum quas in horto suo Elthami in Cantio coluit vir ornatissimus et præstantissimus Jacobus Sherard … Londini, 1732, Species Plantarum 1: 285. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Familles des Plantes (Adanson) 2: 67, 591. 1763, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition 1. 1768, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 30. 1788, Genera Plantarum 49–50. 1789, Analyse des Familles de Plantes 54. 1829, Beer, Johann Georg (1803–1873), Die Familie der Bromeliaceen 16, 35–36. Wien, 1856 [1857 publ. Sep-Oct 1856], Gartenflora 17: 67. 1868, La Belgique Horticole 22: 131. 1872, Handbook of the Bromeliaceae 13. 1889, Flora Brasiliensis 3(3): 185. 1891, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 9: 12–13. 1896 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 3: 432. 1913, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 380–476. 1958, Fl. Neotrop. 14(3): 1493–2142. 1979, Sten Lindroth, in D.S.B. (or Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Editor in Chief Charles Coulston Gillispie.) 2: 490. New York 1981, Novon

Bromelia L. Bromeliaceae

2(3): 235. 1992, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 148–150. 1994, Selbyana 16(2): 230–234. 1995. Bromelia pinguin L. (Agallostachys antiacantha (Bertol.) Beer; Agallostachys antiacantha Beer; Agallostachys commeliniana Beer; Agallostachys commeliniana (de Vriese) Beer; Agallostachys fastuosa Beer; Agallostachys fastuosa (Lindl.) Beer; Agallostachys pinguin Beer; Agallostachys pinguin (L.) Beer; Ananas pinguin Trew; Ananas pinguin Gaertn.; Ananas pinguin (L.) Gaertn.; Bromelia acarna Thunb. ex Schult. f.; Bromelia antiacantha Bertol.; Bromelia commeliniana de Vriese; Bromelia fastuosa Lindl.; Bromelia ignea Beer; Bromelia paraguayensis hort. ex Baker, nom. nud.; Bromelia peguin L.; Bromelia sepiaria hort. ex Schult. f., nom. nud.; Bromelia sepiaria Schult. & Schult.f., nom. nud.; Karatas penguin Mill.; Karatas pinguin (L.) Mill.; Karatas pinguin Mill. ex Baker, nom. nud.; Karatas plumieri E. Morren; Karatas plumieri Mill.; Karatas plumieri Devansaye ex Baker, nom. nud.) Tropical America. Shrub, arising from crown long narrow fleshy leaves tapering to sharp spine at tip, numerous curved fleshy spines along leaf edges, pink and white flowers, erect open inflorescences, numerous egg-shaped fruits along short fleshy stem arising from plant crown, multicolored fruits edible Ses Species Plantarum 1: 285. 1753, Gard. Dict. ed. 8: 1. 1768, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 30, t. 11. 1788, Collect. Bot. (Barcelona): 1, t. 1. 1821, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1283. 1830, Fam. Bromel.: 35–36, 39. 1856 [1857 publ. Sep–Oct 1856], Belgique Hort. 22: 131. 1872, Handbook of the Bromeliaceae 25. 1889 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 495–592. 1936, Acta Botanica Mexicana 81: 71–147. 2007, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3: 331–337. 2009 (Injuries caused by stout recurved spines. Fruits vermifuge.) in English: pinguin, wild pineapple in Guatemala: muta in Mexico: aguama, guamara in South America: maya, piña corredora, piña de garrobo, piñuela, piñuela casera, pinguin, piro in Venezuela: chigue-chigue

Bromheadia Lindley Orchidaceae After Sir Edward Thomas Ffrench (French) Bromhead, Bart., 1789–1855 (Thurlby Hall, Newark, Notts), the second baronet of the family, High Steward of Lincoln, 1817 a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, 1844 Fellow of the Linnean Society, a member of Gonville and Caius Colleges at Cambridge, in 1813 was called to the bar, wrote Attempts at Christian Psalmody. Lincoln [1853], Bromhead’s Fireside A B C Book. Lincoln [1853] and The

663

Bromus L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Remains of Stesichorus, in an English version. 1849, a friend of Lindley; see J. Lindley, in Edwards’s Botanical Register. 27: misc. p. 89. 1841. Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Miq. (Bromheadia finlaysoniana Rchb.f.; Bromheadia finlaysoniana (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Bromheadia finlaysoniana var. palustris (Lindl.) J.J. Sm.; Bromheadia palustris Lindl., nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Bromheadia palustris var. papuana J.J. Sm.; Bromheadia sylvestris Ridl.; Coelogyne caulescens Griff.; Grammatophyllum finlaysonianum Lindl.) Vietnam, New Guinea, SE Asia. See Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 173. 1833, Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 709. 1859, Annales Botanices Systematicae 6(4): 630 882. 1863, Ann. Bot. Syst. (Walpers) 6(6): 882. 1864, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 28: 337. 1891 and Nova Guinea 8: 26. 1909, Pharmaceutical Biology 11(2): 1727–1734. 1971 (Rheumatism and pain in the joints, roots decoction, both internal and external treatment; male root tonic.)

Bromus L. Poaceae (Gramineae) Latin and Greek bromos ‘oats’ (Hippocrates, De victus ratione. 2.43, Plinius, etc.); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 76. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 33. 1754 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8): 291–556. 1927, Publ. Mus. Michigan State Univ., Biol. Ser. 3(5): 465–519. 1968, Fl. Patagónica 3: 77–93. 1978, Caldasia 15(71–75): 15–34. 1986, Gayana, Bot. 43(1–4): 47–110. 1986, Blumea 35: 483– 497. 1991, Darwiniana 35(1–4): 75–114. 1998, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 48: 154–191. 2003. Genus taxonomically difficult, confused with Festuca and Helictotrichon, very similar to Poa. Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. (Bromus californicus Nutt. ex Buckley; Bromus carinatus var. californicus (Nutt. ex Buckl.) Shear; Bromus carinatus var. californicus Shear; Bromus carinatus var. densus Shear; Bromus carinatus var. hookerianus (Thurb.) Shear; Bromus carinatus var. linearis Shear; Bromus catharticus Vahl; Bromus compressus Lag.; Bromus hookeri var. pendulinus (Spreng.) E. Fourn.; Bromus hookeri var. schaffneri E. Fourn.; Bromus hookeri var. schlechtendalii E. Fourn.; Bromus hookerianus Thurb.; Bromus hookerianus var. minor Scribn. ex Vasey; Bromus japonicus subsp. anatolicus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Pènzes; Bromus japonicus var. anatolicus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Asch. & Graebn.; Bromus laciniatus Beal; Bromus nitens Nutt. ex A. Gray; Bromus oregonus Nutt. ex Hook.f.; Bromus oregonus Nutt. ex Shear; Bromus pendulinus Sessé ex Lag., nom. illeg., non Bromus pendulinus Schrad.; Bromus proximus var. schlechtendalii (E. Fourn.) Shear, also spelled sclechtendalii; Bromus schaffneri (E. Fourn.) Scribn. & Merr.; Bromus virens Buckley; Bromus virens var. minor Scribn. ex Beal; Ceratochloa carinata (Hook. & Arn.) Tutin; Ceratochloa carinata var. hookerianus (Thurb.) Tzvelev; Ceratochloa

grandiflora Hook.; Ceratochloa laciniata (Beal) Holub; Festuca pendulina Spreng.) Canada, Mexico, Northern America, USA. Annual, biennial or relatively short-lived perennial, bunchgrass, leafy, polymorphic species, extremely variable in height, tufted, robust, vigorous, erect and decumbent, an insectary plant, palatable most of the year, closely resembles Bromus sitchensis Trin., intergrades with Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud. See Symbolae Botanicae … 2: 22. 1791, Genera et species plantarum 4. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 356. 1825, Linnaea 6: 38. 1831, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 403. 1840, Flora BorealiAmericana 2: 253. 1840, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 2(13): 63. 1853, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 18. 1856, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 98, 336. 1862, United States Exploring Expedition 17: 493. 1874, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Grasses of the United States 92. 1885, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 127–128. 1886, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 614–615. 1896 and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 23: 59–61, f. 38–39. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28: 245. 1901, Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 619. 1901, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 24: 30. 1901, Amer. J. Bot. 21: 127. 1934, Flora of the British Isles 1458. 1952, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8(2): 170. 1973, Caldasia 11(54): 9–16. 1976, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 102: 447. 1981, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 28: 97–105. 1982, Calif. Agric. 52: 23–26. 1998 (Long, sharp-awned fruit very dangerous if swallowed.) in English: big brome, bromegrass, California brome, keeled brome, mountain brome, sweet brome, sweet bromegrass in Mexico: basiawari, basicuáare, camaloti, masiyague, pipilo, tupikua Bromus catharticus Vahl (Bromus angustatus Pilg.; Bromus bolivianus Hack. ex Buchtien; Bromus bolivianus Hack. ex Renvoize; Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Thurb.; Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Thurb. ex Torr.; Bromus brevis Nees ex Steud.; Bromus brongniartii Kunth; Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.; Bromus catharticus var. catharticus; Bromus haenkeanus (J. Presl) Kunth; Bromus mathewsii Steud., also spelled matthewsii; Bromus mucronatus Willd. ex Steud.; Bromus preslii Kunth; Bromus schraderi Kunth; Bromus strictus Brongn., nom. illeg.; Bromus strictus (Poir.) Kunth; Bromus tacna Steud. ex Lechler; Bromus unioloides Kunth; Bromus unioloides (Willd.) Raspail, nom. illeg.; Bromus unioloides f. chasmogama Hack.; Bromus unioloides f. cleistogama Hack.; Bromus unioloides f. pseudoparviflorus Koos; Bromus unioloides f. pubiculmis (Domin) Kloos; Bromus unioloides subfo. achalensis Hack.; Bromus unioloides var. glaucescens Nees; Bromus unioloides var. haenkeanus (J. Presl) Shear; Bromus unioloides var. humilis E. Desv.; Bromus unioloides var. humilis Speg., nom.

664

illeg., non Bromus unioloides var. humilis E. Desv.; Bromus unioloides var. montanus Hack.; Bromus unioloides var. sanjuaninus Hieron.; Bromus willdenowii Kunth; Bromus willdenowii var. haenkeanus (J. Presl) Shear; Bromus willdenowii var. willdenowii; Ceratochloa breviaristata Hook.; Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl) Henrard, nom. illeg., non Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl) Herter; Ceratochloa cathartica (M. Vahl) Herter; Ceratochloa festucoides P. Beauv.; Ceratochloa haenkeana J. Presl; Ceratochloa haenkeana var. patens Nees; Ceratochloa haenkeana var. subspicata Nees; Ceratochloa pendula Schrad.; Ceratochloa secunda J. Presl; Ceratochloa simplex Nees; Ceratochloa simplex Nees ex Steud.; Ceratochloa submutica Steud.; Ceratochloa unioloides (Willd.) P. Beauv.; Ceratochloa willdenowii (Kunth) W.A. Weber; Festuca unioloides Willd.; Forasaccus breviaristatus (Hook.) Lunell; Schedonorus unioloides (Willd.) Roem. & Schult.; Schedonorus unioloides (Kunth) Roem. & Schult.; Serrafalcus unioloides Samp.; Serrafalcus unioloides (Kunth) Samp.; Tragus unioloides (Willd.) Panz. ex B.D. Jacks.; Zerna unioloides (Kunth) Lindm.) Southern America. Annual growth habit or short-lived perennial or biennial, variable, bunchgrass, herbaceous, unbranched, densely tufted, robust, open, stout, erect or spreading, erect or decumbent, palatable or relatively palatable See Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 22. 1791, Hort. Berol. 1: 3, tab. 3. 1803, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 151. 1815 [1816], Florula belgica, operis majoris prodromus, auctore … 155. Tournay 1827, Revis. Gramin. 1: 434. 1829, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 326. 1854, Index Kewensis 1: 487. 1895, Contribucion al estudio de la flora de la Sierra … 76–77. 1896, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25: 719. 1898 and Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 11: 144. 1904, Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging 1917: 175. 1918, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 341. 1931, Amer. J. Bot. 21: 127. 1934, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6: 144. 1940, Agron. Lusit. 18(9): 7. 1956, Grasses of Ceylon 41. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 456. 1960, Brittonia 12: 219. 1960, Kew Bulletin 29: 431. 1974, Caldasia 11(54): 9–16. 1976, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 102: 447. 1981, Caldasia 14(67): 185– 191. 1985, Novon 8(1): 53–60. 1998 (Contains toxic levels of nitrates. Purgative.) in English: brome grass, broncho grass, flat bromegrass, orchard grass, prairie brome, prairie grass, rescue brome, rescue grass, rescuegrass, Schrader grass, Schrader’s bromegrass, Schrader’s grass in South America: ashco micuna, ashcu micuna, ashcu uicuna, bromo cebadilla, bromo cebadillo, cebada de perro, cebadilla, cebadilla criolla, hierba de perro, lancú, milan, milin, milín, millín, pasto, shulla, sonsa, triguillo, uchcu micuna, zacate de rescate in Southern Africa: Australiese gras, beesgras, hang hawergras, maandgras, osgras, perdegras, Pienaarsgras,

Bromus L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

reddingsgras, rysgras, soetgras, tuingras, Vandermerwesgras, wintergras; Lehola-la-lipere, lehola-la-dipere, lehola-ladintja, lehola (Sotho) in Japan: inumugi Bromus inermis Leyss. (Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub; Bromopsis inermis var. aristata (Schur) Tzvelev; Bromus confinis Nees ex Steud.; Bromus glabrescens Honda; Bromus inermis f. aristatus (Schur) Fernald; Bromus inermis f. aristatus (Schur) Drobow; Bromus inermis f. bulbiferus Moore; Bromus inermis f. proliferus Louis-Marie; Bromus inermis f. villosus (Mertens & Koch) Fernald; Bromus inermis f. villosus (Mertens & Koch) Todor, nom. illeg., non Bromus inermis f. villosus (Mertens & Koch) Fernald; Bromus inermis subsp. inermis; Bromus inermis subsp. reimannii Asch. & Graebn.; Bromus inermis var. aristatus (Schur) Drobow; Bromus inermis var. aristatus (Schur) Fernald; Bromus inermis var. aristatus Schur; Bromus inermis var. divaricatus Rohlena; Bromus inermis var. inermis; Bromus inermis var. villosus (Mertens & Koch) Beck; Bromus inopinatus B. Brues; Bromus latifolius Kar. & Kir.; Bromus munroi Boiss.; Bromus tatewakii Honda; Festuca inermis (Leyss.) DC. & Lam.; Festuca inermis var. inermis; Festuca inermis var. villosa Mertens & Koch; Forasaccus inermis (Leyss.) Lunell; Poa bromoides (Leyss.) Mérat, nom. illeg., non Poa bromoides Vahl; Schedonorus inermis (Leyss.) P. Beauv.; Zerna inermis (Leyss.) Lindm.) Eurasia. Perennial, long-lived, variable, herbaceous, erect, robust, glabrous, root system strong and interlaced, weed species, early growth highly palatable and nutritious See Flora Halensis 16. 1761, Flore Française … Troisième Édition 3: 49. 1805, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 177. 1812, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 865. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 320. 1854, Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae 805. 1866, Flora Orientalis 5: 643. 1884, Flora von Nieder-Österreich 1: 106. 1890 and Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 17: 73. 1911, American Midland Naturalist 4: 225. 1915, J. Agric. N.Z. Dept. Agric. 13: 210. 1916, Svensk Fanerogamflora 101. 1918, Rhodora 35: 316. 1933, Revue d’Oka 14: 144. Oka, Quebec 1940, Rhodora 43: 76. 1941, Flora Republicii Socialiste Romania 12: 307. 1972, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8(2): 167. 1973, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 12(4): 425. 1977, Journal of August 1st Agricultural College 14(1): 43–45. 1991 (This grass may become ergotized with Claviceps purpurea, a fungus parasite of the heads of grasses.) in English: awnless brome, awnless brome grass, Austrian brome, brome grass, Hungarian brome, Russian brome, smooth brome, smooth brome grass in South America: bromo, capim-cevadilha Bromus japonicus Thunberg (Bromus abolinii Drobow; Bromus arvensis L.; Bromus arvensis var. japonicus (Thunb.) Fiori; Bromus arvensis var. patulus (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch)

665

Brosimum Sw. Moraceae

Mutel; Bromus chiapporianus De Not. ex Nyman; Bromus cyri Trin.; Bromus gedrosianus Pènzes; Bromus japonicus subsp. anatolicus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Pènzes; Bromus japonicus subsp. phrygius (Boiss.) Pènzes; Bromus japonicus subsp. subsquarrosus Pènzes; Bromus japonicus subsp. typicus (Hack.) Pènzes; Bromus japonicus var. pendulus (Schur) Schur ex Asch. & Graebn.; Bromus japonicus var. phrygius (Boiss.) Asch. & Graebn.; Bromus japonicus var. porrectus Hackel; Bromus japonicus var. sooi (Pènzes) Soó; Bromus japonicus var. subsquarrosus Savul.; Bromus japonicus var. typicus Hack.; Bromus japonicus var. vestitus (Schrad.) Halácsy; Bromus japonicus var. vestitus (Schrad.) Degen, nom. illeg., non Bromus japonicus var. vestitus (Schrad.) Halácsy; Bromus japonicus var. vestitus (Schrad.) Henrard, nom. illeg., non Bromus japonicus var. vestitus (Schrad.) Halácsy; Bromus kerlobagensis Degen; Bromus kochii C.C. Gmel.; Bromus patulus Mert. & W.D.J. Koch; Bromus patulus subsp. subsquarrosus Borbás; Bromus pendulus Schur; Bromus phrygius Boiss.; Bromus squarrosus var. patulus (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Regel; Bromus unilateralis Schur; Bromus vestitus Schrad.; Forasaccus patulus (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Bubani; Serrafalcus patulus (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Parl.) (Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Kura river) Eurasia. Annual or biennial, herbaceous, low, caespitose, slender, erect or spreading, roots fibrous, purplish spikelets lanceolate to oblong, may be troublesome weed in grain fields, a noxious weed on rangelands and prairies, intolerant of alkaline soils, not recommended for restoration, hybridizes with rattlesnake brome (Bromus briziformis Fischer & C.A. Meyer) and soft chess (Bromus hordeaceus L.), integrades with corn brome (Bromus squarrosus L.) and hairy brome (Bromus commutatus Schrad.), often confused with Bromus commutatus Schrad. See Species Plantarum 1: 77. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 119. 1784, Flora Japonica, … 52, pl. 11. 1784, Carl [Karl] Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), Flora Badensis Alsatica et confinium regionum cis et transrhenana plantas a lacu bodamico … 4: 76, t. 6. Karlsruhe 1826, Flora italiana, ossia descrizione delle piante … 1: 394. 1848, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 2(13): 63. 1853, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 2, 3(4): 140. 1859, Schur, Philipp Johann Ferdinand (1799–1878), Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae Index. Vindobonae, 1866, Acta Horti Petrop. 7: 602. 1881 and Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 620. 1901, Flora Pyrenaea … 4: 387. 1901, Conspectus Florae Graecae 3: 397. 1904, Nuova Flora Analitica d’Italia 1: 149. 1923, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 21(581–587): 40. 1925, Blumea 4(3): 502. 1941, Bull Nat. Sci. Mus. 31. 136. 1952, Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 17(1–2): 115. 1971[1972], Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 499. 1985 (Root extract for influenza.) in English: Japanese brome, Japanese chess, spreading brome, wild oats

in South Africa: hooigras, Japanse bromus Bromus tectorum L. (Anisantha pontica Koch; Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski; Bromus abortiflorus St.-Amans; Bromus nutans St.-Lag.; Bromus setaceus Buckley; Bromus tectorum f. nudus (Klett & Richt.) H. St. John; Bromus tectorum var. glabratus Spenner; Bromus tectorum var. hirsutus Regel; Bromus tectorum var. nudus Klett & Richter; Bromus tectorum var. tectorum; Genea tectorum (L.) Dumort.; Schedonorus tectorum (L.) Fries; Zerna tectorum (L.) Panz.; Zerna tectorum Panz. ex B.D. Jacks.; Zerna tectorum (L.) Panz. ex B.D. Jacks.) Mediterranean. Annual or occasionally biennial, extremely variable in height, herbaceous, erect, slender, invasive and noxious weed species See Species Plantarum 1: 77. 1753, Denkschriften der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Muenchen 1813: 297. 1814, Flora Friburgensis 1: 152. 1825, Flora der phanerogamischen Gewächse der Umgegend von Leipzig 109. Leipzig 1830, Botaniska Notiser 131. 1843, Linnaea 21(4): 394. 1848, Flore de France … Prospectus 3: 583. 1853, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 98–99. 1862, Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae 805. 1866, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 7: 67. 1868, T.N.Z.I. 3: 148–161. 1871, Plantae Europeae 1: 114. 1890, Index Kewensis 2: 1249. 1895 and Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 594. 1901, Svensk Fanerogamflora 101. 1918, Man. Grass. U.S. 817. 1935, Grasses of the Soviet Union 1: 326. 1984, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 42: 500. 1985, New Zealand J. Bot. 25: 523–537. 1987, Flora et Vegetatio Mundi 9: 32. 1991, Edinb. J. Bot. 50: 25. 1993, Am. J. Bot. 86: 333–343. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 87: 903–907, 1240–1245, 1279– 1286.  2000, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1409–1418.  2001, Am. J. Bot. 89: 602–612. 2002, Am. J. Bot. 89: 623–631. 2002, Am. J. Bot. 90: 730–735, 897–904, 1045–1053. 2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 797–803. 2004, Am. J. Bot. 91: 1155–1162. 2004, Am. J. Bot. 92: 205–213. 2005 (Ceremonial medicine, plant infusion as a wash.) in English: bronco grass, cheat grass, cheatgrass brome, downy brome, downy brome grass, downy chess, drooping brome, early chess, June grass, military grass, Mormon oats, slender chess in China: han que mai in Turkey: ibubuk ekini

Brosimum Sw. Moraceae Greek brosimos ‘edible, solid, eatable’, brosis ‘meat, an eating’, referring to the eatable fruit of Brosimum alicastrum Sw., breadnut, see The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 372. 1756, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 888, t. 340. 1775, Nova Genera et

666

Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 1: 12. 1788, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 4: 473, pl. 30–31. 1895 and Acta Botanica Neerlandica 19: 326–328. 1970, Fieldiana, Bot. 40: 94–215. 1977, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 635–675. 2007. Brosimum acutifolium Huber (Brosimopsis acutifolia (Huber) Ducke; Brosimopsis obovata Ducke; Brosimum acutifolium subsp. acutifolium; Brosimum caniceps Standl.; Piratinera acutifolia (Huber) Pittier) Bolivia. Tree, rounded buttresses, milky watery exudate slightly reddish, alongside streams and rivers See Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 6: 66. 1910, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20: 100. 1918, Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 30. 1922, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(2): 156. 1937, Fl. Neotrop. 7: 176. 1972, Planta Med. 68(7): 621–625. 2002, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36(2): 183–188. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106(2): 198–202. 2006 (Antibacterial, psychotropic, stomachic, vermifuge, aphrodisiac, depurative, tonic, antiarthritic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antisyphilitic, antifungal, cytotoxic, used for body pain, inflammation, arthritis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, mycoses, headache, gastric ulcer, syphilis. Magic, hallucinogen, a shamanic potion, to protect from bad spells.) in Latin America: ahua jonra, amapá doce, bururé, congona, leche-caspi, manichi, mercurio-da-terra-firma, mercurio vegetal, morure, muira-piranga, muirapiranga, murare, murure, murure-da-terra-firma, murure-vermelho, mururi, quecho, takini, takweni, tamamuri, tauni, urupi Brosimum alicastrum Sw. (Alicastrum brownei Kuntze; Brosimum bernadetteae Woodson; Brosimum bolivarense (Pittier) Romero; Brosimum columbianum S.F. Blake; Brosimum conzattii Standl.; Brosimum gentlei Lundell; Brosimum latifolium Standl.; Brosimum terrabanum Pittier; Brosimum uleanum Mildbr.; Ficus faginea Kunth & C.D. Bouché; Helicostylis bolivarensis Pittier; Helicostylis latifolia Pittier; Helicostylis ojoche K. Schum. ex Pittier; Piratinera alicastrum (Sw.) Baill.; Piratinera terrabana (Pittier) Lundell; Urostigma fagineum (Kunth & C.D. Bouché) Miq.) Peruvian Amazon. Tree, fast growing, evergreen, straight cylindrical trunk, large canopy, white latex, spines in the branches, single central female flower immersed in a globose receptacle, peltate bracts, single large seed, nuts edible after boiling, fruits often eaten by fishes, seeds famine food, stock feed, in wet and marshy soils, near lakes and rivers See Genera Plantarum ad Familias Suas Redacta 13. 1835, London Journal of Botany 6: 537. 1847, Bot. Med. 2: 995. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 623. 1891 and Plantas Usuales de Costa Rica 119. 1908, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 18(2): 69, f. 76. 1914, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(3): 95. 1918, Contributions from the United States

Brosimum Sw. Moraceae

National Herbarium 20(6): 211. 1919, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 35: 179. 1922, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 191. 1927, Tropical Woods 42: 26. 1935, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 478: 208. 1937, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 47: 131. 1960, Wrightia 3(8): 167. 1966, Mutisia 33: 2. 1970, Economic Botany 36(2): 166–175. 1982, Economic Botany 58(1): 72–77. 2004 (Latex tonic, lactogenic, digestive, laxative, antiasthma, ingested in small amount used for rheumatism. Leaves, bark and exudates remedies for diabetes, cough, tuberculosis and bronchitis; a tonic made from the bark used to treat chest pains and asthma; leaf infusions used as cough suppressants and in the treatment of kidney ailments. Ceremonial.) in English: breadnut, Mayan breadnut, Maya nut, ramon nut, snakewood in Latin America: ash, capomo, congona, manchinga, maseco, masica, mo, ojite, ojoche, ojushte, ox, pisba waihka, ramón, ramón blanco, talcoíte, tillo, tlatlacotic, tzoltzax, ujushe blanco, ujushte, ujuxte, urpay manchinga Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber (Alicastrum guianense (Aubl.) Kuntze; Brosimum aubletii Poepp. & Endl.; Brosimum discolor Schott; Brosimum lecointei Ducke; Brosimum lemeei (Benoist) Lemee; Brosimum palmarum Standl.; Brosimum panamense (Pittier) Standl. & Steyerm.; Brosimum rotundatum Standl.; Brosimum tessmannii Mildbr.; Brosimum velutinum (S.F. Blake) Ducke; Piratinera discolor (Schott) Pittier; Piratinera guianensis Aubl.; Piratinera lemeei Benoist; Piratinera mollis Killip; Piratinera panamensis Pittier; Piratinera scabridula S.F. Blake; Piratinera velutina S.F. Blake) Brazil, Peru, Bolivia. See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 888, t. 340. 1775, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4: 403. 1827, Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum 2: 34, t. 148. 1838, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 623. 1891 and Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 5: 337. 1909, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(3): 100, t. 7. 1918, Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 28. 1922, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 190. 1927, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 31: 468. 1931, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(2): 158. 1937, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(2): 40. 1944, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 75: 293. 1948, Fl. Neotrop. 7: 181. 1972 (Latex to treat abscesses.) in English: leopard wood, letterwood in Latin America: amapá amargoso, amourette, huairicaspi, huayra caspi, huiri caspi, misho chaqui, palisangre, palo brujo, palo de sangre, waira caspi

667

Broussonetia L’Hérit. ex Vent. Moraceae

Brosimum parinarioides Ducke subsp. amplicoma (Ducke) C.C. Berg (Brosimum acutifolium subsp. obovatum (Ducke) C.C. Berg; Brosimum amplicoma Ducke; Perebea guianensis Aubl.) Brazil. Tree, white latex See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 953, t. 361. 1775 and Tropical Woods 31: 10. 1932, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 19: 328. 1970 (Latex pectoral, cicatrizant, tonic, in poultice used for bruises.) in Latin America: amapá amargoso, amaparama, sande Brosimum potabile Ducke (Brosimum myristicoides Standl.) Brazil. See Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 26. 1922, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(2): 157. 1937, Fl. Neotrop. 7: 204. 1972 (Latex tonic.) in Latin America: amapá de terra firme, garrote Brosimum rubescens Taubert (Alicastrum rubescens (Taub.) Taub.; Brosimum angustifolium Ducke; Brosimum brevipedunculatum Ducke; Brosimum caloxylon Standl.; Brosimum lanciferum Ducke; Brosimum longistipulatum Ducke; Brosimum paraense Huber; Brosimum platyneurum Ducke; Ferolia guianensis Aubl.; Parinari guyanensis Fritsch; Piratinera lancifera (Ducke) Benoist; Piratinera paraensis (Huber) Benoist; Piratinera rubescens (Taub.) Pittier) Peru, Brazil. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 12(Beibl. 27): 4. 1890, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 15(Beibl.34): 16. 1892 and Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 6: 67. 1910, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20: 100. 1918, Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 25. 1922, Journal of Natural Products 60(10): 997–1002. 1997 (Antiandrogenic, tonic.) in English: Brazilian redwood, brazilwood, cardinal wood, snakewood in Latin America: amapá, muirapiranga, palisangre, palo de sangre, palo negro, pau rainha Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier (Alicastrum utile (Kunth) Kuntze; Brosimum allenii Woodson; Brosimum foetidum Ducke; Brosimum galactodendron D. Don ex Sweet; Brosimum humboldti Carrière; Brosimum krukovii Standl.; Brosimum longifolium Ducke; Brosimum ovatifolium Ducke; Brosimum pallescens Ducke; Brosimum rigidum Ducke; Brosimum utile (Kunth) Oken ex J. Presl; Brosimum utile

subsp. ovatifolium (Ducke) C.C. Berg; Galactodendrum utile Kunth; Piratinera utilis (Kunth) Baill.) Tropical America. Tree, white latex See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 7: 125. 1825, Hortus Britannicus 462. 1830, Revue Horticole 46: 312. 1874, Bot. Med. 2: 995. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 623. 1891 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(3): 102. 1918, Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 25. 1922, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(2): 157. 1937, Boletim Técnico do Instituto Agronômico de Norte 4: 1. 1945, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 47: 128. 1960, Natural Product Research 19(4): 331–335. 2005 (Latex lactagogue, astringent, tonic, febrifuge, for asthma, lung ailments, inflammation, tumours, diarrhea. Cytotoxic activity, the root bark.) in English: cow-tree in Latin America: amapá, amapá-mururé, árbol de leche, árbol de vaca, árbol de vaquero, arichi, chingonga, jihuigene, leche caspi, machinga, mururé, palo de vaca, panguana, sachalin, sande

Broussonetia L’Hérit. ex Vent. Moraceae For the French physician Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet (Broussonnet, Broussounet), 1761–1807 (d. Montpellier), naturalist, botanist, zoologist, traveller, botanical collector, his works include Elenchus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis. Anno 1804. Montpellier 1805 and Ichthyologia, sistens piscium descriptiones et icones. decas 1. Londini 1782. See Tableau du Regne Végétal 3: 547. Paris, an VII [1799] and Henry Dehérain, Dans l’Atlantique… Les voyages d’Auguste Broussonet au Maroc et aux Canaries. Paris 1912, H. Froidevaux, Un Voyageur oublié: Auguste Broussonet. [1913], J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 259. 1965, Theodore W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 54. 1972, Jean Motte, in D.S.B. 2: 509–511. 1981, Fl. Il. Entre Ríos 6(3): 22–31, 414–417. 1987. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.; Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.; Morus papyrifera L.; Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze; Smithiodendron artocarpioideum Hu) China, Japan. Treelet or shrub, woody vine or climbing, latex white, light to dark green foliage, flowers in elongate male spikes and female axillary globose heads, steamed young leaves eaten, sweetish fruits edible, leaves fed to pigs and to silkworms See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 629. 1891 and Sunyatsenia 3(2–3): 106–109, pl. 6. 1936, Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 7: 1–55. 1997

668

Brownea Jacq. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae, Leguminosae)

(Stem bark hemostatic, antioxidant, antifungal; bark decoction for ascites, to reduce swelling or edema; ash of burnt tapa for treating thrush. Slimy sap laxative and vulnerary, used externally for neurodermatitis, tinea infection, eczema, bee sting, insect bites. Leaves antidiarrheal, hemostatic, astringent, stomachic, for hemorrhage, uterine bleeding, excess menstrual bleeding, bleeding stomach, bleeding wounds, dysentery, enteritis; rushed leaves infusion taken as a potion for treating stomach pains and abdominal pains; leaf juice diaphoretic, astringent and laxative, also used in the treatment of dysentery, poulticed onto various skin disorders and bites. Fruit diuretic, ophthalmic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic; prolonged ingestion of the fruits said to weaken the skeletal structure. Root cooked with other foods as a galactagogue. Bark cloth used ceremonially, in burial wrapping and other funerary customs.) in English: paper mulberry, tapa-cloth-tree in China: chu, chu shi, chu shi zi, chu tao, gou shu, gu shi, ku shu in India: jangali toot, kaagada uppu naerale, kaagda in Japan: kabigi, kaji-no-ki (ki = tree) in Pacific: ai masi, aute, hiapo, lafi, po’a’aha, tutu, u‘a, ute, wauke in Taiwan: lu-a-shu in Thailand: por-gra-saa, por-saa, ton-saa

Brownea Jacq. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae, Leguminosae) Named after the Irish naturalist Patrick Browne, c. 1720– 1790 (Rushbrook, Co. Mayo), physician, M.D. Leyden 1743, friend of Linnaeus, explorer, plant collector, 1746–1755 on the Caribbean islands, author of The civil and natural history of Jamaica in three parts. [The third part mentioned in the title was never published.] London 1756. See Iter Hispanicum 229, 278. 1758, Enum. Syst. Pl. 6, 26. 1760, R. Pulteney, Historical and biographical sketches of the progress of botany in England. 2: 349. 1790 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18(4): 143–171. 1916, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35(3): 101–208., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(1): 1–94. 1951, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 265. 1965, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 70. 1989, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 686. 1993. Brownea ariza Benth. (Brownea ariza Lindl. ex Paxton; Brownea princeps Linden; Brownea princeps Linden ex Otto; Brownea rosa-de-monte Bergius; Hermesias ariza Kuntze) South America, Venezuela, Colombia. Perennial non-climbing tree, bright red flowers

See Phil. Trans. (1771) 171. t. 8, 9. 1771, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 171. 1845, Allg. Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 23: 147. 1855, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 191. 1891 (Flowers infusion drunk as emetic, to regulate menstrual disorders and bleeding.) in Spanish: ariza, arizá, caleno, palo de cruz Brownea coccinea Jacq. subsp. capitella (Jacq.) D. Velasquez & Agostini (Brownea capitella Jacq.; Brownea coccinea subsp. capitella (Jacq.) D. Velasquez; Brownea latifolia Jacq.; Brownea racemosa Jacq.; Hermesias capitella (Jacq.) Kuntze; Hermesias latifolia (Jacq.) Kuntze; Hermesias racemosa (Jacq.) Kuntze) South America. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, red flowers, mucilage in flowers See Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 194– 195, pl. 121. 1763, Fragmenta Botanica 25–26, pl. 16–19. 1809, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 191. 1891 and Novon 2(2): 173–175. 1992 (Abortifacient, astringent, febrifuge. Flowers infusion for amenorrhea, colds, cough; root infusions for influenza, hypertension, scorpion stings. Bark applied fresh to bleeding wounds. Cooked fruit for fever.) in English: Cooper hop, lantern brownea, mountain rose, rose of Venezuela, scarlet brownea, scarlet flamebean

Brucea J.F. Miller Simaroubaceae For the Scottish explorer James Bruce, 1730–1794 (Kinnaird), botanical collector, traveller in Africa, 1776 Fellow of the Royal Society of London, the first European to set out in search of the source of the Nile, he did discover the source of the Blue Nile (but not the true Nile as he claimed), author of Travels to discover the source of the Nile in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773. [First Edinburgh Edition.] Edinburgh 1790. See Icones Animalium et Plantarum t. 25. 1779, Richard Wharton, Observations on the authenticity of Bruce’s Travels in Abyssinia. Newcastle upon Tyne 1800, Alexander Murray (1798–1838), Account of the life and writings of James Bruce. [or rather, by H. Salt, with considerable additions and emendations by A. Murray.] Edinburgh 1808, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 209. 1811, John Stackhouse (1742–1819), Extracts from Bruce’s Travels in Abyssinia Bath 1815, Sir Francis Bond Head (Major), The life of Bruce, the African traveller London 1830, Sir Robert Lambert Playfair, Travels in the footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis London 1877 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists 1: 266. 1965, Bert Hansen, in D.S.B. 2: 530. 1981, Chemistry & Biodiversity 6(1): 57–70. 2007. Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill. (Brucea antidysenterica Lam.; Brucea erythraeae Chiov.; Brucea ferruginea L’Hér.; Brucea salutaris A. Chev.; Trichilia siderotricha Chiov.)

669

Bruckenthalia Rchb. Ericaceae

Old World tropics, Abyssinia. Shrub or treelet, male and female flowers in separate inflorescences in compact clusters, flowers brownish green, bitter fruit See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 471. 1785, Cimelia Botanica, t. 25. 1796 and Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 22(2): 342–345. 1982, J. Nat. Prod. 49(3): 428–434. 1986, Journal of Natural Products 58(12): 1915–1919. 1995 (Fruit poisonous or repellent, toxic to livestock, especially sheep; crystals of calcium oxalate present in the bark, leaves and roots. Leaves amebicidal, febrifuge, astringent, stomachic, used to treat parasitic skin diseases, dysentery, diarrhea, dropsy, swellings, edema, pulmonary troubles. Roots for venereal diseases, sores, rabies, malaria; root bark antimicrobial, antineoplastic, cytotoxic antileukemic. Bark, fruit and roots anthelmintic, febrifuge, used against dysentery. Bark, fruit, seeds, leaves and roots (sometimes boiled) used as a remedy for diarrhea, indigestion and stomachache. Leaves and roots cooked with meat, or infused with milk (for children) to relieve asthma. Veterinary medicine, fruits, leaves and twigs used on skin galls and sores, and the powdered leaves to relieve bloating and colic in cattle.) in Tanzania: engilelekuru, ijinanguve, mchumbavai Brucea ferruginea L’Hér. Tropical Africa. See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 19. 1785 (Leaves for fevers, constipation, stomachache.) Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Brucea amarissima (Lour.) Desv. ex Gomes; Brucea amarissima (Lour.) Gomes; Brucea amarissima (Lour.) Merr.; Brucea amarissima Merr.; Brucea amarissima Desv. ex Gomes; Brucea sumatrana Roxb.; Gonus amarissimus Lour.; Rhus javanica L.) India, Indonesia, China, Vietnam. Small tree or shrub, leaves compound, tiny purple flowers, petals villous, ovary with 4 free carpels, fruit a drupe, cotyledons contain abundant oil, one single seed, aromatic dried fruit black See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 641, 658. 1790, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 12. 1814, Mem. Acad. Sc. Lisboa n.s., iv. pars 1, 30. 1872 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 18. 1915, Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 1916, 611. 1917, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 9(1): 3. 1928, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 10(1): 155. 1987, J. Cytol. Genet. 25: 36–42. 1990 (Amebicidal, bitter, febrifuge, antiperiodic, astringent, toxic, stomachic, used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, dropsy, swellings, malaria, edema, pulmonary troubles. For scurf, remittent fever, pound the leaves and apply as a poultice; astringent leaves for dysentery. Swallow seeds from ripe fruits to cure malaria. Fresh fruits for stomachache; fruit powder for dysentery, diarrhea; fresh fruits of Rhus javanica taken against stomachache and dysentery. Fruit and roots in amebic dysentery, cholera, malaria, hemorrhoids, ulcers; roots decoction

a remedy for internal poisoning, abdominal pains, coughs. Insecticide. Magico-religious beliefs, in India, Arunachal Pradesh, people avoid burning the plant as they are afraid of the sound produced by it.) in English: Java brucea, kosam, kosam seed, Macassar kernels in Cambodia: damli thnang, pramat monus in China: ya dan zi in India: heining, khawm ham, tamo, tsomhu in Indonesia: kuwalot, kwalot, malur, tambara marica, tambara maritja in Laos: ich kone, kom roi, phia fan in Malaysia: abelor, bidara pahit, cherek jantan, embalau, embalau padang, hempedu beruang, kosam, kosum, kusum, lada barau, lada pahit, melada pahit, pedada, suntang hutan in Nepal: muruk, rusi, thaksing, tibro in Philippines: bago-bago, balaniog, bogobogo, magkapayas, magkapayos, manongao-bobi, paraiso, selte in Thailand: dee khon, ka chaplak, ratchadat in Vietnam: c[aa]y su[oos]t, c[uws]t chu[ooj]t, kho sam, kho sâm nam, sau dau, s[aaf]u d[aa]u, sau dâu cứt chuot, sau dâu rừng, xoan rừng Brucea mollis Wall. ex Kurz (Brucea acuminata H.L. Li; Brucea mollis Wall.; Brucea mollis var. tonkinensis Lecomte) India, China, Nepal, Himalaya. Shrubs or small trees, large pinnate leaves, greenish white flowers in dense axillary slender panicles, brown ripe fruits See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 8483. 1847, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 42: 64. 1873 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 1: 698. 1911, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 24(4): 445–446. 1943, Drug Development Research 19(1): 1–12. 1990, Phytochemistry 39(4): 911–913. 1995, Nat. Prod. Rep. 13: 241–261. 1996, Phytochemistry 65(4): 449– 454. 2004 (Leaves bitter, diuretic, hypotensive, anticancer and antiviral, for malaria and diarrhea. Dried powdered fruit given for the treatment of malaria, fevers and stomachache. Dry seed powder in malaria and stomachache. Alkaloids.) in English: yatan seed in China: rou mao ya dan zi in India: dieng lakseienkhlaw, kauninae, kaunine, koinine in Vietnam: sau dâu rừng, kho sâm mem sau dau rung

Bruckenthalia Rchb. Ericaceae See Flora Germanica Excursoria 413. 1831.

670

Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb. (Erica spiculifolia Salisb.) Europe. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 6: 324. 1802, Flora Germanica Excursoria 413. 1831 and Pharmazie. 64(10): 656–659. 2009 (Antioxidant.)

Brugmansia Persoon Solanaceae For the Dutch botanist Sebald (Sebaldus) Justin(us) Brugmans, 1763–1819, professor of natural history at Leyden, author of S.J. Brugmans … dissertatio ad quaestionem … propositam, Quaenam sunt Plantae inutiles et venenatae, etc. Groningae 1783 and Elenchus Plantarum quae in Horto Lugduno-Batavo coluntur 1818. Leyden 1818. See Genera Plantarum 124. 1789, Syn. Pl. 1: 216. 1805, Frederik Willem van Eeden (1829–1901), Hortus Batavus. Amsterdam 1868, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 655– 668. 1895 and Fl. Bermuda 339. 1918, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 11(8): 173–189. 1921, H. Veendorp and L.G.M. Baas Becking (1894– 1963), Hortus Academicus Lugduno-Batavus 1587–1937. The development of the gardens of Leyden University. Harlemi [Haarlem], Ex Typographia Enschedaiana 1938, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5B/1): 3–267. 1962, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 267. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 56. 1972, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/1–2): 1–151. 1974, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 54. 1988, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003[2005]. Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. (Brugmansia arborea (L.) Steud.; Datura arborea L.; Datura cornigera Hook.) South America. Shrub or small tree, woody, white pendent tubular fragrant flowers, anthers loosely coherent See Species Plantarum 1: 179. 1753, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 230. 1840, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 663, tab. 11, fig. 1. 1895 and Pharmaceutical Biology 40(4): 274–293. 2002, Phytotherapy Res. 17(7): 826–829. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105(3): 352–357. 2006, Medicinal Chemistry 3(6): 599–604. 2007 (Toxic, spasmolytic, laxative and hallucinogen. To cure the sickness guamuca (awa-coaiquer/awa-cuaiquer), leaves crushed and drunk with a little water. Leaves used for eye problems and asthma. Ritual, magic-therapeutical purposes, reported to be used during ritual practices for magical and curative purposes; the flowers placed near the pillow used against insomnia.) in English: angel’s trumpet, angels tears in Central and South America: borrachera, borrachero, cambanda, campa, campanchu, campachu, campana, chamico, cohaco, cornucopia, dama de noche, datura, flor de trombeta

Brugmansia Persoon Solanaceae

branca, floripondia, floripondio, floripondio blanco, floripundio, guante, guanto, huanto, huantuc, lorifunti, maikiua, maracunda, maricahua, peji, reina de la noche, saharo, toé, toe-mullacu, trombeteira branca, trómbita, yaco toe, zabumba da branca in Mexico: campanilla blanca, floripondia, floripondio, floripondio blanco, floripundio, trombeteira branca, trómbita Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruíz & Pavón) D. Don (Brugmansia bicolor Pers.; Brugmansia bicolor Lindl.; Brugmansia rubella (Saff.) Moldenke; Brugmansia sanguinea D. Don; Datura rosei Safford; Datura rubella Saff.; Datura sanguinea Ruíz & Pavón; Datura sanguinea var. flava Dunal) South America. Shrub, see also Datura sanguinea See Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 2: 15. 1799, Synopsis Plantarum (Persoon) 1: 216. 1805, The British Flower Garden, … series 2 3: t. 272. 1835, Edwards’s Botanical Register 20: t. 1739. 1835, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(1): 545. 1852 and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 11(8): 173–189. 1921, Boissiera. 7: 2. 1943 (Leaves emollient. Seeds narcotic.) in English: red angel’s trumpet in Bolivia: floripondio, lorifondio, lorifunti in Mexico: floripondio rojo in Peru: campanchu, campanillas encarnadas, floripondio encarnado, guarguar, puca campachu, puca campanchu, puca campanilla Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & Presl (Brugmansia aurea Lagerh.; Brugmansia candida Pers.; Brugmansia suaveolens Bercht. & J. Presl; Brugmansia suaveolens (Willd.) Bercht. & C. Presl; Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) G. Don, nom. illeg.; Datura suaveolens Willd.; Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl.; Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Solanum ochranthum Dunal) Mexico. Perennial shrub or small tree, erect, branched, herbaceous, large scented funnelform pendent creamy white flowers, moist places, marshy land See Species Plantarum 1: 179, 184–188. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 5. 1768, Flora Peruviana 2: 15, t. 127. 1799, Syn. Pl. 1: 216. 1805, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … [Willdenow] 1: 227. 1809, Solanorum generumque affinium synopsis. Seu Solanorum historiae editionis secundae summarium, ad characteres differentiales redactum, seriem naturalem, habitationes stationesque specierum breviter indicans 6. 1816, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 475. 1838, Gartenflora 42: 33. 1893 and Flora de Veracruz 49: 1–191. 1986, Guía de Árboles de Bolivia 1–958. 1993 (Flowers and fruits hallucinogenic, said to be toxic, poisonous. Leaves and flowers used for asthma, respiratory

671

Bruguiera Sav. Rhizophoraceae

congestion with fever; fresh leaves applied as poultice on bruises and contusions; leaves boiled in mustard oil and applied thoroughly on and around neck and chest to get relief from severe cough and cold. Bark scraped poultice applied to bone breaks, sprains, aching body parts; bark scraped and cold infusion drunk to sleep, scraped bark infusion (cold water) drunk once a day for body pain. Veterinary medicine, given to lazy dogs to make them good hunters.)

See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 109. 1768, Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 1: 91, 93. 1827 and J. Nat. Prod. 67(5): 886–888. 2004

in English: angel’s trumpet, moonplant

in China: zhu guo mu lan

in South America: campanilla, chocho pana, diego de noche, flor de campana, floripan, floripon, floripondia, floripondio, guantu, guantug, huandue, lumucha wandu, magia floripondia, maikiua, maíkua, maricawa, tzajal kampananichim, wahashupa, xupú

in India: kaakkandal, kakandan, kandel, karii-kandel, madama, pannukkucci, varavada, vuada, vurada

in Bali: bungan kecubung

(Used in Sidha. Antiviral. Scraped skin of the fruit used to stop bleeding. Leaves to control blood pressure. Bark produces a strange smell that frightens fish away.) in English: black mangrove, small-fruited orange mangrove

in Indonesia: lindur, tanjang, tanjang sukun in Malaysia: bakau belukap, bakau putih, berus, berus ngayong

in India: dattura, dhatura, dhokrey phul, dodda ummatthi gida, slatohtoh

in Philippines: bakáuan, kalapínai, pototan lalaki

in Indonesia: kecubung, kecubung hutan

in Vietnam: v[ej]t khang

in Japan: kidachi-chôsen-asa-gao, kiiyu

Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Savigny (Bruguiera capensis Blume; Bruguiera conjugata Merr.; Bruguiera conjugata (L.) Merr.; Bruguiera eriopetala Wight & Arn.; Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam.; Bruguiera gymnorhiza var. palun Blume; Bruguiera rheedii Tul.; Bruguiera rheedii Blume; Bruguiera rumphii Blume; Bruguiera wightii Blume; Bruguiera zippelii Blume; Bruguiera zippelii var. oblongifolia Blume; Rhizophora conjugata L.; Rhizophora gymnorhiza L.; Rhizophora gymnorrhiza L.; Rhizophora palun DC.; Rhizophora tinctoria Blanco)

Bruguiera Sav. Rhizophoraceae The generic name honors the French botanist and traveller Jean Guillaume Bruguière, 1750–1798, who took part in the Kerguélen Expedition to Antarctic islands (discovered in 1772 by the French navigator Yves-Joseph de KerguélenTrémarec (1745–1797) and later explored by the British explorer Captain James Cook), his writings include Histoire naturelle des vers. (tom 2, 3. par Bruguière et De Lamarck, continuée par Mr. G.P. Deshayes) Paris [1789-] 1792 and Vers, coquilles, mollusques et polypiers. Paris 1827. See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique, pl. 397. 1793, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 4(2): 696. 1798, Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier, (1769–1832), Notice biographique sur Bruguières, etc. [Rapport général des travaux de la Societé Philomatique de Paris] [1799], Genera Nova Madagascariensia 21. 1806, J.D. Hooker, Observations on the Botany of Kerguelen Island. [Royal Society of London. Philosophical Transactions. Vol. CLXVIII.] London 1879 and G.A. Doumani, ed., Antarctic Bibliography. Washington, Library of Congress. 1965–1979, I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (5), Collectors N-R. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 109. 1983. Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume (Bruguiera caryophyllaeoides Blume; Bruguiera caryophylloides (Burm. f.) Blume; Bruguiera caryophylloides Blume; Bruguiera cylindrica Blume; Rhizophora caryophylloides Burm. f.; Rhizophora cylindrica L.) SE Asia to Australia, India. Tree, mangrove, kneed pneumatophores, small greenish white flowers, young shoots eaten as a vegetable, root tips eaten

in Thailand: rui, thua-daeng, thua-khao

East Africa. Small tree, mangrove, often buttressed, short prop roots, knee-like pneumatophores, coarse bark, glossy leathery leaves, inflorescence pendent, petals red, long green fruits hanging down, red wood very hard and termite-resistant, flowers eaten by vervet monkeys and bats, leaves eaten by mangrove crabs, fruits eaten raw See Species Plantarum 1: 443. 1753, Encycl. (Lamarck) 4: 696. 1798, Tabl. Encycl. 2(5.2): 517 (-518); 2(2.2): t. 397. 1819, Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 1: 92. 1828, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 33. 1828, Flora de Filipinas 394. 1837, Annals of Natural History 1: 368. 1838, Museum Botanicum 1: 136–140. 1849, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, ser. 4, 6: 114. 1856 and Philippine Journal of Science 9: 118. 1914, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 150: 1–42. 1954, Nova Guinea: a journal of botany, zoology, anthropology, ethnography, geology and palaeontology in the Papuan region, new series 8: 163–171. 1957, Cytologia 53: 87–92. 1988 (Twigs decoction given in body ache. Leaf buds made into a paste applied to relieve labor pains. A decoction of the root, mixed with leaves of Piper pyrifolium Vahl, drunk against bleeding, diabetes and hypertension. Eye medicine from the fruit. Bark astringent, for diarrhea and malaria.)

672

Brunellia Ruiz & Pav. Brunelliaceae

in English: black mangrove, Burma mangrove, cigar mangrove, cigar tree, large-fruited orange mangrove, many-petalled mangrove, oriental mangrove

in Indonesia: bakau tampusing, busing, mata buaya

in Hawaii: kukunaokala

in Papua New Guinea: avera

in East Africa: mchofi, mkifu

in Philippines: busain, pototan, tagasa

in Madagascar: sarihonko, tsitolomina, tsitolomino, vahona

in Thailand: phangahuasum-dokkhao, prasak, prasak-nu

in Southern Africa: swartwortelboom; isiKungati, isiKhangathi, isiQungati (Xhosa); isiHlobane, isiKhangazi (Zulu)

in Vietnam: v[ej]t, v[ej]t d[uf]

in Tanzania: mkombo wimbi, mshinzi, msinzi, muia, muja in Cambodia: prâsâk’ nhii, prâsâk’ tôôch in China: mu lan in India: dudduponna, kandal, kandel, kantal, kolache gida, ponna, seme, sigapukokandam, thuddaponna, thudduponna, thudu ponna, tofooto in Indonesia: putut, tanjang in Japan: aka-bana-hirugi, fikuki, o-hirugi, pushiki in Malaysia: bakau besar, putut, tumu, tumu merah in Papua New Guinea: mangoro in Philippines: bakauan, pototan, siap in Thailand: pang kâ hûa sum, pasak in Vietnam: du’óc’ hông, vet den, vet dzù Bruguiera parviflora Wight & Arn. ex Griff. (Bruguiera parviflora Wight; Bruguiera parviflora Wight & Arn.; Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff.) India. See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 311. 1834, Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta 8: 10. 1836, Ill. Ind. Bot. i. 210. 1840

in Malaysia: berus putut, mata buaya, tumu puteh, tumu putih

Brunellia Ruiz & Pav. Brunelliaceae See Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 71, t. 12. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 127. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 19. 1806, Plantae Aequinoctiales 1: 216–220. 1808, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 3(3): 13–14. 1893, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 21: 317. 1895, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1: 182. 1897 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 5: 226. 1908, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 4: 341. 1941, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 5: 33. 1942, Caldasia 3: 427, 429. 1945, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 423–424. 1946, Fieldiana, Botany 27(2): 75–76. 1951, Kew Bull. 14: 40. 1960, Fl. Neotrop. 2: 1–189. 1970, Mutisia 50: 4–8. 1981, Pl. Syst. Evol. 145: 183–191. 1984, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 2(Suppl.): 28–103. 1985, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 494–496. 2001. Brunellia colombiana Cuatrec. South America, Colombia. See Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 5: 33, f. 20–22. 1942 (The smoke is irritant.)

(Leaves decoction taken after meals to relieve constipation.)

Vernacular name: jobo

in India: kaliachhua

Brunellia comocladifolia Bonpl. (Brunellia comocladifolia Humb. & Bonpl.)

Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. (Bruguiera eriopetala Wight & Arnott ex Arnott; Bruguiera eriopetala Wight & Arnott; Bruguiera sexangula Poir.; Rhizophora sexangula Lour.) SE Asia, India, Sri Lanka. Tree, yellow flowers See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 297. 1790, Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 4. 262. 1816, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1(5): 368. 1838 (Tannin from the bark. Fruit very astringent, applied against shingles, roots and leaves against burns, eye medicine from the fruit.) in English: black mangrove in Cambodia: plaông prâsak’ in China: hai lian

South America, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador. See Plantae Aequinoctiales [Humboldt & Bonpland] 1(8): 211–213, t. 59. 1808 (Febrifuge.) Brunellia sibundoya Cuatrec. (Brunellia antioquensis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec.; Brunellia coroicoana Cuatrec.; Brunellia sibundoya subsp. antioquensis Cuatrec.; Brunellia sibundoya subsp. sebastopola Cuatrec.) Colombia, Ecuador. Tree See Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 5: 35. 1942, Flora Neotropica 2: 81–86. 1970, Flora Neotropica Monogr. 2(Suppl.): 48f. 6. 1985

673

Brunfelsia L. Solanaceae

(A very hot tea of the leaves of Brunellia sibundoya with the mucilaginous fruits of Saurauia brachybotrys taken in treating pulmonary troubles, influenza, pneumonia.) Brunellia stuebelii Hieron. South America, Colombia. See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 317. 1895

anesthetic, laxative, purgative; stem bark ground and rubbed on sting ray wounds. Root used for yellow fever, impotence, syphilis, snakebite, lung diseases, bronchitis, cold, anemia. Leaves leishmanicidal; leaves rubbed on the body to treat external mycosis. Piscicide.) in English: Brazil raintree, largeflower brunfelsia, today and tomorrow, vegetable mercury, yesterday-today-tomorrow

(Febrifuge.)

in South America: borrachero, chiri-sanango, chiric sanango, chiricsanango, chirisanango, chuchuwasha, gambá, jeratacaca, manacá, manacán, managá caa, manaka, moca pari

Brunfelsia L. Solanaceae

Brunfelsia tastevini Benoist

For the German botanist Otto Brunfels, 1488–1534, monk, physician, in 1521 he left the Carthusian monastery and the Catholic faith, graduated M.D. at Basle, author of Herbarum vivae eicones ad naturae imitationem summa cum diligentia et artificio effigiatae. 3 vols. [The drawings by Hans Weiditz.] Argentorati 1530–1540 and Theses seu communes loci, totius rei medicae. Item. De usu pharmacorum, deque artificio suppressam alvum ciendi, liber. Edited by Johannes Munterus. Strasbourg 1532. See Species Plantarum 1: 191. 1753, Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones 1: 1, t. 1–17. 1826 and Garrison and Morton, Medical Bibliography. 1803. 1961, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 269. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 56. 1972, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/1–2): 1–151. 1974, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76(4): 294. 1978, Jerry Stannard, in D.S.B. 2: 535–538. 1981, Taxon 38: 510. 1989, Taxon 42: 693. 1993, Fieldiana, Bot. 39: 77–84. 1995.

Brazilian Amazon.

Brunfelsia chiricaspi Plowman Colombia. See Botanical Museum Leaflets 23(6): 255, pl. XVII. 1973 (Leaves used by shamans to prepare hallucinogen, harsh side effects, toxic.) Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don (Brunfelsia hopeana Benth.) Amazon regions. Shrub or treelet, leaves coriaceous, flowers blue or pinkish purple See Species Plantarum 1: 191. 1753, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 7: 86. 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 200. 1846 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50(2): 91–96. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52(1): 45–51. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(2): 309–312. 2005, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 56(1): 93–96. 2008 (Hallucinogen, ritual, an additive in the preparation of Ayahuasca. Oil/latex from the stem taken orally as a purgative, and to treat ulcers and digestive diseases. Whole plant decoction used externally to treat snake wounds. Root, bark, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, venereal, antirheumatic, febrifuge, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, narcotic, convulsant, analgesic,

See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 75: 295. 1928 (Hallucinogenic drink.) Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D. Don (Brunfelsia uniflora D. Don; Franciscea uniflora Pohl) Amazon. Shrub or treelet See Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones 1: 1–2, f. 1–17. 1826, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 7: 85. 1829 (Root reported to have toxicity in large doses. Root extract analgesic, antispasmodic, sedative, central nervous system depressant, anesthetic, abortive, aphrodisiac, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, febrifuge, anticoagulant, insecticide, refrigerant, laxative, lymphatic stimulant, for arthritis and rheumatism, snakebite, venereal diseases, to relieve menstrual pain, for colds, flu and fevers. A magic, ceremonial, sacred and spiritual plant used in Ayahuasca, and for bad luck.) in English: Christmas bloom, good night, Paraguay jasmine, vegetable mercury, white tree in South America: caá-gambá, camgaba, chiric sanango, chuchuwasha, gambá, gerataca, geratacaca, jasmim do Paraguai, jerataca, jeratacaca, jeratatrica, manacá, manacá-cheiroso, manacam, manacán, managá caa, manaka, mercúrio vegetal, moca pari, moka pari, santa maria, umburapuama

Brunsvigia Heister Amaryllidaceae (Alliaceae, Liliaceae) After Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand (1713–1780), Duke of Brunswick-Lünenburg, patron of the arts and sciences, see Heister, Lorenz (1683–1758), Beschreibung eines neuen Geschlechts … 3, cum ic. Braunschweig, 1755, Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae 51. 1834. Brunsvigias are rich in alkaloids that can be extremely toxic. Brunsvigia bosmaniae F.M. Leight. (Brunsvigia appendiculata F.M. Leight.) South Africa, Namibia. Herb, geophyte, tongue-shaped leaves, rounded candelabra-like pink scented flower heads, trumpet-shaped flowers pollinated at night, fruits dehiscent

674

Bryonia L. Cucurbitaceae

See South African Gardening 22: 137, 143. 1932

(Straighten child’s bones.)

(Magic, ceremonial, ritual, bulbs decoctions to enhance the accuracy of the dice thrown by local diviners.)

in Swaziland: lilula

in South Africa: maartblom, pienkmaartblom Brunsvigia elandsmontana Snijman (Wellington, Elands­ berg Private Nature Reserve.) South Africa’s Northern Cape province. Herb, bulb geophyte, elongated pedicels See Bothalia 31(1): 34–37. 2001 (Magic, ritual, ceremonial, bulb decoction to enhance the accuracy of bone-interpretation by diviners. Bulb rich in alkaloids; they can be extremely toxic!) Brunsvigia gregaria R.A. Dyer Cape Prov. Herb, pink flowers, fruits dehiscent See Plant Life 6: 79. 1950, Plant Life 7: 62. 1951, Planta Med. 61(6): 581. 1995 (Alkaloids.) in English: candelabra flower in Southern Africa: iKunzi emhlophe, kandelaar Brunsvigia josephiniae (Delile) Ker Gawl. (Amaryllis gigantea Marum; Amaryllis josephiniae Delile; Amaryllis josephiniana Herb.; Brunsvigia gigantea (Marum) Traub, nom. illeg.; Brunsvigia gigantea Heist.; Brunsvigia glauca Salisb., nom. inval.; Brunsvigia gydobergensis D. Müll.Doblies & U. Müll.-Doblies; Brunsvigia josephinae KerGawl.; Brunsvigia josephinae [Ker-Gawl.]; Brunsvigia josephiniae var. angustifolia Ker Gawl.; Coburgia josephinae (Delile) Herb. ex Sims) South Africa. Herb, dark red and orange-yellow tubular flowers carried on open widely spreading umbels, nectar-eating sugarbirds pollinate the flowers See Bot. Reg. 3: t. 192, 193. 1817, Gen. Pl. [Salisbury] 117. 1866 and Herbertia 5: 135. 1938, Feddes Repert. 105(5–6): 352. 1994, Phytochemistry 40(3): 961–965. 1995 (Alkaloids. Dry bulb tunics used as a wound dressing.) in South Africa: Josephine’s lily, kandelaarsblom, lantanter Brunsvigia litoralis R.A. Dyer Cape Prov. See Plant Life 7: 62. 1951, Planta Med. 64(1): 91–3. 1998

Brunsvigia orientalis (L.) Aiton ex Eckl. (Amaryllis multiflora D. Dietr., nom. illeg.; Amaryllis nobilis Salisb.; Amaryllis orientalis L.; Brunsvigia gigantea Heist.; Brunsvigia multiflora W.T. Aiton; Brunsvigia orientalis Aiton ex Eckl.; Brunsvigia rubricaulis M. Roem.; Coburgia multiflora (W.T. Aiton) Herb. ex Sims; Crinum candelabrum M. Roem.; Haemanthus orientalis (L.) Thunb.) Cape Prov. Bulb geophyte, flowers in large spherical umbel bright to light red See Hortus Kew. 2: 230. 1811, Topogr. Verz. Pflanzensamml. Ecklon: 7. 1827, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: 57. 1847 and Phytochemistry 43(6): 1379–1384. 1996 (Alkaloids.) in South Africa: candelabra flower, koningskandelaar, perdespookbossie Brunsvigia radulosa Herb. (Brunsvigia burchelliana Herb.; Brunsvigia cooperi Baker) S. Africa. Herb, rough tough leaves very thick, deep pink to pale purple flowers individually pedicelled-stalked, papery capsule, fleshy seeds See Amaryllidaceae t. 22. 1837 and J. Ethnopharmacol. 2(4): 323–335. 1980 [Antineoplastic constituents of some Southern African plants: Urginea capitata, Raphionacme hirsuta and Cheilanthes contracta, Brunsvigia radulosa, Amaryllis belladonna.], Phytochemistry 53(5): 587–591. 2000 [Bioactive alkaloids from Brunsvigia radulosa.] (Poisonous. Infusions used for abdominal troubles. Straighten child’s bones, to treat barrenness in women.) in English: candelabra flower, tumbleweed in South Africa: kandelaarblom, misryblom

Bryonia L. Cucurbitaceae Latin and Greek bryonia used by Dioscorides and Plinius; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1012–1013. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 442. 1754, Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae 1: 68. 1833, Chloris Hanoverana 6, 112. 1836, A Flora of North America: containing … 1: 540. 1840, Systema Materiae Medicae Vegetabilis Brasiliensis 79. 1843 and Lexikon Generum Phanerogamarum 278. 1903. Bryonia alba L.

(Alkaloids from the bulbs exhibited both antimalarial and cytotoxic activity.)

Europe.

Brunsvigia natalensis Baker

See Species Plantarum 2: 1012. 1753 and Kew Bull. 23: 455. 1969, Fl. Medit. 7: 213–218. 1997

S. Africa. See Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6(2): 208. 1896

(Diuretic, cathartic and purgative, rubefacient, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, pectoral and

675

Bryonopsis Arn. Cucurbitaceae

vermifuge. Toxic, irritant, this plant should be used with great caution.) in English: white bryony Bryonia dioica Jacq. (Bryonia cretica L. subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin; Bryonia dioica Sessé & Moc., nom. illeg.; Bryonia dioica M. Bieb., nom. illeg.; Bryonia ruderalis (Jacq.) Salisb.; Bryonia scarlatina (Jacq.) Dumort.) Europe. See Florae Austriaceae 2: 59–60, pl. 199. 1774, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 158. 1796, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 3: 625. 1819, Florula belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore … 54. 1827, Flora Mexicana 229. 1894 and Taxon 28: 395–397. 1979, Taxon 30: 856–857. 1981, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 29(1): 5–43. 1997 (Toxic, this plant should be used with great caution, irritant, cathartic and purgative, rubefacient, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, pectoral and vermifuge.) in English: common bryony, cow’s-lick, English mandrake, red-berried bryony, red bryony, snake bryony, tetter-berries, white bryony, white wild vine, wild hop, wild nep, woman drake in Arabic: dalia beida, fashira in Brazil: briônia, fogo ardente, ipeca indígena, nabo de diabo, norça branca Bryonia rostrata Rottler (Aechmandra rostrata (Rottler) Arn.; Kedrostis rostrata (Rottler) Cogn.; Kedrostis rostrata Cogn.) India. See Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4: 212–213. 1803, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 3: 274. 1841, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 3: 636. 1881 (Used in Sidha.) in India: appakovai, appakovay kalung

Bryonopsis Arn. Cucurbitaceae Resembling the genus Bryonia L., see Madras J. Lit. Sci., 12: 49. 1840, Hooker’s Journal of Botany. 3: 274. 1841. Bryonopsis laciniosa (L.) Naudin (Bryonia laciniosa L.; Bryonopsis laciniosa Naudin; Bryonopsis laciniosa var. typica (L.) Domin; Bryonopsis laciniosa var. typica Domin; Cayaponia laciniosa (L.) C. Jeffrey) India. Slender climber, perennial rootstock, tendrils, membranous leaves, white flowers, red fruits with white vertical lines, young fruit eaten See Species Plantarum 2: 1013. 1753, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 274.

1841, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 12: 141. 1860, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 6: 30. 1866 and Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 634. 1929, Kew Bulletin 15(3): 346–347. 1962 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Seeds antiinflammatory, spasmolytic, tonic, for venereal diseases; powdered seeds given to childless women to help conception, to increase chances for pregnancy. Roots for fertility of barren women. Leaf paste for boils. Plant supposed to be efficacious for snakebite.) in India: aiveli, aiviral, aivirali, aivirarkovvai, aiyaveli, aiyaviral, ancuvirali, ankali, ankuli, ayvirali, bahuputara, baja, bajguriya, bilanja, cataimutiyonpalattulvaci, cilettimacceti, cilettimam, cilettumanacini, citraphalah, chitraphalaa, civamurai, civanarpakal, civanarpakam, garunaru, i-virali kovai, ilinkakkovai, ilinkapputol, ilinkaputol, inkulinkapicam, ishari, ivoralikovai, iyaveli, iyaviraali, iyvirali, kaumdali, kovai, lingadonga, lingini, mala, nayival, neyyunni, palavarpala, pampukkovai, shivalingani, shivalingi, shivlingi, sivalingi, syapa karyal, vaduballi

Bryophyllum Salisbury Crassulaceae Greek bryo ‘to sprout, to grow’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, in allusion to the new plantlets that sprout from the leaves; see Familles des Plantes 2: 248. 1763, Plantarum historia succulentarum 17: pl. 100. 1802, R.A. Salisbury, The Paradisus Londinensis. 1: t. 3. 1805, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 8: 44–163. 1857 and Bull. Herb. Boissier 8: 17–48. 1908, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 404–415. 1946. Bryophyllum pinnatum (L.f.) Oken (Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb.; Bryophyllum germinans Blanco; Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz; Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, nom. illeg.; Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Asch. & Schweinf., nom. illeg.; Bryophyllum pinnatum Asch. & Schweinf.; Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken; Bryophyllum pinnatum var. simplicifolium Kuntze; Cotyledon calycina (Salisb.) Roth; Cotyledon pinnata Lam.; Cotyledon pinnata var. b Lam.; Cotyledon rhizophylla Roxb.; Crassula pinnata L.f.; Crassuvia floripendia Commers.; Crassuvia floripendia Commers. ex Hiern; Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.; Kalanchoe pinnata var. floripendula Pers.; Sedum madagascariense Clus.; Verea pinnata (Lam.) Spreng.; Vereia pinnata (Lam.) Andrews; Vereia pinnata (Lam.) Willd.) Pantropical. Succulent herb, erect, robust, leaves fleshy, flowers nodding in lax terminal panicles, sepals red streaked with green, petals orange red, cylindrical calyx light purple See Familles des Plantes 2: 248. 1763, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 141. 1786, Hist. Pl. Grass. 2: 100. 1802, The Paradisus Londinensis sub pl. 3. 1805, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte 3(3): 1966. 1841, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 40: 52. 1871, Illustration de la Flore d’Égypte 2: 79. 1887 and Journ. Arn. Arb. xxxi. 272. 1950, Fl. W. Trop. Afr., [Hutchinson &

676

Dalziel] ed. 2, i. 116. 1954, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 215–223. 1983, Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 74(1): 11–14. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004 (Used in Ayurveda. Toxic to cattle and other farm stocks. Leaves diuretic, antimutagenic, antibacterial, disinfectant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, counterirritant and sedative; leaf juice antiseptic, febrifuge, diuretic, for dysmenorrhea, irregular menses, cough, dropsy, fevers, asthma, earache, ophthalmia; leaf chewed with salt in empty stomach to cure dysentery; warmed leaf tied on wounds to remove pus; fresh leaves used as a poultice in the treatment of boils, wounds, burns, cough, pain in the chest, headache, insect bites, swellings and scalds; fresh leaf paste applied over the stomach to relieve abdominal pain, indigestion. Crushed leaves applied to broken bones with a bandage; treatment for stomachache and pain in the kidneys, leaves squeezed into water and water drunk; crushed leaves applied to the forehead to relieve headache. Fruits and leaves applied to burns, for cough. Roots decoction for coughs. Magic, ritual, leaves in bath for bewitchment.) in English: air plant, clapper bush, green love, leaf of life, life plant, miracle leaf, never die, resurrection plant, tree of life, wonder of the world in Ecuador: chucgri yuyo, chugri yuyo, jë’ye, jëye, pichi panga in Guyana: sagiwanor in Brunei: bendingin, serigen in Burma (Myanmar): yoekiyapinba in China: lao di sheng gen in India: airaavati, basam gatch, basum gatch, bish khapru, dupar tenga, duportenga, hanuman thaba, koppata, manahidak, paashaanabheda, parnabija, pasanabheda, pategaja, patharkuchi, patharkunchi, patharshila, patrabija, zakhm-e-hayaat in Indonesia: buntiris, daun sejuk, sosor bebek, taban sakit ulu

Buchanania Sprengel Anacardiaceae

in Central African Republic: boul in Comoros: meyawani, miawani, paravani in Congo: djoka, djokaka, djonga, djuka, liliyuwa, limamatu, liyouka, liyuka, mayama, mayuyuku, ndjoa, nzua, nzuwa, tebete, tsui, yuayu, yuka, yuyuka in Guinea: gbou-ouou in Ivory Coast: akwolé, kpakolé, kpoapo, kpokorokpo, kpolembli, kwotrotro in Madagascar: sodifafagna in Mali: sugulujiinloo in Mauritius: soudefafe in Nigeria: abamodo, adamoda, ebi-ubiouen, ufo ivo in Rwanda: ikinetenete, rutaganzwa, rwimira in Sierra Leone: kpolaa in West Africa: an-lebin, gbola, kpola Bryophyllum proliferum Bowie (Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb.; Bryophyllum proliferum Bowie ex Hook.; Kalanchoe prolifera (Bowie) Raym.-Hamet; Kalanchoe prolifera (Bowie ex Hook.) Raym.-Hamet) Madagascar. Succulent herb, shrub, erect, leaves very fleshy, inflorescence a terminal erect cyme, corollas green apex orange-red, flowers pendulous See Familles des Plantes 2: 248. 1763, Botanical Magazine t. 5147. 1859 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 17–48. 1908 (Leaves antiinflammatory, antiseptic, counterirritant and sedative; fresh leaves used as a poultice in the treatment of boils, wounds, burns and scalds.) in India: patharshila in Indonesia: buntiris

in Laos: poun po, poun tay

Buchanania Sprengel Anacardiaceae

in Malaysia: rajah bangun, sedingin, seringin, setawar padang

After the Scottish botanist Francis Hamilton (olim Buchanan), 1762–1829 (Leny, Scotland), M.D. Edinburgh 1783, surgeon in the East India Company (Bengal Medical Service), plant collector, explorer and naturalist, 1806 Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1816 of the Linnean Society. See Species Plantarum 1: 383. 1753, Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 234. 1801 [1802], Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 431. 1818, Pl. Corom. iii. 79. t. 282. 1819, Claim of Dr. Francis Hamilton Buchanan of Spittal. (A statement of the claim of the family of Buchanan of Spittal to be considered the chief of the name.) Edinburgh 1826, Antoine Lasègue, Musée botanique de M. Benjamin Delessert. 138–141. Paris, Leipzig 1845 and D.G. Crawford, A History of the Indian Medical Service, 1600–1913. London 1914, Isaac Henry

in Papua New Guinea: ine renge idu ndronndron, maguliwai, moiatiti, solomon in Philippines: abisrana, karitana, katakataka in Thailand: benchachat, khwum taai ngaai pen, ton tai bai pen in Vietnam: c[aa]y thu[oos]c b[or]ng, c[aa]y tr[uw][owf]ng sinh, l[aj]c d[ij]a sinh c[aw]n African names: afia-ayo, nkwonkwu in Benin: atchéman, biroubine, djwèfon, tessouman

677

Buchanania Sprengel Anacardiaceae

Burkill, Chapters on the History of Botany in India. Delhi 1965, R. Desmond, The European Discovery of the Indian Flora. Oxford 1992. Buchanania angustifolia Roxb. (Buchanania angustifolia Benth., nom. illeg.; Buchanania muelleri (Benth.) Engl.) India. See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 58. 1820, Fl. Austral. 1: 490. 1863, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 190. 1883 (Used in Unani and Sidha.) in India: cara, chara, cheru, habb-us-samena, induba, kalma, kanma, kattuma, kattumankay, malamavu, moralli, morli, mudma, mutama, peddamorali, peddamoralli, pulima, sara, sarapappu, tsara Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume (Buchanania arborescens F. Muell.; Buchanania arborescens Blume; Buchanania florida Schauer; Buchanania florida A. Gray; Buchanania florida var. arborescens Pierre; Buchanania florida var. dongnaiensis Pierre; Buchanania lucida Blume; Buchanania muelleri Engl.; Buchanania muelleri (Benth.) Engl.; Buchanania platyphylla Merr.; Coniogeton arborescens Blume) Tropical Asia. Tree, slender, shiny evergreen foliage, very small white to cream flowers in panicles, reddish to purpleblack edible fruit See Novorum Actorum Academia Caesareae LeopoldinaeCarolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum 19(Suppl. 1): 481. 1843, Museum Botanicum 1: 183. 1850, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 15: 366. 1854, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 5: t. 372B, 381. 1898 and von Reis Altschul S. Drugs and Foods from Little-Known Plants. Notes in Harvard University Herbaria. Cambridge, MA. 1973 (The juice of this species reported to produce itching. For headache pound the leaves and use as a poultice. The black sap of Buchanania species is said to be non-irritant, or may be an irritant in those susceptible. Root expectorant; leaf juice aphrodisiac, psychoactive, purgative.) in English: bush currant, green plum, lightwood, little gooseberry tree, satinwood, sparrows’ mango in China: shan xian zi Malay name: otak hudang, otak udang, otak udang tumpul in SE Asia: balinghasai, belino-beluno, chaa muang, getasan, katak udang, kepala tundang, ketak udang, luaet khwai, mamuang khee kratai, pauh pipit, popohonan, puan, rawarawa pipit, rengas ayam, rengas laut, terentang tikus in Vietnam: c[aa]y m[uw]ng ri Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) T.P. Ramamoorthy (Mangifera axillaris Desr.) India.

See Fl. Hassan Distr. Karnataka, India: 374. 1976 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaves laxative, depurative, cooling, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, astringent, wound healing; leaf juice digestive, expectorant, aphrodisiac, purgative. Seeds tonic to body and brain; kernel laxative, febrifuge. Gum mixed with goat milk and Eleusine coracana flour applied externaly to treat pain in heart.) in English: Buchanan’s mango, Cudapah almond, Cuddapah almond in India: chaara, char, chinasarapappu, habb-us-simanaa, induba, kattuma, kola-mavu, kolamavu, kulamavu, marharia, moradi, moralli, morave, morli sara, motachar, mudaima, mudama, mundamah, muradi, murkaalu, pedda moralli, pedda-mori, pedda morli, peddamoralli, piyala, priyaal, saaraparuppu, sarapappu, sarapappu-kernei, saraparuppu, shaara pappu, yemme murukalu mara, yemme murukelu gida Buchanania cochinchinensis M.R. Almeida India. See Flora of Maharashtra State 1: 287. 1996 (Fruit and leaves for burns, wounds, mumps; leaves for wounds. Eaten in impotency and spermatorrhea. Stem bark decoction taken for indigestion.) in India: chaara, char, charodi Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (Buchanania latifolia Roxb.) Tropical Asia, India. Tree, straight cylindrical trunk, black rough bark, young branches with silky hairs, coriaceous leaves, small greenish white flowers in panicles, black lenticular fruits, ripe fruits and kernels eaten, in dry deciduous forest See Hort. Bengal. 32. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 385–386. 1832 and Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society 54: 73–94. 1963, Sengupta A., Roychoudhury S.K. “Triglyceride composition of Buchanania lanzan seed oil.” J. Sci. Food Agric. 28(5): 463–468. 1977, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 40(6): 227–228. 1978, Taxon 28: 403. 1979, Journal of Tree Sciences 3: 126–127. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 36–42, 308–320. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71(1–2): 89–92. 2000, J. Environ. Biol. 22(3): 229–231. 2001 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaves laxative, depurative, cooling, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, astringent. Seeds tonic to body and brain; kernel laxative, febrifuge; kernel ash mixed with latex of Jatropha glandulifera made into a paste and applied for itches. Leaves crushed and applied to wounds; leaves soaked in water overnight and drunk for spermatorrhea; leaf juice digestive, expectorant, aphrodisiac, purgative, blood purifier. Pounded bark in water given to women for excessive bleeding during menstruation; in case of dysentery and diarrhea, bark is given with milk; young bark grounded with water made into a paste rubbed on the snakebitten part; stem bark made into a paste with water applied on forehead to treat headache in indigestion.

678

Paste of gum applied on wounds, cuts and boils, and given in diarrhea. A sweet drink prepared out of roots of this plant, Piper nigrum and candy given in venereal diseases. Immunostimulant activity of dry fruits and plant materials used for mothers after childbirth. Piscicide. Magicoreligious beliefs, a taboo to cook the fruits until the Kaksadh festival, a particular inaugural ceremony. Veterinary medicine, bark juice for fracture of limb.) in English: almondette, almondette tree, Buchanan’s mango, calumpang nuts, calumpong nut, charoli kernel, cheronjee, chirauli nut, chirauli nut tree, chironji kernel, Cudapah almond, Cuddapah almond, Hamilton mombin in China: dou fu guo in India: achaar, achar, akhalta, akhatta, ayakkira, ayattilitacempi, ayma, bahalavalkala, bahulavalkala, bahulvalkala, baruda, car, cara, cara paruppu, carai, caraipparuppu, carpoppu, chaar, chaara, chaara pappu, chaarkoli, chaarumaamidi, chaaruvaala, chalaali, chanhra, char, chara, charaka, charamamidi, chareli, charo, charoli, charpoppu, charumamidi, chaurapuppoo, cheru, chinamoralli, chinna moralli, chiraoli, chirapuli, chirauli, chiraunji, chiroli, chirongi, chironji, chirronji, ciraumci, cironji, dhanu, dhanushpalta, dhanuspata, dhanushpatta, dhurkaalu, drusallaka, erappu, erka, erpa, habulsamnah, hasannaka, herka, hulimaralu, irippa, jaarumaamidi, jaru mamidi, jarumamidi, jvaramaamidi, jvaramamidi, kaattumaa, kalamavu, kantulatti, kath bhilawa, kattu-ma, kattuma, kharaskandha, kharskandha, kodamankattumaram, kolageru, kolamaavu, kole maavu, kolegaeru, kolegeru, kolemaavu, kolemavu, lalana, madaima, maghz chiraunji, maira, modama, mokshavirya, moongapezhu, moraeda, moraetha, moraimaram, morala, morale, moralli, morante, morappa, morate, morave, mori, morichettu, morili, morli, morlicettu, morlli, morri, mudaikhai, mudaikkai, mudaima, mukrali, munalperlu, mungaper, mungaperlu, munnalperu, munnapelu, muppantini, muppantinimaram, muraiyidam, mural, murala, muralkalu, murante, murkaali, murkali, mursussa, murukali, murukalu, muruke, mutaiccai, mutaima, mutaiyilai, mutama, mutama paruppu, muungaappeezh, nakulekwajah, naraitiraimarappanni, naruvi, nuramaram, nurchilla, nurkala, nurkul, nurukkal, nuruvi, paira, pata, pial, piar, piyaala, piyal, piyala, piyalaka, piyar, pra-savak, prasavakh, priyaala, priyal, priyala, priyalah, priyalam, priyalo, pulima, pulimankay, pural, pyalchar, raj-adanamu, rajadana, rajanadanha, reka, ryalchar, saara chettu, saaraapparuppu, sannakadru, sannakadru dhanushpat, sara, sarai, saraiparuppu, saraka, sarapappu, sarop, sinna moralli, sinnamorali, sinnamoralli, sir, snehabija, taapaseshtha, tanu, tapacappiriyai, tapalesta, tapasapriya, tapaseshtha, tarab, tavacimaram, tavacumaram, upavata, upavatth, upvata, viyala in Myanmar: lambo, lamboben, launzan, lenepho, lonoepomaa, lonpo, lunbo in Nepal: karma, kiram in Tibet: pi la ya

Buchloe Engelm. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Buchanania latifolia Roxb. Burma, Laos, Thailand. Tree, fruit a dark drupe, in open and dry forest See Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 234. 1801 [1802], Hort. Bengal. 32. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 385–386. 1832 and Taxon 28: 403. 1979 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Leaves tonic and cardiotonic; powder of the leaves to promote the healing of wounds. Roots and leaves battered and mixed with buttermilk, and this mixture a treatment for diarrhea. Gum against leprosy and diarrhea, mixed with goat`s milk used in intercostal pains; to treat rheumatic pains a blend of the gum dissolved in cow`s milk.) in English: cheerojee-oil plant, chirauli nut, chirauli nut tree, Cuddapah almond, Hamilton mombin in Burma: lambo, lone-hpo in China: dou fu guo in India: cala, calali, cara, carah, carapappu, carumamidi, chara, chara-mamidi, charamamidi, charapappu, charapuppoe, charoli, charoomamudee, charummamidi, chinamorali, chinamoralli, chinnamoral, chirika, chiroli, chironji, cinnamoralli, ciravuli, dhurkalu, durkalu, iripa, irippa, irpe, kala, kalamavu, kati-mango, katma mowda, kolegeru, kolemavu, kolligeru, kulurmava, kulurmavu, maghz chiraunji, moorghee, mora, morakanji, morale, moralli, morante, morave, morlu, mungapera, mungaperlu, munnalperu, mura, muraki, mural, muralkalu, muralkanci, murchil, murikil, murikkalu, murkala, murkali, murkalimorave, murkalu, murki, murukali, muruke, murukkil, muruvei, niyeveru, nurchil, nureke, nurkal, nurkala, nurkul, nurukkal, nuruvei, nuruvi, nusikal, nuskul, piyal, piyala, piyar, priyalah, pyal-chari, sara, sarai, sarapappu, sarapappulu, snehabijah, tapasapriya, yerpa in Nepal: chiraunjee in Thailand: hak phuu, mamuang maeng wan, rak muu

Buchloe Engelm. Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Greek bous ‘an ox’ and chloe, chloa ‘grass, young grass’, type Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm., see Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2(4,21): 134, 141. 1805, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 18. 1856, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 347. 1857, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 1: 432. 1859, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 763. 1891 and Phytologia 37(4): 317–407. 1977, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 293–295. 1994, Las Gramíneas de México 2: 1–344. 1987, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 41: 20–33. 2001. Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. (Anthephora axilliflora Steud.; Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus; Bouteloua mutica Griseb. ex E. Fourn.; Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. ex Kuntze; Calanthera dactyloides (Nutt.) Kunth ex Hook.;

679

Buchnera L. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae)

Casiostega dactyloides (Nutt.) E. Fourn.; Casiostega hookeri Rupr. ex E. Fourn.; Lasiostega humilis Rupr. ex Munro; Melica mexicana Link ex E. Fourn.; Sesleria dactyloides Nutt. Northern America, USA, Mexico. Tufted, sward-forming, unbranched above, leaf sheath glabrous, ligule ciliate, leaf blade flat, curly leaves, florets unisexual, female spikelets crowded together and burr-like, male spikelets on a raceme, short basal bracts, cultivated, ornamental, good forage, useful for erosion control, open habitats See The Genera of North American Plants 1: 65. 1818, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 111. 1854, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 18. 1856, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 347. 1857, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 15: 470–471. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 763. 1891 and Aliso 18: 63. 1999 (For skin diseases and to make the hair grow.) in English: buffalo grass, buffalograss

Tropical Asia, China, Nepal. See Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 91. 1825, Scrophularineae Indicae 41. 1835, Companion to the Botanical Magazine 1: 363, 367. 1836, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 203. 1837 (Yin deficiency.) in China: gui yu jian, hei cao, heicao, kuei yü chien, kui-uchi, yü chien Buchnera hispida Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Buchnera browniana Schinz; Striga schimperiana Hochst.) East Africa. Herb, erect, slender, rather brittle-stemmed, blue purplish-pink flowers, long corolla tube and five whorled spreading lobes, inside throat very hairy See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 22. 1790, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 91. 1825 (Whole plants cooked with bony beef, decoction taken with food to remedy malaria.)

in Spanish: hierba búfalo, zacate búfalo in Mexico: zacate búfalo, zacate chino

Buchnera L. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae) Presumably named in honor of the German naturalist Johann Gottfried Buchner (or Buechner or Büchner), 1695–1749, author of Umständliche Erzählung verschiedener Exempel recht sonderbarer Vermehrung der Feldfrüchte. Schneeberg 1718 and Dissertationes epistolicae de memorabilibus Voigtlandiae ex regno vegetabili. [Greizae 1743]; or after the physician Andreas Elias Buchner (or Buechner or Büchner), 1701–1769, a German naturalist author of Dissertatio inauguralis medica de atrocissimo sequioris sexus flagello, sive passione hysterica, etc. Exfordia [1721] and An easy and very Practicable Method to enable Deaf Persons to Hear … London 1770. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 630. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 278. 1754, Academiae Sacri Romani Imperii Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum historia, conscripta ab eiusdem praeside A.E. Büchnero 1755, Skånes Flora, ed. 2 979. 1870 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319–416. 1973, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 41(1): 97, 99, 120, 161. 1996, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 1–69. 2000.

Buckleya Torr. Santalaceae See American Journal of Science, and Arts 45(1): 170. 1843 and International Journal of Plant Science 162(S6): S41S52. 2001 Buckleya graebneriana Diels China. Shrub, deciduous, semiparasitic, flowers dioecious, yellow fruits edible after cooking See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 306. 1900 (For burns and boils.) in English: flour jar in China: mian weng, mien weng, qin ling mi mian weng Buckleya henryi Diels China. Shrub, semiparasitic, flowers dioecious

Buchnera ciliata Pennell

See Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(2): 194. 1845, Catalogus musei botanici lugduno-batavi 79. 1870 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 306. 1900

New Guinea, Indonesia.

(Fresh leaves and bark poisonous.)

See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 24(3): 263. 1943, Economic Botany 17(1): 16–22. 1963

in English: rice flour jar

(Raw plant eaten for alleviating birth pains and in accelerating the expulsion of the placenta.) in New Guinea: bogle Buchnera cruciata Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don (Buchnera cruciata Buch.-Ham.; Buchnera densiflora Hooker & Arnott; Buchnera stricta Bentham)

in China: mi mian weng, mi mien weng

Buddleja L. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae, Scrophulariaceae) After the English botanist Rev. Adam Buddle, c. 1660–1715 (Gray’s Inn, London), grasses and mosses collector. See

680

Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 112. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 51. 1754, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 454. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 2: 133. 1827 and J. Britten, The Sloane herbarium … revised and edited by J.E. Dandy. 95. 1958, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/1): 239–269. 1959, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 140–141. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 277. 1965, Gentes Herb. 10(1): 47–114. 1967, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/4): 276–302. 1969, Fl. Ecuador 16: 1–24. 1982, Fl. Madagasc. 167: 1–107. 1984, Fl. Neotrop. 81: 1–225. 2000, David D. Stuart, Buddlejas. Timber Press (OR) 2006. Buddleja americana L. (Buddleja americana Kunth; Buddleja americana var. albiflora Gomez; Buddleja americana var. rothschuhii Loes.; Buddleja callicarpoides Kunth; Buddleja cana Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Buddleja dentata Kunth; Buddleja floribunda Kunth; Buddleja occidentalis L.; Buddleja rufescens Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Buddleja spicata Ruiz & Pav.; Buddleja verbascifolia Kunth) West Indies, Central America. Shrub, oval leaves, very small greenish-yellow flowers, the plant has a strong odor See Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 2: 351. 1818, Anales de Historia Natural 19: 259. 1890, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 23(1–2): 12, 118. 1896 and Gentes Herb. 10: 83, 84, 86. 1967, Fl. Neotrop. 81: 137. 2000 (The plant contains saponic glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, sterols, and triterpenes. Leaves antibacterial, analgesic, diuretic, hypnotic, wound healing, stomachic, used for hepatitis, jaundice, burns, sores, rheumatism, tetanus, to relieve stomach pain caused primarily by parasites; applied on the forehead for headache. Extracts poisonous to fish.)

Buddleja L. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae, Scrophulariaceae)

See Species Plantarum 2: 638 [938]. 1753, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 72. 1790, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 291. 1792, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 411. 1820, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 125. 1821, Novae Plantarum Species 82. 1821, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 92. 1825, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 14: 743. 1826, Linnaea 2: 598. 1827, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6401. 1832, Flora de Filipinas 57. 1837 and Flore du KouyTchéou 443. 1914–1915, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 56: 157. 1942, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 56–58. 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 83–94. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988, Fitoterapia 76(6): 588–589. 2005, Z. Naturforsch. 63b, 915–919. 2008, Z. Naturforsch. 63c, 483–491. 2008 (Said to be poisonous. Crushed flowers applied on skin diseases. Roots expectorant, tonic, febrifuge. Crushed leaves for skin infection, boils, skin disorders, dermatosis. Dried leaves decoction taken against headache. Antioxidant, hypotensive, abortifacient, antimalarial; leaf paste applied in the treatment of arteriosclerosis and on forehead for headache. Crushed fresh young leaves and twigs used as a fish poison.) in English: Asian butterfly bush, buddleia, dog tail in Hawaii: huelo ‘ilio in China: bai bei feng in India: agia chita, bhati, bhimsen pati, bonchini, chinderae, dhura, dhurbana, dieng tuti myneng, holi lakki, kara kaane, karakan, karakani, nayari, neemda, newarpati, nuneheru-araung, posutia, se-rial, serial, shamei, sialrial, sonpati, thor banna in Indonesia: tekaleng bekan, tuba palang bekan, tuba selabung bekan in Nepal: bhimsen pate, bhimsen pati, bhimsenpati, shinabu

in Latin America: hoja blanca, salvia, zayolizcan

in Pakistan: bann

Buddleja asiatica Loureiro (Buddleja acuminatissima Blume; Buddleja amentacea Kraenzlin; Buddleja arfakensis Kanehira & Hatusima; Buddleja asiatica var. brevicuspe Koorders; Buddleja asiatica var. densiflora (Blume) Koorders & Valeton; Buddleja asiatica var. salicina (Lamarck) Koorders & Valeton; Buddleja asiatica var. sundaica (Blume) Koorders & Valeton; Buddleja densiflora Blume; Buddleja neemda Buch.-Ham.; Buddleja neemda Buchanan-Hamilton ex Roxburgh; Buddleja neemda Hort. ex Link; Buddleja neemda var. philippensis Chamisso & Schlechtendal; Buddleja salicina Lamarck; Buddleja serrulata Roth; Buddleja subserrata Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don; Buddleja sundaica Blume; Buddleja virgata Blanco; Vitex esquirolii H. Léveillé)

in Philippines: ammugin, lagundi-salasa, lakien-ti-subusub, malasambong, maligus, sambong-kola, taliknono, tokman, tugnang

Tropical Asia, sub-Himalaya. Evergreen shrub, undershrub or sometimes small tree, perennial, leaves lanceolate, dull white fragrant flowers in dense terminal and axillary elongate bracteate often nodding inflorescence, leaves fodder for goats and deer and sheep

Buddleja cordata Kunth (Buddleja acuminata Kunth; Buddleja astralis Standl. & Steyerm.; Buddleja cordata subsp. cordata; Buddleja cordata var. teposan Loes.; Buddleja decurrens Schltdl. & Cham.; Buddleja floccosa Kunth; Buddleja floccosa var. crassifolia Loes.; Buddleja humboltiana Schult. & Schult. f., nom. illeg.; Buddleja macrophylla Kunth; Buddleja ovalifolia Kunth; Buddleja propinqua Kunth; Buddleja spectabilis Kunth & Bouché) Mexico. See Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1(2): 745. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2(ed. quarto): 348–350, t. 185, 187. 1818, Mantissa 3: 93. 1827, Linnaea 5: 105. 1830, Linnaea 18: 500–501. 1844, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, Bot. 5: 358. 1846 and Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die

681

Buddleja L. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae, Scrophulariaceae)

Angrenzenden Länder 53(1): 72–73. 1911, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(2): 72. 1944, Gentes herb. 10(1): 68–69. 1967, Flora Neotropica 81: 148, 169, 171. 2000 (Diuretic.) Buddleja crispa Bentham (Buddleja acosma C. Marquand; Buddleja agathosma Diels; Buddleja agathosma var. glandulifera C. Marquand; Buddleja caryopteridifolia W.W. Smith; Buddleja caryopteridifolia var. eremophila (W.W. Smith) C. Marquand; Buddleja caryopteridifolia var. fasciculiflora Z.Y. Zhang; Buddleja caryopteridifolia var. lanuginosa C. Marquand; Buddleja crispa var. amplexicaulis Z.Y. Zhang; Buddleja crispa var. dicipiens Schmidt; Buddleja crispa var. farreri (I.B. Balfour & W.W. Smith) HandelMazzetti; Buddleja crispa var. glandulifera (C. Marquand) S.Y. Pao (also S.Y. Bao); Buddleja crispa var. grandiflora (C. Marquand) S.Y. Pao; Buddleja eremophila W.W. Smith; Buddleja farreri I.B. Balfour & W.W. Smith; Buddleja hastata Prain ex C. Marquand; Buddleja incompta W.W. Smith; Buddleja praecox Lingelsheim; Buddleja sterniana A. Cotton; Buddleja tibetica W.W. Smith; Buddleja tibetica var. farreri (I.B. Balfour & W.W. Smith) C. Marquand; Buddleja tibetica var. glandulifera C. Marquand; Buddleja tibetica var. grandiflora C. Marquand; Buddleja tibetica var. truncatifolia (H. Léveillé) C. Marquand; Buddleja truncata Gagnepain; Buddleja truncatifolia H. Léveillé; Buddleja whitei Kraenzlin) China, Nepal, Himalaya. Deciduous shrub, tomentose, spreading, lilac flowers in terminal panicles See Scrophularineae Indicae 43. 1835 and Records of the Botanical Survey of India 4: 270. 1911, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 2: 187, 192. 1912, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(25): 248–249. 1912, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 50(2–3, Beibl. 111): 46–47. 1913, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(368– 369): 342. 1914, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 8(38): 179–181. 1914, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 9(42): 84–85. 1916, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 12: 464. 1922, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930(5): 187, 197, 205. 1930, Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 121: 159. 1947, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17(3): 356, pl. 7, f. 3, 4. 1980, Taxon 30: 843. 1981, Flora Xizangica 3: 899, f. 344(5–7). 1986, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 23(1): 140–143. 2008, Nat. Prod. Res. 24(9): 783–788. 2010 (Aerial parts antioxidant, nematicidal.) in English: curly butterfly bush, orange eye butterflybush

Japan. See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 267. 1838 and Botanical Magazine 24: 56. 1910, Bulletin of Arts & Science Division, Ryukyu University. 3: 106. 1959 (Piscicide.) in China: nao yu hua, tai wan zui yu cao, taiwan zui yu cao, tsui yu tsao in Japan: ko-fuji-utsugi Buddleja davidii Franchet (Buddleja davidii var. alba Rehder & E.H. Wilson; Buddleja davidii var. glabrescens Gagnepain; Buddleja davidii var. magnifica (E.H. Wilson) Rehder & E.H. Wilson; Buddleja davidii var. nanhoensis (Chittenden) Rehder; Buddleja davidii var. superba (Veitch) Rehder & E.H. Wilson; Buddleja davidii var. veitchiana (Veitch) Rehder & Bailey; Buddleja davidii var. wilsonii (E.H. Wilson) Rehder & E.H. Wilson; Buddleja shaanxiensis Z.Y. Zhang; Buddleja shimidzuana Nakai; Buddleja striata Z.Y. Zhang ex Govaerts; Buddleja striata Z.Y. Zhang; Buddleja striata var. zhouquensis Z.Y. Zhang; Buddleja variabilis Hemsley; Buddleja variabilis var. magnifica E.H. Wilson; Buddleja variabilis var. nanhoensis Chittenden; Buddleja variabilis var. prostrata C.K. Schneider; Buddleja variabilis var. superba Veitch; Buddleja variabilis var. veitchiana Veitch; Buddleja variabilis var. wilsonii E.H. Wilson) China. Shrub, deciduous, flowers violet to dark purple, terminal inflorescences See Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2. 10: 65. 1887, Pl. David. 10: 103–104. 1888, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(173): 120- 26(174): 121. 1889/1890 and Flora & Sylva 3: 340, f. s.n. 1905, Revue de l’Horticulture Belge et Étrangère 35: 12. 1909, Plantae Wilsonianae 1(3): 567–568. 1913, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 47: 193. 1922, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 5(4): 240. 1924, Bulletin of the National Science Museum 29: 75. 1950, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool 79(6): 149. 1979, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(3): 355–356, pl. 1, 2, 7, f. 2. 1980, Flora of Ecuador 16: 1–24. 1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 56–58. 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 83–94. 1987, World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1): 14. 1996, Pharmaceutical Biology 46(9): 596–601. 2008, Planta Med. 76(16): 1882–1887. 2010 (Antioxidant, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, molluscicidal, antifungal, wound healing, antibacterial, analgesic, sedative, for the treatment of liver diseases, bronchial complaints; a poultice of leaves applied on the wounds.)

in China: zhou ye zui yu cao

in English: butterfly bush, orange-eye butterfly bush, summer lilac

in Pakistan: chiti boi

in China: da ye zui yu cao

Buddleja curviflora Hooker & Arnott (Buddleja formosana Hatusima; Buddleja venenifera Makino)

Buddleja elegans Cham. & Schltdl. subsp. angustata (Benth.) E.M. Norman (Buddleja angustata Benth.; Buddleja

682

Buddleja L. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae, Scrophulariaceae)

cambara Arechav.; Buddleja campestris (Velloso) Walp.; Buddleja fiebrigiana Kraenzl.; Buddleja grisea Kraenzl.; Buddleja malmei Kraenzl.; Buddleja thyrsoides Lam.; Buddleja vetula var. angustata (Benth.) Chodat; Buddleja vetula var. major Schmidt)

Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav. (Buddleja bullata Kunth; Buddleja incana var. pannulosa Diels; Buddleja longifolia Kunth; Buddleja rugosa Kunth)

Argentina, Uruguay. Shrub, white yellow fklowers

See Flora Peruviana 1: 52, pl. 80, f. b. 1798, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2(ed. quarto): 347–349, pl. 186. 1818 and Bibliotheca Botanica 116: 124. 1937, Fl. Neotrop. 81: 149, 152. 2000

See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 291. 1792, Florae Fluminensis 1: 55, t. 146. 1829[1825], Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 3: 330. 1844, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 443. 1846, Flora Brasiliensis 8: 284. 1862 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 2: 822. 1902, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 11: 311. 1908, Anales Museo Nacional Montevideo, ser. 2 1: 63–65, f. 2. 1911, Kurtziana 24: 192. 1995 (Pectoral.) Buddleja fallowiana I.B. Balfour & W.W. Smith (Buddleja fallowiana var. alba Sabourin) (in honor of George Fallow, a gardener at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, killed in Egypt.) China. Deciduous shrub, erect, compact, whitish lavender flowers in terminal erect panicles See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 10(46): 15–16. 1917 (Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory.)

Peru.

(Plant antimicrobial, stomachic, to treat wounds, warts and ulcers. Branches infusion taken for colds and catarrh.) Vernacular names: colle, quishuara, quisoar Buddleja lindleyana Fortune (Adenoplea lindleyana (Fortune) Small; Buddleja lindleyana var. sinuatodentata Hemsley) (named for the British botanist John Lindley, 1799–1865, Horticultural Society of London, from 1828 professor of botany London University, author of The Genera and species of Orchidaceous Plants. London 1830–1840; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 386. 1965, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 49–60. 1981, William T. Stearn, in D.S.B. 8: 371–373. New York 1981, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 158. 1988, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 429. 1994, Brent Elliott, “Lindley’s legacy.” The Garden. 123(11): 808–809. Nov. 1998.)

in China: zi hua zui yu cao

China.

Buddleja globosa Hope (Buddleja capitata Jacq.; Buddleja connata Ruiz & Pav.; Buddleja globifera Duhamel; Buddleja globosa Lam.)

See Edwards’s Botanical Register 30 (Misc.): 25. 1844, Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen 8: 406–407. 1883, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(173): 120. 1889

Chile. Shrub See Verhandelingen uitgegeeven door de hollandse maatschappy der weetenschappen, te Haarlem 20(2): 417– 418, pl. 11. 1782 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/1): 239–269. 1959 (Antimicrobial, aqueous extract of leaves taken as stomachic, also to treat wounds, warts and ulcers.) in English: orange ball tree in Chile: matico, pañil Buddleja glomerata Wendl.f. (Buddleja lobulata (Benth.) Phillips; Chilianthus lobulatus (Benth.) A. DC.; Nuxia lobulata Benth.) South Africa. (The pollen of the flower can cause sneezing.) in English: cockroach, Karoo sagewood, sneezebush in South Africa: Karoo-salie, hoesbos, kakkerlak (= cockroach), niesbos (= sneezebush)

(Antioxidant, molluscicidal, antiinflammatory, poisonous.) in English: Chinese buddleja, Lindley butterfly bush in China: zui yu cao in Japan: Ryûkyû-fuji-utsugi Buddleja macrostachya Wall. ex Benth. (Buddleja cylindrostachya Kraenzl.; Buddleja hancockii Kraenzl.; Buddleja henryi Rehder & E.H. Wilson var. hancockii (Kraenzl.) C. Marquand; Buddleja hookeri C. Marquand; Buddleja hosseusiana Kraenzl.; Buddleja macrostachya Benth.; Buddleja martii Schmidt) China, Himalaya, Bhutan. Shrub or small tree See Scrophularineae Indicae 42. 1835, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 6: 228, 245. 1868 and Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 26: 396. 1912, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 50(2–3, Beibl. 111): 46. 1913, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930(5): 191–192. 1930, Economic Botany 33(1): 52–56. 1979

683

Buddleja L. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae, Scrophulariaceae)

(Bark chewed with betel leaf. Leaves paste warmed and applied in venereal diseases.) in China: da xu zui yu cao in India: dieng jalawkren, jalong krem, jalong kren, tipokra-moli Buddleja madagascariensis Lam. (Adenoplea madagascariensis (Lam.) Eastwood; Buddleja heterophylla Lindl.; Nicodemia madagascariensis (Lam.) R. Parker)

Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 50(2–3, Beibl. 111): 45. 1913, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(363–367): 258. 1914, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930(5): 184. 1930 (Ritual, ceremonial, offered to God, waving a bunch of it before the God. Pounded young leaves as fish poison.) in China: hou yao zui yu cao in India: suddar, sundwar

East Africa.

in Nepal: narayan pati, narayanpati

See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 513. 1785, Tabl. Encycl. 1: 291. 1792, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: t. 1259. 1839, Catalogo … Orto Botanico di Napoli … 88. 1845 and For. Fl. Punjab 2: 357. 1924, Leaflets of Western Botany 1(17): 197. 1936

Buddleja perfoliata Kunth (Buddleja sphaerantha Schltdl. & Cham.)

(Antioxidant, bronchitis.)

antiinflammatory,

for

cough,

asthma,

in English: butterfly bush, smoke bush in Madagascar: ramandravaka, seva, sevafotsy, sevalahy in China: jiang guo zui yu cao Buddleja marrubiifolia Benth. Mexico. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 441. 1846 (Diuretic.) in English: woolly butterfly bush Buddleja officinalis Maxim. (Buddleja officinalis Maxim. var. macrantha Lingelsheim) China. See Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg. 26(3): 496–497. 1880 and Li Ping-tao in Chang Mei-chen & Qiu Lian-qing, eds. Loganiaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 61: 223–309. 1992, American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38(3): 585– 598. 2010 (Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, in atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation.) in English: pale butterfly bush in China: mi meng hua Buddleja paniculata Wall. (Buddleja acutifolia C.H. Wright; Buddleja gynandra C. Marquand; Buddleja lavandulacea Kraenzl.; Buddleja mairei H. Lév.)

Mexico. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2(ed. quarto): 346. 1818, Linnaea 5: 104. 1830 and Gentes Herb. 10: 99–100. 1967, Fl. Neotrop. 81: 132. 2000 (Leaves, stems and twigs infusion sudorific, anodyne, for cold, cough, catarrh.) in English: butterfly bush Buddleja saligna Willd. (Buddleja salicifolia Jacq.; Callicarpa paniculata Lam.; Chilianthus arboreus Benth.; Chilianthus arboreus A. DC.; Chilianthus arboreus (L.f.) A. DC.; Chilianthus arboreus var. rosmarinaceus Kuntze; Chilianthus oleaceus Burch.; Nuxia saligna (Willd.) Benth.; Scoparia arborea L.f.) South Africa. Shrub or tree, fast growing, trunk short often gnarled and crooked, crown dense rounded or domed-shaped, foliage greyish green, scented tiny creamy white flowers in dense terminal sprays See Enum. Pl. [Willdenow] 1: 159. 1809, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: 435. 1846 and BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 9: 21. 2009 (Leaves and stem antibacterial, antioxidant. Bark and leaf decoctions to treat colic, coughs, colds, sore eyes, urinary problems and as purgative. Leaves used to treat coughs and colds; roots as a purgative. Wild olives traditionally used to lower blood pressure.) in English: bastard olive, false olive, olive buddleia, olive buddleja, wild buddleja in South Africa: basterolienhout, bergolienhout, bossalie, lelothwane, mothlware, saliehout, troubos, iGqebaelimhlope, iGqeba-elimhlophe, umBatacwepe, umGeba, umGqeba, umNceba, unGqeba, witolien, witolienhout

India, Vietnam. Treelet or shrub, herb, white flowers with orange center

Buddleja salviifolia (L). Lam. (Buddleja aurantiaco-maculata Gilg; Buddleja salviifolia Lam.; Lantana salviifolia L.; Lantana salviifolia Cham.; Lantana salviifolia Jacq.)

See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 412. 1820, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1896(109): 24. 1896 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,

South Africa. Shrub or small tree, semi-evergreen to evergreen, fast growing, drooping branches, small fragrant lavender flowers borne in large panicles, leaves browsed by game

684

Bulbine Wolf Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Liliaceae)

See Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1116. 1759, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 513. 1785, Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 18, t. 285. 1798, Linnaea 7: 125. 1832 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30(3–4): 377. 1901, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120(3): 382–386. 2008

Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 239. 1879, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 6: 78. 1896 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 309–310. 1908, Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 26: 395. 1912, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 50(Beibl. 111): 39. 1913, Descriptions of Three Hundred New Species of South American Plants 81. 1920, Fl. Neotrop. 81: 108. 2000

(Powder from the leaves causes itchiness on the skin and in the eyes. Leaves antimalarial, antiplasmodial, stomachic, antiemetic, tonic, antispasmodic, carminative, antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and cytotoxic; leaves infusion applied as an eye lotion. Roots decoction for cough and colic.) in English: buddleja with leaves like a salvia, butterfly bush, mountain sage, sage-leaved butterfly bush, sagewood, South African sagewood, wild buddleja, wild sage, winter buddleja in Southern Africa: bergsalie, bergsaliehout, chipambati, chiPambati, cwangi, iGqange, iGwangi, iLoshane, iLothane, iLotyane, kleinsaliehout, lelothoane, lelothwane, muPambati, salie, salieboom, saliehout, umBatacwepe, vaalbos, wildesalie, witsalie Buddleja scordioides Kunth (Buddleja scordioides var. capitata S. Watson) Mexico. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 345– 346, pl. 183. 1818, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 18: 116. 1883 and Gentes Herb. 10: 100, 102. 1967, Flora Neotropica 81: 132, 134. 2000 (For dyspepsia.) Buddleja sessiliflora Kunth (Buddleja barbata Kunth & Bouché; Buddleja melliodora Kunth & Bouché; Buddleja pringlei A. Gray; Buddleja pseudoverticillata M. Martens & Galeotti; Buddleja verticillata Kunth; Buddleja verticillata Sessé & Moc.; Buddleja verticillata Kunth; Buddleja wrightii B.L. Rob.) Mexico, North America. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 345–346. pl. 148, 182. 1817, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 12: 24. 1845, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 19: 86. 1883, Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de historia natural], ser. 2, 1: app. 15. 1887, Botanical Gazette 16(12): 341–342. 1891 and Fl. Neotrop. 81: 145. 2000 (Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, wound healing.) Buddleja tucumanensis Griseb. (Buddleja bangii Kraenzl., nom. illeg. superfl.; Buddleja canescens Rusby; Buddleja cochabambensis Rusby; Buddleja hypoleuca Kraenzl.; Buddleja ignea Kraenzl.; Buddleja inconspicua Kraenzl.; Buddleja tucumanensis var. serrata Griseb.) Argentina. See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 213. 1874, Pl. Lorentz. 165. 1874, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der

(Astringent, stimulant.)

Bulbine Wolf Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asphodelaceae, Liliaceae) Greek bolbine, bolbos ‘a bulb, onion’, Sanskrit pûl ‘to accumulate, to gather’, Latin bulbine, es, old name used by Plinius for a species of little onion or bulb; see Nathaniel Matthaeus von Wolf (1724–1784), Genera plantarum vocabulis characteristicis definita. 84. [Danzig] 1776, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 41–42. 1788, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 372. 1809. Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich. (Bulbine asphodeloides Spreng. var. filifolioides De Wild.; Bulbine asphodeloides var. monticola Poelln.; Bulbine asphodeloides var. xanthobotrys (Engl. & Gilg) Weim.; Bulbine decurvata Peter ex Poelln.; Bulbine hamata Peter ex Poelln.; Bulbine huilensis Poelln.; Bulbine latitepala Poelln.; Bulbine xanthobotrys Engl. & Gilg) Ethiopia, Yemen, S. Africa. Herb, perennial, succulent, bushy, bright yellow flowers, often confused with Bulbine asphodeloides See Kunene-Sambesi Exped.: 186. 1903, Syll. Fl. Congol.: 567. 1909, Bot. Not. 1937: 420. 1937, Bol. Soc. Brot., II, 17: 155–156. 1943, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 53: 49–50. 1944, Planta Medica 65(8): 757–758. 1999, Pure Appl. Chem. 73(7): 1197–1208. 2001 (Antiplasmodial, astringent, to treat dysentery, bilharzia. Fresh leaf sap applied to the skin to cure ringworm, cracked lips and rash; sap disinfectant applied to wounds to promote healing; crushed leaves a dressing for burns.) in English: bushy bulbine in South Africa: geelkatstert, ibhucu, intelezi, moetsa-mollo, wildekopieva in Tanzania: in’tepa Bulbine alooides (L.) Willd. (Anthericum aloifolium Salisb.; Anthericum alooides L.; Bulbine acaulis L.; Bulbine alooides Willd.; Bulbine macrophylla Salm-Dyck; Bulbine platyphylla Baker; Phalangium alooides (L.) Kuntze) S. Africa. Flowers yellow See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 250. 1796, Enum. Pl. 1: 372. 1809, Hort. Dyck. 333. 1834, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 713. 1891

685

Bulbophyllum Thouars Orchidaceae

(Roots taken to counteract vomiting, diarrhea, lumbago and urinary infections. Veterinary medicine, a decoction of the root used to treat Redwater, Babesiosis or cattle tick fever.)

rashes, blisters, insect bites, cracked lips, acne, cold sores, mouth ulcers. An infusion of a few fresh leaves taken for coughs, colds and arthritis.)

in South Africa: rooiwortel

in English: burn jelly plant, cat’s tail, snake flower

Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Spreng. (Anthericum altissimum Mill.; Anthericum asphodeloides L.; Anthericum longiscapum Jacq.; Anthericum succulentum Salisb., nom. illeg.; Bulbine altissima (Mill.) Fourc.; Bulbine asphodeloides Spreng.; Bulbine asphodeloides Willd.; Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Willd.; Bulbine crocea L. Guthrie; Bulbine dielsii Poelln.; Bulbine longiscapa (Jacq.) Willd.; Bulbine mettinghii Ten.; Bulbine pallida Baker; Phalangium altissimum (Mill.) Kuntze; Phalangium asphodelodes (L.) Kuntze; Phalangium longiscapum (Jacq.) Kuntze)

in South Africa: balsem kopieva, copaiva, geelkatstert, ibhucu, kopieva, wildekopieva

Mozambique, South Africa.

See Syst. Veg. 2: 86. 1825, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 713. 1891, Fl. Cap. 6: 366. 1896 and Bothalia 14: 215–217. 1983, African Journal of Biotechnology 4(12): 1458–1460. 2005

See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 250. 1796, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 85. 1825, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 713. 1891, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 317. 1898 and Ann. Bolus Herb. 4: 30. 1925, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 21: 78. 1932, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 53: 40. 1944 (Leaf sap applied to promote wound healing. A decoction of the rhizomes drunk to cure scrophula, venereal diseases and diarrhea. Veterinary medicine.) Bulbine capitata Poelln. (Bulbine asphodeloides var. otaviensis Poelln.; Bulbine lydenburgensis Poelln.; Bulbine stenophylla Verd.) South Africa. Perennial herb, yellow flowers See Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 52: 113. 1943, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 53: 37, 44. 1944, Fl. Pl. Africa 27: t. 1044. 1948, Phytochemistry 46(6): 1063–1067. 1997, Pure Appl. Chem. 73(7): 1197–1208. 2001, Planta Medica 67: 340–344. 2001 (Antiplasmodial. Root decoction applied to the skin to cure rashes and sexually transmitted diseases, also taken orally as a mild purgative and to cure gonorrhea.) Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. (Anthericum frutescens L.; Anthericum fruticosum Salisb.; Anthericum incurvum Thunb.; Anthericum multiceps Poelln.; Anthericum rostratum Jacq.; Bulbine caulescens L.; Bulbine frutescens var. incurva (Thunb.) Rowley; Bulbine frutescens var. rostrata (Jacq.) Rowley; Bulbine incurva (Thunb.) Spreng.; Bulbine rostrata Willd.; Bulbine triebneri Straub; Bulbine triebneri Dinter; Phalangium frutescens (L.) Kuntze; Phalangium rostratum (Jacq.) Kuntze)

Bulbine latifolia (L.f.) Spreng. (Anthericum latifolium L.f.; Bulbine brunsvigiaefolia Baker; Bulbine latifolia (L.f.) Roem. & Schult.; Bulbine natalensis Baker; Phalangium latifolium (L.f.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.) Trop. & S. Africa. Succulent, yellowish fleshy roots, small yellow flowers, spreading petals, small blackish flattened wind dispersed seed, rapidly growing, often a pioneer

(Leaves for skin diseases, eczema. Used for the treatment of diabetes, infusion made from fresh boiled roots and taken orally; roots taken orally for urinary complaints, against vomiting and diarrhea.) in South Africa: ibhucu, iBhucu, rooiwortel Bulbine narcissifolia Salm-Dyck (Bulbine densiflora Baker; Bulbine latibracteata Poelln.; Phalangium densiflorum Kuntze; Phalangium densiflorum (Baker) Kuntze; Phalangium narcissifolium (Salm-Dyck) Kuntze; Phalangium narcissifolium Kuntze) S. Africa. Succulent, grey-green, stemless, perennial herb, rhizomatous base, bluish-green flat twisted leaves, yellowish exudate, small bright yellow flowers See Hort. Dyck. 333. 1834, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 15: 347. 1876, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 713. 1891 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 53: 43. 1944, Journal of Natural Products 64: 1368–1372. 2001 (Used for wound healing, diabetes, rheumatism, blood problems, and as a mild purgative; fresh leaf sap applied to wounds to promote healing, as a wart and corn remedy, and to cure ringworm and rash; cold infusion of the leaves purgative. Roots taken to counteract vomiting, diarrhea and urinary infections; roots infusion healing womb tumours and clean ovaries; roots decoction taken to relieve rheumatic pain and to induce pregnancy.) in English: snake flower, strap-leaved bulbine

South Africa. Succulent perennial herb, branched, small star shaped flowers yellow or sometimes orange

in Southern Africa: geelslangkop, khomo-ea-balisa, khomoea-basemane, kopiva, lintblaar bulbine, serelelile, slangkop, wildekopieva, wildekopiva

See Enum. Pl.: 372. 1809 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 52: 113. 1943, Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 28: 6. 1973, African Journal of Biotechnology 4(12): 1458–1460. 2005

Bulbophyllum Thouars Orchidaceae

(Used for the treatment of diabetes, infusion made from fresh boiled roots and taken orally. Fresh leaf juice for burns,

Greek bolbos ‘bulb’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, referring to the leafy and single-noded pseudobulbs, the inflorescence

686

arising at the base of the prominent pseudobulbs, fleshy solitary leaves born from the pseudobulbs; see Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 1: 319. 1809, Louis-Marie Aubert Aubert du PetitThouars, Histoire particulière des plantes orchidées. Paris 1822, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 2: 4–5. 1828[1825], The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants 45, 58. 1830, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 10: 934. 1852, Annales Botanices Systematicae 6: 259. 1861 and Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 65: 93. 1978, Harvard Pap. Bot. 5(2): 383– 466. 2001, Flora of China 25: 417, 427. 2009. Bulbophyllum fischeri Seidenf. (Bulbophyllum gamblei (Hook.f.) J.J. Sm., nom. illeg.; Bulbophyllum thomsonii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm., nom. illeg.; Cirrhopetalum gamblei Hook.f.; Cirrhopetalum thomsonii Hook.f.; Phyllorkis gamblei (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Phyllorkis hookeri Kuntze) India, Sri Lanka. Epiphyte, yellowish green flowers See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 778, 786. 1890, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 676–677. 1891, Hook. Icon. Pl. xxi. (1891) t. 2058, 2059. 1891 and Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, II, 8: 24, 28. 1912, Dansk Bot. Ark. 29: 202. 1973 (publ. 1974) (Used in Ayurveda. A general tonic.) Bulbophyllum neilgherensis Wight (Bulbophyllum neilgherrense Wight; Phyllorchis nilgherensis (Wight) Kuntze) India. Small epiphytic herb, globular conical pseudobulbs, brownish-yellow or greenish purple flowers in many flowered erect raceme, stout scape See Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 1650. 1851, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 761. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 677. 1891 and Leaflets of Philippine Botany 5: 1, t. 1680. 1912, Pl. Madras 1418. 1928, Taxon 30: 704–705. 1981 (Powdered dried plant given as tonic, stimulant, corroborant. Bulbs and leaves ground into fine paste mixed with cow’s milk and given to drink for leucoderma.) in India: kallukai, kalmel pulluruvi

Bulbostylis Kunth Cyperaceae Greek bolbos ‘a bulb’ and stylos ‘style, column’, the style has a bulb-like base; see Carl Sigismund Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum. 2: 205. 1837 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 90–196. 1958, Willdenowia 22: 133–142. 1992, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 452–455. 1994, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 458–551. 2003. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke (Abildgaardia barbata (Rottb.) P. Beauv.; Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Kunth; Bulbostylis fimbriata (Nees) C.B. Clarke; Bulbostylis floridana (Britton ex Nash) Fernald; Cyperus barbata (Rottb.) Poir.; Fimbristylis barbata (Rottb.) Benth.; Iria barbata (Rottb.) Kuntze; Isolepis barbata (Rottb.) R. Br.; Oncostylis fimbriatus Nees; Scirpus barbatus Rottb.; Scirpus

Bulbostylis Kunth Cyperaceae

barbatus Rottb.; Scirpus barbatus Rottb.; Scirpus dussii Boeck.; Scirpus fimbriatus (Nees) Boeck.; Stenophyllus barbatus (Rottb.) Britton; Stenophyllus barbatus (Rottb.) Fyson, nom. illeg.; Stenophyllus barbatus (Rottb.) T. Cooke; Stenophyllus fimbriatus (Nees) Britton; Stenophyllus floridanus Britton ex Nash) India. Tufted annual sedge, cattle feed See Descriptiones Plantarum Rariorum 27. 1772, Descriptionum et Iconum Rariores 52, pl. 17, f. 4. 1773, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 1: 222, 312. 1810, Flore d’Oware 2: 47. 1816, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 5: 186. 1817, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 2: 208. 1837, Flora Brasiliensis 2(1): 88. 1842, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1869: 138. 1869, Linnaea 36: 749. 1870, Flora Australiensis: a description … 7: 321. 1878, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Cyperaceen 2: 38. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 753. 1891, Index Kewensis 1: 1237. 1893, The Flora of British India 6(19): 651. 1893, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 22(4): 161. 1895 and Symbolae Antillarum 2(1): 87. 1900, The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay 2(2): 887. 1908, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 43: 446. 1916, Bot. Bull. Pres. Coll. Madras 1: 64. 1919, Rhodora 40(478): 392. 1938 (Plants infusion given in dysentery.) in India: masa, piazi

Bunchosia Rich. ex Juss. Malpighiaceae From the Arabian name for a substitute of coffee, bunchos or bonkhos, referring to the fruit, see Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle Par. xviii. 481. 1811, Linnaea, xiii. 248. 1839, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 87. 1891 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 468–500. 1946, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/3): 781– 871. 1950. Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) DC. (Bunchosia glandulosa DC.; Malpighia glandulosa Cav.) Tropical America, West Indies. Shrub or tree, perennial, yellow flowers, considerable confusion about this species See Species Plantarum 1: 425–427. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 21. 1760, Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 8: 411, t. 239. 1789, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 153. 1821[1822], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 581. 1824, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 115–116. 1859 and Taxon 17: 317. 1968, Economic Botany 29(4): 307–332. 1975 (A woman medicine, a tea from the roots for the fertility. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, to sweep away evil winds or spirits.) Vernacular names: cafe forastero, siip che’, stinkwood, zip che Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) DC. (Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth; Bunchosia glauca Kunth; Bunchosia glauca Seem. ex

687

Bunium L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Hemsl., nom. inval.; Bunchosia lanieri S. Watson; Bunchosia nitida (Jacq.) A. Rich.; Malpighia nitida Jacq.; Malpighia nitida Sw.; Malpighia nitida Mill.; Malpighia nitida Cav.; Malpighia nitida Crantz) South America. See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum, quas in insulis Caribaeis 21. 1760, Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 478. 1766, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 5. 1768, Observ. Bot. (Swartz) 180–181. 1791, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 18: 481. 1811, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 5: 154. 1821[1822], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 582. 1824, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 1(2): 147. 1879, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 21: 461. 1886 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 468–500. 1946, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 253–312. 2007 (Seeds purgative, antiemetic.) Vernacular names: ciruela del fraile, ciruela del pais Bunchosia swartziana Griseb. (Bunchosia swartziana var. yucatanensis Nied.) Tropical America, West Indies. Shrub or tree, perennial, yellow flowers, small round red fruits, considerable confusion about this species

11(5): 411–415. 2004, Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters 20(9): 882–886. 2006, Journal of Chemical Ecology 33(11): 2123–2132. 2007, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 63(4): 183–188. 2008, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 30–35. 2009, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(3): 300–304. 2010, World J. Gastroenterol. 16(36): 4504–4514. 2010, Pharmaceutical Biol. 49(2): 146–151. 2011 (Used in Ayurveda. Fruits and essential oil antiinflammatory and analgesic, antifungal, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antihistaminic, carminative, antiseptic, stimulant, anthelmintic, hypoglycemic, antiobesity, lactagogue, useful in painful and inflammatory conditions, diabetes and obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, abdominal pain, colic pain, dysmenorrhea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, fever, flatulence, stomachache, piles, hiccup.) in English: black caraway, black cumin, black jeera, black zira, imperial cumin, Kashmiri cumin, king’s cumin, mountain cumin, royal cumin, wild cumin in India: Himali jira, kal jiru, kala jeera, kala jira, kala jirah, kala zera, kala zira, kala zirah, kalajeera, kalajira, kalazera, kalazira, Kashmiri jira, Kashmir zireh, Kashmiri zireh, Kasmiri jira, koshur zur, Krishnajeerak, Krishna jiira, pilappu shiragam, sajira, shah jeerun, shah zira, shahajirige, shahi jira, shemaishiragam, shime jeerige, siah zeera, siahzirah, simajilakara, thayan, zeur, zireh e irani, zireh kohi, zireh kuhi

See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 21. 1760, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 115–116. 1859 and Das Pflanzenreich [Heft 94] 4, Fam. 141: 649. 1928

in Iran: zire kermani

(For epilepsy, convulsions. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, to sweep away evil winds or spirits.)

in Nepal: Himali jira, kalo jira

in Japan: burakku-kumin

in Pakistan: kala zira

Mayan names: sip che, zip-ché

Bupleurum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Bunium L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) From bounion, a Greek classical name used by Dioscorides for a plant, the earth-nut, Bunium ferulaceum, Latin bunion, ii for a kind of Swedish turnip (Plinius), see An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 21. 1836. Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch. (Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch.; Carum bulbocastanum auct.; Carum bulbocastanum W.D.J. Koch; Carum persicum Boiss.) Central Asia to Northern India. Perennial herb, branched, tiny white flowers in umbel, root eaten as a vegetable, aromatic ripe fruits contain essential oil, fragrant seeds as condiment for flavouring dishes See Species Plantarum 1: 243, 263. 1753, Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 12(1): 121. 1824, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 1: 138. 1844 and Rastit. Turkest. 612. 1915, Phytomedicine

From boupleuron, boupleuros (bous ‘an ox’ and pleura, pleuron ‘rib’), a Greek name for hare’s-ear and bishop’s weed, Ammi majus; Latin bupleuron, i for Bupleurum baldense Host; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 236–239. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 110. 1754 and Taxon 41: 572. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Bradley M. Deane, ShoSaiko-To: Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications. CRC Press 2004, Sheng-Li Pan (edited by), Bupleurum Species: Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis 2006. The roots of several species of Bupleurum are famous for their use as the traditional Chinese medicine chai hu for treatment of coughs, common cold, fevers, irregular menstruation, and influenza. Almost all of the species are recorded in the literature as regional substitutes for chai hu or for other local medicinal purposes. However, caution should be applied as a very few species are toxic (e.g., Bupleurum longiradiatum) and can result in “toxic strike” if misused as such substitutes.

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Bupleurum angustissimum (Franchet) Kitagawa (Bupleurum falcatum f. angustissimum (Franchet) C. Pei & R.H. Shan; Bupleurum falcatum subf. angustissimum (Franchet) H. Wolff; Bupleurum falcatum var. angustissimum Franchet; Bupleurum scorzonerifolium subsp. angustissimum (Franchet) Kitagawa; Bupleurum scorzonerifolium var. angustissimum (Franchet) Y. Huei Huang) China. Perennial, yellow flowers See Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum Imperio 1: 138. 1883 and Report of the Institute of Scientific Research, Manchoukuo 4: 105. 1940, J. Jap. Bot. 21(5–6): 97. 1947, Flora Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 6: 197. 1977 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

Bupleurum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: zi hua kuo ye chai hu Bupleurum candollei Wallich ex DC. (Bupleurum candollei Wall.) China. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 552. 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 131. 1830 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 275. 1974 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: chuan dian chai hu Bupleurum chaishoui R.H. Shan & M.L. Sheh

in China: xian ye chai hu

China.

Bupleurum aureum Fischer ex Hoffm. (Bupleurum longifolium L. var. aureum (Fischer ex Hoffmann) H. Wolff)

See Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 55(1): 286–287, 299–300 (addenda). 1979

China.

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

See Gen. Pl. Umbell. 115. 1814 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: jin huang chai hu Bupleurum aureum Fischer ex Hoffm. var. breviinvolucratum (Trautvetter ex H. Wolff) R.H. Shan & Yin Li (Bupleurum longifolium L. subvar. breviinvolucratum Trautvetter ex H. Wolff) China. See Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 53. 1910, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(3): 271. 1974 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: duan bao jin huang chai hu Bupleurum bicaule Helm var. bicaule (Bupleurum falcatum L. var. bicaule (Helm) H. Wolff) China. See Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 2: 108. 1809 and Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 140. 1910 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

in China: chai shou Bupleurum chinense DC. (Bupleurum chinense Franchet, nom. illeg., non Bupleurum chinense DC.; Bupleurum chinense f. vanheurckii (Müll.Arg.) R.H. Shan & Yin Li; Bupleurum falcatum L.f. ensifolium H. Wolff; Bupleurum togasii Kitagawa; Bupleurum vanheurckii Müll.Arg.) Northern Asia, China. Perennial herb, slender, erect, flexuous. glabrous, leaves alternate, compound umbels axillary and terminal, yellow flowers, carpel with projecting ribs See Species Plantarum 1: 236–239. 1753, Flora Altaica 1: 349. 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 128. 1830, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2: 106. 1835, Observationes Botanicae 2: 207. 1871, Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, sér. 2, 6: 18. 1883, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 23: 327. 1887 and Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 132. 1910, Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 303. 1926, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(3): 293. 1974, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 55(1): 293. 1979, Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 20(6): 34–35. 1989, Bulletin of Botanical Research 14(3): 267–272. 1994 (Roots antiinflammatory, antiviral, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for epilepsy, fever, influenza, hepatitis, liver problems, malaria, infections indigestion.)

in China: zhui ye chai hu

in English: Chinese throughwax, thorow-wax, through-grow, throw-wax

Bupleurum boissieuanum H. Wolff (Bupleurum longiradiatum Turcz. var. porphyranthum R.H. Shan & Yin Li)

in China: bei chai hu, chai hu

China. See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27(9–15): 186. 1929, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(3): 270–271. 1974

Bupleurum commelynoideum H. Boissieu China. See Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2. 2(9): 805. 1902

689

Bupleurum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: zi hua ya zhi chai hu Bupleurum dalhousieanum (C.B. Clarke) Koso-Pol. (also dalhousianum) (Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. var. dalhousieanum C.B. Clarke, also dalhousieana) China. See The Flora of British India 2(6): 677. 1879, Trudy Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago 30(2): 165. 1913

(Roots diaphoretic, antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, tonic, hemolytic, for fever, liver troubles, hemorrhoids, influenza, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, malaria, uterine prolapse; root ground with water and taken as aphrodisiac. Plant paste applied on forehead for headache, and on boils.) in English: hare’s ear, sickle-leaved hare’s ear in China: chai hu, tzu hu in India: jangli jeera, kalizewar, shingu, singu, sipil, tejraj, thaanyo

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

in Nepal: tangu nhapu

in China: pu zhi chai hu

Bupleurum fruticescens L. (Bupleurum fruticescens Bourg. ex Nyman)

Bupleurum densiflorum Ruprecht

Europe, Mediterranean.

China.

See Cent. Pl. I. 9. 1755, Consp. Fl. Eur. 2: 310. 1879

See Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, sér. 7. 14(4): 47. 1867

(Antiinflammatory.)

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

Europe.

in China: mi hua chai hu Bupleurum dielsianum H. Wolff China. See Pflanzenr. 43 (IV. 228): 147. 1910 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: tai bai chai hu Bupleurum exaltatum M. Bieb. (Bupleurum falcatum var. euexaltatum H. Wolff; Bupleurum falcatum var. linearifolium H. Wolff p.p.; Bupleurum linearifolium auct.) Eurasia. See Tableau des Provinces situées sur la côte occidentale de la Mer Caspienne entre les fleuves Terek et Kour. 113. 1798 and Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 134–135. 1910

Bupleurum gibraltaricum Lam.

See Phytother. Res. 5: 43–45. 1991 (Antiinflammatory.) Bupleurum gracillimum Klotzsch (Bupleurum falcatum L. var. gracillimum (Klotzsch) H. Wolff; Bupleurum falcatum var. nigrocarpum C.B. Clarke) China, India. See Flora Altaica 1: 349. 1829, Die Botanischen Ergebnisse der Reise Seiner Königl. Hoheit des Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen 148. 1862, The Flora of British India 2: 676. 1879 and Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 132. 1910 (Roots used in liver and stomach troubles.) in China: xian xi chai hu Bupleurum hamiltonii N.P. Balakrishnan (Bupleurum tenue Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, non Salisbury) India, China.

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 182. 1825 and J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 63: 328. 1967

in China: xin jiang chai hu

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

Bupleurum falcatum L. (Bupleurum falcatum Turcz.; Bupleurum falcatum Dalzell & A. Gibson; Bupleurum falcatum P.J. Bergius; Bupleurum rossicum Woronow) Eurasia. Erect glabrous herbs, branched from a woody base, yellow flowers, oblong fruits See Sp. Pl. 1: 237. 1753, Descr. Pl. Cap. 76, partim. 1767, Flora Altaica 1: 349. 1829, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou xvii. (1844) 721. 1844, Bombay Fl. 108. 1861

in China: xiao chai hu Bupleurum hamiltonii N.P. Balakr. var. humile (Franchet) R.H. Shan & M.L. Sheh (Bupleurum tenue Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don var. humile Franch.) China, India. See J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 63: 328. 1967, Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mts. 1: 1306. 1993

690

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: ai xiao chai hu Bupleurum hamiltonii N.P. Balakr. var. paucefulcrans C.Y. Wu ex R.H. Shan & Yin Li (Bupleurum hamiltonii var. paucefulcrans (C.C. Wu ex Shan & Yin Li) C.Y. Wu ex M.L. Sheh & M.F. Watson; Bupleurum tenue Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don var. paucefulcrans C.C. Wu ex Shan & Yin Li) India, China.

Bupleurum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

India, Himalaya. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 551. 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 132. 1830 (Leaves used in liver troubles and stomach complaints. Essential oils from the fruits.) in India: kalizawar, kalizewar Bupleurum longicaule DC. var. amplexicaule C.Y. Wu ex R.H. Shan & Yin Li

See J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 63: 328. 1967, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(3): 291–292. 1974, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 14: 72. 2005

China.

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

in China: an bao chai hu

in China: bao jing chai hu

Bupleurum kaoi T.S. Liu et al. Taiwan.

Bupleurum longicaule DC. var. franchetii H. Boissieu (Bupleurum candollei Franchet)

See Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14(1, 2): 22. 1961

China.

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 131. 1830 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53: 425. 1906

in China: tai wan chai hu

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

Bupleurum komarovianum O.A. Linczevski (Bupleurum chinense var. komarovianum (O.A. Linczevski) S.L. Liou & Y. Huei Huang; Bupleurum falcatum subsp. komarovianum (O.A. Linczevski) Voroschilov)

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 131. 1830 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(3): 277. 1974

in China: kong xin chai hu Bupleurum longicaule DC. var. giraldii H. Wolff (Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol.)

Eurasia, China.

China.

See Fl. URSS 16: 319–320. 1950, Flora Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 6: 200. 1977

See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 131. 1830 and Pflanzenr. 43(IV. 228): 123. 1910

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

in China: chang bai chai hu

in China: qin ling chai hu

Bupleurum krylovianum Schischkin ex Krylov

Bupleurum longicaule DC. var. longicaule (Bupleurum longicaule var. strictum C.B. Clarke; Bupleurum rupestre Edgew.)

Eurasia. See Fl. Sibir. Occid. 8: 2010. 1935 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) Bupleurum kunmingense Yin Li & S.L. Pan China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(2): 131–133, pl. 1. 1984 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: jiu ye chai hu Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC. (Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall., nom. inval.)

China, India. See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 131. 1830, The Flora of British India 2(6): 677. 1879 (Roots antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria. Flowers for cold stomach diseases.) in China: chang jing chai hu in Tibet: sngo zi ra nag po Bupleurum longiradiatum Turczaninow China.

691

Bupleurum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

See Fl. Baical.-Dahur 1: 478. 1842–1845, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 17: 719. 1844

See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(2): 133–134, pl. 2. 1984

(Toxic.)

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

in China: da ye chai hu

in China: duo zhi chai hu

Bupleurum luxiense Yin Li & S.L. Pan

Bupleurum ramosissimum Wight & Arn. (Bupleurum falcatum L. var. ramosissimum (Wight & Arn.) Dalzell & Gibson; Bupleurum mucronatum Brouss. ex Spreng. fo. ramosissimum (Wight & Arn.) C.B. Clarke; Bupleurum wightii KosoPol. var. ramosissimum (Wight & Arn.) Chandrab)

China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24(2): 150–152, pl. 1. 1986 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

India. Herb, plant cooked and eaten

Bupleurum malconense R.H. Shan & Yin Li (Bupleurum sichuanense S.L. Pan & P.S. Hsu)

See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 370. 1834, The Bombay Flora … 108. 1861, The Flora of British India 2: 676. 1879 and Fl. Tamil Nadu Ind., Ser I: Analysis 1: 178. 1983, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5(4): 972. 1984, Bangladesh J. Bot. 14(1): 85–86. 1985

China.

(Hepatoprotective, stimulant, febrifuge, tonic.)

See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(3): 284, 287, t. 58. 1974, Sida 15(1): 91. 1992

in India: kapsri

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

China.

in China: lu xi chai hu

in China: ma er kang chai hu Bupleurum marginatum Wallich ex DC. China. See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 132. 1830, The Flora of British India 2(6): 676. 1879 and Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 133. 1910

Bupleurum rockii H. Wolff (Bupleurum handelii H. Wolff) See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27(734–740): 186–187. 1929, Symbolae Sinicae 7(3): 712. 1933 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: li jiang chai hu

in China: zhu ye chai hu

Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. (also scorzoneraefolium) (Bupleurum falcatum subsp. scorzonerifolium (Willd.) Koso-Pol.; Bupleurum falcatum var. scorzonerifolium (Willd.) H. Wolff; Bupleurum falcatum var. scorzonerifolium (Willd.) Ledebour; Bupleurum sinensium Gandoger)

Bupleurum microcephalum Diels

China.

China.

See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 300. 1809, Enum. Pl. Suppl. [Willdenow] 30. 1814, Flora Rossica 2: 267. 1844 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 30. 1918, Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 132. 1910

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3–4): 494. 1900 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: ma wei chai hu

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

Bupleurum petiolulatum Franchet (Bupleurum longicaule var. tibetanicum H. Wolff)

in China: hong chai hu

China.

Himalaya.

See Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8. 6: 117. 1894, Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 43): 124. 1910

See Asie Mineure, description physique, statistique et archéologique de cette contrée. Troisième partie: Botanique. (P.A. Tchichatscheff/ Tchihichatscheff, Petr Aleksandrovich / Tschihatscheff / Pjotr Alexandrowitsch Tschichatschow) 1: 418. Paris, 1860

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: you bing chai hu Bupleurum polyclonum Yin Li & S.L. Pan China.

Bupleurum setaceum Fenzl

(Leaves in liver and stomach complaints.) Bupleurum sibiricum Vest ex Roem. & Schult. (Bupleurum dahuricum Fischer & C.A. Meyer ex Turczaninow)

692

Burasaia Thouars Menispermaceae

Eurasia, China.

See Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8. 6: 117. 1894

See Syst. Veg. 6: 368. 1820

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

(Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.)

in China: yun nan chai hu

in China: xing an chai hu Bupleurum sibiricum Vest ex Roem. & Schult. var. jeholense (Nakai) Y.C. Chu ex R.H. Shan & Y. Li (Bupleurum jeholense Nakai; Bupleurum jeholense var. latifolium Nakai) Eurasia, China. See Syst. Veg. 6: 368. 1820 and Journal of Japanese Botany 13(7): 482, f. 1. 1937, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(3): 272. 1974 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: wu ling chai hu Bupleurum thianschanicum Freyn

Burasaia Thouars Menispermaceae From Bourasaha, the name of the plant in Madagascar. Burasaia madagascariensis DC. Madagascar. Tree See Genera Plantarum 284–285. 1789, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 18. 1806, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 514. 1818[1817] (Bark boiled and liquid drunk to treat dysentery.) in Madagascar: hazon-dahy

China. See Mém. Herb. Boissier 13: 23. 1900 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: tian shan chai hu Bupleurum triradiatum Adams ex Hoffm. (Bupleurum ranunculoides var. triradiatum (Adams ex Hoffmann) Regel; Diaphyllum triradiatum (Adams ex Hoffmann) Hoffmann) China. See Gen. Pl. Umbell. 115, 176. 1814, Fl. Ajan. 96. 1858 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: san fu chai hu Bupleurum wenchuanense R.H. Shan & Yin Li China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(3): 288, 291, pl. 59. 1974 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: wen chuan chai hu Bupleurum yinchowense R.H. Shan & Yin Li China. See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12(3): 283–284, pl. 57. 1974 (Antiinflammatory, anodyne, sedative, hepatoprotective, for fever, influenza, hepatitis, malaria.) in China: yin zhou chai hu Bupleurum yunnanense Franchet China. Very similar to Bupleurum falcatum Linnaeus

Burkea Hook. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae) Named after the British (b. Bristol) botanist and collector Joseph Burke, 1812–1873 (d. Harrisonville, U.S.A.), collector of animals and plants for Earl of Derby, sailed from England on brig Joanna on 1839 and arrived in Table Bay on March 1840, he met up with Carl L.P. Zeyher (1799–1858) on 14 July 1840 in Uitenhage; after several collecting expeditions Burke left Zeyher in Capetown and left for England in July 1842, emigrated to USA in 1848. See Alain Campbell White and Boyd Lincoln Sloane, The Stapelieae. Pasadena 1937, Bothalia 3: 237. 1937, John Hutchinson (1884–1972), A botanist in South Africa. 642. London 1946, Joseph Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists. The University of Denver Press 1950, M. Gunn and L.E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 110–111. Cape Town 1981. Burkea africana Hook. (Burkea africana var. andongensis Oliv.; Burkea africana var. cordata Welw. ex Oliv.) Tanzania, South Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, branched near base, flowers white cream, flat elliptic brown pods, browsed by game, leaves food resource of some kinds of edible caterpillars, resin edible See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum pl. 593–594. 1843 and Phytotherapy research 16(2): 148–153. 2002 (Toxins. Bark toxic to stock, foliage toxic to all stock. Leaves febrifuge. Fruit for dysentery, diarrhea. Roots for stomach pain and toothache. Bark antioxidant, stimulant, radical scavenging activity, decoction for cough, colds, stomach obstruction; infusion against gonorrhea and syphilis. Arrow poison antidote. Poisonous to fish, pounded bark used as fish stupefiant. Ritual, magic, ash from charred roots.)

693

Burmannia L. Burmanniaceae

in English: false ash, red seringa, Rhodesian ash, Rhodesian seringa, sand syringe, seringa, seringa tree, white seringa, wild seringa, wild syringa in Malawi: mkalati, mkalatio in Namibia: omukongo, omutundungu in Nigeria: apasa, bakin makarfo, dagbongum, kokobi in Senegal: binarobé, diororki diigahi, gormèl, kokobi, siri, tiumborki, tumborki in S. Rhodesia: iKenge, mukarate, muSenya, muSheshi, nonde, umKondo, umNondo in Southern Africa: geelseringhout, grootseringboom, kafferseringboom, kleinseringboom, rooiseringhout, sandsering, sandsyringe, wildesering, wildsering, witseringhout, mukarati (= the tree with caterpillars); muKarati, iKenge, muGarayense (Shona); umnondo (Ndebele: Central and Southern Transvaal); mpulu, mkenge (Tsonga: Eastern Transvaal); monato, mosheshe (Tswana: Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); monato, monoto (North Sotho: North and north east Transvaal); mufhulu (Venda); mkalati (Kalanga: Northern Botswana); omuparara (Herero: Central South West Africa) in Tanzania: kasanda, maccarati, mgando, mkarati, msangala, puva in W. Africa: geleba, seri, siri in Zambia: kapanga, kawizi, mkoso, msase, msese, mukoso, museshe

involving an historical account of early Cape botany. Cape Town 1951, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 286. 1965, Frans A. Stafleu, Linnaeus and the Linnaeans. The spreading of their ideas in systematic botany, 1735–1789. Utrecht 1971, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 60. 1972, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 56. Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali. Sezione per i Beni Bibliografici. Regione Siciliana, Palermo 1988, D.O. Wijnands, E.J.A. Zevenhuizen and J. Heniger, Een sieraad voor de stad. De Amsterdamse Hortus Botanicus 1638– 1993. Amsterdam 1994. Burmannia coelestis D. Don (Burmannia chinensis Gand.; Burmannia pusilla Thw.; Burmannia pusilla var. hongkongensis Jonker; Burmannia triflora Roxb.; Burmannia urazii Masam.) Nepal, India. See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 44. 1825, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 117. 1832 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 66(7): 290, in clavi. 1920 [1919 publ. 1920], Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 24: 207. 1934 [Transactions of the Natural History Society of Taiwan], Monogr. Burm. 131, f. 11b. 1938 (Magic, love charm.) in China: san pin yi zhi hua, xiang gang shui yu zan

Burmannia L. Burmanniaceae

in India: lended ba

For the Dutch botanist and physician Johannes (Jan) Burman, 1707–1779, professor of botany at Amsterdam, studied medicine at Leyden under professor Herman Boerhaave (1668– 1739), close friend and correspondent of Linnaeus, prepared the index to Rheede’s Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, he is best known for Thesaurus zeylanicus. Amsterdam 1737, Rariorum africanarum plantarum. Amsterdam 1738–1739 and Flora malabarica, sive index in omnes tomos horti malabarici, etc. Amsterdam 1769, he was the father of Nicolaas Laurens Burman (1733–1793); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 287. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 139. 1754, C.P. Thunberg, Voyages au Japon, par le Cap de BonneEspérance, les Isles de la Sonde, etc. Paris 1796, A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845, Peter MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical collectors at the Cape.” Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xxxiii. 1884–1886 and Menno Hertzberger, Short-title catalogue of books written and edited by Herman Boerhaave. Amsterdam 1927, Jonker, F.P., A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Utrecht, 1938, Theo J. Stomps, Plantengids voor den Hortus Botanicus te Amsterdam. Amsterdam 1939, John Hutchinson, A botanist in Southern Africa. 562. London 1946, Mia C. Karsten, The Old Company’s Garden at the Cape and its superintendants:

in Japan: midori-shakujô

Bursera Jacq. ex L. Burseraceae After the German physician Joachim Burser (Latinized Joachimus Burserus), 1583–1639, botanist, traveller, plant collector, friend of Caspar Bauhin, from 1625 to 1639 professor of botany and medicine in Denmark, author of De febri epidemia seu petechiali probe agnoscenda et curanda … commentatio. Lipsiae 1621, De fontium origine tractatus. Hafniae 1639 and Introductio ad scientiam naturalem. [Two volumes, octavo.] Amstelodami 1652. See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 471. 1762, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 2: 346. 1824, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 132. Ansbach 1852 and Hans Oscar Juel (1863–1931), Studien in Burser’s Hortus Siccus. Uppsala 1923, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 434–444. 1946, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/2): 703–717. 1949, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 289. 1965, Economic Botany 28(4): 415–436. 1973, Brittonia 45(3): 240–246. 1993, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen

694

Pflanzennamen. 111. [dates: 1593–1649] Basel 1996, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Bursera aloexylon (Schiede ex Schltdl.) Engl. (Elaphrium aloexylon Schiede ex Schltdl.; Terebinthus aloexylon (Schiede ex Schltdl.) W. Wight ex Rose) North America, Mexico. See Linnaea 17: 252. 1843, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 52. 1883 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 10: 118. 1906, Fitoterapia 78(4): 327–328. 2007 (Oil of the leaves antimicrobial.) Bursera glabrifolia (Kunth) Engl. (Elaphrium glabrifolium Kunth) Mexico. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 7: 28. 1824, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(4): 251. 1896 and Economic Botany 57(4): 432–441. 2003 (Anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, bactericidal, deodorant, tonic.) Bursera hindsiana Engl. (Bursera hindsiana Brandegee; Bursera hindsiana (Benth.) Engler) California, North America. Small tree or shrub, spreading, aromatic gum, resinous reddish twigs, small inconspicuous flowers, red fruits See Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 3: 121. 1891 (Shaving from the wood cooked in water with branch tips of Hyptis emoryi and the tea used to cure dyspnea, asthma.) in English: red elephant tree in South America: copal, torote prieto Bursera klugii J.F. Macbr. (Protium klugii J.F. Macbr.) Peru. See Candollea 5: 378. 1934, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(3/2): 712. 1949, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 66(6): 889–890. 1976 (Cytotoxic.) Bursera laxiflora S. Watson (Elaphrium laxiflorum (S. Watson) Rose; Terebinthus laxiflora (S. Watson) Rose) Mexico. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 24: 44. 1889 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 12(7): 279. 1909, North American Flora 25: 253. 1911 (Tea made from the dark portion of the bark taken to soothe the pain of a scorpion sting or black widow spider bite. Infusion of the strips of bark taken for cold or sore throat.) Bursera microphylla A. Gray (Elaphrium microphyllum (A. Gray) Rose; Terebinthus microphylla (A. Gray) Rose)

Bursera Jacq. ex L. Burseraceae

Mexico. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 5: 155. 1861 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 10: 120. 1906, North American Flora 25: 250. 1911 (The inner bark mashed with water into a paste and applied to the sores on a child’s head. Magic, used by shamans.) in English: elephant tree Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. (Bursera bonairensis Boldingh; Bursera gummifera L., nom. illeg.; Bursera gummifera var. pubescens Engl.; Bursera integerrima (Tul.) Triana & Planch.; Bursera ovalifolia (Schltdl.) Engl.; Bursera subpubescens (Rose) Engl.; Burseria gummifera (L.) L.; Elaphrium integerrimum Tul.; Elaphrium ovalifolium Schltdl.; Elaphrium simaruba (L.) Rose; Elaphrium subpubescens Rose; Pistacia simaruba L.; Tapirira macrophylla Lundell) Jamaica, West Indies. Tree, semi-deciduous, very rapidlygrowing, reddish-brown lustrous scaling bark, vigorous erect suckers, odd-pinnate green leaves with 5–9 asymmetrical leaflets borne on hairy twigs, inconspicuous flowers with creamy white or greenish petals, seeds very hard covered by a thin red flesh, leaves fed to sheep and goats, living fence post See Species Plantarum 2: 1026. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 3, 19. 1760, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 471. 1762, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 94, t. 65. 1763, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 470, t. 188. 1775, Linnaea 17: 248. 1843, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 4: 368. 1846, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 14: 303. 1872, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 43. 1881, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 40. 1883, Garden & Forest 3(218): 260. 1890 and North American Flora 25: 246– 247. 1911, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien ed. 2, 19a: 425. 1931, Phytologia 1(6): 216. 1937, Journal of Ethnobiology 3(2): 149–156. December 1983, Bot. Commelins 55. 1983, Fl. Veracruz 94: 21. 1996 (Antiinflammatory, purgative, antimicrobial, for fever and colds, back pain, rheumatism, diarrhea, dermatitis. Bursera simaruba is known as the antidote to skin burns produced by the chechen, Metopium brownei. Flowers and fruits remedies for snakebite and diarrhea; branches and leaves for cold, fever and diarrhea. Bark used for cleaning wounds, spider bites, fever, nose bleeding, and muscle pain and an infusion of the wood decoction is said to help lose weight. Hot sap mixed with sugar as a blood tonic taken by pregnant women; resin plastered onto strain areas of the body. Leaves used for ulcers, measles, infected gums, asthma, bloody stools and pain, headache, stomachache and toothaches; leaves infusion for rash. Love potion. the leafy twig.) in English: aerial yam, American elemi, gum elemi, gumbo limbo, incense tree, naked indian, red gumbolimbo bark, turpentine, West Indian birch, West Indian elemi

Butea Roxb. ex Willd. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

in Central America: almácigo, bastard gommier, cajha, chacah, chakah, chibou, chinacahuite, chino, copal, copalcuahuitl, ginicuite, golamine, gommali, gommalimi, gomyé wouj, gumbo limbo, Indio desnudo, jiote, palo jiote, palo mulato, pom, solpiem, tacamahaca, xacago-que

Butea Roxb. ex Willd. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae) Named for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, 1713–1792 (b. Edinburgh, d. London), botanist, a patron of science as well as of literature and art, Prime Minister 1762–1763, plantsman, introduced many new species to Kew, author of Botanical tables, containing the different familys of British plants. [London 1785?]. See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 22. 1795, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 917. 1802 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 291. 1965, Frans A. Stafleu, Linnaeus and the Linnaeans. The spreading of their ideas in systematic botany, 1735–1789. 231. [“the botanophilic Lord Bute…”] Utrecht 1971, Blanche Henrey, British Botanical and Horticultural Literature before 1800. 2: 242–243. Oxford 1975, George Taylor, in D.S.B. 1: 88. 1981. Butea buteiformis (Voigt) Grierson & D.G. Long (Butea buteiformis (Voigt) Grierson; Butea buteiformis (Voigt) Mabb.; Butea minor Baker; Butea minor Buch.-Ham. ex Baker; Butea minor Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Butea xizangensis X.Y. Zhu & Y.F. Du; Megalotropis buteiformis (Voigt) Griff.; Meizotropis buteaeformis Voigt; Meizotropis buteiformis Voigt; Plaso minor (Baker) Kuntze) India. Perennial non-climbing shrub, erect, tomentoe, see also Meizotropis See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5439. 1831–1832, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 239. 1845, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 441. 1854, The Flora of British India 2: 195. 1876, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 202. 1891 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 37(2): 346. 1979, Bot. Hist. Hortus Malabaricus 96. 1980, Taxon 29(5–6): 605. 1980, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 29(1–4): 199–225. 1987, Fitoterapia 66(2): 149–155. 1995, Legumes of China 627–630, f. 1–2, t. 1. 2007 (Anthelmintic, seed paste mixed with water drunk to kill intestinal worms; seed powder given as anthelmintic.) in China: xi zang zi kuang in India: diengla palang, fu, thual thu, thual tu in Nepal: bhujetro, dibhar Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Butea braamania DC.; Butea braamiana DC.; Butea frondosa Wall., nom. nud.; Butea frondosa Roxb.; Butea frondosa Willd.; Butea frondosa Roxb. ex Willd., nom. illeg.; Butea frondosa K.D. Koenig ex Roxb.; Butea frondosa Wall.; Butea frondosa var. lutea (Witt.) Maheshw.; Butea monosperma Kuntze, nom. nud.; Butea monosperma Taub.; Erythrina monosperma Lam.; Plaso monosperma (Lam.) Taub.; Plaso monosperma

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Kuntze; Plaso monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze; Plaso monosperma var. flava Kuntze; Plaso monosperma var. rubra Kuntze; Rudolphia frondosa (Willd.) Poir.; Rudolphia frondosa Poir.) Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, small tree, crooked trunk, red latex, rough greyish-brown fibrous bark, branchlets densely pubescent, leaves trifoliolate, coriaceous leaflets silky tomentose, bright orange flowers densely clustered on leafless branches, silky tomentose oblong flat swinging single-seeded pod, ellipsoid flattened seeds, used for rearing insects and producing lacs See Species Plantarum 2: 706–707. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 325. 1763, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2(1): 391–392. 1786 (also Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 391. 1785 [1 Aug 1785], IPNI record), Asiatic Researches 3: 469–474. 1792, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 21, 23, t. 22. 1795, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(2): 917. 1802, Encycl. (Lamarck) 6(1): 333. 1804, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 415. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5569. 1831–1832, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 202. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 3(3): 366, f. 131M-N. 1894 and Journal of Tree Sciences 2: 101–103. 1983, Cytologia 54: 51–64, 91–95. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 173–219, 308–320. 1990, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996, Ethnobotany 13: 118–120. 2001 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Powdered seeds purgative, diuretic, very unpleasant, wormicide, anthelmintic (this use is not always considered safe in humans!), insect repellent, bactericidal and fungicidal, used to kill maggots and round worms, mixed with juice of the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus given for delirium; seeds pounded with lemon juice a powerful rubefacient, antiviral; seed paste used for cooling effect; seeds powdered and dissolved in hot water given for birth control by prevention of pregnancy; seed oil spermicidal, muscle toner, contraceptive. Roots boiled in water and the vapor directed to the face to cure muscular pain and swelling, also root paste applied all over the body. Leaf and flower diuretic, astringent, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue; leaves or flowers decoction antidiabetic; bark, leaves and flowers for diarrhea and dysentery; bark, leaves and fruits for ringworm and urinary diseases. Flowers for liver and kidney disorders, diarrhea, sexual debility, spermatorrhea, severe stomachache and eye diseases; flower infusion given in acute diarrhea; pounded flowers given with honey in urinary troubles. Leaves juice antibacterial, used externally to cure skin diseases; leaves for regulating fertility, a slow sterilizer. Red exudate a powerful astringent, applied in cases of diarrhea and diabetes. Bark astringent, styptic, anthelmintic, antifungal, stem bark infusion drunk for snakebite; stem bark boiled in water and the filtered water used for bathing when suffering from jaundice; sap from bark applied to eyes to cure jaundice; stem bark juice rubbed for itches; bark and flower for diabetes. Stem bark crushed and dropped in water as fish poison. Sacred plant, used in religion and magico-religious

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beliefs, a sacred tree of Buddhists; ceremonial, spiritual, ritual, superstitions, emotional, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies; flowers on Dhuleti festival; in Hindu religion, during Chatrumas Mahatma, the tree is worshipped as the trifoliate leaves symbolize Gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva; contact therapy, root tied to the arm of a woman to get rid of barrenness. Flowers are worn in ear by Hindu women. Veterinary medicine, stem bark extract given in babesiosis; crushed roots made into a paste applied for stomachache of cattle.) in English: bastard teak, Bengal kino, butea gum, flame of the forest, muduga oil, tisso flowers in Burma: pouk-pen in Cambodia: chaa in China: zi kuang in India: ankarikam, ankaritam, antaraputpam, asana, bandhukapushpa, beej palash, bhoou, bijasneha, bol-ori, bol uri, brahma vriksha, brahmavriksha, brahmavriksham, brahmavrksah, brahmavryksha, brahmavryksham, bramhapadapa, bramhopaneta, camata, carapala, cavulaka, cayikkari, cayikkarimaram, chamada, chamata, chela, chheola, chhola, chichra, chinchra, chirongi, chunia gond, chuniagond, cira, cirettam, ciyu, cuccam, darakht-e-palasha, darakhte-palah, desukajhad, dhaak, dhak, dhara, elaiporasu, faras, gond chuniya, gond dhak, gond chunya, gondchiniya, gul-e-tesu, hastikarnapalasha, ilaippuracai, ilaippuracamaram, irattaputpam, jang-mir-araung, kakracha, kakria, kalavacu, kali, kalicceti, kaliram, kamalasana, kamar kas, kamarkas, kamata, kampiram, kancikai, kankeri, kankrei, karaka, kashtadru, kattumurukku, kesu, kesuda, kesudaphool, kesudo, kettimekitamaram, kettimetikam, khakhara, khakario, khakharo, khakhro, khakra, khakro, khankhera, khankhro, khankra, kimshuka, kimshukam, kimshukamu, kimsuka, kimsukam, kimsukamu, kincukam, kincuki, kinjugam, kinshuka, kinsuka, kinsukah, kirumicatturu, kiruminacam, kirumisatturu, krimighna, ksarasrestha, kshaarshreshtha, ksharashreshtha, ksharasresthah, lac palash, lakshataru (laksha, lac; taru, tree), maduga, maruk-kan-pishin, marup, mataka, mattugada mara, meghanaada, modagu, modhugu, moduga, moduga-banka, moduga-chettu, moduga-vittula, modugachettu, modugu, mooduga, mothu, mottuga, muduga, mukampuyam, mukappuyam, mukkampuyam, mukkappuyam, mukkukkavalam, mukkukkavalamaram, mullumurukku, mullumurunkai, mura, murikku, muriku, murkampoo, murrukku, murukka-maram, murukkam, murukkam poo, murukkam pu, murukkam vittu, murukkamaram, murukkampu, murukkan, murukkanmaram, murukkan vidai, murukkan-virai, murukkanmaram, murukkilai, murukku, murum, muthingee, muthli, muthuga, muthugada gondu, muthuge, mutkanella, mutpalacu, mutpalacumaram, muttaga-mara, muttagamara, muttakka, muttala, mutthala beeja, mutthala mara, mutthalu, mutthuga, mutthugada aele, mutthugada mara, muttuga, muttuga-gida, muttuge, mutukinaballi, nervanikam, nervanikamaram, paalasha, palaasha paapra, palaashamu, palacam, palacu, palacumaram,

Butea Roxb. ex Willd. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

paladul, palah, palas, palas dhak, palas-ke-binj, palas-ki-gond, palas papra, palasa, palasah, palasam, palasamu, palash, palash beeja, palash lakdi, palash phool, palasha, palashache-bi, palasha-gonda, palashabijam, palasham, palashamu, palashaniryasam, palashavrikshaha, palashpapda, palashpapra, palashphool, palasi, palasie, palasincamata, palasinjamatapuppalasi, palasinsamatha, palaso, palaspapra dhak, palasu, paliru, paliruvi, palsai, pang-gong, paras, parasa, parasu, pariyam, parna, parsa, pauttiramurunkai, phalas, phalsa, phool tesu, phulas, pilacam, pilacham, pilasu, pinayakkam, pinayakkamaram, piramataru, pirocanam, plaasin tholi, plachcha, placu, plah, plas, plasa, plash, plaso, plasu, poast dhak, pokamikavaci, polah, polak, polosa, porasu, porasum cottay, porasum verei, pun murunkai ver, punamurrungai, punamurukku, punamurunkai, pungu, punku, puntanar, puntunar, pupalas, pupalasai, puppalacu, puppalasi, pupu, puracam, puracampattai, puracampu, puracu, puracumaram, puraicu, puraishu, purashu, purasu, purasus, purocu, putadru, putattunar, raktapushpaka, raktapuspaka, ralasa, samagh dhaak, samagh-e-dhak, samaghe-palah, samatha, samidvar, samidvara, shamata, sharashreshdna, sruvavrksa, suparni, takar, takaru, takarumaram, tapasavrksah, tasu, tellamoduga, tesu, tesu beeja, tesu phool, thellamoduga, thoras, thuah-pui, tikkuru, tipanaracam, tiripatcakam, tiriviruntam, tirkkapalai, togaramoduga, togarnmoduga, togarumoduga, tripatraka, tripatrika, tuah-pui, tukhme-palah, vaathapotha mara, vakkiraputpam, vakrapushpaka, vallai, vallaimaram, valli-palasa, valliru, vallirumaram, vammaram, vanapattimam, vanapattimaram, vanapattiram, vanapattiramaram, vanapattiyam, vatapodhamu, vatapotha, vatapothah, velataram, velataramaram, velittukam, velittukamaram, vikacitam, vikacitamaram, vipannakam, vippirappiriyam, virumataru, vita, vitari, vitaricceti, yajnika in Indonesia: palasa, plasa in Laos: chaan in Nepal: belyattra, dhak, palas, palasi, tenti in Thailand: thong kwaao, tong thammachaat in Tibetan: ma-ru-tse, ma-ru-tse srin-bu dmar-leb, rgya skyegs, rgya skyegs sin, tshos-sin Butea superba Roxb. (Plaso superba (Willd.) Kuntze; Rudolphia superba (Willd.) Poir.; Rudolphia superba Poir.) India, Thailand. Perennial climbing, crawling, very large twining shrub, a giant liana, long underground tuberous roots, red flowers, plant is a lac-host, used for rearing insects and producing lacs See Familles des Plantes 2: 325. 1763, Asiatic Researches 3: 473–474. 1792, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 917. 1802, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6(1): 332. 1804 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Paste of leaflets applied on cuts, wounds and boils. Tuberous roots given to increase lactaction after childbirth and as postpartum remedy and stomachic. Roots hypotensive, sex enhancer, tonic and virility

697

Butomus L. Butomaceae

enhancer, given for lactation after childbirth, and also against stomachache, to enhance libido, to improve sexual performance and the erectile function; roots of Blumea laciniata along with those of Butea superba and Vitis repanda used for snakebite; paste of roots used to join fractured bones, also applied in skin diseases, eczema. Seeds sedative, anthelmintic, hypotensive. Juice from stembark has healing effects on cuts; stem bark made into a paste given in hematuria.)

1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 423. 1754, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 14: 78. 1882, Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, sér. 8 5: 326. 1897.

in English: climbing palas, red kwao krua

See Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(2): 142. 1843, Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 3: 128. 1867 and Plantae Wilsonianae 2(1): 168. 1914

in India: baaranki chettu, badli, badli palasa, balli-muttaga, bari okhat, bel-palas, beltivas, bodla, chhola-ki-bel, chihunt, dagadar, dotaragan, gadha palas, gandha palasa, hruichun, hruidum, ippaarathi, kaithi, kesu, kesuphool, khakhar vel, kimsuka, kodi-murukkam, kodi-palasham, koti murukkan, kotimurukkam, kotippalacam, lal palash, lataa-palaash, latapalasa, latapalash, latapalasha, latpalash, moduga, modugaige, modugatheega, modugatige, mothugatiga, mullu mutthuga, mullumuttuga, murukkan pishin, mutthugada balli, muthugabilu, muthugina-baili, muthuginaballi, muttugada balli, muttuginaballi, muttanabilu, nari murup, palas, palas lata, palas-vel, palas-wail, palasavela, palasbel, palashaniryasam, palasha-pishin, palasini, palaslata, palasvel, pharsabel, phul kesu, teegamoduga, theegemoduga, thigamoduga, thivvamoduga, tiga moduga, tigamuduga, tige-palashamu, tigemoduga, tivvamoduga, valavarai, valli-murukka, vallipalasah, valliplach-cha, yelparas

Butomus L. Butomaceae Greek bous ‘an ox’ and tome ‘division, section, cutting’, tome, tomos, temno ‘division, section, to slice’, referring to the sharp leaf-margins; boutomos, boutomon was the ancient Greek name for a sedge, Carex riparia, Theophrastus, HP. 1.10.5; see Species Plantarum 1: 372. 1753 and Franco Montanari, Vocabolario della Lingua Greca. 419. Torino 1995.

Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc. var. japonica (Müll. Arg.) Rehder & E.H. Wilson North America. Evergreen shrubs, small opposite simple leaves, small flowers in axillary clusters

(Low toxicity if eaten; contact with cell sap may cause skin irritation.) in English: Japanese boxwood Buxus rolfei S. Vidal Philippines. See Revision de Plantas Vasculares Filipinas 233. 1886 (Fruits as a fish poison, dried and finely cut.) Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxus sempervirens Thunb.) Europe. Evergreen shrubs, small opposite simple leaves, small flowers in axillary clusters See Species Plantarum 2: 983. 1753, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 77. 1784 and Boxwood Bull. 1973(10): 21. 1973, Taxon 29: 725– 726. 1980, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994 (Low toxicity if eaten; contact with cell sap may cause skin irritation. Stem and leaves infusion taken as sedative, tranquillizer.) in English: Anatolian box, boxwood, common box, common box tree, European box, Turkish boxwood

Butomus umbellatus L.

in Arabic: baqs, beuqs

North America. Stout, perennial, umbellate, scapigerous herb, rhizomes horizontal

in Italian: bosso, bosso comune, bosso verde

See Species Plantarum 1: 372. 1753 and Taxon 28: 405. 1979, Taxon 29: 707–709. 1980, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 28: 385– 411. 1993, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 15–18. 1997 (Roots extract for intestinal disorders. Leaves paste applied for relieving throat ache.) in English: flowering rush, grassy-rush, water-gladiolus in India: koungi tour

Buxus L. Buxaceae Latin buxus, i ‘boxwood, the box-tree’, classical name used by Vergilius and Plinius; Greek pyxos used also for Buxus sempervirens; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 983.

in French: buis in China: huang yang mu in Japan: asama-tsuge in Mexico: yaga buxe guvi Buxus wallichiana Baill. (Buxus sempervirens sensu Stewart & Brandis) (the specific name honors the Danish physician and botanical collector Nathaniel Wallich, 1786– 1854; see Carl Frederik Albert Christensen, Den danske Botaniks Historie med tilhørende Bibliografi. Copenhagen 1924–1926) E. Asia, Himalayas. Evergreen shrubs or small trees, monoecious, straight, many-branched, young branches hirsute, dense racemose clusters, flowers greenish-yellow, ovoid 3-beaked coriaceous capsule, horns of the capsule divergent,

698

glossy-black compressed-ovoid caruncled seeds, foliage pungently scented and bitter See Species Plantarum 2: 983. 1753, Monogr. Bux. et Styloc. 63. 1859 and Tropical Ecology 47(1): 145–148. 2006, Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 11(4): 236–241. 2009 (Poisonous. Wood diaphoretic, antioxidant, bark febrifuge. Leaves bitter, antioxidant, vermifuge, analgesic, diaphoretic and purgative, useful in the treatment of rheumatism and syphilis. The bitter leaves have been reported to be fatal to cattle and other browsing animals except goats.) in English: Himalayan box, Himalayan boxwood, Himalayan boxwood tree in Afghanistan: shanda laghune in India: chickri, chikdi, chikri, cikri, paapari, papar, papari, paprang, papri, samshad, sansad, sansadu, shamshaad, shamshad, shumaj in Pakistan: chikri, sansad, shamshad

Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth Malpighiaceae From the Greek byrsa ‘a hide’ and nema ‘thread, filament’, referring to the bark of some species, see Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 147, 149. 1821[1822] and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 468–500. 1946, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/3): 781–871. 1950, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth (Byrsonima biacuminata Rusby; Byrsonima coriacea (Sw.) DC.; Byrsonima cotinifolia Kunth; Byrsonima crassifolia Lunan ex Griseb., nom. illeg.; Byrsonima crassifolia Steud., nom. illeg.; Byrsonima crassifolia fo. kunthiana Nied.; Byrsonima cubensis Juss.; Byrsonima cumingiana A. Juss.; Byrsonima fagifolia Nied.; Byrsonima fendleri Turcz.; Byrsonima ferruginea Kunth; Byrsonima karwinskiana A. Juss.; Byrsonima lanceolata DC.; Byrsonima laurifolia Kunth; Byrsonima laurifolia var. guatemalensis Nied.; Byrsonima moritziana Turcz.; Byrsonima panamensis Beurl.; Byrsonima pulchra Sessé & Moc. ex DC.; Byrsonima rufescens Bertol.; Malpighia coriacea Sw.; Malpighia crassifolia L.; Malpighia moureila Aubl.; Malpighia pulchra Sessé & Moc.) South America. Tree or shrub, evergreen, slow-growing, variable, dull orange-red flowers, red-hairy erect racemes, white juicy oily pulp, fruits eaten raw or cooked See Species Plantarum 1: 426. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 149. 1821[1822], Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 2, 1: 242. 1840, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis 4: 418–419. 1840, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 114. 1859 and Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 341–354. 1993, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53(12): 1653–1669. 2001

Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth Malpighiaceae

(A decoction of the dry bark used to treat asthma, bronchitis, colds, coughs, fevers, tonsillitis and skin infections; infusion against diarrhea, gastrointestinal diseases, chronic colitis, chest colds, pulmonary complaints, wounds, skin diseases, stomachache, taken as an antidote for snakebite. Pounded bark poulticed on wounds, pulverized bark applied on ulcers. Leaves and bark to treat diarrhea, the bark ground in water and applied directly to the skin to treat measles. Bark as a poison fish.) in English: golden spoon, wild cherry, wild craboo in Central and northern South America: bwa tan, changugu, chaparro, chaparro de chinche, chaparro de sabana, chaparro manteca, chi, chí, crabo, craboo, crapoo, doncela, hicha, hori, huizaa, huria, maache, manero manteco, manteco merey, manteco sabanero, mantequera, maricao, maricao verde, mowisif, nananche, nance, nance agrio, nance verde, nancen, nanche, nanche de perro, nanchi, nancito, nantzin, nanzi, nanzin, natzincuahuitl, noro, peralejo, peralejo blanco, peralejo de sabana, sabana kwari moeleidan, sabana mango, sèwet, tapal, yaca, yaga huizaa, yuco, zacpah Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) DC. (Byrsonima coriacea (Sw.) DC.; Byrsonima coriacea fo. angustifolia Nied.; Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata (Cav.) Nied.; Byrsonima propinqua Benth.; Malpighia coriacea Sw.; Malpighia spicata Cav.) Central America. Tree or shrub, terminal racemes, yellow flowers, petals clawed, globose yellow drupe See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 74. 1788, Monadelphiae classis dissertationes decem. 8: 409. 1789, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 580–581. 1824, London Journal of Botany 7: 120. 1848 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 141(Heft 94): 700. 1928 (Bark decoction an antidote for rattlesnakebites and also a purgative and febrifuge.) in Dominica: bwa tan, mowisif, sèwet in Guyana: hicha, huria Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC. (Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) Rich. ex Juss.; Byrsonima verbascifolia var. denudata Cuatrec.; Malpighia verbascifolia L.) South America. See Species Plantarum 1: 426. 1753, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 579. 1824 (Saponins.)

Byttneria Loefl. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae) See Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau (1700–1782), Traité des arbres et arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre. Paris 1755, Miller, Philip (1691–1771), Figures of … Plants … in the Gardeners Dictionary 184, pl. 276. 1758 [“The plates are engravings of drawings by G.D. Ehret, J.

699

Byttneria Loefl. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

Bartram, R. Lancake, W. Houstoun and J.S. Miller.” TFL2, v. 3, p. 499], Iter Hispanicum 313–314. 1758, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 197. 1759, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 278. 1760, Enum. Syst. Pl. 2, 17. 1760, Familles des Plantes 2: 398, 549. 1763, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 181. 1767, Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis 1: 10. 1770, C. Linnaeus, Systema Vegetabilium … editio decima tertia. [Edited by J.A. Murray.] 197. Göttingen Gotha 1774, Characteres Generum Plantarum 22. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 522–523. 1785, Systema Naturae. 2: 301, 404. 1791, Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 1: 21–22, 46. 1797, A Voyage to Terra Australis 2: 540. 1814, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 136. 1818, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 243. 1821, Botanical Miscellany 1(3): 291–292. 1830, Flora Hongkongensis 39. 1861, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 502. 1885, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 451. 1886, Flora Brasiliensis 12(3): 85–86, 98. 1886, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 304. 1889 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 403–428. 1949, Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale 7/8: 84, 86–88, 95–97, 99–100, 102–104, 106. 1956, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 622– 667. 1956, Ind. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1753–74 (Regn. Veg.li.) 90. 1967, Bonplandia (Corrientes) 4: 1–428. 1976.

of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 14(16): 313–315. 1939, American Journal of Tropical Medicine 23(Suppl.): 3–76. 1943

Byttneria aculeata (Jacq.) Jacq. (Asclepias armata Spreng.; Buettneria aculeata (Jacq.) Jacq.; Byttneria acuminata Willd. ex Schult.; Byttneria brevipes Benth.; Byttneria carthagenensis Jacq.; Byttneria guatemalensis Loes.; Byttneria lanceolata DC.; Byttneria lateralis C. Presl; Byttneria oligacantha Merr.; Byttneria peruviana Turcz.; Byttneria reticaulis Cav.; Byttneria rubicaulis C. Presl; Byttneria sulcata Ruiz & Pav.; Byttneria tereticaulis Lam.; Byttneria tessmannii Mildbr.; Byttneria tiliifolia C. Presl; Chaetaea aculeata Jacq.; Chaetaea lanceolata (DC.) Rusby) (Chaetaea Jacq., Greek chaite ‘bristle, foliage, mane’.)

India, Burma. Vine, climbing shrub, leaves ovate, yellowish pink flowers, capsules armed with many short stiff sharp prickles

Mexico, Venezuela. Vine, climbing shrub, perennial, wiry, stout recurved thorns, long archin canes, troublesome, snake habitat See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 2, 17. 1760, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 76–77. 1763, Selectarum stirpium Americanarum Historia, ed. 1780–1781 41. 1780, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 523. 1785, Dissertationes Botanicae 5: 292, t. 149, f. 2. 1788, Flora Peruviana 3: 10. 1802, Systema Vegetabilium 5: 470. 1819, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 487. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 849. 1824, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(2): 144–145. 1835, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 115. 1843, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 36(1): 569. 1863, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 6(1): 11. 1896 and Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden Länder 55(2): 171–172. 1913, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11(102): 135–146. 1931, Occasional Papers

(Emmenagogue, depurative, for venereal and skin diseases. Inflamed and slow healing, cuts and scratches from the thorns.) in English: snake’s pillow in Costa Rica: uña de gato in Latin America: bacot mútica, espina hueca, espino hueco, rabo de iguana, rangay, zarza in Mexico: arrendador, varilla prieta, xtexak, zarza in Venezuela: zarza hueca Byttneria africana Mast. (Byttneria catalpifolia Jacq. subsp. africana (Mast.) Exell & Mendonça) Tropical Africa. Vine, woody liane, dry prickly fruit See Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 1: 21–22, t. 46. 1797, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 239. 1868 and Conspectus Florae Angolensis 1: 197. 1951 (Stem and leaves cough sedative, expectorant, tonic.) Byttneria andamanensis Kurz

See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40(1): 47. 1871, Flora 54: 277. 1871 (Aqueous extract of leaves given during delivery.) in India: lafech Byttneria aspera Colebr. ex Wall. (Byttneria aspera Colebr.; Byttneria grandifolia DC.; Byttneria nepalensis Turcz.; Byttneria siamensis Craib; Commersonia aspera (Colebr. ex Wall.) G. Don; Commersonia aspera G. Don) India. Woody climber, succulent branchlets, cordate orbicular leaves, globose woody armed prickly capsule See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 383–385. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 486–487. 1824, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 523. 1831, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 31(1): 207. 1858 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 48(9): 300. 1920 (Macerated stems for washing wounds, hairs.) in China: ci guo teng in India: barauk-pau, warpauk-pau Byttneria cordata Lam. (Byttneria aculeata Dombey ex Lam., nom. inval.; Byttneria corchorifolia Turcz.; Byttneria sulcata Ruiz & Pav.)

700

Peru. Shrubby liana, trunk with small spines, green white flowers, somewhat spiny fruits See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 523. 1785 (Poultice of leaves for warts and insect sting.) in Peru: yerba de araña Byttneria herbacea Roxb. (Byttneria cordata Willd. ex Roxb., nom. inval.; Byttneria cordata Lam.; Commersonia herbacea (Roxb.) G. Don; Commersonia herbacea G. Don) India. Herb, prostrate to ascending, purple flowers See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 523. 1785, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1(1–2): 28, t. 29. 1795, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 382. 1824, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 523. 1831 (Powdered stem used in treating broken bones, swelling of legs. Rhizome paste applied to cure old ulcers. Root or leaf paste for cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, cough, asthma, swelling; the paste of whole plant used in fracture of limbs and sprains, also applied externally in inflamed body. Young leaves chewed to stop dysentery. Veterinary medicine, leaf paste given for dysentery.) in India: adaaubol, adavi janumu, deku, dekusindoor, kombraj, masvasi, potu chettu, samarkai, samarkhai, samarkhoi, sarkapired, sindur, yerra katla tiga Byttneria hirsuta Ruiz & Pav. (Chaetaea hirsuta (Ruiz & Pav.) Rusby; Chaetaea hirsuta Rusby) Peru. Scandent shrub, spreading, spiny branches, greenish white flowers See Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 3: 10. 1802, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 3(3): 10. 1893 (Plant decoction for warts.) in South America: kari kari, uña de gato Byttneria pilosa Roxb. (Buettneria pilosa Roxb.; Byttneria elegans Ridl.; Byttneria pilosa var. pellita Gagnep.; Byttneria velutina Wall.; Byttneria velutina Wall. ex Mast.; Chaetaea pilosa (Roxb.) Adelb.; Commersonia pilosa (Roxb.) G. Don; Commersonia pilosa G. Don) Indonesia, Malaysia. Lianas, climbing shrub, woody, serrate membranous leaves, capsules with thin barbed bristles See Hort. Bengal. 18. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wall., 2: 381–382. 1824, A

Byttneria Loefl. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 524. 1831, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 618. 1832, The Flora of British India 1(2): 377. 1874 and Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 57: 25. 1911 [Jan 1911], Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 1(5): 517. 1910, Beknopte Flora van Java (Nood Unitgave) Fam. 107, 4b: 11. 1944 (Anthelmintic, roots pounded with Imperata rhizome. Decoction of leaves of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. var. conglomerata (Roxb.) Corner together with those of Byttneria pilosa and Phyllanthus fraternus and bark of Callicarpa arborea taken for jaundice and liver complaints. Macerated stems for washing wounds, hairs. Veterinary medicine, leaf paste applied on sores of cattle.) in China: cu mao ci guo teng in India: champat-a-rikang, champhat, champhat-a-rikang in Vietnam: quả gai lông, trôm leo lông thô Byttneria scabra L. (Buettneria scabra Aubl.; Byttneria longifolia Turcz.; Byttneria pohliana Steud., nom. illeg. superfl.; Byttneria salicifolia C. Presl; Byttneria salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Byttneria salicifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult.; Byttneria scabra Pohl, nom. illeg.; Byttneria scabra var. brasiliensis K. Schum.; Byttneria scabra var. dentata A. St.-Hil.; Byttneria scabra var. hastata K. Schum.; Byttneria scabra var. latissima K. Schum.; Byttneria scabra var. pilosiuscula A. St.-Hil.; Byttneria scabra var. serrata K. Schum.; Byttneria virgata Pohl) Venezuela. See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 939. 1759, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5: 470. 1819, Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (A. St.-Hil.). (quarto ed.) 1(4): 144. 1825, Plantarum Brasiliae Icones et Descriptiones 2: 80–82, t. 153, 154. 1830–1831, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel], Editio secunda 1: 242. 1840, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 25(3): 154. 1852, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 12(3): 85, 87–88. 1886 (For venereal diseases.) Byttneria scabrida Ridl. Borneo, Sarawak. Climber See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 6: 225. 1938 (Roots together with the leaves of Macaranga tanarius boiled and the liquid drunk for blood dysentery.) in Borneo: akar sengela

C Caccinia Savi Boraginaceae See Genera Plantarum 128. 1789, Cose Botaniche 1, 7, pl. 1. 1832. Caccinia crassifolia Kuntze (Caccinia glauca Savi; Caccinia macranthera var. glauca (Savi) Govaerts) India. See Cose Bot. 1. t. 1. f. 1–6. 1832, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada x. (1887) 212. 1887 and World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1): 9. 1999 (Used in Unani. Leaves diuretic, demulcent, antiinflammatory, for asthma, cough.) in India: gaozabaan

Cadaba Forssk. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae) The Arabic common plant name kadhab, for Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk., collected in Yemen, Al Luhayyah [“Lohaja frequens”], Jan. 1763; see P. Forsskål, Flora aegyptiaco-arabica. 67–68. Copenhagen 1775, Genera Plantarum 242–243. 1789. Different Cadaba species were reported to contain alkaloids and sesquiterpene lactones; some Cadaba species were reported as toxic plants.

Cadaba farinosa Forssk. (Cadaba dubia DC.; Cadaba mombassana Gilg & Gilg-Ben.; Streblocarpus fenzlii Parl.; Stroemia farinosa (Forssk.) Vahl) East and West Africa, Yemen. Slender shrub, weak, tangled, spreading, many-branched from the base, densely twigged, arching branches, yellow-green flowers, cylindrical pods, black seeds surrounded by orange aril, leaves and young twigs edible, pounded leaves cooked in couscous, bark eaten with cereals, edible fruit, plant browsed by all stock Se Flora aegyptiaco-arabica. 68. 1775, Symbolae Botanicae, … 1: 19. 1790 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35: 25–63. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105: 387–399. 2006 (Leaves analgesic, antiviral, antirheumatic, antiphlogistic, antiscorbutic, tonic, stimulant, astringent, antihelmintic, purgative, antidote against food poisoning, emmenagogue; leaves decoction for gonorrhea; ground leaf powder for ulcers and skin complaints. Roots infusion used for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Plant ash rubbed for body pains. Magic, ritual, charm, superstition, good luck, marriage. Veterinary medicine, roots and leaves used to treat anthrax in cattle.) in Arabic: asal, el bejad, korraeb, saerah, toraeb in India: viluti

Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild (Cadaba juncea Harv.; Cadaba juncea Szyszył.; Cadaba juncea (Sparrm.) Harv. ex Hook. f., nom. illegit.; Cadaba juncea Harv. ex Hook. f., nom. illegit.; Cleome aphylla Thunb.; Cleome juncea Sparrm.)

in Benin: kobokayé

Namibia. Shrub, evergreen and leafless, spiky stems, tangled, dense, twigs spinescent, deep red to yellow glandular flowers, warty sticky fruits, small black seeds covered with a sticky bright orange pulp, only younger branches browsed by game and livestock, frost and drought resistant

in Kenya: arerenion, eren, ereng, kalkacha hare, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, orosoro

See Gen. S. Afr. Pl. ed. 2, 13. 1868 and Flora Zambesiaca: Mozambique, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland Protectorate. Volume 1, part 1 / edited by A.W. Exell and Hiram Wild, on behalf of the editorial board. London, 1960 (Toxic to sheep. Roots potentially poisonous, roots strongly purgative, an overdose might be toxic. Moist powdered plant applied as a poultice to draw boils and abscesses.) in English: black storm, desert broom, leafless wormbush in South Africa: bloustam, bobbejaanarm, swartstorm

in East Africa: kibalazi-mwitu, mvunja-vumo, ol-amalogi in Guinea: berekunan, kesebere tamba niogu, quinquemini

in Mali: abago, azrom, balamji, hassu ueil, kwemkwemini, minzin, to-magny, uggar in Mauritania: azrom, szrom, zerom, zrum in Niger: abago, abogu, bagahy, bagaie, bagayi, bagey, balamji, gursimé, harikanelifi, harkanelifi, hassu ueil, marga, tchuma, ugar, uggar in Nigeria: anza, bagaji, bagayi, balamji, baldamhi, beelidamhi, beldamhi, bultù, dangarafa, guno, hadza, handja, hanza, surreih in Senegal: azrom, balamji, bere kuna, demadugu, gavargi, kesebere tamba, n-debarka, ndebaré, ndebarga, ndebargé, ndegareg, ndegarek, nogu, sinsin, sinsini, szrom, tensen, tomani, tsinsini, zerom, zrum

701

702

in Somalia: geed-maaluugeed in Tanzania: endamologi, eren, ereng, kaningwa, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, mpambue, ol ameloki, ol jani el sirgon, sangwa sangwa Cadaba farinosa Forssk. subsp. adenotricha (Gilg & GilgBen.) R.A. Graham Tanzania. Shrub, herb, succulent, stem cream, densecrowned, leaves glaucous, flower pale green yellowish, exocarp pale green, endocarp orange See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 53: 227. 1915, Kew Bulletin 17: 161. 1963 (Roots poisonous.)

Cadaba Forssk. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

East and West Africa, Mali, Niger. Low shrub, erect, woody, leafy, viscid, many-branched, closely packed glandular-hispid round leaves, small inconspicuous yellow ligulate flowers, eaten by goats, sheep, camels, cattle and donkeys See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35: 25–63. 1991 (Flavonol glycosides. Drink roots infusion for stomachache; stems and roots antiinflammatory; pounded leaves on wounds. Magic.) in Arabic: taennaim in Kenya: emakak in Mali: hassu, tabeibaret, tahalist, tarbéret, téhanizt, teheist, teis, todi farssa, uadagoré

Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce (Cadaba fruticosa Druce; Cleome fruticosa L.)

in Niger: doburu, taïs, teera

India. Shrub, flowers dirty white

in Sudan: kurmut, sogheir

See Species Plantarum 2: 671. 1753 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Soc. Brit. Isles 3: 415. 1914, Pharmacologyonline 3: 136–142. 2008

Cadaba indica Lam.

(Used in Sidha. Leaves and roots antiphlogistic, purgative, anthelmintic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, analgesic, deobstruent, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, used to treat ulcer, syphilis, sores, vitiligo, worm infection; leaf juice to reduce swelling, in rheumatism; leaf juice boiled in castor oil applied for fracture and snakebite. Roots decoction in uterine obstructions. Veterinary medicine, leaves decoction given orally to cure tympany; leaf extract applied in boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds.) in English: Indian cadaba in India: aadamorinika, adamorinika, ayamiyamakki, ayattaiiyamakki, carapattiram, chaayagavache, chavukkuttiyanku, cheganike, chegaviche, chekonadi, chemudu, chikonadi, chikondi, chimurudu poola, ciramota, ciramotakacceti, ciramotakam, ciramotan, cirmotan, ciruviluticceti, cumirutam, curapicitti, dabi, habal, itankali, itankalimaram, kacitti, kadhab, kainaci, karppakalakkiruti, katagatti, kattakatti, keganike, kegnike, kodab, kodhab, konda mirapa, kunkilatikacceti, kunkilatikam, kutippanikam, mangare, maragacha, maragache, maragada, maragade, maragadegida, maravili, maravilicceti, margade, mattametikam, mattametikamaram, mirchikand, mota, motti, nacukatitam, narcitti, narivili, narivili, narivilicceti, palavili, palavilicceti, pattirakam, piluka, pittavaram, polumorinika, puttiracutanam, tarunikam, tarunikamaram, tatakam, tirucupattiram, uruvaracam, uruvaracamaram, uruvaraccammatti, uttarakarikai, vaelivee, vanamulam, veludhu, vilimmi, viliti, viluti, visanacini, vittuki, vittukicceti, vizhivi, vizhuthi, vizuthi, vutarasi chettu, vutharasi chettu, vutharasichettu Cadaba glandulosa Forssk.

in Somalia: qalanqal

India. See Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 67(5): 637– 638. 2005, Pharmacologyonline 3: 136–142. 2008 (Used in Sidha. Leaves antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal.) in India: adamorinika, cavukuttiyanku, cegavice, cekodi, cekodisakada, chekodi, chekonisi, chemoorda, chikonadi, chimurudu, cimurudu, kattakatti, manatukkurntu, maragace, maragade, margadde, polumorinika, sagedapu, vilathi, vili, viluti, vishuthi, vizhudi Cadaba natalensis Sond. South Africa. Woody shrub, small scrambling tree, sepals mauve or purplish, pink nectary guide not clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp See Linnaea 23: 8. 1850 (Roots to induce vomiting, to treat chest pain. Magic, ritual.) in English: green-leaved wormbush, Natal worm-bush in South Africa: amaNgwe emnyama, amaNgwe-ezidlayo, groenblaarwurmbos, Natalwurmbos, umAnzimane, uNoqungwa, uPhaphane Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk. Arabia, Abyssinia. See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Veterinary and Human Toxicology 29(2): 133–137. 1987 (For bronchitis, inhalation from leaves, also juice from crushed leaves; chewed leaves on wounds. Plant poisoning, the clinical signs in goats fed with the plant were pronounced depression, diarrhea, frothing at the mouth, dyspnea, ataxia,

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

loss of condition and recumbency. The lesions consisted of diffuse hemorrhage in the abomasum, heart and lungs, catarrhal enteritis, erosions on the intestinal mucous membrane, degeneration and/or necrosis of the cells of the renal tubules, and fatty change and necrosis in the liver. Veterinary medicine, leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.) in Arabic: kadhab in Ethiopia: adangali in Kenya: epuu Cadaba termitaria N.E. Br. (Cadaba macropoda Gilg) Tropical Africa. Many-branched shrub, slender, straggling, scandent, flowers solitary or clustered, green sepals, red nectary guide clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2527. 1897 and Z. Naturforsch. 57c, 216–220. 2002 (Caused death in murder trials.) in English: grey-leaved wormbush, pink cadaba in South Africa: vaalblaarwurmbos Cadaba trifoliata Wight & Arn. India. See Cat. Ind. Pl. 7. 1833, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 24. 1834 (Used in Ayurveda. Boiled leaves vapors inhaled to relieve cough and cold.) in India: balaya, chekonadi, chikondi, kodikaalu, kodikallu, kodikalu, mallaguru, manudukkurundu, nallagaara, nallagara, peddachikonadi, peddacikonadi, peddasivakonita, purana, purna, viluti

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae) Named for the Italian botanist Andrea Cesalpino (Andreas Caesalpinus), 1519–1603, naturalist, botanical collector, philosopher and physician, systematist, physician to Pope Clement VIII, professor of medicine and botany at Pisa and at Sapienza in Rome. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 380–381. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 178. 1754, A Voyage to Terra Australis 2: 551. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 481–483. 1825, Linnaea 5: 192. 1830, Linnaea 11(3): 406. 1837, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(10): 75. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 164. 1891 and U. Viviani, Vita e opere di Andrea Cesalpino. Arezzo 1922, North American Flora 23(5): 319, 327. 1930, A. Castiglioni, “Cesalpino Andrea.” Enciclopedia Italiana. 9: 866. Roma 1931, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 13(4): 349. 1948, Garrison and Morton, Medical Bibliography. 755–756. 1961,

703

J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 327. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 69. 1972, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 55(3): 426. 1974, G. Moggi, “Andrea Cesalpino botanico.” Atti Mem. Accad. Petrarca Lett. Arti Scienze. 42: 236–249. Arezzo 1976–1978, Kew Bulletin Addn. Ser. 7: 97–119. 1980, Karl Mägdefrau, in D.S.B. 15: 80–81. 1981, Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands (Dicotyledoneae—Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta 2: 1–481. 1988, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 68. 1988, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(4): 854. 1990, Flora Malesiana I, 12, 2: 409–784. 1996, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 57(7): 247–355. 2006. Caesalpinia benthamiana (Baill.) Herend. & Zarucchi (Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill.; Mezonevron benthamianum Baill.) West and Central Africa, Benin, Ghana. Perennial climbing shrub, straggling, armed with recurved spines, inflorescence a branched or unbranched terminal raceme, fruit a flattened indehiscent winged pod See Adansonia 6: 196. 1866 and Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 77(4): 854–855. 1990 (A decoction of roots, bark and leaves to cure urethral discharge; root decoction for dysentery and diarrhea; stems and roots aphrodisiac. Leaves antibacterial, mildly laxative, applied as a paste to treat snakebites, wounds, skin infections, piles and ulcers; young leaves eaten for hookworm or Guinea worm. Stem liquid dropped in the eye to cure inflammation and cataract.) Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. (Bonduc minus Medik.; Caesalpinia bonduc Wight & Arn.; Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb.; Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb.; Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming; Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming; Caesalpinia crista L.; Caesalpinia crista Thunb.; Caesalpinia crista sensu auct.; Caesalpinia cristata Prowazek; Caesalpinia grisebachiana Kuntze; Caesalpinia nuga (L.) W.T. Aiton; Caesalpinia sepiaria sensu auct.; Caesalpinia sogerensis Baker f.; Guilandina bonduc L.; Guilandina bonduc Aiton; Guilandina bonduc Griseb., nom. illeg., non Guilandina bonduc L.; Guilandina bonduc var. minus DC.; Guilandina bonducella L.; Guilandina crista (L.) Small; Guilandina gemina Lour.; Guilandina grisebachiana (Kuntze) Krug & Urban ex Duss; Guillandina bonduc L.; Guillandina bonducella (L.) Fleming; Ticanto nuga (L.) Medik.; Ticanto nuga Medik.) Tropics. Perennial non-climbing tree, scandent shrub, liana, usually armed with robust prickles, racemes or panicles, yellow petals, oblong dehiscent inflated hairy prickly pod, very hard and stony seeds largely sea-dispersed See Species Plantarum 1: 380–381. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 545. 1762, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 319. 1763,

704

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

Flora Japonica, … 179. 1784, Theodora Speciosa 52. 1786, Asiatic Researches 11: 159–160. 1810, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 3: 32. 1811, Hort. Bengal. 32. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 480. 1825, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 362. 1832, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 280. 1834, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 204. 1860, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 166. 1891, Flore phanérogamique des Antilles françaises … 229. 1897 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 591, 1331. 1903, Bor, Norman Loftus (1893–1972), Some beautiful Indian climbers and shrubs Bombay, 1954, J. Arnold Arbor. 55 (3): 425–430. 1974 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Seeds and leaves used to relieve colic, indigestion, fever, hydrocele, liver trouble, diarrhea and rheumatism; seed and decoctions of the leaves and roots taken to treat asthma, to avoid miscarriage; leaves, bark and roots anthelminthic, antiviral, febrifuge, rubefacient, to cure fever, jaundice, diarrhea, skin diseases, headache, chest pain. Leaves astringent, febrifuge, anthelmintic, emmenagogue; to cure bodyache in fever, pounded leaves mixed with coconut oil and rubbed on the body; leaf paste in coconut oil used for skin infection. Seeds antifungal, antibacterial, hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic, used in asthma, whooping cough, diabetes, chronic fever, malaria, swelling; oil from the seeds to treat rheumatism; kernels pounded, mixed with oil and applied to relieve bodyache; seed paste applied on boils; powdered seeds for healing wounds, tied on swollen testicles. Root anthelmintic, febrifuge and astringent, for venereal diseases; root decoction with honey used for fever. Veterinary medicine, seed paste applied locally for rheumatism; powdered seeds given for worms and fever. For snakebite, seed pulverized mixed in hot water and drunk. Fruit pulp a fish poison. Caution, taken in large doses it is believed to be poisonous.) in English: ash-coloured nicker, bonduc, bonduc nut, Brazilian redwood, cockspur, fever nut, gray nickarnut, gray nickel, gray nicker, gray nickerbean, grey nicker, guilandina seed, Indian nut, Mysore thorn, nickar bean, nicker bean, nicker nut, nickernut, nikkar nut, Pernambuco redwood, physic nut, poor man’s quinine, sappan liane, sea pearl, sea pod, yellow nicker in Hawaii: hihikolo, kakalaioa in Madagascar: vatolalaka in Rodrigues Isl.: cadoque in Southern Africa: knikkertjie, msoro in Tanzania: mburuga, mkomwe, mnamu in Yoruba: ayo, sayo, senwo, seyo olopon in Latin America: Brasil cojones de gato, garrapata de playa, guacalote, guacalote amarillo, guacalote prieto, haba de San Antonio, jabilla, ojo de venado, quasha, taray, villa de mar in India: avil, bagni, cakarakoti, capavalam, caretti, carivacantam, cayavalam, cetitta, curiyintu, curppuka, curppukakkoti,

gacca, gach-chakaya, gacha kaya, gachakayalu, gachcha, gachha, gachhaakaaya, gachika, gajaga, gajaga-kayi, gajega, gajga, gajikekayi, gajjege, gajjgada balli, gajjiga, gajjikai, gajjuga, gajkaayi, gajkai, gajuga, gataran, gatchakaaya, gatchkaya, gech-chakkay, gejjige balli, getsa kela, getsakaia, gil, gutsakai, heggajjiga, heggajjuga, heggejjuga, heggerjige, kaachaka (sagargota), kaccakkay, kaccarkoti, kaccukkay, kaccuram, kaccurankay, kaccurankoti, kachka, kalachikkaai, kalakunti, kalakunticceti, kalalmani, kalanchik-karu, kalanchikuru, kalanci, kalancikkuru, kalangu, kalankukkay, kalarci, kalarcikkay, kalarcikkoti, kalarcivittu, kalarkay, kalarkkay, kalarkodi, kalarkoti, kalavirutti, kalcuri, kalein, kaliccakkay, kaliccikkai, kalu vavuletiya, kanakam, kanappantupokkicceti, kanchaki, kanderi, kanja (sagargota), kantaki karanja, kantakikaranjah, kantikaranja, kantkarej, karanj, karanjava, karanjave, karanjin, karanjo, karanju, karanjwa, karanjwaa, karaunj, karbath, karccurankay, karcurakkoti, karcuram, kat-kalija, kat-karanj, katkaliji, katkaranch, katkaranj, katklija, katukarancam, kazhanchik-karu, kazhanji kuru, kazhanji veru, kazhar-shikkay, kazharchikkaai, kazharchikodi, kazhichi-kai, keccakkay, khar konda, kilinaval, kitta, kopakkitam, kotikaccikkoti, kotikkacci, kotikkalarci, kuberaakshi, kuberaksha, kuberakshi, kuberaksi (Kuber, God of Wealth in Hindu mythology, aksi, eyes), kulunje, kumburu wel, kumpika, kuperatcam, kuperatci, lataakaranja, latakaranjah, letaguti, mancirakam, manciram, maruti, mulal, mulalkalanku, mularci, mularcikkoti, naktamala, narumparuppu, nata, nata-karaja, natakaranj, nataphal, patalar, pentukam, punaikklaichchi, puti, putikarancam, puutikaranja, rahedo, rocanaikkottai, saagaragota, saagargota, sagar-gholah, sagargota, sagargoti, sagargotya (gotya = small stones), sagur-ghota, sanna gajjuga, sanna gejjuga, suka jambuka, sukajambuka, tampiraputpi, tapasi, tettan, tettiyan, thellagachha, tuticcam, ulankucakkay, ulankucam, utarikam, utarikkoti, vaccirapicakkay, vaccirapicam, vajjirapijam, vajrapijam, vaknuato, wael kumburu, yalakhi, yalakshi in Indonesia: areuy mata hiyang, kate-kate, kemrunggi in Japan: mayanupusu, shiro-tsubu Malayan names: bondok, gorek, gorek-gorek, kelichi, kelubu, kuku tupai, renting, ulang in Nepal: boksi kanda, boksi khanda, gainde kanda, karaunjee, karaunji in Pakistan: katkaranj, khayah-i-iblis in Papua New Guinea: kurere in Philippines: kalumbibit, sabinit, singor in Thailand: waat in Tibetan: ka-ranydza in Vietnam: mac meo, m[os]c m[ef]o, vu[oos]t h[uf]m Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. (Caesalpinia coriaria Willd.; Caesalpinia thomaea Spreng.; Libidibia coriaria

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

Schltdl.; Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schltdl.; Poinciana coriaria Jacq.) Tropical America and the West Indies. Perennial non-climbing tree, spreading, fragrant yellowish flowers, flexuous indehiscent twisted pod See Species Plantarum 1: 380. 1753, Jacquin, Nicolaus (Nicolaas) Joseph von (1727–1817), Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 123–124, pl. 175, f. 36. Vindobonae, 1763, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(1): 532. 1799, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 2: 343. 1825, Linnaea 5: 192–193. 1830 (Used in Sidha and Unani. Leaves antifungal. Pods astringent, algicidal, molluscicidal, antiperiodic, for wounds, burns, boils, cuts, sores; pods powder astringent, antiperiodic, tonic; pods decoction for washing bleeding piles. Bark febrifuge, antiperiodic, used in chronic fevers.) in English: American sumac, divi-divi plant in Latin America: agallo, cascalote, dibi-dibi, divedive, dividivi, guaracabuya, guastapana, guatapan, guatapanare, libi-dibi, muata pana, nacascol, nacascolo, nacascolote, nacascolotl, nacascul, ouatta pana, xa gala in India: alde kaayi, amrique-ka-sumaq, angrezi imli, dividivi, dividivi, dividivithumma, dividivitumma, ingimaram, inki maram, kodichittal, kodivelam, konaivel, konakkay, konalkay, konarkay, konavel, konavelan, konvel, koticcitam, koticcittal, kotivel, kotivelam, libi-libi, libidibi, mullilladavel, sumaq, sumaq-amriquab, tividivi, tivitikkay, tivitivi, vilayatialdekayi, vilayatiyaldekayi in Indonesia: dewi in Thailand: tanyong Caesalpinia crista L. (Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming; Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb.; Caesalpinia chinensis Roxb.; Caesalpinia kwangtungensis Merr.; Caesalpinia laevigata Perr.; Caesalpinia nuga Ait.; Caesalpinia nuga (L.) W.T. Aiton; Caesalpinia paniculata Desf.; Caesalpinia paniculata (Lam.) Roxb.; Caesalpinia scandens Roth; Caesalpinia szechuenensis Craib; Genista scandens Lour.; Guilandina bonduc var. minus DC.; Guilandina bonducella L.; Guilandina crista (L.) Small; Guilandina crista Small; Guilandina nuga L.; Guilandina paniculata Lam.; Guilandina semina Lour.; Ticanto nuga Medik.; Ticanto nuga (L.) Medik.) China. Perennial non-climbing tree, liana, straggling, prickly, climbing shrub, scandent, branches more or less armed, yellow flowers spotted with red, panicle axillary or terminal, indehiscent stipitate oblong pods with wiry prickles See Species Plantarum 1: 380–381. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 545. 1762, Hortus Kewensis; or, a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. London (W.T. Aiton), (2nd ed.) 3: 32. 1811 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 591, 1331. 1903

705

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Stem juice for the treatment of eye diseases; shoots of Caesalpinia crista with seeds of Mucuna nigricans pounded and warmed and given in colds and cough. Leaves useful in hepatic troubles, malaria and leprosy; leaves powder a postpartum remedy; leaves and bark febrifuge, anthelmintic, externally in inflammation; tender leaves used in disorders of the liver; prematured leaves used in malaria and for removing intestinal worms of babies; leaves and bark emmenagogue, febrifuge, anthelmintic. Seeds used in malarial fever; seeds paste applied in hydrocele; seed oil applied on ringworms; crushed seeds decoction emetic, astringent, antidysenteric; roasted seeds powder given in stomachache; leaves and seeds antiperiodic, antipyretic, tonic, febrifuge, used in asthma and snakebite; seed oil emollient, used in ear discharges. Roots decoction diuretic, anthelmintic, tonic, useful in the treatment of leprosy, bladder and kidney stones. Fruits applied externally in the treatment of rash; young fruits decoction with seeds of Sapindus mukorossi given in tuberculosis, malaria, fevers. Veterinary medicine, anthelmintic, febrifuge.) in English: bonduc nut, fever nut, nuga brasiletto in China: ci huo su mu, hua nan yun shi in India: akitmakit, akthamakhath, anataitus, ashak-e-marium, avil, ban-karetti, caretti, catalanemi, ceckhbar, chingsum-araung, gacachakaya, gacca, gaccakaya, gajaga, gajega, gajga, gajige, gajigekayi, gajikaimullu, gajjegaballi, gajji, gajjiga, gajjige, gajjigekayi, gajjuga, gajkai, gajri, gajuga, gatsakai, gattsa, gazzaga, gejige, gotchi, hajra ilaqi, hajraul-waladat, hajra-ul-masak, hajra-ul-unnisa, hajra-ul-nasara, hajra-ul-aqaab, kaccakikay, kaccakkay, kaka-moullou, kakachika, kakamullu, kalachikai, kalanci, kalarci, kalarcik-koti, kalarci ver, kalarcik koluntu, kalarcik koti, kalarcip paruppu, kalarkay, kali gathar, kalichikai, kalimarakam, kallarchikai, kamburu-rikang, kanchaki, kanderi, kanja sagargota, kanja sagargota kankach, kanta-karanja, kantakikaranja, kantakini, karanja, karanju, karanjwa, karaunj, karbath, kashachikai, kat-karanj, kath karanj, katkaranj, katklija, kazanchik-kuru, kazanchikasi, kazarci, kazhanchi, kazhanji, kazharchi kodi, kazharchikkaai, kazhchikai, kharare, khayahe-iblis, khayahe-i-iblis, kiri gejjuga, kitmakit, krakachika, kuberaksah, kuberakshi, kuberaksi, kuberaksiphalam, kuperatci, latakaranja, maghz karanjwah, mechka, mechkhar, molluteega, morata, mulluthige, mulutige, mutkonrai, nata, natakaranja, natukoranza, nemaliaduda, nentai, prakiriya, prakirnah, pulithadiki-kodi, putikah, putikaranja, putikaranjah, putikaranji, qana-e-iblees, qarma-e-abujahal, rohedo, sagaragota, sagargota, sannagajjiga, sannagejje, sapiniti, shukajambukam, sukajambuka, tapasi, tellagacca, thellagatcha, tinagachhika, tirini, vaakeri, vajjirapijam, vakeri, valli, varini, vitapakaranja in Indonesia: kemrunggi, mata hiyang, rembete in Japan: nanten-kazura in Papua New Guinea: kait

706

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

in Philippines: bakaig, binit in Thailand: sawaat, thephee, waat in Tibet: srin sman ma ru, srin sman me rud in Vietnam: chi[ee]ng chi[ees]ng Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. (Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Mezoneuron cucullatum var. grandis Baker; Mezoneuron cucullatum var. robustum Craib; Mezoneuron macrophyllum Miq.; Mezoneurum cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Mezonevron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Mezonevron macrophyllum Benth. ex Miq.) India. Perennial climbing tree, straggling shrub, hooked thorns, bipinnate leaves, yellow flowers, flat reddish-brown pods, reniform compressed seeds See Hort. Bengal. 32. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants (Roxburgh) 2: 358–359. 1832, Cat. Ind. Pl. 37. 1833, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 283. 1834, FBI 2: 258. 1878 (Paste of the roots of Mezoneuron cucullatum given in stomach pain and gastric disorders. Paste of the roots of Mezoneuron cucullatum with bark of Tabernaemontana divaricata applied on painful swelling of joints. Young fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus pounded with roots Mezoneuron cucullatum and given in swellings of feet, arms, legs, also to cure convulsion and cramps.) in India: ingsu-chartel-araung, taulinchikar Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (Biancaea decapetala (Roth) O. Deg.; Biancaea scandens Tod.; Biancaea sepiaria (Roxb.) Todaro; Caesalpinia benguetensis Elmer; Caesalpinia crista auct. non L.; Caesalpinia decapetala var. japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) H. Ohashi; Caesalpinia decapetala var. japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Isely; Caesalpinia ferox Hassk.; Caesalpinia japonica Siebold & Zucc.; Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb.; Caesalpinia sepiaria var. auricoma Trimen; Caesalpinia sepiaria var. japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Gagnep.; Caesalpinia sepiaria var. japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Hand.-Mazz.; Caesalpinia sepiaria var. japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Makino; Mezoneuron benguetense (Elmer) Elmer; Mezonevron benguetense Elmer; Reichardia decapetala Roth) Tropical and subtropical Asia, India, Sri Lanka. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub, liana, tomentose, armed with hooked prickles, yellow flowers, raceme axillary or terminal, dehiscent pod See Species Plantarum 1: 380–381. 1753, Novae Plantarum Species 212. 1821, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 360–361. 1832, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(2): 117. 1845, Nuovi Gen. Sp. Orto Palermo 21. 1860, Hort. Bot. Panorm. 3. 1876 and Leafl. Philipp. Bot. i. 362. 1908, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 2: 180. 1913, A Hand-book to the Flora of Ceylon suppl. 6: 89. 1931, Ill. Fl. Nippon 431. 1940, Pollen et Spores 22: 355–423. 1980,

Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 27: 219–235. 1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 5: 161–176. 1989 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark decoction abortifacient. Roots, stems, and pods used for relieving pain. Roots purgative; roots juice decoction applied to treat sprain and muscular swellings. Leaves as emmenagogue; bruised leaves applied to burns. Seeds astringent, anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic, antimalarial; seeds and roots insecticide. Flowers infusion in bronchitis, asthma and malarial fevers. Caesalpinia sepiaria leaves decoction given in stomach disorders. Veterinary medicine, leaves given for sores in the mouth.) in English: Mauritius thorn, Mysore thorn, wait-a-bit, water honey locust, wild honey locust in Madagascar: roimainty, roinombilahy, tsiafakomby, tsifakombilahy in South Africa: Mauritiusdoring

kaffer-wag-’n-bietjie,

kraaldoring,

in Hawaii: puakelekino in China: ma tou, tien tou, yun shi, yun shih in India: aila, airi, alai, arlu, bara durghar, cakkarakarakam, cakkirakarakam, cakkirakarakkoti, cakkirakaram, chilhar, chillara, chillari, chillur, gaddakorinda, gajalige, gajalike, gajalikke, gajilikke, gajjiga, gilo, goodda-korinda, gooddakorinda, godhocili, grevdra, gundugajjiga, hotasige, hotsige, hunnula, hunnulla, ikai, ikkai, indu, inga, inku, inna, intai, intu, iraittu, iraittumakkoti, iraittumam, iyacceti, iyai, iyakkoti, kadiyindu, kander, kanderi, kando, karacam, karanj, karanjika, karongsi, kather, kencige, kenjige, kilgach, kingan, kundugajjikai, kurudu gejjuga, kurudugajjida, kurudugajjiga, kurudugajjige, kuruttugajjigai, kurutugajjika, puli tatukki, pulitadukki, pulitatukki, pulithaduki-kodi, pulithadukki, pulitotakki, pulittodakki, pulittotakki, puliyukili, putthadukki, ralan, relan, relu, sagargoti, totali, totari, unalla, undla, uppili, uri, urn in Indonesia: areuy mata hiyang gunung, secang lembut in Nepal: arile kanda, ute kanda in Pakistan: kanderi, relan in Philippines: puto in Thailand: krachaai in Vietnam: vu[oos]t h[uf]m, m[os]c di[eef]u Caesalpinia digyna Rottler (Caesalpinia gracilis Miq.; Caesalpinia oleosperma Roxb.; Caesalpinia olesperma Roxb.) Tanzania, India. Perennial non-climbing tree, liana, scandent shrub or small tree, armed, panicle axillary or terminal, indehiscent pod constricted between the seeds See Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4: 198–200, pl. 3. 1803

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Roots astringent, febrifuge, antipyretic and antidiabetes, for tuberculosis. Pounded bark used as a fish poison.) in English: teri pods in Cambodia: khvaw bânla in India: bakaininari, bakam, bakarinari, ghrtakaranja, gilo, noonagatcha, noonagatchandi, noone gachha, nooneeglika, nooniglika, nunegacha, nunegachcha, nuni-gatcha, nunigatcha, patang, tari, teri, teri beeja, umulkuchi, vaakeri, vakerimul, vakerichebhate, vakerimul, vakerimula, wakirimul in Laos: kachaay in Thailand: kamchaai, khee raet, ngaai in Vietnam: m[os]c m[ef]o xanh, vang xanh Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. (Apuleia ferrea (Mart.) Baill.; Caesalpinia ferrea var. cearensis Huber) South America. Perennial non-climbing tree See Dictionnaire de Botanique 1: 440. 1876 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 304. 1901, J. Ethnopharmacol. 53(3): 175–178. 1996, Cancer Lett. 177: 119–124. 2002, J. Ethnopharmacol. 81: 135–137. 2002, Mutat. Res. 523–524: 1–8. 2003, Vascular Pharmacology 47(1): 41–47. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124(2): 289–294. 2009 (Antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, antiulcer, antipyretic, antimutagens, anticarcinogens, cancer chemopreventive. Treatment of wounds and bruises, gastric ulcer, alleviation of chronic cough and asthma. Stem bark infusion used for hypertension, enterocolitis, diarrhea. Roots antipyretic, febrifuge. Fruits for oral infections, diabetes.) in English: Brazilian ironwood, leopard tree in Brazil: jucá, pau ferro Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. Dietr. (Caesalpinia gilliesii Wall. ex Hook.; Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.) D. Dietr.; Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.) Benth.; Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) Benth.; Caesalpinia macrantha Delile; Erythrostemon gilliesii Klotzsch; Erythrostemon gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.) Klotzsch; Erythrostemon gilliesii (Hook.) Link & al.; Poinciana gilliesii Hook.; Poinciana gilliesii Wall. ex Hook.) (for the Scottish physician John Gillies, 1792–1834 (d. Edinburgh), botanist, naval surgeon, M.D. 1817, 1820–1828 in Argentina; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 50. 1965) South America. Perennial non-climbing tree See Botanical Miscellany 1: 129–131, pl. 34. 1830, Ind. Sem. Hort. Monsp. (1838) 3. 1838, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 1495. 1840, Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich (1767–1851), Icones plantarum rariorum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis Berlin, 1841–1844, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 15(2): 71. 1870 (Poisonous.)

707

in English: bird-of-paradise, paradise poinciana in Argentina: barba de chivo, disciplina de monja, flor del indio, lagana de perro, mal de ojos, piscala Caesalpinia globulorum Bakh. f. & P. Royen (Bonduc major Medikus; Bonduc majus Medikus; Caesalpinia bonduc auct. non (L.) Roxb.; Caesalpinia glabra (Mill.) Merr.; Caesalpinia jayabo M. Gómez; Caesalpinia jayabo Maza; Caesalpinia major (Medik.) Dandy & Exell; Guilandina bonduc L.; Guilandina major (DC.) Small; Guilandina ovalifolia (Urb.) Britton; Guilandina viridiflora Teijsm. & Binn.) Caribbean, SE Asia, Papua New Guinea. Perennial nonclimbing shrub, armed liana, climbing shrub, raceme or panicle supra-axillary, bristly pod densely hairy See Herb. Amb. 5, 89, t. 48. 1747, Sp. Pl. 1: 381. 1753, Theodora Speciosa 43–47, pl. 3 [in suppl.]. 1786, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 480. 1825, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 234. 1890 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 591, 1331. 1903, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 76(906): 180. 1938, Blumea 12(1): 62. 1963 (Used in Ayurveda. Roots decoction tonic, anthelmintic, to treat rheumatism and backache. Roasted seeds infusion drunk to cure respiratory illnesses.) in English: Hawaiian pearls, yellow nicker in Central America: guacalote amarillo, guacolote amarillo, mato amarillo in Hawaii: hihikolo, kakalaioa, kinikini in Cambodia: kouat in India: gacha, gajjiga, heggajjiga, kaccuram, kachuram, kalal, kalanji, kalanei, kalargodi, kalarsi, kalarsikkodi, karchuram, kitta, kuberaksi, vaknuato in Indonesia: areuy mata hiyang, kate-kate, kemrunggi in Thailand: waat in Vietnam: vang l[as] l[ows]n Caesalpinia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Baill. (Mesoneuron grevei Baill.; Mesoneuron hildebrandtii Vatke; Mezoneuron grevei Baill.; Mezoneuron hildebrandtii Vatke; Mezoneurum hildebrandtii Vatke; Mezonevron grevei Baill.; Mezonevron hildebrandtii Vatke) Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing shrub, woody, spiny, liana, spreading, sprawling and scrambling, strongly perfumed flowers, terminal erect dense branched thorny inflorescences See Linnaea 43: 338. 1882, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 371. 1883, Hist. Pl. Madag., Atlas pl. 24B-C. 1886 (Used to counteract poison.) in Madagascar: kitomba, tsiafakomby, tsirofonta

708

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

Caesalpinia jayabo M. Gómez See Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 19: 234. 1880

ijimullu, kal-toddavaddi, kandige, kenchige, kencige, kilansadu, kombe, kombe gida, komme, komme gida, lajri, malanteri, nallagane, nallaganne, nallekane, nallikane, narkati, pulinakkagonrai, punaikkalarci, shimullu, simullu, siyije, timullu, timulu, vaisakhamantha

(Leaves decoction given in bodyache.)

in Myanmar: gyabo-zawnan, sukyanbo, tikayan-gyi

in India: gacha, gajjiga, heggajjiga, kaccuram, kachuram, kalal, kalanji, kalanei, kalargodi, kalarsi, kalarsikkodi, karchuram, kitta, kuberaksi, vaknuato

in Thailand: chalueat, dok nam panya, nham pu ya, phak pu ya

Caribbean. Perennial climbing shrub

Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hattink (Bauhinia latisiliqua Cav.; Caesalpinia torquata Blanco; Mezoneuron balansae Gagnep.; Mezoneuron cabadbarense Elmer; Mezoneuron glabrum sensu Fern.-Vill.; Mezoneuron keo Gagnep.; Mezoneuron latisiliquum (Cav.) Merr.; Mezoneuron oxyphyllum Gagnep.; Mezoneuron platycarpum Merr.; Mezoneuron rubrum Merr.; Mezoneurum balansae Gagnep.; Mezoneurum latisiliquum (Cav.) Merr.; Mezoneurum oxyphyllum Gagnep.; Mezoneurum procumbens Blanco; Mezonevron cabadbarense Elmer; Mezonevron glabrum Desf.; Mezonevron keo Gagnep.; Mezonevron latisiliquum Merr.; Mezonevron oxyphyllum Gagnep.; Mezonevron platycarpum Merr.; Mezonevron procumbens Blanco; Mezonevron rubrum Merr.)

Caesalpinia minax Hance (Caesalpinia globulorum sensu auct.; Caesalpinia minax var. burmanica Prain; Caesalpinia morsei Dunn) Vietnam, China. Perennial climbing shrub, creeping, sarmentose, lianescent, armed, petals green-white, upper petals red-purple, immature pods softly spiny See Herb. Amb. 5, 89, t. 48. 1747, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 22(12): 365. 1884 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 35(247): 492–493. 1903, Blumea 12(1): 62. 1963 (Roots and leaves analgesic and sedative, prescribed for insomnia, pains, toothache.)

Philippines, Brunei. Perennial climbing shrub

in China: hui jia yun shi

See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 5: 5. 1799, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 235. 1845 and Philippine Journal of Science, C 4: 268. 1909, Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 85. 1916, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. x. 3757. 1939, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér. 2, 24: 318–319. 1952, Reinwardtia 9(1): 37. 1974

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz (Caesalpinia pulcherrima G. Don; Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.; Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. var. flava Bailey & Rehder; Poinciana bijuga Lour.; Poinciana elata Lour.; Poinciana pulcherrima L.)

(Leaves decoction given for relief of asthma.) Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. (Caesalpinia mimosoides Heyne ex Wall.; Caesalpinia resupinata Roxb.; Caesalpinia simora Roxb.) India, China. Perennial non-climbing tree, many-branched, erect, climbing, creeping, armed, densely hispid, bristly, inflorescence in terminal raceme, flowers yellow, falcate recurved bristly pod, branchlets emitting a characteristic acid odour when broken See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 462. 1785, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5837. 1831 and Food Chemistry 92(3): 491–497. 2005, Food Chemistry 100(3): 1044–1048. 2007 (Used in Sidha. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, fibrinolytic activity. Fresh young twigs eaten as vegetable for hypotension; paste of young shoots and onion used in the treatment of ulcer. Leaves used as blood tonic and for vertigo; tender leaves cooked as vegetable and eaten to cure chest pain.)

Cosmopolitan, South America. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, unarmed or with a few straight prickles, yellow-red flowers, raceme or panicle axillary and terminal See Exot. Pl. Cent. t. 22. 1678, Species Plantarum 1: 380. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 260–261. 1790, Observ. Bot. (Swartz) 166. 1791, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 431, non Sw. 1832 and Webbia 13: 214. 1957 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Toxins. Bark juice abortifacient and febrifuge, tonic, stimulant. Roots abortifacient, emmenagogue, used for infantile convulsions; root juice given to treat peptic ulcer. Flowers for intestinal worms, coughs and chronic catarrh. Fruits and leaves febrifuge, astringent. Leaves emmenagogue, purgative, antifungal, abortifacient, to relieve constipation; leaf paste applied to treat boils, pimples and ringworm. Seed paste applied on infected teeth and ringworm; fresh seeds decoction used for inflamed gums.)

in English: thorny flower of the Panya

in English: Barbados flower fence, Barbados pride, bird of paradise flower, dwarf poinciana, flamboyant, flamboyant tree, flower-fence poinciana, flowering-fence, gold mohur, paradise-flower, peacock flower, peacock tree, poinciana, pride-of-Barbados

in India: chingamullu, chingey, cinje, cinnamullu, eejimullu, engeeri, ganajali, ganajile, ganajilu, ganijele, ijemullu,

in Latin America: angel sisa, carzazo, clavellina, clavellina colorado, fleur du paradis, flor del angel, flor de la Virgen,

Caesalpinia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

guacamaya, guacamayo, krere-krere, macata, pauwebloem, poincillade, rosa Santa Maria, sin k’in in Cambodia: dok fang, fang ham, kan gok meas in China: chin feng hua, feng huang chang in India: cekkimandaram, cemmayirkkonrai, channakeshava gida, chekkimandaram, chettimandaram, chinaturayi, cinnaturayi, cirontakam, cirontakamaram, cittimantarai, cittimantaram, eejimullu, gul-tora, guleturaa, guletura, gulu tora, hote seege, irattinakanti, kanjage, kapura maddi, kenchige, kencige, kendge, keneige, kenji gida, kenjige, kenjige mara, kenjigemara, kenjuga, kittimantaram, komari, kotinalal, krishanchura, krishnachuda, krishnachura, krishnachuudaa, maikkonrai, mailkondarai, mancika, mayikonnai, mayil-konai, mayilkonnai, mayilkonrai, mayirkkonrai, mayirkonrai, mayirpelavam, mayirpelavamaram, mayurakonnai, mayuram, mayuramaram, mucuppira, mucuppiramaram, muyarcevitakkonnai, muyarcevitam, nalal, nalligaane, narikkonrai, padangam, paidithangedu, pamidi tangedu, pamiditangedu, pamidithangedu, perumayirkonrai, peydi-tangedu, pillicarikai, pillicarikaimaram, pirayakacceti, piriyakam, ponmayirkkonrai, puccilakkonnai, pumalekkinam, puraiphul, ratanagandhi, rathnagandhi, ratna gandhi, ratnagandhi, ratnagandi, ratnaganhi, sankeshvara, sankeshwara, settimandaram, shankasur, sidhakhya, sidhanasha, sidheshwara, sinnathuraayi, sinnaturayi, sirumayirkonrai, tarra, techimandaram, teccimandaram, thuraayi, tsettimandaram, tsjetti-mandarum, torai, tuccimam, tuccimamaram, turayi, vatamatakki

709

pain, to cure wounds, skin diseases, tuberculosis, diarrhea and dysentery; vomiting blood, boil the red wood and drink the decoction. Seeds sedative.) in English: Brazil-wood, bukkum wood, false sandalwood, Indian redwood, narrow-leaved braziletto, sappan tree, sappan wood tree, sappanwood in Burma: teing-nyet in Cambodia: sbaèng, sbeng in China: su fang mu, su mu

in Malaya: chana, jambul merak

in India: anaikuntrumani, bakaanu chekka, bakam, bakami-kirmyz, bakamu, bakanu, bakanu-chekka, bakapu, bakarucakka, bakaruchakka, bakasu chekka, bakkapu, bakkapu-chekka, bakkom, baqam, baqqam, baqum, bharyavriksha, bukkamu, bukkapu, bukkapuchettu, bukkum, cappan, cappanam, cappanga, cappankam, cappanki, cappanku, cappannam, cayamaram, cemmaram, chapenga, chappanam, chappanga, chappannam, ciyapankam, isiapangam, isiyapangam, kaparimaddi, kapuramaddi, kashtha, kuchandana, lohitaranga, okaanu, okanu, okanu-katta, padangam, parthangi, patamg, patamgam, patang, patang-ki-lakri, patanga, patanga-chekke, patanga-katta, patangachekke, patangada, patangah, patangam, patankam, patankan, patanku, pataranjaka, pathang, pathanga, pathanga chakka, pathangee, pathimukham, patranga, patrangah, patrangam, pattanga, pattangi, pattanki, pattaranga, pattaranjaka, pattaranjakah, pattraanga, pattranya, pattura, patunga, patungam, raktaka, raktamukta, raktasaara, raktasar, ranjana, rogakashtha, ruktamukta, sapangu, sappamgu, sappan, sappanga, sappangu, sappannam, sayamaram, suranga, surangada, tairi, tsiapangum, tsja-pangan, tsjampangam, varatanci, varattangi, vartangi, varttanki, varttankikkattai, vattangi, vattanki, vattankkattai, vattekku, vatunghe cuttay, vetteku, vurthingi

in Nepal: areli, bhas bhul

in Indonesia: kaju setjang, kayu secang, secang, soga jawa

in Philippines: bulaklak ng paraiso, caballero

in Laos: faang dèèng

in Thailand: khwaang yoi, som pho, haang nokyuung thai

in Malaysia: bakapu, sapang, sepang, sipang

in Vietnam: di[eej]p ta, di[eej]p c[us]ng, kangok meas, kim phuong, kim ph[uw][owj]ng

in Philippines: sapan, sapang, sibucao, sibukau

Caesalpinia sappan L. (Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod.; Biancaea sappan Tod.)

in Tibetan: shing bo-kka’i shing-kun

in Indonesia: bunga merak, bungan merak, kembang merak (merak = peacock), kembang patra, kemerakan in Japan: ô-gochyô

India, Myanmar and Thailand. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub, prickly, yellow flowers, upper petal with a red spot at the base, dehiscent strongly flattened shiny pod See Species Plantarum 1: 381. 1753, Nuovi Gen. Sp. Orto Palermo 21–22. 1858 and Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi). 7: 252–260. 1979 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Heartwood decoction or infusion emmenagogue, astringent, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, antibiotic, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidative, vulnerary, hemostatic, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antifertility, to ease pain, to stop menstrual

in Thailand: faang, faang som, ngaai

in Vietnam: cay vang, co vang, may vang, vang, vang nhuôm, vang nhu[ooj]m, tô môc, to moc, t[oo] m[ooj]c, to phuong Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze (Caesalpinia pectinata Cav.; Caesalpinia spinosa Kuntze; Caesalpinia tara Ruiz & Pav.; Caesalpinia tinctoria (Kunth) Benth. ex Reiche; Caesalpinia tinctoria Dombey ex DC., nom. nud.; Caesalpinia tinctoria (Kunth) Benth.; Caesalpinia tinctoria DC.; Coulteria tinctoria (Molina) Kunth; Coulteria tinctoria Kunth; Poinciana spinosa Molina; Tara spinosa Britton & Rose; Tara spinosa (Molina) Britton & Rose) South America. Perennial non-climbing tree

710

See Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 158. 1782, Descripción de las Plantas (Cavanilles) 467. 1799, Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 4: pl. 374. 1802, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 6: 331–332, pl. 569. 1823[1824], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 481. 1825, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3[3]: 54. 1898 and North American Flora 23(5): 320. 1930, Anales del Instituto Botánico A. J. Cavanilles 14: 731. 1956, Bol. Soc. Peruana Bot. 7(1/2): 40–68. 1974, Legum. Agric. Boliv. 409–423. 1996 (Infusion or decoction as purgative, laxative.) Common name: tara Caesalpinia sumatrana Roxb. (Caesalpinia sumatrana Wall.; Mezoneuron koordersii Backer; Mezoneuron peekelii Harms; Mezoneuron sulfureum Miq.; Mezoneuron sumatranum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Mezoneuron sumatranum (Roxb.) Wight & Arnott ex Miq.; Mezonevron koordersii Backer ex Koord.-Schum.; Mezonevron peekelii Harms; Mezonevron sulfureum Miq.; Mezonevron sumatranum Wight & Arn. ex Voigt; Mezonevron sumatranum Wight & Arn.) Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. Perennial climbing shrub, liana, branchlets sometimes armed, panicle supraaxillary or terminal See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 23. 1814, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5831 B-C. 1831, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 283. 1834 and Syst. Verz. i. Fam. 128, 36. 1911, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lv. 58. 1917 (Leaves decoction vermifuge, for intestinal complaints, diarrhea, a postpartum remedy; worms in children, pound the leaves and poultice with them.) in Malaysia: darah belut, gorek, kelichi rimba, mati chaching, matichang, mentiong, tampu rengat

Caesulia Roxb. Asteraceae

(Leaves decoction to treat malaria; leaf decoction taken to fight pains during pregnancy, to relieve stomachache. Roots aphrodisiac eaten cooked or raw; roots boiled and mixed with other species as male aphrodisiac, also to treat gonorrhea and bilharzia. Seeds for cure stomach ulcers. Crushed flower buds applied for eye problems.) in Tanzania: kete, msoo, msoro Caesalpinia welwitschiana (Oliv.) Brenan (Mezoneuron welwitschianum Oliv.; Mezoneurum welwitschianum Oliv.; Mezonevron welwitschianum Oliv.) Central, East and southern Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, liana, fiercely armed, yellow petals See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 261. 1871 and Kew Bulletin 17(2): 203. 1963 (Leaf sap instilled in the nostrils to treat madness.)

Caesulia Roxb. Asteraceae Latin caesullae, caesullarum ‘having gray eyes’, caesius ‘bluish gray’, referring to the flowers, see Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 64. 1795[1798]. Caesulia axillaris Roxb. India. Ascending to prostrate herb with narrowly lanceolate leaves tapering at both the ends See Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, J. Cytol. Genet. 33(2): 201–205. 1988, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 83(3:VIII): 77. 1996 (Plant poisonous for sheep. Whole plant juice given to cure amebic dysentery, indigestion and loss of appetite. Leaves kept in pulses as insecticide; leaf extract sprayed as pesticide. Oil from the seeds applied in rheumatic pains.) in India: akshaphula, borasda, nichini

in Philippines: siit Caesalpinia trothae Harms (Caesalpinia trothaei Harms) Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania. Perennial nonclimbing shrub, leaves a good browse for camels See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 277. 1899 and Kew Bulletin 17(2): 201. 1963 (Fruits poisonous.) Caesalpinia volkensii Harms (Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.; Caesalpinia major sensu Brenan) Tropical Africa, Ethiopia, Tanzania. Perennial climbing shrub, woody or herbaceous, liana, straggling, armed with recurved and straight prickles, yellow flowers, prickly flattened fruits See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 45: 304. 1910

Caiophora Presl Loasaceae Greek kaiein ‘to burn’ and phoros ‘bearing’, referring to the stinging hairs, see Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen unter der Augsicht der Königl…. 1825: 1705. 1825, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(1): 41–42, t. 56. 1831, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 3(6a): 119. 1894 and Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 76: 270–271, 329. 1900, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1): 143–181. 1941, Sendtnera 4: 221–242. 1997, Darwiniana 45(1): 45–67. 2007. Caiophora cirsiifolia C. Presl (Blumenbachia contorta (Desr.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hieron.; Blumenbachia contorta Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hieron.; Blumenbachia contorta Hook.f.; Blumenbachia contorta Griseb.; Blumenbachia punicea Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don; Blumenbachia punicea G. Don; Blumenbachia sepiaria Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don; Blumenbachia sepiaria G. Don; Caiophora cinerea Urb. & Gilg; Caiophora contorta C. Presl; Caiophora contorta

Cajanus DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

(Desr.) C. Presl; Caiophora contorta (Desr. ex Lam.) C. Presl; Caiophora contorta Urb. & Gilg, nom. illeg.; Caiophora cymbifera Urb. & Gilg; Caiophora lechleri Urb. & Gilg; Caiophora pachylepis Urb. & Gilg; Caiophora preslii Urb. & Gilg; Caiophora sepiaria (Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don) J.F. Macbr.; Cajophora contorta (Desr.) C. Presl; Cajophora lechleri Urb. & Gilg; Loasa chuquitensis Wedd.; Loasa chuquitensis Meyen; Loasa contorta Desr.; Loasa punicea Ruiz & Pav. ex A. López; Loasa punicea Phil.; Loasa sepiaria Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 579. 1789, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(1): 41–42, t. 56. 1831, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 62. 1834, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(6a): 119. 1894 and Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum 76: 281, 288, 306, 321. 1900, Candollea 8: 23. 1940, Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 16: 416, tab. 446. 1958, Sendtnera 4: 221–242. 1997 (Infusion or decoction drunk to induce menstruation.) Vernacular name: pomaysancca

Cajanus DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae) From the Malayan vernacular names catjuna or katjang or katchang for the pigeon pea; see Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 326, 529. 1763, Catalogus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis. 85. 1813, Sylva Tellur. 25. 1838, Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von (1825–1896), Essay on the plants collected by Mr. Eugene Fitzalan, during Lieut. Smith’s expedition to the estuary of the Burdekin. Melbourne: J. Ferres, Government Printer, [1860?], Helios 11: 133. 1893. Cajanus albicans (Wight & Arn.) Maesen (Atylosia albicans (Wight & Arn.) Benth., nom. nud.; Atylosia albicans Benth.; Cajanus albicans Graham ex Wallich; Cajanus albicans Graham; Cajanus wightianus Graham; Cajanus wightii Wight & Arn.; Cantharospermum albicans Wight & Arn.) India. Perennial climbing shrub See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5582, 5583. 1831, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 256. 1834, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 243. 1852 and Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85(4): 55. 1985 [publ. 1986] (Terminal parts including flowers boiled in water and the decoction drunk to cure severe cold. Veterinary medicine, used as galactagogue.) in India: amanchi, kollukoppankodi, wal-kollu Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Cajan cajan (L.) Millsp., nom. inval.; Cajan cajan (L.) Huth, nom. inval.; Cajan indorum Medik.; Cajan inodorum Medik.; Cajanum thora Raf.; Cajanus bicolor DC., nom. illeg.; Cajanus cajan (L.) Druce; Cajanus cajan (L.) Merr.; Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth; Cajanus

711

cajan fo. bicolor (DC.) Baker; Cajanus cajan var. bicolor (DC.) Purseglove; Cajanus cajan var. flavus (DC.) Purseglove; Cajanus flavus DC.; Cajanus indicus Spreng., nom. illeg. superfl.; Cajanus indicus var. bicolor (DC.) Kuntze; Cajanus indicus var. flavus (DC.) Kuntze; Cajanus indicus var. maculatus Kuntze; Cajanus inodorum Medik.; Cajanus inodorus Medik.; Cajanus luteus Bello; Cajanus obcordifolius V. Singh; Cajanus pseudo-cajan (Jacq.) Schinz & Guillaumin; Cajanus pseudocajan (Jacq.) Schinz & Guillaumin; Cajanus striatus Bojer; Cytisus cajan L.; Cytisus guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.; Cytisus pseudo-cajan Jacq.; Cytisus pseudocajan Jacq.; Phaseolus balicus L.) China, Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing shrub, erect, silky pubescent ribbed stems, spindly branches, leaves pinnately trifoliolate, leaflets in short stalks, flowers borne on corymbiform racemes, petals yellow, standard red outside and yellow inside, wings yellow, oblong linear pods constricted between the seeds, beans eaten, the green seeds can be cooked and eaten and also the ripe seeds but less frequently, leaves used to clean teeth, dry leaves and pods food for donkeys, cattle and goats See Species Plantarum 2: 739. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 326, 529. 1763, Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis 2: 54, pl. 119. 1772, Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalischöconomischen Gesellschaft 2: 363. 1787, Flora Atlantica 2: 139. 1798, Catalogus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis 85. 1813, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 248. 1826, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 349, nr 208. 1827, An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 148. 1836, Hortus Mauritianus 109. 1837, Sylva Telluriana 25. 1838, Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 10: 260. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 167. 1891, Helios 11(8): 133. 1893 and Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 2(1): 53. 1900, Fl. Manilla 255. 1912, (Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 1916: 611. 1917, Nova Caled. 1: 159. 1920, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 15: 312. 1920, The Leguminosae of Tropical Africa 2: 459–460. 1929, Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 12: 783. 1942, J. Agric. Sci. (Tokyo) 8: 49–62. 1962, Trop. Crops, Dicotyl. 1: 237. 1968, Catálogo Ilustrado de las Plantas de Cundinamarca 3: 1–136. 1968, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 6: 18–24. 1971, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 555. 1980, Cytologia 46: 397–412. 1981, Ann. Bot. 49: 235–239. 1982, Nucleus 25: 181–185. 1982, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 53: 342–371. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 215– 223. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9: 237–260. 1983, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 72(3—X): 46. 1985, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 73(3—VI): 160. 1986, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 124–129. 1986, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 3: 137–139. 1986, Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85(4): 1–228. 1986, Willdenowia 15: 521–527. 1986, Fl. Lesser Antilles 4: 452. 1988, Cytologia 54: 51–64, 121–128. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 173–219. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323.

712

Cajanus DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

1990, Cytologia 56: 511–515. 1991, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 78(3,VIII): 142. 1991, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799. 1994, Plant Systematics and Evolution 189: 211–216. 1994, Cytologia 63: 279–282. 1998, Cytologia 64: 29–36. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106: 158–165. 2006

in Togo: eklui

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaves decoction for measles, cough, diarrhea, abdominal troubles, catarrh and hepatitis; sap of leaves, drops in eyes, for epilepsy; powdered leaves applied to sores; leaf juice given for flu, jaundice and as a poison antidote; leaf infusion baths for stroke and bewitchment; green leaves hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic and antimicrobial; poultice of the young leaves used for burning skin and gums inflammation; young leaves chewed for curing reddish sores on tongue, spongy gums, aphthae; leaves decoction drunk by pregnant women for easy delivery. Flowers paste or leaf paste applied on sores of mouth and tongue. Boil the roots, drink the decoction to cure food poisoning from eating bad fish; roots for mental illness. Seeds used in snakebite; seed coat powder applied as a paste on skin eruptions, when mixed with root powder of Cordia dichotoma in severe toothache; boiled seed juice taken in jaundice; juice from the seeds put into the ear for earache; seeds and leaves made into a warm paste applied over the mammae to check secretion of milk. Ceremonial, important food during ceremonies. Veterinary medicine, cooked leaves fed to cattle with diarrhea.)

in India: aadhaki, adagam, adagi, adaki, adhaki, amakam, amam, arahar, arahar dall, arardal, arhar, arhar dal, arhardal, atacai, atakam, ataki, athaki, baele, byale, candaloo, catjan, chinnacandi, cinnakandi, condacandaloo, curattam, dahl, dalu, dangri, dhaal, dhal, duvarai, errakandulu, ettakandulu, huklek, ihora, impurupali, irumpali, iruppappuli, iruppuli, iruppulikam, iruppulikamaram, iyavai, iyavu, iyavucceti, kacci, kaccikacceti, kaccikam, kakshi, kalvayam, kalvayamaram, kandhi, kandi, kandool, kandu, kandul, kandulu, kanti, karaviram, kari uddu, kariuddu, kariyuddu, kariyudu, karkai, karkaicceti, karvirabhuja, kattu-thovarai, kattuthovarai, kaycci, kecapukacceti, kecapukam, kondakandi, kunthaloo, kuvalam, kuvalamaram, laher, mairongbi, malaittuvarai, malikaittuvarai, malur, miruttalakam, miruttanam, miruttanam yarai, mritana, mrittala, mrittalaka, muluttuvarai, naiciravam, naiciravamaram, nattuttuvarai, oroha, oror, paruppu, pataippeyan, pataippeyanmaram, peddacandi, peddakandi, peddakondakandi, peddakondakandulu, pitapushpa, polukandi, potujandalu, potukandi, potukandulu, rahar, rahar dal, rahban, rahor, rohor mar, shakhil, shakull, shanapushpika, shanapushpikaa, shaz, sinnakandi, soopyah, soppyah, supya, surashtaja, thaka, thakak, thogari bele, thogarukoy, thoora, thoori, thoovar, thorapaerou, thoraporu, thugari bele, thurukara thogari, thuvara parippu, thuvarai, thuvarchilakkaaram, togari, tor, torai, tuar, tuberika, tumara, tur, turi, turukutogari, tuur, tuvar, tuvara, tuvaracatjan, tuvarai, tuvarai-p-paruppu, tuvaraippayaru, tuvarankay, tuvarapparippu, tuvari, tuvarika, tuvarikam, tuver, tuvvar, tuwaran, vellaittuvarai, vritabija, yarai, yerracandaloo, yerrakandi

in English: African pigeon pea, cadjan pea, cajan, catjan pea, catjang, Congo beans, Congo pea, dhal, dhal bean, green peas, no-eye pea, peas, pigeon pea, red gram in Benin: adjayi klwékoun, blikodje, eklwi, ofiri, otili, otinini in Burundi: agacaruzo, inkunde, urucaruzo in Comoros: ambrevade, mtsongi in Congo: kassa, nwandu, wandu in Gabon: bésangé-bé-djélé, butsangi-bu-muri, modjangi-agétété, mutsangi-a-mwiri, osangé-w’éréré, osangé w’orungu, osang’éréré, osang-éli, uhangé-mwa-mulungu in Kenya: mbaazi, mbalazi, mbanzi, mbubalazi, mubalazi, mucugu, musuu, muusu, nangu, ncugu, ngogu, njugu, nzuu, obong in Madagascar: ambarivatry, ambatribe, ambatry, ambaty, amberivatry, ambote, ambraty, ambrevade, ambrevate, antsotry, bokan’ambatry in Rwanda: intenderwa, umukunde in Senegal: waken-masar, waken-turawa in Sierra Leone: Congo binch, e-konsho, kollgo-binch, kongo-binch

in Uganda: apena, empinamuti, enkolimbo, ntondigwa in Yoruba: otili, otinli in China: mu dou, shan tou ken, chieh tu, chieh tu tzu

in Japan: ki-mame, Ryûkyû mame Malayan name: kachang kayu in Nepal: rahar in the Philippines: gablas, gablos, kadios, kagios, kagyos, kagyus, kaldis, kalios, kardis, kidis, kudis, tabios in Thailand: ma-hae, ma-hae-ton, thua-mae-tai, thua-rae, thua-raet in Tibet: tu ba ri, tu pa rip in Hawaii: pi nunu, pi pokoliko in South America: cuandu, gandul, guandu, mumacriri, wandu

in Southern Africa: duiwe-ertjie, Kongoboontjie, mbaasi

Cajanus cajanifolius (Haines) Maesen (Atylosia cajanifolia Haines; Cantharospermum cajanifolium (Haines) Raizada)

in Tanzania: madohola, mbaazi, mbaazi-mkosa, mbainisiri, mbanzi, musuu, muusu, ngogu, njaghalai

India. Perennial non-climbing shrub, seeds cooked and eaten as vegetable

713

Cajanus DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 255. 1834 and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 15: 312. 1920 [1919 publ. May 1920], Suppl. Bot. Bihar & Orissa (Mooney) 53. 1950, Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85(4): 91. 1985 [publ. 1986], Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 78(3,VIII): 142. 1991, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 80(3:VIII): 224–225. 1993, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 80(4A): 107. 1993 (Seed coat powder applied as a paste on skin eruptions; boiled seed juice given in jaundice.) in India: banokandulo Cajanus crassus (King) Maesen (Atylosia crassa King; Atylosia crassa Prain ex King; Atylosia mollis Benth., pro parte; Atylosia volubilis Gamble; Atylosia volubilis (Blanco) Gamble; Cajanus crassus (Prain ex King) Maesen; Cajanus volubilis (Blanco) R.D. Gaur; Cajanus volubilis Blanco; Cajanus volubilis (Blanco) Blanco; Cantharospermum volubile Merr.; Cantharospermum volubile (Blanco) Merr.; Cantharospermum volubilis (Blanco) Merr.; Cytisus volubilis Blanco) (Atylosia Wight & Arnott, Greek a ‘without’ and tylos ‘a knob, swelling’, referring to the absence of callus on the standard petal; see Robert Wight (1796–1872) and G. Arnott Walker Arnott (1799–1868), Prodromus florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. 257. London 1834.) SE Asia, Indian Ocean. Perennial climbing shrub See Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 417, 599. 1837, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 417. 1845, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 66: 45. 1897 [1898 publ. 1897] and Philippine Journal of Science 5(2): 127–128. 1910, Flora of the Presidency of Madras 369. 1918, Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85(4): 105, 110. 1985 (1985 publ. 1986), Fl. Distr. Garhwal N.W. Himalaya 259. 1999 (Leaf infusion taken orally and used as a bath for jaundice. Atylosia volubilis root decoction taken orally with cow’s milk to treat piles; a paste applied to mumps. Magic, ritual, contact therapy, stem tied as an amulet on the waist to cure swelling of body.) in Bangladesh: mewape in India: ban-simi, birmlhan, jangli chhoto, jungli baler Cajanus goensis Dalzell (Atylosia babarta (Benth.) Baker; Atylosia barbata (Benth.) Baker; Atylosia calycina (Miq.) Kurz; Atylosia goensis (Dalzell) Dalzell; Atylosia siamensis Craib; Cantharospermum barbatum (Benth.) Koord.; Cantharospermum barbatum Koord. ex Keuchenius; Dolichos barbatus Benth., nom. nud.; Dunbaria barbata Benth.; Dunbaria calycina Miq.; Dunbaria stipulata Thuan; Dunbaria thorelii Gagnep.; Endomallus pellitus Gagnep.; Endomallus spirei Gagnep.) Asia, China, India. Perennial climbing shrub See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5548. 1831, Prodr. 258. 1834, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew

Garden Miscellany 2: 265. 1850, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 242. 1852, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 13: 186. 1873, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2(4): 216. 1876 and Meded. Proefstat. Thee No. xc. 15. 1924 (Used in Ayurveda. Decoction of powdered roots given in rheumatism, impure blood, biliousness, fevers, swellings.) in India: kaadu thogari, kaattupayar, kattulunnu, maasha parni, masaparni, mashaparni, peruvidukol Cajanus lineatus (Wight & Arn.) Maesen (Atylosia lawii Wight; Atylosia lawii Dalzell; Atylosia lineata Wight & Arn.; Cajanus lineatus Graham; Cajanus lineatus Graham ex Wallich; Cantharospermum lineatum (Wight & Arn.) Raizada) Sri Lanka, India. Perennial shrub, non-climbing See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5578. 1831–1832, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 258. 1834, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 186. 1872 [1873 publ. 1872] and Mooney, Herbert, Supplement to the Botany of Bihar and Orissa. Ranchi, Bihar, Catholic Press, 1950, Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85(4): 143. 1985 (publ. 1986) (Fresh leaves paste analgesic, antiseptic, applied over wounds; dried leaves smoked to get relief from asthma.) in India: janglitur, jungle tur, kaadu kadale gida, nattuteri, ran-tur, rantur Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen (Atylosia geminiflora Dalzell; Atylosia platycarpa Benth.; Cantharospermum distans Royle ex Baker; Cantharospermum distans Baker; Cantharospermum geminiflorum (Dalzell) Raizada; Cantharospermum geminifolium (Dalzell) Raizada; Cantharospermum platycarpum (Benth.) Raizada) India. Perennial climbing shrub See Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 243. 1852, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 185. 1872 [1873 publ. 1872], Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 216. 1876 and Supplement to the Botany of Bihar and Orissa. 52–53. 1950, Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85(4): 160. 1985 (publ. 1986) (Seed paste decoction to cure eye sore.) in India: sukli sengha Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars (Atylosia pauciflora (Wight & Arn.) Druce; Atylosia scarabaeoides (Baill.) Benth.; Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth.; Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth.; Atylosia scarabaeoides var. queenslandica Domin; Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Graham ex Wallich; Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) F. Muell.; Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars ex Graham; Cajanus scarabaeoides Thouars ex Graham; Cantharospermum pauciflorum Wight & Arn.; Cantharospermum scarabaeoides Koord.; Cantharospermum scarabaeoides (L.) Baill.; Cantharospermum scarabaeoideum (L.) Baill.;

714

Dolichos medicagineus Willd. ex Roxb.; Dolichos medicagineus Roxb.; Dolichos minutus Wight & Arn.; Dolichos minutus Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Dolichos scarabaeoides L.; Dolichos scarabaeoides Roxb. ex Graham, nom. nud.; Glycine mollis Willd.; Glycine scarabaeoides Hb. Ham. & HBC ex Wallich, nom. nud.; Hedysarum biflorum Willd. ex Wallich; Rhynchosia biflora DC.; Rhynchosia scarabaeoides (L.) DC.; Stizolobium scarabaeoides (L.) Spreng.) India. Perennial non-climbing herb, hairy, herbaceous perennial twiner, creeping, flowers in axillary pairs on short stalks, broad pods, tender fruits cooked as vegetable See Species Plantarum 2: 726. 1753, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 6: 167. 1817, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 387. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 253. 1826, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 5580. 1831, Census Austra. Pl. Suppl. 1–4: 41. 1881, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(48): 384. 1883, Ind. Kew. 1: 312. 1895 and An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants 2 (3): 241–323. 1923, A Revised Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon 7: 108–381. 1991 (Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant decoction taken orally as tonic after delivery, mixed with honey and given to woman after delivery; a decoction of the plant mixed with black pepper fruits given in diarrhea and dysentery. The paste of the leaves administered orally to cure swelling of the body; fresh leaf paste applied externally in rheumatism; paste of fresh stems and leaves applied on sores and in venereal diseases. Powder of root taken for indigestion, stomachache and abdominal gas; crushed roots extract used as ear drop in deafness. Veterinary medicine, plant given to cattle in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery; plant decoction given to cows as a remedy of tongue and mouth sores; leaves paste for foot and mouth disease.) in India: bagbasa, ban kulatha, ban kulthia, ban kurti, banakolathia, bankullhi, bankulshia, bankulthi, bankulthia, bankurthi, banur halai, birghore, birhare, birhore, birhorec, birjugihore, bonkutti, bororhore, gaisami, itchour ghoraladi, jamakanga, jangal tor, jangli tur, jarul, karbani, pangakadang, pirikurti, ram kurti, rantur, tephne, tonangrahari, tor, wal kollu, walkollu in Nepal: ban bhartha, ban kurthi in Madagascar: vahi-tsokona Cajanus trinervius (DC.) Maesen (Atylosia candollei Wight & Arn.; Atylosia major Wight & Arn.; Atylosia trinervia (DC.) Gamble; Atylosia trinervia (DC.) Gamble var. major (Wight & Arn.) Gamble; Cantharospermum trinervium (DC.) Taub.; Cantharospermum trineurum Taub.; Collaea trinervia DC.; Odonia trinervia (DC.) Spreng.) India. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Mémoires sur la Famille des Légumineuses 6: 247. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4: Cur. Post. 279.

Caladium Vent. Araceae

1827, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 257. 1834, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(3): 373. 1894, Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 34(238): 300–365. 1899 and Flora of the Presidency of Madras 2: 368. 1918 & 1: 260. 1957, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 85(4): 199. 1985 [1986] (Antibacterial.) in English: jungle dhal in India: atta-tora, et-tora, kadukadale, kadutogari, katutogari, katutogaridai, thevarai, thevari, tifiry, tiviri

Caladium Vent. Araceae Kaladi or kelady, a common vernacular name in Malaya for this genus and herbs of tropical origin; some suggest Greek kalathion ‘a small cup, small basket’; see Étienne Pierre Ventenat, Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues cultivés dans le jardin de J.M. Cels. t. 30. Paris [1800– 1803] and Selbyana 5(3–4): 342–377. 1981, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 59–200. 2003. Stinging oxalate crystals are common to many members of the family Araceae and are capable of causing intense irritation and dermatitis. Can cause burning and irritation of the lips. The plant can be a problem to children who ingest the leaves as well as to family pets that might nibble on the foliage. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. (Alocasia rex N.E. Br., nom. nud.; Alocasia roezlii N.E. Br.; Arum bicolor Aiton; Arum pellucidum Fulchir ex Kunth; Arum pulchrum Salisb.; Arum vermitoxicum Vell. ex Kunth; Arum vermitoxicum Vell., nom. illeg., non Arum vermitoxicum Vell. ex Kunth; Caladium adamantinum L. Linden; Caladium albopunctatissimum JacobMakoy ex H. Karst.; Caladium amoenum Engl.; Caladium appunianum Engl., nom. inval.; Caladium argyrospilum Lem.; Caladium barraquinii Lem.; Caladium belleyenei Hort. Chantin ex Lemaire; Caladium belleyenei Lem.; Caladium bicolor Vent.; Caladium bicolor fo. argyrospilum (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor f. argyrospilum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor f. barraquinii (Hérincq) Engl.; Caladium bicolor f. barraquinii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. brongniartii (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor f. brongniartii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor f. chantinii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. chantinii (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor fo. devosianum (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor f. devosianum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. haematostigma (Kunth) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. macrophyllum (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor f. macrophyllum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor f. mirabile (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. mirabile (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor fo. neumannii (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor f. neumannii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor f. perrieri (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. perrieri (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor fo. poecile (Schott) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. regale (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor f. regale (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor f.

Caladium Vent. Araceae

robustum Jonker; Caladium bicolor fo. rubicundum (Engl.) Stehlé; Caladium bicolor f. splendens (K. Koch & Fint.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. surinamense (Miq.) Stehlé; Caladium bicolor fo. vellozianum Engl.; Caladium bicolor f. vellozianum (Schott) Engl.; Caladium bicolor fo. verschaffeltii (Lem.) Vent.; Caladium bicolor f. verschaffeltii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor f. wightii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor subvar. donizettii Engl.; Caladium bicolor subvar. rosaceum Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. albomaculatum Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. argyrospilum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. barraquinii (Hérincq) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. bohemicum Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. brongniartii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. chantinii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. curwadlii Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. devosianum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. duchartrei Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. eckhartii Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. enkeanum (K. Koch) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. haematostigma Kunth; Caladium bicolor var. hendersonii Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. houbyanym Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. houlletii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. ketteleri Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. kochii Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. kramerianum Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. laucheanum (K. Koch) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. leopoldii Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. lindenii Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. macrophyllum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. marginatum (K. Koch & C.D. Bouché) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. mirabile (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. neumannii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. pellucidum (DC.) Kunth; Caladium bicolor var. perrieri (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. pictum (DC.) Kunth; Caladium bicolor var. poecile (Schott) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. regale (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. roseomaculatum Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. rubellum (K. Koch & Fint.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. rubicundum Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. rubrivenium Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. sieboldii Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. splendens (K. Koch & Fint.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. stangeanum (K. Koch) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. surinamense Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. surinamense (Miq.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. transparens Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. vellozianum (Schott) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. vermitoxicum (Vell. ex Kunth) Stellfeld; Caladium bicolor var. vermitoxicum (Vell.) Stellfeld; Caladium bicolor var. verschaffeltii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium bicolor var. wightii (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium brongniartii Lem.; Caladium chantinii Lem.; Caladium concolor K. Koch; Caladium connaertii Engl.; Caladium curwadlii Engl.; Caladium devosianum Lem.; Caladium discolor Engl.; Caladium duchartrei Engl.; Caladium dussii Sieber & Voss; Caladium eckhartii Lem. ex Engl.; Caladium enkeanum K. Koch; Caladium fermulum Schott; Caladium firmulum Schott; Caladium gaerdtii K. Koch & Fint.; Caladium griseoargenteum Engl.; Caladium haageanum K. Koch; Caladium haematostigma Kunth; Caladium hastatum Lem.; Caladium hendersonii Engl.; Caladium hortulanum Birdsey; Caladium hortulanum Bridsey; Caladium houbyanum Engl.; Caladium houlletii Lem.; Caladium ketteleri Engl.; Caladium kochii K. Koch;

715

Caladium kramerianum Engl.; Caladium laucheanum K. Koch; Caladium lemaireanum Barraquin; Caladium leopoldii Engl.; Caladium lindenii Engl.; Caladium macrophyllum Lem.; Caladium marginatum K. Koch & Bouché; Caladium marmoratum Mathieu ex K. Koch; Caladium martersteigianum Engl.; Caladium medio-radiatum L. Linden & Rodigas; Caladium medioradiatum L. Linden & Rodigas; Caladium mirabile Lem.; Caladium mooreanum Engl.; Caladium neumanni Lem.; Caladium neumannii Lem.; Caladium ottonis Engl., nom. inval.; Caladium pallidinervium Engl.; Caladium pallidum K. Koch & Bouché; Caladium pellucidum DC.; Caladium perrieri Lem.; Caladium pictum DC.; Caladium picturatum K. Koch & Bouché; Caladium picturatum C. Koch; Caladium picturatum var. hastatum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. porphyroneuron (K. Koch) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. sagittatum Engl.; Caladium poecile Schott, nom. nud.; Caladium porphyroneuron K. Koch; Caladium punctatissimum Engl.; Caladium purdieanum Schott; Caladium pusillum K. Koch; Caladium regale Lem.; Caladium reichenbachianum Stange ex Engl.; Caladium rougieri Verschaff.; Caladium rubellum K. Koch & Fint.; Caladium rubricaule Lem.; Caladium rubrovenium Engl.; Caladium sagittatum L. Linden & Rodigas; Caladium sagittifolium Sieber ex Engl.; Caladium sieboldii Engl., nom. inval.; Caladium smaragdinum K. Koch & Bouché; Caladium sororium Schott; Caladium splendens K. Koch & Fint.; Caladium spruceanum Schott; Caladium stangeanum K. Koch; Caladium steudneriifolium Engl.; Caladium surinamense Miq.; Caladium thelemannii Verschaff.; Caladium thripedestum Lem.; Caladium troubetzkoyi Hérincq; Caladium vellozianum Schott, nom. illeg.; Caladium verschaffeltii Lem.; Caladium wagneri Engl.; Caladium wightii Lem.; Caladium x hortulanum Birdsey; Cyrtospadix bicolor (Aiton) Britton & P. Wilson) Nicaragua to Argentina. Glabrous herb, underground stem, thin almost trasparent leaves, glabrous greenish-white spathe See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 316. 1789, Magasin Encyclopédique 4(16): 464–471. 1801, Description des Plantes Nouvelles … Jardin de J. M. Cels 30. 1801, Meletemata Botanica 1: 18. 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 41. 1841, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 13. 1853, Delectus Seminum quae in Horto Hamburgensium Botanico. 1853, Index Seminum [Berlin] App. 6. 1854 [Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 6. 1854], Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 4: 417. 1854, Berliner Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 135. 1857, L’illustration horticole Misc. 58–59, 61, t. 185. 1858, Flora do Paraná ser. 2 3: 164. 1858, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 9: 38. 1859, Bonplandia 7: 163. 1859, L’illustration horticole 7: t. 252, 257. 1860, Wochenscrift des Vereines zur Befördung des Gärtenbaues in den Königl. Preussischen Staaten für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 136, 266–267. 1861, L’illustration horticole t. 311, 316, 322, f. 1. 1862, Wochenschrift für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 1862: 135. 1862, L’illustration horticole t. 354. 1863, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 459, 463, 465–466. 1879, Arquivos

716

do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro 5(1–4): 386. 1881, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 6: 284. 1885, L’illustration horticole 38: 71, 101, t. 138, 532. 1890, L’illustration horticole 51, t. 128. 1891 and Arquivos do museo paraense 8: 176. 1950, The Cultivated Aroids 42. 1951, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 62: 125. 1975, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 63: 123. 1976, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 123: 452. 1976, Cytologia 43: 289–303. 1978, Cytologia 53: 59–66. 1988, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 78(3,VIII): 136–137. 1991, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 81(3:VIII): 116. 1994, Science in China. Series B, Chemistry, life sciences & earth sciences. 37(3): 280–285. 1994, Plant Cell Rep. 23(10–11): 716–720. 2005, Plant Biol. (Stuttg). 8(4): 529–534. 2006 (Acrid and caustic sap. Rootstalk emetic, emmenagogue and purgative; fresh plant cathartic and anthelmintic; dried pulverized leaves as a dusting powder for unclean wounds, for ulcers. Corms used for paralysis. Powdered rhizome used to relieve bodyache. Veterinary medicine, leaves in the nostrils of dogs to make them better hunters.) in English: angel wing, caladium, elephant ear, elephant’s ear, fancy-leaved caladium, heart of Jesus, mother-in-law plant in Peru: oreja de perro, sachapaico, tasha, ushu in India: sam taupi in Japan: karajiumu in Philippines: corazon de Maria, corazon de Santa Maria, linsang pula in Congo: eyeka la ngeie in Yoruba: kooko obalufon, kooko oodua, kooko soponna Caladium picturatum K. Koch & C.D. Bouché (Caladium adamantinum L. Linden; Caladium aturense G.S. Bunting; Caladium belleyenei Lem.; Caladium hastatum Lem.; Caladium lemaireanum Barraq.; Caladium picturatum K. Koch; Caladium picturatum f. viridissimum K. Koch; Caladium picturatum var. adamantinum (L. Linden) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. albostriatulum K. Koch; Caladium picturatum var. belleyenei (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. elegans Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. hastatum (Lem.) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. lemaireanum (Barraq.) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. osyanum K. Koch; Caladium picturatum var. porphyroneuron (K. Koch) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. sagittatum (L. Linden & Rodigas) Engl.; Caladium picturatum var. troubetzkoyi (Hérincq) Engl.; Caladium porphyroneuron K. Koch; Caladium sagittatum L. Linden & Rodigas; Caladium troubetzkoyi Hérincq) Venezuela, Brazil. Variable leaves See Index Seminum [Berlin] 1854: 6. 1854, L’illustration horticole 1860: t. 252. 1860, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 187. 1878 and Phytologia 60(5): 298–300. 1986, Aroideana 9: 193. 1986

Calamagrostis Adanson Poaceae (Gramineae)

(Contains irritant crystals of calcium oxalate and can cause dermatitis. Rootstalk emetic and purgative; fresh plant cathartic and anthelmintic.) in English: fancy-leaved caladium

Calamagrostis Adanson Poaceae (Gramineae) Greek kalamos ‘reed’ and agrostis, agrostidos ‘grass, weed, couch grass’; a difficult genus often included in Deyeuxia, species polymorphic, see Familles des plantes. 31, 530. Paris 1763, Tentamen Florae Germanicae 1: 34. 1788, Ess. Agrostogr. 43–44, 160. 1812, Principes Fondamentaux de Somiologie 27. 1814, Observations sur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique 126. 1824, Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis 50. 1828, Reise um die Erde 1: 456. 1834, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 414. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 101. 1854, Flore de Département des Hautes-Pyrénées 74. 1867, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 256–257, t. 2, f. 7. 1874, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 109. 1886, Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe. Abteilung 1 102: 135, 147. 1893 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 3(42–43): 241–244. 1906 [1907], Philippine Journal of Science 5(4): 328–330. 1910, Botanisches Archiv 1(1): 20. 1922, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 246: 169 1925, Journal of Japanese Botany 12: 18. 1936, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 74: 19. 1947, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 48(4): 117–118, f. 2. 1958, Grasses of Burma … 395, 397. 1960, Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 63(3): 229–251. 1960, Darwiniana 19(2–4): 404–412. 1975, Botanical Magazine 89: 99–114. 1976, Darwiniana 21(2–4): 417–453. 1978, Taxon 31(3): 561. 1982, Turun yliopiston julkaisuja—Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982 [also Ann. Univ. Fenn. Abo., A 3: 1–12. 1982], American Journal of Botany 71: 285–293. 1984, Parodiana 4(1): 73–95. 1986, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 33: 51–55. 1986, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 294–295. 1988, Willdenowia 18: 243–252. 1988, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1671–1673. 1989, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 1331–1332. 1991, Cytologia 56: 437–452. 1991, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(4): 36–47. 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 240–241. 1994, Xenia Villavicencio, Revision der Gattung Deyeuxia in Bolivien: eine taxonomisch-anatomische studie… 1–304. Berlin 1995, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 51–52. 1995, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(5): 98–101. 1996, Flora Mediterranea 8: 251–262. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 86: 1–16, 17–31. 1999, Am. J. Bot. 87: 591– 596. 2000, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1058–1064, 1065–1070, 1863– 1867.  2001, Am. J. Bot. 89: 346–351, 642–654.  2002, Am. J. Bot. 90: 85–92, 270–277, 364–369. 2003, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 48: 191–227.

717

Calamovilfa (A. Gray) Hack. Poaceae (Gramineae)

2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 1147–1153, 1333–1344, 2004–2012, 2013–2021. 2004, Am. J. Bot. 92: 422–431. 2005, Ecography 28(1): 37–48. 2005. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. (Arundo agrostoides Pursh; Arundo canadensis Michx.; Arundo cinnoides Muhl.; Arundo conoides Eaton; Arundo fissa Willd. ex Steud.; Calamagrostis agrostoides (Pursh) Pursh ex Spreng.; Calamagrostis alaskana Kearney; Calamagrostis anomala Suksd.; Calamagrostis atropurpurea Nash; Calamagrostis blanda Beal; Calamagrostis canadensis var. campestris Kearney; Calamagrostis canadensis var. pallida Stebbins; Calamagrostis canadensis var. robusta Vasey ex Rothr.; Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) W.P.C. Barton; Calamagrostis columbiensis Nutt. ex A. Gray; Calamagrostis hirtigluma Steud.; Calamagrostis langsdorfii var. acuminata (Vasey ex Shear & Rydb.) Litw.; Calamagrostis mexicana Nutt.; Calamagrostis michauxii Trin. ex Steud.; Calamagrostis oregonensis Buckley; Calamagrostis pallida C. Mueller; Calamagrostis pallida Vasey & Scribn. ex Vasey, nom. illeg.; Calamagrostis scribneri Beal; Calamagrostis scribneri Beal var. imberbis Stebbins; Cinna purshii Kunth; Deyeuxia canadensis (Michx.) Munro ex Hook.) Northern America, Canada, USA. Perennial bunchgrass, vigorous, densely clumped, rhizomatous, inflorescence erect, long hairs on florets, forage, fodder, most palatable when young and succulent See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 73. 1803, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 15, 152, 157. 1812, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 86. 1814, Descriptio uberior Graminum 187. 1817, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 46. 1818, Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada ed. 2 147. 1818, W.P.C. Barton (1786–1856), Compendium Florae Philadelphicae: containing a description of the indigenous and naturalized plants found within a circuit of ten miles around Philadelphia. 1: 45. 1818, Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. 225, t. 4, f. 10. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 252. 1825, Révision des Graminées 1: 67. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 144. 1840, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 188. 1854, Annales Botanicae Systematicae 6: 986. 1861, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 23: 345. 1861, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 92, 334. 1862, Report Upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler … vol. vi—Botany 6: 285. 1878 [1879], Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 3(1): 79. 1892, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 343, 349. 1896, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 5: 26. 1897, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 11: 31–32. 1898 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 2(6): 153–154. 1901, Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 12(3): 43. 1906, Rhodora 32: 45–46. 1930, Contr. U.S.Natl. Herb. 48: 192. 2003

(Infected with ergot.) in English: bluejoint, bluejoint reedgrass, Canada bluejoint, Canada reedgrass, marsh pinegrass, marsh reedgrass, meadow pinegrass

Calamovilfa (A. Gray) Hack. Poaceae (Gramineae) From the Greek kalamos ‘reed’ plus the genus Vilfa Adans., type Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Hack. ex Scribn. & Southw., see A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 582. 1848, True Grasses 113. 1890 and U.S.D.A. Bull. 772: 126. 1920, Brittonia 12: 71–77. 1960, J.W. Thieret, “Synopsis of the genus Calamovilfa (Gramineae).” Castanea [The Journal of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society] 31(2): 145–152. 1966, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 94: 199–200. 1967, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 41: 35–36. 2001, Restoration Ecology 9(1): 60–70. Mar 2001. Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr. (Calamagrostis gigantea Nutt.; Toxeumia gigantea Nutt. ex Scribn. & Merr.) Utah, Nebraska, Arizona, Texas. Perennial, tall, mostly solitary, ligule a ring of hairs, rhizomes elongate and scaly, panicle long exserted and open, panicle branches ascending to strongly divergent, spikelets flattened and 1-flowered, glumes unequal and straight, lemmas straight and pubescent, excellent sand binding, grows on sand dunes, sandy banks, prairies, river banks, flood plains See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 143. 1837 and Circular, Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture 35: 2. 1901 (Ceremonial, medicine.) in English: big sand reed, giant sand reed

Calamus L. Arecaceae (Palmae) Latin calamus and Greek kalamos ‘a reed, cane’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 325. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 152. 1754, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 395. 1760, Familles des Plantes 2: 24, 599. 1763, Geoffroy, Etienne-Francois (1672–1731), Description, vertus et usages de sept ceuts dix-neuf plantes … : et de cent trente-quartre animaux, en sept cents trente planches, gravées en taille-douce, sur les desseins d’après natures, de m. de Gersault [Garsault, Francois Alexandre Pierre de, 1691–1778], par mm. de Fehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet, & c. / et rangées suivant l’ordre du livre intitulé Matiere médicale de m. Geoffroy… Paris: P.F. Didot le jeune, 1767 [Vols. 2,5 have title: Les figures des plantes et animaux d’usage en medecine, décrits dans Matiere médicale de m. Geoffroy … dessinés d’apres nature par m. de Garsault… Paris, L’auteur.], Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 24: 432. 1864, Les Palmiers 230. 1878, Genera Plantarum

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3: 937. 1883, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 731. 1891 and Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 11(1): 496. 1908, Gardens’ Bulletin ser. 3. 14: 518, 523, 525. 1955, Kiew, R. “Conservation status of palms in Peninsular Malaysia. Utilization of palms in Peninsular Malaysia.” Malayan Naturalist 43(1 & 2): 3–15 and 43–67. 1989. Calamus acanthospathus Griff. (Calamus feanus Becc.; Calamus feanus var. medogensis S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus montanus T. Anderson; Calamus yunnanensis Govaerts; Calamus yunnanensis S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus yunnanensis var. densiflorus S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus yunnanensis var. intermedius S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Palmijuncus acanthospathus (Griff.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus montanus (T. Anderson) Kuntze) India. See Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India 5: 39. 1845, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 11: 9. 1869, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 733. 1891, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 6(18): 448. 1893 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 27(2): 134–137, pl. 1, f. 1–12. 1989, World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1): 11. 1999 (Antiinflammatory, astringent, antidiarrheal. Flagellum for catching small animals.) in China: yun nan sheng teng in India: esong Calamus andamanicus Kurz (Palmijuncus andamanicus (Kurz) Kuntze) India. Climber See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 43(2): 211. 1874, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 733. 1891

Calamus L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

with an outer fleshy seed-coat, closely related to Calamus optimus Becc. and Calamus trachycoleus Becc., found in the lowlands on alluvial flats, seasonally flooded river banks, margins of freshwater or peat-swamp forest See Species Plantarum 1: 325. 1753, Rumphia 3: 57, 65. 1847, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 733. 1891 and Dransfield, J. “C. caesius and C. trachycoleus compared.” Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore 30: 75–78. 1979, Plant Systematics and Evolution 189: 83–122. 1994 (Irritant to the mucous membranes.) in Indonesia: rotan sega, rotan sego, rotan taman in Philippines: sega, seka, sika in Thailand: takathong, wai ta kha thong Calamus castaneus Griff. (Calamus castaneus Becc.; Calamus castaneus var. griffithianus (Mart.) Furtado; Calamus griffithianus Mart.; Palmijuncus griffithianus (Mart.) Kuntze) Thailand, Sumatra. Clustering, leaf-sheaths spiny See Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 28. 1845, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 733. 1891 and Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 50. 1956 (Immature fruits used for cough.) in Malaysia: rotan cucor in Thailand: wai-chakkao, wai-khao Calamus draco Willd. (Calamus draconis Oken; Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume; Daemonorops draco Blume; Palmijuncus draco Kuntze; Palmijuncus draco (Willd.) Kuntze) India.

(For skin diseases.)

See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2(1): 203. 1799, Allg. Naturgesch. iii. (1) 648. 1841, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 732. 1891 and Journ. Arn. Arb. xxxi. 272. 1950

in India: motabet

(Used in Sidha.)

Calamus brandisii Becc.

in India: catikkilanku, curalkilanku, kandamoorgarittum, prappankilanku, tevattirattal

India. See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 448. 1892 (For earache.) in India: sural Calamus caesius Blume (Calamus glaucescens Blume, nom. illeg.; Palmijuncus caesius (Blume) Kuntze; Palmijuncus glaucescens Kuntze; Rotang caesius (Blume) Baill.) Thailand, Philippines. Rattan, clustering, high-climbing, dioecious, short horizontal stolons. compact cluster of aerial stems, leaf-sheath dull green armed with triangular spines, rachis with reflexed spines on the lower surface, leaflets usually in alternate pairs, male flower greenish-yellow, female flower larger than the male, mature fruit 1-seeded ovoid, seed

Calamus erectus Roxb. (Calamus collinus Griff.; Calamus erectus var. birmanicus Becc.; Calamus erectus var. collinus (Griff.) Becc.; Calamus erectus var. macrocarpus (Griff. ex Mart.) Becc.; Calamus erectus var. schizospathus (Griff.) Becc.; Calamus macrocarpus Griff. ex Mart.; Calamus schizospathus Griff.; Palmijuncus collinus (Griff.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus erectus (Roxb.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus macrocarpus (Griff. ex Mart.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus schizospathus (Griff.) Kuntze) SE Asia, China, Vietnam. A non-climbing rattan palm, densely tufted, clump-forming, spiny green stems, dark brown ovoid-oblong fruits subtended by spreading perianth, fruits edible after removing the pericarp, bitter shoots can be eaten, pioneer species

719

Calamus L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

See Hort. Bengal. 72. 1814, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 774. 1832, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 31–32. 1845, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 733. 1891, Fl. Brit. India 6: 439. 1892 and Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 197. 1902, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 125. 1908, Pharmaceutical Biology 27(2): 65–73. 1989 (Tender young shoots eaten for skin diseases, stomach problems, removal of worms, chest complaints and gastrointestinal disorders. Masticatory, seeds used in place of betel nut. Seeds eaten for indigestion and stomachache.) in English: viagra palm in India: arotong, azotong, jeng, jengu, nelapoka, pre, tare, taur Calamus extensus Roxb. India. See Hort. Bengal. 77. 1814, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 777. 1832 (Used in Ayurveda. Pulp of the ripe fruit surrounding the seeds astringent, also for snakebites.) in India: berisu, bet, betasu, bettam, jatayurkuli, vetasa Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Mart. (Calamus flagellum var. furvifurfuraceus S.J. Pei & San Y. Chen; Calamus flagellum var. karinensis Becc.; Calamus karinensis (Becc.) S.J. Pei & San Y. Chen; Calamus polygamus Roxb.; Palmijuncus flagellum (Griff. ex Mart.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus polygamus (Roxb.) Kuntze) China. See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 780. 1832, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 333, pl. 176, f. 9. 1849, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 733. 1891 and Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 11(1): 129–130, t. 6. 1908, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 27(2): 133. 1989 (Young tender shoots eaten for stomach problems, removal of worms, dysentery, cold and coughing. Edible fruits used as betel nut. Magic, leaves and stem kept in the vicinity of the house to prevent the entry of evil spirit.)

India. See Hort. Bengal. 73. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 781–783. 1832, Flora de Filipinas 267. 1837, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 3: 595. 1841, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 330. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 733. 1891 and Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1981(3): 116. 1981 (Ceremonial, ritual, worship, leaves used in poojas.) in China: hai nan sheng teng, xi jing sheng teng in India: yoyee Calamus javensis Blume (Calamus amplectens Becc.; Calamus borneensis Miq.; Calamus borneensis Becc., nom. illeg.; Calamus equestris Blume, nom. illeg.; Calamus filiformis Becc.; Calamus javensis subvar. intermedius Becc.; Calamus javensis subvar. penangianus Becc.; Calamus javensis subvar. polyphyllus Becc.; Calamus javensis subvar. purpurascens Becc.; Calamus javensis subvar. tenuissimus Becc.; Calamus javensis var. acicularis Becc.; Calamus kemamanensis Furtado; Calamus tetrastichus Blume; Palmijuncus amplectens (Becc.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus borneensis (Miq.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus javensis (Blume) Kuntze; Palmijuncus tetrastichus (Blume) Kuntze) Thailand, Malesia, Philippines. Sparsely spiny, spiny leafsheaths, in tropical rain forest See Rumphia 3: 62. 1847, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 733. 1891, Fl. Brit. India 6: 443. 1892 and Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(1): 185. 1908, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15: 170. 1956 (The edible raw cabbage for curing coughs.) Common names: arorog, arurug, coonk stook, hoe cating, howe cacing, lempinit ular-ular, pelus, pelus mingay, pelus susu, penjalin cacing, pulut putih, rattan, rotan cacing, rotan lilin, rotan mendon, rotan opot, rote batu, timai, uwai peladas, uwai podos, wai kuan, wai tek, wi anak, wi peladas in Indonesia: howe cacing, rotan lilin, rotan opot

in China: chang bian teng

in Malaysia: coonk stook, lempinit ular-ular, rotan lilin

in India: ramang, resin

in Philippines: arorog, arurug, rotan cacing

Calamus gamblei Becc. (Calamus gamblei Becc. ex Becc. & Hook.f.; Calamus gamblei var. sphaerocarpus Becc.)

in Thailand: rote batu, wai kuan, wai tek

India. Palm, long and sharp spines See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 453. 1893 (Religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves.) in India: pachchooral Calamus gracilis Roxb. (Calamus gracilis Thwaites, nom. illeg.; Calamus blancoi (Blanco) Kunth; Calamus gracilis Blanco, nom. illeg.; Calamus hainanensis C.C. Chang & L.G. Xu ex R.H. Miao; Palmijuncus gracilis (Roxb.) Kuntze)

Calamus latifolius Roxb. (Calamus humilis Roxb.; Calamus inermis T. Anderson; Calamus inermis var. menghaiensis San Y. Chen; Calamus latifolius Kurz, nom. illeg.; Calamus latifolius var. marmoratus Becc.; Calamus macracanthus T. Anderson; Palmijuncus humilis Kuntze; Palmijuncus humilis (Roxb.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus inermis Kuntze; Palmijuncus inermis (T. Anderson) Kuntze; Palmijuncus latifolius (Roxb.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus macracanthus (T. Anderson) Kuntze; Palmijuncus macroacanthus Kuntze) China, Nepal, Himalaya. Robust climbing cane, leaf sheaths armed

720

See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 72–73. 1814, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 751, 775. 1832, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 10–11. 1869 [1871 publ. 1869], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 43: 20, 210. 1875 [1874 publ. 26 Apr 1875], Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 732–733. 1891 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12: 107. 1918, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 24(2): 202. 2002 (Young tender shoots taken for cold and coughing. Stems for fracture. Ceremonial, ritual, leaves used in poojas, at the time of marriage or shifting houses.) in Bangladesh: karat-bet in India: katu-tsjurel, peddapemu, perim-tsjurel, pre, takat, takit, taur Calamus longispathus Ridley Peninsular Malaysia. Clustering, thicket-forming, low climbing, without leaf-sheaths See Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 2: 209. 1907 (The fruits astringent.) in Malaysia: rotan kunyung Calamus macrorrhynchus Burret China. See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 13(120): 590–592. 1937 (Astringent.) Calamus nambariensis Becc. (Calamus banlingensis Chang Y. Yang, Zheng H.Yang & J.Lu; Calamus doriaei Becc.; Calamus giganteus var. robustus S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus inermis T. Anderson; Calamus inermis var. menghaiensis S.Yung Chen, S.J. Pei & K.L. Wang; Calamus khasianus Becc.; Calamus multinervis var. menglaensis S.Yung Chen, S.J. Pei & K.L. Wang; Calamus nambariensis var. alpinus S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus nambariensis var. furfuraceus S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus nambariensis var. menglongensis S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus nambariensis var. xishuangbannaensis S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus nambariensis var. yingjiangensis S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus obovoideus S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus palustris var. longistachys S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Calamus platyacanthoides Merr.; Calamus platyacanthus Warb. ex Becc.; Calamus platyacanthus Mart.; Calamus platyacanthus var. longicarpus S.Yung Chen & K.L. Wang; Calamus platyacanthus var. mediostachys S.J. Pei & S. Yang Che; Calamus polydesmus Becc.; Calamus wailong S.J. Pei & S. Yang Chen; Palmijuncus inermis (T. Anderson) Kuntze)

Calamus L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

193–194, 198. 1908, Lingnan Science Journal 13(1): 54. 1934, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 27(2): 138–144, pl. 2–3. 1989, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 24(2): 202–203. 2002, World Bamboo Rattan 5(4): 25. 2007 (Ceremonial, ritual, leaves used in poojas, at the time of marriage or shifting houses.) in China: nan ba sheng teng in India: takit Calamus ornatus Blume (Palmijuncus ornatus (Blume) Kuntze; Rotang ornatus (Blume) Baill.) Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Rattan, massive clustering, climbing, dioecious, minute terminal leaflets, stem without leaf-sheaths, nodes rather prominent, armed with flattened triangular black spines with yellowish bases, flagellum armed with short black yellow-based spines inflorescence flagelliferous, ripe fruit short beaked, seed ellipsoid angular, related to Calamus scipionum Lour. and Calamus peregrinus Furt., in secondary to primary forest, tropical rain forest See Rumphia 3: 58. 1847, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 733. 1891 (Water from the raw cabbage used to cure stomachache and diarrhea. During childbirth, women may drink the extract of the roots to alleviate pain. Ash of the stem used to cure yaws.) in Indonesia: rotan buku dalam, rotan kesup, rotan lambang in Malaysia: rotan dok, rotan saga badak, sek batang, we maliang in Philippines: borongan, limuran, rimoran in Thailand: waai chaang Calamus paspalanthus Becc. (Calamus intumescens (Becc.) Ridl.; Daemonorops intumescens Becc.) Malaysia, Borneo. Rattan, solitary, creeping, stem without leaf-sheaths, adventitious roots develop at almost every node near the ground, ripe fruit edible, young shoot eaten, in primary forest See Fl. Brit. India 6: 450. 1893 and Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 222. 1902, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 2: 200. 1907 in Malaysia: rotan sirikis, wi (= lempinit) singkau (= tingkau), wi lohong (For skin diseases.) Calamus pseudotenuis Becc. (Calamus pseudo-tenuis Beccari ex Becc. & Hook. f.; Calamus pseudotenuis Beccari ex Becc. & Hook. f.; Calamus pseudotenuis Becc. & Hook. f.)

China, India. Young tender bitter shoots eaten

India, Sri Lanka.

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 11: 11. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 733. 1891, The Flora of British India 6: 456. 1893 and Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 11(1): 430–431, 433–436, 442–444, t.

See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 445. 1892 (Seed paste taken against sterility.) in India: pirambu

721

Calamus L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

Calamus rheedei Griff. (Daemonorops rheedei Mart.; Daemonorops rheedei (Griff.) Mart.; Palmijuncus rheedei (Griff.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus rheedei Kuntze)

Kuntze; Palmijuncus royleanus Kuntze; Palmijuncus royleanus (Griff.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus tenuis Kuntze; Palmijuncus tenuis (Roxb.) Kuntze; Rotang royleanus (Griff.) Baill.)

India.

India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka.

See Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 73. 1845, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 732. 1891

See Hort. Bengal. 73, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 780. 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 330. 1864, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 733. 1891 and Economic Botany 56(2): 147–153. 2002

(Seeds powered and applied in ulcer.) in India: kattucural Calamus rotang L. (Calamus monoecus Roxb.; Calamus roxburghii Griff.; Draco rotang Crantz; Palmijuncus monoecus (Roxb.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus monoecus Kuntze; Rotang linnaei Baill.; Rotanga calamus Crantz)

(Used in Ayurveda. Astringent, tonic, spasmolytic, antidote, antiinflammatory, antidiarrheal, for snakebites, chronic fevers, piles, strangury, convulsions. Roots a remedy for dysentery, biliousness and febrifuge. Wood vermifuge.) in English: bareilly cane

India, Sri Lanka.

in India: bernt, jail bet, jali bet, kashri-bet, vetasa, vetra

See Species Plantarum 1: 325. 1753, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 43. 1845, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 733. 1891 and Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(1): 271–272. 1908, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 63(3): 123. 1976, Cell and Chromosome Research 8: 69–73. 1985, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 73(3-vi): 157. 1986

Calamus thwaitesii Becc. (Calamus thwaitesii var. canaranus Becc.)

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Astringent, tonic, spasmolytic, antidote, antiinflammatory, antidiarrheal, for snakebites, chronic fevers, piles, strangury, convulsions. Roots a remedy for dysentery, biliousness and febrifuge. Wood vermifuge. A fungus present on the canes. Magico-religious beliefs and performances.)

(Stem sap as antifertility drug.)

in English: chair bottom cane in India: abhrapushpa, arini, bed, bedisu, bemt, bet, betham, bethama, bethamu, bethasu, betta, bettam, bettamu, bettha, betthada balli, betthama, betthamu, betthapu chettu, catikkilanku, choorai, chooral, chural, churei, churel, cural, curalkilanku, dirghapatraka, dirghavalli, dodda bettha, gandhapusha, habbe, hebbe, hejje, jatayarkuli, kalana, latavamsa, manjarinamra, mellisuppirambu, naagabettha, naagara bettha, nagabetta, neeruprabha, nichula, niruprabba, nirvanji, nirvanni, paemu bethamu, pemu, pepa, perambu, pirambu, pirampu, pirapan kizhangu, pirappan, pisin, prabba, prabbali, prabbili, prabha, prabili, prappankilanku, punampu, purampu, ratha, rathabhra, rattan, rotang, sadi, sannabethamu, sannabettamu, shita, sothu perambu, sural, suralbetta, sushena, suvedagandam, suvedam, tevattirattal, vaanira, vaeth, vaethasamu, vanira, vaniram, vanjula, vetagra, vetasa, vetasah, vetasi, vetra, vetrah, vettiram, vetus, vidula in Sri Lanka: wewel Calamus tenuis Roxb. (Calamus amarus Lour.; Calamus heliotropium Buch.-Ham. ex Kunth; Calamus horrens Blume; Calamus royleanus Griff.; Calamus stoloniferus Teijsm. & Binn., nom. inval.; Calamus tenuis Thwaites, nom. illeg. hom.; Palmijuncus amarus Kuntze; Palmijuncus amarus (Lour.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus heliotropium (Buch.Ham. ex Kunth) Kuntze; Palmijuncus heliotropium Kuntze; Palmijuncus horrens (Blume) Kuntze; Palmijuncus horrens

India, Sri Lanka. See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 441. 1893 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 47(3): 149–158. 1995

in India: handi beettha, jiddu bettha, kumaari bettha in Sri Lanka: ma wewel Calamus travancoricus Bedd. ex Becc. (Calamus travancoricus Bedd. ex Hook.f.) India. Slender climbing canes See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 452. 1893 [Sep 1893] (Used in Ayurveda. Young tender leaves for worms, dyspepsia and ear disease. Religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves.) in English: cane in India: baale bettha, erucural, kannichchooral, kattucural, manichooral, maniperambu, naayi bettha, naibetta, nayibetta, pirambu, tsjeratsjurel, tsjeru-tsjurel, tsjerutsjurel, vethra, vetra Calamus viminalis Willd. (Calamus extensus Mart., nom. illeg.; Calamus fasciculatus Roxb.; Calamus fasciculatus subvar. andamanicus Becc.; Calamus fasciculatus subvar. bengalensis Becc.; Calamus fasciculatus subvar. cochinchinensis Becc.; Calamus fasciculatus subvar. pinangianus Becc.; Calamus litoralis Blume; Calamus pseudorotang Mart. ex Kunth; Calamus viminalis subvar. pinangianus Becc.; Calamus viminalis var. andamanicus Becc.; Calamus viminalis var. bengalensis Becc.; Calamus viminalis var. cochinchinensis Becc.; Calamus viminalis var. fasciculatus (Roxb.) Becc.; Palmijuncus fasciculatus (Roxb.) Kuntze; Palmijuncus litoralis (Blume) Kuntze; Palmijuncus pseudorotang (Mart. ex Kunth) Kuntze; Palmijuncus viminalis (Willd.) Kuntze; Rotang viminalis (Willd.) Baill.)

722

Calandrinia Kunth Portulacaceae (Montiaceae, Talinaceae)

India, China. Clumping, armed petioles, vicious spines, large clusters of hooks

Calanthe R. Br. Orchidaceae

See Sp. Pl. Editio quarta 2(1): 203. 1799, Rumphia 3: 43. 1847, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 732–733. 1891 and Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(1): 206–207. 1908 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) in English: bitter rattan palm, lawyer palm, rattan in Cambodia: piidau in India: amalavetasamu, ambuvetasa, amlavetasamu, bet, betham, bettamu, cerucural, chural, cirupirappankilanku, cural, kyeingkha, kyenka, naadeyi, nadeyi, niruhabbe, papatige, parambu, pepa, pepabettamu, pirambu, pirampu, purampu, tsjerutsjurel, umbavetus, vetra

Calandrinia Kunth Portulacaceae (Montiaceae, Talinaceae) For the Swiss botanist Jean Louis Calandrini, 1703–1758, professor of mathematics and philosophy at Geneva, traveller, author of Theses physicae de vegetatione et generatione plantarum. Genevae 1734; see Familles des Plantes 2: 245, 609. 1763, Sir William Watson (1715–1787), Observations upon the effects of lightning, with an account of the apparatus proposed to prevent its mischiefs to buildings … being answers to certain questions proposed by Mr. Calandrini. London 1764, Bonpland, Aimé (1773–1858), Nova Genera et Species Plantarum. [H.B.K.] Lutetiae Parisiorum: Sumtibus Librairie Graeco-Latino-Germanicae, 1815–1825, Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 2(1): 123. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 358. 1828, Edinburgh Journal of Science 3: 356. 1831, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames 5: 229. 1836, Lilja, N. (Nils) (1808–1870), Flora Öfver Sveriges Odlade Vexter Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström, 1839, Novarum Stirpium Decades 84. 1839, Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 15: 500– 502. 1897 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 207–214. 1946, Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 5: 28. 1953, Parodiana 3(2): 330. 1985, Gayana, Bot. 42: 1–157. 1985, Fl. Veracruz 51: 1–38. 1986, Phytologia 60(3): 172. 1986, Phytologia 70(3): 223. 1991, Phytologia 74(4): 277. 1993, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 15(3): 419–439. 2000. Calandrinia monandra Hershkovitz (Calandrinia monandra DC.; Monocosmia corrigioloides Fenzl, nom. illeg.; Monocosmia monandra (Ruiz & Pav.) Baill.; Monocosmia monandra Baill.; Talinum monandrum Ruiz & Pav.) South America. See Fl. Peruv. Prodr. 65, in obs. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 118. 1798, Prodr. (DC.) 3: 359. 1828, Novarum Stirpium Decades 93. 1839, Histoire des Plantes (Baillon) 9: 72, fig. 86. 1888 (Antioxidant and antiseptic.)

Greek kalos ‘beautiful’ and anthos ‘a flower’, pretty flowers; see Robert Brown, Edwards’s Botanical Register. 7: sub t. 573. 1821, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 9: ad t. 720. 1823, Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 4: 39. 1828 and B. Lewis and Phillip Cribb, Orchids of Vanuatu. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1989, B.A. Lewis and P.J. Cribb, Orchids of the Solomon Islands and Bougainville. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1991, Die Orchidee 45(2): 52, 54–55. 1994. Calanthe monophylla Ridl. Malaysia. Orchid See J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4: 70. 1909 (Magic, the smell from the burning leaves to scare away ghosts.) Calanthe plantaginea Lindl. (Alismorchis lindleyana Kuntze; Alismorkis lindleyana (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe plantaginea Griff., nom. illeg.) India, Himalaya, China. Small erect terrestrial herb, white or pale lilac flowers, oblong capsule See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7346. 1832, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 250, 252. 1833, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 3: 368. 1851, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 650. 1891 and Die Orchidee 45(2): 52, 54–55. 1994 (Root made into a paste and applied on wounds and cuts.) in China: che qian xia ji lan Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. (Alismorchis tricarinata Kuntze; Alismorkis tricarinata (Lindl.) Kuntze; Calanthe lamellata Hayata; Calanthe megalopha Franch.; Calanthe undulata Schltr.; Calanthe undulata J.J. Sm.; Paracalanthe lamellata (Hayata) Kudô; Paracalanthe lamellata Kudô; Paracalanthe megalophora Miyabe & Kudô; Paracalanthe tricarinata Kudô; Paracalanthe tricarinata (Lindl.) Kudô) India. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7339. 1832, The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants 252. 1833, Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 10: 85. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 650. 1891 and Icones Bogorienses [Boerlage] 2: t. 112 B. 1903, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(24): 110–111, pl. 84. 1912, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 4: 70, f. 33. 1914, Journal of the Society of Tropical Agriculture 2: 236–237. 1930, J. Fac. Agric., Sapporo xxvi. 386. 1932, Taxon 28: 406–408. 1979, Bull. Hiroshima Bot. Gard. 4: 9–62. 1981 (Root extract for typhoid and jaundice.) in China: san leng xia ji lan in India: garur panja

723

Calathea G. Meyer Marantaceae

Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames (Alismorchis angraeciflora Kuntze; Alismorchis diploxiphion Kuntze; Alismorchis furcata Kuntze; Alismorchis gracillima Kuntze; Alismorchis veratrifolia Kuntze; Alismorkis angraeciflora (Rchb.f.) Kuntze; Alismorkis diploxiphion (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Alismorkis furcata (Bateman ex Lindl.) Kuntze; Alismorkis gracillima (Lindl.) Kuntze; Alismorkis veratrifolia (Willd.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Amblyglottis veratrifolia (Willd.) Blume; Amblyglottis veratrifolia Blume, nom. illeg.; Bletia quadrifida Herb. Ham. ex Hook.f.; Bletia quadrifida Hook.f.; Calanthe angraeciflora Rchb.f.; Calanthe australasica D.L. Jones & M.A. Clem.; Calanthe bracteosa Schltr.; Calanthe bracteosa Rchb.f.; Calanthe brevicolumna Hayata; Calanthe breviflos Ridl.; Calanthe catilligera Rchb.f.; Calanthe celebica Rolfe; Calanthe comosa Reichb.f.; Calanthe diploxiphion Hook.f.; Calanthe furcata Batem. ex Lindley; Calanthe furcata f. albolineata K. Nakaj.; Calanthe furcata f. albomarginata K. Nakaj.; Calanthe furcata f. brevicolumna (Hayata) M. Hiroe; Calanthe gracillima Lindl.; Calanthe nephroglossa Schltr.; Calanthe orthocentron Schltr.; Calanthe perrottetii A. Rich.; Calanthe proboscidea Rchb.f.; Calanthe pubescens Ridl.; Calanthe rubicallosa Masam.; Calanthe triplicata Ames; Calanthe triplicata f. albolineata (K. Nakaj.) Hatus.; Calanthe triplicata f. albolineata (Nakajima) Nakajima; Calanthe triplicata f. albomarginata (K. Nakaj.) K. Nakaj.; Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames fo. purpureoflora S.S. Ying, nom. inval.; Calanthe triplicata var. angraeciflora (Rchb.f.) N. Hallé; Calanthe triplicata var. gracillima (Lindl.) N. Hallé; Calanthe triplicata var. minahassae Schltr.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R.Br. ex Ker Gawl.; Calanthe veratrifolia Ker Gawl., nom. illeg.; Calanthe veratrifolia (Willd.) R.Br.; Calanthe veratrifolia R.Br.; Calanthe veratrifolia var. australis Linden; Calanthe veratrifolia var. dupliciloba J.J. Sm.; Calanthe veratrifolia var. kennyi F.M. Bailey; Calanthe veratrifolia var. stenochila Rchb.f.; Calanthe veratrifolia var. timorensis J.J. Sm.; Limodorum ventricosum Steud.; Limodorum veratrifolium Willd., nom. illeg.; Orchis triplicata Willemet) Japan, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, India. Terrestrial, pale lilac flowers See Usteri, Ann. Bot. 18: 52. 1796, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 122. 1805, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 8: 370. 1825, Edwards’s Botanical Register 24(Misc.): 28, no. 34. 1838, Bonplandia 5: 37. 1857, Linnaea 41: 75. 1876, Flora 65: 533. 1882, Fl. Brit. India 5: 849, 851. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 650. 1891, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1899, 129. 1899 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 326. 1907, J. Coll. Sc. Tokyo xxx. Art. 1, 328. 1911, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lviii. 128. 1923, J. Bot. 63(Suppl.): 117. 1925, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 110. 1934, J. Geobot. 17: 55, 81. 1969, Enum. Orchids Ryukyus 1: 49. 1971, Biol. Mag.Okinawa 10: 29. 1973, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 23(2): pl. 7. 1975, Fl. Nouv.-Caléd. 8: 230. 1977, Caryologia 33: 483–493. 1980, Bull. Hiroshima Bot. Gard. 4: 9–62. 1981, Coloured Ill. Indig. Orchids Taiwan 2: 127. 1990, Cell Chromosome Res. 17(1): 40–47. 1994, Col. Illustr. Orch. Fl.

Taiwan 1: 204. 1996, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 43(1): 41. 1998, Austral. Orchid Res. 5: 8. 2006 (Plant juice relieves gastro-intestinal problems. Roots poultice to cure swollen hands; roots chewed to cure diarrhea. Flower extract taken as a pain killer.) in English: scrub lily in Japan: tsuru-ran in Thailand: ueang kao tog in Vanuatu: natapak

Calathea G. Meyer Marantaceae Greek kalathos ‘a basket’ and Latin calathus ‘a wicker basket, the cup of a flower, the calyx’, in allusion to the flower cluster of these plants or to one of the uses of the leaves or to the form of the stigma, see Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Mexico 21(2): 319–343. 1951, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 207–221. 1952, Fl. Ecuador 32: 11–192. 1988. Calathea latifolia (Willd. ex Link) Klotzsch (Allouya americana (Lam.) A. Chev.; Alpinia latifolia Willd. ex Link; Calathea allouga Steud.; Calathea allouia Lindl.; Calathea allouia (Aubl.) Lindl.; Calathea allouia var. violacea (Lindl.) Woodson; Calathea cylindrica (Roscoe) K. Schum.; Calathea grandiflora K. Schum.; Calathea macrocephala K. Schum.; Calathea macrosepala K. Schum.; Calathea violacea Lindl.; Curcuma americana Lam.; Maranta allouia Aubl.; Maranta niveiflora A. Dietr.; Maranta semperflorens Horan.; Phrynium allouia (Aubl.) Roscoe; Phrynium cylindricum Roscoe; Phrynium violaceum (Lindl.) Roscoe; Phyllodes allouia (Aubl.) Kuntze; Phyllodes platyphylla Kuntze, nom. illeg. superfl.; Stachyphrynium cylindricum K. Schum.; Stachyphrynium cylindricum (Roscoe) K. Schum.; Thalia latifolia (Willd. ex Link) Link ex Schult.) Trop. America. Caulescent, shrub, in dense clumps, edible tuber-like storage organs, pseudostems with elongated leaves, simple leaf blades, long grooved petioles, well-developed ligule, irregular flowers yellowish green or white See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 3–4. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 228. 1806, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 6–7. 1818, Jahrbücher der Gewächskunde 1(3): 22–23. 1820, Mantissa 1: 10. 1822, Appendix to the first … A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony… . 11: t. 932. 1825, Edwards Bot. Reg. 12: t. 961 (t. 962). 1826 [Mar 1826], Monandrian Plants of the Order Scitamineae t. 37, 38, 40. 1828, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 14: sub pl. 1210. 1829 [1828 publ. 1829], Reisen in Britisch-Guiana 3: 918. 1848, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 696. 1891 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 48(Heft 11): 83–84. 1902, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 16: 974. 1936, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29(4): 332. 1942, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 71: 41. 1978 (A tincture of the leaf used for cystitis; leaves diuretic.)

724

in English: Guinea arrowroot, sweet corn root, sweet corn tuber in Caribbean: faldita morada, leren

Calathodes Hook.f. & Thomson Ranunculaceae Resembling a kalathos ‘a basket, a basket narrow at the base’, kalathoeides ‘basket-shaped, narrow at the base’, in allusion to the flowers, see Wang Wen-tsai, Wang Shu-hsiou & Hsiao Pei-ken. Ranunculaceae subfam. Helleboroideae and subfam. Thalictroideae. In: Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 59–601. 1979, Wang Wen-tsai, Chang Meichen, Fang Ming-yuan, Ling Ping-ping, Ting Chih-tsun, Wang Shu-hsiou & Liou Liang. Ranunculaceae subfam. Ranunculoideae. In: Wang Wen-tsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 28: 1–345. 1980.

Calathodes Hook.f. & Thomson Ranunculaceae

Generi e Nuove Specie di Piante Monocotiledoni 57. 1854, Filippo Parlatore (1816–1877), Flora Italiana. 3(2): 598. 1860 and Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 299. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 63. 1972, A.R. Gentilini, ed., Bibliotheca botanica. Erbario e libri dal Cinquecento al Settecento del naturalista Lodovico Caldesi. Catalogo della Mostra. Faenza, Palazzo Milzetti 1985. Caldesia reniformis (D. Don) Makino (Alisma calophyllum Wall.;

Calathodes oxycarpa Sprague (Calathodes palmata J.D. Hooker & Thomson var. appendiculata Brühl)

Alisma damasonium Willd.; Alisma dubium Willd.; Alisma parnassifolium L.; Alisma reniforme D. Don; Caldesia parnassifolia (Bassi ex L.) Parl.; Caldesia parnassifolia subsp. euparnassiifolia (L.) Asch. & Graebn.; Caldesia parnassifolia var. minor (L.) Bouché; Caldesia reniformis Makino; Echinodorus parnassifolius Engelm.)

China. Herb, simple or branched, white sepals, persistent style

Madagascar. Glabrous aquatic herbs, elliptic yellowishbrown achenes

See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1919(10): 403. 1919

See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 230. 1767, Prodr. Fl. Nep. 22. 1825, Synopsis der Mitteleuropäischen Flora 1: 385. 1879, Fl. Brit. India 6: 560. 1893 and Das Pflanzenreich IV, 15: 16. 1903, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) xx. 34. 1906

(Whole plant used for treating rheumatism, improving blood circulation and as an agent for hair growth. Fracturetreating medicated liquor made up by using Chinese medicinal material: Cynanchum wallichii, Calathodes oxycarpa, Scindapsus officinalis, Torricellia angulata and also for rheumatic arthritis, traumatic injuries, rheumatic numbness, rheumatic arthralgia and myalgia.) in China: ji zhua cao

Calceolaria L. Scrophulariaceae Latin calceolus ‘a slipper’, referring to the flowers, slipper flowers; see C. Linnaeus, in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 31: 286, t. VIII. Stockholm 1770. Calceolaria stellariifolia Phil. Chile. See Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile. Primera Sección — Zoolojía 71. 1891 (Leaves infusion to warm the body.) in Chile: zapatilla

Caldesia Parlatore Alismataceae After the Italian botanist Ludovico (Lodovico) Caldesi, 1822– 1884, politician, mycologist, naturalist, in 1866 member of the national parliament, author of “Flora faventinae tentamen.” in Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. 1879–1880; see A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 460. 1848, Nuovi

(Leaves infusion astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic, vulnerary.)

Calea L. Asteraceae From the Greek kalos ‘beautiful’, in allusion to the showy flowers; see C. Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. Editio Secunda 2: 1179. 1763, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 1(2): 140. 1807, Elenchus plantarum: quae in Horto Regio Botanico Matritensi colebantur anno mdcccxv. Cum novarum, aut minus cognitarum stirpium diagnosi, nonnullarumque descriptionibus contractis. Matriti: ex Typographia Regia, 1816, Genera et species plantarum [Lagasca] 31. Matriti: Typographia Regia, 1816, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 12: 108–109. 1817, Linnaea 5: 158. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 669–670, 672, 675. 1836, Sertum Orchidaceum t. 10. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(1): 293. 1838, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2: 44. 1840, Linnaea 19: 716. 1847, London Journal of Botany 7: 411–412. 1848, Genera Plantarum 2(1): 390–391. 1873, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 32(1): 21. 1896 and University of California Publications in Botany 6(4): 75. 1914, Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 17: 19, f. a-c. 1962, Brittonia 20: 166–168. 1968, Rhodora 77: 171–195. 1975, Syst. Bot. 10: 245. 1985, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Fl. Chiapas 5: 1–232. 1999, Ceiba 42(1): 1–71. 2001 [2002], Sida 21(4): 2023–2037. 2005.

725

Calendula L. Asteraceae

Calea oliveri B.L. Rob. & Greenm. (Alloispermum liebmannii (Sch. Bip. ex Klatt) H. Rob.; Aschenbornia heteropoda S. Schauer; Calea acuminata Standl. & L.O. Williams; Calea acuminata var. xanthactis Standl. & L.O. Williams; Calea albida A. Gray; Calea dichotoma Standl.; Calea hypoleuca B.L. Rob. & Greenm.; Calea leptocephala S.F. Blake; Calea liebmannii Sch. Bip. ex Klatt; Calea luetzelburgii Suess.; Calea nelsonii Robins. & Greenman; Calea oliveri B.L. Rob. & Greenm. var. taeniotricha Steyerm.; Calea pringlei B.L. Rob.; Calea pringlei var. rubida Greenm.; Calea rugosa (DC.) Hemsl.; Calea salmaefolia (DC.) Hemsl.; Calea sororia S.F. Blake; Calea tejadae S.F. Blake; Calea ternifolia Kunth; Calea ternifolia Oliv.; Calea ternifolia var. calyculata (B.L. Rob.) Wussow, Urbatsch & G.A. Sullivan; Calea ternifolia var. hypoleuca (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) B.L. Turner; Calea ternifolia var. ternifolia; Calea zacatechichi Schltdl.; Calea zacatechichi var. calyculata B.L. Rob.; Calea zacatechichi var. laevigata Standl. & L.O. Williams; Calea zacatechichi var. macrophylla B.L. Rob. & Greenm.; Calea zacatechichi var. rugosa (DC.) B.L. Rob. & Greenm.; Calea zacatechichi var. xanthina Standl. & L.O. Williams; Calydermos rugosus DC.; Calydermos salmeifolius DC.)

Willdenowia 23: 211–238. 1993, Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 441–445. 1993, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997, Cytologia 64: 181– 196. 1999, Bocconea 11: 117–169. 1999, Amer. J. Bot. 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999.

South America, Mexico.

Calendula officinalis L. (Calendula officinalis Hohen.)

See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 231. 1820[1818], Linnaea 9: 589–590. 1834[1835], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 670. 1836, Linnaea 19: 716. 1847, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 15: 38. 1880, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 2(9): 206. 1881, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 2: 277, pl. 43B, f. 9–16. 1887, Leopoldina 23: 145. 1887, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 32(1): 24–26. 1896, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 29(5): 106. 1899 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 22(8): 645–646. 1924, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 18(4): 1438. 1938, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 51: 198. 1942, Ceiba 1(2): 92–94. 1950, Fieldiana, Botany 28: 628. 1953, Phytologia 38(5): 412. 1978, Syst. Bot. 10: 253, 255, 257. 1985, Phytologia 65(2): 140. 1988, Amer. J. Bot. 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999, Taxon 58(3): 999. 2009

Cosmopolitan. Aromatic, annual herb, erect, elongated toothed fleshy leaves, yellow orange flowers

(Hallucinogen, leaves in infusion for divination.) in Mexico: thle-pela-kano

Calendula arvensis L. (Calendula arvensis M. Bieb.; Calendula arvensis Boiss.) Europe. See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1303–1304. 1763, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 596. [Dec 1819 or early 1820], Boissier, Pierre Edmond (1810–1885), Voyage botanique dans le midi de l’Espagne pendant l’année 1837. Paris: Gide et cie, 1839–1845 (Antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, vulnerary, a remedy for skin problems, applied externally to bites, stings, sprains, wounds, sore eyes, varicose veins. Leaves diaphoretic; flowers antispasmodic, emmenagogue and stimulant.) in English: field marigold in Arabic: ‘ain el-baqar

See Species Plantarum 2: 921. 1753, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou (1833) 256. 1833 and Fl. Libya 107: 148. 1983 (Used in Unani and Sidha. Essential oil antibacterial. Flowers wound healing, emmenagogue, sedative, antihemorrhagic, antifungal, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, styptic, febrifuge, antiprotozoal, a remedy for skin problems, applied externally to bites, stings, sprains, wounds, sore eyes, varicose veins, gastric and duodenal ulcers; flower infusion for jaundice. Mouthwash for toothache.) in English: calendula, common marigold, garden marigold, hen and chickens, marigold, pot marigold, ruddles, Scotch marigold in Arabic: djamir, djoumaira in China: jin zhan ju, chin chan hua in India: roja, sushi phul, thulvkka saamanthi, zendu, zergul

Calendula L. Asteraceae From calendae or kalendae, arum, Latin for the Calends or the first day of each month, referring to the long flowering period; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 921–922. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 393. 1754 and Inform. Bot. Ital. 6: 37–43. 1974, Israel J. Bot. 23: 169–201. 1974, Norweg. J. Bot. 22: 71–76. 1975, Nucleus 19: 8–12. 1976, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42., Bot. Not. 131: 391–404. 1978, Bocconea 3: 229–250. 1992,

in Japan: tô-kin-sen-ka in Tibetan: bod-gur-gum

Calla L. Araceae Said to be a variant of Latin calsa, a plant name used by Plinius; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 414. 1754. A. Bonavilla, Dizionario etimologico di tutti i vocaboli usati nelle

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scienze, arti e mestieri, che traggono origine dal greco. Milano 1819–1821 and Wilson, K.A. “The genera of the Arales in the southeastern United States.” J. Arnold Arbor. 41: 47–72. 1960, Kingsbury, J.M. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA. 1964, Plowman, T. “Folk uses of New World aroids.” Econ. Bot. 23: 97–122. 1969, M. Cortelazzo & P. Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. 1: 187. 1979, Airaksinen, M.M. et al. “Toxicity of plant material used as emergency food during famines in Finland.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 18(3): 273–296. 1986. The whole plant, particularly the rhizome, is irritant and poisonous on ingestion, acrid and caustic. Calcium oxalate crystals occur, which can cause severe pain-irritation of the mouth and throat, vomiting, edema and difficulty of speaking, dysphagia, hoarseness, nausea; washing or heating the rhizome can inactivate the oxalates. Watery sap very irritant on contact. Calla palustris L. (Calla brevis (Raf.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Calla cordifolia Stokes; Calla generalis E.H.L. Krause; Calla ovatifolia Gilib.; Calla palustris f. aroiformis Asch. & Graebn.; Calla palustris f. gracilis Asch. & Graebn.; Calla palustris f. polyspathacea Vict. & J. Rousseau; Callaion bispatha (Raf.) Raf.; Callaion brevis (Raf.) Raf.; Callaion heterophylla (Raf.) Raf.; Callaion palustris (L.) Raf.; Dracunculus paludosus Montandon; Provenzalia bispatha Raf.; Provenzalia brevis Raf.; Provenzalia heterophyla Raf.; Provenzalia palustris (L.) Raf.) Asia temperate, Europe, North America. Small herb, perennial, erect, emergent, semi-aquatic, long-stalked heartshaped leaves, tiny yellow flowers on a spadix clasped by a white petal-like spathe, fruits a round cluster of red berries, famine food, flour can be made from the seeds and the ground rhizome used as flour for bread, pond edges, bogs, swamps See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 414. 1754, Exerc. Phyt. ii. 452. 1792, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 326. 1812, Am. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 267. 1818, New Fl. N. Am. 2: 90. 1836 [1837] and Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2 1: 180. 1906, Dudley, M.G. “Morphological and cytological studies of Calla palustris.” Bot. Gaz. 98: 556– 571. 1937, Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 36: 68. 1940, Bot. Not. 128(4): 505. 1975 (publ. 1976), Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 25: 1–18. 1976, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(7): 997–999. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Plant Systematics and Evolution 158: 97–106. 1988, Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis 19: 301–322. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 28. 1993, Can. Vet. J. 47(8): 787–789. 2006 (All parts poisonous, cause severe pain in the mouth if eaten, burning and swelling of lips, mouth, tongue, and throat, difficulty of speaking. Antirheumatic, for colds and influenza; as a poultice on swellings and snakebites; aerial stems in the treatment of sore legs.)

Callaeum Small Malpighiaceae

in English: bog arum, calla, calla lily, female water dragon, marsh calla, water arum, water dragon, wild calla, wild calla lily

Callaeum Small Malpighiaceae Probably from the Greek kallos ‘beauty’ or kallaion ‘cock’s comb’, see Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 109. 1792 and Index Lectionum in Lyceo Regio Hosiano Brunsbergensi: Banisteria 12. 1901, North American Flora 25(2): 128. 1910, Arquivos do Serviço Florestal 2(1): 13. 1943, Fl. Neotrop. 30: 176. 1982, Syst. Bot. 11(2): 335–353. 1986. Callaeum antifebrile (Griseb.) D.M. Johnson (Banisteria antifebrilis Griseb.; Cabi paraensis Ducke; Mascagnia psilophylla fo. peruviana Nied.; Mascagnia psilophylla (A. Juss.) Griseb. var. antifebrilis (Griseb.) Nied.) Eastern Amazon, Brazil. See Linnaea 22: 15. 1849 and Arbeiten aus dem Botanischen Institut des Königl. Lyceums Hosianum in Braunsberg 3: 28. 1908, Das Pflanzenreich 141(Heft 93): 121. 1928, Arquivos do Serviço Florestal 2, no. 1: 13–14, tab. 1. 1943, Boletím do Instituto de Química Agrícola (Rio de Janeiro) 34: 17–27. 1954, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 291(2): 201–212. 1975, Systematic Botany 11(2): 349. 1986 (Closely allied to Banisteriopsis, but apparently not employed as a hallucinogen.)

Callerya Endl. Fabaceae (Millettieae) Callerya atropurpurea (Wall.) Schot (Adinobotrys atropurpurea (Wall.) Dunn; Adinobotrys atropurpureus (Wall.) Dunn; Millettia atropurpurea (Wall.) Benth.; Millettia atropurpurea Ridl.; Padbruggea atropurpurea (Wall.) Craib; Padbruggea pubescens Craib; Phaseolodes atropurpureum (Wall.) Kuntze; Pongamia atropurpurea Wall.; Whitfordiodendron atropurpurea (Wall.) Merr.; Whitfordiodendron atropurpureum (Wall.) Merr.; Whitfordiodendron atropurpureum Dunn; Whitfordiodendron pubescens (Craib) Burkill) Cambodia, Indonesia, Malay Peninsula. Perennial nonclimbing tree See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5910. 1831, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 249. 1852, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 150. 1855, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891 and Leafl. Philipp. Bot. ii. 689, 743. 1910, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1911(4): 194, 197. 1911, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912, 364. 1912, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1927(2): 61. 1927, Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. xix. 160. 1934, Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. Penins. ii. 2256. 1935, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935, 319. 1935, Blumea 39(1–2): 15. 1994 (Root used as fish poison.)

Calliandra Benth. Fabaceae (Ingeae, Leguminosae, Mimosaceae)

in Burma: danyinnie in Malay: chicha, girah payah, merbong, tulang daeng Callerya cinerea (Benth.) Schot (Millettia bockii Harms; Millettia cinerea sensu auct.; Millettia cinerea Benth.; Millettia cinerea var. yunnanensis Pamp.; Millettia congestiflora T.P. Chen; Millettia dielsiana Diels; Millettia dorwardii Collett & Hemsl.; Millettia dowardi Collett & Hemsl.; Millettia gentiliana H. Lev.; Millettia longipedunculata Z. Wei; Millettia obovata Gagnep.; Millettia oosperma Dunn; Millettia sericosema Hance; Millettia sphaerosperma Z. Wei; Pongamia cinerea Graham; Pongamia heterocarpa Baker; Pongamia oblonga Graham; Pongamia palustris Graham; Pongamia paniculata Graham) India, Bhutan, Burma, China. Perennial climbing shrub, woody vine, purple-violet-green flowers See Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 249. 1852, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20(237): 259. 1882, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 28(189–191): 40. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(1): 25. 1910, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 41(280): 157. 1912, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 2(12): 361. 1913, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3(3): 362–363. 1955[1954], Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 23(4): 285–287, pl. 10, 11. 1985, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 16(2): 305–334. 1992, Blumea 39(1–2): 17. 1994, Flora Yunnanica 10: 407. 2006, Legumes of China 453. 2007 (Stem anti-anemic, to enrich the blood and promote blood circulation.) in China: hui mao ya dou teng, jixueteng, mi hua ya dou teng, qiu zi ya dou teng Callerya megasperma (F. Muell.) Schot (Kraunhia megasperma (F. Muell.) Greene; Millettia megasperma (F. Muell.) Benth.; Phaseolodes megaspermum (F. Muell.) Kuntze; Wisteria megasperma F. Muell.) New South Wales, Queensland. Perennial climbing shrub See Medical Repository 352. 1808, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Mueller) 1(1): 13. 1858 [Mar 1858], Flora Australiensis: a description … 2: 211. 1864, Pittonia 2: 175. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 6(4): 679–681. 1891 and Blumea 39(1–2): 25. 1994 (Exudation of the cut vine is very astringent.) in English: Australian wisteria, native wisteria Callerya reticulata (Benth.) Schot (Millettia championii Benth.; Millettia cognata Hance; Millettia kiangsiensis Z. Wei; Millettia purpurea Yatabe; Millettia reticulata Benth.; Phaseolodes reticulatum (Benth.) Kuntze) East Asia, China. Perennial non-climbing shrub, climber, deciduous

727

See Genera Plantarum Suppl. 3: 104. 1843, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 249. 1852, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 74–75. 1852, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 18(213): 260. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891, Tokyo Bot. Mag. vi. 379. t. 12. 1892 and J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 41: 123–243. 1912, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 23(4): 283–284, pl. 9. 1985, Blumea 39(1–2): 1–40. 1994, Flora Yunnanica 10: 404. 2006, Legumes of China 450. 2007 (Stem anti-anemic, to enrich the blood and promote blood circulation. Emmenagogue, antitumour, oxytoxic, stomachic, tonic, to treat menstrual problems. Roots and stem emmenagogue and stomachic, decoction for menstrual irregularities, vaginal discharge, backache, seminal emission, gonorrhea and stomachache. Insecticide.) in China: ji xue teng, jiang xi ya dou teng, kun ming ji xue teng, wang mai ya dou teng in Japan: murasaki-natsu-fuji

Calliandra Benth. Fabaceae (Ingeae, Leguminosae, Mimosaceae) Greek kalli ‘beautiful’ and aner, andros ‘male, anther, stamen’; see George Bentham (1800–1884), Hooker’s Journal of Botany. 2: 138. 1840 and Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35(3): 101–208. 1936, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314. 1950, Phytologia 48(1): 1–71. 1981, Arnaldoa 9(2): 43–110. 2002 [2003], Harvard Pap. Bot. 7(2): 381–398. 2003. Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. (Anneslia haematocephala (Hassk.) Britton & P. Wilson; Calliandra boliviana Britton; Calliandra inaequilatera Rusby; Feuilleea haematocephala (Hassk.) Kuntze) Tropical America. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub, evergreen, rambling, spreading, compound leaves, legume linearlanceolate, calyx white to pink, corolla pink with green lobes or white, powder-puff-like balls of conspicuous bright red to dark crimson stamens, explosively dehiscent flattened pod See Retzia, sive, Observationes botanicae, quas de plantis horti botanici Bogoriensis 1: 216–219. 1855, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 16(12): 327. 1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 188. 1891, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 6(1): 28. 1896, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 63. 1898 and Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 6: 348. 1926, J. Arnold Arbor. 52 (1): 69–85. 1971, Geophytology 9: 175–183. 1979, Fitoterapia 64(6): 516–517. 1993, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 74(3): 110. 1998, Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine 3: 58–60. 1999, Natural product research 20(10): 927–934. 2006 (Antioxidant, antibacterial.) in English: blood red tassel flower, powder puff bush, powderpuff tree, red powderpuff, stickpea

728

Calliandra surinamensis Benth. (Acacia fasciculata (Willd.) Poir.; Acacia magdalenae Bertero ex DC.; Acacia magdalenae DC.; Anneslia fasciculata (Willd.) Kleinhoonte; Calliandra angustidens Britton & Killip; Calliandra magdalenae (DC.) Benth.; Calliandra magdalenae Benth.; Calliandra magdalenae (Bertero ex DC.) Benth.; Calliandra tenuiflora Benth.; Feuilleea fasciculata Kuntze; Feuilleea fasciculata (Willd.) Kuntze; Feuilleea tenuiflora (Benth.) Kuntze; Inga fasciculata Willd.) South America, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea. Perennial non-climbing tree, low branching, shrub or small tree with multiple trunks, many-branched, spreading, long arching branches, silky leaflets, showy fragrant bloom, big puffs of watermelon pink and white silky stamens, persistent dehiscent brown pods, rapid growth See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1022. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 455. 1825, London Journal of Botany 3: 105. 1844, London Journal of Botany 5: 102. 1846, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): 547. 1875, Fl. Bras. 15(3): 416–417. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 185, 188–189. 1891 and North American Flora 23(1): 60. 1928, Flora of Suriname 2(2): 322. 1940 (Leaves used as an ingredient for a medicine against an eye sickness.) in English: pink calliandra, pink powderpuff, pink tassel flower, powder puff flower, powderpuff, shaving brush, Surinam calliandra, Surinam powder puff, Surinamese stickpea in Borneo: daun assam Jawa

Callianthemum C.A. Meyer Ranunculaceae Greek kalli, kallos ‘beautiful, beauty’ and anthos ‘flower’, see Ledeb. Flora Altaica 2: 269, 336. 1830. Callianthemum taipaicum W.T. Wang China. Perennial herbs, rhizomatous, flowers bisexual, petals basally brown, sepals bluish purple See Flora Tsinlingensis 1(2): 274, 604, f. 235. 1974 (Chinese herbal medicine.) in China: tai bai mei hua cao

Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae) From the Greek kalli ‘beautiful’ and karpos ‘fruit’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 111. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 127. 1754, Das Pflanzenreich 4(3a): 166. 1897 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 1(1): 273, 298. 1951, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/1–2): 167–236. 1970, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 65(1): 30, 65, 211. 1982, Chen, T.T., Chaw, S.M. & Yang, Y.P. “A revision of Callicarpa (Verbenaceae) of

Callianthemum C.A. Meyer Ranunculaceae

Taiwan.” Taiwania 43(4): 330–345. 1998, Current Bioactive Compounds 4(1): 15–32. 2008. Callicarpa acuminata Kunth (Callicarpa acuminata Roxb., nom. illeg. hom.; Callicarpa minutiflora Rusby) Mexico, Guatemala to Colombia. Shrub or small tree, corolla white, fragrant flowers in small branched axillary clusters, dark purple to black fruit See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 252. 1817[1818], Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 408. 1820 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 7: 339. 1927 (Cold-water infusion of the crushed leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.) Callicarpa americana L. (Burchardia americana (L.) Duhamel; Burchardia callicarpa Crantz; Callicarpa americana Blanco; Callicarpa americana Lour., nom. illeg.; Callicarpa americana f. lactea (F.J. Müll.) Rehder; Callicarpa americana var. alba Rehder; Callicarpa americana var. lactea F.J. Müll.; Callicarpa serrata Moench; Callicarpa viburnifolia Salisb.; Johnsonia americana (L.) Mill.) North America, Cuba. Shrub, slender, small bluish lavender flowers in axillary clusters, purple violet fruits, fruit edible raw but insipid See Species Plantarum 1: 111. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 53. 1796, Flora de Filipinas 517. 1837 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 306. 1936, Bibl. Cult. Trees: 584. 1949 (Root to treat skin cancer, essential oils antialgal and phytotoxic. Fruit astringent, causes puckering of the mouth a few minutes after eating a little.) in English: American beauty-berry, beauty-berry, French mulberry Callicarpa arborea Roxb. (Aganon umbellata Raf.; Callicarpa arborea Wall., nom. illeg. hom.; Callicarpa arborea Miq. ex C.B. Clarke, nom. illeg.; Callicarpa magna Schauer; Callicarpa tectonaefolia Wall.; Callicarpa tectoniifolia Wall., nom. nud.; Callicarpa tomentosa var. magna (Schauer) Bakh.; Callicarpa villosissima Ridl.; Premna arborea Roth; Premna arborea (Roxb.) Roth; Premna arborea Farw.) Himalaya, China, Bhutan, Cambodia, India. Tree, fast growing, densely tomentose, corky rough bark, twig broad and flat at the nodes, coriaceous leaves stellate-tomentose beneath, truncate calyx cup-shaped, pink purple corolla, stamens much longer than corolla, fruit purple-brown See Hort. Bengal. 10. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Wallich, 1: 405–406. 1820, Nov. Pl. Sp. 287. 1821, Numer. List [Wallich] nn. 1826, 1827. 1829, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 390. 1832, Sylva Tellur. 161. 1838, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 641. 1847 and J. Fed. Malay States Mus.

729

Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

10: 110. 1920, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 22. 1921, Pharmacologyonline 1: 1095–1103. 2009 (Used in Unani. Young shoots ground into a paste, mixed with water and drunk for gastric troubles; young tender shoots eaten for gastric problems. Bark aromatic, bitter, carminative, tonic; bark decoction applied to cutaneous diseases; bark chewed with betel leaves as substitute for betel nut; bark and roots decoction used in liver troubles; inner bark of the roots and stems eaten as masticatory along with betel nut; paste of bark or leaf applied on sting of scorpion. For wounds, sores, pound the leaves and poultice; leaves decoction for stomachache; decoction of leaves of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. var. conglomerata (Roxb.) Corner together with those of Byttneria pilosa and Phyllanthus fraternus and bark of Callicarpa arborea taken for jaundice and liver complaints. Leaves and bark used for the treatment of rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, scorpion sting; ground leaves and bark applied on cuts to stop bleeding. Juice of fruit relieves fever. Fruit juice taken for ulcers of the tongue. Rhizome of Lygodium microphyllum mixed with root of Callicarpa arborea squeezed and the juice given for stomach troubles. Contact therapy, a piece of root tied on the loin of babies in unhealthy growth. Ceremonial, leaves used in prayers.) in English: beauty berry in China: mu zi zhu in India: ab bhantal buti, arhi, arhi-araung, arni, balmal, bhantal buti sabz, bonmola, bormala, dieng lakhiot, ghiwala, gising, gunmola, hnahkiah, kachetong, kachettong, khet, khimbar, khoja, kojo, kumhar, mach kotta, mach peluka, maksi, mondol, moskhanchi, mukhuang, nkoang, subornni, yalu Malayan names: ambong-ambong bukit, ambong puteh, kata kera, kata keran in Nepal: bori, guren, maiphi, maaraa Callicarpa bodinieri H. Léveillé (Callicarpa feddei H. Léveillé; Callicarpa seguinii H. Léveillé; Callicarpa tsiangii Moldenke) China, Vietnam. Shrub, lilac flowers, violet fruits, often confused with Callicarpa giraldii See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 548. 1900, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 456. 1911, J. Arnold Arbor. 15: 323. 1934, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 406. 1977

Callicarpa cana var. sumatrana (Miq.) H.J. Lam; Callicarpa cana var. typica Bakh., nom. inval.; Callicarpa heynei Roth; Callicarpa macrocarpa Raeusch.; Callicarpa sinensis Steud.; Callicarpa sumatrana Miq.; Callicarpa tomentosa Lam., nom. illeg.; Urtica candicans N.L. Burman) Southern China, SE Asia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, tomentose, glandular leaves very variable, calyx minutely 4-toothed glandular, corolla mauve or violet, stamens exserted, globose ovary glabrous glandular all over, drupe depressed globular almost succulent, fruits sometimes eaten raw See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 197 (typ. err. 297). 1768, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 198. 1771, The Bombay Flora … 200. 1861 and Candollea 5: 190. 1934, Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Occasional Papers no. 34: 141–144. 2001 (Young leaves decoction drunk for abdominal troubles and amenorrhea. Leaves smoked to relieve asthma; used for poulticing wounds, applied as a plaster for gastralgia; leaves infusion emmenagogue. Leaves pounded and used as a fish poison. Shoots used in arrow poisons.) in Cambodia: sroul kraham in China: bai mao zi zhu in India: verrilai-p-pattai in Indonesia: apu-apu, meniran besar, meniran kebo, sesepo in Japan: kuroshikibu in Laos: dok pha nok in Malaysia: tampang besi, tampang besi merah in Philippines: anuyup, palis, tigau in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng, pha t[oos]p, tr[uws]ng [ees]ch Callicarpa caudata Maxim. Philippines, Pacific. Evergreen shrub, stem and branches glandular, reddish-yellow glands, calyx glandular, corolla mauve, ovary glandular, glandular pink fruits, closely related to Callicarpa pilosissima Maxim. See Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 31: 76. 1887

(Astringent.)

(Stem scraped and mixed with the rhizome of ginger and applied to large wounds. A decoction of fresh or dried leaves used as a cure for stomach troubles. Leaves applied to relieve earache.)

in English: Bodinier beauty berry

in Papua New Guinea: mamen

in China: zhen zhu feng, zi zhu

in Philippines: amgup, anayop, anayup, haraihai, haray-hai, kabatit

Callicarpa candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr. (Callicarpa adenanthera R. Br.; Callicarpa bicolor Juss.; Callicarpa cana Gamble; Callicarpa cana Dalzell & Gibson, nom. illeg.; Callicarpa cana L.; Callicarpa cana Wall., nom. illeg.;

Callicarpa dichotoma (Loureiro) K. Koch (Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) Raeusch., nom. nud.; Callicarpa dichotoma Raeusch.; Callicarpa dichotoma f. albifructa Moldenke;

730

Callicarpa dichotoma f. albifructus T. Yamaz.; Callicarpa gracilis Siebold & Zucc.; Callicarpa japonica var. angustifolia Sav.; Callicarpa japonica var. dichotoma (Lour.) Bakh.; Callicarpa koreana hort. Vilm.-Andr.; Callicarpa purpurea Juss.; Porphyra dichotoma Loureiro) Japan, Vietnam. Perennial shrub, deciduous, many-branched, long slender arching branches, pinkish lavender berries See Fl. Cochinch. 1: 70. 1790, Nomencl. Bot. [Raeusch.] ed. 3, 37. 1797, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 154. 1846, Dendrologie 2(1): 336. 1872 and Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 26. 1921, Phytologia 7: 429. 1961, Fl. Jap. (Iwatsuki et al., eds.) 3a: 267. 1993, Planta Medica 71(8): 778–780. 2005, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29(1): 71–74. 2006 (Anti-amnesic and neuroprotective activities, remarkable cognitive-enhancing activity, alleviating certain memory impairment observed in Alzheimer’s disease.) in English: Chinese beauty-berry, Japanese beautyberry, purple beauty berry in China: bai tang zi zhu in Japan: ko-murasaki Callicarpa erioclona Schauer (Callicarpa cana var. repanda Warb.; Callicarpa erioclona f. glabrescens Moldenke; Callicarpa erioclona f. rivularis (Merr.) Bakh.; Callicarpa erioclona var. repanda (Warb.) H.J. Lam; Callicarpa erioclona var. subalbida (Elmer) Bakh.; Callicarpa repanda (Warb.) K. Schum. & Warb.; Callicarpa rivularis Merr.; Callicarpa subalbida Elmer) Vietnam. Edible berries See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 643. 1847, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 144. 1897 and Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 19. 1921, Phytologia 8: 385. 1962, Pharmaceutical Biology (formerly International Journal of Pharmacognosy) 42(4–5): 292–300. 2004 (Antimicrobial. Leaves mixed with coconut oil, applied to wounds, itches. Leaves as a fish poison.) in Philippines: alinau, malasambong, palis, sulingasau, tambalabasi, tigau Callicarpa formosana Rolfe (Callicarpa aspera HandelMazzetti; Callicarpa integerrima Champion var. serrulata H.L. Li; Callicarpa ningpoensis Matsumura; Callicarpa rubella Lindley f. robusta P’ei) China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines. Shrub, stem and branches densely stellate and dendritic hairy, chartaceous leaves variable, flowers bisexual in axillary cymes, calyx 4-toothed glandular, corolla purplish pink outside and white to pinkish inside, ovary globose glandular, globose purple drupes See J. Bot. 20: 358. 1882 and Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 25: 131. 1935, Chen, Z.S., Lai, J.S. & Kuo, Y.H. “Studies on

Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

the constituents of the stem of Callicarpa formosana Rolfe.” Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal 42(5): 397–402. 1990 (Leaves smoked for lung troubles, dyspnea. Crushed flower and leaf buds applied as a styptic to wounds. Root used as remedy for gonorrhea and as an emmenagogue, the whole plant to treat hepatitis. Fresh and crushed leaves used to stupefy fish, shrimp and eels. Insecticide.) in English: Taiwan beauty berry in China: du huong hua in Philippines: anandhin, annoyop, anuyup, palis, talambasi, tigau, timbabasi, tuba, tubai-basi, tubang-dalag in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng d[af]i loan Callicarpa giraldii Hesse ex Rehder (Callicarpa bodinieri var. giraldii (Hesse ex Rehder) Rehder; Callicarpa mairei H. Léveillé) China. Shrub, yellow glands See Stand. Cycl. Hort. 2: 629. 1914, Pl. Wilson. 3: 368. 1916, J. Arnold Arbor. 15(4): 332. 1934, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 209. 1982, Novon 1: 58. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(3): 508–517. 2008 (Pain-relieving, to treat rheumatic muscles and bones pains, traumatic injury, soft tissue injury, arthritis.) in English: Girald beauty berry in China: lao ya hu Callicarpa kochiana Makino (Callicarpa longiloba Merrill; Callicarpa loureiri Hooker & Arnott ex Merrill) China, Japan. Shrub, deciduous, branchlets and peduncles with extremely dense long branched hairs, opposite leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, small bisexual flowers in axillary cymes, corolla purple outside and white inside, white globose drupes, ripe fruit eaten See Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 28(331): 181–182. 1914, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 276. 1951, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 31. 1982, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124(2): 197– 210. 2009 (Antioxidant.) in English: white wild pear in China: bai tang zi shu, pai t’ang tzu shu, pi pa ye zi zhu Callicarpa longifolia Lam. (Callicarpa albida Blume; Callicarpa attenuata Wall. ex Walp.; Callicarpa attenuifolia Elmer; Callicarpa blumei Zoll. & Mor.; Callicarpa horsfieldii Turcz.; Callicarpa japonica var. rhombifolia H.J. Lam; Callicarpa lanceolaria Roxb. ex Hornem.; Callicarpa longifolia Hook., nom. illeg.; Callicarpa longifolia Li, nom. illeg.; Callicarpa longifolia var. areolata H.J. Lam; Callicarpa longifolia var. floccosa Schauer; Callicarpa longifolia var. horsfieldii (Turcz.) Moldenke; Callicarpa longifolia var. lanceolaria (Roxb. ex Hornem.) C.B. Clarke; Callicarpa

731

Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

longifolia var. subglabrata Schauer; Callicarpa oblongifolia Hassk.; Callicarpa rhynchophylla Miq.; Callicarpa roxburghiana Schult.) India, SE Asia, Australia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely stellate hairy, glandular leaves, calyx densely glandular, corolla rose white to purple, white or dark pink glandular fruit almost succulent, an extremely variable and polymorphic species See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 563. 1785, Fl. Brit. India 4: 570. 1885 and Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2870. 1915, Verben. Malay. Archip.: 85, 90. 1919, Phytologia 7: 77. 1959, Woody Fl. Taiwan 821. 1963, Atkins, S. “Callicarpa japonica: Labiatae.” Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 16(2): 79–83. 1999 (Plant decoction as a postpartum remedy; young twigs decoction drunk for stomachache and diarrhea. Leaves decoction drunk in colic, diarrhea, after parturition and for fever; decoction gargled to treat toothache; leaves infusion drunk as a depurative after parturition. Leaves externally applied on wounds to an ulcerated mouth and to reduce fever, swellings and bruises; leaves juice for mouth infection in babies; leaf paste in coconut oil used locally for cuts, wounds and ulcers; leaves used for poulticing and for rubbing over the body in fever, and also applied to swellings; leaf paste of Callicarpa longifolia and Leea indica boiled in coconut oil and applied on severe cuts and wounds; pounded leaves an ingredient for a poultice to mature boils and ulcers. Roots infusion a remedy for syphilis and diarrhea; roots decoction drunk as a cure for fever, pneumonia, diarrhea and colic. Pounded leaves used to stupefy fish. Veterinary medicine, paste of stem bark applied on lesions of foot and mouth disease of cattle; leaf decoction given to pigs as antiemetic.) in English: husked rice, long-leaf beauty berry, long-leaved callicarpa, white-berried Malayan lilac in Borneo: sabar besi in China: chang ye zi zhu, jian wei feng in India: dhusre, dieng sohkailang, kin-vi-taong, kin-vi-ti, kin vitai, kinvitaong, rai in Indonesia: dama besoi, katumpang, meniran sapi, meniran utan in Malaysia: beti-beti, bute baa, karat besi, kuping besi, nasinasi, tampang besi, tampang besi puteh, tampoe besike, tampong besi, tulang besi in Papua New Guinea: topapimanua, vuti mata in Vietnam: t[uwr] ch[aa]u tr[aws]ng, t[uwr] ch[aa]u l[as] d[af]i Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl (Callicarpa cana Gamble; Callicarpa dunniana H. Lév.; Callicarpa incana Roxb.; Callicarpa macrophylla var. griffithii C.B. Clarke; Callicarpa macrophylla var. kouytchensis H. Lév.; Callicarpa roxburghii Wall. ex Walp.; Callicarpa salviifolia Griff., nom. nud.; Callicarpa tomentosa K.D. Koenig ex Vahl, nom. illeg.)

Thailand, China. See Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 13, pl. 53. 1794, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 407–408. 1820, Fl. Brit. India 4: 568. 1885, Darjeeling List 60. 1896. and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(222–226): 456. 1911, Flore du Kouy-Tchéou 440. 1915 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Inner bark ground into a paste and applied on cuts and wounds as a hemostatic. Leaves antirheumatic, stomachic, warmed and applied. Fruit paste, or wood paste, used in the treatment of boils and blisters on the tongue. Fruits chewed to treat sores of the tongue and mouth. Seeds and roots stomachic; roots antirheumatic, stomachic.) in English: big-leaf beauty berry in China: da ye zi zhu in India: anganaapriya, anganapriya, bhirmoli, bonmala, chimpompil, chinpompil, chokkala, cimpompil, dahiya, daia, daiya, daya, dayya, gandhaphali, gandhphali, gandhpriyangu, ghiwala, gnazhal, habb-ul-mihlb, huahkhar, kaantaa, kaantaahvaa, kanta, khap, mathara, mondol-panamana, nalal, nalalu, njaazhalpoovu, phalin, phalini, phool pirangu, priyaka, priyamgu, priyangu, priyangu beej, priyangu phool, priyangu puspha, priyanguka, priyangukaa, shyamaa, socu, syama, tong loti, vanita, vanitaa in Nepal: dahigun, mala buru, tichangsa in Tibet: ga ndha pri yam ku, gandha pri ya nku, gandha priya nku, pri-yam-ku, pri yan, pri-yan-ku Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble Thailand. Tree, small trees, angled hairy twigs, leaves pale silvery hairy below, regular pale lilac flowers in cymes, red drupes See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1908: 106. 1908 (Bark used as a substitute for betel.) in Malaysia: tampang besi Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. & Arn. (Callicarpa acuminata Roxburgh, nom. illeg., non Kunth; Callicarpa acuminata var. angustifolia Metcalf; Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl var. sinensis C.B. Clarke; Callicarpa nudiflora Vahl; Callicarpa reevesii Wall., nom. nud.; Callicarpa reevesii Wallich ex Schauer; Callicarpa reevesii Wall. ex Walp.) India, China, Pen. Malaysia. Shrubs or small trees See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 252. 1817[1818], Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 408. 1820, The Botany of capt. Beechey’s Voyage; comprising an account of the Plants collected by Messrs. Lay and Collie … during the voyage to the Pacific and Bering’s Strait, performed in H.M.S. Blossom … 1825–1828. 206. London [1830-] 1841, Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 125. 1845, Fl. Brit. India

732

Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

4(12): 568. 1885 and Lingnan Sci. J. 11(3): 407. 1932, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79(2): 205–211. 2002

serrulata f. anisophylla (Hallier f.) Moldenke; Geunsia subternata Hallier f.)

(Disinfectant, antiseptic, dried leaves to treat suppurative skin infections and burns. Cytotoxic, antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus, RSV.)

Thailand, Malesia. Small tree

in English: naked-flower beauty berry in China: luo hua zi zhu Callicarpa pedunculata R.Br. (Callicarpa cuspidata Roxb.; Callicarpa dentata Roth; Callicarpa pedunculata H.J. Lam & Bakh.; Callicarpa pedunculata var. typica H.J. Lam, nom. inval.; Callicarpa tiliifolia Teijsm. & Binn. ex C.B. Clarke, nom. inval.; Callicarpa viridis Domin) Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely tomentose, leaves glandular, densely glandular calyx minutely 4-toothed, corolla purple or mauve, stamens exserted, pale mauve or violet-purple glandular fruits See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 513. 1810, Fl. Brit. India 4: 569. 1885 and The Verbenaceae of the Malayan Archipelago 56. 1919, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 3: 24. 1921, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 554. 1928 (A roots decoction an ingredient of a poultice used to mature boils and ulcers. Leaves infusion, together with leaves of Ocimum basilicum L., drunk after parturition and as an emmenagogue. Roots an antidote for poisonous fish, crabs and toadstools.) in Indonesia: memeniran, meniran, ringan-ringan Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. (Callicarpa acuminatissima Teijsm. & Binn.; Callicarpa acuminatissima Liu & Tseng; Callicarpa affinis Elmer; Callicarpa clemensorum Moldenke; Callicarpa cumingiana Schauer; Callicarpa hexandra Teijsm. & Binn.; Callicarpa pentandra f. celebica Bakh.; Callicarpa pentandra f. dentata Bakh.; Callicarpa pentandra f. farinosa (Blume) Bakh.; Callicarpa pentandra f. furfuracea Bakh.; Callicarpa pentandra f. hexandra (Teijsm. & Binn.) Bakh.; Callicarpa pentandra f. pentamera (H.J. Lam) Bakh.; Callicarpa pentandra var. cumingiana (Schauer) Bakh.; Callicarpa serrulata (Hallier f.) Govaerts; Callicarpa subglandulosa Elmer; Callicarpa subternata (Hallier f.) Govaerts; Geunsia acuminatissima (Teijsm. & Binn.) H.J. Lam; Geunsia anisophylla Hallier f.; Geunsia cumingiana (Schauer) Rolfe; Geunsia cumingiana var. dentata (Bakh.) Moldenke; Geunsia cumingiana var. pentamera H.J. Lam; Geunsia farinosa Blume; Geunsia farinosa f. serratula Moldenke; Geunsia farinosa var. callicarpoides H.J. Lam ex Moldenke; Geunsia furfuracea (Bakh.) Moldenke; Geunsia hexandra (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord.; Geunsia hexandra f. serrulata Moldenke; Geunsia hexandra var. macrophylla Moldenke; Geunsia hookeri Merr.; Geunsia paloensis var. celebica (Bakh.) Moldenke; Geunsia pentandra (Roxb.) Merr.; Geunsia pentandra var. albidella Moldenke; Geunsia serrulata Hallier f.; Geunsia

See Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 1820, Fl. Ind. 1: 395. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 644. 1847, Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv. (1863) 409. 1863 and Leafl. Philipp. Bot. iii. 864. 1910, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. x. 55. 1957 (Used for vertigo; ground bark used for swellings.) Malay name: membatu puteh Callicarpa rubella Lindl. Himalaya. Shrub, erect, inflorescence axillary, flowers pink, fruits purple-violet, tender shoots cooked as vegetable See Bot. Reg. 11: t. 883. 1825 (Bark to treat tumors of the large intestine. Leaf extract applied on injuries to stop bleeding.) in China: hong zi zhu in India: dieng lakhangwet, dieng lakso miaw, jalang kwai, mondol, nin rasu, soh eitksar, wazanu jaba Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. (Callicarpa arborea Miq. ex C.B. Clarke, nom. inval.; Callicarpa farinosa Roxb. ex C.B. Clarke, nom. inval.; Callicarpa lanata L., nom. illeg.; Callicarpa lobata C.B. Clarke; Callicarpa rheedei Kostel.; Callicarpa tomentosa Lam., nom. illeg.; Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murray; Callicarpa tomentosa Murray; Callicarpa tomentosa Hook. & Arn.; Callicarpa tomentosa Lam & Bakh.; Callicarpa tomentosa Willd., nom. illeg.; Callicarpa tomentosa K.D. Koenig ex Vahl, nom. illeg.; Callicarpa tomentosa var. lanata (L.) Bakh.; Callicarpa tomentosa var. longipetiolata (Merr.) Bakh.; Callicarpa tomentosa var. magna (Schauer) Bakh.; Callicarpa tomex Poir., nom. illeg.; Callicarpa villosa Vahl; Callicarpa wallichiana Walp.; Cornutia corymbosa Lam., nom. illeg.; Hedyotis arborescens Noronha, nom. inval.; Tomex tomentosa L.) SE Asia, India. Small tree, fruits eaten raw See Species Plantarum 1: 111. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima tertia 153. 1774, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 562. 1783, Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 13. 1794, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 158. 1809, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 205. 1836, Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 125. 1845, Fl. Brit. India 4: 566–567. 1885 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg ser. 3. 3(3): 20–22. 1921, J. Basic Microbiol. 45(3): 230–235. 2005 (Used in Ayurveda. Bark and root juice for high fever, stomachache and malaria; root juice of Hymenodictyon orixense mixed with the bark juice of Callicarpa tomentosa given for fever; root juice with root juice of Streblus asper for irregular menstruation and menorrhagia. Bark slightly bitter, masticatory, chewed when there are no betel leaves. Plant pounded,

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Callichilia Stapf Apocynaceae

used to poultice sores. Religious and supernatural beliefs, related with sowing and harvesting ceremonies.)

Calligonum L. Polygonaceae

in English: great woolly Malayan lilac

From the Greek kalli ‘beautiful’ and gony ‘joint, a knee’, see Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753.

in Bangladesh: taramah

Calligonum azel Maire

in India: aarathi soppu, aardir, aardri, ardri, arthigidu, arti, ayamsar, bastra, bodiga chettu, cheruthekku, dodda naathada gida, doddanaathada gida, ibanne, ibbani, ibbanne, insara, isvar, kaarivaati, karavati, katkomal, kattukkumil, mashandari, naikumbil, nallapompil, nallarappalu, picenkala, pichenkala, pichenkale, pondee, pondi, puru, rishipathri, ruchi katthi, ruchipatri, rucipatri, seembakkulthu, temperuvallam, teregam, thinperivelum, timperuvellam, tomdikharvamti, tondatti, tondi, tondi-teregam, tonditeragam, tonditterakam, tonti, tontitterakam, uennattekka, umathekka, umathekku, urnnatekka, vettilai-pattai, vettilaipattai, vettilaippattai, yarphu-changne, yibbani

Sahara, Tunisia. Shrub, many-branched, small white flowers

in Malaya: derdap dapur, tumah dapur

Egypt, North Africa. Tall woody shrub, perennial, psammophil, many-branched from the base, stiff branches, small tepals, conspicuous red anthers, fruit a single circular hairy carpel, fresh flowers eaten, camels eat the filaments and the roots

Callichilia Stapf Apocynaceae From the Greek kalli ‘beautiful’ and cheilos ‘a lip, margin’, see Fl. Trop. Africa [Oliver et al.] 4(1.1): 130–131. 1902, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér. 2, 27: 225. 1948, Helvetica Chimica Acta 50(7): 1939–1960. 1967, Helvetica Chimica Acta 53(4): 749–754. 1970, Helvetica Chimica Acta 60(8): 2830–2853. 1977, African Journal of Biomedical Research 5: 77–79. 2002. Callichilia barteri (Hook. f.) Stapf (Callichilia barteri Stapf; Hedranthera barteri (Hook. f.) Pichon; Tabernaemontana barteri Hook. f.) Tropical Africa, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon. Liana, erect shrub, white latex in all parts, showy and fragrant flowers, paired dull orange dehiscent juicy fleshy fruits See Botanical Magazine 96: t. 5859. 1870 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1.1): 133. 1902, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 27: 225. 1948 (Leaves infusion as a laxative for children; leaves antioxidant, sedative, applied against tumours, swellings, wounds. An extract of the fruit is taken as a vermifuge, to prevent miscarriage and as a treatment against gonorrhea. Magic, ritual.) Callichilia subsessilis (Benth.) Stapf (Callichilia subsessilis Stapf; Tabernaemontana subsessilis Benth.) Tropical Africa. Herb, shrub, erect, sticky milky latex, paired dull orange fruits See Niger Flora [W.J. Hooker]. 448. 1849 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1.1): 132. 1902 (Leaves infusion as a laxative for children. Roots and stem bark anthelmintic, for venereal infections, swellings, tumours.)

See Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 1932, xxiii. 211. 1932, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 97. 1974 (Antifungal, for eczema, itch.) in Sahara: annag Calligonum comosum L’Hér. (Calligonum polygonoides L. subsp. comosum L’Hér.; Calligonum polygonoides subsp. comosum (L’Hér.) Soskov; Calligonum polygonoides subsp. comosus (Herit.) Soskov)

See Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1: 180. 1791 and Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 153. 1975, Fitoterapia 72(5): 487–491. 2001, Fitoterapia 75(2): 149–161. 2004, Asian J. Plant Sci. 5(4): 570–579. 2006, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences (Z. Naturforsch. C) 62(9–10): 656–660. 2007 (Antifungal, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, cytotoxic and antioxidant, for stomach ailments; roots decoction for gum sores; for eczema, itch, young shoots and leaves powdered used externally as an ointment; stems and leaves chewed for curing toothache. Veterinary medicine, to treat scabies in dromedaries.) in English: orta tree in Arabic: abal, arach, aresu, âresû, arta, ârta, arta’a, awarach, âwarâs, larta, orta, orti, ouarach in Sahara: warash Calligonum leucocladum (Schrenk) Bunge (Calligonum alatiforme Pavlov; Calligonum alatiforme subsp. roseum Sosk.; Calligonum androssowii Litv.; Calligonum anfractuosum Bunge; Calligonum aralense Borszcz.; Calligonum batiola Litv.; Calligonum dubianskyi Litv.; Calligonum golbeckii Drobow; Calligonum gracile Litv.; Calligonum gypsaceum Drobow; Calligonum karakalpakense Drobow; Calligonum lanciculatum Pavlov; Calligonum leucocladiforme Drobow; Calligonum leucocladum Bunge; Calligonum lipskyi Litv.; Calligonum obtusum Litv.; Calligonum orthocarpum Drobow; Calligonum physopterum Pavlov; Calligonum plicatum Pavlov; Calligonum quadripterum Korov. ex Pavl.; Calligonum roseum Drobow; Calligonum turbineum Pavlov; Calligonum uzunachmatense Tkatsch.; Pterococcus aphyllus

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Kar. & Kir., not Pallas; Pterococcus leucocladus Schrenk; Pterococcus persicus Boiss. & Buhse) China, Turkestan. See Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. 738. 1773, Reise, App. 738. t. 5. 1776, Reise Russ. Reich. ii. App. 43. 1777, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou xv. (1842) 443. 1842, Flora 25(2, Beibl.): 41. 1842, Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 3: 211. 1845, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 7: 485. 1851, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 12: 191. 1860 and Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Petersb. 1913, xi. 55. 1913, J. Nat. Prod. 67(6): 1044–1046. 2004, International Journal of Integrative Biology 5(3): 148. 2009

Callilepis DC. Asteraceae

(Tubers very poisonous, virulent poison, hepatotoxic, hypoglycemic, can cause acute fatal hepatocellular necrosis, hepatic and renal dysfunction, especially in children. Roots decoction antioxidant, vermifuge, used for tapeworms, snakebite, whooping cough, infertility; an infusion for coughs and as a purgative; crushed root paste applied directly to open wounds, burns. Macerated leaf an external disinfectant. Veterinary medicine, root paste to kill maggots in cattle. Magic, ritual, roots as protective charms placed under the pillow to stop bad dreams.) in English: ox-eye daisy, pine thistle in Southern Africa: amafuthomhlaba, ihlamvu, impila, imPila, mila, wildemargriet

(Antioxidant, from the dried aerial parts. Plant poultice an antidote against poisonous harmful plants and heavy doses of opium.)

Callilepis leptophylla Harv.

in China: dan zhi sha guai zao

See Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 22(6): 641–649. 2000

Calligonum polygonoides L.

(Veterinary medicine, roots ground to a paste for killing maggots in cattle.)

India. Evergreen xerophytic shrub, red roots, small succulent fruits, tender green phyllodes fodder for camels See Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1: 180. 1791 and Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 153. 1975 (Used in Ayurveda. Plant decoction antifungal, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, a gargle for sore gums. Flower buds effective in treating sun stroke.) in English: desert locust, orta tree in India: phog, phoga, phogaro, phoglo, phogro, sphurjaka

Callilepis DC. Asteraceae From the Greek kallos ‘beauty’, kalos, kalli ‘beautiful’ and lepis, lepidos ‘scale’. Callilepis laureola DC. (Callilepis glabra DC.; Callilepis hispida DC.; Callilepis laureola var. glabra (DC.) Harv.; Callilepis laureola var. hispida (DC.) Harv.) South Africa. Perennial herb, tufted, large woody tuberous rootstock, simple or branched from the base, ray florets pure white, dark purple disc-florets tubular See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 671. 1836 and South African Med. J. 45(30): 832–833. 1971, South Afr. Med. J. 55(8): 290–292. 1979, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18(10): 594–597. 1999, Clinical Biochemistry 35(1): 57–64. 2002, Clinical Biochemistry 35(3): 179–180. 2002, Clinical Biochemistry 35(6): 499. 2002, Human & Experimental Toxicology 21(12): 643–647. 2002, Mutation Research/ Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 581(1– 2): 35–42. 2005

South Africa. Erect, slender herb, terminal flower-head usually solitary

in English: velvet sweetberry in South Africa: bergbitterbossie, imphila, imphilane, impila

Callirhoe Nutt. Malvaceae After Kallirhoe or Callirrhoe ‘fair flow, beautiful flowing’, one of the Oceanids, in the Greek mythology the daughter of the river god Achelous and wife of Alcmaeon, see Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2(1): 181–182. 1822. Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray (Callirhoe involucrata A. Gray; Malva involucrata Torr. & A. Gray) North America. Perennial herb See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 226. 1838, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 16, adnot. 1849 (Root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.) in English: purple poppy mallow Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. involucrata (Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray f. novomexicana (Baker f.) Waterf.; Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. novomexicana Baker f.) North America. Perennial herb See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 226. 1838, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 16, adnot. 1849, J. Bot. 29: 49. 1891 and Field & Lab. 19: 111. 1951 (Analgesic root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.)

735

Callisia Loefling Commelinaceae

in English: purple poppy mallow, purple poppymallow

Callisia Loefling Commelinaceae From the Greek kallos ‘beauty’, see Species Plantarum 1: 40–42. 1753, Iter Hispanicum 305. 1758, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 62. 1762, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des plantes 8: 177. 1804 and Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 147. 1923, Kew Bulletin 38(1): 131–133. 1983, Kew Bulletin 41(2): 407–412. 1986, Fl. Novo-Galiciana 13: 130– 201. 1993, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 157–173. 1994, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 386–409. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(1): 63–81. 2007. Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson (Rectanthera fragrans (Lindl.) O. Deg.; Spironema fragrans Lindl.; Spironema orthandrum Lindb.) Mexico. Perennial herb, procumbent, creeping, white flowers See Edwards’s Botanical Register 26(3): pl. 47, misc. 26. 1840, Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 10: 127, t. 4. 1871, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 302. 1881 and Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 39: 70. 1903, Flora Hawaiensis 1: 62. 1932, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29(3): 154. 1942, Veterinary Dermatology 17(1): 70–80. 2007 (Stomachic, diseases of gastrointestinal tract, gall bladder, spleen, and also for pulmonary diseases, bronchial asthma, allergy, itch, wounds, burns, injuries and fractures, dermatitis, lichens, ulcers. Hypersensitivity to leaf extracts, contact dermatitis in dogs.) in English: basketplant, gold whisker, golden tendril, inch plant Callisia gracilis (Kunth) D.R. Hunt (Aneilema gracilis (Kunth) Steyerm., nom. illeg.; Aneilema gracilis f. bicolor (Kunth) Steyerm.; Commelina bicolor Poepp. ex Kunth; Phyodina gracilis (Kunth) Raf.; Tradescantia bicolor Kunth; Tradescantia debilis Kunth; Tradescantia diaphana Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Tradescantia elegans Pritz.; Tradescantia gracilis Kunth; Tradescantia gracilis var. bicolor (Kunth) C.B. Clarke) South America, Ecuador. Herb, sprawling, creeping, prostrate, white flowers See Species Plantarum 1: 288. 1753, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 270. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 261–262, t. 672. 1815[1816], Flora Telluriana 2: 16. 1836[1837], Enum. Pl. 4: 88–89. 1843, Iconum Botanicarum Index 1110. 1854, Monogr. Phan. 3: 298. 1881 and Fieldiana, Botany 28(1): 152. 1951, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 94(4): 531–535. 1999 (Antiherpetic. Used for warts. Leaf and flower infusion taken for high blood pressure, rheumatism, intestinal troubles.) in Latin America: calcha, calso, crespinillo

Callisia repens (Jacq.) L. (Callisia repens var. ciliata Roem. & Schult.; Callisia repens var. mandoni (Hassk.) C.B. Clarke; Callisia repens var. mandonii (Hassk.) C.B. Clarke; Commelina hexandra var. mandonii Hassk.; Hapalanthus repens Jacq.; Spironema robbinsii C. Wright; Tradescantia callisia Sw.) North and Tropical America. Herb, prostrate, epiphyte, leaning, procumbent, white flowers, inflorescences erect See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 1, 12. 1760, Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 603. 1797, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 528. 1817, Flora Telluriana 4: 92. 1836[1838], Anales Acad. Ci. Méd. Habana 7: 609. 1870, Flora Cubana. Enumeratio … 158. 1873, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] 3: 311. 1881 and FOC 24: 39. 2000 (Leaf infusion febrifuge, relaxant, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, taken for gangrene, gastritis, high blood pressure, internal infections, rheumatism.) in English: Bolivian jew, creeping inchplant, turtle vine in China: yang zhu cao in Latin America: calcha, tripa de pollo, yerba de coyontura

Callitriche L. Callitrichaceae (Plantaginaceae) Latin callithrix and Greek kallithrix for a plant used for coloring the hair, also called trichomanes (Plinius); Latin callitrichos and Greek kallitrichos for a plant commonly called adiantum or Capillus veneris, maidenhair (Plinius); Greek kalli ‘beautiful’ Greek thrix, trichos ‘hair’, referring to its appearance and branching, slender stems; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 969. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 5. 1754 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 171–172. 1949, Rhodora 53(632): 185–194. 1951, Fl. Canada 3: 547–1115. 1978, Taxon 53(1): 169–172. 2004. Callitriche fehmedianii Majeed Kak & Javeid India. Submerged, auricled leaves, male and female flowers covered by transparent white spongy bracts See Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 79: 167. 1982 (Crushed plants applied as poultice over the cuts, burns and wounds.) in China: xi nan shui ma chi Callitriche palustris L. (Callitriche anceps subsp. subanceps Á. Löve & D. Löve; Callitriche androgyna L.; Callitriche elegans Petrov; Callitriche fallax Petrov; Callitriche minima (L.) Hoppe; Callitriche palustris var. minima L.; Callitriche palustris var. verna (L.) Fenley ex Jeps.; Callitriche subanceps Petrov; Callitriche verna L.; Callitriche verna subvar. minima (L.) Nyman; Callitriche verna var. minima (L.) Dumort.; Callitriche vernalis var. minima (L.) Lange)

736

Europe. Submerged or floating, translucent, globular fruits deep-grooved near the base See Species Plantarum 2: 969. 1753, Flora Suecica, Editio Secunda Aucta et Emendata 2. 1755, Centuria I. Plantarum … 31. 1775, Florula belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore … 90. 1827, Conspectus florae europaeae: seu Enumeratio methodica plantarum phanerogamarum Europae indigenarum, indicatio distributionis geographicae singularum etc. 250. 1879 and A Flora of California 2(4): 435. 1936, Rhodora 96: 383–386. 1994 (Leaf poultice applied to sores, also to relieve the pain of urinary bladder.) in English: swamp water starwort, water starwort in China: shui ma chi Callitriche stagnalis Scop. (Callitriche palustris subsp. stagnalis (Scop.) Schinz & Thell.; Callitriche stagnalis Scop. emend. Kutz) Europe. Submerged herb, upper leaves in rosette, axillary sessile flowers, surrounded by 2 spongy bracts, food for insects and fishes See Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 2: 251. 1772 and Die Flora der Schweiz ed. 2, 1: 322. 1905, Inform. Bot. Ital. 12: 113–116. 1980, Gött. Floriste Rundbriefe 20(2): 79–100. 1986, Rhodora 96: 383–386. 1994, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 28: 16–18. 1997, Watsonia 21: 365–368. 1997

Callitropsis Oerst. Cupressaceae

States 1: 73. 1923, Agros (Lisbon) 28: 23. 1945, Kalmia 12: 19. 1982, Madroño 18(6): 164. 1966, Systematic Botany 31(3): 474. 2006, Novon 19(3): 304. 2009, Phytologia 91(1): 181. 2009 (Diuretic.) in English: Mexican cypress, Portuguese cypress in East Africa: mtarakwa (Chagga), muturakawa (Kikuyu), omobakora (Kisii) Callitropsis nevadensis (Abrams) D.P. Little (Cupressus arizonica subsp. nevadensis (Abrams) A.E. Murray; Cupressus arizonica var. nevadensis (Abrams) Little; Cupressus lusitanica Mill.; Cupressus macnabiana var. nevadensis (Abrams) Abrams; Cupressus nevadensis Abrams) North America. See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 3. 1768 and Torreya 19(5): 92. 1919, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 1: 73. 1923, Agros (Lisbon) 28: 23. 1945, Kalmia 12: 19. 1982, Madroño 18(6): 164. 1966, Systematic Botany 31(3): 474. 2006, Novon 19(3): 304. 2009, Phytologia 91(1): 181. 2009 (Analgesic, for cold, cough.)

Calluna Salib. Ericaceae

in English: common starwort, European water-starwort, water starwort

Greek kallunein, kallyno ‘to sweep, adorn, cleanse’, the branches are used as brooms; see R.A. Salisbury, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 6: 317, in obs. 1802.

Callitropsis Oerst. Cupressaceae

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (Calluna vulgaris Salisb.; Erica vulgaris L.; Ericoides vulgaris (L.) Merino; Ericoides vulgaris (Salisb.) B.Merino)

(Leaves applied as poultice on wounds.)

See A Description of the Genus Pinus 2: 18. 1824, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 6: 32. 1864 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 45: 432. 1922, Regnum Veg. 100: 266. 1979, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34(2): 117–123. 1996. Callitropsis lusitanica (Mill.) D.P. Little (Cupressus benthamii Endl.; Cupressus benthamii var. knightiana (Perry ex Gordon) Mast.; Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi (Klotzsch ex Endl.) Mast.; Cupressus knightiana Perry ex Gordon; Cupressus lindleyi Klotzsch ex Endl.; Cupressus lusitanica Mill.; Cupressus lusitanica subsp. mexicana (Koch) Maire; Cupressus lusitanica var. benthamii (Endl.) Carrière; Cupressus lusitanica var. knightiana Rehder; Cupressus macnabiana var. nevadensis (Abrams) Abrams; Hesperocyparis lusitanica (Mill.) Bartel; Neocupressus lusitanica (Mill.) de Laub.)

Europe. See Species Plantarum 1: 352. 1753, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 6: 317. 1802, Brit. Fl., ed 2 (Hull) 114. 1808 and Merino, Baltasar 1845–1917), Flora descriptiva é illustrada de Galicia. Tomo I-III. Santiago, Tipografía Galaica, 1905– 1909, Taxon 29: 725–726. 1980, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 39: 533–539. 1983, Acta Bot. Fenn. 130. 1985, Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 33: 69–72. 1986, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 32: 175–177, 181. 1990, Lagascalia 24: 175–182. 2004, Pharmazie. 64(10): 656–659. 2009 (Antioxidant.) in English: common heather, heather, Scotch heather, Scottish heather, white heather

Mexico, Guatemala. Evergreen, fast-growing, straight trunk, bark red-brown

Calocedrus Kurz Cupressaceae

See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 3. 1768 and Torreya 19(5): 92. 1919, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific

From the Greek kallos ‘beauty’, kalos, kalli ‘beautiful’ and kedros ‘cedar’, see Species Plantarum 2: 1002. 1753,

737

Calochortus Pursh Liliaceae (Calochortaceae)

Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse 3: 311. 1833, Synopsis Coniferarum 42. 1847, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 11: 196, t. 133. 1873 and Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 16: 88. 1907[1908]. Calocedrus decurrens (Torrey) Florin (Heyderia decurrens (Torr.) K. Koch; Libocedrus decurrens Torrey; Thuja decurrens (Torr.) Voss) North America. Perennial tree See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 6(2): 7–8, pl. 3. 1853, Dendrologie 2(2): 179. 1873 and Taxon 5: 192. 1956, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 18(4): 439–444. 1996, Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology 2(4): 228–236. 2002 (Deoxypodophyllotoxin as the active compound. Decoction of leaves taken for stomach troubles; leaves infusion steam inhaled for colds.) in English: incense cedar

(Bulb stimulant, tonic. Ceremonial, ritual.) in English: golden mariposa lily Calochortus gunnisonii S. Watson North America. Perennial herb, food See Botany [Fortieth Parallel]: 348. 1871 (Plant infusion or decoction taken for swellings, postpartum remedy. Ceremonial. Veterinary medicine.) in English: Gunnison’s mariposa lily Calochortus gunnisonii S. Watson var. gunnisonii (Calochortus gunnisonii var. immaculatus Cockerell; Calochortus gunnisonii var. kreglagii Regel; Calochortus gunnisonii var. krelagei Regel; Calochortus gunnisonii var. maculatus Cockerell; Calochortus gunnisonii var. purus Cockerell) North America. Perennial herb, food

in Mexico: cedro incienso

See Botany [Fortieth Parallel]: 348. 1871, Gartenflora 22: 213. 1873, Gartenflora 23: 129. 1874, W. Amer. Sci. 5: 17. 1888, West. Am. Sci. 6: 135. 1889

Calochortus Pursh Liliaceae (Calochortaceae)

(Plant infusion taken for swellings. Ceremonial. Veterinary medicine.)

Greek kalos ‘beautiful’ and chortos ‘green herbage, grass’, alluding to the grass-like leaves. See Friedrich Traugott Pursh (1774–1820), Flora Americae Septentrionalis. 1: 240. London 1814 [Dec 1813–Jan 1814], Brit. Fl. Gard. 3: t. 273. 1828, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1868: 168. 1868 and Marion Ownbey, “A monograph of the genus Calochortus Pursh.” in Annals Missouri Botanical Garden. 27: 371–560. 1940, Leaflets of Western Botany 4(1): 1. 1944, Gerritsen, M.E. & Parsons, R. Calochortus: Mariposa Lilies & Their Relatives. Timber Press, Inc. Portland, U.S.A.. 2007. Calochortus amabilis Purdy (Calochortus pulchellus Douglas ex Benth. var. amabilis (Purdy) Jeps.; Calochortus pulchellus var. amabilis Jeps.; Calochortus pulchellus var. maculosus S. Watson ex Purdy; Calochortus pulchellus var. maculosus S. Watson) North America. Perennial herb, bulbs eaten See Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, ser. 2, 1(5): 412. 1835, Zoe 1: 245. 1890 [Zoë] and Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., III, 2(4): 119, pl. 19, f. 1. 1901, A Flora of Western Middle California [Jepson] 113. 1901

in English: Gunnison’s mariposa lily Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas (Mariposa macrocarpa (Douglas) Hoover) North America. Perennial herb, stout, straight, fan-like petals, narrow pointed sepals, food, forage See Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7: 276. 1830 and Leafl. W. Bot. 4: 2. 1944 (Crushed bulbs made into a paste applied to the skin for skin diseases, poison ivy.) in English: green-banded mariposa, sagebrush mariposa lily Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas var. macrocarpus (Calochortus acuminatus Rydb.; Calochortus cyaneus A. Nelson; Calochortus douglasianus Schult.f.; Calochortus macrocarpus var. cyaneus (A. Nelson) J.F. Macbr.; Calochortus macrocarpus var. cyaneus J.F. Macbr.; Calochortus pavonaceus Fernald North America. Perennial herb, food, forage

in English: Diogenes’ lantern

See Bijdr. Natuurk. Wetensch. 4: 127. 1829, Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7: 276. 1830, Bot. Gaz. 19: 335. 1894, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 189. 1897 and Bot. Gaz. 53: 219. 1912, Contr. Gray Herb. 56: 14. 1918, Leafl. W. Bot. 4: 2. 1944

Calochortus aureus S. Watson (Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus (S. Watson) Ownbey)

(Crushed bulbs made into a paste applied to the skin for skin diseases, poison ivy.)

North America. Perennial herb, food

in English: green-banded mariposa, sagebrush mariposa lily

See Amer. Naturalist 7(5): 303. 1873 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 27(4): 493. 1940

Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & A. Gray (Calochortus luteus Nutt., nom. illeg.; Calochortus luteus Douglas ex Lindl.;

(Tonic, stimulant, stomachic.)

738

Calochortus luteus Douglas ex Kunth; Calochortus nuttallii Torr.; Calochortus rhodothecus Clokey; Calochortus watsonii M.E. Jones) North America. Perennial herb, stout straight erect stem, narrow linear leaves, bowl-shaped white flowers, broad rounded petals, pointed sepals, edible bulb See Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1567. 1833, Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 4: 233. 1833–1850, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 53. 1834, An Expedition to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah 397. 1852 and Contr. W. Bot. 14: 26. 1912, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37: 1. 1938 (Ceremonial, ritual, the flowers.) in English: sago lily, sego-lily

Caloncoba Gilg Flacourtiaceae From the Greek kalos ‘beautiful’ and the genus Oncoba, see Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 3: 59. 1786, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 255. 1824 and Blumea—Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography 53(1): 1–222. 2008. Caloncoba brevipes (Stapf) Gilg (Oncoba brevipes Stapf) West Tropical Africa. Tree, seeds eaten See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 84. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 459. 1908, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 19: 256. 1997 (Bark pain-killer, inner bark and leaves for headache. Seed oil for subcutaneous parasitic infection, skin diseases, crawcraw and scrofula.)

Caloncoba Gilg Flacourtiaceae

insecticide, arachnicide, pounded seeds against lice and mange.) in English: elephant’s comb in Cameroon: gorli in Ghana: esono ankyi, gbogble, marhebomuane, obafufu, okyere, orbafufu, wanka in Guinea: kuêuéui in Ivory Coast: gbétélibé, katupo in Liberia: dooh, flanchu in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, otiemme, udara-nwewe in Sierra Leone: fen-kone, goli, gorli, kẻ-nanafira, komehumda, kulukenyo, kumin-kanya, kumin-kone, nikawumbi, nyanyando in Paraguay: chamulgra Caloncoba gilgiana (Sprague) Gilg (Oncoba gilgiana Sprague) Sierra Leone. Shrub or small tree, straggling, thorny, arching branches, fragrant white flowers See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5(12): 1164–1166. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 40(3): 460–461. 1908 (Antidote to poison, purgative.) in Ghana: asratoa, aweawu, efiohle, gbogble, kotowiri, nwoantia, okyere, sissiru in Ivory Coast: kauanunguessé in Nigeria: iroko-ojo

in Ivory Coast: butue, dolié, dule

in Sierra Leone: gene, kenye, kokwi, singo

in Liberia: kene kene, kênê kênê, klehn

in Togo: efiohle

in Sierra Leone: gene, kene, kenne, kenye Caloncoba echinata (Oliv.) Gilg (Caloncoba echinata Gilg; Oncoba echinata Oliv.) Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, perennial, erect, wood very hard, stiff wavy leaves, small white flowers with yellow center, yellow spiny ripe fruits, fruit pulp edible, seeds sweet and oily See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica cxiii, 103–104. 1775, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 118–119. 1868 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 458, 464. 1908, Journal of Natural Products 65(12): 1764–1768. 2002 (Fruits and leaves for sores, skin eruptions and inflammation. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, pustular eruptions, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds

Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg (Lindackeria dentata (Oliv.) Gilg; Oncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Planch.; Ventenatia glauca P. Beauv.) Nigeria. Small tree, edible orange-yellow spiny fruits, shining black seeds with a red aril See Flore d’Oware 30. 1805, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 6: 296. 1847, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 119. 1868 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 459, 465. 1908 (Hydrocyanic acid in the leaves, bark and roots. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, yaws, pustular eruptions, venereal diseases, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles; leaf sap pain killer. Seeds insecticide, rodenticide, arachnicide; leaf decoction to kill fleas. Bark root astringent;

739

Calophyllum L. Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

root decoction drunk and root ash rubbed on areas of edema. Magic, ritual, leaf sap to keep the spirits of the dead away.)

Calophyllum L. Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, kankan dika, kánkán dìká, ntuebi, oru kpakokwa, otiemme, otienme, otiosa, pomuseghe, udalā ènwè, udallaenwe, udara-nwewe

From the Greek kalos ‘beautiful’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 513–514. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 229. 1754, An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 74. 1836 and Fl. Bermuda 246. 1918, J. Arnold Arbor. 61: 117–699. 1980, Quimica Nova 29(3): 549–554. 2006, Chemistry & Biodiversity 6(3): 313– 327. 2009.

in Sierra Leone: bewo, boku, fulo, fulo-kpokpo, hengwa, maiyungbe, ngaingainge, sime, toya-hina, xaienyi

Calophyllum apetalum Willd. (Calophyllum decipiens Wight)

Caloncoba mannii (Oliv.) Gilg (Camptostylus mannii (Oliv.) Gilg; Oncoba mannii Oliv.)

India. Tree, rusty tomentose, young branches quadrangular, sticky watery sap, white flowers in axillary panicle

Tropical Africa. Tree, white flowers, fruit eaten by monkeys

See Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 5: 79. 1811 and Fl. Karnataka 1: 202. 1996, Fl. Madras 1: 76. 1997

in Ghana: asratoa in Ivory Coast: boua, dédébroguissé

See Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 117. 1868 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 462. 1908, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 21: 398. 1925 (Bark decoction febrifuge, to dress sores. Powdered root sedative, astringent, made into snuff for head colds, nasopharyngeal affections and headache.) in Central African Republic: mwangalé, mwangali Caloncoba subtomentosa Gilg (Oncoba subtomentosa (Gilg) S. Hul & Breteler) Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, white flowers See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 463. 1908, Adansonia sér. 3, 19: 260. 1997

(Used in Sidha. Gum used as an astringent.) in India: arrupunna, attupunna, bobbe, bobbi, bobbi mara, boobi mara, calhonne, cheruponne, cherupunna, cherupunnayari, chiraponne, cirupunnai, erai, haraluponne, holi honne, holihonne, irai, iray, kal honne, kala honne, kalhonne, kalla honne, kallonne, kalponne, kalpoone, kalpoovu, kirihonne, lahan-undi, manja punna, manjapunna, punna, punnai, punnai vittu, punnakam, shri hone, shrihonne, valuzhavam Calophyllum austroindicum Kosterm. ex P.F. Stevens (Calophyllum trapezifolium sensu Anders.) India. Tree, clear latex, white flowers in axillary panicle

(Bark vermifuge.)

See J. Arnold Arbor. 61(2): 250. 1980, Phytochemistry 43(3): 681–685. 1996, Fl. Karnataka 1: 202. 1996, Fl. Madras 1: 76. 1997, Current Medicinal Chemistry 10(1): 1–12. 2003

in Congo: n’sendesende, osendesende

(Antibacterial.)

Caloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg (Oncoba welwitschii Oliv.)

in English: rhomb leaved poon

Tropical Africa. Small tree, scented white flowers, prickly fruits, elephants eat leaves, monkeys and elephants eat fruit See Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 117. 1868 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 462. 1908 (Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, skin infections. Leaves for dropsy, edema, swellings, gout; leaf sap pain killer. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds insecticide, repellent, arachnicide. Hydrocyanic acid the in leaves, bark and roots. Dried powdered seeds poisonous.) in Central African Republic: esoko, gbegolo, isoko in Congo: nteela in Gabon: ditouk di kari, niam ‘n ‘gom in Tanzania: muwabo

in India: cheru pinnai, kattupunna Calophyllum biflorum M.R. Hend. & Wyatt-Sm. Indonesia. Tree See The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 15: 349. 1956 (Crushed fresh bark as fish poison.) in Indonesia: kayu betao Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana (Calophyllum changii N. Robson) China, Philippines. Erect tree, long terminal bud, flowers creamy white, hairy panicles See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4, 15: 272. 1861 and Austral. J. Bot. 22: 206–218. 1974, Flora of Taiwan 2: 621. 1976, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 52(4): 402–405. 2004, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 53(2): 244–247. 2005

740

Calophyllum L. Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

(Antiviral, anti-coronavirus, anticarcinogenic, from the roots. Sap of the bark used locally as a cure for boils and wounds; for asthma, a cloth kept moist with the sap applied on the breasts.)

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 15: 291. 1861 and J. Nat. Prod. 63(11): 1471–1474. 2000, Planta Medica 68(1): 41–44. 2002, Molecules 7(1): 38–50. 2002, Life Sciences 75(25): 3077–3085. 2004

in China: lan yu hong hou ke

(Antifungal, antimalarial, diuretic.)

in Philippines: basangal, bitangol, bitanhol, bitaog-bakil, bitaol, bitaong, botol, hitaog, palo Maria, palo Maria del monte, palumut, pameklaten, pamitaogen, pamitaoyen, pamitaugen, pamitlatiin, tadak

Calophyllum dispar P.F. Stevens Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. See J. Arnold Arbor. 61(3): 524. 1980, J. Nat. Prod. 64(5): 563–568. 2001, Phytochemistry 58(4): 571–575. 2001

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Calophyllum antillanum Britton; Calophyllum brasiliense var. antillanum (Britton) Standl.; Calophyllum ellipticum Rusby; Calophyllum lucidum Benth.; Calophyllum piaroanum An. Castillo & C. Gil; Calophyllum rekoi Standl.)

India.

Brazil.

See The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India 1: t. 2. 1869

See Species Plantarum 1: 514. 1753, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 269. 1763, Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: 247–248, t. 67. 1825, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 370. 1843 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(6): 192. 1919, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 5(4): 584. 1924, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 7: 303. 1927, Tropical Woods 30: 7. 1932, Ernstia (2nd series) 1(1): 41, f. 1. 1991, Journal of Chemical Ecology 23(7): 1901–1911. 1997, J. Nat. Prod. 66(3): 368–371. 2003, Parasitology Research 101(3): 715– 722. 2007, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59(5): 719–725. 2007

(Used in Sidha.)

(Antifungal, antileishmanial, antiproliferative, cytotoxic and antitumour. Moist sawdust caused persistent dermatitis and folliculitis.) in Tropical America: galba, guaranandi, jacareúba, jacareuba, landim, leche María, Maria, olandi, palo de Maria, palo de Santa Maria (references are to the mother of Christ), Santa Maria Calophyllum calaba L. (Calophyllum antillanum Britton; Calophyllum calaba Griseb.; Calophyllum calaba Jacq., nom. illeg. hom.) India. Tree, scented flowers, milky yellowish latex See Species Plantarum 1: 514. 1753, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 269. 1763, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] 8: 594. 1893 and Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 5(4): 584. 1924, Regnum Veg. 127: 28. 1993 (To treat skin diseases.) in English: Santa Maria tree in India: tsjerou-ponna Calophyllum caledonicum Vieill. ex Planch. & Triana New Caledonia.

(Cytotoxic.) Calophyllum elatum Bedd.

in India: kattu punnai, kattuppinnai Calophyllum gracilipes Merr. Philippines. See Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 197. 1910 (Strongly cytotoxic, useful for the treatment of melanoma.) Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Balsamaria inophyllum (L.) Loureiro; Calophyllum calaba Jacq.; Calophyllum inophyllum Sieber ex Presl; Calophyllum inophyllum Lam.; Calophyllum tacamahaca Willd.) (Greek is, inos ‘fiber, strength’ and phyllon ‘leaf’) India. Shade tree, spreading crown, leaning, latex, leathery leaves, very fragrant white flowers in axillary racemes, white petals and yellow stamens, globose fruit coarsely wrinkled, bark contains tannin, common on beaches See Species Plantarum 1: 513–514. 1753, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 552. 1785, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 464, 469–470. 1790, Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 5: 79. 1811, Isis, xxi. (1828) 274. 1828 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 972. 1980 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fruits, seeds and leaves poisonous. Sap irritates the skin and eyes, allergic contact dermatitis. Seed oil rubefacient, irritant, vermifuge, used for ringworm and rheumatism; pounded seeds tied to scrotum to reduce hydrocele. Resin from the mast-wood tree emetic and purgative. Stem bark for skin disorders. Decoction and powder of bark, leaves and flowers to treat eye disease. Leaves and bark rubefacient. Leaves for skin inflammation and infections, ulcers, wounds, scabies, sores; tender leaves juice as eye drops; leaves heated and applied to cuts and sores. Milky yellow latex from the leaves diluted with water and applied to irritated eyes; milky latex from tender twigs and midribs of leaves applied as eye drops; latex applied for killing lice; sap used as arrow poison. Fruits pesticide, against

741

Calophyllum L. Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

fungal infection. Flowers presented to God during worship. Fruits, seeds and leaves as fish poison.) in English: Alexandrian laurel, beach calophyllum, beauty leaf, Borneo mahogany, domba oil, doomba tree, Indian laurel, laurelwood, mastwood, pinnay oil, sweet scented calophyllum, Tacamahac tree, tongan oil

in Pacific: feta’u, kamani, kamanu, tamono, tamanu Calophyllum kunstleri King Malaysia. See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 59(2): 174. 1890

in Comoros: mkorwa

(Plant decoction as a postpartum remedy.)

in Madagascar: foraha, forara, vintagno

Malay name: panas belukar

in China: hong hou ke

Calophyllum lanigerum Miq.

in India: arttakecam, betan, cayantakam, cayantakamaram, ceruppuna, cerupunna, cherupinna, cherupuna, cherupunna, cimmantacikam, culetam, culetamaram, curalam, cuvetputpakam, doomba, hona, honne, honne kaayi mara, honnu, hoo home, hoo honne, huhome, huhonne, in-yanng, intanng, kallu honne, kecaram, koove mara, kopikakitam, kopikakitamaram, koppika, koppikamaram, kukattal, kuruntutikam, kuruntutikamaram, la monk, lamonk, macarrapattiram, makapucurapi, makapucurpimaram, mara, matukatitam, matukatitamaram, murunkai, naameru, naameru mara, nagam, nagchampa, nakam, namaeru, namaeruak, nameru, nameyru mara, narruti, ooma mara, panchakaeshera, patalatturumam, patumakecaram, pillaicceti, pine, pinekai, pinmai, pinnai, pinnay unnay, pinnaykai, pitataru, pitatarumaram, polanga, ponna, ponna-chettu, ponna vithulu, ponnachettu, ponnakam, ponnakum, ponnavittulu, ponne, ponneda, ponnekayi, ponnu, poona, poonas, poone, pouna, pumag, pumagamu, puna, punas, punna, punnaagamu, punnacam, punnacamaram, punnaga, punnagah, punnagam, punnagamu, punnagavrikshaha, punnagum, punnai, punnaimaram, punnaivirai, punnakam, punnaman, punnappoovu, purusa akacciyam, purusam, purutaki, purutakimaram, purutam, srihonne, sudaabu mara, sultana-champa, sultanachampa, sultanah-champa, sultanchampa, sura honne, suraganne-mara, suragonne, surahonnae, surahonne, surangi, surhonne, surpan, surpunika, surpunka, taa, tamalai, tankakecaram, tevali, tevalimaram, tunga, tungakesara, uma, undag, undela, undi, ungam, vacanaikkenti, viranankalkustampokki, voma, vuma, wuma, wundi

Sarawak, Malaysia.

in Japan: teriha-boku (= shiny-leaved tree), yarabu Malayan names: bintangor bunga, bodek laut, paku achu, penaga laut, pudek

See Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 3: 498. 1861 (alt. Flora Indiae Batavae, … Supplementum Primum. Prodromus Florae Sumatranae) and J. Med. Chem. 35: 2735–2743. 1992 (Potential anti-AIDS drugs.) Calophyllum lanigerum Miq. var. austrocoriaceum (T.C. Whitmore) P.F. Stevens) Southeast Asia. See J. Arnold Arbor. 61(2): 358. 1980, J. Med. Chem. 35: 2735–2743. 1992 (Potential anti-AIDS drugs.) Calophyllum lowei Planchon & Triana Borneo. See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 15: 271. 1861 (Gum resin, heated with coconut milk, applied to relieve itching and other skin affections.) Calophyllum membranaceum Gardner & Champion (Calophyllum spectabile Hooker & Arnott, not Willdenow) China, Hong Kong. Shrub, petals white See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 1: 309. 1849 (Roots and leaves used for traumatic injuries or rheumatoid arthritis.) in China: bao ye hong hou ke Calophyllum moonii Wight

in Myanmar: hpang, pon-nyet

India, Sri Lanka. Tree

in Papua New Guinea: autawe, calapuline, kwakwamu, oroto, pudeu, vitau

See Phytochemistry 46(7): 1293–1295. 1997, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66(3): 339–342. 1999, Planta Medica 68(6): 541–543. 2002

in Philippines: bangkalan, bataraw, bitaog, bitaoi, bitok, bitong, butalao, butalaw, dagkaan, dagkalan, dangkalan, dingkalan, langkalan, palo Maria de la playa, pamitaogen, tambotambok, vutalau

(Antibacterial.) Calophyllum palustre Ridley

in Vietnam: cay cong, mu u

Borneo.

in Guam: daog, kamani, palo Maria

See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938, 121. 1938

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Calopogonium Desv. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

(Gum resin, heated with coconut milk, applied to relieve itching and other skin affections.)

Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde.]

Calophyllum pauciflorum A.C. Sm.

(Bark and gummy resin medicinal, for cutanous affections. Leaves and roots insecticide. Seed oil for leprosy.)

New Guinea. See J. Arnold Arbor. xxii. 348. 1941, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 44(2): 441–443. 1996 (Antibacterial.) Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy (Calophyllum elatum Bedd.; Calophyllum smilesianum Craib; Calophyllum smilesianum var. luteum Craib; Calophyllum thorelii Pierre; Calophyllum williamsianum Craib) India, Thailand. Tree, watery latex, white fragrant flowers in panicles See Descr. Guttif. Inde. 43. 1849 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1924(3): 85–87. 1924, J. Arnold Arbor. 61: 220. 1980, Fl. Karnataka 1: 203. 1996, Fl. Madras 1: 76. 1997, J. Nat. Prod. 67(9): 1598–1600. 2004, Pharmaceutical Biology 45(3): 255–258. 2007

Calophyllum teysmannii Miq. (For the Dutch botanist Johannes Elias Teijsmann (Teysmann), 1809–1882, traveller, gardener and botanical explorer, plant collector, 1831– 1869, Curator of the Buitenzorg (Bogor) Botanic Gardens; see John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 365. 1965, Theodore W. Bossert, compil., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 397. Boston, Mass. 1972, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 6: 201–204. 1986, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993.) Sumatra. (Strongly cytotoxic, antibacterial, useful for the treatment of melanoma.)

(Anti-proliferative.)

Calophyllum teysmannii Miq. var. inophylloide (King) P.F. Stevens (Calophyllum inophylloide King; Calophyllum teysmannii Zoll. ex Planch. & Triana)

in English: sirpoon tree

Sarawak, Malaysia, Sumatra.

in China: dian nan hong hou ke

See Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 3: 499. 1861, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 15: 275. 1861, DC. Monog. Phan. viii. (1893) 549. 1893, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lix. (1896) ii. t. 88. 1896 and J. Arnold Arbor. 61(3): 436. 1980, Biorganic Med. Chem. Letter. 4: 1961–1964. 1994, Phytochemistry 53(8): 1021–1024. 2000

in India: katta pinnai, kattupunna, malampunna, pinnapai, poon, poonspar, punna, punnai, punnapine, salhonne, sirpoon, srikonnai, surhoni in Myanmar: tharapi Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f. (Calophyllum lancifolium Elmer; Calophyllum soualatti Burm.f.; Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f. ex F. Muell.; Calophyllum soulattrie Burm.f.; Calophyllum sulatri Eeden.; Calophyllum zschokkei Elmer)

(Antibacterial. Latex significant anti-HIV activity.) Calophyllum wightianum Wall. ex Planch. & Triana (Calophyllum decipiens Wight; Calophyllum wightianum Wall.) India.

Java, Celebes. Tree, bole brownish-yellow, inner bark reddish-brown with white sap, twigs powdery hairy

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4, 15: 256. 1861

See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 121. 1768 and Leaflets of Philippine Botany 7: 2683, 2686. 1915, Fitoterapia 73(7/8): 741–743. 2002

(Oil from the seeds to treat leprosy and other cutaneous affections.)

(Antimicrobial, seed paste applied on eczema. Bark sap used as fish poison.)

Calophyllum zeylanicum Kosterm.

in India: dakartalada

in India: cheruthekku Sri Lanka.

in Indonesia: kayu tuwé

See Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci., 12(1): 70. 1976, Journal of Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: 1831–1835. 1981

in Myanmar: pan-taga, tharapi

(Antibacterial.)

Calophyllum tacamahaca Willd. (Calophyllum spectabile Willd.) Indian Ocean, India, Mauritius. Trees, opposite leaves, white flowers in clusters, ovoid fruits See Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 5: 79. 1811 [Der Gesellschaft

Calopogonium Desv. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae) Greek kalos ‘beautiful’ and pogon ‘a beard’; see Nicaise Auguste Desvaux (1784–1856), in Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 9: 423. 1826 and Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks

Calotropis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

Univ. Utrecht 52: 1–78. 1939, Flora de Cuba 2: 224–367. 1951, Brittonia 7 (5): 389–414. 1952, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Cuscatlania 1 (2): 1–16. 1979, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67(3): 523–818. 1980 [1981], Revta brasil. Bot. 8: 31–45. 1985, Fl. Lesser Antilles (DicotyledoneaePart 1) 4: 334–538. 1988. Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Sauvalle (Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Hemsl.; Calopogonium caeruleum Hemsl.; Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Britton; Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Wright; Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Wright ex Sauvalle; Calopogonium coeruleum (Benth.) Sauvalle; Calopogonium coeruleum var. glabrescens (Benth.) Malme; Calopogonium sericeum (Benth.) Chodat & Hassl.; Calopogonium sericeum (Benth.) Chodat & Hassl. var. villicalyx Chodat & Hassl.; Stenolobium caeruleum Benth.) Colombia, Cuba. Perennial climbing shrub, herb, vine, corolla blue or purple, straight fruit appressed pubescent See Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus 61. 1837, Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Medicas … 5: 337. 1868[1869], Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 1(4): 301. 1880, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 16: 262. 1889 and Journal of Bacteriology 187(18): 6479–6487. 2005 (Vermifuge, antibacterial.) in Thailand: thua sealulium Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. (Calopogonium brachycarpum (Benth.) Benth. ex Hemsl.; Calopogonium brachycarpum Hemsl.; Calopogonium flavidum Brandegee; Calopogonium orthocarpum Urb.; Glycine javanica sensu Backer; Stenolobium brachycarpum Benth.) Central and S. America. Perennial non-climbing herb, prostrate, vigorous, creeping, twining or trailing, flowers deep blue in short racemes, rapid growth, forage See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 9: 423. 1826 and Amer. J. Bot. 67: 595–602. 1980, Pharmaceutical Biology 26(4): 246–252. 1988 (A poultice of the leaves and stem applied to snakebites wounds. Leaves used as a cure for filariasis. Molluscicidal.) in English: calopo, wild ground nut in China: mao man dou in Indonesia: kacang asu, kalopogonium in Philippines: karaparapak sara naw, santing in Thailand: thua-khalapo in Tonga: fuekala

Calotropis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) From the Greek kalos ‘beautiful’ and tropis ‘ship, keel’, see Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 39 (preprint). 1810, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The

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second edition 2: 78. 1811, Genera Plantarum 1272. 1840 and Nordic J. Bot. 11(3): 301–308. 1991, Ali, A.M. et al. “Antiviral and cytotoxic activities of some plants used in Malaysian indigenous medicine.” Pertanika 19(2–3): 129– 136. 1996, Stevens, W.D., C. Ulloa, A. Pool & O.M. Montiel, Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1–2666. 2001, Khadija Abbassi et al. “Biological effects of alkaloïds extracted from three plants of Moroccan arid areas on the desert locust.” Physiological Entomology 28(3): 232–236. 2003, International Journal of Food Science & Technology 42(2): 220–223. 2007 Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton (Asclepias gigantea L.; Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.; Calotropis gigantiea (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.; Madorius giganteus (L.) Kuntze; Madorius giganteus Kuntze; Periploca cochinchinensis Lour.; Streptocaulon cochinchinense (Lour.) G. Don; Streptocaulon cochinchinense G. Don) Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Tanzania, Kenya. Tall shrub or small tree, stout, erect, suffrutescent, succulent, woody stem, milky sap, blue-gray purple or redflowered, corona with 5 narrow fleshy scales, ovoid boatshaped inflated recurved turgid follicles mostly in pairs, silky hairy seeds See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212, 214–217. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 167. 1790, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 39. 1810, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 2: 78. 1811, Systema Vegetabilium 6: 91. 1820, Contributions to the Botany of India 64. 1834, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 162. 1837, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 421. 1891, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 148. 1895 and Revised Handb. to the Flora of Ceylon 1(1): 35. 1973, Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Science and Culture 46: 28–29. 1980, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 75(3-VI): 233–234. 1988, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 40(8): 2007–13. 1992, L.S. Patil et al. “Use of the milky sap from Calotropis gigantea as a proteolytic enzyme in blood group serology.” Transfusion 33(11): 963–963. 1993, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 46(3): 528– 530. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 80(2–3): 147–153. 2002, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004, Toxicon. 46(1): 84–92. 2005, Phytother. Res. 19(5): 454–456. 2005, Nepal Med. Coll. J. 8(3): 156–161. 2006, J. Ethnopharmacol. 106(1): 142–145. 2006, J. Nat. Prod. 69(8): 1249–1251. 2006, Contraception. 75(4): 318–322. 2007, Fitoterapia 78(1): 40–42. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Caustic, can be violently irritant, in contact with the eye, the latex causes severe irritation; abortifacient, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, cytotoxic, procoagulant, anti-diarrheal, antidote for snakebites and scorpion stings. Latex dropped into teeth with caries, also to treat bronchial asthma, boils, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, nervous disorders; applied on wound caused by a thorn or a spine; for headache, apply the white milk to the skin over the side of the head where headache is; if the gum or

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twig introduced into vagina it will cause abortion; latex to kill wound maggots; milky latex given as antidote, antivenom for snakebite; milky latex applied in cases of dog, fox and monkey bites to prevent rabies. Bark for the treatment of neurodermatitis and syphilis; bark boiled and liquid used on children with skin rash; a mixture of stem bark and black pepper given orally in epilepsy; febrifuge for children, bark and that of Tectona boiled together. Roots insect repellent, astringent, antiseptic, also used in leprosy, dysentery, eczema, syphilis, elephantiasis, ulceration and cough; root paste applied on snakebite and scorpion sting; root paste given in cholera to check loose motion. Smoke of the burnt leaves inhaled to treat ulcerations of the nose; fresh leaves extract taken for malaria. Dried powdered pure white flowers with honey given in mental disorders, hysteria, madness. Sacred plant, used in religion and magico-religious beliefs; ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja; leaves used in pooja; flowers offered to Lord Shiva and Hanuman, for Durga worship; plants with white flowers worshipped since it is believed that the knotted roots of the plant are abode of Lord Shiva and Ganesh. Fish poison. Veterinary medicine, leaves boiled and applied on boils; flowers for ephemeral fevers; ground roots fed for maggot wounds; leaves of Cassia italica with flower of Calotropis gigantea and fruit of Terminalia chebula pounded and given orally in constipation.) in English: asclepiad tree, bowstring-hemp, crown flower, crown plant, giant Indian milkweed, giant milkweed, giant milky weed, gigantic swallow wort, madar, madar flower, milkweed, mudar in East Africa: mpumbula in China: niu jiao gua in India: aak, aakdo, aank, aarka, ab shir madar, aditya, aekka, aekka maale, aekki gida, ag, aharbandhava, aharmani, aharpati, ahauna, ahgaram, ak, aka, akado, akan, akanak, akanda, akaona, akarai, akari, akahua, akda, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdachajhada, akdamu-jhada, akdo, ake, akh, akh ke phool, akom, akom aring, akon, akona, akond, akond mul, akondo, akra, akro, akuan, alacikacceti, alacikam, alagar, alakam, alal, alark, alarka, alarkah, alarpal, amarkkam, ancolam, angkot, ank, arak arak mara, arakh, arakha, arakho gatch, arakkam, arakkanceti, arakkaparani, ariccunam, ark, arka, arka-gida, arka vrikshaha, arkagatch, arkah (= sun), arkamu, arkavrikshaha, arkkam, arkku, arkopathra, aruccanam, aruccunam, aruccunanceti, aruchunam, arukkam, arukkan, arukku, arulagam, arulakam, aryama, ashur, asphotaka, atittiyam, attaticai, attaticam, attiaticaicceti, aush shar, aushar, badabadam, belerica, belericu, bhanu, bhaskara, bij-elosha, bikkortono, bili ekkada gida, buggejilor, buka, bukam, burg akh taza, byclospa, caikattilam, calaippota, campalam, cantamani, cantamanicceti, cantamappam, cantamayam, catakacuriyan, catakam, catalacceti, catalam, catam, catanapam, cataparikacceti, cataparikam, catapatalam, catapatam, catappan, cataputacceti, cataputam, cataputpam, cataputpi, cayitakam, ciraccatam, cirapiraneci,

Calotropis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

citaputpakam, civavallapam, cukalavi, cukapala, cukapalai, cukapalam, curam, curi, curiyanam, curiyanvintu, curiyapputu, cuvetakucumam, cuvetakucumoppi, dhavi rui, dholaakdo, diensam, dinesam, divakar, ekayitcakam, ekka, ekkai, ekkamale, ekke, ekkemale, ela wara, eri, ericu, erikalan, erikka, erikku, erukka, erukkalai, erukkam, erukkam ver, erukkampal, erukkan, erukkanceti, erukkila pacha, erukkin veru, erukku, eruku, ganarupa, gul madar, gule akh taza, gurt-akand, haridashva, hela wara, himarati, irumpunirricceti, irupunirri, itcika, jambhala, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, jilleru, jillidi, kadrati, kanaripam, kanatipam, kantali, karagh, karak, karccakkinam, kari aekkada gida, karnam, katiccavaytutaiccan, katiravan, katterumai, katterumaikkalli, kattila, kharak, kharjjughna, khark, khok, kirtanuphala, kokarunai, kokaruni, kotuki, kshiradala, kshirakandaka, kshiranga, kshiraparni, kutiketan, lal-akara, lal madar, lal-rui, lalak, lalakava, lalmadar, lalrui, lippacitacceti, lippacitam, madar, madar aak, makam, makkam, makkika, makkikacceti, malaipparutimaram, manakkovi, mandaara, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mandarasu, manotayam, mantaracu, mantaracucceti, mantaram, marttantacceti, marttantam, marttantan, marufu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-dukathe, mirugusayi-dagam, mirugusayidagam, mirukacayitakam, mirukucayittakam, moto aak, moto akdo, muda, mudar, mudhar, mutitamaram, naccilaikkurikacceti, nalla jelledu, nallajilledu, natakinkanam, nattam, nattappalai, nattappila, nattappiraki, nattappirakicceti, nella-jilledu, nellajeleroo, nellajilledo, nilavukay, nilavukaycceti, nilledu, nohanoakdo, nubam, numsubamoli, numsubatong, numsungbatong, nupakacceti, nupakam, nupam, nuttam, orko, oschor, oshmor, oshor, pachajilledu, pacupataki, pacupatakicceti, pacupatasai, pacupatatai, pakavanati, palaikkaraviki, palati, palti, pamotayam, patladudha, phunder, pogojirol, prabhakara, pratapa, pratapasa, puchhi, pumikuruvakam, putanivaranicceti, raachajilledu, racajilledu, racha-jilledu, rachajilledu, rato-akdo, ratsajilledu, ravi, rhui, roghan gul akh, rui, rupika, ruvi, sadabadam, sadabudam, sadapushpa, sadapuspi, sadapyshpa, sadasuma, safed aak, safed aakdo, safed-ak, safedakra, safed akvan, safed datura, safed ok, safedak, saptashva, savita, sevverukku, shir madar, shitapushpaka, shiy-aak, shri madar, shukaphala, shweta arka, siyam, spalmai, sukaphala, sunu, suriyam, surya pattra, suryapattra, suryavgha, suvedagusuman, svaytaurkum, swet-akonda, swet-aurkum, tanalam, tanali, tanalicceti, tapana, tarani, tella-jilledu, tella jilledu, tellajilledoo, tellajilledu, tevanati, thellajilledu, tirkkaputpam, tirkkaputpi, titamai, tittai, tulapalam, tulaphala, tuntakkini, tutaiccavam, tutaiccavay, tutaiccuvacceti, udumbaram, ulurka, urkkovi, uruk, urukku, ushar, ushnarashmi, uste, utumparakacceti, utumparakam, utumparam, vacciram, vacciramuli, vantumuli, vara, vara gaha, varkkam, vasuka, vellaarike, vellaiyerukku, vellerikku, vellerukkam poo, vellerukku, vetanatam, vibhakara, vibhavasu, vicaram, viccai, viccananta, viccanta, viccaranti, viccaranticceti, vicittirakam, vikiram, vikorana, vikshira, vikuri, vikuricceti, viruntam, virutam, vittirakam, vivasvana, vivaswana, vungdamdawi, wara, yakkeda gida, yekka, yekkada, yekkadagida, yekkadagida, yekkadaguda, yekkamali, yekkamalle,

Calotropis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

yekke, yekkemale, yercum, yerica, yerika, yerikan, yerikkan, yerkum, yerrikku, yerriku, yerukku, yokada in Indonesia: bidhuri, rubik, sidaguri in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may Malayan names: berduri, kemengu, lembegah, merigu, rembega, remiga, remigu in Myanmar: maioh, mayo, mayo-beng, mayo-bin, mayomayo-pin, mayo-pin, mayoe-gyi in Nepal: aank, akanda, auk, madar, yak in the Philippines: kapal-kapal, mudar in Thailand: po thuean, paan thuean, rak in Tibetan: a rga, a-rka, shri-khanda in Vietnam: bong bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, coc may, la hen, l[as] hen, nam ti ba, nam t[if] b[af] Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (Apocynum syriacum S.G. Gmel.; Apocynum syriacum Garsault; Asclepias gigantea Willd.; Asclepias gigantea Jacq., nom. illeg.; Asclepias gigantea L.; Asclepias procera Aiton; Calotropis busseana K. Schum.; Calotropis gigantea var. procera (Aiton) P.T. Li; Calotropis hamiltonii Wight; Calotropis heterophylla Wall.; Calotropis inflexa Chiov.; Calotropis persica Gand.; Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br.; Calotropis procera [Dryand.]; Calotropis procera subsp. hamiltonii (Wight) Ali; Calotropis syriaca (S.G. Gmel.) Woodson; Calotropis syriaca Woodson; Calotropis wallichii Wight; Madorius procerus Kuntze; Madorius procerus (Aiton) Kuntze) India, Sudan, Egypt, Madagascar East Africa. Shrub or small tree, erect, compact, glaucous, soft woody stems manybranched at the base, covered with cottony tomentum, milky white sap, smooth coriaceous roundish leaves, white-flowered, corolla greenish-white outside, petals maroon-violet tipped inside, smooth turgid green recurved kidney-shaped follicles often in pairs, tufted seeds airborne, scented See Sp. Pl. 1: 214. 1753, Fig. Pl. Med. 1: t. 114. 1764, Reise Russland (S.G. Gmel.) 2: 198, 257. 1774, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 1: 305. 1789, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1(2): 1264. 1798, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 39. 1810, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W.T. Aiton) The second edition 2: 78. 1811, Contributions to the Botany of India 53. 1834, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 8217. 1847, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 421. 1891 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 33(2): 323. 1903, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 65: 59. 1918, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 148. 1930, Atti dell’Istituto Botanico dell’Università di Pavia, Ser. 4 7: 139. 1936 (Fl. Somala, III), Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 38(2): 289. 1980, H.M. Burkill, The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 219–222. 1985, International Nematology Network Newsletter 6(1):

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8–10. 1989, Journal of South China Agricultural University 12(3): 39. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(2): 256– 261. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(3): 470–473. 2005, Mediators Inflamm. 2005(6): 360–365. 2005, World J. Gastroenterol. 12(16): 2517–2522. 2006, Autonomic & Autacoid Pharmacology 27(3): 143–149. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Poisonous; flowers, green seedpods and seeds should not be eaten. Stem and roots used for diarrhea and dysentery. Fresh flowers with jaggery are given as a remedy against rabid dog bites. Fresh foliage usually regarded as poisonous, and nectar from the flowers said to be poisonous too; for abortion, a stick introduced in vagina and kept for few minutes. Leaves and bark contain a caustic latex used as a blistering agent, can be violently irritant, immunological and allergenic responses against the latex, bullous eruption, intense inflammatory response of the skin and mucous membranes upon accidental exposure; milky latex used in scorpion sting, cold and cough, fever and asthma, as a rubefacient, to extract Guinea worms, to remove spines and prickles, for preparation of antimalarial paste eaten like a sweet dish. Root insect repellent, an infusion a remedy for coughs and snakebite; touch/contact therapy, root tied with a red thread on the affected part to relieve filariasis; roots decoction emetic and in the treatment of hookworm; dried ground roots mixed with milk and drunk for the treatment of gonorrhea and venereal diseases; root powder taken in menstrual disorders. In small doses, root bark, mild stimulant diaphoretic and expectorant, used in a soup to treat colic and as a stomachic. Burnt root made into an ointment for skin eruptions and ulcers. Leaves extract hepatoprotective, cardiotonic, anti-hyperglycemic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, larvicidal, nematicidal, fungicidal, pesticide, anthelmintic, expectorant, stomachic, diaphoretic, emetic; warmed or fresh leaves bandaged in rheumatic pain; tuber of Gloriosa superba ground into paste applied as bandage with leaves of Calotropis procera for skin eruptions; leaves extract of Ricinus communis, Calotropis procera and Ocimum sanctum taken to cure jaundice. Bark and leaves used for the treatment of leprosy and asthma. Veterinary medicine, for cough in camels drink infusion of roots; paste of leaves of Pergularia extensa and Calotropis procera applied for muscular pains; warmed leaves applied on boils, swellings and swollen cheeks of cattle; roots kept in nostrils for epistaxis; flowers for ephemeral fevers; milky juice applied over the cut tail of buffalo. Sacred plant, spiritual, ceremonial, magic, ritual, emotional, used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, special powers in witchcraft; flowers offered to Lord Shiva and Hanuman; plants with white flowers worshipped since it is believed that the knotted roots of the plant are abode of Lord Shiva and Ganesh.) in English: apple of Sodom, cotton leaf, Dead Sea apple, Dead Sea fruit, English cotton, French cotton, giant milkweed, milkweed, mudar plant, Sodom apple, swallow wort in Arabic: achur, ashkar, baranbakh, eshar, esshero, kerenka, koruga, korunka, krenka, ngeyi, ochar, ‘oshar, oshar, oshur, rhalga, torcha, tourza, turdja, turja, turjé, ushar

746

Calpocalyx Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae, Mimosoideae)

in China: bai hua niu jiao gua in India: aak, aakdo, aakra, aakro, adityapushpika, ag, ak, akada phool, akado, akan, akand, akanda, akaro, akaua, akauvya, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdo, akh, akha, akhra, akond, akondo, akra, alarka, alarkah, angot, ankado, ankda, ankota, arakh, arakha, arka, arka vrikshaha, arkah, arkaparna, arkavrikshaha, asphota, aush shar, aushar, bhanu, bili aekka, bili aekkada gida, bili yekkada gida, bimbora, dirghpushpa, dudla, erikku, erra jilledu, erukka, erukkam, erukku, ganarupaka, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, kashthila, kempu akkadagida, kempu ekka, kharak, khark, kkarak, ksiraparna, madar, manar, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-hu-chau, mudar, nallajilledu, nano akdo, palati akwan, pashkand, path akhwan, pratapa, rajarka, rakta arka, raktarka, ravi, rui, rupika, sadapushpa, sadapushpi, safed ak, safedak, shakar al lighal, shambhu, sharkarapushpa, shitakarka, shuklaphala, shveta, shvetarka, sishakanda, spalmak, spalwakka, spulmei, tapana, tulaphala, uruko, ushar, vara, vara gaha, vasuka, vedha, vellai erukkan, vellai erukku, vellerku, vellerukku, vikirana, vrittamallika, yakkeda gida, yerra jilledu in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may Malayan names: lembega, rembega in Nepal: aank in Pakistan: ak, arrigh, karak, kark in Tibet: a rga i rtsa ba, a rgai rtsa ba in Vietnam: bong-bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, bong qui, l[as] nh[or] in East Africa: ararat, bohr, etethero, kihuta, mpamba mwitu, mpumbula, mufuthu, okwotpu; etetheru (Turkana), labechi (Samburu), muvuthu (Kamba)

in Nigeria: babambi, bambambele, bambambi, bambami, bembambi, bomubomu, kayou, kupa, papawea, pwom pwomohi, tumfafiya, tumpaapahi, ushar in Sahara: turge in Senegal: achur, babadi, bamabi, bamanbé, bamanbi-bauwami, bandambi, bauane, bawam bawam, bawoam, bodafor, bombardeira, bomborderu, borderu, bupumba pumb, faftan, fafton, kerenka, korunka, kupapa, mbadafot, mbontal, paftan, tulumpa, turdja, turjé, ushar in Sierra Leone: puu-vande in Sudan: oshar in Tanzania: mpamba mwitu in Togo: inawokodu, kudjohe, tambutiji, tschofu, tshawou in Upper Volta: diawara, furo fogo, ganganpi, hurègo, niapi djara, potu, putrempugu, putru pouga, puwo, tomfania, tomo n’déké, tumo tigi

Calpocalyx Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae, Mimosoideae) From the Greek kalpis ‘an urn, jug, a drinking cup’ and kalyx ‘calyx’, see Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. II-IV [Engler & Prantl] 1: 191. 1897 and Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 4e série, section B, Adansonia 6(3): 297–311. 1984. Related to Xylia. Calpocalyx aubrevillei Pellegr. Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast. Perennial non-climbing tree, seeds edible after cooking, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx brevibracteatus See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80: 467. 1933

in Gambia: bawane, faftan, kupampan

(Pounded seeds mixed with palm oil made into a paste applied to treat women’s breasts troubles.)

in Ghana: a-gbo-loba, owula kofi ba, polipoli, unablapong, wolaporhu, wolapugo, wutsoe-wutsoe

Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms

in Guinea: mpompomogolo, nguyo in Ivory Coast: furo fogo, ganganpi, niapi djara, nopiada, togo fogo, tumo tigi in Kenya: etesuro

Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone to Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, hollow branches, papery leaves, pinkish to orange flowers, inflorescence axillary or terminal, strongly flattened woody dehiscent pod, seeds edible after cooking See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 155. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]

in Mali: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, bawane, komitigi, korunka, krunka, mpompomogolo, ngoyo, nguyo, nyeyi, pobu, pomponpogolo, tezera, tirza, tomitigi, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, turdja, turia, tursha

(Crushed bark applied to treat sores, a mouthwash; inner bark used as stomachic.)

in Mauritania: achur, kerenka, korunka, taurja, tourjé, turdja, turja, turjé

in Ivory Coast: pétépré

in Niger: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, eshar, esshero, kayio, koruga, kulunhun, lifini, ochar, oshar, rhalga, tezera, tirza, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, tumfafia, tursha

Calpocalyx dinklagei Harms (Calpocalyx crawfordianus Mendes; Erythrophleum dinklagei Taub.; Xylia dinklagei (Taub.) Roberty; Xylia dinklagei (Harms) Roberty)

in Ghana: kotoprepre, samanta, tre-tre in Liberia: kpu-ah

747

Calpurnia E. Meyer Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Sophoreae)

Nigeria, Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, yellow-cream flowers, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx klainei Pierre ex Harms See Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Nothern and Central Africa 235. 1826, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 3(3): 386. 1894, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] I. 191. 1897 and Bull. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire, sér. A 16: 347. 1954, Bol. Soc. Brot. sér. 2, 37: 163. 1963 (Powdered bark applied to wounds.) in Gabon: mississe Calpocalyx heitzii Pellegrin Tropical Africa, Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree, canopy tree, inflorescence an axillary pendent spike, dehiscent pods See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84: 643. 1938 [1937 publ. 1938] (Antiseptic, for skin diseases, venereal diseases.) in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, motoudon, miama, ékang, minsi in Central Africa: mississé in Gabon: koumaouma, mbôngo, miama, moamba Calpocalyx klainei Pierre ex Harms (Calpocalyx klainei Pierre; Calpocalyx klainei Harms) Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Perennial nonclimbing tree See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 156. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912] (Powdered bark used as an anodyne.) in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, miama, motoudon in Central Africa: mississé in Gabon: miama

aurea Benth.; Calpurnia aurea subsp. sylvatica (Burch.) Brummitt; Calpurnia aurea var. major Baker f.; Calpurnia aurea var. major Oliv. & Baker ex Baker f.; Calpurnia lasiogyne E. Mey.; Calpurnia subdecandra Schweickerdt; Calpurnia subdecandra (L’Hér.) Schweick.; Calpurnia sylvatica E. Mey.; Calpurnia sylvatica (Burch.) E. Mey.; Podalyria aurea (Aiton) Willd.; Robinia subdecandra L’Hér.; Sophora aurea Aiton; Sophora sylvatica Burch.; Virgilia aurea (Aiton) Lam.; Virgilia aurea Lam.; Virgilia sylvatica DC.; Virgilia sylvatica (Burch.) DC.) India, Mozambique. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree or shrub, multi-stemmed, slender, evergreen, fast-growing, open crown, bright yellow flowers in hanging bunches, thin papery indehiscent pod See Species Plantarum 1: 373–374. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 722–723. 1753, Hort. Kew. (ed. 1) 2: 44. 1789, Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 157, pl. 75. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(1): 502. 1799, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique… Botanique 2: 454, 470. 1819, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 98. 1825, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 3. 1836, Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus 26. 1837, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. (1840) 90. 1840, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 252–253. 1871 and Bothalia 3: 237. 1937, Kew Bulletin 19(3): 421. 1965, Kirkia 6: 123–132. 1967, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83: 468–470. 1986, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100(1–2): 168–175. 2005 (Insecticide, molluscicidal, antiviral, antimicrobial, control of lice and to relieve itches, leaves, body wash; leaves to treat allergic rashes, diarrhea, stomach complaints, elephantiasis, headache, eye diseases, tapeworm, dysentery, scabies, syphilis, skin disorders and skin infections. Leaf sap to destroy maggots in wounds. Veterinary medicine, maggots in cattle sores and diarrhea.) in English: calpurnia, Cape laburnum, common calpurnia, East African laburnum, mountain laburnum, Natal laburnum, wild laburnum

Calpurnia E. Meyer Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Sophoreae)

in Ethiopia: chekata, digita, hisawis

The genus resembles Virgilia, after the Latin poet Publius Vergilius Maro (70–19 BC.), and therefore bears the name of a supposed imitator of him, Calpurnius; see Jean François Drège (1794–1881) and Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer (1791–1858), Commentariorum de plantis Africae australioris. 2. 1835 [1836, 1838] and A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 1: 428–458. 1980, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 25(3): 1–264. 1981, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 16(2): 305–334. 1992, Bothalia 29: 5–23. 1999, Phytotherapy Research 15: 62–69. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112(1): 55–70, 152–161. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 121(2): 324–329. 2009.

Calpurnia villosa Harv. (Calpurnia intrusa (W.T. Aiton) E. Mey.; Calpurnia intrusa (R. Br.) E. Mey.; Calpurnia intrusa var. glabrata Yakovlev; Virgilia intrusa R. Br.)

Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. aurea (Calpurnia aurea Baker; Calpurnia aurea (Lam.) Benth.; Calpurnia

in Southern Africa: geelkeur, geelkeurboom, inDloli, inSiphane, inSiphane-enkhulu, inSiphane-enkulu, Kaapse geelkeur, muNguru, Natalse geelkeur, umBhaleni, umBethe, umDlole, umHlahlambedu, umKhiphampethu (= maggot-extractor), umLalandlovana, umSitshana

South Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 3: 4. 1811, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 2. 1836, Flora Capensis 2: 268. 1862 and Bothalia 29(1): 17. 1999 (Veterinary medicine, maggots in cattle sores and diarrhea.)

748

Caltha L. Ranunculaceae Caltha or calthum, the Latin name for a plant having strong-smelling yellow flowers; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 558. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 244. 1754 and Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C. 70: 500–510. 1967, Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C. 71: 280–292. 1968, New Phytol. 70: 173–186. 1971, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 23: 1–23. 1974, Bot. Zhurn. 66(12): 1751– 1755. 1981, Chernevaja Tajga i Problema Reliktov. Tomsk. 47–51. 1989, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 25: 8–10. 1995. Caltha alba Cambess. India, Kashmir. See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855 (Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain. A source of ganja.) in India: traker Caltha leptosepala DC. (Caltha biflora DC.; Caltha biflora subsp. howellii (Huth) Abrams; Caltha biflora var. rotundifolia (Huth) C.L. Hitchc.; Caltha howellii (Huth) Greene; Caltha leptosepala var. rotundifolia Huth; Caltha leptosepala var. sulfurea C.L. Hitchc.) North America. Herb, perennial, erect, fleshy, white bluish flowers, erect clusters of follicles See Systema Vegetabilium 1: 310. 1817, Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2(Sect. 4): 69. 1884, Pittonia 4: 79. 1899, Helios 9: 68. 1891 and Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 2: 175. 1944, Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 2: 335, 337. 1964, Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C: Biological and Medical Sciences 72(1): 26. 1969, Phytologia 51(6): 375. 1982 (Whole plant toxic, poisonous, strongly irritant; antispasmodic and expectorant, applied to wounds, warts.) in English: mountain marsh-marigold, western marsh marigold, white marshmarigold Caltha palustris L. (Caltha arctica R. Brown; Caltha asarifolia DC.; Caltha cornuta Schott, Nym. & Kotschy; Caltha laeta Schott, Nym. & Kotschy; Caltha palustris subsp. arctica (R. Brown) Hultén; Caltha palustris subsp. asarifolia (DC.) Hultén; Caltha palustris var. arctica (R. Brown) Huth; Caltha palustris var. asarifolia (DC.) Huth; Caltha palustris var. flabellifolia (Pursh) Torrey & A. Gray; Caltha palustris var. radicans (T.F. Forst.) A. Gray; Caltha polypetala Hochst. ex Lorent; Caltha radicans T.F. Forst.) North America, India, China. Herb, perennial, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange, red seeds

Caltha L. Ranunculaceae

See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 324, t. 17. 1807, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 390, pl. 17. 1814[1813], Systema Vegetabilium 1: 309. 1817, Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry’s Voyage 265. 1824, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 27. 1838, Wanderungen 339. 1845, Helios 9: 70–71. 1891, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(1[1]): 39. 1895 and Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40(1): 712–713. 1944, Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 56. 1967[1968], Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 23: 1–23. 1974, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 510–511. 1975[1976], Bot. Zhurn. 66 (12): 1751–1755. 1981, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 25: 8–9. 195, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 83(10): 143– 147. 1998, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 40(1): 52–65. 2002, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 87(11): 131–133. 2002, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 150: 267–289. 2006, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152: 15–26. 206 (Whole plant toxic only if large quantities eaten, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten. Roots anodyne, acrid, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, emetic, astringent, laxative, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient, to treat colds, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, warts, sores, itching, constipation, headache, diarrhea, anemia. Magic, a protection against love charms. Veterinary medicine, powdered leaves used to keep maggots out of cattle wounds.) in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cowflock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, mayblob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau in China: lu ti cao, ma ti ye in India: baringun, mamiri, maniru, traker Caltha palustris L. var. alba (Cambess.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Caltha alba Cambess.; Caltha alba Jacquem.) India. Perennial herbs, rootstock thick, reniform cordate leaves See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855 (Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain.) in India: traker Caltha palustris L. var. palustris (Caltha asarifolia DC.; Caltha natans Pall. ex Georgi var. asarifolia (DC.) Huth; Caltha natans Pall. var. asarifolia (DC.) Huth; Caltha palustris L. subsp. asarifolia (DC.) Hultén; Caltha palustris L. var. asarifolia (DC.) Rothr.; Caltha palustris L. var. flabellifolia (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray) North America, India, China. Perennial herb, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange

749

Calvoa Hook. f. Melastomataceae

See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 324, t. 17. 1807, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 390, pl. 17. 1814[1813], Systema Vegetabilium 1: 309. 1817, Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry’s Voyage 265. 1824, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 27. 1838, Wanderungen 339. 1845, Helios 9: 70–71. 1891, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(1[1]): 39. 1895 and Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40(1): 712–713. 1944, Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 56. 1967[1968], Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 510–511. 1975[1976] (Whole plant toxic, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten.) in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cowflock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, mayblob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau

Calvoa Hook. f. Melastomataceae See Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 732, 755. 1867. Calvoa orientalis Taub. (Calvoa sessiliflora Cogn. ex De Wild. & T. Durand; Calvoa sessiliflora Cogniaux ex De Wildeman; Calvoa sessiliflora De Wild. & Th. Dur.) Tropical Africa. Herb or shrub, subshrub, succulent, pinkpurple corolla See Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1894) 46. 1894, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 296. 1895, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 2, 1(1): 22. 1899 [1899–1900 publ Jul 1899] and Phytologia 47: 199–220. 1980 (Roots poison antidote, tonic, diuretic.)

See Systema Naturae ed. 10. 2: 1066. 1759, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 151. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 305. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis … 559. 1809, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(6): 576–577. 1821, Alsographia Americana. 7–8. Philadelphia 1838, Fl. N. Amer. 1(3): 475. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 5. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21: 175. 1894 and Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1(3): 344. 1905, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 2: 638. 1914, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 4(4): 433–434. 1915, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 1(2): 143. 1919, Regnum Veg. 127: 29. 1993 (Seeds poisonous, toxic only if large quantities eaten. Fruits poisonous to sheep. Bark emmenagogue, diuretic, eye medicine, for urinary complaints, urticaria; root strongly emetic; sap applied to children’s skin sores. Insect repellent.) in English: Carolina-allspice, eastern sweetshrub, pineappleshrub, strawberry-shrub, sweet bubby bush, sweetshrub Calycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus (Willdenow) Torrey & A. Gray (Beurera ferax (Michx.) Kuntze; Beurera fertilis (Walter) Kuntze; Butneria fertilis (Walter) Kearney; Butneria fertilis var. ferax (Michx.) C.K. Schneid.; Butneria fertilis var. glauca (Willd.) C.K. Schneid.; Butneria nana (Loisel.) Small; Calycanthus ferax Michx.; Calycanthus fertilis Walter; Calycanthus fertilis var. ferax (Michx.) Rehder; Calycanthus fertilis var. glaucus (Willd.) Rehder; Calycanthus fertilis var. oblongifolius (Nutt.) Rehder; Calycanthus floridus var. inodorus (Elliott) Torr. & A. Gray; Calycanthus floridus var. laevigatus (Willdenow) Torrey & A. Gray; Calycanthus floridus var. oblongifolius (Nuttall) Boufford & Spongberg; Calycanthus glaucus Willdenow; Calycanthus glaucus var. oblongifolius Nutt.; Calycanthus inodorus Elliott; Calycanthus laevigatus Willd.; Calycanthus nanus Loisel.; Calycanthus nanus Small; Calycanthus nanus (Loisel.) Small; Calycanthus pennsylvanicus Loddiges ex Loudon; Calycanthus reticulatus Raf.; Calycanthus verrucosus Raf.) North America. Deciduous shrub

Calycanthus L. Calycanthaceae Greek kalyx ‘calyx’ and anthos ‘flower’, the same colour for calyx and petals, the receptacle is hollow; see C. Linnaeus, Systema Naturae. Ed. 10. 1053, 1066, 1371. 1754, Traité des Arbres et Arbustes 1: 113. 1755, Iter Hispanicum 313–314. 1758 and Wood, C.E., Jr. “The genera of the woody Ranales in the southeastern United States.” J. Arnold Arbor. 39: 296–346. 1958, Nicely, K.A. “A monographic study of the Calycanthaceae.” Castanea 30: 38–81. 1965. Calycanthine, an alkaloid similar to strychnine, toxic to humans and livestock. Calycanthus floridus L. (Butneria florida (L.) Kearney; Buttneria florida (L.) Kearney) North America. Deciduous shrub, aromatic flowers axillary, strap-like petals

See Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1066. 1759, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 151. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 305. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis … 559. 1809, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(6): 576–577. 1821, Alsographia Americana. 7–8. Philadelphia 1838, Fl. N. Amer. 1(3): 475. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 5. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21: 175. 1894 and Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1(3): 344. 1905, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 2: 638. 1914, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 4(4): 433–434. 1915, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 1(2): 143. 1919, Regnum Veg. 127: 29. 1993 (Fruits poisonous to sheep. Bark emmenagogue, diuretic, eye medicine, for urinary complaints, urticaria; root strongly emetic; sap applied to children’s skin sores. Insect repellent.)

750

in English: Carolina-allspice, eastern sweetshrub, pineappleshrub, strawberry-shrub, sweetshrub Calycanthus occidentalis Hooker & Arnott (Butneria occidentalis (Hooker & Arnott) Greene) North America. Deciduous shrub, strtongly aromatic See Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1066. 1759, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage … 340, plate 84. 1839, Erythea 1(10): 207. 1893 (Bark expectorant, stomachic, for sore throats, catarrh, colds, chest colds, stomachache.)

Calycobolus Willd. ex J.A. Schultes Convolvulaceae

Calycophyllum megistocaulum (K. Krause) C.M. Taylor (Calycophyllum acreanum Ducke; Remijia megistocaula K. Krause; Remijia megistocaula K. Krause; Semaphyllanthe megistocaula (K. Krause) L. Andersson) South America. Tree, erect, reddish smooth bark, outer bark peeling in papery sheets, aromatic white flowers, on alluvial soils, in marshy soils See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 319. 1908, Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 2: 70. 1935, Flora of Ecuador 50: 1–112. 1994

in English: California allspice, California spicebush, California sweet-shrub, spicebush, strawberry shrub, sweetshrub, western sweetshrub

(Bark antidiabetic, contraceptive, antiparasitic, stimulant, antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, astringent, insecticidal and wound-healing. Toasted and powered bark used against mycosis, for wounds, apply directly to wound until it heals.)

Calycobolus Willd. ex J.A. Schultes Convolvulaceae

in South America: capirona, capirona de monte, dabayube, guayaboche, mamalu, oyuhue, uwachaunim, uyugue, uyuhue

Greek kalyx ‘calyx’ and bolis, bolos ‘casting, throwing away’, referring to the early deciduous corolla, see Genera Plantarum 132. 1789, Systema Vegetabilium 5: II, 4. 1819 and African Study Monographs 25(1): 1–27: March 2004.

Calycophyllum obovatum (Ducke) Ducke (Calycophyllum obovatum Ducke; Semaphyllanthe obovata (Ducke) L. Andersson; Warszewiczia obovata Ducke)

Calycobolus africanus (G. Don) Heine (Breweria alternifolia (Planch.) Radlk.; Breweria codonanthus Baker ex Oliv.; Codonanthus africana G. Don; Codonanthus alternifolius Planch.; Prevostea africana (G. Don) Benth.; Prevostea nigerica Rendle) Gabon, Cameroon. Liane, woody vine, climbing, white corolla, calyx green and purple See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 487. 1810, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 497. 1825, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 166. 1838, Niger Flora 469, t. 46. 1849, Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen 7: 1883. 1883, Index Kew. 1(1): 337. 1893, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum t. 2276. 1894 and British Museum, Natural History. Catalogue of the Plants Collected by Mr. & Mrs. P. A. Talbot in the Oban District South Nigeria … 72. 1913, Kew Bulletin 15: 388. 1963, Burma Journal Life Sciences 1: 31. 1968, Phytologia 17: 134. 1968

Colombia, Guyana. Tree, smooth, leaves glossy, inflorescence with enlarged bract or sepal reddish See Flora 36: 716. 1853, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preus­ sischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1853: 497. 1853 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 475. 1932, Tropical Woods 49: 2. 1937 (Bark antifungal, anticandidal, astringent, insecticidal, contraceptive, emollient, wound healer, vulnerary, for burns, cuts, wrinkles, diabetes, fungal infections, skin parasites, malaria and wounds.) in Venezuela: guayabón Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook.f. Schum. (Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Calycophyllum spruceanum f. brasiliensis K. Calycophyllum spruceanum f. peruvianum K. Eukylista spruceana Benth.)

ex K. Schum.; Schum.; Schum.;

(Aphrodisiac, febrifuge.)

Ecuador, Brazil. Tree, smooth bark, reddish gray outer bark peeling in papery sheets, small white flowers very fragrant, the tree shedding its bark annually

Calycophyllum DC. Rubiaceae

See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 5: 230. 1853, Flora Brasiliensis 6(6): 191–192. 1889 and Phytochemistry 64(2): 549–553. 2003

From the Greek kalyx ‘calyx’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, referring to the calyx teeth, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 367. 1830 and N. Amer. Fl. 32: 113. 1921, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(6/1): 3–261. 1936, Novon 2(4): 438–442. 1992, Fl. Ecuador 50: 1–112. 1994, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82(3): 421–422. 1995, Arnaldoa 9(2): 43–110. 2002 [2003].

(Bark antibacterial, antitrypanosomal, contraceptive, antiaging, antifungal, antioxidant, astringent, parasiticide, insecticidal and wound-healing; bark decoction to treat diabetes, malaria, bleeding cuts, diarrhea, eye infections, infected wounds, wrinkles and scars; a poultice topically in treating cuts, wounds and burns. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, bark used as an admixture in the Ayahuasca rituals.)

751

Calylophus Spach Onagraceae

in English: firewood tree, naked tree in South America: ashi, asho, capirona, capirona de bajo, capirona negra, chiquitano, cojeshe, corusicao, escorregamacaco, guarayo, guayaboche, guayabochi, haxo, huiso asho, huiso asho nahui, mulateiro, mulateiro-da-várzea, nahua, oquiyurrubis, palo amarillo, palo mulato, pau-marfim, pau mulato, pau-mulato-da-várzea, uhuachaunin, urayepiru

Calylophus Spach Onagraceae From the Greek kalyx ‘calyx’ and lophos ‘a crest, back of the neck, ridge, tuft’, see Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames 4: 349–350. 1835, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 501. 1840, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 96[III,7]: 217. 1893, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16): 236. 1894 and Systematic Botany Monographs 83: 147–148. 2007. Calylophus hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. Raven (Galpinsia hartwegii (Benth.) Britton; Oenothera hartwegii Benth.; Salpingia hartwegii (Benth.) Raim.) North America. Perennial subshrub, herb

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes (Calypso borealis Salisb.; Calypso borealis (Sw.) Salisb., nom. superfl.; Calypso bulbosa fo. occidentalis Holz.; Calypso bulbosa subsp. occidentalis (Holz.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor; Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis (Holz.) B. Boivin; Calypso occidentalis A. Heller; Calypsodium boreale (Sw.) Link, nom. superfl.; Cymbidium boreale Sw., nom. superfl.; Cypripedium bulbosum L.; Cytherea borealis (Sw.) Salisb., nom. superfl.; Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House; Limodorum boreale (Sw.) Sw., nom. superfl.; Norna borealis (Sw.) Wahlenb., nom. superfl.; Orchidium arcticum Sw., nom. inval.; Orchidium boreale (Sw.) Sw., nom. superfl.) Subarctic & Temp. northern Hemisphere. Perennial herb, erect, tuber geophyte, single sweet-scented nodding magenta flower, bulb eaten raw or cooked See Species Plantarum 2: 951. 1753, Catalogue of Vermont Plants 1: 28, 200. 1842, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 3: 251. 1895, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25: 193. 1898 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(7): 382. 1905, Canadian Journal of Botany 43(11): 1393. 1965, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94: 522. 1967, Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981

See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 5–6. 1839, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 96[III,7]: 217. 1893, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16): 236. 1894 and Brittonia 16(3): 286. 1964

(Antispasmodic, anticonvulsive. Magic, charm.)

(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)

Calyptranthes Sw. Myrtaceae

in English: Hartweg’s sundrops

Greek kalyptra ‘veil, lid’ and anthos ‘a flower’, referring to the operculum of the flowers, lid-like dehiscence of the calyx; see Olof Peter Swartz (1760–1818), Nova genera et species plantarum seu Prodromus. 5, 79. Stockholm, Uppsala & Åbo 1788.

Calylophus hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. Raven subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) Towner & P.H. Raven (Galpinsia hartwegii var. fendleri (A. Gray) Small; Oenothera fendleri A. Gray; Oenothera hartwegii subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) W.L. Wagner & Hoch; Oenothera hartwegii Benth. var. fendleri (A. Gray) A. Gray) North America. Perennial subshrub, herb See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 5–6. 1839, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 45–46. 1849, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 58. 1853, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 96[III,7]: 217. 1893, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16): 236. 1894, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 186. 1896 and Brittonia 16(3): 286. 1964, Madroño 20(5): 243. 1970, Systematic Botany Monographs 83: 212. 2007

in English: fairy slipper, fairyslipper orchid

Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Sw. (Calyptranthes chytraculia var. zuzygium (L.) O. Berg; Calyptranthes zuzygium Blanco; Chytraculia chytraculia var. zuzygium (L.) Sudw.; Chytraculia zuzygium (L.) Kuntze; Myrtus zuzygium L.) Tropical America, West Indies. Tree or shrub, petals absent, 1–2 seeded red purple-black fruits See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1056. 1759, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 79. 1788, Linnaea 27(1): 28. 1854[1855], Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 238. 1891, Division of Forestry: Bulletin [U.S. Department of Agriculture] 14: 305. 1897 and Brenesia 41–42: 73–80. 1994

(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)

(For skin diseases, stomachic, astringent.)

in English: Hartweg’s sundrops

in English: myrtle-of-the-river

Calypso Salisb. Orchidaceae

Calystegia R. Br. Convolvulaceae

In honor of the nymph Calypso or Kalypso, daughter of Atlas and Queen of Ogygia, where Odysseus was shipwrecked, referring to the rarity or to the habitat of this orchid.

Greek kalyx ‘calyx’ and stege, stegos ‘covering, cover’, referring to the large bracteoles; see Robert Brown (1773– 1858), Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. 483. 1810 and

752

Camassia Lindley Asparagaceae (Anthericaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae)

Candollea 14: 11–60. 1952, Lilloa 29: 87–348. 1959, Syst. Bot. 4: 72–102. 1979, Kew Bulletin 35: 327–334. 1980. Calystegia affinis Endl. (Convolvulus affinis (Endl.) Maiden; Ipomoea denticulata Choisy) (the epithet means allied to, and refers to a close relationship with Calystegia marginata R. Br.) Norfolk Island. Creeper, twining See Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae 51. 1833 and Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 28(4): 711. 1903 (publ. 1904) (For treating chickenpox.) in Samoa: lautafifi Calystegia longipes (S. Watson) Brummitt (Convolvulus linearilobus Eastw.; Convolvulus longipes S. Watson) North America. Perennial vine, herb See American Naturalist 7(5): 302. 1873 and Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 20(5): 152. 1931, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(2): 214. 1965, Sida 14(3): 443–457. 1991 (Roots decoction taken for gonorrhea.) in English: Paiute false bindweed Calystegia occidentalis (A. Gray) Brummitt subsp. fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt (Calystegia fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt; Convolvulus fulcratus (A. Gray) Greene; Convolvulus luteolus A. Gray var. fulcratus A. Gray; Convolvulus luteolus (Jacq.) Spreng. var. fulcratus A. Gray)

in English: bear bind, bindweed, bracted bindweed, devil’s guts, devil’s vine, great bindweed, greater bindweed, hedge bindweed, hedge false bindweed, hedge glory bind, hedgelily, hedge morning-glory, hedgebell, large bindweed, lilybind, milk convolvulus, old man’s cap, Rutland beauty, wild morning-glory Maori names: pohue, pohuhe in China: hsuan hua, ou xuan hua in South Americva: campanillas de lomas Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. (Calystegia reniformis R.Br.; Calystegia soldanella (L.) Roem. & Schult.; Calystegia soldanella (L.) Choisy; Calystegia soldanelloides Makino; Convolvulus asarifolius Salisb.; Convolvulus maritimus Lam.; Convolvulus reniformis Cat.; Convolvulus reniformis Poir.; Convolvulus reniformis (R.Br.) Poir.; Convolvulus reniformis (R.Br.) Spreng.; Convolvulus reniformis Roxb.; Convolvulus soldanellus L.) SE Asia, China. Found growing on sandy seashores See Species Plantarum 1: 159. 1753, Flore Françoise 2: 265. 1778, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 125. 1796, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 483–484, 486. 1810, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 14. 1814, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 184, 251. 1819, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., ii. 67, 1824, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 481. 1832 and Taxon 30: 695–696. 1981, Watsonia 19: 169–171. 1993, J. Pl. Biol. 39: 15–22. 1996 in English: sea bindweed

North America. Perennial vine, herb

in China: shen ye da wan hua

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 90. 1876, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 1: 208. 1885 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(2): 214–215. 1965, Kew Bulletin 29(3): 502. 1974

in Japan: hama-hiru-gao

(Aphrodisiac.)

Camassia Lindley Asparagaceae (Anthericaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae)

in English: chaparral false bindweed Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. (Calystegia sepium R.Br.; Calystegia sepium var. maritima (Gouan) Choisy; Calystegia sepium var. sepium; Convolvulus sepium L.; Volvulus sepium (L.) Junger; Volvulus sepium Junger; Volvulus sepium Medik.)

(The juice which oozes from the stalks and root hardens into a type of resin and is used as a purge.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 153. 1753, Philos. Bot. (Medikus) 2: 42. 1791, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 483. 1810, Prodr. (DC.) 9: 433. 1845, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 41(4): 133–134. 1891 and Phytochemistry 58(6): 883–889. 2001

From the North American Indian plant names lakamas, camass or kamass or kamas (Camassia esculenta), an edible bulb eaten raw or cooked; see Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2(4): 265. 1818, Edwards’s Botanical Register 18: pl. 1486. 1832, Flora Telluriana 2: 25 and 3: 53 1837 [1836 publ. Jan–Mar 1837], Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum [Kunth] 4: 681. 1843 and [compiled by John Gill], Gill’s Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon. 54. Portland, Oregon 1933, Gould, F.W. “A systematic treatment of the genus Camassia Lindl.” Amer. Midl. Naturalist 28: 712–742. 1942, Ranker, T.A. and A.F. Schnabel. “Allozymic and morphological evidence for a progenitor-derivative species pair in Camassia (Liliaceae).” Syst. Bot. 11: 433–445. 1986, Kew Bull. 46: 307–316. 1991.

(Root demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, strongly purgative, potentially dangerous.)

Camassia cusickii S. Watson (Quamasia cusickii (S. Watson) Coville; Quamasia cusickii Coville)

Cosmopolitan. Perennial vine, climber, creeping, twining, trailing, flexible, fleshy creeping rhizome, white funnelshaped flowers, globose capsule, noxious weed, see also Convolvulus sepium

753

Camellia L. Theaceae

North America.

Camellia L. Theaceae

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22(2): 479. 1887, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 11(13): 64. 1897 and Phytochemistry. 30(11): 3721–3727. 1991, Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 79(11): 953–958. 2001 [Two steroidal saponins from Camassia cusickii induce L1210 cell death through the apoptotic mechanism.]

For the Jesuit missionary Georg Joseph (Georgius Josephus) Kamel (Camellus, Camel, Camelli), 1661–1706, born at Brno in Moravia, pharmacist, traveller and plant collector, author of Herbarium aliarumque stirpium in insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascenticum syllabus, in John Ray, Historiae plantarum tomus tertius, App. 1–96. London 1704. See Species Plantarum 2: 698. 1753, Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks. London 1796–1800, Essai sur les Propriétés Médicales des Plantes, ed. 2 978. 1816, L. Colla, Camelliografia ossia tentativo di una nuova disposizione naturale delle varietà della camellia del Giappone e loro descrizione. Torino 1843, Ambroise Colette Alexandre Verschaffelt (1825– 1886), Nouvelle iconographie des Camellias. Gand [Gent] 1848–1860, The Flora of British India 1: 292. 1874 and Mededeeling van het Proefstation Oost-Java 40: 69. 1916, C. Battisti & G. Alessio, Dizionario etimologico italiano. Firenze 1950–1957, Sealy, Joseph Robert (1907–2000), A revision of the genus Camellia London: Royal Horticultural Society, 1958, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 268. 1965, L. Polgar, Bibliography of the History of the Society of Jesus. Rome 1967, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1979(3): 69–71. 1979, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1981(1): 89, 91, 93, 96. 1981, Chang, Hung Ta, A Taxonomy of the Genus Camellia. [Guangzhou]: editorial staff of the Journal of Sun Yatsen University, 1981, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1982(3): 72. 1982, Chang Hung Ta & Bruce Bartholomew, Camellias. Portland, Oregon 1984, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1984(2): 77. 1984, Andrew MacHugh, “Two hundred years of Camellias.” Hortus. 24: 26–33. 1992, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16(4): 343. 1994, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 35(1): 79. 1996, Chang Hung-ta & Ren Shan-xiang. Theaceae (Theoideae). In: Chang Hung-ta, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(3): 1–270. 1998, Ling Laikuan. Theaceae (Ternstroemioideae). In: Liang Lai-kuan, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 50(1): 1–207. 1998, Nordic J. Bot. 28(3): 281. 2010.

(Steroidal saponins.) Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Watson (Camassia esculenta Lindl. var. leichtlinii Baker; Camassia esculenta Lindl. var. leichtlinii (Baker) Baker; Camassia leichtlinii subsp. typica Gould, nom. inval.; Chlorogalum leichtlinii Baker; Quamasia leichtlinii Coville; Quamasia leichtlinii (Baker) Coville) North America, British Columbia. Perennial herb, food plant, bulbs can be cooked and eaten See Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 18: t. 1486. 1832, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, new series 1: 689. 1874, Bot. Mag. 103: t. 6287. 1877, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 20: 376. 1885, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 11(13): 63. 1897 and Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1: 91. 1904, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 28(3): 722. 1942, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 49(6): 726–731. 2001 [Steroidal glycosides from the bulbs of Camassia leichtlinii and their cytotoxic activities.], Anticancer Res. 21(2A): 959–964. 2001 [Cytotoxic activity of saponins from Camassia leichtlinii against human oral tumor cell lines.] (Steroidal glycosides from the bulbs.) in English: large camas Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene (Anthericum quamash (Pursh) Steud.; Camassia esculenta Lindl.; Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L. Rob.; Camassia esculenta (Nutt.) B.L. Rob.; Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene subsp. teapeae (H. St. John) H. St. John; Phalangium quamash Pursh; Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville; Quamasia quamash Coville) North America. Herb, perennial, slender, food plant, bulbs can be cooked and eaten, highly variable morphologically

Camellia drupifera Lour. (Camellia gauchowensis Hung T. Chang; Camellia oleifera Wall.; Camellia vietnamensis T.C. Huang ex Hu; Drupifera oleosa Raf.; Thea drupifera (Lour.) Pierre)

See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 226–227. 1814 [Dec 1813], Nomencl. Bot. 1: 54. 1821, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 18: t. 1486. 1832, Man. Bot. San Francisco 313. 1894, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 11(13): 64. 1897, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 547. 1899 and Rhodora 10(110): 31. 1908, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 29: 81. 1916, Mol. Ecol. 18(18): 3918–3928. 2009

China. Shrub or tree, solitary axillary white fragrant flowers

(Roots infusion or decoction taken to induce labor; plant infusion taken for vaginal bleeding.)

in China: yue nan you cha

in North America: blue camas lily, camas, camash, camass, camosh, common camas, common camus lily, quamash, small camas, small camas lily

See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 411. 1790 and Bull. Sunyatsen Univ. Nat. Sci. 1961(4): 58. 1961, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 10(2): 138, pl. 28. 1965 (Antioxidant, emollient.)

Camellia kissii Wall. (Camellia keina Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Camellia kissii var. kissii; Camellia lutescens Dyer; Camellia mastersii Griff.; Camellia symplocifolia Griff.; Thea bachmaensis Gagnep.; Thea brachystemon Gagnep.;

754

Thea sasanqua (Thunb.) Cels var. kissii (Wall.) Pierre; Theopsis euonymifolia Hu) SE Asia, China. Evergreen shrub, usually solitary axillary white fragrant flowers, globose-pyriform capsule See Asiatic Researches 13: 429. 1820, Pl. As. Rar. 3: t. 256. 1832, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 2: sub pl. 115–116. 1887 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 10: 124. 1942, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 10(2): 140–141. 1965 (Leaf juice applied to skin burns, cuts, injuries, wounds; leaves chewed to remove bad smell from the mouth. Oil from the seeds antioxidant, emollient, used to improve the overall texture of nails, hair, scalp and skin.) in English: wild tea in China: luo ban you cha in India: dieng trynembhoi, lallai, thing pui in Nepal: ban chiya, chiya pate, chiyapate, gulaure, hingua, hinguwa, kasing, syosing, tepsing

Camellia L. Theaceae

Hung T. Chang et al.; Camellia bambusifolia Hung T. Chang, H.S. Liu & Y.Z. Zhang; Camellia borealiyunnanica Hung T. Chang; Camellia brevicolumna Hung T. Chang, H.S. Liu & Y.Z. Zhang; Camellia brevigyna Hung T. Chang; Camellia brevipetiolata Hung T. Chang; Camellia chunii (Hung T. Chang) Hung T. Chang; Camellia chunii var. pentaphylax Hung T. Chang; Camellia heterophylla Hu; Camellia jinshajiangica Hung T. Chang; Camellia kangdianica Hung T. Chang et al.; Camellia kweichowensis Hung T. Chang; Camellia oligophlebia Hung T. Chang; Camellia paucipetala Hung T. Chang; Camellia pentapetala Hung T. Chang; Camellia pentaphylacoides Hung T. Chang; Camellia pentaphylax Hung T. Chang; Camellia pitardii var. yunnanica Sealy; Camellia reticulata Benth.; Camellia reticulata fo. albescens (Hung T. Chang) T.L. Ming; Camellia reticulata fo. simplex Sealy; Camellia stichoclada Hung T. Chang; Camellia subliberopetala Hung T. Chang; Camellia xichangensis Hung T. Chang; Camellia xylocarpa (Hu) Hung T. Chang; Desmitus reticulata (Lindl.) Raf.; Thea reticulata (Lindl.) Pierre; Yunnanea xylocarpa Hu) China.

Camellia pitardii Cohen-Stuart (Thea pitardii (CohenStuart) Rehder; Thea pitardii Rehder)

See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 13: t. 1078. 1827, Sylva Telluriana 139. 1838, Flora Hongkongensis 31. 1861, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 2(fasc. 8): sub pl. 119. 1887 and Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 2838–2839. 1915, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology: 8: 37. 1938, Kew Bulletin 4(2): 219–220. 1949, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 5(4): 282–283, pl. 55. 1956, Biotropica 9: 86–94. 1977, Chang, Hung Ta, A taxonomy of the genus Camellia, [Guangzhou]: editorial staff of the Journal of Sun Yatsen University, 1981, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1984(2): 76. 1984, Guihaia 5(4): 357, f. 1985, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 28(3): 50–52, 54–57. 1989, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 30(1): 78–79. 1991, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 15: 167–172. 1993, Amer. Camellia Yearb. 1994: 53–59. 1994, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16(3): 255–262. 1994, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35(2): 107–116. 1997, Flora Yunnanica 8: 308. 1997, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 20(2): 141. 1998, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 49(3): 65. 1998

China.

(Buddha flower.)

See [Stuart, Combertus Pieter Cohen] Mededeelingen van het Proefstation voor Thee. Buitenzorg, Dutch E. Indies [= Bogor, Indonesia] xl. 68. 1916, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 5(4): 238. 1924, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35(2): 107– 116. 1997, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20(3): 321–328. 1998, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 21(1): 51–56. 1999

in China: cha hua, dian shan cha

Camellia oleifera Abel (Camellia drupifera fo. biflora (Hayata) S.S. Ying; Camellia oleifera Wall.; Camellia oleifera var. monosperma Hung T. Chang; Camellia oleosa (Lour.) Y.C. Wu; Thea biflora Hayata; Thea oleifera (Abel) Rehder & E.H. Wilson; Thea podogyna H. Lév.; Thea sasanqua (Thunb.) Cels var. loureiroi Pierre) East Asia, China. Evergreen shrub or tree See Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China 174, 363. 1818 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 44–45. 1911, Plantae Wilsonianae 2(2): 393–394. 1915, Sert. Yunnan. 2. 1916, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 31(1): 75–76. 1992 (Anthelmintic, for ringworm.) in English: tea-oil plant in China: cha zi xin, shan ch’a, you cha

(Buddha flower.) in China: cha hua, xi nan shan cha Camellia reticulata Lindl. (Camellia albescens Hung T. Chang; Camellia albosericea Hung T. Chang; Camellia albovillosa Hu ex Hung T. Chang; Camellia bailinshanica

in Japan: tô-tsuba-ki Camellia sasanqua Thunb. (Camellia bohea (Koidz.) Makino & Nemoto; Camellia sasanqua Sims; Camellia sasanqua Blanco; Thea miyagii Koidz.; Thea sasanqua (Thunb.) Cels; Thea tegmentosa (Koidz.) Makino & Nemoto) East Asia, Japan. Evergreen shrub or small tree See Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iv. 39. 1783, Flora Japonica, … 273, t. 30. 1784, Syst. Veg., ed. 14 (J.A. Murray). 632. 1784, Botanical Magazine t. 2080. 1819, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 530. 1837

755

Cameraria L. Apocynaceae

(Expectorant, demulcent.) in English: camellia, sasanqua, sasanqua camellia in China: ch’a mei hua in Japan: sa-zan-ka (= mountain tea flower), sazanka in Tanzania: chai, mjohoo Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Camellia bohea (L.) Sweet; Camellia thea Link; Thea bohea L.; Thea sinensis L.; Thea sinensis L. var. bohea (L.) C. Koch; Thea sinensis L. var. viridis (L.) Pierre) China, India. Perennial shrub See Species Plantarum 1: 515. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 339. 1790, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 73. 1822 C.S. Rafinesque, Medical Flora 2: 267. 1830, Sylva Tellur. 139. 1838, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 195. 1887 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/1): 24–36. 1961, Biotropica 9: 86–94. 1977, Wild Fl. Hong Kong 61. 1977, Taxonomy of the genus Camellia 122. 1981, Cytologia 46: 767–772. 1981, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1981(1): 98. 1981, Acta Agric. Univ. Zhejiang. 16(1): 88–93. 1990, Bot. J. South China 1: 28–34. 1992, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30(6): 498–507. 1992, Guihaia 12(4): 340–344. 1992, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32(4): 308–315. 1994, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 16(2): 111–119. 1994, Guihaia 19(3): 233–235. 1999 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Astringent, cardiotonic, diuretic, stimulant, antioxidant, for diarrhea, dysentery. Bitter leaf juice taken for abortion, also applied as hemostatic to cuts and injuries; poultice of leaves applied locally to stop bleeding; leaves infusion for common cold, conjunctivitis.) in English: Chinese tea, tea, tea plant in Japan: cha, cha-no-ki, Shina-cha, Taiwan-cha in China: cha, cha ye, ming, yeh ch’a

not Hayata; Thea olearia Lour. ex Gomes; Thea oleosa Lour.; Thea parvifolia Salisb.; Thea sinensis L.; Thea sinensis var. bohea (L.) C. Koch; Thea sinensis var. macrophylla Siebold; Thea sinensis var. parvifolia Miq.; Thea sinensis var. viridis (L.) Pierre; Thea viridis L.; Theaphylla cantonensis (Lour.) Raf.; Theaphylla cantoniensis Raf.) Asia, SW China, NE India. Evergreen, multi-stemmed shrub or tree, strong taproot and many lateral roots, branchlets finely pubescent at apex, leaves alternate with short petiole, fragrant white flowers, sepals persistent, fruit a woody subglobose capsule See Species Plantarum 1: 515. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 339. 1790, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 73. 1822 C.S. Rafinesque, Medical Flora 2: 267. 1830, Sylva Tellur. 139. 1838, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada x. (1887) 195 in obs. 1887 and Wild Fl. Hong Kong 61. 1977, Taxonomy of the genus Camellia 122. 1981, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1981(1): 98. 1981, Regnum Veg. 127: 93. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Astringent, cardiotonic, diuretic, stimulant, antioxidant, for diarrhea, dysentery. Bitter leaf juice taken for abortion, also applied as hemostatic to cuts and injuries; poultice of leaves applied to stop bleeding.) in English: Chinese tea, tea, tea plant in Burma (Myanmar): leppet in Cambodia: taè in China: cha (yuan bian zhong), cha ye, ming, yeh ch’a in India: caha, cay, cha, cha soppu, chaha, chaha soppu, chai, chai siyah, chaipati, chay, chiya, nallateyaku, saatong, singo, syamaparni, teyaaku, teyilai, teyla, thayilai, thingpui, tiyaku

in India: caha, cay, cha, cha soppu, chaha, chaha soppu, chai, chai siyah, chaipati, chay, chha, chiya, karupputteyilai, nallateyaku, pachaitteyilai, saatong, singo, syamaparni, teyaaku, teyila, teyilai, teyla, thayilai, thesoppu, theyaku, theyale, theyilai, thingpui, tiyaku

in Indonesia and Malaysia: teh

in Nepal: chad, chah, chay, chhapa, chhyo, chiya, hoshadawaku, mukuwa

in Philippines: tsa

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze var. sinensis (Camellia arborescens Hung T. Chang & F.L. Yu; Camellia bohea (L.) Sweet; Camellia bohea L.; Camellia longlingensis F.C. Zhang, G.B. Chen & M.D. Tang; Camellia oleosa (Lour.) Rehder; Camellia sinensis fo. formosensis Kitam.; Camellia sinensis fo. macrophylla (Siebold) Kitam.; Camellia sinensis fo. parvifolia (Miq.) Sealy; Camellia sinensis var. waldenae (S.Y. Hu) Hung T. Chang; Camellia sinensis var. waldeniae (S.Y. Hu) Hung T. Chang; Camellia thea Link; Camellia theifera Griff.; Camellia waldenae S.Y. Hu; Camellia waldeniae S.Y. Hu; Thea bohea L.; Thea cantoniensis Lour.; Thea chinensis Sims; Thea cochinchinensis Lour.; Thea grandifolia Salisb.,

in Japan: cha, cha-no-ki, Shina-cha, Taiwan-cha in Nepal: chad, chah, chay, chhapa, chhyo, chiya, hoshadawaku, mukuwa

in Thailand: cha, miang in Tibet: rdo-rta in Vietnam: ch[ef], tr[af]

Cameraria L. Apocynaceae Cameraria latifolia L. (Cameraria belizensis Standl.; Cameraria havanensis (Müll.Arg.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Cameraria latifolia var. ovata A. DC.; Cameraria ovalis Urb.; Cameraria retusa Griseb.; Neriandra havanensis Müll. Arg.; Skytanthus havanensis (Müll.Arg.) Miers)

756

Tropical America. Tree, deciduous, monoecious, white latex, short stout trunk, stout branches, small dark green leaves, white flowers in terminal few flowered corymbose cymes See Species Plantarum 1: 210. 1753, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum 98. 1759, Definitiones Generum Plantarum 56. 1760, Linnaea 30: 401. 1860, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 410. 1861, Apocyn. S. Amer.: 110. 1878 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 39(1): 5–6. 1912, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 21: 219. 1925, Tropical Woods 7: 8. 1926, Fieldiana, Botany 24(8/4): 334–407. 1969, Regnum Veg. 127: 29. 1993, Systematic Biology 51(3): 389–409. 2002 (Poisonous, blistering milky juice, irritant and toxic, burning and severe inflammation of the skin from contact with the sap.) in English: bastard manchineel, savanna poison wood, savanna white poison wood, white poison wood in China: ya dan hua in Central America: bois lait, bwa lèt, chechém de caballo, chechén, chechén de caballo, maboa, laitier

Camissonia Link Onagraceae For the French-born German poet, Ludolf Karl Adelbert von Chamisso (Louis-Charles Adélaïde Chamisseau de Boncourt), 1781–1838, naturalist, botanist, traveller and explorer, plant collector, a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, companion to Diederich F.L. von Schlechtendal (1794–1866), from 1801 to 1806 served in Prussian army, 1810 to Paris with Alexandr von Humboldt, from 1812 to 1815 studied at the University of Berlin, accompanied Otto Eustafevich von Kotzebue (Kotsebu) (1787–1846) on his expedition round the world (1815–1818, on board the ship Riurik or Rurik), from 1833 Curator of the Royal Botanical Gardens of Berlin, creator of Peter Schlemihl, or the Man without a Shadow. See Jahrbücher der Gewächskunde 1(1): 186. 1818, Otto von Kotzebue, Entdeckungs-Reise in die SüdSee und nach der Berings-Strasse zur Erforschung einer nordöstlichen Durchfahrt. Unternommen in … 1815–1818 … aud dem Schiffe Rurick. Weimar 1821, Louis Joseph Yorik Choris (1795–1828), Voyage pittoresque autour du Monde. Accompagné de descriptions par M. le baron Cuvier, et M. A. de Chamisso. Paris 1822, Adelbert von Chamisso’s Werke. [Bd. 5 and 6 edited after the author’s death by Julius Eduard Hitzig.] Leipzig 1836–1839, A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. 371–373. Paris 1845, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 96[III,7]: 216. 1893 and A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 680. 1925, [A. von Chamisso], Correspondance d’Adalbert de Chamisso. [Edited by René Riegel.] Paris 1934, Günther Schmid, Chamisso als Naturforscher. Eine Bibliographie. Leipzig 1942, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 330. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 70. 1972, Dorothea Rudnick, in D.S.B. 15: 81–83. 1981.

Camissonia Link Onagraceae

Camissonia multijuga (S. Watson) P.H. Raven (Chylismia multijuga (S. Watson) Small; Oenothera brevipes A. Gray var. multijuga (S. Watson) Jeps.; Oenothera multijuga S. Watson; Oenothera multijuga S. Watson var. parviflora (S. Watson) Munz; Oenothera multijuga S. Watson var. typica Munz) North America. Annual or biennial herb See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 507. 1840, American Naturalist 7(5): 300. 1873, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 193. 1896 and A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 687. 1925, Brittonia 16(3): 281. 1964 (Medicinal value.) in English: froststem suncup Camissonia ovata (Nutt.) P.H. Raven (Camissonia ovata (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) P.H. Raven; Oenothera ovata Nutt.; Oenothera ovata Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Taraxia ovata (Nutt.) Small) North America. Perennial herb See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 507. 1840, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 185. 1896 and Brittonia 16(3): 283. 1964 (Medicinal value.) in English: goldeneggs Camissonia tanacetifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) P.H. Raven (Oenothera tanacetifolia Torr. & A. Gray; Taraxia tanacetifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Piper) North America. Perennial herb See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 2(1): 121, pl. 4. 1857 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11: 405. 1906, Brittonia 16(3): 283. 1964 (For skin diseases, boils, ulcers.) in English: tansyleaf evening primrose Camissonia tanacetifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) P.H. Raven subsp. tanacetifolia (Camissonia tanacetifolia subsp. quadriperforata P.H. Raven; Oenothera tanacetifolia Torr. & A. Gray) North America. Perennial herb (For skin diseases, boils, sores, ulcers.) See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 2(1): 121, pl. 4. 1857 and Brittonia 16(3): 283. 1964, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 37(5): 248–249, f. 24. 1969 in English: tansyleaf evening primrose

757

Campanula L. Campanulaceae

Campanula L. Campanulaceae

(Emetic, pectoral. Stem decoction taken to induce childbirth.)

The diminutive of the Latin word campana ‘a bell’, referring to the corolla shape; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 163. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 77. 1754, Genera Plantarum 163. 1789 and Rhodora 65: 329. 1963, Lammers, Thomas G. Prodromus Monographiae Campanuloidearum. 1994.

in English: bedstraw flower, eastern marsh bellflower, marsh bellflower, marsh harebell, small vine

Campanula americana L. (Campanula acuminata Michx.; Campanula americana Mill.; Campanula americana Hort. ex Steud.; Campanula americana f. albiflora M.L. Grant; Campanula americana f. tubuliflora Fernald; Campanula americana var. illinoensis (Fresen.) Farw.; Campanula americana var. subulata A. DC.; Campanula asteroides Lam.; Campanula declinata Moench; Campanula illinoensis Fresen.; Campanula nitida Aiton; Campanula obliqua Jacq.; Campanula planiflora Lam.; Campanula subulata P. Beauv. ex A. DC.; Campanulastrum americanum Small; Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small; Phyteuma americanum Hill; Specularia americana (L.) Morgan ex J. James)

Campanula divaricata Michx. (Campanula divaricata f. alba Fosberg; Campanula flexuosa Michx.) North America. Perennial herb, erect, slender, very numerous drooping flowers in compound panicles, corolla light blue, style long exserted See Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 109. 1803, Castanea 20: 60. 1955 (Antidiarrheal, root infusion.) in English: Appalachian bellflower, small bonny, small bonny bellflower, southern bellflower, southern bluebell, southern harebell Campanula isophylla Moretti (Campanula floribunda Viv.; Campanula isophylla f. alba Voss; Campanula mayi auct.) Italy.

North America. Erect, herbaceous, hollow, slightly winged, milky sap, thick roots, corolla blue-purple, axillary flowers in upper portion of stems, flowers subtended by 3 foliaceous bracts, stigma purple slightly curved at apex

See Giorn. Fis. II. vii. 44, 98. 1824, Gard. Chron., III, 26: 96, 126. 1899

See Species Plantarum 1: 164. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 13. 1768, Tabl. Encyc. 2: 55. 1796, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 108. 1803, Monographie des Campanulées 314, 344. 1830, Index Seminum Hort. Bot. Francofurt. [unpaged]. 1836, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 266. 1840, Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 7: 74. 1884 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 1141, 1338. 1903, Report of the Michigan academy of science, arts and letters 20: 191. 1918, Rhodora 44(528): 458. 1942, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 60: 148. 1953

Campanula latifolia L. (Campanula eriocarpa M. Bieb.; Campanula latifolia var. canescens Trautv.; Campanula latifolia var. eriocarpa (M. Bieb.) Fisch. ex A. DC.; Campanula latifolia var. intermedia Trautv.; Campanula latifolia var. leiocarpa Trautv.; Campanula latifolia var. macrantha Fisch. ex Sims; Campanula macrantha (Fisch. ex Sims) Hook.; Campanula macrantha var. polyantha Hook.; Drymocodon latifolium (L.) Fourr.; Trachelioides latifolia (L.) Opiz)

(For pulmonary ailments, cough, tuberculosis.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 165. 1753, Flora TauricoCaucasica 1: 149. 1808, Monographie des Campanulées 265. 1830, Bot. Mag. 61: t. 3347. 1834, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17: 111. 1869

in English: American bellflower, tall bellflower Campanula aparinoides Pursh (Campanula aparinoides var. erinoides (Michx.) Alph.Wood; Campanula aparinoides var. erinoides Alph.Wood; Campanula aparinoides var. grandiflora Holz.; Campanula aparinoides var. multiflora A. DC.; Campanula aparinoides var. rosea Coleman; Campanula aparinoides var. uliginosa (Rydb.) Gleason; Campanula erinoides Michx.; Campanula erinoides Muhl., nom. illeg.; Campanula uliginosa Rydb.) North America. Perennial herb, tangling, weak, short hooking bristles, pale blue to white flowers solitary nodding longstalked funnel-shaped See Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept.: 22. 1813, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 159. 1814[1813], Monogr. Campan.: 290. 1830, Class-book Bot. (ed. 1861). 479. 1861, Kent Sci. Inst. Misc. Publ. 2: 24. 1874, Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 9: 566. 1896 and Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 885. 1901, Phytologia 4: 25. 1952

(Dermatitis, skin eruptions due to local irritants.)

Europe, Himalaya. Perennial herb, clump-forming, light blue flower

(Flowers emetic.) in English: bellflower, giant bellflower, great bellflower, large campanula, wide-leaved bellflower Campanula medium L. (Campanula bourdiniana Gand.; Campanula florida Salisb.; Campanula grandiflora Lam., nom. illeg.; Campanula grandiflorum Lam.; Campanula medium Lapeyr.; Campanula medium f. alba Voss; Campanula medium f. caesia Voss; Campanula medium f. calycantha Voss; Campanula medium f. coerulea Voss; Campanula medium f. rosea Voss; Campanula medium f. striata Voss; Campanula medium var. bourdiniana (Gand.) Nyman; Campanula medium var. calycanthema Nicholls; Campanula meyeriana Rupr.; Campanula saxifraga M. Bieb. subsp. meyerana (Rupr.) Ogan.; Marianthemum medium (L.) Schur; Medium grandiflorum Spach; Medium

758

grandiflorum (Lam.) Fourr.; Rapuntia medium (L.) Chevall.; Sykoraea hortensis Opiz; Talanelis medium (L.) Raf.) Europe, Belgium. Evergreen herb See Species Plantarum 1: 167. 1753, Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3: 706. 1805, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 155. 1808, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 9: 553. 1840, Bull. Acad. Petersb. 11: 207. 1867, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2 17: 111. 1869 and Bot. Zurn. 78 (3): 148. 1993 (Dermatitis, contact sensitivity, skin eruptions due to local irritants. For throat problems.) in English: Canterbury bells Campanula pallida Wall. (Campanula colorata Wall.; Campanula colorata var. moorcroftiana A. DC.; Campanula colorata var. ramulosa (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomsen; Campanula colorata var. tibetica Hook. f. & Thomson; Campanula himalayensis Klotzsch; Campanula hoffmeisteri Klotzsch; Campanula microcarpa C.Y. Wu; Campanula nepetifolia Levl. & Van; Campanula pallida var. tibetica (Hook. f. & Thomson) Hara; Campanula ramulosa Wall.; Prismatocarpus nitidus L’Hér. var. ovatus Adamson; Prismatocarpus pauciflorus Adamson) India, Himalaya. See Asiatic Researches 13: 375. 1820, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 100–102. 1824, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 1286. 1829, Monographie des Campanulées 293. 1830, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 2: 23. 1858, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar 73–74. 1862 and Journal of South African Botany 17: 120, 126. 1951, Taxon 25: 631–649. 1976

Campanula L. Campanulaceae

Campanula neglecta Besser; Campanula racemosa var. laxiflora Vuk, nom. illeg.; Campanula rapunculiformis St.-Lag., nom. superfl.; Campanula rapunculoides Pall. ex Steudel; Campanula rapunculoides fo. cordifolia (K. Koch) Albov; Campanula rapunculoides subsp. cordifolia (K. Koch) Damboldt; Campanula rapunculoides var. cordata K. Koch; Campanula rapunculoides var. glabrata Trautv.; Campanula rapunculoides var. macrophylla A. DC.; Campanula rapunculoides var. trachelioides (M. Bieb.) A. DC.; Campanula rapunculus L.; Campanula rapunculus subvar. verruculosa (Hoffmanns. & Link) Maire; Campanula rhomboidalis Gorter; Campanula rhomboidea Falk; Campanula rigida Gilib.; Campanula rigida Stokes, nom. superfl.; Campanula trachelioides M. Bieb.; Campanula ucranica Schult.; Cenekia rapunculoides (L.) Opiz; Drymocodon rapunculoides (L.) Fourr.; Rapunculus redivivus E.H.L. Krause) Europe. Perennial See Species Plantarum 1: 164–165. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 126. 1796, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 333. 1812, Cat. Hort. Cremen. 28. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium 5: 92. 1819, Monographie des Campanulées 268–269. 1830, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 270. 1840, Linnaea 19: 29. 1845, Linnaea 23: 641. 1850, Linnaea 26: 332. 1854, Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 111. 1869, Linnaea 38: 712. 1874, Étude Fl., éd. 8 [A. Cariot] 2: 547. 1889 and Deutschl. Fl., ed. 2, 12: 255. 1904, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 35(1): 45. 1976, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 60: 155. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48(2): 61–76. 1995 (Antiinflammatory, to treat inflammatory diseases and/or wounds, also a cure for hydrophobia.)

(Stem decoction taken by women to induce childbirth.)

in English: creeping bellflower, German rampion

Campanula parryi A. Gray (Campanula langsdorffiana A. Gray, nom. illeg.; Campanula parryi var. idahoensis McVaugh; Campanula parryi var. parryi; Campanula planiflora Engelm., nom. illeg.; Campanula rentonae Senior; Campanula rentoniae Senior)

Campanula rapunculus L. (Campanula coarctata Gilib.; Campanula esculenta Salisb., nom. superfl.; Campanula hyrcania Wettst.; Campanula lambertiana A. DC.; Campanula patula var. rapunculus (L.) Kuntze; Campanula racemosa var. paniculiformis Vuk., nom. superfl.; Campanula rapuncula St.-Lag.; Campanula rapunculus O.F. Muell.; Campanula rapunculus fo. cymoso-spicata Willk.; Campanula rapunculus fo. racemoso-paniculata Willk.; Campanula rapunculus subsp. lambertiana (A. DC.) Rech. f.; Campanula rapunculus subsp. verruculosa (Hoffmanns. & Link) Pinto da Silva; Campanula rapunculus subvar. hirsutissima Maire; Campanula rapunculus subvar. sanctae Quézel; Campanula rapunculus subvar. verruculosa (Hoffmanns. & Link) Maire; Campanula rapunculus var. brachyloba Rech. f.; Campanula rapunculus var. grandiflora Font Quer; Campanula rapunculus var. hirsutissima Faure; Campanula rapunculus var. hirta Ten.; Campanula rapunculus var. lambertiana (A. DC.) Boiss.; Campanula rapunculus var. spiciformis Boiss.; Campanula rapunculus var. strigulosa Batt.; Campanula rapunculus var. verruculosa (Hoffmanns. & Link) Vatke; Campanula verruculosa Hoffmanns. & Link; Neocodon lambertianus (A. DC.)

North America. Perennial, single purple erect flower See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 580. 1785, Enum. Pl. [Willdenow] 1: 210. 1809, Amer. J. Sci. Arts, II, 34: 254. 1862, Synoptical Flora of North America 2(1): 395. 1878, Bot. Gaz. 7: 5. 1882, Syn. Fl. N. Amer., ed. 2. 2(1, Suppl.): 395. 1886 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 241. 1942, American Midland Naturalist 29(3): 768–778. 1943, Rhodora 51: 302. 1949 (Root antiphlogistic, applied to bruises, skin ailments. Plant taken for women’s problems; dried plant to treat sores.) in English: blue flower, harebell, Idaho bellflower, Parry’s bellflower Campanula rapunculoides L. (Campanula cordifolia K. Koch; Campanula crenata Link; Campanula infundibuliformis Sims; Campanula lunariaefolia Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Campanula morifolia Salisb., nom. superfl.;

Campanula L. Campanulaceae

Kolak. & Serdyuk.; Neocodon rapunculus (L.) Kolak. & Serdyuk.; Rapunculus verus Fourr.) Argentina, Europe. Perennial herb, erect, stiff, variable leaves, flowers reddish purplish, leaf rosettes and fleshy roots eaten See Species Plantarum 1: 164–165. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 126. 1796, Monographie des Campanulées 327. 1830, Linnaea 26: 332. 1854, Linnaea 38: 712. 1874, Flora Orientalis 3: 895, 940. 1875, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 121. 1880, Denkschr. Acad. Wien l. 69. 1885 and Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Beiheft 56: 40. 1953, Fl. Iran 13: 34. 1965, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 60: 155. 1987 (Astringent, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, alterative, lactagogue, vulnerary, for warts.) in English: rampion, rampion bellflower Campanula rotundifolia L. (Campanula alaskana (A. Gray) W. Wight ex J.P. Anderson; Campanula allophylla Raf. ex A. DC.; Campanula angustifolia Lam.; Campanula antirrhina Schleich.; Campanula arcuata var. subrhomboidalis Schur; Campanula asturica Podlech; Campanula balcanica f. racemosa (Krašan) Hruby; Campanula bielzii Schur; Campanula bocconei Vill.; Campanula caballeroi Sennen & Losa; Campanula carnica var. racemosa Krašan; Campanula cespitosa var. bocconei (Vill.) Steud.; Campanula chinganensis A.I. Baranov; Campanula cinerea Hegetschw., nom. illeg.; Campanula confertifolia (Reut.) Witasek; Campanula decloetiana Ortmann; Campanula delicatula Sennen & Losa, nom. illeg.; Campanula diversifolia Dumort., nom. superfl.; Campanula dubia A. DC.; Campanula filiformis Gilib.; Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Schult.; Campanula gieseckiana subsp. groenlandica (Berlin) Böcher; Campanula gieseckiana var. arctica (Lange) Böcher; Campanula grammosepala Vuk., nom. illeg.; Campanula grammosepala var. cardiophylla Vuk.; Campanula grammosepala var. lobophylla Vuk., nom. superfl.; Campanula grammosepala var. spathiphylla Vuk.; Campanula groenlandica Berl.; Campanula heterodoxa Bong., nom. illeg.; Campanula heterodoxa Vest ex Schult.; Campanula heterophylla Gray, nom. superfl.; Campanula hostii Baumg.; Campanula hostii var. uniflora A. DC.; Campanula inconcessa Schott, Nyman & Kotschy; Campanula intercedens Witasek; Campanula lanceolata Schur, nom. illeg.; Campanula lanceolata Lapeyr.; Campanula lancifolia Schur, nom. illeg.; Campanula langsdorffiana (A. DC.) Fisch. ex Trautv. & C.A. Mey.; Campanula latisepala Hultén; Campanula legionensis Pau; Campanula linifolia Schrank, nom. illeg.; Campanula linifolia f. langsdorffiana (A. DC.) Voss; Campanula linifolia var. heterodoxa (Vest ex Schult.) Ledeb.; Campanula linifolia var. langsdorffiana A. DC.; Campanula linifolia var. major Timb.-Lagr.; Campanula linifolia var. tenuifolia Timb.Lagr.; Campanula lobata Schloss. & Vuk.; Campanula lostrittii Ten.; Campanula macdougalii Rydb.; Campanula

759

marchesettii var. calisii (Murr) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.; Campanula minor Lam.; Campanula minuta Savi; Campanula paenina Reut. ex Tissière; Campanula pennica Reut. ex Payot; Campanula pennina Reut.; Campanula petiolata A. DC.; Campanula pinifolia Uechtr. ex Pancic; Campanula poenina Reut. ex Tissière; Campanula pseudovaldensis Schur; Campanula pubescens Rchb. ex Nyman, nom. illeg.; Campanula pusilla f. lobata (Schloss. & Vuk.) Vuk.; Campanula racemosa (Krašan) Witasek, nom. illeg.; Campanula reboudiana Gren. & Godr.; Campanula rhomboidalis var. lanceolata (Lapeyr.) Loidel.; Campanula rotunda Gilib.; Campanula rotundifolia All. ex Steud.; Campanula rotundifolia Boiss.; Campanula rotundifolia Ledeb.; Campanula rotundifolia Pall. ex A. DC.; Campanula rotundifolia race bocconei (Vill.) Rouy; Campanula rotundifolia subf. brachyantha Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia subf. bracteata Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia subf. grandiflora Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia subf. ovalifolia Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia subf. parviflora Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia subf. perfoliosa Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia subf. reflexa Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia f. albiflora (G. Don) House, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia f. albiflora Sugaw. ex H. Hara, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia f. borhidiana Soó; Campanula rotundifolia f. calvescens Witasek ex Vacc.; Campanula rotundifolia fo. cleistocodona Lakela; Campanula rotundifolia f. conferta Soó; Campanula rotundifolia f. elata Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. frondosa Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. glabrescens Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. graminifolia Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. hirta Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia f. hirta (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. hrubyana Soó; Campanula rotundifolia f. laevis Guin.; Campanula rotundifolia f. latifrons Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia fo. linifolia Farw.; Campanula rotundifolia f. luxurians Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. micranthoides Soó; Campanula rotundifolia f. nejceffii Hayek; Campanula rotundifolia f. normalis Hruby, nom. inval.; Campanula rotundifolia f. ovalifolia Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia f. ovata (Peterm.) Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. scabriuscula (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. serpentini Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. silvicola Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. soldanelliflora Voss; Campanula rotundifolia f. subcongesta Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia f. subhirta Soó; Campanula rotundifolia f. subracemosa Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. subverruculosa Guin.; Campanula rotundifolia f. tenerrima Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia f. umbrosa Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. confertifolia (Reut.) Witasek ex Vacc.; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. eurotundifolia Vacc., nom. inval.; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. euxina (Velen.) Hayek; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. groenlandica (Berlin) A. Löve & D. Löve; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. heterodoxa (Vest ex Schult.) Tacik; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. intercedens (Witasek) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. legionensis (Pau) M. Laínz; Campanula

760

rotundifolia subsp. linifolia Lapeyr.; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. montana P.D. Sell, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. paenina (Reut. ex Tissière) Witasek ex Vacc.; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. pedemontana Witasek ex Vacc.; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. pennina (Reut.) Witasek ex Vacc.; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. polymorpha (Witasek) Tacik; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. racemosa (Krašan) Hayek; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. solstitialis (A. Kern.) Hayek; Campanula rotundifolia subsp. sudetica Soó; Campanula rotundifolia subvar. pinifolia (Uechtr. ex Pancic) Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia subvar. tenuissima Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia var. alaskana A. Gray; Campanula rotundifolia var. albiflora G. Don; Campanula rotundifolia var. alpicola Hayek; Campanula rotundifolia var. alpina Tuck.; Campanula rotundifolia var. altitatrica Tacik; Campanula rotundifolia var. angustifolia (Lam.) Vacc.; Campanula rotundifolia var. angustissima Schur; Campanula rotundifolia var. arctica Lange; Campanula rotundifolia var. bielziana Schur; Campanula rotundifolia var. bocconei (Vill.) Lapeyr.; Campanula rotundifolia var. bulgarica Nejceff; Campanula rotundifolia var. calisii Murr; Campanula rotundifolia var. confertifolia Reut.; Campanula rotundifolia var. decloetiana (Ortmann) Nyman; Campanula rotundifolia var. delitschiana Kuntze; Campanula rotundifolia var. dentata Coleman; Campanula rotundifolia var. euxina Velen.; Campanula rotundifolia var. flexuosa C. Vicioso; Campanula rotundifolia var. glabra Lapeyr.; Campanula rotundifolia var. heterodoxa (Vest ex Schult.) Kurtz; Campanula rotundifolia var. hirta Mert. & W.D.J. Koch; Campanula rotundifolia var. hostii (Baumg.) Nyman; Campanula rotundifolia var. imbricata A. DC., nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. intercedens Farw.; Campanula rotundifolia var. intercedens (Witasek) Farw.; Campanula rotundifolia var. lancifolia Mert. & W.D.J. Koch; Campanula rotundifolia var. laxiflora Beck; Campanula rotundifolia var. legionensis (Pau) Lacaita; Campanula rotundifolia var. lineariifolia (Dumort.) Hayek; Campanula rotundifolia var. major (Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. major A. DC., nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. minor Witasek ex Vacc.; Campanula rotundifolia var. montana Syme, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. ovata Peterm.; Campanula rotundifolia var. papillifera Savul.; Campanula rotundifolia var. papillosa Beyer; Campanula rotundifolia var. parviflora Lange, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. parviflora Lej.; Campanula rotundifolia var. pennina (Reut.) Nyman; Campanula rotundifolia var. petiolata (A. DC.) J.K. Henry; Campanula rotundifolia var. pubescens Gaudin; Campanula rotundifolia var. pygmaea Wulff, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. pygmaea Hruby, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. reflexa Syr.; Campanula rotundifolia var. saxatilis Hruby; Campanula rotundifolia var. scabriuscula Mert. & W.D.J. Koch; Campanula rotundifolia var. scopulicola Lamotte; Campanula rotundifolia var. soldanelliflora (Voss) L.H. Bailey; Campanula rotundifolia var. solstitialis (A. Kern.) Beck; Campanula rotundifolia var. stenophylla Rouy, nom. illeg.; Campanula rotundifolia var. stricta

Campanumoea Blume Campanulaceae

Schumach.; Campanula rotundifolia var. tenuifolia (Hoffm.) Opiz; Campanula rotundifolia var. velutina DC.; Campanula rotundifolia var. verlotii Rouy; Campanula rotundifolia var. vulgaris Neilr.; Campanula sacajaweana M. Peck; Campanula scheuchzeri var. heterodoxa (Vest ex Schult.) A. Gray; Campanula scheuchzeri var. inconcessa (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Nyman; Campanula solstitialis A. Kern.; Campanula tenuifolia Hoffm.; Campanula tenuifolia Mart.; Campanula tracheliifolia Losa ex Sennen; Campanula urbionensis Rivas Mart. & G. Navarro; Campanula variifolia Salisb., nom. superfl.; Campanula wiedmannii Podlech; Depierrea campanuloides Schltdl.; Rapunculus esculentus Steud., nom. inval.) North America, Europe. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect, round basal leaves, deep purplish blue nodding flowers in racemes, sepals spreading, deer resistant See Species Plantarum 1: 164–165. 1753, Prodr. (DC.) 7(2): 484. 1839 and Magyar Bot. Lapok 29: 157–158, 165, 169–171, 174–175. 1930, Magyar Bot. Lapok 33: 128, 130, 241. 1934, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12: 365–366. 1966, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 213. 1970, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 231, 233. 1971, Fl. Great Britain & Ireland 4: 530. 2006 (Antifungal, anti-depressant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral, sedative, disinfectant. Root chewed for heart and lung problems, an infusion used as ear drops. Magic, ceremonial, associated with fairies and witches, the juice was an element in some of the witches ‘flying ointments’, rubbed on the body of those bothered by witches.) in English: aul man’s bells, bellflower, blaewort, blaver, blue blavers, bluebell, bluebell of Scotland, cuckoo’s hood, cuckoo’s thimbles, dead man’s bells, dead men’s bells, devil’s bells, fairies’ thimbles, harebell, lady’s thimble, milk-ort, thimbles, old man’s bells, Scotch bellflower, Scottish bluebell, witch bells, witch’s thimbles Campanula uniflora L. (Campanula uniflora Georgi; Campanula uniflora Gorter; Campanula uniflora Honck.; Campanula uniflora Schult.; Campanula uniflora Vill.) Northern hemisphere, North America. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect or decumbent, small blue solitary flowers slightly nodding at anthesis, narrow sepals and five fused bell-shaped campanulate petals See Species Plantarum 1: 163. 1753, Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 22. 1779 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2(1/2, Anniversary Proceedings): 59–108. 1915 (Ceremonial, ritual.) in English: alpine bluebell, arctic bellflower

Campanumoea Blume Campanulaceae Resembling a campana ‘a bell’, Greek homoios, homios ‘resembling, similar’, see Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 726. 1826 [24 Jan 1826], Notul. iv. 277. 1854.

761

Campnosperma Thwaites Anacardiaceae

Campanumoea javanica Blume subsp. javanica (Campanula javanica (Blume) D. Dietr.; Campanumoea cordata Maxim.; Campanumoea cordata Miq.; Campanumoea javanica Blume; Campanumoea labordei H. Lév.; Codonopsis cordata Hassk.; Codonopsis cordifolia Kom.; Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson; Codonopsis javanica Hook.f. & Thomson; Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook.f.)

See Botanische Jahrbucher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 31: 466. 1902, J. Arnold Arbor. 22: 535. 1941, Flora Malesiana, Series 1, 530, Fig. 59. 1978

Himalaya, Japan. Perennial climber, herbaceous vine, flowers light yellowish-green

in English: tigaso-oil

See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 103. 1824, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (13): 727. 1826, Syn. Pl. 1: 759. 1839, Ill. Himal. Pl.: t. 16 B. 1855, Natuurwetenschappilijk Tijdschrift 10: 9. 1856, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 566. 1857, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 12: 68. 1868 and Bulletin de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la Sarthe 39: 323. 1904 (Roots diuretic, expectorant, lactogenic, stomachic, used for anemia, jaundice, dyspepsia, diarrhea, nephritis, hemorrhoids, edema and diseases of the lymphatic system.)

Campnosperma Thwaites Anacardiaceae Greek kamptos ‘curved’, kampto ‘to bend, to turn’, and sperma ‘seed’, see Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 6: 65. 1854 and Adansonia, Sér. 3 20(2): 285– 293. 1998 [A revision of Campnosperma (Anacardiaceae) in Madagascar.], Economic Botany 57(3): 354–364. 2003. Campnosperma auriculatum (Bl.) Hook. f. (Buchanania auriculata Bl.; Buchanania oxyrhachis Miq.; Campnosperma auriculata Hook.f.; Campnosperma auriculatum var. wallichii (King) Ridl.; Campnosperma griffithii (non Marchand) Hook.f.; Campnosperma oxyrhachis Engl.; Campnosperma wallichii King) India, Indonesia. Trees, flat-topped crown, inner bark reddish, spiral arrangements of the leaves, unisexual flowers, reddish-purple drupe See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876 (Wood sap may cause dermatitis, sap from the wood can be harmful to people. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.) in English: terentang-oil

(Oil, mixed with soot, an application to the body in order to give protection from lice and fleas. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.) Campnosperma coriaceum (Jack) Hallier f. ex Steenis (Buchanania macrophylla Bl.; Buchanania racemiflora Miq.; Campnosperma griffithii Marchand; Campnosperma macrophylla (Blume) Hook f.; Coelopyrum coriaceum Jack) See Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 65. 1822 and Fl. Males. Bull. 1(3): 74. 1948 (The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.) in Borneo: terentang paya, terenteng in Malaysia: ambacang rawang, cedrol, hotong otan, huasum, kaauwe, kelinting, melumut, meranti daun lebar, nangprong, oreywood, paul lebu, sangtrang, serentang, terentang, terentang malung, terentang simpoh, tumus, terentang kelintang Campnosperma macrophylla Hook. f. (Campnosperma macrophylla (Blume) Hook f.) SE Asia. See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876 (The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.) in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang, terentang Campnosperma minus Corner SE Asia, Malaysia. See Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 10: 255. 1939 (The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.) Common name: terentang jantang Campnosperma panamense Standl. (Campnosperma panamensis Standl.) South America. Tree, erect, straight, watery latex, stilt roots, greenish cream flowers

in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang pelanuk, terentang, terentang daun besar

See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2(2): 111–112. 1920, Flora of Ecuador 30: 9–50. 1987, Ceiba 23(2): 85–92. 1979, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 78(2–3): 193–200. 2001, Fitoterapia 75(7–8): 764–767. 2004, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 57(7): 247–355. 2006

Campnosperma brevipetiolatum Volkens (Campnosperma brevipetiolata Volk.)

(The plant showed good or very good antiprotozoal activity in vitro, antimalarial and leishmanicidal.)

Indonesia, Pacific.

in English: orey wood

in Borneo: hamtangen, manlanga, tapau in Indonesia: madang rimuëng

762

Campomanesia Ruíz & Pav. Myrtaceae

in South America: auree, aures, hoary, laulu, miskitia, nusmas, orey, ori, ori-gria, orin, sajo, vaquerá

(Astringent, antioxidant, depurative, antirheumatic, antituberculosis, reducer of blood cholesterol, leaves infusion to treat diarrhea and bladder diseases. Roots to treat diabetes.)

Campomanesia Ruíz & Pav. Myrtaceae

in South America: guabiroba, guabiroba-amarela, guabirobaverde, guabiroba-vermelha, guavira

For the Spanish diplomatist Pedro Rodríguez Campománes y Sorrida, 1723–1803, jurist, studied political economy, member of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, Director of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid, among his works are Dissertaciones historicas del orden y cavalleria de los Templarios. Madrid 1747, Itinerario de las Carreras de Posta de dentro y fuera del Reyno. Madrid 1761, Tratado de la Regalia de Amortizacion. Marid 1765 and Tratado de la Regalia de España. … Lo publica del manuscrito original … Don V. Salvà. Paris 1830; see Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 72. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 128. 1798, G.C. Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 150. 1852, Linnaea 27(2–3): 348–349. 1854[1856], Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(7): 73. 1893, Enumeratio Myrtacearum Brasiliensium 8. 1893 and Fl. Suriname 3: 56–158. 1951, Fl. Guayane Française 3: 138–167. 1953, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/2): 569–818. 1958, Loefgrenia 26: 18, 22, 26, 28, 35. 1967, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 18(2): 55–286. 1969, Fl. Anal. Fitogeográfica Estado São Paulo 3: 548–610. 1970, Fl. Il. Catarin. 1(MIRT): 573–730. 1977, Brittonia 36(3): 241–243. 1984, Fl. Neotrop. 45: 1–178. 1986, Loefgrenia 99: 4–5. 1990, Fitoterapia 66: 373–374. 1995. Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg (Campomanesia adamantium Blume; Campomanesia adamantium var. nana (D. Legrand) Mattos; Campomanesia caerulea O. Berg; Campomanesia caerulescens O. Berg; Campomanesia cambessedeana O. Berg; Campomanesia cambessedeana var. nana D. Legrand; Campomanesia cambessedeana var. pyriformis Mattos; Campomanesia campestris (Cambess.) D. Legrand, nom. illeg.; Campomanesia desertorum O. Berg; Campomanesia glabra O. Berg, nom. illeg.; Campomanesia glareophila Barb. Rodr. ex Chodat & Hassl., nom. nud.; Campomanesia lancifolia Barb. Rodr. ex Chodat & Hassl., nom. nud.; Campomanesia microcarpa O. Berg; Campomanesia obscura O. Berg; Campomanesia paraguayensis Barb. Rodr. ex Chodat & Hassl., nom. nud.; Campomanesia resinosa Barb. Rodr.; Campomanesia vaccinioides O. Berg; Psidium adamantium Cambess.; Psidium campestre Cambess.) Brazil. Tree, edible fruit, essential oil See Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 2: 289, 292. 1832, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 319. 1840, Linnaea 27(4): 434. 1854[1856], Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 440, 450–451, 455, 457. 1857, Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 612. 1859 and Myrtaceae du Paraguay 20, t. 26. 1903, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 800. 1907, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 15(3): 273. 1958, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 10: 8, fig. 2E. 1962, Loefgrenia 32: 1. 1969, Loefgrenia 116: 3. 2001

Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. (Abbevillea martiana O. Berg, nom. illeg. superfl.; Burchardia aromatica (Aubl.) Raf.; Campomanesia beaurepairiana Kiaersk.; Campomanesia ciliata O. Berg; Campomanesia coaetanea O. Berg; Campomanesia glazioviana Kiaersk.; Campomanesia sparsiflora (DC.) J.F. Macbr.; Campomanesia synchrona O. Berg; Campomanesia tenuifolia (DC.) O. Berg; Campomanesia tenuifolia (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg; Eugenia desvauxiana O. Berg; Eugenia sparsiflora DC.; Myrtus fascicularis DC.; Myrtus psidioides Desv.; Myrtus psidioides Desv. ex Ham.; Psidium aromaticum Aubl.; Psidium tenuifolium Mart. ex DC.; Psidium tenuifolium DC.) South America, Trinidad. Shrub, edible fruit See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 485. 1775, Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 44. 1825, Sylva Tellur. 106. 1828, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 236, 240, 263, 268. 1828, Linnaea 27: 198, 432. 1856, Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 435, 444, 453. 1857, Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 610. 1859, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 242. 1860, Enum. Myrt. Bras.: 15–16. 1893, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 91. 1898 and Candollea 5: 394. 1934 (Leaves for vaginal steam bath.) in English: guava strawberry, guavaberry in South America: andoya, guayabita arrayana, guayabita de arrayan Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pav. (Campomanesia cornifolia Kunth; Campomanesia rivularis (Mart. ex DC.) Nied.; Campomanesia rivularis (DC.) Nied.; Psidium lineatifolium (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Psidium rivulare Mart. ex DC.; Psidium rivulare DC.) South America. Small tree or shrub, aromatic, yellow skinned edible fruit See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 128. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 27. 1806, Nov. Gen. Sp. 6: 150. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 233. 1828, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(7): 73. 1893 and Phytochemistry 66(14): 1736–1740. 2005 (Antimicrobial.) in South America: arani ma’nya, chamba, champa, gabiroba, guabiraba, guabiroba, guayaba de leche, masika ma’nya, michinche, palillo, palillo caspi Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg) Landrum (Abbevillea phaea O. Berg; Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg) Mattos; Campomanesia phaea var. lauroana (Mattos) Mattos;

Campsiandra Benth. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae)

Paivaea langsdorffii O. Berg; Paivaea langsdorffii var. lauroana Mattos; Paivaea phaea (O. Berg) Mattos; Paivaea phaea var. lauroana (Mattos) Mattos) Brazil. Small tree, white flowers, edible fruit See Fl. Bras. (Martius) 14(1): 435. 1857, Fl. Bras. 14(1): 614. 1859 and Brittonia 36(3): 241. 1984, Loefgrenia 90: 4. 1989, Loefgrenia 94: 8. 1989, Loefgrenia 99: 6. 1990, Loefgrenia 110: 1. 1997 (Bark astringent, antioxidant.) in Brazil: cambuci Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg (Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg; Eugenia xanthocarpa Mart.) Brazil. Tree, green-yellow skinned fruit, essential oil See Species Plantarum 1: 470–471. 1753, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 72. 1794, Syst. Nat. Med. Veg. Bras. 31, 62. 1843, Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 451. 1857 and Fl. Neotrop. 45: 66–70. 1986, Phytotherapy Research 17(3): 269–273. 2003, J. Ethnopharmacol. 93(2–3): 385–389. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94(1): 55–57. 2004 (Astringent, antidiarrheal, mutagenic, for ulcer and hypercholesterolemia treatment. Leaves infusion taken for parasitosis, stomachache and diarrhea; an infusion of Campomanesia xanthocarpa leaves and the herb Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr. (Lythraceae) (sete-sangrias) used for weight control, to treat obesity, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.) in South America: gabiroba, gabirobeira, guabirá, guabiroba, guabiroba do campo, guabiroba-do-mato, guabirobeira (= yb-mbe-yrob = árvores de casca amarga = trees with bitter bark; see Luíz Caldas Tibiriçá, Dicionário Tupi-Português. Traço Editora, Liberdade 1984), guabirobeira do mato, guariba, guariroba, guavira, guavira pyta, guaviroveira, guayabito, guayabo de leche, guayubirá

Campsiandra Benth. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae) From the Greek kampsis ‘bending, a bend’ and aner, andros ‘male, anther, stamen, man’, see Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany (Hooker) 2(10): 93–94. 1840, Fl. Brasiliensis (Martius) 15(2): 1–254, t. 1–66. 1870 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/1): 1–506. 1943, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 8(2): 103– 119. 1953, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 10(4): 65–87. 1961, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 15(1): 112–128. 1966, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Campsiandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth. (Campsiandra angustifolia Benth.) Tropical America. Perennial non-climbing tree, small white pinkish fragrant flowers with red stamens, large bean pod

763

See Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 15(2): 55. 1870 (Febrifuge, vulnerary, antirheumatic, antiarthritic, anti-ulcer, astringent, for malarial fever, arthritis and rheumatism, sores and ulcers, wounds, diarrhea.) in English: authentic huacapurana, chigo-flour in South America: acapu de igapo, acapu do igapo, acapurana, amanagwe, apikara, caacapoc, chigo, comanda assu, cumandá, gapo, huacapu-rana, huacapurana, pampa-huacapu-rana, pampa huacapurana, pimakaru’ywa Campsiandra comosa Benth. var. laurifolia (Benth.) R.S. Cowan (Campsiandra comosa Benth.; Campsiandra implexicaulis Stergios; Campsiandra laurifolia Benth.; Campsiandra rosea Poepp.; Campsiandra rosea Poepp. & Endl.) South America, Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree or shrub, white corolla See Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(10): 94. 1840, Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum (Poeppig & Endlicher) 3: 62. 1845 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 8(2): 112. 1953, Novon 6(4): 437, 439–441, 448–450, f. 1A, 2. 1996 (Bark infusion antimalarial, vulnerary, tonic, astringent, antirheumatic, postpartum tonic, treating fever, sores and ulcers, wounds, dysentery, malaria, dysentery, arthrosis.) in South America: acapu de igapo, acapurana, amanagwe, caacapoc, chiga, chigo, comanda assu, cumandá, gapo, huacapu-rana, huacapurana, pampa-huacapu-rana, pampa huacapurana Campsiandra guayanensis Stergios Venezuela. Perennial non-climbing tree See Novon 6(4): 447–448. 1996, Journal of Natural Products 69(2): 240–246. 2006 (Febrifuge, vulnerary, antirheumatic, anti-ulcer, astringent, for malarial fever, arthritis and rheumatism, diarrhea.)

Campsis Lour. Bignoniaceae Greek kampsis ‘bending, a bend’, kampe ‘bending, bend, flexure, something bend’, kampsos ‘crooked, bent’, referring to the stamens; see J. de Loureiro, Flora cochinchinensis. 358, 377. 1790. Campsis grandiflora (Thunberg) Schumann (Bignonia chinensis Lamarck; Bignonia grandiflora Thunberg; Campsis adrepens Loureiro; Campsis chinensis (Lam.) Voss; Tecoma chinensis (Lam.) K. Koch; Tecoma grandiflora Loisel.; Tecoma grandiflora (Thunb.) Loisel.) China, Japan. Woody vine, creeping, scandent, deciduous, few aerial roots, large orange-red trumpet shaped flowers grouped in terminal clusters, flattened pods, winged seeds

764

See Flora Japonica, … 253. 1784, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 377–378. 1790, Dendrologie 2(1): 307. 1872, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(3b): 230. 1894 and Jin, Jing Ling et al. “Anti-platelet pentacyclic triterpenoids from leaves of Campsis grandiflora.” Archives of Pharmacal Research 27(4): 376–380. 2004, Arch. Pharm. Res. 28: 550–556. 2005, Planta Med. 71: 578–580. 2005, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 3(1): 274–278. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(2): 223–228. 2006 (Used in Ayurveda. Pollen considered harmful to humans. Flowers antioxidative, antiinflammatory, carminative, depurative, diuretic, abortifacient, tonic and febrifuge, emmenagogue, used for women’s complaints, diabetes, acne, inflammation related to skin disorders, acute skin inflammation; flowers decoction for menstrual disorders, rheumatoid pains, traumatic injuries, difficult urination, itching. Flowers, leaves and roots used to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis in diseases caused by blood stagnation; flowers and leaves antidiabetic; leaves with pesticidal, larvicidal and insecticidal activities.) in English: Chinese trumpet creeper, Chinese trumpet flower, Chinese trumpet vine, Indian trumpet creeper, trumpet creeper, trumpet vine in China: ling hsiao, ling hsiao hua, ling tiao, ling xiao, ling xiao hua, tzu wei in India: delaun, rohitakalata in Japan: nôzen-kazura in Nepal: ghata puspa lata Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau (Bignonia radicans L.; Campsis radicans (L.) Seem.; Gelseminum radicans (L.) Kuntze; Gelseminum radicans Kuntze; Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss.) North America. Woody vine, tubular orange-yellow to red flowers in clusters, elongated slender capsule with many winged seeds See Species Plantarum 2: 624–625. 1753, Genera Plantarum 139. 1789, Monographie des Bignoniacées. 2e these 2(Atlas): 16. 1864, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 5: 372. 1867, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 479. 1891 (Leaves and flowers poisonous, low toxicity if eaten; skin irritation with redness and swelling.)

Camptosema Hook. & Arn. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

Camptosema paraguariense (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl. (Camptosema paraguariense Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl.) South America. Shrub See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4(9): 900. 1904, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 16: 228. 1919, Economic Botany 31(3): 302–306. 1977 (A contraceptive, the decoction of leaves, branches and roots.)

Camptotheca Decne. Cornaceae (Nyssaceae) Greek kamptos ‘curved, bent’ and theke ‘a case’, see Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 20: 157. 1873. Camptotheca acuminata Decne. (Camptotheca acuminata var. rotundifolia B.M. Yang & L.D. Duan; Camptotheca acuminata var. tenuifolia W.P. Fang & Soong; Camptotheca yunnanensis Dode) China. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 55: 651, f. c. 1908, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(2): 86, pl. 14, f. 3. 1975, Nat. Sci. J. Hunan Norm. Univ. 11(1): 63–63. 1988, Ethnobotany 11: 85–91. 1999, Phytochemistry 65(20): 2735– 2749, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 8(4): 196–202. 2007, BMC Plant Biology 10: 69. 2010 (A major natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptothecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs.) in English: China’s tree of joy

Campylandra Baker Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae) From the Greek kampylos ‘curved’ and aner, andros ‘male, anther’, see Flora Telluriana 4: 15. 1836[1838], J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 582, t. 20. 1875. Campylandra aurantiaca Baker (Rohdea aurantiaca (Baker) N. Tanaka; Rohdea aurantiaca (Baker) Yamashita & M.N. Tamura; Tilcusta nepalensis Raf.; Tupistra aurantiaca (Baker) Wall. ex Hook.f.) India, Himalaya. Erect herb

in English: cow-itch, trumpet creeper, trumpet honeysuckle, trumpet vine

See Fl. Tellur. 4: 15. 1838, Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 582. 1875, Fl. Brit. India 6: 325. 1892 and Novon 13(3): 331. 2003, Journal of Plant Research. Botanical Society of Japan. Tokyo 117(5): 369. 2004

Camptosema Hook. & Arn. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

(Flowers cooked as vegetable and eaten as a postpartum remedy and blood purifier, to cure general body pain, diabetes. Roots febrifuge.)

Greek kamptos ‘curved’ and sema ‘standard, a sign, mark’, see Botanical Miscellany 3: 200. 1833 and Darwiniana 4(2– 3): 323–331. 1942, Darwiniana 16(1–2): 175–218. 1970.

in India: nakima, thullo nakima

765

Campylospermum Tieghem Ochnaceae

Campylospermum Tieghem Ochnaceae Greek kampylos ‘curved’ and sperma ‘seed’, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 397, pl. 152. 1775, Genera Plantarum 291. 1789, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 17: 415. 1811 and J. Bot. (Morot) 16: 35, 202. 1902, Taxon 16: 421. 1967, Candollea 23: 177–228. 1968. Campylospermum flavum Farron (Campylospermum flavum (Schumach.) Farron; Gomphia flava Schumach.; Gomphia flava Schumach. & Thonn.; Monelasmum flavum Tiegh.; Ouratea flava Hutch. & Dalziel ex Stapf; Ouratea flava (Schumach. & Thonn.) Hutch. & Dalziel ex Stapf; Ouratea laurentii De Wild.) Nigeria, Gabon. Treelet or shrub, coriaceous leaves, yellow flowers See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 216–217. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 236– 237. 1828 and Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 7, Suppl. Bot.: B57. 1920, Botanical Magazine 149: t. 9023. 1924, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État Bruxelles 35: 397. 1965 (Leaves laxative, stomachic. Leaves and roots for snakebite.) in Nigeria: akpagha Campylospermum squamosum (A. DC.) Farron (Gomphia squamosa A. DC.; Ochna squamosa Kuntze; Ouratea squamosa Engl.; Ouratea squamosa (A. DC.) Engl.) Gambia, Nigeria. Straggling shrub or small tree, bright yellow flowers solitary or in bunches, fruit composed of 5 drupelets See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 17: 418. 1811, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 12(2): 318. 1876, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 106. 1891 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État Bruxelles 35: 402. 1965 (Bark or pounded leaves used in poultices to relieve bodypain.)

Campylotropis Bunge Fabaceae (Desmodieae, Leguminosae) From the Greek kampylos ‘curved, bent’ and tropis, tropidos ‘a keel, the keel of a vessel’, referring to the shape of the flowers, to the curved keel of the flowers, see Pl. Monghol.-Chin. 6. 1835 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 78(2): 338–358. 1991. Campylotropis bonatiana (Pampanini) Schindler (Campylotropis bonatiana Schindler; Campylotropis franchetiana Lingelsheim & Borza; Campylotropis trigonoclada (Franchet) Schindler var. bonatiana (Pampanini) Iokawa & H. Ohashi; Lespedeza bonatiana Pampanini) China.

See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 70–71, pl. 39–40. 1803 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(1): 19–21, f. 6. 1910, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11(296– 300): 429. 1912, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(370–372): 387. 1914, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30(4): 346–348. 1992 (Whole plant used for treating strokes, influenza, nephritis and skin diseases. Ointment.) in China: ma niao teng Campylotropis delavayi (Franchet) Schindler (Campylotropis delavayi Schindler; Lespedeza atrokermesina Forrest; Lespedeza atrokermesina W.W. Sm.; Lespedeza delavayi Franch.) China. Shrub, purple corolla See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 70–71, pl. 39–40. 1803, Pl. Monghol.-Chin. 6. 1835, Rev. Hort. 225, f. 70. 1890, Plantae Delavayanae 165. 1890 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11(296–300): 426. 1912, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 10(46): 44. 1917 (Root febrifuge.) in China: xi nan hang zi shao Campylotropis hirtella (Franch.) Schindl. (Campylotropis hirtella Schindler; Lespedeza hirtella Franch.; Lespedeza mairei Pamp.) China. See Plantae Delavayanae 167. 1890 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(1): 22–23, f. 7. 1910, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11(296–300): 428. 1912, J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(16): 6928–6935. 2008, Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin (The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan) 56(9): 1338–1341. 2008, Natural Product Research 22(11): 990–995. 2008, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19(13): 3389–3391. 2009 (Dried roots used for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. Immunosuppressive activity.) Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutinum (Dunn) H. Ohashi (Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutina (Dunn) H. Ohashi; Campylotropis velutina (Dunn) Schindler; Campylotropis velutina Schindler; Lespedeza pinetorum auct. non Kurz; Lespedeza velutina Dunn; Millettia cavaleriei H. Lév.) China. Perennial non-climbing shrub See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 42(2): 230. 1873 and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 27(4): pl. 2700. 1901, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11(296–300): 429. 1912, Flore du KouyTchéou 238. 1914, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 20(561–576): 286. 1924, J. Jap. Bot. 49(2): 43–44. 1974, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30(4): 346–348. 1992

766

(Root astringent and pain reliever.) in China: mian nan hang zi shao, rong mao hang zi shao Campylotropis polyantha (Franchet) Schindler (Campylotropis muehleana (Schindler) Schindler; Campylotropis neglecta Schindl.; Campylotropis polyantha f. macrophylla P.Y. Fu; Campylotropis polyantha f. souliei (Schindler) P.Y. Fu; Campylotropis reticulata S.S. Chien; Campylotropis reticulata Ricker, nom. illeg.; Campylotropis sargentiana Schindler; Campylotropis smithii Ricker; Campylotropis souliei Schindler; Campylotropis tomentosipetiolata P.Y. Fu; Campylotropis wangii Ricker; Lespedeza blinii H. Lév.; Lespedeza eriocarpa subvar. polyantha (Franchet) Pampanini; Lespedeza eriocarpa var. chinensis Pampanini; Lespedeza eriocarpa var. polyantha Franchet; Lespedeza muehleana Schindler; Lespedeza polyantha (Franchet) Schindler; Lespedeza polyantha (Franch.) H. Lév.; Lespedeza sargentiana (Schindler) H. Lév.) China. Shrub, pink flowers, fodder for cattle See Plantae Delavayanae 168. 1890 [Plantae Delavayanae sive Enumeratio plantarum quas in provincia chinensi Yunnan, collegit J.-M. Delavay …] and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(1): 21–22. 1910, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(227–229): 517– 518, 520–521. 1911, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11(291–295): 339–341. 1912, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 25: 48. 1915, Catalogue des Plantes de Yun-Nan 158. 1916, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54(1): 66. 1917, Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China: Botanical Series 8: 129. 1932, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 36(2): 40. 1946, Index Florae Yunnnanensis 1: 576. 1984, Bulletin of Botanical Research 7(4): 46–50, f. 6. 1987, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30(4): 346–348. 1992, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 14(4): 203–207. 1997, Journal of Japanese Botany 77: 319. 2002 (Root used for reducing fever, promoting diuresis, expelling phlegm and as a pain reliever.) in China: sa gen ti hang zi shao, xiao que hua in Tibet: ji jo, jiong nie, jion nie peng Campylotropis speciosa (Schindl.) Schindl. (Campylotropis eriocarpa Schindler; Campylotropis eriocarpa (DC.) Schindler; Campylotropis macrostyla (D. Don) Miq. var. eriocarpa (Maxim.) H. Ohashi; Campylotropis speciosa Schindl.; Campylotropis speciosa (Royle ex Schindl.) Schindl.; Lespedeza eriocarpa auct. non DC.; Lespedeza speciosa Royle ex Maxim.; Lespedeza speciosa Schindl.; Lespedeza speciosa Royle ex Schindl.) Nepal, Bhutan. Perennial non-climbing shrub, manybranched, pink or purple flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, flowers boiled and pickled

Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 102. 1825, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 242. 1825, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 230. 1855, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 519. 1911, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11: 344, 347, 425. 1912, J. Jap. Bot. 77(6): 325. 2002 (Bark juice antiinflammatory, antiseptic, applied to treat cuts and wounds.) in China: mei li hang zi shao in Nepal: sakhino, sakino Campylotropis trigonoclada (Franchet) Schindler (Campylotropis alata Schindler; Campylotropis balfouriana (Schindler) Schindler; Campylotropis balfouriana (Diels ex Schindler) Schindler; Lespedeza angulicaulis Harms ex Schindler; Lespedeza angulicaulis Schindler; Lespedeza balfouriana Diels ex Schindler; Lespedeza balfouriana Schindler; Lespedeza trigonoclada Franchet; Lespedeza trigonoclada fo. intermedia Pamp.; Lespedeza trigonoclada var. angustifolia Pamp.) China. Shrub, yellowish flowers See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 70–71, pl. 39–40. 1803, Pl. Monghol.-Chin. 6. 1835, Plantae Delavayanae 167, pl. 42. 1890 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(1): 24. 1910, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(227–229): 522–523. 1911, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11(296–300): 430–431. 1912, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 30(4): 346–348. 1992 (Whole plant used for reducing fever and relieving coughs. Root for treating mastitis and stroke.) in China: san leng zhi hang zhi shao

Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae From the Malayan vernacular name, kenanga; see Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 607, t. 244. 1775, Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1: 485. 1817, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . 129–130. 1855, Histoire des Plantes 1: 213. 1868 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 270–294. 1946, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Cananga latifolia (Hook.f. & Thomson) Finet & Gagnepain (Cananga latifolia Finet & Gagnep.; Canangium latifolium (Hook.f. & Thomson) Ridley; Unona brandisana Pierre; Unona latifolia Hook.f. & Thomson) Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia. Tree, grey shaggy bark, alternate soft velvety aromatic leaves, inflorescence a raceme with fragrant flowers, sepals 3, lanceolate greenish petals, fruit of many separate hairy carpels, flowers can be used like those of ylang-ylang See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53, Mém. 4(2): 84. 1906, Cytologia 55: 187–196. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(1): 12–18. 2006

767

Canarina L. Campanulaceae

(Wood infusion febrifuge, antiplasmodial; bark a remedy for dizziness.)

in China: da ye yi lan

irattimanikkam, irunti, kamalada mara, kamanda mara, kananga hoo, karumukai, katthe sampige, malani, malati, malatimaram, maramanorancitam, nettiramali, nettiramalimaram, nettiranirumali, pamini, pavalavaruti, picci, piriyavata, pitti

in Laos: may ka seng

in Indonesia: bunga selanga, kananga, kenanga, sepalen

in Malaysia: kenanga, tho shui tree

in Laos: ka dan nga thay

in Thailand: khae saeng, nao, raap, sakae saeng

in Malaysia: chenanga, hutan, kananga, kenanga, kenanga utan, neriah, nérian, nyai

in Cambodia: chker sreng

in Vietnam: c[aa]y tai nghe, th[oo]m shui, s[uw] t[aa]y Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Cananga odorata Hook.f. & Thomson; Cananga scortechinii King; Canangium fruticosum Craib; Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King; Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baillon; Unona odorata (Lam.) Dun.; Unona odorata (Lam.) Baill.; Uvaria axillaris Roxb.; Uvaria odorata Lam.) Australia, Pacific islands, SE Asia. Tree, evergreen, straggling, pendulous, pale yellow-green sweetly fragrant flowers on short leafless axillary shoots, flowers hang in loose bunches, fruits dark green, brown seeds embedded in yellow oily pulp See Species Plantarum 536. 1753, Supplementum Plantarum 44, 270. 1782, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 595. 1785, Genera Plantarum 283. 1789, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 61(2): 41–42. 1892 and Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 78: 1–103. 1958, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, Plant Systematics and Evolution 144: 165–177. 1984, Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 49–79. 1988, Parasitol. Res. 84(9): 746–752. 1998, J. Nat. Prod. 64(5): 616–619. 2001 [Cytotoxic constituents of the fruits of Cananga odorata.], Planta Med. 70(7): 632–636. 2004, Fitoterapia 76(7–8): 758–761. 2005, Phytother. Res. 20(9): 758–763. 2006, Cutis. 77(3): 149–50. 2006 (Used in Sidha. Ylang-ylang oil has been accepted as an allergen. Bark antibacterial, amebicidal, antifungal and cytotoxic; bark applied against scurf; bark infusion for stomach problems. Dried flowers against malaria, fresh flowers paste for treating asthma. Leaves poultice rubbed on the skin against itch. Seed used externally to cure intermittent fever.) in English: cananga, fragrant cananga, ilang-ilang, macassar oil plant, perfume tree, ylang-ylang, ylang-ylang tree in Tonga: mohokoi in Bali: bungan sandat in Burma (Myanmar): kadapgnam, kadatngan, sagasein in Cambodia: chhkè srèng in China: yi lan in India: apoorva champaka, apoorvachampakamu, apurbachampa, apurvacampaka, apurvacampakamu, cirucanpakam, ceti campanki, canpakam, catimanoca, cumana, cuvetaka, cuvetika, iracaputtiri, irattimanikkakkoti,

in Philippines: alangilang, ilang-ilang, ylang-ylang in Thailand: fereng, kradang-nga-thai, kradang-ngaa-thai, kradangnga-songkhla, kradangnga-thai, sabannga-ton in Vietnam: ho[af]ng lan, ng[oj]c lan t[aa]y, ylang ylang Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson var. fruticosum (Craib) Sinclair (Canangium fruticosum Craib; Cananga odorata var. fruticosa J. Sinclair; Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King var. fruticosum (Craib) Corner) SE Asia, Thailand. Dwarf variety, bush, curly petals See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 595. 1785, Genera Plantarum 283. 1789, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . 129–130. 1855, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 61(2): 41. 1893 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1922(5): 166–167. 1922, Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements, ser. 3, 10: 15. 1939, Sarawak Museum Journal 5(3): 599. 1951 (Antibacterial, antifungal.) in English: shrubby cananga in Thailand: kradang nga songkhla

Canarina L. Campanulaceae From the Canary Islands, see Mantissa Plantarum Altera 2: 148, 225, 588. 1771 and Ind. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1753–74 (Regn. Veg.li.) 36. 1967. Canarina eminii Asch. & Schweinf. (Canarina elegantissima T.C.E. Fr.; Canarina eminii Asch. ex Schweinf.; Canarina eminii Asch. & Schweinf. var. elgonensis T.C.E. Fries) Tropical Africa. Epiphytic or terrestrial, erect or scandent, climber, pendent, herbaceous, weak stem, thick root, latex when cut, funnel-shaped corolla pink yellow-orange with red-purple lines, stems and petioles eaten See Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1892: 173. 1892 and Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 392, 395. 1923, International Journal of Primatology 26(6): 1345–1373. 2005 (For psychosis, madness. Magic, ritual.) in Rwanda: umuhurura

768

Canarium L. Burseraceae From the Moluccan vernacular name kanari or kenari; see C. Linnaeus (1707–1778), Amoenitates academicae. 4: 121, 143, adnot. Holmiae [Stockholm] et Lipsiae [Leipzig] 1749[-1769] and Herman Johannes Lam (1892–1977), “The Burseraceae of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, with annotations concerning extra-Malayan species especially of Dacryodes, Santiria and Canarium.” Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. III. 12(3–4): 281–561, pl. 1–14. 1932. Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. (Canarium album Raeusch.; Pimela alba Lour.) SE Asia, China, Vietnam. Tree, white aromatic resinous sticky sap, yellowish-green flowers in axillary raceme, raw fruit edible, douc langurs (Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 407–408. 1790, Nomenclator Botanicus, ed. 3, 287. 1797, Prodromus 2: 80. 1825, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 793. 1837 and Blumea 9(2): 402–405, f. 24. 1959, Primates 19: 101–114. 1978, Australian Primatology 8: 5–6. 1993, Asian Primates 4: 4–6. 1995, Proceedings [of] 10th Asian Chemical Congress: Sessions. 2. Medical Chemistry & Natural Products. Hanoi, 2003: 45–48. 2003, Food Chemistry 102(3): 808–811. 2007, Food Chemistry 105(3): 1307–1311. 2007, European Food Research and Technology 226(5): 1191–1196. 2008, J. Zhejiang Univ. Science B. 9(5): 407–415. 2008 (Olive leaf extract powerful antiviral, detoxificant, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, shown to be effective in the treatment of many conditions where antibiotics have been found to be ineffective, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning, to remove heat. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.) in English: Chinese olive, Chinese white olive in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang in Japan: kanran in Vietnam: ca na, cay bui, tram trang Canarium amboinense Hochr. Papua New Guinea. See Hochreutiner, Benedict Pierre Georges (1873–1959), Plantae bogorienses exsiccatae novae vel minus cocnitae [!] quae in horto botanico coluntur, auctore B.P.G. Hochreutiner … 55. [Buitenzorg] typis Instituti botanici bogoriensis. 1904. (Against boils.) Canarium bengalense Roxb. India, China. Tree, fragrant amber coloured oleoresin, imparipinnate leaves, lanceolate leaflets, inflorescences axillary, dark purple spindle-shaped aromatic drupes, persistent

Canarium L. Burseraceae

calyx disk-shaped, infructescences extra-axillary or axillary, ripe fruits eaten fresh See Hort. Bengal. 49. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants ed. 1832, 3: 136. 1832, FBI 1: 534. 1875 and Blumea 9(2): 412–414. 1959, Current Science 32(4): 162–163. 1963, Pharmaceutical Biology 37(3): 225–230. 1999 (Leaves for bronchitis, leprosy, jaundice; juice of leaves with ginger juice administered in cough and respiratory diseases; smoke of the leaves inhaled as cigar in asthma; leaves infusion drunk for dysentery; leaves powder pesticide, insecticide, against fungal infection. Leaves and roots for chronic bronchitis; leaves juice or root decoction given for respiratory diseases; ashed leaves and wood mixed with honey used for coughs and asthma. Leaves and bark antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antibacterial, febrifuge, abortifacient, antiasthmatic, antiallergic, for setting broken bones, relieving pain, resolving phlegm, used externally for rheumatic swellings, inflammations. Latex in the treatment of wounds and gum infection. Antifungal. Bark resin, incense, used in worshipping.) in English: East Indian copal, green myrobalan in China: fang lan in India: bero, berothing, bisjang, borsamphol, dhuna, hijungaraung, inghet-ki-ik-araung, keruta, mathek-araung, mekruk, narockpa, nerebi, tekreng, umchhiang in Nepal: goguldhup, gokul Canarium commune L. (Canarium commune Blanco; Canarium commune Wight & Arn.) India, Panama. Tree, clear sticky sap, sepals and petals greenish creamy white See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 127. 1767, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 175. 1834, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 791. 1837 (Used in Sidha. For stomach problems and coughs.) in English: Chinese olive, elemi gum, Java almond, Java almond tree, wild almond in India: cimaivatumai, cinappicinmaram, jaava badaami, jangli baadaam, kaggali beeja, kaggali mara, karaiccenkari, sambrani, shambrani Canarium euphyllum Kurz India, Andaman. Large tree, white aromatic resin, leaf with a pair of awl-like stipules, nearly sessile hairy leaflets with toothed margins See Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. (1872) II. 295. 1872 (Resin burnt as mosquito repellent. Resin used for burning in ceremonies.) in English: Indian white mahogany in India: dhup, moye Canarium harveyi Seem. (Canarium sapidum Hems.)

769

Canarium L. Burseraceae

Tonga. Tree, dense canopy See Seemann, Berthold (1825–1871), Flora Vitiensis: a description of the plants of the Viti or Fiji islands, with an account of their history, uses, and properties. 35. London: L. Reeve and co. 1865 (Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative.) in English: canarium nut, galip nut, ngali nut, Santa Cruz ngali nut in Tonga: ‘ai, ai, kaunicina, kaunigai, nangae, nangai Canarium indicum L. (Canarium amboinense Hochr.; Canarium commune L.; Canarium grandistipulatum Lauterbach; Canarium mehenbethene Gaertn.; Canarium moluccanum Blume; Canarium nungi Guill.; Canarium polyphyllum Krause; Canarium shortlandicum Rech.; Canarium subtruncatum Engl.; Canarium zephyrinum Rumphius) Indonesia, New Guinea, N. Hebrides. Tree, flowers in terminal panicles, large infructescences, fruit an ovoid purple to black drupe, kernels edible See Amoen. Acad., Linnaeus ed. 4: 143. 1759 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lvi. 321. 1920, J. Arnold Arbor. 1931, xii. 236. 1931 (Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative, a preparation from the bark used for chestpain. Dried nuts eaten to induce sterility. Ritual incense.) in English: canarium nut, galip nut, Java almond, nangai nuts, ngali nut, south-sea almond in Indonesia: jal, kanari bagéa, kenari ambo in Pacific: nangai, ngali in Papua New Guinea: angal, galip, hinuei, kenari, lawele, uele Canarium littorale Blume (Canarium acutum Engl.; Canarium bennettii Engl.; Canarium flavum Ridl.; Canarium giganteum Engl.; Canarium glaucum Bl.; Canarium pruinosum Engl.; Canarium pseudocommune Hochr.; Canarium pseudocommune var. genuinum Hochr.; Canarium pseudocommune var. subelongatum Hochr.; Canarium purpurascens Benn.; Canarium rufum Benn.; Canarium secundum Benn.; Canarium serricuspe Miq.; Canarium serrulatum Miq.; Canarium subtruncatum Baker, non Engl.; Canarium tomentosum Bl.; Canarium tomentosum var. flavum Bl.; Canarium tomentosum var. typicum Bl.) Java. Canopy tree, dioecious, black resin, stout twigs rusty red tomentose, kidney-shaped stipules, inflorescencs paniculate and axillary, yellow-reddish-purple unisexual flowers densely ferruginous hairy, blue-black drupe with thin leathery flesh See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1164. [Oct 1826-Nov 1827] and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930, 81. 1930, Blumea 9(2): 337– 339. 1959 (For hemorrhoids.)

in Borneo: asam, bekatan, damar kahingai, jelemu, karamu barawou, kawangang, kurihang, mekos, rupai, sala, seladah in Singapore: kedondong, kedondong bulan Canarium luzonicum Miq. (Canarium album Blanco; Canarium carapifolium Perk.; Canarium commune F. Vill.; Canarium polyanthum Perk.; Canarium triandrum Engl.; Canarium villosum Blume; Pimela luzonica Blume) Philippines. Tree, clustered flowers on large compound inflorescences See Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811–1871), Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. i. II. 651. Amsterdam. 1855[-59]. (Resin stimulant, rubefacient, antirheumatic, stomachic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, fungicidal and insecticidal, cough remedy, used externally for swellings of the legs, indolent ulcers, burns, sores, boils, abscesses, furuncles, arthritis and rheumatism.) in English: elemi gum, elemi resin, Java almond, Manila elemi in Philippine Isl.: alangi, alanki, antang, anteng, arbol a brea, bakan, bakoog, belis, brea blanca, bulau, malapili, pilauai, pilaui, pili, pisa, sahing, tugtugin Canarium madagascariense Engl. (Canarium boivinii Engl.; Canarium greveanum Engl.; Canarium harami Bojer; Canarium liebertianum Engl.; Canarium multiflorum Engl.; Canarium obtusifolium Scott-Elliot; Canarium pulchrebracteatum Guillaumin) Tanzania, Madagascar. Tree, extremely variable, bark containing a turpentine-odoured white clear resin, white campanulate flowers See Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 4: 111–112. 1883 and Blumea 9(2): 275–475. 1959, International Journal of Primatology 18(2): 207–216. 1997, Acta Horticulturae 675: 133–137. 2005 (Resin insecticide and disinfectant, for the treatment of urinary complaints, dental caries, rheumatism, wounds; after heating vapor inhaled against headache, immersion in its vapor is believed to protect against infections. Fresh bark for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Leaves boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs; stem exudate and leaves sedative, analgesic. The seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds.) in Madagascar: aramy, ramy in Tanzania: mbani, mpafu Canarium manii King India, Andaman. See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 62(4): 247. 1894 [1893 publ. 6 Mar 1894] and Planta Medica 58(6): 493–495. 1992

770

(Hepatoprotective.) Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl. Papua New Guinea. Tree, colourless bark exudate, inflorescence axillary See Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 4: 241. 1896 and Flora Malesiana, Series 1, 278–279, fig. 20, 21, 41. 1956 (Stimulating hair oil. Against itchiness.) in English: grey canarium in Indonesia: kanari minyak, kayu rasamala, rani kalang bahi Canarium ovatum Engl. Philippines. Tree, erect and spreading, yellowish fragrant flowers borne on cymose inflorescences at the leaf axils of young shoots See Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) 57(2): 107–204. 2002 (Ointment for healing wounds. Seed kernel laxative, fresh nuts purgative.) in English: Manila elemi, Philippine nut, pili nut Canarium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. ex Engl. (Canarium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth.) Mauritius. Tree, endangered See Pharmaceutical Biology 35(4): 237–254. 1997, Pure Appl. Chem. 77(1): 41–51. 2005 (A leaf poultice and the resin applied for rheumatism, leaf poultice also applied on ulcerations. Extracts of the stem, wood and bark have shown antibacterial and antifungal activities.) in Mauritius: bois colophane, élemi de Maurice Canarium pilosum Bennett (Canarium grandiflorum Bennett) Indonesia, Malaya, Sumatra, Brunei. Tree, dioecious, inner bark creamy, few-flowered inflorescences, flowers tomentose, oblong drupe with a 3-sided stone, sweet seeds edible See Flora of British India. By J.D. Hooker assisted by Various botanists. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in council. [Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Sir (1817– 1911)] i. 533. London, L. Reeve. 1872–1897

Canarium L. Burseraceae

Leenh.; Canarium pimeloides Govaerts, nom illeg. superfl.; Canarium tramdenum C.D. Dai & Yakovlev; Chirita nigrum (Lour.) Engl., nom. illeg.; Pimela nigra Lour.) Southern China, Vietnam. Tree, resiniferous, evergreen, small flowers in axillary panicles, long-stalked fruits, edible fruit a purple-black drupe See Flora Cochinchinensis 407. 1790, Annals of Botany 1: 361, pl. 7, f. 1. 1805, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 49. 1814, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1162. [Oct 1826-Nov 1827], Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 545. 1845, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(4): 240. 1896 and Blumea 9(2): 406, 408, f. 25. 1959, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 70(6): 784. 1985, World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1): 12. 1999, Taxon 54: 550. 2005 (Leaf nutrient and sedative, used to treat herpes, lacquer poisoning. Fruit astringent, sedative, antiinflammatory, increases salivation, appetite stimulant, antidote for eating poisonous fish, used for sore throat, toothache, diarrhea. Powdered seed to treat earache, inflammation and to dissolve lodged fishbones.) in English: black canarium, black canary tree fruit, black Chinese canarium, canarium kernel, Chinese black olive, Chinese olive, kenari-nut tree, preserved black canarium in China: lan ch’ih, lan chi, lan jen, kan-lan, lan ren, wu lan in Vietnam: bùi, càna, trám-den Canarium samoense Engler Samoa. Tree See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883 (For rash, sores, skin ailments.) in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Canarium occidentale A. Chev.; Canarium thollonianum Guillemin; Canarium velutinum Guillemin) Tropical Africa, Nigeria, Senegal. Large tree, spreading, rounded umbrella crown, bark exudes a viscid sulfur-yellow oleoresin with an unpleasant taste or sweetly scented, young branchlets hairy red-brown when cut the fragrant resin smells of incense, creamy white flowers in axillary panicles, soft bluish black glabrous smooth fruits, 3-ridged stone, ripe flesh fruit and kernel eaten

in Malaysia: kedondong, kedondong kerut, kejam penggeli, keramoh batu

See Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 4: 145. 1883 and Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale Française 5: 145. 1909, Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(9): 1076–1078. 2008, Tanzania Journal of Health Research 11(1): 23–28. 2009

Canarium pimela K.D. Koenig (Canarium nigrum Roxb.; Canarium nigrum Engl.; Canarium nigrum (Lour.) Engl., nom. illeg.; Canarium pimela Zoll. ex Engl.; Canarium pimela Blume; Canarium pimela Blanco; Canarium pimela

(Antimicrobial, used to treat bacterial infections, diarrhea and heal wounds. Fresh bark used for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice, the exudate for venereal diseases; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Fruits

(Resin used for wounds. Leaves and bark for yaws.) in Indonesia: damar kunang, damar lilin, medang serababa

Canarium L. Burseraceae

and stem bark for coughs. Fruit pulp analgesic. Leaves stimulant, to treat fever, scurvy, malaria, constipation, diarrhea, postpartum pain, rheumatism, venereal diseases; boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs. Seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds. Magic, ritual, crystallized resin used as incense with religious significance.) in English: African canarium, African elemi, bush candle tree, bush pear, canarium, incense tree, incense tree of the khiokhio bird, obega mahagony, úbé of the bush, white mahogany in Cameroon: abe, abel, abell, bele, bòsao b’eyidi, eban, gberi, hehe, mbili, oleni, otu, sao eyidi, sene, toumba, wotua in Congo: banga, bili, bolele, bubele, ki mbidi, mabélé, mbidi, mbidi nkala, mbili, mbiri, mobele, mombele, mubiri, mupatu, musuku, obe, obélé, obole in Gabon: abe, abel, abeul, aboel, eban, mbili, moubili, muwafu, mwafu, nyege, nyegye, obe, obega, ovili, owele, ombili in Ghana: ahie, amoukyi, bedi-wo-nua, bedi-womua, bediwu-nua, bediwonua, bediwuna, bediwunua, bedunua, bewewo-nua, kandangunuu, kantankrui, kurutwe in Guinea: dollo, ghiémana, modjetchalè, oclanca, sava in Ivory Coast: ahié, ahiélé, aiele, aiélé, aiéré, dirutu, elemi de Moahum, gueritu, kerendja-égué, khiala, labé, moi moua, mosu, muneu, muamohia, muemia, muénohia, nosu, okoume, okumé, senie, senyan, uréguinahi, yatu in Liberia: beeng, beri, bi, bien-g, bo-tu, goe quehn, goekwehn, mbele, po-tu in Nigeria: abigwa, agbabubu origbo, ako, àkó, anikantuhu, atile, atilia, atílis, boshu basang, boshu-basung, ébèn étìrìdon, eben etridon, èkpákpoghò, èshiá, ibagbo, ibwaba, ipapo, itali, kofare, njasin, njassong, njasun, njasung, oda, ofingot, oju-ngon, onumu, origbo, órigbó, órúnmùnkhìokhìo, otua, papo, papol, pwat, siselung, tamfre, ùbé agba, ùbé mkpuru aki, ùbé-óhèá, ùbé okpókó, ùbé-osà, ùbé wemba, ùbwé aba, uda, ute-siselung in Sierra Leone: a-menẻp, a-nenẻp, dolle, dolo, mbele, mbili, sawa in Tanzania: mbafu, mbani, mpafu, mubafu, sigonfi in Tropical Africa: abé, abe, abel, abell, abo, aielé, bedunua, hehe, oyife in Uganda: musanke in Upper Volta: cien, paja Canarium strictum Roxb. (Canarium resiniferum Brace ex King; Canarium sikkimense King; Pimela stricta Blume) India, China, Himalaya. Trees, evergreen, buttressed, resin dark brown to black oozing from cut end of trunk, small unisexual yellowish-white flowers, inflorescence axillary panicles rusty tomentose, staminate flowers in subterminal

771

panicles, pistillate flowers in racemes, drupes blue-black at maturity, fruits eaten See Hort. Bengal. 49. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 138. 1832, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 226. 1850, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 62(2): 187–188. 1894 and Fl. Bombay 1: 202. 1902, Fl. Karnataka 2: 199. 1996, Fl. Madras 1: 172. 1997 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fruit of Canarium resiniferum taken for urinary complaints. Bark decoction as a bath for skin eruptions; an infusion taken for colic. Gum used with gingelly oil (Sesamum indicum) in rheumatic pains; decoction or powder of resin given internally as a remedy in cough, asthma, fever, hemorrhage, epilepsy, rheumatism, syphilis, poisons, skin diseases. Crushed leaves as fish poison. Resin burnt for expelling mosquitoes from house and also for healing wounds. Ceremonial, ritual, magico-religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves, the dried resin used to fumigate at religious adorations; resin from the stem is burnt at home to get good health and wealth, also paddy fields are fumigated.) in English: black dammar, black dammar tree, Yunnan canarium in China: dian lan, t’ien lan, tian lan, yang duan, yang jui, yang rui, yang tuan in India: attam, berawthing, beroh, bot-sasat, brev, canari-telli mara, damar, dhoop, dhuna, dhup, dong-khreng, doopa, gugul, haale maddu, haalu maddi, halemaddu, halmaddi, haralu maddi, harlmuddy, inkulicamaram, itarcam, jaali banke, kaaladaamar, kakanemi, kakanemimaram, kala-damar, kala-dammar, kala dammar, kaladammar, karedupa, karee dhoopa, kari dhoopa, kariyapolam, karridhupa, karungkungiliyam, karangkunthrikam, karungundurukkam, karunkiliyam, karunkungiliam, karunkungiliyam, karunkunkiliyam, karunkuntirikkam, karuppu-damar, karuppu kungiliam, karuppudamar, karuppuk kunkiliyam, karuppukkungiliyam, karuppukkunkiliyam, karupputamar, karupudamar, karuthakungiliam, karuttukungiliam, karuttukunkiliyam, kukkil kungulam, kundrikam, kundurukkam, kungiliam, kungiliyam, kunguli, kunthirikkapayin, kunturukkam, kunturukkan, kunturukkapayam, kunturukkappayan, manda dhoopa, manda-dhup, mandadhoop, mandadhup, mandadhupa, mandadupa, mekruk, munddoopa, nalla-rojan, nalla rojanamu, nallarojanamu, nallarojen, panda, pandu, pantam, pantappayan, pantham, raala dhoopa, raladhupa, raladupa, raldhoop, raldhup, raldhupada, sanglam, silum pakia, solum, tanpukai, tanpukaimaram, telli, thally, thelli, thellippayin, thelly, tubam, tupam, viraga, viraka, virapu Canarium tonkinense Engl. (Canarium album Leenh.; Canarium album Raeusch.; Canarium album Blanco; Canarium tonkinense (Leenh.) Engl.; Hearnia balansae C. DC.) Vietnam. Tree, small greenish flowers in large panicles, fruit an ovoid to spindle-shaped blackish drupe, pericarp rather

772

Canavalia DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

thick, pulp and seeds from the fruits edible, pickled fruit, douc langurs (Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits

Canavalia DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

See Amoenitates academicae… 4: 121. 1759, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 5: 55. 1865, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 2: 580. 1894, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(4): 240. 1896 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 1: 711. 1911, Blumea 9(2): 402–403, 405, 408, 410, f. 26. 1959, Primates 19: 101–114. 1978, Australian Primatology 8: 5–6. 1993, Asian Primates 4: 4–6. 1995

The Malabar vernacular name kanavali or kana-valli (kanam ‘forest’ and valli ‘climber’) for Canavalia ensiformis. See van Rheede in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 8: t. 44. 1688, M. Adanson, Familles des plantes. 2: 325, 531. 1763, Anales de Ciencias Naturales 7: 63. 1804, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 149. 1835, Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte 2: 135. 1837, Linnaea 12(3): 330–332. 1838 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(14): 558, 560. 1925, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(2): 487–559. 1937, Brittonia 16(2): 106–181. 1964, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67(3): 523– 818. 1980 [1981], J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 7: 249–276. 1985, Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae-Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, A Revised Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon 7: 108–381. 1991, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 16(2): 305–334. 1992.

(Olive leaf extract antiviral, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.) in English: Chinese olive, Vietnam canarium in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang, yue lan, yueh lan in Indochina: ca na in Japan: kanran in Thailand: samo cheen in Vietnam: cay bui, trám tráng Canarium villosum Benth. & Hook.f. ex Náves Philippines. See Flora de Filipinas, ed. 3 [F.M. Blanco] Nov. App. 40. 1877–1883 (Resin stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary.) in Philippines: pagsahingin Canarium vitiense A. Gray Samoa. Tree See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883 (For rash, sores, skin ailments.) in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali Canarium vulgare Leenh. (Canarium commune auct., non Canarium commune L.) Tropical Asia. See Blumea 8:1 88. 1955, Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 5(2): 107–108. 1995, Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia (PROSEA). 18: 56. 2000 (Demulcent, irritant, antiviral, rubefacient, stimulant, vulnerary, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, expectorant, immunostimulant.) in English: Chinese olive, Java almond, kenari nut, kenari nut tree, pili nut

Canavalia africana Dunn (Canavalia africana Dunn ex Hutch.; Canavalia ensiformis sensu J.G. Baker; Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. var. virosa (Roxb.) Baker; Canavalia ferruginea Piper; Canavalia gladiata sensu Robyns; Canavalia gladiata sensu E.G. Baker; Canavalia polystachya Schweinf.; Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Canavalia virosa auct., sensu J.D. Sauer, Verdc., non (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. sensu stricto; Canavalia virosa sensu Piper & Dunn; Dolichos virosus Roxb.) Tropical Africa, Yemen, Socotra and India. Perennial climbing herb, trailing, standard violet with white veins, seeds eaten, fodder See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 253. 1834, The Flora of British India 2(4): 196. 1876 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1922(4): 135. 1922, Kew Bulletin 42: 657–660. 1987, Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal 19: 30–47. 2001, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4: 11. 2008 (Toxins. For insect bites, topical application of fresh leaves crushed, warmed; leaves infusion anthelmintic; leaves used in a recipe for treating smallpox. Roots diuretic; roots and bark for killing intestinal worms. Magic.) in English: wild sword bean in India: adavi, lamma, moodu-awara, sem in Congo: cikubwekubwe in Ethiopia: otongoraa in Tanzania: kihalo Canavalia cathartica Thouars (Canavalia bouquete Montr.; Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. var. turgida Graham ex Baker; Canavalia ensiformis var. turgida (A. Gray) Baker; Canavalia ensiformis var. turgida Baker; Canavalia ensiformis var. virosa (Roxb.) Baker; Canavalia ferruginea Piper; Canavalia glandifolia Streets; Canavalia glandifolia A. Gray ex Streets, nom. nud.; Canavalia microcarpa (DC.)

773

Canavalia DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

Piper; Canavalia obtusifolia sensu Prain; Canavalia obtusifolia (Lam.) DC. var. insularis Ridl.; Canavalia polystachya Schweinf.; Canavalia stocksii Dalzell & A. Gibson; Canavalia turgida Graham ex A. Gray; Canavalia turgida Graham; Canavalia turgida A. Gray; Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Dolichos virosus Roxb.; Lablab microcarpus DC.; Phaseolus virosus (Roxb.) Bojer) Tropical Asia, New Caledonia. Perennial non-climbing shrub, vine, climber, scrambling, inflorescence racemose pendant, scented magenta to purple flowers, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent pod slightly inflated, develop cavities in the fruits, utilization of the extrafloral nectaries and fruits by ants, used to make maunaloa lei, highly invasive weed, mainly in coastal habitats, on beaches, behind the beach in coastal thickets See Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 81. 1813, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 55. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 402, 404. 1825, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 253. 1834, United States Exploring Expedition 1: 440. 1854, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci., sér. 2, 10: 197. 1860, The Flora of British India 2(4): 196. 1876, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 7: 142. 1877 and Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 30(43): 176. 1917, Atoll Res. Bull. 273(3): 39–64. 1983, Taiwania 32: 11–117. 1987, Arthropod-Plant Interactions 2(1): 1–8. 2008 (Mature fruits poisonous, seeds said to be edible when detoxified, often by cooking; seeds stimulate sleep. Leaves, roots and seeds for cuts, purifying blood, worms, skin diseases; leaf extract in fever; roots and bark for killing intestinal worms.) in English: ground Jack bean, horse bean, Jack bean, silky sea bean, sword bean, wild bean in Pacific: marlap, maunaloa, pwa maron, tu tu faroa in India: abai, adavi chemma, adavithamma, jangli-sem, kaadavare, kaadu, kaadu avare balli, kaaranuputhige, kaaru chamma, kaaruthamma, kadsambol, kath-shim, kattuthampattai, kudsumbar, lamma, makhan sheem, minuhaeh, thamateballi in Japan: taka-nata-mame Malayan names: kacang rang-rang, kachang hantu, kachang riang-riang in Nepal: ganja, tarwar simi in Philippines: dalakórak, danglin in Thailand: thua-krapao, thua-phi in Vietnam: d[aaj]u bi[eer]n, d[aaj]u c[ooj], d[aa]y qua qua in Hawaii: maunaloa Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. (Canavalia ensiformis var. albida DC.; Canavalia ensiformis var. truncata Ricker;

Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC.; Canavalia gladiata fo. leucocarpa Taub.; Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. var. ensiformis (L.) Benth.; Canavalia gladiata var. leucosperma Voigt; Canavalia incurva Thouars; Canavalia incurva (Thunb.) DC., nom. illeg. hom.; Canavalia loureiroi G. Don; Dolichos acinaciformis Jacq.; Dolichos ensiformis L.; Dolichos ensiformis Thunb.; Dolichos gladiatus Jacq.; Dolichos pugioniformis Rauschert; Malocchia ensiformis (L.) Savi) South and Central America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, twining or prostrate, bushy, deeply penetrating root system, branching at lower nodes, flowers mauve to purple, axillary raceme with swollen nodes, pod laterally compressed, seeds edible, a forage for ruminants See Cat. Pl. Jamaica 1: 68. 1696, Species Plantarum 2: 725– 726. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 279–280. 1784, Collectanea 1: 114. 1786, Collectanea 2: 276, t. 215. 1788, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 80. 1813, Nuov. Giorn. Pisa 8: 116. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 404. 1825, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 363. 1832, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 234. 1845, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 55. 1898 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53, Mém. 3b: 140. 1906, Castanea 11: 56. 1946, Fl. Lesser Antilles (DicotyledoneaePart 1) 4: 334–538. 1988 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Poisonous, mature beans highly toxic but edible if boiled, heat treatment eliminates the toxic effects. Young pods and leaves for fevers, measles, skin eruptions. A preparation of the leaves burnt in mustard oil used as ointment for ulcers. Anticancer, mitogenic, anodyne, diuretic, analgesic, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, insecticidal, antitumor pharmaceutical composition from the fresh seeds; young pods eaten to cure asthma. Canatoxin toxic to the cotton pest. Urease from the seeds. Magic, ritual, voodoo, ceremonial.) in English: giant stock bean, gotani beans, horse bean, horsebean, Jack bean, Jamaica horse bean, Jamaican horse bean, overlook bean, sarbre bean, snake bean, sword bean, wonder bean in Peru: pallar del gentil in Cambodia: tiehs in China: dao dou, tao tau, tao tou in India: aabayee, abai, abao, adavichamma, adavitamma, adavithamma, ampucakitacceti, ampucakitam, anititam, anititavavaraikkoti, asishimbi, awara, bara sem, baramareca, brihatshimbi, bu-wal-awara, cetittampattai, cetittampattaiyavarai, chamba kaasya, chamma, cikkuri, cikkuricceti, civapputtampattai, cupakavavarai, erratamma, errathamma, ettatamma, galaphul, gavara, gavari, gavria, gojiasema, gol, goyijiyashivalam, heppua teipi, jangli sem, kaadavare, kaaranputhige, kadasambal, kadavare, kadavari, kadsambal, kadsambu, kamtal urahi, kamtalurahi, kanavala, kanavazha, karanuputige, karochikadu, karuchamma, karutamma,

774

karuthamma, kattuttambaltan, kattuttambattan, kattuvalamarakkaya, kattuvalari, katubaramareca, khadasambala, khadgashimbi, khadsambal, kisamari, kocapalam, kodittambattan, kolhiyavarai, koliavarai, kolikkoti, kolippuntu, koliyavarai, koliyenramuli, koshaphala, koshi avarai, kottuttambattam, lalkudsumbal, maha-shibee, mahashimbi, makam-shim abayee, nilashimbika, paluvakkoti, paraholiya, pataiyavarai, patavarai, patavavarai, pathave, peyavarai, peyppatal, peyttampattai, peyttampattaiyavarai, pukati, pukatiyavaraikkoti, safedkudsumbal, sambe, sema, shambe, shembi avare, shembiavare, shimbi, simbi, sivapputtambattai, sthulashimbi, suarasema, sufed kadsumbal, sweeta-sima, tamateballi, tamategida, tamba, tamma, tampattai, tampattam, tihon, tampattankay, tampattankoti, thamattan, thamba, thambattai, thamma, tottiraiyakkoti, tottirayam, tumbekonji, tumbettankaya, ulakanamikkoti, ulakanapi, valamara, valavarai, valavarata, varaiyaruttan, varaiyaruttankoti, vellai thambattai, vellaittampattai, vellaittampattan, vellaittumattan, wal-awara, yerratamma, yerrathambattankaya in Indonesia: kacang parang, kacang mekah, kara bedog in Japan: tachi-nata-mame in Laos: thwâx fak ph’aaz Malayan names: kachang hantu, kachang parang, kacang parang putih, kachang polong in Philippines: badang-badang, habas, lagaylay, palang-palang in Thailand: thua khaek in Vietnam: cây dâu ra, dâu ngua, dâu tây in Congo: bubi in Yoruba: jogbonloro, papanla, popondo asinyun mowo, popondo, poponla Canavalia galeata Gaudich. (Canavalia galeata (Gaudich.) Vogel; Canavalia gaudichaudii Endl.; Dolichos galeatus Gaudich.) Pacific, Hawaii. Perennial climbing shrub, vine, very pubescent leaves, deep purple flowers, flowers and seeds strung into extraordinary lei See Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M. l’~Uranie~ et la ~Physicienne~ … Botanique 12: 486, pl. 115. 1830, Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte 1: 186. 1836, Linnaea 10: 584. 1836 and Economic Botany 25(3): 245–254. 1971 (Entire plant used for skin diseases, itch, ringworm.) in English: sword bean in Hawaii: ‘awikiwiki, puakauhi Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. (Canavalia enformis (L.) DC. var. alba Makino; Canavalia ensiformis sensu auct.; Canavalia ensiformis sensu Baker; Canavalia ensiformis var. gladiata (Jacq.) Kuntze; Canavalia foureiri G. Don;

Canavalia DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

Canavalia gladiata fo. erythrocarpa Taub.; Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. var. alba (Makino) Hisauti; Canavalia gladiata var. erythrosperma Voight; Canavalia gladiata var. machaeroides DC.; Canavalia gladiata var. spodosperma Voigt; Canavalia gladiolata J.D. Sauer; Canavalia incurva Thouars; Canavalia incurva (Thunb.) DC.; Canavalia incurva Thouars; Canavalia loureirii G. Don; Canavalia loureiroi G. Don; Canavalia machaeroides (DC.) Steud.; Canavalia maxima Thouars; Canavalia plagiosperma sensu auct.; Dolichos gladiatus Jacq.; Dolichos incurvus Thunb.; Malocchia gladiata (Jacq.) Savi) Burundi, China, India. Perennial climbing shrub, twiner, trailing, spreading, stout, white lilac flowers, large sword shaped pods, forage and cover crop, young green fruits and immature seeds used as a cooked vegetable See Cat. Pl. Jamaica 1: 68. 1696, Species Plantarum 2: 725– 726. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 279–280. 1784, Collectanea 1: 114. 1786, Collectanea 2: 276, t. 215. 1788, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 80. 1813, Nuov. Giorn. Pisa 8: 116. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 404. 1825, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 363. 1832, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1(3): 273. 1840, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 234. 1845, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 55. 1898 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 53, Mém. 3b: 140. 1906, Castanea 11: 56. 1946, Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae-Part 1) 4: 334– 538. 1988, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 388–398. 2009, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15(1): 59–65. 2009 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Uncooked seed toxic at any stage, may cause poisoning; urease extracted from the seed. Anticancer, analgesic, antiangiogenic, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, insect repellent, diuretic, for anorexia, schizophrenia, inflammatory diseases, atopic dermatitis, hemorrhoids, swellings, boils, wounds, ulcers, acne, obesity, stomachache, dysentery, conjunctivitis, cough, asthma, headache, kidney problems and general debility. Leaf juice taken in case of abdominal pains, to kill intestinal worms; ointment for ulcer. Root and leaf extract given as antidote, anti-venom. Veterinary medicine, leaves with those of Clerodendrum phlomidis, fowl extract and tamarind pounded and applied for rheumatism.) in English: broad bean, Jamaican horse bean, Japanese Jackbean, red-seeded sword bean, scimitar bean, sword bean, sword Jackbean, white-seeded sword bean in China: dao-dou in India: adavi chikkudu, advi chemma, araniyamutkam, asisimbi, assisimbi, bara-mareca, bara sem, civapputtampattai, cocksim, ghevdo, kad sambu, kamtal urahi, kattavarai, kattavaraikkoti, kayilakakkoti, kayilakam, khadsampal, koliavarai, lal kadsumbal, lalkududumpal, lalkudusumpal, mahasimbi, peyavarai, phatadi, puttathamma, segapu tham-

775

Canavalia DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

pattai, segapputampattai, shambee avare, thamma kaaya, thumbe kaayi, valamara, valavara, valpayar, valvara in Japan: hatu-to-zu, tachiwa-chi

nata-mame,

shiro

nata-mame,

Malay name: kachang parang in Tibetan: mkhal-ma zho-sha nag-po in Madagascar: morataitra in N. Rhodesia: chikuvangu in Tanzania: mbwanda, mwingasiafu Canavalia nitida (Cav.) Piper (Canavalia bahamensis Britton; Canavalia cubensis Griseb.; Canavalia ekmanii Urb.; Canavalia nitida Piper; Canavalia rusiosperma Urb.; Clementea nitida Cav.) Mexico, Haiti. See Anales de Ciencias Naturales 7: 47. 1804, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s. 8: 178. 1861, Plantae Wrightianae 1: 178. 1869 and Symbolae Antillarum 1(3B): 473. 1900, Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 4(13): 119. 1905, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 15: 317–318. 1918, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(14): 559, 562. 1925, Brittonia 16(2): 117. 1964, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90(2–3): 293–316. 2004

14) 658. 1784, Flora Japonica, … 280. 1784, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2(1): 295. 1786, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 105. 1788, Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 81. 1791, Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 2: 50, pl. 221. 1797, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 80–81. 1813, Hort. Bengal. 55. 1814, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 441–442. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 404. 1825, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 303. 1832, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 362. 1832, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 235. 1845 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 15: 400. 1919, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1922(4): 137–138. 1922, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(14): 566–569. 1925, Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 10(10): 915–918. 2008 (Used in Sidha. Poison. Seeds in overdose are poisonous to rabbits. Aphrodisiac, tonic. Plant potion used during labor. Decoction of leaves used for rheumatism; paste of leaves used for boils; leaf a marijuana substitute; an infusion of the leaves with the juice of limes is drunk against malaria. Roots in the treatment of leprosy, rheumatic pain and cold.) in English: bay bean, bay pod, beach bean, coastal Jack bean, horse bean, seaside bean

(Aphrodisiac, for venereal diseases, herbal mixtures.)

in Samoa: fuefue fai va’a, fue vili

in English: Bahama baybean, Cathie’s bean

in Madagascar: lalanda, lalandana

Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. (Canavali maritima Thouars; Canavalia apiculata Piper; Canavalia arenicola Piper; Canavalia baueriana Endl.; Canavalia emarginata (Jacq.) G. Don; Canavalia lineata sensu auct.; Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC.; Canavalia lineata DC.; Canavalia maritima Thouars; Canavalia maritima (Aubl.) Urb., nom. illeg. hom.; Canavalia maritima (Aublet) Thouars; Canavalia maritima Aub.; Canavalia miniata (Kunth) DC.; Canavalia moneta Welw.; Canavalia obcordata Voigt; Canavalia obcordata (Roxb.) Voigt; Canavalia obtusifolia (Lam.) DC.; Canavalia obtusifolia DC.; Canavalia obtusifolia var. emarginatus (Jacq.) DC.; Canavalia obtusifolia var. insularis Ridl.; Canavalia podocarpa Dunn; Clitoria rotundifolia (Vahl) Sessé & Moc.; Dolichos emarginatus Jacq.; Dolichos lineatus Thunb.; Dolichos lineatus Murray; Dolichos littoralis Vell.; Dolichos maritimus Aubl.; Dolichos miniatus Kunth; Dolichos obcordatus Roxb.; Dolichos obovatus Schumach. & Thonn.; Dolichos obtusifolius Lam., nom. illeg.; Dolichos roseus Sw.; Dolichos rotundifolius Vahl)

in Rodrigues Isl.: cocorico

Tropics and warm subtropics. Perennial non-climbing shrub, trailing or climbing, creeping or scrambling, vine, herbaceous or somewhat woody, flowers pink-purple or mauve, inflorescence racemose, spirally dehiscent pod, commonly on beaches and edges of coastal bushland, a sand binder See Observationum Botanicarum 3: 5. 1771, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 765. 1775, Syst. Veg. (ed.

in India: cevalavarai, cikkaram, kattu-tsjandi, koli, kolikkalavarai, kolikkoti, kolippuntu, koliyavarai, koliyenramuli, kotincika, kotincikappuntu, kutirakati, kutirakatikkoti, maharada, mudu-awara, murukkavarai, murukkavaraikkoti, perunkoliyavarai, talapotitakkoti, talapotitam, vanamancari, vanamancarikkoti in Indonesia: joa-joa dowongi, kekara laut in Malaysia: kacang laut, kacang rang-rang in Japan: taka-nata-mame in the Philippines: katang-katang, lagaylai, magtambokau, pataning dagat in Thailand: kaitia, thua khla in Vietnam: d[aa]y d[aaj]u, d[aaj]u dao bi[eer]n Canavalia villosa Benth. (Canavalia hirsuta (M. Martens & Galeotti) Standl.; Canavalia multiflora Hook. & Arn.; Canavalia pilosa M. Martens & Galeotti; Canavalia pilosa (M. Martens & Galeotti) Donn. Sm.; Canavalia rostrata Benth.; Canavalia rupicola Standl. & L.O. Williams; Neurocarpum multiflorum Hook. & Arn.; Phaseolus barrancae M.E. Jones; Wenderothia discolor Schltdl.; Wenderothia hirsuta M. Martens & Galeotti; Wenderothia pilosa M. Martens & Galeotti; Wenderothia villosa (Benth.) Piper)

776

Central and South America. Perennial climbing shrub See Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus 71. 1837, Linnaea 12: 331. 1838, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 286, 416. 1840, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 10(2): 191–192. 1843, Enumeratio Plantarum Guatemalensium … 1: 8. 1889 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(2): 495. 1922, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20(14): 584. 1925, Contributions to Western Botany 18: 46. 1933, Ceiba 3(3): 203–204. 1953, Brittonia 16: 133–135. 1964 (Toxic, not eaten raw. Root chopped and administered for the cure of severe eye ailments, for warts, boils.) in Mexico: bëël-cuir, cicimatic, cimatl, pek’ Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (Canavalia africana Dunn ex Hutch., nom. nud.; Canavalia africana Dunn; Canavalia ensiformis sensu J.G. Baker; Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. var. virosa (Roxb.) Baker; Canavalia ferruginea Piper; Canavalia polystachya Schweinf.; Canavalia stocksii Dalzell & A. Gibson; Canavalia virosa auct., sensu J.D. Sauer, Verdc., non (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. sensu stricto; Canavalia virosa Náves ex Fern.-Vill., nom. illeg.; Canavalia virosa Naves ex Villar; Canavalia virosa sensu Piper & Dunn; Dolichos polystachios Forssk., nom. illeg.; Dolichos polystachios L.; Dolichos virosus Roxb.; Phaseolus virosus (Roxb.) Bojer) India. See Species Plantarum 2: 726–727. 1753, Flora AegyptiacoArabica 134. 1775, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 55. 1814, Fl. Ind. (ed. 1832): 3: 301. 1832, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 253. 1834, Reliquiae Kotschyanae 25, pl. 20. 1868, The Flora of British India 2(4): 196. 1876, Flora de Filipinas Nov. App. 64. 1877, Flora de Filipinas 4(13A): 64. 1880 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1921(10): 367. 1921, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1922(4): 135, 141. 1922, Kew Bulletin 42: 657–660. 1987, Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal 19: 30–47. 2001, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4: 11. 2008 (Toxins, poison, mature beans highly toxic, heat treatment eliminates the toxic effects; seeds reputed poisonous, uncooked seed toxic at any stage, may cause poisoning. For insect bites, topical application of fresh leaves crushed, warmed; leaves infusion anthelmintic and for gonorrhea; leaves used in a recipe for treating smallpox. Roots diuretic; roots and bark for killing intestinal worms. Magic.) in English: broad bean, Jack bean, knife bean, wild sword bean

Canella P. Browne Canellaceae

karanuputige, karutamma, kathshim, kathsim, kattuttambattan, kattuvalamara, kolashimbi, kolasimo, koli-awari, kosaphala, kozhiavarai, krishnaphala, kushimbi, lamma, makhan sheem, mohrhorha, moodu-awara, partapankapadika, pustakashimbika, sem, shimbi, sukarapadika, thamateballi, wal-awara Malay name: kachang kachang

Canella P. Browne Canellaceae Latin canna ‘a reed’, Greek kanna, referring to the tightly rolled bark; see The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 275, pl. 27, f. 3. 1756, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 3: 168, 170. 1832, Endlicher, Istvan Laszlo (1804–1849), Enchiridion Botanicum 428. Lipsiae, Sumptibus Guil. Engelmann, 1841, N. Tommaseo & B. Bellini, Dizionario della lingua italiana. Torino 1865–1879 and Pollen. Bot. Gaz. 125(3): 192–197. 1964, Amer. J. Bot. 53(4): 336–343. 1966, Manlio Cortelazzo and Paolo Zolli, Dizionario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana. 1: 195–196. Zanichelli, Bologna 1979, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78: 1–581. 1996. Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. (Canella alba Murray; Canella canella (L.) H. Karst.; Laurus winterana L.; Winterana canella L.) Jamaica, West Indies, USA. Shrub or small tree, perennial, slow-growing, dense canopy, purple and white lightly fragrant flowers, bright red berries clustered near the tips of branches, aromatic and pungent bark, not known to be invasive, once established it is extremely drought and salt tolerant See Species Plantarum 1: 369, 371. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1045. 1759, Syst. Veg. (ed. 14). 443–444. 1784, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 373. 1788, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik… 626. 1882 and Ess. Oil Res. 2: 163–165. 1990, Phytochemistry 38(4): 909–915. 1995 (Leaves and stems toxic to chickens. Bark emmenagogue, cytotoxic, antifungal and antimicrobial, used to relieve headaches; inner bark infusion to treat fevers and inflamed tonsils, indigestion, to induce abortion. To relieve headache and hangover, smoke the chipped dried wood in a pipe. Leaves applied externally to relieve rheumatism and headache; for rheumatism, boil the leaves for a bath. Phytotoxic sesquiterpenoids. Leaves and bark as fish poison; bark insecticidal.) in English: Bahama whitewood, canella, canella bark, cinnamon bark, Jamaican cinnamon tree, pepper cinnamon, white cinnamon bark, white cinnamon tree, wild cinnamon, wild cinnamon tree, winter cinnamon in India: kiliyuram pattai

in China: tao tou, tau deu in India: abai, adavi, adavi chemma, adavithamma, adavittama, assambal, bahara, gowara, jangli-sem, kaadavare, kaadu, kaadu avare balli, kaaranuputhige, kaaru chamma, kaaruthamma, kadavare, kadsambol, kalanshim, kalasim,

Canna L. Cannaceae Greek kanna, kanne ‘a reed’, Latin canna, ae ‘a reed, cane’, Akkadian qanu ‘reed’, Hebrew qane ‘reed’; see Carl Linnaeus,

777

Canna L. Cannaceae

Species Plantarum 1: 1. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 1. 1754 and Fl. Veracruz 11: 1–8. 1980, Wu Te-lin & Chen Senjen. Cannaceae. In: Wu Te-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(2): 152–158. 1981, Flora of Ecuador 32: 1–9. 1988, National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: LittleKnown Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989, Makinoa, n.s., 1: 1–74. 2001. Canna flaccida Salisbury (Canna anahuacensis Kraenzl.; Canna angustifolia Walter, nom. illeg. hom.; Canna fintelmanni Bouché; Canna flaccida Roscoe, nom. illeg.; Canna flava Michx. ex Lam., nom. subnud.; Canna glauca Walter, nom. illeg. hom.; Canna glauca var. flaccida Willd.; Canna glauca var. flava (Michx. ex Lam.) Willd.; Canna reevesii Lindl.; Eurystylus flaccida (Salisb.) Bouché; Eurystylus flaccidus (Salisb.) Bouché; Eurystylus reevesii (Lindl.) Bouché) North America. Herbaceous perennial, leaf bases clasp the stem, leaves upright thick succulent, bright yellow flowers in a terminal cluster, modified style and modified stamens, one of the petal-like stamens bears pollen See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 59. 1788, Icones Stirpium Rariorum 3, plate 2. 1791, Journ. Nat. Hist. Par. 1: 416. 1792, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1: 4. 1797, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 339. 1807, Monandrian Plants of the Order Scitamineae t. 6. 1824, Edwards’s Botanical Register t. 2004. 1837, Linnaea 18: 485, 487. 1844, Linnaea 18: 485. 1845 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 47(Heft 56): 65, t. 14. 1912, Taxon 53(3): 835. 2004 (Emollient.) in North America: bandana-of-the-Everglades, bandanna of the Everglades, bird shot, golden canna, Indian shot in Japan: kibana-dandoku Canna glauca L. (Canna angustifolia L., nom. illeg.; Canna angustifolia Walter; Canna annaei André; Canna elegans Raf., nom. nud.; Canna fintelmanni Bouché; Canna glauca var. angusta J.W. Richardson; Canna glauca var. annaei (André) Petersen; Canna glauca var. rubro-lutea Hook.; Canna glauca var. rubrolutea Hook.; Canna glauca var. rufa Sims; Canna glauca var. rufa Sims ex Hook.; Canna glauca var. siamensis (Kraenzl.) Nob. Tanaka; Canna hassleriana Kraenzl.; Canna jacobiniflora T. Koyama & Nob. Tanaka; Canna lanceolata Lodd. ex Loudon, nom. nud.; Canna lancifolia Schrank; Canna liturata Link ex Dietr.; Canna longifolia Bouché; Canna mexicana Bouché; Canna mexicana A. Dietr.; Canna pedicellata C. Presl; Canna pruinosa Hoffmanns.; Canna schlechtendaliana Bouché; Canna schlechtendaliana var. annaei (André) Kraenzl.; Canna siamensis Kraenzl.; Canna stenantha Nob. Tanaka; Canna stolonifera D. Dietr.; Canna stolonifera hort. ex Bouché; Canna stricta Bouché; Xyphostylis angustifolia (L.) Raf.) North America, Tropical America.

See Sp. Pl. 1: 1. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 59. 1788, Florula Ludoviciana, or, a flora of the state of … 143. 1817, Bot. Mag. 49: t. 2302. 1822, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(2): 106. 1827, Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 1. 1830, Linnaea 8: 158. 1833, Botanical Magazine 62: t. 3437. 1836, Linnaea 12: 144. 1838, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 11–12. 1839, Linnaea 18: 386, 487. 1845 and Pflanzenr., IV, 47: 31, 54–55. 1912, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 296. 1916, Fl. Illustr. Catar. (Cannaceae) 1: 24. 1972, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 26: 7, 9. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(3): 324–341. 2006 (Vegetation and rhizomes used as antitumour.) in North America: glaucous Indian shot, Louisiana canna Canna indica L. (Canna achiras Gillies ex D. Don; Canna achiras Gillies; Canna altensteinii Bouché; Canna amabilis T. Koyama & Nob. Tanaka; Canna ascendens Ciciar.; Canna aurantiaca Roscoe; Canna aureovittata Lodd.; Canna barbadica Bouché, nom. nud.; Canna bidentata Bertol.; Canna bifida Roem. & Schult.; Canna carnea Roscoe; Canna cearensis Huber; Canna chinensis Willd., nom. superfl.; Canna cinnabarina Bouché; Canna coccinea W.T. Aiton, nom. illeg.; Canna coccinea Miller; Canna coccinea Roscoe, nom. illeg.; Canna coccinea unranked sylvestris Regel; Canna coccinea f. flaviflora Chodat & Hassl.; Canna coccinea var. bicolor Kraenzl.; Canna coccinea var. concolor Regel; Canna coccinea var. floribunda (Bouché) Regel; Canna coccinea var. limbata Regel; Canna commutata Bouché; Canna compacta Roscoe; Canna concinna Bouché; Canna crocea Roem. & Schult.; Canna densifolia Bouché; Canna discolor Lindley; Canna discolor var. rubripunctata Nob. Tanaka; Canna discolor var. viridifolia Nob. Tanaka; Canna edulis Ker Gawl.; Canna ehrenbergii Bouché; Canna elegans Raf., nom. superfl.; Canna ellipticifolia Stokes, nom. superfl.; Canna ellipticifolia var. coccinea (Mill.) Stokes; Canna ellipticifolia var. lutea (Mill.) Stokes; Canna ellipticifolia var. patens (Aiton) Stokes; Canna ellipticifolia var. rubra Stokes; Canna esculenta Loudon, nom. inval.; Canna exigua Bouché; Canna eximia Bouché ex Horan.; Canna flavescens Link; Canna floribunda Bouché; Canna formosa Bouché; Canna fulgida Bouché; Canna heliconiifolia Bouché; Canna heliconiifolia var. xalapensis Kraenzl.; Canna heliconiifolia var. xalapensis (Bouché) Kraenzl.; Canna humilis Bouché; Canna indica Curtis, nom. illeg.; Canna indica fo. rubroaurantiaca Makino, nom. nud.; Canna indica subsp. orientalis (Roscoe) Baker; Canna indica var. coccinea Willd.; Canna indica var. coccinea (Mill.) Aiton; Canna indica var. edwardsii Regel; Canna indica var. flava (Roscoe) Roscoe ex Baker; Canna indica var. flava (Roscoe) Baker; Canna indica var. karsteniana Regel; Canna indica var. limbata (Regel) Petersen; Canna indica var. lutea (Mill.) Aiton; Canna indica var. maculata Hook.; Canna indica var. nepalensis (D. Dietr.) Baker; Canna indica var. nepalensis (Bouché) Baker; Canna indica var. orientalis Baker, nom. superfl.; Canna indica var. orientalis Roscoe ex Baker; Canna indica var. patens Aiton; Canna indica var. rubra Aiton; Canna indica var. sanctaerosae (Kraenzl.) Nob. Tanaka; Canna indica var. speciosa

778

(Roscoe ex Sims) Baker; Canna indica var. speciosa Baker, nom. superfl.; Canna indica var. variegata Regel; Canna indica var. warszewiczii Nob. Tanaka; Canna indica var. warszewiczii (A. Dietr.) Nob. Tanaka; Canna juncea Retz.; Canna laeta Bouché; Canna lagunensis Lindl.; Canna lambertii Lindl. ex Ker Gawl.; Canna lambertii Lindl.; Canna lanuginosa Roscoe; Canna leptochila Bouché; Canna limbata Roscoe, nom. superfl.; Canna lutea Miller; Canna lutea Larrañaga, nom. illeg.; Canna lutea unranked aurantiaca Kraenzl.; Canna lutea var. aurantiaca Regel; Canna lutea var. aurantiaca (Roscoe) Regel; Canna lutea var. genuina Kraenzl. nom. inval.; Canna lutea var. maculata (Hook.) Regel; Canna lutea var. pallida (Roscoe) Regel; Canna macrophylla Horan.; Canna maculata (Hook.) Link; Canna maxima Lodd. ex Roscoe, nom. inval.; Canna montana Blume; Canna moritziana Bouché; Canna musifolia hort.; Canna nepalensis Bouché; Canna nepalensis D. Dietr.; Canna occidentalis Ker Gawl.; Canna occidentalis Roscoe; Canna orientalis Bouché, nom. illeg.; Canna orientalis Roscoe, nom. superfl.; Canna orientalis var. flava Roscoe; Canna orientalis var. flavescens (Link) Baker, nom. superfl.; Canna pallida Roscoe; Canna patens (Ait.) Roscoe; Canna patens var. limbata (Regel) Baker; Canna pentaphylla D. Dietr.; Canna platyphylla Nees & Mart.; Canna plurituberosa T. Koyama & Nob. Tanaka; Canna poeppigii Bouché; Canna polyclada Wawra; Canna polymorpha Bouché; Canna portoricensis Bouché; Canna pruinosa Hoffmanns.; Canna pulchra Hassk.; Canna pulchra Bouché ex Horan.; Canna recurvata Bouché; Canna roscoeana Bouché, nom. superfl.; Canna rotundifolia André; Canna rubra Willd., nom. superfl.; Canna rubricaulis Link; Canna sanctae-rosae Kraenzl.; Canna sanguinea Bouché; Canna sanguinea Hort. Angl. ex Bouché; Canna sanguinea Warsz.; Canna sanguinea Warsz. ex Otto & A. Dietr.; Canna saturate-rubra Bouché ex K. Koch; Canna schubertii Horan.; Canna seleriana Kraenzl.; Canna sellowi Bouché; Canna speciosa Roscoe ex Sims, nom. illeg.; Canna speciosa Roscoe; Canna speciosa Hegetschweiler, nom. superfl.; Canna spectabilis Bouché; Canna sulphurea Bouché; Canna surinamensis Bouché; Canna sylvestris Roscoe; Canna tenuiflora Bouché ex A. Dietr.; Canna texensis Regel; Canna textoria Noronha, nom. nud.; Canna thyrsiflora Hegetschw., nom. superfl.; Canna tinei Tod., nom. subnud.; Canna variabilis Willd., nom. superfl.; Canna variegata Besser; Canna variegata Bouché, nom. illeg.; Canna variegatifolia Ciciar.; Canna ventricosa Bouché; Canna warscewiczii Dietrich; Canna warszewiczii A. Dietr., nom. superfl.; Canna warszewiczii var. flameus Ram. Goyena; Canna xalapensis Bouché; Cannacorus indicus (L.) Medik.; Cannacorus ovatus Moench, nom. superfl.; Xyphostylis lutea (Mill.) Raf.) South America. Herb, rhizomatous, perennial, erect, robust, rhizome branching horizontally, stem fleshy, leaves arranged spirally, inflorescence terminal racemose simple, single or paired bisexual flowers, labellum narrowly oblong-ovate, stamen petaloid portion involute, style fleshy, fruit a loculicidally dehiscent ovoid capsule, seeds globose smooth and hard, edible rhizomes

Canna L. Cannaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 1. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5; 1. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 3, 4. 1768, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 1. 1789, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1: 3. 1791, Botanical Magazine 13: t. 454. 1799, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 2: 169–170. 1808, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 1: 1. 1810, Thou. Melanges 1. 1811, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 6: t. 470. 1820, Botanical Magazine t. 2317. 1822, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 9: t. 771, 772, 775. 1824 [1823], Monandrian Plants of the Order Scitamineae t. 2, 11–13, 15–16, 19, 21, 24, 33. [1824] 1828, Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse 1: 226. 1829, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: t. 1231. 1829, Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: t. 1311, t. 1358. 1830, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 4. 1831, Linnaea 8: 145, 147, 150–154, 158, 162–164. 1833, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 83. 1844, Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi Cultarum Alter 52. 1844, Linnaea 18: 487–492. 1845, Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 19: 290. 1851, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna 10: 33–34, t. 5. 1859, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 13: 7. 1863, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 85, 87. 1866, The Flora of British India 6(18): 260–261. 1892, Flora of Tropical Africa 7: 328. 1898 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 297. 1901, Flora Nicaragüense 2: 806. 1911, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 47(Heft 56): 40–41, 56, 59, 67, f. 4c-e. 1912, Illustrated flora of Nippon 707. 1940, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 32(1): 18. 1945, Regnum Veg. 127: 29. 1993, J. Jap. Bot. 75: 89. 2000, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 26: 11. 2000, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 384–385. 2003, Taxon 55(2): 531. 2006, Darwiniana 45: 189. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fresh rhizomes antidote, febrifuge, antipyretic, astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sudorific, emollient, given in acute hepatitis, diarrhea, dropsy, headache, fever, inflammation, women’s complaints, tumor, sore throat; fruits of Solanum erianthum ground with the rhizome of Canna indica, the flowers of Rosa indica, seeds of Papaver somniferum and sugar, given to cure syphilis; crushed fresh rhizomes applied topically for traumatic injuries; paste of roots applied for sprain and muscular swellings; juice extracted from grated rhizomes used against diarrhea; dried rhizome powder pesticide, insecticide, antifungal. Pounded seeds used in a poultice to relieve headache. Fumigated stems and leaves used as an insecticide. Molluscicidal. Used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, in ceremonial sacrifice, flowers used as offerings to Lord Buddha; rhizome fibre worn by children as a talisman to ward off evil spirits.) in English: achira, Australian arrowroot, canna, canna lily, edible canna, Indian bread shot, Indian shot, purple arrowroot, Queensland arrowroot, scarlet canna, wild canna in Burma (Myanmar): adalut, butsarana

779

Cannabis L. Cannabaceae (Cannabidaceae)

in Cambodia: ché:k té:hs in China: mei leng chow, mei ren jiao gen in India: akalbarki, blak-pat-mung, canna gida, chare gundina gida, cilaivalai, daevakeli, dev-keli, devakeli, devakili, guruginja, guriginzda, hakik, hoo dingana, hoodingala, hudingana, kaabaale, kaalahoo, kaela hoo, kaelahoo, kaelaphool, kal valai, kalahu, kallankari, kallankaricceti, kalvalaicceti, kalvalai, kalvalaimani, kalvazhai, kamakshee, kamakshi, kanalvalai, kandamani-cheddi, kandamanu, kantamani, kardai, kardal, kardali, kare gulaganji, kat champa, kath-shim, katoobala, kattuvala, kattuvalai, kattuvazha, katu-bala, katubala, katuvara, kela hoo, kelahu, keli, krishnatamara, kudsumbar, kundimani, kungpui-muthui, kyaanaa gida, kyana gida, lakiya, lakiyavalai, mettamara, mettatamara, nilavalai, patacitacceti, patacitam, poovalai, puvalai, rankeli, sabbajaya, sarbajaya, sarva jaya, sarvajaya, sarvajjya, shilarambha, silarumba, siramalai, sudarson, sugandharaju, tiranapakitam, tiranapakitavalai, vanakadali in Indonesia: buah tasbeh, ganyong, lembong njeedra, seneetra, ubi pikul in Japan: kanna, dandoku, shokyô-kanna (= edible Canna) in Laos: kwàyz ké: so:n, kwàyz ph’uttha so:n Malayan names: daun tasbeh, ganjong, pisang sebiak, sebeh in the Philippines: balungsaying, balunsaying, bandera Española, bangali, kakuentasa, kiuingam, kolintasan, kuentas-kuentasan, kukuwintasan, lasa, plantanillo, platanillo, saging-saging, tapuranga, tikas, tikas-tikas, tikis-tikis, tukas-tukas, zembu in Nepal: bhuinchapo in Thailand: phuttharaksa, phutthason, sakhu chin in Vietnam: chu[oos]i hoa, dong rieng, dong ri[eef]ng, khoai dao in Hawaii: ali’ipoe, li’ipoe, poloka in Samoa: fanamanu in Congo: ikokomo, isangambele, masangambele, mbobo in Yoruba: ido dudu, ido pupa, idofin, idoiii sawo aila, idoro Canna tuerckheimii Kraenzl. (Canna anahuacensis Kraenzl.; Canna coccinea var. sylvestris (Roscoe) Regel; Canna curviflora hort. ex Horan.; Canna gemella Nees & Mart.; Canna gigantea Desf.; Canna gigantea F. Delaroche; Canna iridiflora Willd., nom. illeg.; Canna latifolia Mill., nom. rejic.; Canna neglecta Weinm., nom. rejic.; Canna sylvestris Roscoe, nom. rejic.; Canna violacea Bouché) (for the German plant collector Hans von Türckheim, 1853–1920, traveller, in Guatemala and Santo Domingo; see Theodore W. Bossert, compil., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 408. Boston, Mass. 1972.) Mexico, Ecuador, Brazil.

See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Flora Peruviana 1: 1. 1798, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … Suppl.: 1. 1813, Linnaea 12: 146. 1838, Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminearum 18. t. 2. 1862 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 47(Heft 56): 65, 70. 1912, Taxon 53(3): 833–834. 2004 (Diuretic, diaphoretic.)

Cannabis L. Cannabaceae (Cannabidaceae) Latin cannabus, i (Dioscorides), cannabis, is; Greek kannabis, kannabios, kannabeos ‘hemp’ (Sophocles); Arabian ganeh, Sanskrit gangika and bhanga; Akkadian hannabu, hanbu ‘blooming, thriving’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1027. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 453. 1754 and Small, E., Cronquist, A. “A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis.” Taxon 25: 405–435. 1976, Chang Siushih. Cannaboideae. In: Chang Siushih & Wu Chengyih, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(1): 220–224. 1998. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabis indica Lam.; Cannabis ruderalis Janischevsky; Cannabis sativa subsp. indica (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist; Cannabis sativa var. chinensis (Delile) Asch. & Graebn.; Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lam.) Wehmer; Cannabis sativa var. indica (Lamarck) E. Small & Cronquist; Cannabis sativa var. kif DC.; Cannabis sativa var. spontanea Vavilov) Central Asia. Woody herb, normally dioecious, annual, suffrutescent, erect, heavily toothed leaves palmately compound, rough, a polymorphic species See Species Plantarum 2: 1027. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 695. 1785 and Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 23: 333. 1974, Taxon 25(4): 426. 1976, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 24: 113–126. 1982, J. Yunnan Educ. Coll., Nat. Sci. Ed. 5: 44–46, 55. 1998, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 16(3): 280–282. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Low toxicity. Psychoactive, narcotic, psychotropic disrupter, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, spasmolytic, sedative, analgesic, astringent, anti-phlegmatic, antiemetic, antiglaucoma, anti-asthmatic, tonic, antiseptic, emmenagogue, laxative, demulcent, diuretic, vermifuge, anthelmintic, anodyne, hemostatic. Leaves and stems as a poultice to relieve wasp sting and to reduce swelling. Leaf paste mixed with honey applied in inflamed eyes and piles; leaf extract of Mentha longifolia and Cannabis sativa taken orally for catarrh and cough; smoke from burnt leaves used in piles. Ceremonial, flowers used for Shivratri worship.) in English: Chinese hemp, dagga, dagga canopy, dope, fragrant weed, gallow grass, grass, hashish, hemp, Indian hemp, joy-giver, marijuana, mary jane, native hemp, neck-weed,

780

pot, red root, reefer, Russian hemp, Scythian hemp, skunk, soft hemp, true hemp, weed, wild dagga, wild hemp in Arabic: hashish, hashish el-fogara, kif, qenneb in Peru: cáñamo, mariguana, marihuana in Congo: bangi, isili, masili in East Africa: makombo, mbangi, njemu in Lesotho: matekoane in Southern Africa: blaardak, blaargewelf, dacha, dagga, dwaalbos, hennep, isangu, makdagga, mBanje, motokwane, muBanje, nsangu, umya in Tanzania: mbangi in Yoruba: igbo

Canotia Torr. Celastraceae

shivapriya, shukranaashana, siddhapatri, siddhi, siddhu (= perfect), sidhi, sivamuli, soma, tanaimayakkimuli, tandrakrt, tandraruchivardhini, taraimatu, tikaipputtiram, tiriculi, tirkkapalavam, trailokhya-vijaya, trailokya vijayaa, trailokyavijaya, tribhuvana vijayaa, tsjeru-cansjava, tukhm bhang, ujaya, ulokakarpanani, unmattini, ununda, vaccirataru, vajradruvikshaha, vajradruvrikshaha, vijaya, vijayaa, virapatra, visamulam, vrijpatta, waraq-ul-khyal, yogini, yokakarpatti, yokamavalarttitunani, yokattaivalarkkumuli in Japan: asa Malayan name: ganja in Nepal: bhang, bhang ko bot, bhango, ganja in Thailand: kancha, kancha cheen, paang

in Zambia: libangwe

in Tibetan: momea, myan rtsi spras, solaradsa, solaradza, somaradza dmanpa

in Bhutan: phagpa nam

in Vietnam: c[aaf]n xa, gai m[ef]o, lanh m[as]n

in China: chu ma, da ma, han ma, huang ma, huo ma, huo ma ren, hu ma, i ma, ma fen, ma po, ta ma

in Hawaii: paka lolo

in India: ajaya, alatam, ananda, ananta muli, anantacaram, anantakarpam, anantakopitam, anantam, anantamuli, anantaymuli, anja, ankaravalli, anuvallipputu, atuttaraimayakki, auvaimuli, bahuvadini, bang, banga, bangi, bangiaaku, bangiaku, barh, bhamgi, bhang, bhanga, bhangaa, bhangachajhada, bhangala, bhangbeej, bhangi, bhangi gida, bhangi-gida, bhangigida, bhangla, bhanglyu, bhringi, bhrngi, bijeeah, bohar, burg-e-qinnab, caciyam, camittika, camittikacceti, camittu, canappu, caras, catacivanmuli, cattikurunatan, chapala, chapola, charas, cherukanchava, cimaikkanca, cipiccam, cittapattiri, cittarunnupukaimuli, civamuli, daarakte-bang, darakhte-bang, darakhte-kinnab, daraktebang, dhurtapatri, dhurtavadhu, gaanja chettu, gaanja gida, gaanjaa gida, ganca, ganja, ganja-chedi, ganja chettu, ganja gida, ganjaa, ganjachettu, ganjah, ganjavi-chettu, ganjayi, ganje-ka-per, ganjekaper, ganjica, ganjika, ganzai, ginjilachilachi, gur, guruginja, hanga, hara, harshini, hursini, icantirumuli, icuramuli, indraasana, indrasana, indrashana, intiracanam, iyakatitacceti, iyakatitam, jadaganja, janavallika, jaya, kalengi-cansjava, kalpam, kalpam chettu, kalpamchettu, kalpamchettu, kamagni, kanab, kanca, kancabu, kancacceti, kancam, kancavittu, kancha, kanchava chedi, kanchava-cheti, kanchavachetto, kanja, kansa, kantattiri, karpam, karpamuli, kasa, katalataittan, kattittam, katutittakam, khinnab, kinnab, kirincanam, korakai, korakkar muli, korakkar-muli, korakkarmuli, korakkarmulikai, korkaluli, korkkarmuli, krishna thaamara, krishnathaamara, kurumuli, kus, kusuvu gida, kuvalai, kynja, lakiri, maadani, maatulaani, macataiyan, madamattagan, madani, manohara, matamattakam, matkunari, matta, matulani, matuli, maya, metta thaamara, mohini, moki, mullai, mutantam, nabatulqinnab, nabatul-qunnab, nanapattiri, nattukkanca, nili, nittirakari, nittirakaricceti, pangi, panki, periyorunnunkarpam, phulganja, qinnab, qinnab (bhang), ranjika, sabzi, sakasana, sankhapuspi, sankhini, saumya, segiyav, shakrashana, shiva,

Canotia Torr. Celastraceae See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Kew Bulletin 18: 255. 1964. Canotia holacantha Torr. North America. Perennial tree or shrub, berries eaten raw See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 87: 251–258. 2001 (Stimulant, stomachic.) in English: canotia, crucifixion thorn

Canscora Lam. Gentianaceae Cansjan-cora is the Malayalam name in Kerala for Canscora perfoliata Lam.; see van Rheede, in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus 10: t. 52. 1690, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de Lamarck (1744–1829), Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. 1(2): 601. 1785, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 451. 1810, Hort. Malab. 37. 1818, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants (Carey & Wallich ed.) 1: 416. 1820, Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, i. 400. 1832, Fl. Filip. 510. 1837, Gen. Sp. Gent. 155. 1839 [Oct 1838], J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(4): 235–236. 1874 [1873 publ. 26 May 1874], J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 431. 1875 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 446. 1911, Fl. Madagasc. 168: 1–167. 1990, Blumea 48(1): 1–46. 2003.

781

Cansjera A.L. Juss. Opiliaceae

Canscora alata (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Wall. (Canscora alata (Roth) Wall.; Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Schult. & Schult. f.; Canscora decussata Schult. & Schult. f.; Canscora decussata Schult.; Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Schult.; Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Roem. & Schult.; Exacum alata Roth; Exacum alatum Roth; Exacum alatum Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Pladera decussata Roxb.) India, Tropical Africa. Annual herb, slender, erect, spreading, winged stem, blue white flowers in lax cymes, winged calyx, fruits membranous capsules See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 10. 1814, Systema Vegetabilium, ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 159. 1818, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 418. 1820, Mantissa 3: 229. 1827, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] no. 4363. 1831 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 64(5): 888–889. 1975, Taxon 36: 766–767. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79(2): 229–235. 2002, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89(2–3): 211–216. 2003 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant antitubercular, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidote, aphrodisiac, improving memory, CNS depressant, nervine, anticonvulsant, stomachic, tonic, anthelmintic, astringent, laxative, bitter, alterative, emollient, febrifuge, for nervous disorders, insanity, epilepsy, insanity, hypertension, hypotension, urinary and liver disorders, edema, worms, inflammation, abdominal troubles, leprosy, ulcers, skin diseases, tuberculosis, snakebites; whole plant ground with honey applied for mouth ulcers.)

in India: sak sre Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Canscora diffusa R. Br.; Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br.; Canscora diffusa (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Canscora kirkii N.E. Br.; Canscora lawii Wight; Canscora pauciflora Dalzell; Canscora rubiflora X.X. Chen; Canscora tenella Wall., nom. nudum; Canscora tenella Wight; Cobamba dichotoma Blanco; Exacum diffusum (Vahl) Willd.; Exacum diffusum Willd.; Gentiana diffusa Vahl; Orthostemon erectus R. Br.; Pladera virgata Roxb.; Striga esquirolii H. Lév.) China, India, Madagascar. Herb, annual, slender, manybranched, erect, pale purple to pink salverform corolla, weed See Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 47. 1794, Systema Plantarum 1(2): 637. 1798, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 451. 1810, Systema Vegetabilium 3: 301. 1818, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] no. 4362. 1831, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 4: 7, t. 1327, f. 1, 3. 1848 and Flora of Tropical Africa 4(1): 558. 1903, Flore du Kouy-Tchéou 398. 1914, Guihaia 6(3): 177–178, f. 1–5. 1986 (Used in Ayurveda. Bitter plant extract febrifuge, stomachic, tonic, antidote, aphrodisiac, laxative, alterative, sedative, CNS depressant, nervine, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, for nervous disorders, insanity; whole plant decoction used against stomachache and skin ailments. Paste of roots and flowers taken with milk as a sedative of nervous disorders, epilepsy, insanity.) in China: pu di chuan xin cao

in India: akshapida, chitti akchinata, daakuni, daankuni, danakuni, dandotpala, dankuni, dridhapada, dunkoni, kalameg, kambumalinee, kambumalini, kambupushpi, kankacura, kancankora, kanjankora, mahatikta, maheshvari, nakuli, nellekavi, netramila, patratanduli, samkhaphuli, samkhapushpi, samkhapuspi, sanhkapushpi, sanhkapuspi, sankaphuli, sankh pushpi, sankha holi, sankhaahuli, sankhahuli, sankhaphuli, sankhapushpi, sankhapuspi, sankhini, sankhupuspam, sankinisoppu, shankapushpa, shankapushpi, shankha pushpa, shankha pushpi, shankhahuli, shankhapushpi, shankhini, sukshmapushpi, tantorpalam, tikta, tiktayava, titavi, tunduli, visarpini, yashasvini, yavatikta, yavi, yavotchi

in India: banbana, bhuin-neem, dankuni, sankhapuspi, shankhupuspi, sankhvel, titavi, yavotchi, zinku, zinku kariatu

Canscora andrographioides Griffith ex C.B. Clarke (Canscora melastomacea Handel-Mazzetti; Canscora melastomatacea Handel-Mazzetti)

Canscora perfoliata Lam. (Canscora perfoliata Wall.)

India, China. Annual, erect, many-branched, 4-angled, tubular corolla white to purple, weed See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 14(78): 431. 1875 and Sinensia 2(10): 131–132. 1932 (Roots and leaves paste applied on skin diseases, cuts and wounds.) in English: melastoma-like canscora in China: luo xin cao

in Philippines: chang-bato, kubamba, malenggal, tsang-bato in Madagascar: kifiofio Canscora heteroclita (L.) Gilg (Canscora sessiliflora Roem. & Schult.; Exacum heteroclitum (L.) Willd.) India. Erect herb, stem 4-winged See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 639. 1798, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 76. 1895 (A nerve tonic and a laxative.) India. See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 601. 1785 (Plant juice sedative, CNS depressant, nervine, anticonvulsant, taken for any poisonous bite.) in India: cansjan-cora, kamjanakora, narayana vembu

Cansjera A.L. Juss. Opiliaceae Tsjeru valli Canjiram or tsjerou cansjeram is a Malabar name, tsjeru ‘small’, valli ‘climber’ and canjiram ‘name of

782

the nux vomica, Strychnos nux-vomica L.; see van Rheede in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 7: t. 2 and 4. 1688, Familles des Plantes 2: 80, 614. 1763, A.L. de Jussieu, Genera Plantarum. 448. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2(1): 280. 1791.

Canthium Lam. Rubiaceae

in India: katu-kara-walli, kuttukkarai, virinchi Malay name: akar surumat

India. Climbing shrub, brittle leaves, dull yellow flowers, oblong red fruits

Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston (Canthium parviflorum Schlecht. ex Hook.f.; Canthium parviflorum Lam.; Canthium parviflorum Bartl. ex DC., nom. illeg.; Gmelina coromandelina Burm.f.; Paederia valli-kara Juss.; Plectronia parviflora (Lam.) Bedd.; Plectronia parviflora Bedd.; Plectronia parviflora Harv. & Sond.; Webera tetrandra Willd.)

See Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 73. 1837 and Willdenowia 9: 45–48. 1979

India, Sri Lanka. Tree, light green corolla, ripe fruits of Canthium parviflorum eaten and leaves used as vegetable

(Leaves cooked with dhal and eaten like a vegetable as a postpartum remedy, to get relief from postnatal pains; leaves boiled and fried with onion and eaten as febrifuge; leaves decoction drunk to cure intermittent fever; a paste applied around anus to expel intestinal worms in children.)

See Fl. Indica (N.L. Burman) 132. 1768, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 602. 1785, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 6: 381. 1820, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 474. 1830, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 3: 17. 1865, Beddome, Richard Henry (1830–1911), The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India: 134/5. Madras: Printed by Gantz Brothers, [1869– 1874], Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 111. 1880 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.): 152. 1931, Pacific Sci. 50: 317–323. 1996

Cansjera rheedei J.F. Gmel. (Cansjera rheedei Blanco; Cansjera rheedei Náves ex Fern.-Vill.)

in China: shan gan teng in India: bhader, marade cheppu, pavvidagu, vandukkeerai

Canthium Lam. Rubiaceae Kantankara is a Malayalam name used in Kerala for Canthium parviflorum, from kantan ‘shining’ and kara ‘spiny shrub’ (other names in India are kirni, karai, balusu, kake-gida, kandangari, neroori and kayili); see J.B.A.P. de Monnet de Lamarck, Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. 1: 602. 1785, Genera Plantarum 206. 1789, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 353. 1819, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 469. 1830 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 16: 19, 25. 1960, Adansonia sér 2, 9(1): 47–55. 1969, Kew Bulletin 42: 630. 1987, Flora of Tropical East Africa Rubiaceae (3): 864, 876. 1991, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 278. 2004, Novon 17(4): 519. 2007, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96(1): 175. 2009. Canthium aciculatum Ridl. Malaysia. See Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 57: 57. 1911 (Leaves decoction for hiccough in small children.) Malay name: melor hutan Canthium angustifolium Roxb. (Canthium leschenaultii (DC.) Wight & Arn.; Canthium trachystyle Ridl.; Dondisia leschenaultii DC.) India. See Fl. Ind. 2: 169. 1824, Prodr. 4: 469. 1830, Cat. Ind. Pl.: 77. 1834 (24 Sept. 1834), Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 426. 1834 and J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10: 95. 1920 (Used in Sidha. Roots for colic and stomachache.)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Roots for snakebite. Roots and leaves as diuretic. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves made into a paste and applied for horn cancer; leaves extract given in insect bite; boiled leaves applied and bound over fractured area; stem bark along with those of Terminalia arjuna and Tinospora cordifolia pounded and the extract given in insect bite.) in India: baasu koora, balasa, balasu, ballusookura, balsa, balusu, balusukura, bolusu, carai, chayatinisah, cherukara, chinnabalasu, chinnabalusu, cinnabalusu, dodda kare, gangeruki, kaare, kaare mullu, kadbar, kake-gida, kalikkarai, kandangari, kanden-kara, kandenkara, kandenkhara, kantankara, kara, karai, karai maram, karaicetti, karamullu, karanceti, karay, karaycheddi, karaychedi, kari, karmai, karuvavikam, katalatti, kirna, kirni, korutan, kutirakitam, kutirakitamaram, kutiram, matamamukam, mullukarai, mullumusta, naippulikacceti, naippulikam, nakapala, nakkiri, nallakarai, nallakkarai, niruri, ollepode, palakanacceti, palakanam, patarkaraicceti, patarkkarai, pintitam, punkaram, sengarai, shiah sohgian, tambittu kare, theranaikarai, therane, tuturi, valli-kara, wollepuda Canthium glabrum Blume (Canthium carinatum Pierre ex Pit.; Canthium carinatum Summerh.; Canthium glabrum var. pedunculatum Pit.; Plectronia glabra Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kurz; Plectronia glabra (Blume) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kurz; Plectronia glabra (Blume) Koord. & Valeton, nom. illeg.; Plectronia glabra Koord. & Valeton) India, Malesia. Tree, tender leaves used as vegetable See Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (Blume) 45. 1823, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16: 967. [Oct 1826-Nov 1827], J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 153. 1877 and Koorders, Sijfert Hendrik (1863–1919), Exkursionsflora von Java 3: 260. Jena, 1911– 1913, Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H. Lecomte et al.] 3: 291–292. 1924, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928, 391. 1928

783

Cantua Juss. ex Lam. Polemoniaceae

(Bark decoction given in fever; bark extract in dysentery. Root decoction given in irregular bleeding during menstruation.) in India: golmatra Canthium horridum Blume (Canthium horridum Benth., nom. illeg.; Canthium pauciflorum Blanco; Canthium zizyphinum Wall., nom. nud.; Dondisia horrida (Blume) Korth.; Hyptianthera rhamnoides Zoll. & Moritzi; Plectronia horrida (Blume) K. Schum., nom. illeg.; Plectronia horrida (Blume) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kurz) China, Malaysia. See Catalogus … 45. 1823, Fl. Filip. 165. 1837, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 236. 1851 [Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslagen en Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging.], Flora Hongkongensis 159. 1861, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 46(2): 153. 1877, Adansonia 12: 197. 1878, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(4): 92. 1891 (Roots decoction as a postpartum remedy.) Malay names: kayu bulang, ubat luka Canthium rheedei DC. (Canthium amarum Oken; Canthium rheedei var. minus Thwaites; Plectronia rheedei (DC.) Bedd.; Plectronia rheedei Bedd.) India, Sri Lanka. Armed shrubs, ovate leaves, yellowish green flowers See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 474. 1830, Allg. Naturgesch. 3(2): 853. 1841, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 153. 1859, Fl. Sylv. S. India: 134– 135. 1872

See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 603. 1785, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … [Cavanilles] 4: 43, t. 363. 1797, Flora Peruviana 2: 18, t. 133. 1799, Synopsis Plantarum (Persoon) 1: 187. 1805, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 7: 289. 1822, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 4(3a): 45. 1891 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4, Fam. 250: 22. 1907, Lilloa 31: 88. 1962, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 337–350. 2005 (Flowers infusion astringent, against diarrhea, cough, rheumatism, liver and eyes complaints. Veterinary medicine, branches and flowers infusion for diarrhea. Magic, a symbol of unity, to bring good luck, ceremonial, offerings, superstitious practices.) in English: magic flower, magic-flower-of-the-Incas, magic tree, Peruvian magic tree, sacred-flower-of-the-Incas in Peru: cantu, cantuta, ccantu, ccantus, ccantut, ccantutay, ccelmo, flor del Inca, jantu, jinllo, kantu, kantuta, khantuta, la flor sagrada de los Incas, qantu, qantuta Cantua pyrifolia Juss. ex Lam. (Cantua loxensis Willd.; Cantua loxensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Cantua ochroleuca Brand; Cantua peruviana J.F. Gmel.; Cantua pyrifolia Juss.) South America. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 603. 1783, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2(1): 347. 1791, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. iii. (1804) 117. 1804, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 369. 1819 and Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) 4, Fam. 250: 23. 1907 (Infusion used as a laxative.)

(Root decoction anthelmintic.)

Cantua quercifolia Juss.

in India: bidani-geli, kaarachedi, kare, karemullu, tsjerou-kara

Ecuador, Peru. Shrub or small trees, suffrutex, white flowers

Cantua Juss. ex Lam. Polemoniaceae From a Peruvian name, ccantu, for Cantua buxifolia Lam.; see Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 603. 1785, Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 136. 1789 and American Fern Journal 49(1): 10–24. 1959, Margaret A. Towle, The Ethnobotany of Pre-Columbian Peru 79. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago 1961, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5A/2): 112–131. 1967, American Journal of Botany 85(6): 741–752. 1998.

See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 3: 118. 1804 (Analgesic, tonic, a remedy for malaria, sore knees.) in Peru: dormidero, pepiso

Caperonia A. St.-Hil. Euphorbiaceae

Cantua buxifolia Juss. ex Lam. (Cantua alutacea Infantes; Cantua buxifolia Lam.; Cantua buxifolia var. lanceolata Brand; Cantua buxifolia var. ovata Brand; Cantua dependens Pers.; Cantua lanceolata Peter; Cantua ovata Cav.; Cantua theifolia D. Don; Cantua tomentosa Cav.; Cantua uniflora Pers.; Periphragmos dependens Ruiz & Pav.; Periphragmos uniflorus Ruiz & Pav.)

For the apothecary Caperoni, see Histoire des plantes les plus remarquables du Brésil … 244–245. 1826 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 25–170. 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/1): 3–200. 1951, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 54(3): 211–350. 1967, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1087–1144. 1988, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 36: 1–169. 1995, Ceiba 42(1): 1–71. 2001 [2002], Anales del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Botánica 73(2): 155–281. 2002, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007.

Peru. Shrub, red pink yellow tubular flowers, calyx connate, seeds with marginal wing

Caperonia castaneifolia (L.) A. St.-Hil. (Argythamnia castaneifolia (L.) Kuntze; Argythamnia paludosa (Klotzsch)

784

Kuntze; Caperonia angusta S.F. Blake; Caperonia cubensis M.R. Schomb.; Caperonia cubensis M.R. Schomb. ex Pax & Hoffm.; Caperonia nervosa A. Rich.; Caperonia paludosa Klotzsch; Caperonia panamensis Pax & Hoffm., nom. illeg.; Caperonia panamensis Klotzsch; Caperonia stenomeres S.F. Blake; Croton castaneifolius L.; Croton castaneifolius Kunth, nom. illeg. hom.; Croton castaneifolius L.; Croton nervosus Rottler; Croton nervosus Rich. ex A. Rich.; Croton palustris Kunth, nom. illeg.; Ditaxis castaneaefolia (L.) Baill.; Ditaxis castaneifolia (L.) Baill.; Meterana castaneifolia (L.) Raf.; Tournesol castaneifolia (L.) M. Gómez) South America. See Species Plantarum 2: 1004. 1753, Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4: 190. 1803, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 70–71. 1817, Sylva Telluriana 66. 1838, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 51. 1843, Historia Fisica Politica y Natural de la Isla de Cuba, Botanica 2: 213. 1850, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 103. 1853, Adansonia 4: 274. 1863–1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 593. 1891, Anales de Historia Natural 23: 48. 1894 and Pflanzenr., IV, 147, VI: 31. 1912, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, VII: 424. 1914, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 5: 486. 1924, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 14(13): 288. 1924, Economic Botany 46(3): 293–298. 1992 (Leaves poultice applied to swellings, ulcers.) in English: chestnutleaf false croton Caperonia palustris (L.) A. St.-Hil. (Androphoranthus glandulosus H. Karst.; Argythamnia palustris (L.) Kuntze; Caperonia liebmanniana Didr.; Caperonia liebmanniana Didr. ex Pax & Hoffm., nom. illeg.; Caperonia palustris A. St.-Hil.; Caperonia palustris Kunth; Caperonia palustris var. linearifolia Standl. & L.O. Williams; Caperonia palustris var. linearis Standl. & L.O. Williams; Caperonia pubescens S.F. Blake; Croton castaneifolius Kunth, nom. illeg.; Croton palustris L.; Croton palustris Kunth, nom. illeg. hom.; Croton palustris Vell., nom. illeg.; Lepidococca sieberi Turcz.; Meterana palustris (L.) Raf.; Tournesol palustris M. Gómez) South America. Weak-stemmed straggling herb, erect or procumbent, small white flowers in terminal and axillary racemes See Species Plantarum 2: 1004. 1753, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 70–71. 1817, Florae Fluminensis 10: 67. 1831, Sylva Telluriana 66. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 553. 1866, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 593. 1891, Anales de Historia Natural 23: 48. 1894 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 24(1): 12. 1922, Ceiba 1(3): 148. 1950 (Leaves poultice applied to swellings, ulcers. Aerial parts decoction taken for bladder and kidney disorders, and for back pains.) in English: Texas weed, wild green tea

Capillipedium Stapf = Filipedium Raizada & Jain

Capillipedium Stapf = Filipedium Raizada & Jain Latin capillus, i ‘the hair’ and pes, pedis ‘foot’, referring to the spikelets, pedicels and base are ciliate, or alluding to the spikelets borne on capillary panicle branches, related to and hybrids with Bothriochloa Kuntze, see Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 11, 169. 1917, University of Queensland, Department of Biology, Papers 2(3): 1–62 (41–46). 1944, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 49: 682– 683. 1951, Phytomorphology 7: 93–102. 1957, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de Genève 9: 154. 1960, Grasses of Burma … 110–113. 1960, Flora of New South Wales Gramineae 19(1): 37–39. 1961, American Journal of Botany 53(1): 94–98. 1966 [Morphology of the Compilospecies Bothriochloa intermedia.], Bot. Tidsskr. 67: 324–326. 1973, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15: 51–57. 1980, Pharmazie 39(1): 64. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775–783. 1994. Capillipedium huegelii (Hack.) Stapf (Andropogon foetidus Hack. ex Lisboa; Andropogon huegelii Hack.; Andropogon huegelii var. foetidus Lisboa; Andropogon schmidii Hook.f.; Capillipedium foetidum (Lisboa) Raiz. & Jain; Capillipedium huegelii (Hack.) Blatt. & McCann; Capillipedium hugelii (Hack.) Stapf; Capillipedium parviflorum f. huegelii (Hack.) Roberty; Capillipedium schmidii (Hook.f.) Stapf; Dichanthium huegelii (Hack.) S.K. Jain & Deshp.) (named for the German-born Austrian plant collector and traveller Baron Karl Alexander Anselm von Hügel, 1794/1796– 1870, soldier, horticulturist, 1830–1837 in Australasia, 1837–1849 in Vienna, 1849–1859 in Florence, 1860–1869 in Bruxelles, author of Der stille Ocean und die Spanischen Besitzungen im ostindischen Archipel. Wien 1860. See J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 215. 1965; A. Lasègue, Musée Botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845; Isaac Henry Burkill, Chapters on the History of Botany in India. Delhi 1965; S.L. Endlicher et al. [Eduard Fenzl, George Bentham and Heinrich Wilhelm Schott], Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae … collegit C. de Hügel. Wien 1837 and Stirpium Australasicarum herbarii Hügeliani decades tres. Vindobonae 1838; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933) India. Small value for grazing, nodes densely bearded, panicle contracted See Fodder Grasses N. India 88. 1888, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 492. 1889, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 6: 71. 1891, The Flora of British India 7(21): 180. 1897 [1896] and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 31(4): t. 3085. 1922, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 32: 420. 1928, Indian Forester 77: 752. 1951, Boissiera. 9: 154. 1960, Bulletin of the Botanical Department. 20(1–4): 135. 1978[1979]

785

Capirona Spruce Rubiaceae

(Essential oil with antibacterial efficacy, for rheumatism. Leaves paste applied on the wounds, boils, scorpion stings. Stem bark decoction against snakebite.) in India: rohis

Capirona Spruce Rubiaceae A vernacular name, see Fl. Ecuador 50: 1–112. 1994. Capirona decorticans Spruce (Capirona duckei Huber, nom. nud.; Capirona huberiana Ducke; Capirona leiophloea Benoist; Capirona surinamensis Bremek.; Capirona wurdackii Steyerm.; Condaminea macrophylla Poepp., nom. inval.; Loretoa peruviana Standley; Monadelphanthus floridus H. Karst.)

(Used to cure rheumatism, hot water extract given as oral application to human adult for neuritis.) Capparicordis tweediana (Eichler) H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo (Capparis tweediana Eichler; Colicodendron tweedianum (Eichler) Hutch.) Argentina to Bolivia and Paraguay east of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence, corolla yellow-green or yellow, unripe fruit boiled in water administered orally to human adult as a food See Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 273–274. 1865 and The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 309. 1967, Brittonia 59(3): 251, f. 1A-F, 3A-H. 2007 (Leaf decoction taken for cough, also with mate tea for sore eyes. Fresh chewed leaves applied externally to furuncles.)

Tropical America. Fruit edible See J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 3: 200. 1859, Flora de Colombia 1: 67, t. 33. 1860 and Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 3: 185. 1913, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 27: 367. 1921, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 257. 1922, Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 1934, xxxi. 261. 1934, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11(5): 222. 1936, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 10(5): 190, f. 69. 1963[1964], Acta Amaz. 15: 50, 52. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114(2): 254–259. 2007 (Leishmanicidal. For skin diseases, psoriasis, fungal infections, diabetes and wounds.) in Bolivia: batahua, guayabochi in Peru: capirona, capirona de altura, capirona negra, capirona negra de altura, kshi muna, madera de hierro, metaguais, meta-guayo, pau-mulato

Capparicordis H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo Capparaceae See Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society [London] 145: 209–218. 2004, Brittonia 59(3): 245–254. 2007, Harvard Papers in Botany 13(1): 103–116, 117–120. 2008.

Capparidastrum Hutch. Capparidaceae (Capparaceae) Resembling Capparis, see Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 984–1006. 1938, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 566–584. 2001, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Harvard Papers in Botany 11(1): 17–18. 2006, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007, Harvard Pap. Bot. 13(2): 229–236. 2008. Capparidastrum frondosum (Jacq.) X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis (Capparidastrum baducca (L.) Hutch.; Capparidastrum elegans (Mart.) Hutch.; Capparis baducca L.; Capparis elegans Mart.; Capparis frondosa Jacq.; Capparis stenophylla Standl.; Uterveria frondosa (Jacq.) Bertol.) Neotropics. See Species Plantarum 1: 504. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 24. 1760, Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist., t. 104. 1763, Sylva Telluriana 109. 1838, Flora 22(Beibl. 1): 24. 1839, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis 2: 8. 1839 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 13(20): 437. 1923, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 310. 1967, Taxon 42: 658, fig. 1. 1993, Harvard Papers in Botany 13(2): 232–233. 2008

Capparicordis crotonoides (Kunth) H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo (Capparis cordata Ruiz & Pav. ex DC.; Capparis cordata Ruiz & Pav. ex E.A. López, nom. illeg.; Capparis crotonoides Kunth; Capparis sidaefolia Ruiz & Pav. ex DC.; Colicodendron crotonoides (Kunth) Hutch.; Quadrella crotonoides (Kunth) J. Presl; Quadrella sidaefolia (Ruiz & Pav. ex DC.) J. Presl)

(Irritant.)

Peru, Ecuador west of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence

See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 24. 1760, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 248–249. 1824, Hortus Britannicus 585. 1830, Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 269, 278. 1865 and Candollea 5: 358–359. 1934, Caldasia 7: 110–111. 1955, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 310. 1967, Willdenowia 34: 261. 2004

See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 95, pl. 437. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 251–252. 1824 and Anales del Instituto Botánico A. J. Cavanilles 16: 386–387. 1958, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 309. 1967, Brittonia 59(3): 248–249, 251, f. 2A-I. 2007

Capparidastrum sola (J.F. Macbr.) X. Cornejo & H.H. Iltis (Capparidastrum solum (J.F. Macbr.) Cornejo & Iltis; Capparis acutifolia J.F. Macbr., nom. illeg. hom., non Sweet; Capparis sola J.F. Macbr.; Capparis sola var. longiracemosa Dugand) South America. Shrub or undershrub

(Arrow poison.)

786

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae) Greek kapparis or kappari (Theophrastus, HP. 6.5.2; Dioscorides 2.173), used for the caper plant and its fruit; possibly from Greek kapros ‘wild boar, provided with tusks; penis’, Arabic kafara ‘to be hairy, villous’; Latin capparis for the caper bush and the fruit of the caper bush, the caper; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 503–504. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 222. 1754, Genera Plantarum 242–243. 1789 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 984–1006. 1938, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 380–397. 1946, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 566–584. 2001, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society [London] 145: 209–218. 2004, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93: 122–149. 2006, Brittonia 59(3): 245–254. 2007, Harvard Papers in Botany 13(1): 103–116, 117–120. 2008, Harvard Papers in Botany 13(2): 229–236. 2008. Capparis angulata Ruiz & Pav. ex DC. (Capparis angulata Ruiz & Pav.; Capparis angulata Ruiz & Pav. ex E.A. López, nom. illeg. hom.; Capparis gaudichaudiana Eichler; Capparis scabrida Kunth; Colicodendron scabridum (Kunth) Hutch.) South America. Tree or shrub, flowers dark yellowish-green See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5(20): 95. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 253. 1824, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 78. 1852, Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 273. 1865 and Anales del Instituto Botánico A. J. Cavanilles 16: 383, tab. 431. 1958, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 309. 1967 (Dried bark used orally as a pulmonary antihemorrhagic, hot water extract used against allergies and to regulate blood pressure.) in Ecuador: sapote, zapote Capparis assamica Hook. f. & Thomson India, China. Shrub, without stipular spines or sometimes with ascending spines, white petals, red globose fruit See The Flora of British India 1: 177. 1872 (Extract of dried leaves and roots mixed together with fresh leaves of Artemisia vulgaris taken for headache and body pain.) in China: zong xu shan gan in India: mantori Capparis avicennifolia Kunth (Beautempsia avicenniifolia (Kunth) Gaudich., as avicenniaefolia; Capparis ovalifolia Ruiz & Pav. ex DC.; Capparis ovalifolia Ruiz & Pav. ex E.A. López, nom. illeg.; Colicodendron avicenniaefolium Seem.; Colicodendron avicenniifolium Seem.) South America. Shrub or tree, leathery leaves, flowers greenish-white

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 94. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 253. 1824, Bot. Voy. Herald 78. 1852, Voy. Bonite, Bot. 4: 38. 1866 and Anales del Instituto Botánico A. J. Cavanilles 16: 384. 1958 (Leaves and fruits toxic, produce dizziness and hallucinations. Hot water extract of fruit taken against neuritis and to treat rheumatism.) in Peru: guayabito de gentil Capparis bariensis Pierre ex Gagnep. Vietnam. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 55: 209. 1908 (Root decoction taken to facilitate menstruation.) Capparis brassii DC. (Capparis gueinzii Sond.; Capparis thonningii Schumach.) South Africa, Togo. Woody liana, orange reddish fruits See Species Plantarum 1: 503–504. 1753, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 248. 1824 (Used for chest complaints, expectoration of blood.) in South Africa: uMabusana Capparis cartilaginea Decne. (Capparis galeata Fresen.; Capparis inermis Forssk.; Capparis spinosa L. var. galeata (Fresen.) Hook.f. & Thomson) Egypt. Shrub, pink white flowers, sharp recurved thorns See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 3: 273. 1835 and Fl. Afr. Nord 12: 120. 1965, Taxon 52(2): 308– 309. 2003, Taxon 54(2): 530. 2005 (Leaf used as antidote. Magic.) in Kenya: lokapilak Capparis cynophallophora L. (Capparis cynophallophora subsp. isthmensis (Eichler) H.H. Iltis; Capparis isthmensis Eichler; Capparis jamaicensis Jacq.; Quadrella cynophallophora (L.) Hutch.; Quadrella isthmensis (Eichler) Hutch.; Quadrella jamaicensis (Jacq.) J. Presl; Uterveria cynophallophora (L.) Bertol.; Uterveria cynophallophora Bertol.) Tropical America, Costa Rica, Panama. Small tree, sweet scented white flowers mostly solitary or in short cymes, fruit a long pod with swellings marking the position of large developed brownish seeds See Species Plantarum 1: 504. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 1071. 1759, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 23. 1760, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis 2: 8–10. 1839, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis 4: 15. 1840, Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 269–270. 1865 and The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 309, in obs. 1967, Fl. Lesser Antilles 4(1): 296. 1988

787

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

(Hot water extract of roots taken as an emmenagogue.) in English: black-willow, Jamaica caper, Jamaican caper, Jamaican caper tree, mustard tree Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. (Capparis aphylla Hayne ex Roth; Capparis aphylla Roth; Capparis decidua Pax; Capparis decidua Edgew.; Capparis sodada R. Br.; Sodada decidua Forssk.) Pakistan, Northern Africa, India, Arabia. Many-branched shrub or small tree, leafless green crooked spiny branches, flowers orange red, fruit and buds of young shoots edible raw, fodder for camels See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 81. 1775, Nov. pl. sp. 238. 1821, Species Plantarum. Editio sexta 238. 1831–1833, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany (J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot.) 6: 184. 1862, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 2. (1891) 231. 1891 and Blumea 12: 424–425. 1965, Bulletin of Indian Medicine 159–160. 1973, Journal of Biological Sciences 7(3): 544–548, 582–584. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant antifertility, acrid, stimulant, laxative, cooling, tonic, antidote, counter-irritant, in cough and asthma, to treat bruises, boils and indolent ulcers. Hot water extract of dried aerial parts diuretic, anthelmintic, analgesic, diaphoretic, abortifacient, antidiabetic, emetic, antiinflammatory, astringent, stomachic, laxative, antidote; young twigs chewed for strengthening gums and relieving toothache. Crushed young buds juice dropped in each ear for earache; young branches to treat ear infection; tender young shoots to relieve back pain. Wood ash to relieve pain of the digestive tract, blood in the stools. Bark diaphoretic, used in cough and asthma; fresh bark and shoots to treat gum disease and tooth decay; bark and flowers healing wounds. Roots, fruits and flowers febrifuge, antiinflammatory, vermifuge, for jaundice, chronic pains, arthritis, rheumatism. Fruits in cardiac troubles, abdominal pain, rheumatism, indigestion. Root bark astringent, antiiflammatory, in rheumatism, dropsy. Veterinary medicine, antiinflammatory.) in English: caper berry, caper plant, wild caper in Sahara: ignine in India: ab karir, apatra, bergesodab, cattiputpam, cattiracoputpam, chippuri, cinaikaravi, cinaikaravicceti, cippuri, ciracukkilam, cirakakoli, cirakatantai, cirakkoli, ciratci, cutakkini, enugadanta, granthila, gudhapatra, hanbag, kaareela, kabra, kachia phal, kachra, kair, kantaki, karad, karaka, kareera, kareeuppina gida, karel, karel-ka-tel, karer, kari uppigida, kari uppina gida, karia, karil, karimulli, karimullu, kario, karir, karira, karirah, kariram, kariramu, karirmula, karu, karyal, kataphala, kebir, keda, kelal, kentikam, ker, kera, keraa, kerdo, kerro, kiabara, kiruli, krakara, krakatha, krishashakha, kulaladondai, kulalatontai, kuraka, kuraram, kurel, kurrel, lete, mar vidahika, margh, marubharuha, maruruhu, marupurukam, mriduphala, mumudatu, naepathi, naevatho, nepati, nevati, nigudhapatra, nishpatra,

nishpatrika, nispatigay, nispatley gida, palaccaka, satari, sengam, senkam, shakapushpa, shatakunta, shipri, shonapushpa, sirakkali, sodab, sodada, suphala, tikshnakantaka, tikshnasara, titali, tundub, ubhuruha, ushnasundara, venu, vayacca, vayaccam, vishvakpatra in Pakistan: kaledo, kaledok, kaler, karar in Tibet: ka ri ra, rgya sna lu, rgya sne u, u bo ka, u po ta ka, u po ta ki la Capparis deserti (Zohary) Täckh. & Boulos (Capparis spinosa var. deserti Zohary) Egypt. See Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, Section D, Botany 8: 54. 1960, Publications from the Cairo University Herbarium 5: 14. 1972 [1974] (Leaf decoction taken as antirheumatic and leaves infusion taken for arteriosclerosis; leaves used externally for scurvy, toothache, rheumatism.) Capparis diffusa Ridl. Malesia. See Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 59: 68. 1911 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) in India: kala, karamarda Capparis divaricata Lam. India. Shrub, crooked thorns See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 606. 1785 (Used in Sidha. Veterinary medicine, for trypanosomiasis, bark extract pounded with leaves of Erythrina variegata, ginger, garlic and turmeric in goat’s milk and given orally.) in India: ambaramvalli, ambaram valli, badaraeni, bhandero, boodari, budaroni, guda reni, rem, remidi, remmani, revadi, thu’raddai, thu’raddi, totla, totte, tottulla, turatti Capparis diversifolia Wight & Arn. (Capparis diversifolia Sessé & Moc., nom. illeg.) India. See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 27. 1834, Flora Mexicana. 130. 1894 (Leaves and flowers consumed with milk for headache.) in India: vaarithumbaipatchilai Capparis elaeagnoides Gilg South Africa, Tanzania. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 248. 1824 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 33: 215. 1903, Kew Bulletin 16: 81. 1962

788

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

(Infusion of dried root administered orally to treat sleeping sickness.)

Planch.; Capparis sinclairii Benth.; Morisonia flexuosa L.; Quadrella cynophallophora (L.) Hutch.)

Capparis erythrocarpos Isert

Central and South America. Tree, white scented clustered flowers, fruit somewhat segmented

Tanzania, Ghana. Armed vine, spiny liana, climbing shrub, straggling, with spiny hooks, curved spines, papery leaves, green flowers, red ridged fruit See Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin neue Schrift. ix. (1789) 334. t. 9. 1789 (Pieces of roots placed by making incision on the breasts to provoke milk secretion.) Capparis fascicularis DC. var. elaeagnoides (Gilg) DeWolf East Africa. Shrub, very thorny, scrambling, leaves elliptic shortly stalked, flowers white or cream clustered at the base of the leaves, fruits orange when ripe See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 248. 1824 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 33: 215. 1903, Kew Bulletin 16: 81. 1962 (Roots and leaves poisonous, vomiting and purging followed by death.) in East Africa: akatono, akatungu, kerda, kiptablelet, lubisu, lubisu lugosha, lugve, luwisu, mukamira, obutungutungu, ol aturude, omukwatangwe

See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 1071. 1759, Plantarum Jamaicensium Pugillus 14. 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 722. 1762, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 88–89. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 253. 1824, Florae Fluminensis 230. 1829, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis 2: 9. 1839, The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 65, t. 27. 1844, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 6, 17: 76. 1862, Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 269– 270. 1865 and J. Bot. (London) 52: 142. 1914, Tropical Woods 20: 31. 1929, Anales del Instituto Botánico A. J. Cavanilles 16: 379–380, tab. 429, fig. b. 1958, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 308–309. 1967, Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 4: 139. 1998, Harvard Papers in Botany 11(1): 17. 2006, Harvard Papers in Botany 13(1): 118–119. 2008 (Hot water extract of bark taken as an emmenagogue; water extract of root used as an emmenagogue; water extract of dried wood taken for abdominal pain.) in English: bay-leaved caper, caper tree, limber caper Capparis floribunda Wight (Capparis floribunda Lepr. ex Walp.; Capparis oligostema Hayata)

in South Africa: caper tree, Transvaal caper

India.

Capparis fascicularis DC. var. fascicularis (Capparis flanaganii Gilg & Ben.; Capparis rudatisii Gilg & Ben.; Capparis transvaalensis Schinz; Capparis transvaalensis var. calvescens (Gilg & Ben.) Marais)

See Illustrations of Indian Botany 1: 35, pl. 14. 1838, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae (Walpers) 1: 197. 1842– 1847 and Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 22–23. 1913

East Africa, Ghana. Shrub, woody climber, sprawling, spreading, very thorny, with hooked spines, scrambling, flowers pale greenish cream

in China: shao rui shan gan

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 248. 1824 (Root decoction taken to treat gastrointestinal problems and stomachache.) in South Africa: caper tree, Transvaal caper in Tanzania: maji ya gagulo Capparis flexuosa (L.) L. (Capparis cynophallophora L., nom. illeg.; Capparis didymobotrys Ruiz & Pav.; Capparis didymobotrys Ruiz & Pav. ex DC.; Capparis didymobotrys Ruiz & Pav. ex E.A. López, nom. illeg.; Capparis eucalyptifolia O.L. Haught; Capparis flexuosa L.; Capparis flexuosa Blume ex Hassk.; Capparis flexuosa Vell., nom. illeg.; Capparis guayaquilensis Kunth; Capparis isthmensis Eichler; Capparis lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. ex E.A. López, nom. illeg.; Capparis lanceolata Ruiz & Pav. ex DC.; Capparis mollis Kunth; Capparis polyantha Triana &

(Fresh leaves heated and applied on boils and bisters.)

Capparis galeata Fresen. Egypt. Shrub, fresh fruit eaten See Museum Senckenbergianum 2: 111. 1837, The Flora of British India 1: 173. 1872 (Fruit eaten against fever, headache, rheumatism, used externally as a cold remedy. Flowers eaten for toothache. Hot water extract of leaf taken as an emmenagogue.) Capparis grandiflora Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson India. See The Flora of British India 1: 174. 1872 (Bark and leaves infusion taken for swellings.) in India: totlamullu Capparis grandis L.f. (Capparis bisperma Roxb.; Capparis grandis Russ. ex Wall.) India, Burma. Tender fruits used as vegetable

789

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

See Supplementum Plantarum 263. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7001. 1828–1849 (Used in Sidha. Fresh leaves cooked and eaten as a vegetable soup for skin eruptions. Leaves crushed and the juicy pulp applied for insect bite. Dried bark and leaf infusion administered orally for swellings and eruptions; dried stem bark powder given for increasing appetite.) in India: antera, aridonda, avagudu, baevapi, duddupi, dudduppi, dudippi, dudupi, ghuti, goolee, guli, gullem chettu, gullenguli, gulli, haro-kairio, kaldero, kandel, katarni, kauntel, kautel, mudakothan, mudkondai, nakkulijan, nakkulincan, nalluppi, nalluti, oridonda, pachenda, pachonda, pachovand, pachunda, padanbor, pandanbor, puchunda, punchunda, ragot, ragota, raygutti, regguti, regutthi, regutti, remide, revadi, shuda-thoratti, shudathoratti, torate, torati, totla, totte, tottulla, turatta, uppi, vatareni Capparis heyneana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (Capparis heyneana Wall., nom. nud.) India. See A Numerical List of dried specimens of plants in the East India Company’s Museum: collected under the superintendence of Dr. Wallich of the Company’s botanic garden at Calcutta. n. 6985. London 1828–1849, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 25. 1834 (Stomachic, astringent.) in India: ran-mamdaru Capparis himalayensis Jafri (Capparis spinosa L. var. himalayensis (Jafri) Jacobs) India. Young leaves and flower buds cooked as vegetable, fruits edible

Tellur. 109. 1838, Pl. Nov. Hort. Bonon. ii. 10. 1839, Flora 55: 24. 1872, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 1(1): 43. 1879 and Botanical Exchange Club and Society of the British Isles (Report) 3: 415. 1914, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 310. 1967, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 52(618): 144. 1914, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 311. 1967, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(2): 426. 1982 [1983], Willdenowia 34: 262. 2004, Novon 17(4): 452. 2007, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 4(1): 126–127. 2010 (Hot water extract of fruits and hot water extract of roots administered orally against menstrual complaints.) in English: black witty, white willow Capparis kirkii Oliv. Tanzania. See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 98. 1868 (Dried root used to clean the nipples before nursing, powdered roots of Capparis kirkii, Ximenia sp. and Pentanisia sp. applied externally with saliva.) Capparis micracantha DC. (Capparis liangii Merr. & Chun; Capparis micracantha Teijsm. ex Miq.; Capparis myrioneura Hallier f.; Capparis odorata Blanco) Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia. Shrub or small tree, drooping branches, straight or slightly curved thorns, white petals with yellow base, berry strongly smelling when ripe, slimy sweet pulp See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 247. 1824 and Lingnan Sci. J. 5: 83. 1927, Sunyatsenia 2(1): 29–30. 1934

in China: zhua jia shan gan

(Roots decoction in stomachache and as a uterine tonic after childbirth; hot water extract of roots taken as a diuretic, antipyretic. Decoction of dried leaf and root taken for asthma. For swellings, pound the leaves and fruit with salt and turmeric, and poultice. Stem crushed with water applied topically to relieve pain and swellings. Whole plant hot water extract for asthma and chest pain.)

in India: chetup, kabra

in Cambodia: kanchoen bai dach

Capparis indica (L.) Druce (Breynia indica L.; Capparis amygdalina Lam.; Capparis breynia Kunth, nom. illeg.; Capparis breynia L.; Capparis breynia Jacq. ex Hemsl., nom. inval.; Capparis indica Druce; Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle; Linnaeobreynia indica (L.) Hutch.; Pseudocroton tinctorius Müll.Arg.; Quadrella indica (L.) H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo)

in China: xiao ci shan gan

See Species Plantarum 1: 503. 1753 and Kew Bull. 4: 299. 1949, Pakistan Journal of Forestry 6: 197, pl. 1, f. 1B. 1956, Blumea 12(3): 419–420. 1965 (Fruits paste applied over wounds and inflammations.)

Neotropics, Nicaragua. See also Quadrella indica See Prodr. Fasc. Rar. Pl., 13, t. ad p. 13. 1739, Species Plantarum 1: 503. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1071. 1759, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 608. 1785, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 5: 97. 1821, Prir. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl. ii. 260. 1825, Sylva

in Indonesia: balung, kledung, sanek in Laos: say sou in Malaysia: kaju tuju, melada in Philippines: halubagat-kahoi, salimbagat, salimomo, tarabtab in Thailand: chingchee, kradaat khaao, nuat maeo daeng in Vietnam: b[uf]ng ch[ef], c[as]p gai nh[or] Capparis micrantha A. Rich. Abyssinia.

790

See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 31. 1847 (Antitumour.)

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 606. 1785, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 25. 1834

Capparis moonii Wight

(The wood used for biliousness, stomachache and giddiness. Leaves used as a remedy for headache.)

Sri Lanka. Woody vine, creamy, anthers light orange, fruit greenish orange

in Indonesia: gagahan, kaloang-kaloangan, sanek

See Illustrations of Indian Botany 1: 35. 1840–1850

in Malaysia: kaju tujuh

(Used in Ayurveda.)

in Thailand: kinkhee, maengso, naam haang nokkaling

in India: aadsenda, adonda, bandiraroveldi, mullu kathari, mullu katthari balli, mullukarti, mullukathari, mullukattari, rudanti, rudanti phal, rudrvanti, tatla, totte, tottulla, udipi, vaghati

in Vietnam: c[as]p c[os] m[ur]i, ta cha

Capparis olacifolia Hook. f. & Thomson India, Nepal, Tropical Himalaya. Climbing shrubs, unarmed or with short straight stipular spines, flowers in axillary rows, white oblanceolate petals, red globose fruits See The Flora of British India 1: 178. 1872 (Bruised leaves put externally as poultice in gout.) in China: zang dong nan shan gan in India: dieng sia, hais, jhenokung, kotahar, naski, osaro, simbri, sopada

Capparis rheedei DC. (Capparis brevispina var. rheedii (DC.) Thwaites; Capparis heyneana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) India. Shrub, solitary axillary bluish flowers, berry ovoid See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 246. 1824, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 25. 1834, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 15. 1858 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33(1): 242- 2009 (Leaves juice, mixed with the dung of wild boar, given as an antiarthritic ointment. Leaves and flowers infusion purgative; leaves and fruits made into a paste consumed for cold and oneside headache. Fruit taken with milk a sedative of passion.) in India: vempudampatchilai

Capparis ovata Desf. (Capparis ovata M. Bieb.)

Capparis rosea Oliv. (Capparis carvalhoana Gilg; Capparis rosea (Klotzsch) Oliv.; Petersia rosea Klotzsch)

Europe.

Tropical Africa.

See Fl. Atlant. 1: 404. 1798, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 2: 1. 1808, Fl. Alger. 82. 1888 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93(1): 137. 2006

See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 1: 99. 1868

(Leaf and stem decoction used externally for indolent ulcer and toothache; decoction administered orally for arthralgia.) Capparis pedunculosa Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (Capparis pedunculosa Wall.) India. See A Numerical List of dried specimens of plants [Wallich] … n. 6999. London 1828–1849, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 27. 1834 (Used in Sidha.) in India: alantal, amantalam, appaimaricam, civappukkattiri, karuncurai, siru-vashuthunai Capparis pyrifolia Lam. (Capparis acuminata Willd.; Capparis pyrifolia Wight & Arn.) Thailand, Indonesia. A shrub, sometimes climbing, leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, thorns straight or slightly curved upwards, petals very thin pubescent on both surfaces, flowers white-tinged pale yellow or green, filaments white, berry globular shiny black, in the lowlands and hills in dry locations, teak forest

(Carminative.) Capparis roxburghii DC. (Capparis bisperma Wight ex Hook.f.) India. Scandent shrub See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 247–248. 1824, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 176. 1872 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) in India: abooba, agooba, aguba, chittigara, mudakothan, otai, rudanti Capparis sepiaria L. (Capparis citrifolia sensu Arwidss.; Capparis corymbosa Lam.; Capparis corymbosa sensu Oliv.; Capparis corymbosa Roxb., nom. illeg.; Capparis flexicaulis Hance; Capparis glauca Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson; Capparis sepiaria Wall.) SE Asia, India, Sri Lanka, China. Treelet, woody vine, scandent, many-branched shrub, scrambling, stout, zigzag twigs, thorns short recurved, flowers sweetly-scented with light spicy odor, petals white, filaments white, berry globose See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1071. 1759, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 605–606. 1785, Flora Indica or Descriptions of Indian plants 2(2): 569. 1824,

791

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 16(188): 225. 1878 and Blumea 12: 489. 1965

in Southern Africa: imFishlo, inTshihlo, Kapkapper, Kapkappertjie, wildekapperbos, wilde lemoenboom

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant febrifuge, alterative, tonic, for skin diseases; decoction used externally for swellings. Fruit eaten for typhoid fever. Hot water extract of dried root bark taken as a purgative, a diuretic and for gingivitis; decoction of bark and root antiinflammatory. Root poultice for itching around anus; root juice drops in nostrils for headache; root paste with opium applied on swelling of eyes; root extract in the treatment of ear ache; root crushed along with ginger and asafoetida, and the paste applied externally to cure mumps, wounds, scratches. Powdered seeds antidote. Contact therapy, root piece stuck on the lock of hair of pregnant woman for inducing abortion. Veterinary medicine, leaves febrifuge.)

Capparis speciosa Griseb. (Capparis pruinosa Griseb.; Capparis speciosa Miranda, nom. illeg. hom.; Capparis speciosa Moric. ex Eichler; Capparis speciosa Griseb. & Hassler; Capparis speciosa var. normalis Kuntze; Capparis speciosa var. pruinosa (Griseb.) Hassl.; Capparis speciosa var. pruinosa Hassl.; Capparis speciosa var. vera Hassl.)

in China: qing pi ci in India: ahimsra, ahinsra, amlaphala, aundi, ayinciram, baasingi, cekkavuricceti, cenkaddari, cenkattarip pattai, chaili, chhail, cirukattiri, curai, duhpradharsa, dupravesha, durdharsha, gajalca, grdhranakhi, gridhranakhi, guchchagulmika, hainsa, himsra, hinsra, hium gama, hium garna, hium-garna, hiun, hiun garna, incurai, incuraicceti, jal, jali, kaadu katthari, kaadukathari, kachiga, kadukattari, kakadani, kakadhani, kakatinduka, kakdani, kali kanther, kante, kantha, kanthaari, kanthar, kanthari, kantharika, kantharo, kantharvela, kantharyel, kanther, kanthor, kanya, kapalakulika, karindu, karintu, karuncurai, karuncuraiver, karunjurai, katan, kathari gida, kathiramullu, katthari gida, katthari mullu, kattukathiri, kattukkattari, kattukkattiri, katukatiri, kokilanayanam, kokkimullu, korintai, krishnashriphalika, kruragandha, krurakarma, kurudu gajjiga, lukko, lukkocurai, maiccuri, mancuranceti, miti, mitiki, mitikicceti, musthodi, nalla uppi, nallapuee, nallapuyyi, nallaupli, nallauppi, nallavuppi, nalluppi, nibate, niputthige, olle uppina gida, pantaki, pantanki, pelikacceti, pelikam, petitayacceti, petitayam, peykkattiri, peyttiriti, puyyi, sirukkattiri, solorakoli, surai, thoratti, thottilu mullu, tikshnagandha, turmokam, uppi, vakrakantaki, vayastinduka, waghoti in Indonesia: pokan in Philippines: arayat, keme-keming, tarabtab in Thailand: naam kieo kai, phee waidaat, wua sang in Vietnam: c[as]p h[af]ng r[af]o Capparis sepiaria L. var. citrifolia Toelken (Capparis citrifolia Lam.; Capparis volkameriae sensu DC.; Capparis woodii Gilg & Ben.; Volkameria capensis Burm.f.) South Africa, Tanzania. Shrub, petals white pink, sepals green-yellow See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 606. 1785 (Emetic, used for gall sickness.) in English: Cape capers, caper tree, wild caper bush

Central and South America. Shrub or small tree, manybranched, yellowish to whitish flowers, cut fruit with strong odor, edible fruit See Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(1): 272. 1865, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 18. 1879 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 253–254, descr. emend. 1913, Anales del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de México 24(1): 77–78, f. 5. 1953, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(1): 65. 2008 (Dried bark used to cause embedded thorns to come out of skin. Leaves decoction wound healing.) in Bolivia: alcaparra, alcaparro, coca de cabra Capparis spinosa L. (Capparis spinosa auct.; Capparis spinosa var. parviflora Boiss.) Mediterranean Near East, India. Shrub, herbaceous, prostrate, sprawling, straggling, xerophytic, root system very extensive, yellowish white solitary axillary flowers, fruit a berry, thin pericarp leathery to corky, seeds embedded in yellow fruit pulp, twigs and leaves grazed by goats and sheep, polymorphic complex species See Species Plantarum 1: 503. 1753 and Kew Bulletin 4: 299. 1949 (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Plant extract for viral hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis. Bruised leaves as poultice for gouty affections; leaves juice in cough and bronchitis. The flower buds on lesions of the vascular system. Root bark purgative, tonic, diuretic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, expectorant and analgesic; a common ingredient of hepatoprotective herbal drugs; root bark infusions or decoctions for dropsy, anemia, arthritis, rheumatism; macerated roots applied to sores.) in English: caper, caper berry, caper bush, caper plant, common caper, common caper bush, kaper bush, Mariana caper, Mariana caper-bush, Spanish caper in China: shan gan in India: asef, azuf, barari, bassar, bauri, ber, bhotiayaskabara, bikh kabar, enugadanta, himsra, kabar, kabarra, kabbar, kabra, kabur, kachra, kakadani, kakri, kalvari, kander, karer, kari, karia, karira, kartotti, karyal, kathari mullina gida, katthari mullina gida, kaur, kebir, kiabara, kiari, kokilaakshamu, kokilakshamu, kokitha, kurak, kuraka, lasafa, lassaf, maraat moggu, mullu katthari, mullukattari, mullu-

792

katthari, mumudatu, nepati, nibate, nippatthike, nispatigay, parwati rai, rohtokpa-martokpa, taker in Malaysia: melada in Philippines: alcaparras Capparis tomentosa Lam. (Boscia tomentosa sensu O.B. Mill.; Capparis alexandrae Chiov.; Capparis biloba Hutch. & Dalziel; Capparis corymbifera E. Mey. ex Sond.; Capparis corymbifera E. Mey. ex Harv. & Sond.; Capparis hypericoides Hochst.; Capparis persicifolia A. Rich.; Capparis polymorpha A. Rich.; Capparis venenata Schinz; Capparis verdickii De Wild.; Capparis volkensii Gilg) Tropical Africa. Shrub, liana, scrambler, sprawling, scandent, climbing, green, woody, recurved thorns, young parts with a powdery brownish indumentum, sweet scented flowers in terminal inflorescences, petals greenish-white with red veins, calyx green-yellow, orange round fruit, many seeds surrounded by pink pulp, dense thorny bush See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 606. 1785, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 1: 62. 1860 (Dried entire plant abortifacient, purgative and diuretic. Roots used for chest complaints, pleurisy, impotence, barrenness, chronic coughing; roots water extract taken as an aphrodisiac; bark of roots for scrofula. Dried bark in the treatment of leprosy, headache, cancer. Leaves antidote, for hepatitis, leprosy, ophthalmia and malaria. Poisonous, vomiting and diarrhea. Control of evil spirits.) in English: caper bush, woolly caper bush in East Africa: akodekodet, andal, dunguranossa, goragala, iravu, irudi, katasuba, kiseva, lutono, makayo, makirutu, mbeba, moraapfumu, mpapula-chui, mtatasange mkubwa, mtungu, ol atorode, omutungu, ongono, rukwakongo, tungula ngoswe, tungulangosa, wangombe in Nigeria: kaidodo in Southern Africa: gwambadzi, iMfishlo, imFihlo (= hidden thing), inKunzibomvu, iNkunzi-ebomvu, inTshihlo, iQwaningi, khawa, modyangwe, motawana, muKanyengwe, muKorongwe, muoba-dali (= to stop the fever), uKokwane, uMabusane, umKanyengwe, umQoqolo, wag-’n-bietjie, wag’n-bietjie tree, wag-’n-bietjie climber, wollerige kapperbos in Tanzania: kombe la nyau, mkombamnyau, mtenga shari in W. Africa: dunguruwo, jatabeli Capparis zeylanica L. (Capparis hastigera Hance; Capparis hastigera var. obcordata Merr. & F.P. Metcalf; Capparis horrida L.f.; Capparis horrida Banks ex Wight & Arn.; Capparis swinhoei Hance; Capparis zeylanica Wight & Arn.; Capparis zeylanica Roxb.) SE Asia, Sri Lanka, India. Shrub, climbing, scandent, recurved thorns to hooked spines, many-branched, yellowish white to pinkish flowers, red to purple berry woody-coriaceous, numerous seeds embedded in fleshy edible pulp

Capparis L. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)

See Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 720. 1762, Suppl. Pl. 264. 1782, Hort. Bengal. 47. 1814, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 25. 1834, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 6(70): 296. 1868 and Lingnan Science Journal 16(2): 192. 1937, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 9: 91. 1971, Phytochemistry 12: 2893. 1973 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem bark and stem bark of Argyreia sp. pounded together and boiled and the liquid drunk to treat hematuria. Leaves as a counter-irritant, a cataplasm in boils and swellings, to reduce perspiration and to improve the appetite, for rheumatic pain, arthritis. Fresh root to reduce swellings; root paste applied externally to expel worms from wounds, and also to the body in rheumatism; pounded roots applied on the sores of snakebites. Paste of root bark used in the treatment of boils; hot water extract of dried root bark used for ulcers and as a cholagogue. Fresh pickled fruit eaten daily as an antidote for snakebite or against snake poisoning. Veterinary medicine, fruits given orally during estrus/oestrum; bark extract given in indigestion.) in Burma: nah-ma-nee-tanyet in Cambodia: rôôk sââ in China: niu yan jing in India: aadonda, aare dhonda, aathondai, aathundi kaayi, adandai, adavinima, adhandai, adonda, adondai, adondathivva, adontha, alanday, alavirukkam, alavirutcam, antai, anthundi-kai, anthundi kaayi, anthundikaayi, aradanda, aradonda, aradoonda, ardanda, ardandi, arhonda, ari donda, aridonda, arthondah, arudonda, ashari, asria, atandai, atandam, atanday, atantai, atantam, athendri, atonda, atontai, avavirutcam, bhagnaha, bauri, cakacopai, cakacopam, cakacopeku, cala, calavirutcam, carkkalam, chilli gara, chittigara, cikkolikkulal, cilesmavinacini, cisnam, cittigara, cuvacutittam, cuvatutittapalatai, doddi, gitoran, govinda phala, govindaphal, govindha phala, govindi, granthila, grdhranakhi, hankaru, hingshra, hins, hinsa, igudi, ikuti, indu, intai, intu, jakhambel, jhiris, jhiris gitoran, ka-thotti, kaguturatti, kakadoni, kakanturatti, kakatturatti, kakaya, kalatturatti, kalhins, kalikera, kalturatti, kantakalata, kapaccar, karambha, karrotti, karumoli, karumolikkoti, katatti, katotti, kattatti, kattotti, katukandari, kayttotti, khalis, kijr, kinkani, krishangi, kutantakam, loothi kaayi, makakalankam, marukam, migupalattam, mikupalavantam, mikupattiri, mikupattirikkoti, mikuppalattam, morandan, mullu kaarthi, mullukarti, mullukattari, mullukatthari, murrontai, murruratti, muthukallari, mutthu kallaari, nusphar, ontipparappan, oritamiyakkoti, oritamiyam, orumulaimatar, osaro, oserwa, ottuppalati, paalaki, palaki, palbun, palikee, palleke, pallike, paltaittuvam, patam, rohini, sabbi, sivappu boomi sakkarai kizhangu, tantai, tapasapriya, taramati, thotlaku, thotte balli, todaku, tondai, tontai, tontakai, toratti, totla, totli, totte, tottula, tottulla, tulambikkiri, tulampi, tulampikkiri, tulampikkoti, turatti, turatticceti, turattimaram, tuspirataru, ukkiracakkoti, ukkiracam, ukkiracatam, ukkiracava, ukkiracavaki, ukkiracavakikoti, ukkiracca, ukkiracukirantam, ukkiracurakkoti,

793

Capraria L. Scrophulariaceae

ukkiracuravar, ukkirakattotti, ukkiratotticceti, ulolarcisnam, uppi, vaagati, vaciyakkani, vaganti, vagata, vaminta, vartala, viyanniccam, vyaghraghanti, vyaghranakhi (vyaghra, tiger, nakha, nail), vyagranakhi, vyaghrapada, viyanicham, wag, wagat, wagati, yalavarutam in Indonesia: melada in Philippines: baralauik, halubagat-baging, tarabtab in Thailand: sa-ae, thao lang makkep, yieokai in Vietnam: cáp tieh pan, c[as]p t[is]ch lan, gai den

Capraria L. Scrophulariaceae Latin caper, capri ‘a goat’, capra, ae ‘a she-goat, caprarius, a, um ‘pertaining to the goat, tithymalus’, Greek kapros ‘wild boar’, indicating the leaves, liked by goats; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 628. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 276. 1754, Mélanges de Philosophie et de Mathématique de la Société Royale de Turin 3(1): 178–181, pl. 5, f. 1. 1766, Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 24, t. 4. 1794, Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 2: 13. 1799, Index Seminum [Goettingen] 1831: 4. 1831 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5B/3): 461–717. 1971, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319– 416. 1973, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 1–69. 2000, Castanea 65(2): 101. 2000, Lundellia 7: 53–78. 2004. Capraria biflora L. (Capraria biflora fo. hirsuta Loes.; Capraria biflora fo. hirta Loes.; Capraria biflora subsp. havanensis Tzvelev; Capraria biflora var. pilosa Griseb.; Capraria biflora var. pilosa M. Gómez; Capraria hirsuta Kunth; Capraria hirsutum Kuntze; Capraria lanceolata Hort. ex Steud.; Capraria lanceolata Vahl, nom. illeg.; Capraria lanceolata L.f.; Capraria mexicana Griseb.; Capraria semiserrata Willd.; Capraria semiserrata var. berterii A. DC. ex Benth.) North and South America. Perennial herb, shrub, evergreen, erect, branched, white or cream-white five-lobed campanulate axillary flowers, tiny yellow seeds See Species Plantarum 2: 628. 1753, Suppl. Pl. 284. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 47. 1798, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 325. 1800, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 2: 355. 1817 [1818], Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] 427. 1862, Dicc. Bot. Nombres Vulg. Cub. Puerto-Riq. 47. 1889, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 274. 1891 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 3(4): 284. 1903, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 72(12): 1663. 1987, Planta Med., 55: 622. 1989, Sida 17(1): 259–263. 1996, Rev. Cubana Farm. 34: 290–291. 2000, J. Nat. Prod. 63(11): 1515–1518. 2000, Acta Farm. Bonaerense 22(1): 53–55. 2003 (Leaves antibiotic, antiseptic, antinflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, cytotoxic, diuretic, tonic, stimulant, CNSdepressant, digestive, purgative, antiemetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cholagogue, insecticidal, used for treatment of

fever, influenza, colds, congestion, swelling, menstrual pain, matrix bleeding, pelvic inflammation, rheumatic disorder, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea, scabies, acne, pimps, itching and other skin diseases. Leaves juice squeezed into the ear to relieve earaches; leaves infusion tonic, as an eyewash, to soothe skin itch; leaf decoction for colds, stomachache, indigestion, diarrhea, diabetes. In large doses produces general debility, disorientation, stupor, paralysis and loss of memory. Veterinary medicine, ground with lime juice and used for sheep with colds.) in English: earache bush, goatweed, granny bush, nigger broom, obeah bush, Peru tea, wild tea, worry bush in Central and South America: balsaminha, bhuyara, box, chokuilxim hembra, chokuilxim macho, claudiosa, ditay paye, du thé pays, savadilla, tanchi, té del país, thé du pays Capraria frutescens (Mill.) Britton (Capraria biflora var. pilosa Griseb.; Capraria cuneata R. Br.; Capraria frutescens (Mill.) Standl.; Capraria hirsuta Kunth; Capraria saxifragifolia Schltdl. & Cham.; Erinus frutescens Mill.; Pogostoma saxifragaefolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) Schrad.) Mexico, Honduras. Shrub, monopodial stems, white to lavender purple petals See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. 1768, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edition 4: 45. 1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 355. 1817[1818], Linnaea 5: 105. 1830, Index Seminum [Goettingen] 1831: 4. 1831 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 45: 315. 1907, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(2): 85. 1944 (Used for coughs and sore wounds.) in Mexico: box, claudiosa, sek’aax

Capsella Medikus Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Latin capsella, ae ‘little box, a small box, small coffer’ (Titus Petronius Arbiter), capsa, ae (from capio) ‘box, case, a repository’; see Definitiones Generum Plantarum 225. 1760, Friedrich Kasimir Medikus (1736–1808), PflanzenGattungen 85, 99. Mannheim 1792 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 937–983. 1938, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 354– 380. 1946, Intermount. Fl. 2(B): 1–488. 2005. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Shafer; Bursa bursa-pastoris Shafer; Bursa bursapastoris Britton; Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton; Bursa bursa-pastoris var. bifida Crép.; Bursa gracilis Gren.; Bursa pastoris Weber ex F.H. Wigg.; Capsella bursa Raf.; Capsella bursa-pastoris Moench, nom. illeg.; Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik.; Capsella hyrcana Grossh.; Capsella rubella Reut.; Crucifera capsella E.H.L. Krause; Iberis bursa-pastoris (L.) Crantz; Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.) East Africa. Annual herb, erect, slender taproot, basal leaves stalked in a rosette, stem leaves clasping the stem, white

794

flowers in a terminal raceme on slender stalks, flattened twovalved fruit, reddish brown flattened seeds, weedy edible herb, fodder for goats, sheep and camels See Species Plantarum 2: 645–647. 1753, Stirpium Austriarum Fasciculus 1: 21. 1762, Primitiae Florae Holsaticae 47. 1780, Meth. 271. 1794, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 172. 1894 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 1: 25. 1901, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), ed. 2 6: 144, pl. 23. 1902, Watsonia 22: 243–250. 1999, Weed Technology 15(4): 892– 895. 2001 (Human skin may blister from contact with the seeds. Do not take this herb during pregnancy. Whole plant decoction or infusion astringent, analgesic, anti-fertility, antiemetic, antiinflammatory, oxytoxic, emmenagogue, vasodilator, vasoconstrictor, styptic, hemostatic, hypotensive, diuretic, antiscorbutic, vulnerary, stimulant, tonic, uterine-contracting properties, for internal and external bleeding, intestinal and uterine bleeding, heavy uterine bleeding, dysentery, diarrhea, kidney problems, stomachache and cramps, cystitis, a wash for poison ivy and wounds; infusion of seed pods anthelmintic, vermifuge, taken for stomachache and internal worms. Used in the treatment of eye diseases and dysentery; tender parts cooked as a vegetable for constipation; flowers for chronic dysentery. Seeds reported to be toxic to mosquito larvae.) in English: blind-weed, case weed, mother’s heart, pepper plant, shepherd’s purse, toy-wort in Arabic: harra el-berria, keis el ra’ai, kis er-ra’i, shenaf in Southern Africa: geldbeursie, herderstassie, sebitsa, wagter-se-sakkie in Bhutan: so-ka-pa in China: chi tsai, ji cai, qi, ti mi tsai in India: botlya, chulti, shamso, shanso, sog-ka, tori in Japan: nazuna, sanshin-gwâ in Nepal: tori jhar in Tibetan: sog-ka-ba, tuntkya in Vietnam: co tam giac, dinh lich, te thai

Capsicum L. Solanaceae Greek kapto ‘to bite, to swallow’; see Carl Linnaeus (1707– 1778), Species Plantarum. 1: 188–189. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 86. 1754, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2 3: 261, 263. 1849 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5B/1): 3–267. 1962, Kurtziana 5: 153. 1969, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/1–2): 1–151. 1974, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 13: 99–106. 1978, Chromosoma 80: 57–68. 1980, Chromosoma 89: 352–360. 1984, Cytologia 51: 645– 653. 1986, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Plant Sciences 97: 55–61. 1987, Cytologia 53: 709–715. 1988, Cytologia 54: 287–291, 455–463. 1989, National Research

Capsicum L. Solanaceae

Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989, Plant Systematics and Evolution 186: 213–229. 1993, Amer. J. Bot. 82(2): 276– 287. 1995, Pl. Syst. Evol. 202: 37–63. 1996, Cytologia 62: 103–113. 1997, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52(2): 61–70. 1996, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007. Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum chinense are mostly considered as three different species, they are, however, closely related. Capsicum annuum L. (Capsicum annuum var. conoide (Miller) Irish; Capsicum annuum var. fasciculatum (Sturtevant) Irish; Capsicum annuum var. grossum (L.) Sendtner; Capsicum chinense Jacq.; Capsicum conoide Miller; Capsicum curvipes Dunal; Capsicum fasciculatum Sturtevant; Capsicum frutescens L.; Capsicum frutescens var. fasciculatum L.H. Bailey; Capsicum frutescens var. grossum L.H. Bailey; Capsicum frutescens var. longum L.H. Bailey; Capsicum grossum L.; Capsicum longum A. DC.; Capsicum longum Bouton ex Dunal; Capsicum petenense Standl.) Cosmopolitan. Suffrutescent, small shrub, small white axillary flowers, cylindrical hollow fruit, seeds kidney-shaped, edible fruit See Species Plantarum 1: 188–189. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 8. 1768, Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis 3: 38, t. 67. 1776, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1: 241. 1809, Catalogus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis 86. 1813, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(1): 423. 1852, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15: 133. 1888, Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden 9: 65–68, pl. 9, f. 2–4. 1898 and Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 461(4): 84. 1935, Manual of Cultivated Plants 783. 1949, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 591, 594. 1973, New Botanist 5: 59–62. 1978, Taxon 29: 711. 1980, Cytologia 46: 75–79. 1981, Science and Culture 47: 334. 1981, Science and Culture 49: 325–326. 1983, Cytologia 48: 195–199. 1983, Current Science 56: 1181–1182. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 91–96. 1990, Genome 33: 279–282. 1990, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 78(3,VIII): 145. 1991, Cytologia 57: 81–83. 1992, Biologia 48: 441–445. 1993, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 80(3:VIII): 138. 1993, Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences 60: 151–156. 1994, Advances in Plant Sciences 9(2): 111–119. 1996, J. Yunnan Educ. Coll., Nat. Sci. Ed. 5: 44–46, 55. 1998, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 16(3): 280–282. 1998 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Carminative, insecticide, pesticide, antimicrobial, stimulant, tonic, spasmolytic, antiseptic, rubefacient, hallucinogenic. Fruits for inducing sweat; for smallpox, powder of the dry fruits with seeds of Elaeocarpus sphaericus; fruit infusion antipyretic, vasoregulatory; dried powdered fruits mixed with honey consumed for cold and cough; fruits and roots used for jaundice.

795

Capsicum L. Solanaceae

Birth control by abortion, fruits of Capsicum annuum and juice from cut leaves of Aloe vera or Aloe littoralis pasted, mixed with honey and given internally. A few leaves crushed in the palm and inhaled for headache. The skin of the root included in a complex preparation rubbed on the skin as a treatment for mental disorders; stembark of Croton oblongifolius, Prunus triflora, rhizome of Curcuma domestica, ripe fruits of Averrhoa carambola and root of Capsicum annuum crushed together and boiled in water and the extract given in jaundice. Used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, to keep off evil spirits, leaf juice applied on the forehead and the fruits tied around waist; contact therapy, pieces of roots tied on the neck in malaria. Veterinary medicine, powdered dried fruit applied for foot diseases; smoke of the ripe fruits inhaled by cattle suffering from acute diarrhea.) in English: aromatic hot pepper, aromatic pepper, bell pepper, bird pepper, bonnet pepper, capsicum, Cayenne pepper, chili pepper, Chinese pepper, garden pepper, green pepper, Guinea pepper, mango pepper, paprika, paprika pepper, pimento, pimiento, red chili pepper, red pepper, Spanish pepper, sweet pepper in South America: ají, chile, chilli, ik, pimiento, pucunucho in China: la chiao, la jiao in India: ahmur, birik, branmaricha, bruhi, byadagi menasina kaayi, capo-molago, chabai, chalie, cuvannamulaku, donne menasina kaayi, filfile, filfile-surkh, gach-marich, gach-mirichi, gachmarich, galakonda, gasmiris, hmarchate, jalakia, jangli lanka, jeeni chedy, jhal, kappalmelaka, kappalmulaku, katuvira, katuvirah, kempu menasu, kempumenasu, khaarada menasinakaayi, kogamiriya, laal mirchee, ladumira, lal, lal mirch, lalmirca, lalmirich, lalmirichi, lalmorich, lanka, lanka-marich, lodachina, marcha, marchi, marchii, marchu, marichi-phalam, marichiphalam, mattisa, mattisawangru, menasina, menasina kaayi, menasinakai, milagai, milakai, milakay, mirapa kaayi, mirapa-singa, mirapakaya, mirch, mirch-wangum, mirchee, mirchi, mirepakaya, miris, miriyapukaya, mirpakaya, mirsang, mirsinga, molagay, morok, mulagai, mulakay, mulaku, munrit, paccamulaku, parankimulaku, perangimuluk, pi-phik, pilpile-surkh, pittakarini, raktamarica, raktamaricah, seemai milagai, simamirapa, simamirepa, sudmirapakaaya, sudmirapakaya, tiksna, upperi-patanki, upperimulaku, upperiparanki, usimilagai, usimulagay, valmilagay in Indonesia: cabe in Japan: kidachi-tô-garashi, kôreigus, tô-gara-shi in Malaysia: chabai, chabai achong, chaboi seberang, chaboi selaseh, chili, chili besar, lada merah in Pakistan: hari, lal mirch in Philippines: chili, katumbal, kitikot, lagda, pasites, sili, siling-labuyo in South Laos: (people Nya Hön) ngaam ngay

in Tibetan: tsitraka African names: filfil romi, forotu, kilikili, totoshi in Angola: omu ndungu in Benin: ata oyibo, takin, yédésé in Congo: ndongo, ndongoya assuele, ndongaya assuêlê, pilipili in Ethiopia: mitmita, mitmitta in Gabon: ntogolo okam-​ntangha

y’atanga,

nungu-tsi-mitangani,

in Kenya: nudulu in Madagascar: malao, pilipilidia, pilipily, pilopilo, pilopilombazaha, piment de Cayenne, piment doux, piment enragé, piment Martin, poivron, rajakojakomena, sakaibe, sakaifantsinakoho, sakaipilo, sakay, sikafo in Mali: keepel, kelekele in Niger: barkhannu, barkhanou, tonko in Nigeria: aman-ntuen, asie, ata abaijosi, ata abalaye, ata abureku, ata-eiye, ata gbasejo, ata isenbaye, ata-jije, ata-jiji, ata sisebe, ata wewe, barkono, ekie, isie, koruuko, ntokon, ntueen, ose, ose etore, ose mkpe, ose nukwu, ose nwamkpi, ose-oyibo, sata-jije, tashshi in Rwanda: urusenda in Sierra Leone: hua-wuyei in Tanzania: biribiri, mpilipili, mpilipili hoho, pilipili, pilipili hoho in Togo: kami in Arabic: felfel, felfel ahmar, felfel rumi, felfila, ifelfel Capsicum annuum L. var. aviculare (Dierb.) D’Arcy & Eshbaugh (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill; Capsicum annuum var. minimum (Mill.) Heiser; Capsicum frutescens var. frutescens; Capsicum hispidum Dunal var. glabriusculum Dunal; Capsicum indicum var. aviculare Dierb.; Capsicum minimum Mill.) India, Mexico. Small erect shrub See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 10. 1768, Handb. Med. Pharm. Bot. 28. 1819, Archiv des Apotheker-Vereins im Nordlichen Teutschland 30: 19–31. 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(1): 419–420. 1852 and Ciencia y Naturaleza 7: 52. 1964, Phytologia 25(6): 350. 1973, Baileya 19(4): 156. 1975 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Carminative, spasmolytic, stimulant, diaphoretic, antimicrobial, externally as a rubefacient, counter-irritant and antiseptic.) in English: African chillies, bird pepper, capsicum, chillies, hot pepper, red pepper, Tabasco pepper

796

in India: cimaippaccaimilakay, cinimilakay, cirukoccimilakay, filfil-i-ahmar, filfil-i-surkh, gachmarich, irumpulikacitacceti, iruppulikacitam, kanalmilakay, kantari, kappalmulaku, kappamulaku, kilappuriyacceti, kocci, koccikkay, koccimilakay, kocumilakay, kondamirapa, lodachina, maricha, maricham, mirepakaaya, mirepakaya, mirisang, miriyapukaaya, miriyapukaya, parangimenasinakayi, parengimenasinakayi, peymilagay, portugali, shalie, sinaippachaimilagay, sudimirapa, sudimirapakaaya, sudimirapakaya, sudimirepakaya, tirankam, tirankamilakay, ucimilakay, ucimilakaycceti, usimilagay, vainacikacceti, vayakketanacceti, vayakketanam Capsicum baccatum L. South America. Perennial, bright yellow fruits nearly globose See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 47. 1767, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 449. 1891, Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1898: 99–101. 1898 and Feddes Repertorium 72: 173. 1966 (The oil in the fruits will cause a blistering rash in many individuals. Antihemorrhoidal, antirheumatic, antimicrobial, tonic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue. Insect repellent. Veterinary medicine.) Capsicum fastigiatum Blume East Indies, Africa. See Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 13: 705. 1826 (Used in Sidha. Stimulant, astringent, rubefacient, carminative, antimicrobial, for cholera, diarrhea, dyspepsia.) in English: Cayenne pepper, chili in India: cimai milakay, kantari, mirepakaya, miriyapukaya, peymilakay, ucimilakay Malay name: chili Capsicum frutescens L. (Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum frutescens Rodsch.; Capsicum longum A. DC.; Capsicum longum Bouton ex Dunal; Capsicum minimum Roxb.) India. Shrubby perennial, herb, greenish-white flowers, erect fruiting pedicels, fruit eaten See Species Plantarum 1: 189. 1753, Catalogus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis 86. 1813, Flora Brasiliensis 10: 147. 1846, Prodr. (DC.) 13(1): 414. 1852 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Fruits poisonous, vesicants and irritants if eaten in quantity. Fruits carminative, pungent, irritant, acrid, spasmolytic, stimulant, antimicrobial, febrifuge, diaphoretic, digestive, antiseptic, stomachic, externally as a rubefacient, antirheumatic, counter-irritant and antiseptic; fruit paste mixed with boiled cow milk used for chest disorders and pain; dried powdered consumed for gastric complaints. Leaves crushed on palm and inhaled for headache; for boils, pound young leaves of Derris elliptica

Capsicum L. Solanaceae

with leaves of Capsicum frutescens and apply as a poultice. Stem bark of Allanblackia floribunda mixed with Capsicum frutescens or Solanum anguivi used for the treatment of cough. Veterinary medicine, leaf paste applied on wounds of fowls; bark of Elaeocarpus serratus pounded with fruits of Capsicum frutescens given orally as a tonic. Religious and supernatural beliefs, used in a kind of magical treatment for warding off troubles of stomach, to prevent drunkenness and to drive out evil spirits; to find out if a stranger has evil intention. Veterinary medicine, pounded leaves applied on wounds of poultry, birds.) in English: African chilli, African pepper, berry capsicum, bird pepper, burgoman pepper, bush red pepper, capsicum, Cayenne pepper, Chile pepper, chili pepper, chilli, chilli bean, foreign spice, goat pepper, green chilli, Guinea pepper, hot pepper, pepper, pili pili, red pepper, shrubby capsicum, spur pepper, tabasco, tabasco pepper, wild pepper in South America: aji caballero, aji caribe, aji picante, ajillo, chile, chile bravo, chile picante, chille, chilpete, maaxic in Brazil (Amazonas): prika aki in Guyana: bokoramana, kwa bada in Angola: alu ndungu, jindungo, otchindungu in Benin: ata, atasisédé, gamako, gninkou, olobéré, ountakouin, taki, takihn, takin winiwini, tambo, tonka, vavo, yébéssé, yébéssi, yékou in Burundi: ipiripiri in Congo: ikuame, kani buseu, kasololo, lushenda, makaya ma nuungu, makuame, n’nuungu, ndongo, ndungu, nunga, pili-pili, pilipili, pilipilimanga, piripiri, urusenda, vusewe in Gabon: andu, byasi, ikadada, itugulu, ndongo, ndunga, ndungu, nongo, ntangalyè, ntangani, ntsèfu, ntogolo, nungu, okam, tokodo in Madagascar: malao, pilipilidia, pilipily, pilopilo, piment de Cayenne, piment enragé, piment Martin, rajakojakomena, sakaifantsinakoho, sakaipilo, sakay, sikafo in Nigeria: aman-ntuen, asie, ata abaijosi, ata abalaye, ata abureku, ata-eiye, ata eye, ata gbasejo, ata ijosi, ata isenbaye, ata-jije, ata-jiji, ata-nla, ata olobenkan, ata-pupa, ata sisebe, ata wewe, atasisédé, bar kono, barkono, ekie, isie, koruuko, ntokon, ntueen, ose, ose etore, ose mkpe, ose nukwu, ose nwamkpi, ose-oyibo, sata-jije, tashshi in Senegal: barkhannu, barkono, ebaba kani, étambakani, foratu, gamaho, gamako, kani buseu, kaní-kaní, on-gaine, on-grendt in Sierra Leone: hua-wuyei in Southern Africa: rooi-rissie, miripiri, Natal chilli in Tanzania: biribiri, pilipili-kichaa in Togo: atadésue, atadévi, yébéssévi

797

Caragana Fabr. Fabaceae (Galegeae)

in Uganda: alyera, eshenda, kalali, kamurari in West Africa: atabévi, biéko, fon takin winéwini, froto, makon, yébéssévi in Borneo: cabi padi, kacang penguji in China: la jiao in India: aggi mirapa, ajadakumaricha, arukanam, arunamilakay, birik-man, brahu, brahumaricha, capoomologoo, cataiccikiri, cataiccikiricceti, chabai, chabelombok, cheeramulaku, cilli, cillika, cullakkay, cullituvan, eri, filfile-ahmar, filfile-surkh, h-marchate, hmarchate, kanjalakia, gach-mirch, gachmirich, golakanda miraph, golakonda, golakondamirapa, golkondamirapa, holada menasina gida, holada menasina kaayi, holadamenasina kaayi, jeere khorshaney, jhal, kaanal milagaai, kaantharimilagai, kappalmelaka, kappalmilaku, kappalmulaku, katuvira, kaupalakkay, kaupalam, kempumenasu, kogamiriya, kollamilaku, kollamulaku, konda mirapa, ladamera, ladamerachina, ladumira, lal-mirch, lalmircha, lalmirich, lanka, lankamirchi, lavungi mirchi, macuki, macukicceti, man, maricha, marichi-phalam, marichiphala, menashina-kayi, menashinakayi, menasinakayi, menasu, merapukai, milagai, milagay, milakai, milakay, milakaycceti, mirapa, mirapa-kaya, mirapakaaya, mirapakaiya, mirapakaya, miraph, mirch, mirchi, mirepakaya, miriyapukaya, mirsamg, mollaghai, mulagai, mulakay, mulaku, mullagay, naipalamaricha, nattumilakay, orupanankai, paccaimilakay, parangimenasinakayi, parangimulaku, parankimulaku, parengimunchi, parengimunci, pharengimenasinakayee, pocanakkurata, pocanakkuratacceti, raktamaricha, seemamirapakaaya, simamirapakaiya, sudimirapakaaya, sudimirapakaiya, tambhudamirchingay, tikshna, tivrashakti, ujjvala, valiyakappalmulaku, vallia-capo-molago, veki in Indonesia: lia alok, lombok setan, tjabé rawit in Japan: kidachi-tô-garashi, kôreigus Malayan names: chabai achong, chaboi seberang, chaboi selaseh, chili, chabai, lada merah in Papua New Guinea: kodukarava, lombo, ule hekini in the Philippines: chili, katumbal, kitikot, lagda, pasites, sili, siling-labuyo

(quarto ed.) 3: 49. 1818, Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2: 267. 1849, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 450. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 20: 377. 1924 (Antihemorrhoidal, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, antiseptic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, tonic.) in English: Apple chilli, chilli manzana, locoto, rocoto in Indonesia: cabe bendot, cabe dieng, cabe gondol

Caragana Fabr. Fabaceae (Galegeae) From qaraqan, a Mongolian name for Caragana arborescens, see Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum 421. 1763 and Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Nei Menggu 24(6): 633–635. 1993. Caragana aegacanthoides (Parker) L.B. Chaudhary & S.K. Srivastava (Astragalus aegacanthoides R. Parker) India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing herb See Indian Forester 49: 78, t. 5. 1923, For. Fl. Kumaun 158. 1927, Biologia 7(1 & 2): 61. 1961, Legum. India 84. 1992, South Asia Legum.: Checkl. 221. 2003, Taiwania 52(1): 25–48. 2007 (Roots used for burns, boils, skin diseases.) Caragana brevispina Benth. Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub, multi-stemmed, flowers yellow turning coral with age, leaves or flower buds cooked as vegetable See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 198. [1833] 1839[–1840] and Taxon 29: 355– 357. 1980 (Plant decoction taken for joint ache. Ceremonial, the flowers.) in India: shuroo in Nepal: jomosing, sabalo

in South Laos: (people Nya Hön) ngaam ngay

Caragana sukiensis C.K. Schneid. (Caragana hoplites Dunn; Caragana nepalensis Kitam.)

in Tibetan: tsitraka

India, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub

in Hawaii: nioi, nioi pepa

See Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2: 99. 1907, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 313. 1907, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 15: 132. 1954, Taxon 28: 627–628. 1979

Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. (Brachistus lanceaefolius Miers; Capsicum guatemalense Bitter; Capsicum lanceaefolium Kuntze; Capsicum lanceifolium (Miers) Kuntze; Capsicum violaceum Kunth; Capsicum violaceum Desf.) Peru, Guatemala. Herb or climbing shrub See Flora Peruviana 2: 30. 1799, Tableau de l’École de Botanique 70. 1804, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum

(Root paste applied to treat cuts, wounds and dislocation of bone.) in China: ni bo er jin ji er in Nepal: pakchar

798

Caraipa Aublet Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae, Guttiferae) A native name for Caraipa parvifolia Aublet, called caraipé by the Garipons, French Guiana, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 561, t. 223, f. 1. 1775 and Botanical Museum Leaflets—Harvard University 29(1): 49–50. 1983. Caraipa densifolia Mart. (Caraipa laxiflora Benth.; Caraipa variabilis Cambess.) Brazil, Colombia. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 1: 105, pl. 65, f. 6–11. 1824, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 16: 416. 1828, London Journal of Botany 2: 364. 1843, Flora Brasiliensis 12(1): 323. 1886 and J. Nat. Prod. 46(1): 118–122. 1983, Food and Chemical Toxicology 48(6): 1597–1606. 2010 (Sap applied as antifungal, for skin diseases.) in Colombia: kar-pat’, ma-wan-he-te Caraipa grandifolia Mart. (Caraipa glabrata Mart.; Caraipa lacerdaei Barb. Rodr.; Caraipa paraensis Huber) Brazilian Amazon. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … (Martius) 1: 105. 1826, Rodrigues Joao Barbosa (1842–1909), O tamakoaré, especies novas da ordem das ternstroemiaceas, Manáos, Impresso na typographia do Jornal do Amazonas, 1887 and Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 3: 432. 1902, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 29: 121. 1978, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 101(3): 287–290. 2006 (Antibacterial and cytotoxic, crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, herpes, mange, rashes, itching.) Caraipa parvielliptica Cuatrec. Colombia. See Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 8: 64. 1950 (Crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, sores of the mucous membrane of the mouth, rashes, itching.)

Caraipa Aublet Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae, Guttiferae)

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. (Barraldeia madagascariensis DC.; Carallia baraldeia Arn.; Carallia barraldeia Wight & Arn., nom. illeg.; Carallia brachiata Merr.; Carallia integerrima DC.; Carallia lanceaefolia Roxb.; Carallia lucida Roxb.; Carallia lucida Roxb. ex Kurz; Carallia madagascariensis Tul.; Carallia madagascariensis (DC.) Tul.; Carallia scortechinii King; Carallia sinensis Arn.; Carallia spinulosa Ridl.; Diatoma brachiata Lour.; Eugenia cupulifera H. Perrier; Petalotoma brachiata (Lour.) DC.) Tropical Asia, India, Madagascar. Shrub or small canopy tree, many-branched, inner bark yellow with prominent rays, twigs swollen at nodes, horizontal opposite branches, coriaceous opposite leaves with margins very finely toothed, large stipules often covered by resin, flowers in cymes, green cupuliform calyx, white corolla and yellow anthers, pink-red to black globose fleshy berry, seed covered by an orange aril, ripe fruits eaten See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 732. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 33, 295. 1828, Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop.Car. 18: 334. 1836, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1(5): 370–371. 1838, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 4: 117, t. 6. 1856 and Philippine Journal of Science 15(3): 249. 1919, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 82: 184. 1920, Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale 4(2): 190. 1952, Fitoterapia 75(7–8): 785–788. 2004, Ling, S.K. et al. “Lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities of constituents from Phyllagathis rotundifolia and Carallia brachiata.” Malaysian Journal of Science 24(1): 247–252. 2005, PTR. Phytotherapy research 20(6): 458–461. 2006 (Used in Sidha. Leaves and bark antibacterial, antioxidant, to treat septic poisoning, septicemia, scabies and itch; bark antiinflammatory, used for treating oral ulcers, inflammation of the throat and stomatitis.) in English: carallia, carallia tree, corkwood, corkybark, freshwater mangrove, Indian carallia in Madagascar: amparimamy, farimamy, fatsikahidambo, tamenaky in Burma: maniauga, manioga in Cambodia: tromeng

Carallia Roxb. Rhizophoraceae

in China: zhu jie shu

Karalli (karu ‘forests’ and alli ‘shining’, referring to the leaves) is a Telugu (a Dravidian language spoken in southeastern India, in an area north of Madras and running inland to Bellary) name in Andhra Pradesh for one species; see Fl. Cochinch. 1: 296. 1790, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 24. 1806, William Roxburgh, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 8, t. 211. 1811, Flind. Voy. ii. 549. 1814, Hort. Malab. 31. 1818, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 294. 1828 and Flora Malesiana ser. 1(54): 445–493. 1958, Adansonia, n.s. 2: 122–128. 1962, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 48: 15–21. 1997, J. Trop. & Subtrop. Bot. 6(1): 40–46. 1998.

in India: anda murimu, andamuria, andhi punaaru mara, andhimaragala, andhimuriyana, andi muriya, andimargal, andimiriam, andimuria, andimuriya, andinaru, andipunaaru mara, andipunai, andipunar, andipunaru, andivu naaru gida, andumurugal, antimiriyan, daini jam, dieng-sohlangbali, dieng sohsyllih, gijuru chettu, han-bara-alau, kaaralli, kaaravalli, kaarvalli, kamdelo, kanthekera, kara, karali, karalli, karavalli, kare-kandel, kierpa, murukanhiram, naayi halasu, ponsi, pumpillu, punselu, savo-kam-delo, theiria, thekra aga, thenbu-thung, thengu-thung-araung, undimara, vallabham, vallayam, valogam, valovam, vankana, varanga, varangu

799

Caralluma R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

in Malaya: false kelat, kesinga, meransi, mesinga, siseh puyoh, sisek puyu

Fitoterapia 74(3): 274–279. 2003, J. Herbal Pharmacother. 4(1): 35–40. 2004

in Nepal: kathe kera

(Leaves for diabetes, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic.)

Carallia suffruticosa Ridl.

in India: ekkyan, makadsing

Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia. Tree, slender, small yellow flowers, red fruits, rare, endangered

Caralluma dalzielii N.E. Br. (Otanema latifolia Raf.)

See Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 61: 6. 1912 (Leaves paste applied to boils and to reduce fever; leaves decoction taken to expel worms from the intestines. Pound the leaves and extract the juice, use this as a postpartum remedy.) in Malaya: sireh puyoh, sisek puyu, tulang daeng

Caralluma R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) Possibly from Arabic qarh al-luhum, or car-allum, a Telugu name in Andhra Pradesh for Caralluma adscendens or Stapelia adscendens Roxburgh, see On the Asclepiadeae 14. 1810, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 25. 1811 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 13: 1–224. 1985, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 51: i-ix, 1–267. 1994. Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) Haw. (Caralluma adscendens Haw.; Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) R. Br.; Caralluma dalzielii N.E. Br.; Caralluma subulata (Forssk.) Decne.; Stapelia adscendens Roxb.; Stapelia subulata Forssk.) India. Herb, very variable, fleshy almost leafless stems, deep purple-brown or yellowish white flowers, slender follicles, cooked plant eaten as vegetable See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 28–29, t. 30. 1795, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 25. 1810, Synopsis plantarum succulentarum … 47. 1812 and Taxon 30: 696. 1981, Journal of Pharmacy Research 2(7): 1228–1229. 2009 (Antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antinociceptive, antifungal, antidote and anthelmintic, used in treatment of rheumatism, diabetes, leprosy, tumor, fungal diseases, snake, scorpion bite. Young stem ground with onion and tamarind and made into a paste used to cure digestive problems.) in India: kaarallamu, kundelu kommulu, kundethi komulu, maakada singi, mangana kodu, pachaipuli, thavite chettu, vajra che baji Caralluma attenuata Wight (Caralluma adscendens var. attenuata (Wight) Gravely & Mayur.) India. Herb, stem used as vegetable See Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis [Wight] 4: 15–16, t. 1268. 1848 and Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum 4(1): 13. 1931, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 67: 57. 1980, Taxon 30: 696. 1981, Bradleya 8: 11. 1990,

Nigeria. See New Fl. (Rafinesque) iv. 61. 1826 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1912: 280. 1912, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233– 244. 2004 (Latex considered toxic. Stem antiinflammatory, tonic, antipyretic, antiemetic, analgesic, aphrodisiac, antinociceptive, antifungal, antidote and anthelmintic, used in treatment of rheumatism, earache, otitis, diabetes, leprosy, fungal diseases, snake and scorpion bite. Magic, against bad spell.) in Ivory Coast: dudumosu, horba ya kalé, mbolla, myebzoya in Mali: sukulaga in Niger: hudda sardzé, tobey bargan in Senegal: burinaney, burnéné Caralluma dummeri (N.E. Br.) White & Sloane (Angolluma dummeri (N.E. Br.) Plowes; Orbea dummeri (N.E. Br.) Bruyns; Pachycymbium dummeri (N.E. Br.) M.G. Gilbert; Stapelia dummeri N.E. Br.) East Africa. See Synopsis plantarum succulentarum … 37. 1812 and Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 61: 132. 1917, Journal of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America 12: 82. 1940, Excelsa, Taxon. Ser. 1: 69. 1978, Cact. Succ. J. New South Wales 17: 63. 1990, Bradleya; Yearbook of the British Cactus and Succulent Society 8: 22. 1990, Excelsa 16: 110. 1993, Aloe 37(4): 74. 2000 (For chest pain, drink stems decoction with fresh milk or chew. Sap applied for wounds. Magic.) in Kenya: lochen Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. ex Hook.f. (Boucerosia edulis Edgew.; Boucerosia stocksiana Boiss.; Caralluma edulis A. Chev., Hutch. & Dalziel; Caralluma edulis A. Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel, nom. illeg.; Caralluma edulis A. Chev., nom. nud.; Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth.; Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Gravely & Mayur., nom. illeg.; Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Caralluma edulis Benth.; Caralluma edulis Benth. ex Hook.f.; Caralluma longidens N.E. Br.; Caralluma mouretii A. Chev.; Caralluma vittata N.E. Br., non Wickens; Caudanthera edulis (Edgew.) Meve & Liede; Cryptolluma edulis (Edgew.) Plowes) West Africa, India. herb, slightly succulent, slender, manybranched, eaten as a salad green or boiled vegetable

800

Caralluma R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 6: 205, t. 1. 1862, Genera Plantarum 2: 782. 1876, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 4(10): 76. 1883 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1.3): 483. 1903, Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 1: 440. 1920, Flora of West Tropical Africa [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 65. 1931, Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum n.s. Nat. Hist. Sect. 4(1): 8. 1931, Haseltonia 3: 57–58, figs. 1 & 11. 1995, Plant Systematics and Evolution 234(1–4): 201. 2002

Caralluma somalica N.E. Br. (Desmidorchis somalica (N.E. Br.) Plowes)

(Used in Ayurveda. Tonic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antinociceptive, antifungal, antidote and anthelmintic, used in treatment of rheumatism, diabetes, leprosy, tumor, fungal diseases, snake, scorpion bite.)

in Kenya: lokosurio

Somalia. Stinking flowers See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 1829: 31, 39. 1832, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1895: 264. 1895 and Taxon 26: 557–565. 1997, Haseltonia 3: 59. 1995 (Sap applied to wounds. Magic, to protect animals.)

in India: dugdha, dugdhapashana, dugdhika, kshirakshava, kshiri, kshirini, pimpa, uttamphalini, yugmaphalottama

Caralluma speciosa (N.E. Br.) N.E. Br. (Caralluma codonoides K. Schum.; Caralluma foetida E.A. Bruce; Caralluma oxyodonta Chiov.; Desmidorchis foetida (E.A. Bruce) Plowes; Desmidorchis speciosus (N.E. Br.) Plowes; Sarcocodon speciosus N.E. Br.)

in Pakistan: apitak

Somalia.

Caralluma fimbriata Wall. (Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata (Wall.) Gravely & Mayur.)

See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 17: 170. 1878, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1895: 264. 1895 and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 34: t. 3371. 1939, Haseltonia 3: 58–59. 1995, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4: 10. 2008

Burma, India. Tender succulent, spines covering the angled stems, star-shaped fleshy foul-smelling flowers, eaten raw or cooked, famine food See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 7, t. 8. 1829 and Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum 4(1): 13. 1931, Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Bradleya 8: 11. 1990, Chem. Biodivers. 5(2): 239–250. 2008 (Eaten to suppress appetite, to enhance endurance.) in India: kallimudayan, karallamu, kullee mooliyan, makad shenguli, ranshabar, shindala makadi, vajira che baji, yugmaphallottama Caralluma longidens N.E. Br. (Caralluma mouretii A. Chev.; Spiralluma longidens (N.E. Br.) Plowes; Spiralluma mouretii (A. Chev.) Plowes) Sudan, Egypt. See Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 2: 369. 1892 and Revue de Botanique Appliquée et d’Agriculture Tropicale 14: 270. 1934, Journ. Agric. Trop. et Bot. Appl., (J.A.T.B.A.) 19: 259–399. 1972, Haseltonia 3: 53–54, f.1. 1995 (Lactogenic.) in Niger: haba haba Caralluma russelliana (Courbon ex Brongn.) Cufod. (Boucerosia russeliana Courbon ex Brongn.) Ethiopia. See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 7: 900. 1863 [1860 publ. 1863] and Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 31(Suppl.): 718. 1961, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 39(Suppl.): 30, basion. cit. 1969, Phytochemistry 68(10): 1459–1463. 2007 (Antiinflammatory.)

(Antiinflammatory, emetic, antipyretic, antinociceptive, wound healing, antifungal, antidote and anthelmintic, used in treatment of rheumatism, open wounds, diabetes, leprosy, tumor, fungal diseases, snake, scorpion bite.) Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Br. (Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E. Br.) Meve & Liede; Borealluma tuberculata (N.E. Br.) Plowes) Pakistan. Eaten raw as a vegetable See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1895: 264. 1895 and Taxon 30: 76–77. 1981, Haseltonia 3: 63, f. 26. 1995, Plant Systematics and Evolution 234(1–4): 199. 2002 (Powder of the ground plant used to treat fever, vermifuge, to counteract snakebite and scorpion and insect stings.) in Pakistan: apitak, aputak, boteri, marmootak, marmut, pamanghi, sapmoi Caralluma umbellata Haw. (Boucerosia umbellata (Haw.) Wight & Arnott; Boucerosia umbellata Wight & Arn.; Desmidorchis umbellata (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze; Desmidorchis umbellata (Haw.) Kuntze; Desmidorchis umbellata (Wight & Arn.) M.R. Almeida; Desmidorchis umbellata (Haw.) M.R. Almeida; Desmidorchis umbellata (Haw.) Decne.; Desmidorchis umbellata (Wight & Arn.) Decne.; Stapelia umbellata (Haw.) Roxb.) India. Perennial fleshy angular herb, succulent, well branched, leaf scars spine-like, deep red flowers in terminal umbels, cylindrical follicles See Synopsis plantarum succulentarum … 47. 1812, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 36. 1819, Contributions to the Botany of India 34. 1834, Annales des Sciences Naturelles;

801

Carapa Aublet Meliaceae

Botanique, sér. 2, 9: 266. 1838, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 418. 1891 and Taxon 30: 696. 1981, Flora of Maharashtra State 3A: 242. 2001 (Antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antinociceptive, antifungal, antidote and anthelmintic, astringent, used in treatment of rheumatism, diarrhea, diabetes, leprosy, tumor, fungal diseases, paralysis, snake, scorpion bite; plant roasted made into a paste and applied for indigestion. Veterinary medicine, stem extract given orally to stop diarrhea.) in India: anaikkallimulaiyan, chirukalli, eluman, elumanpuli, hucchu bangte, kallimullian, kalmulaiyaan, kundelu kommulu, kundetikommulu, kundina kommulu, molanakodu, yerumai kalli, yerumaikannai mulliyaam

Carapa Aublet Meliaceae Caraipe is a vernacular South American name for Carapa guianensis Aublet; see J.B.C. Fusée Aublet (1720–1778), Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise. 32, t. 387. 1775 and João Geraldo Kuhlmann (1882–1958), “As mais úteis plantas da rica flora brasileira - a ucuhuba e a andiroba.” Chacaras e Quintaes. 33(5): 406–408. São Paulo 1926, Eurico Teixeira da Fonseca, “Plantas medicinales brasileñas.” R. Flora Medicinal. 5(11): 625–636 and 5(12): 689–698. Rio de Janeiro 1939, Amaro Henrique de Souza, “Andiroba, Carapa Guyanensis Aub.” Chacaras e Quintaes. 77(4): 423–425. São Paulo 1948, Flora Neotropica 28: 1–470. 1981, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165: 186–221. 2011. Carapa grandiflora Sprague Tropical Africa. Uganda. Tree, rounded pink-white flowers, brown valved fruits See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 507. 1906 [1904–1906 publ. 1906] (Insecticides, arachnicides.) in Burundi: umushwaati Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Amapa guinaensis (Aubl.) Steud., nom. nud.; Carapa latifolia Willd. ex C. DC., nom. nud.; Carapa macrocarpa Ducke; Carapa nicaraguensis C. DC.; Carapa slateri Standl.; Granatum guianense (Aubl.) Kuntze; Granatum nicaraguense (C. DC.) Kuntze; Guarea mucronulata C. DC.; Persoonia guareoides Willd.; Xylocarpus carapa Spreng.) French Guiana, Brazil. Tree, dense crown, large spreading many-branched panicle, white or creamy white flowers, staminal tube orange-tipped, brown woody four-cornered nut See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 150. 1771, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2(Suppl.): 32, t. 387. 1775, Der Naturforscher 20: 2. 1784, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 4: 215. 1798, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 331. 1799, Nomenclator Botanicus 69.

1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 213. 1825, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 1: 717–718. 1878, Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 7: 132. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 110. 1891 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 7: 499. 1917, Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 191. 1922, Tropical Woods 10: 48. 1927, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22(4): 699–701. 2006 (Bark decoction taken for diarrhea. Oil analgesic, antimalarial, emollient, febrifuge, antiinflammatory, insect repellent, larvicidal, antiparasitic, vermifuge, wound healer, antiallergic, antibacterial, for insect bites and stings, wounds, diabetes, diarrhea, digestion, arthritis, rheumatism, colds, skin parasites, acne, bruises, psoriasis, dermatitis, heat rash, itch, leprosy, skin cancer, herpes. Seed oil rubbed on sore feet, in hair for lice; drunk for flu and fever.) in English: andiroba oil, bastard mahogany, Brazilian mahogany, crabwood, Demerara mahogany in Tropical America: andiroba, angiroba, andiroba-saruba, carapa, carapá, cedro macho, figueroa, iandirova, jandi roba, jandiroba (= bitter oil), karaba, krapa, nandiroba, nhandiroba, requia, tallicona, tangare, y-andiroba, yandiroba in Ghana: asokoru, osuabise, osuobise Carapa procera DC. (Carapa guineensis Sweet ex A. Juss.; Carapa guineensis Sweet; Carapa gummiflua C. DC.; Carapa microcarpa A. Chev.; Carapa surinamensis Miq.; Carapa touloucouna Guillem. ex Perr.; Carapa velutina C. DC.; Granatum procerum (DC.) Kuntze; Granatum surinamensis (Miq.) Kuntze; Trichilia procera Forsyth, nom. nud.) Senegal, Niger. Tree, pachycaulous, slash with sticky red sap, leaves in huge terminal spirals, leaflets with extra floral nectaries at tips, young leaves with nectaries at end of rhachis and at end of each leaflet, flowers scented, large lax panicles among leaves, each inflorescence subtended by one scale, round brown valved fruits, gorillas eat leaves and fruit See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 278. 1756, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2(Suppl.): 32, t. 387. 1775, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 626. 1824, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 19: 242. 1830, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 128. 1831, Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappy der Wetenschappen te Haarlem 7: 75, t. 19. 1850, Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 7: 132. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 110. 1891 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 54 Mém. 8: 2. 1907, Les Végétaux Utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale Française 5: 191. 1909, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 257–263, 265–277. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21: 109–125. 1987, Acta Leidensia 59(1–2): 377–382. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112(1): 122–126. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007, Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 19(3): 161–166. 2008, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(3): 495–500. 2008

802

(Seeds or oil antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antifilaria, anthelmintic, vermifuge, purgative, sedative, insect repellent, stimulant, used for treating sores, edema, burns, ulcers, skin diseases, wounds, bruises, insect bites, arthritis, rheumatism, rheumatic pains, child’s respiratory diseases, coughs, bronchitis, convulsions, ear infections, ringworms. Roots or bark decoction for malaria, dysmenorrhea, painful menstruation and fever. Stem bark antiseptic, antibacterial; stem with leaves for arthritis, malaria, jaundice; leaves decoction for menstrual problems, internal parasitism, stomachache. Veterinary medicine, anthelmintic, vermifuge, purgative. Ceremonial, magic, to protect a newborn baby against evils.) in English: Brazilian mahogany, British Guiana mahogany, crabwood, kunda oil tree, monkey cola, tallicoonah oil tree in Tropical America: andiroba, asoroa, asorowa, kaapa, kelaba, keraba, kraba, krappa in Cameroon: engang, nanga, ngan, nganga, godjo in Central African Republic: gojo, gozo, gozon, mongodjo, mongozo in Congo: bobondo, bokolo, boru, bula nima, bulanima, ekala mbomo, ekara nguti, fisi, futi, gozau, gozon, kala mbomo, kisoloko, kooyo, mbili manganga, mbolu, mbukulu, mbukulu okoto, mbuluku, mobemba, mofesi, monangu, mubaba, mubila nkumi, mukala mbomo, mukukubi, mungulu, ngodjo, nkayapub, okoto, osiele, sesemu baketi, sesemu ya baketi, woso in Gabon: engang, ngan in Ghana: krabise, krabisi, krupi, krupia, kwaku bise in Guinea: gbon, gobi, goobi, kobi, kobii, kora in Ivory Coast: akaumassé, alla, allahia, balou, bibi-abé, boukounou, dona, elakoumi, gboui, kangasakié, kobi, kokoué, kondou, kouloupia, koundou, likpogré, lipogoré, loukrou, niamalango, soroua, sorowa, touloucouna, wéwé in Liberia: chu say dor kohn, kowi, toon kor doh in Mali: kobi, tulukuna, tulunkuna in Nigeria: abo oganwo, agogo, ebegogo, ebogogo, efu iya, egogo, irere, njinku, nkpaku, nkpi, obi, obi ojidi, ogidi in Senegal: bukunum, kané, kola amarga, kola amorgozo, kola malgos, mucaca mumbi, pada di kola, psamé, si foré, si hebay, si kãnd, siti, tifuri sikan, touloucouna, tulucuna, tulukuna

Carapichea Aubl. Rubiaceae See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. 1759, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 100, 167, pl. 39, 64. 1775, Nova genera et species plantarum seu Prodromus 3, 45. 1788 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999, Kew Bulletin 57(2): 363–374. 2002, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Monocotyledons. Kew. 2004

Carapichea Aubl. Rubiaceae

[as Psychotria.], Revista de Biologia Neotropical 3: 13–96. 2006 [2007], Kew Bulletin 63(4): 661–664. 2008. Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson (Callicocca ipecacuanha Brot.; Cephaelis acuminata H. Karst; Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) Tussac; Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich.; Evea ipecacuanha (Brot.) Standl.; Evea ipecacuanha (Brot.) W. Wight; Ipecacuanha fusca Raf.; Ipecacuanha officinalis Arruda; Ipecacuanha preta Arruda; Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Standl.; Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes; Uragoga acuminata (H. Karst) Farw., nom. illeg.; Uragoga granatensis Baill.; Uragoga ipecacuanha (Brot.) Baill.) (Cephaelis Sw., from the Greek kephale ‘head’, referring to the arrangement of the flowers; ipecacuanha from native Brazilian indigenous people “i-pe-kaa-guéne”, to describe a plant for sick people; From a vernacular (Tupi and Guaraní ypec-acuãia (= pênis de pato, a bird), ypecacuãia, ipe-kaa-guaña, ipecacuanha) name, Portuguese ipecauanha, Spanish ipecacuana. Psychotria L., probably from the Greek psychotria ‘vivifying, exhilarating’ or psyche ‘soul, life’ and iatria ‘therapy, medicine’, referring to the healing properties of some species; or modified and coined by Linnaeus from the Greek word psychotrophon, psychros ‘cold’ and trophe ‘food’, a name already applied by Patrick Browne (1720–1790) to describe a Jamaican taxon; Latin psychotrophon, i used by Plinius for a plant, betony.) Tropical America. Shrub, straggling, main rhizome thick compact, roots cylindrical sharply flexuous or curved, inflorescence corymbiform, white flowers, ellipsoid ribbed berry See Genera Plantarum 126. 1789, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27. 1801, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 6: 137, t. 11. 1802, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 365. 1812, Bull. Fac. Med. 4: 92. 1818, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 475f. 1852, Adansonia 12: 323. 1879, Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 7: 281, 370. 1880 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 9: 216. 1905, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18(3): 123. 1916, Luíz Caldas Tibiriçá, Dicionário Tupi-Português. Traço Editora, Liberdade 1984, Luíz Caldas Tibiriçá, Dicionário Guarani-Português. Traço Editora, Liberdade 1989, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 283. 1989, Taxon 54(4): 1081. 2006 (Used in Unani and Sidha. Roots toxic, antidote, febrifuge, hemostatic, emetic, antispasmodic, insecticide, insect repellent, amebicide, anthelmintic, analgesic, digestive, antiinflammatory, stimulant, expectorant, diaphoretic, cholagogue, cytotoxic, rubefacient, for diarrhea, amebic dysentery, constipation, nausea, rashes, sores, abscesses, asthma, cough, fever, influenza, pneumonia, sore throat, spasms, in the treatment of bilharzia, Guinea worms, poisoning, to stop bleeding. Veterinary medicine, root decoction for gastrointestinal troubles and pneumonia.) in English: Brazilian ipecac, Cartagena ipecac, Carthagena ipecac, Columbian ipecac, ipecac, ipecacuanha, New Granada ipecac, Panama ipecac, Rio ipecac, savanilla ipecac

803

Cardamine L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

in India: gurmar buti, ipecac, ipika, ipikaakyuna oushadhi, ipikakku, ipikakkucceti

Cardamine L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Greek kardamis, kardamine (Dioscorides) ‘nasturtium, a kind of cress’ (Xenophon, Cyropaedia), Latin cardamina, ae and cardamum used for a species of cress (Pseudo Apuleius Barbarus), nasturtium; Latin berula, ae for an herb, called also cardamine; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 653–656. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 295. 1754, Florula belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore … 124. 1827, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 5: 129, 147. 1861, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(2): 184. 1891 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32: 391, 396, 408. 1903, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 66: 94. 1933, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 937–983. 1938, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 354–380. 1946, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 35(1): 99–106. 1948, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 207: 101–116. 1977, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Taxon 30: 829–842, 855. 1981, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 84: 1–32. 1982, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 8: 1–427. 1984, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 13: 1–224. 1985, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 40: i-viii + 1–238. 1991, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 3: 229–250. 1992, Candollea 48(1): 221–230. 1993, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993, AAU Rep. 34: 1–443. 1994, Phyton. Annales Rei Botanicae 34: 19–34. 1994, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 84: viii-xv, 1–278. 1999. Cardamine amara L. (Cardamine amara Lam.; Cardamine amara M. Bieb.) Europe, North America. See Sp. Pl. 2: 656. 1753, Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(1): 185. 1786, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 2: 109. 1808 and Ber. Geobot. Inst. ETH Stiftung Rubel 44: 42–85. 1977, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 125: 91–93. 1978, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Phyton (Horn) 20: 73–94. 1980, Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 59: 13–22. 1988, Watsonia 19: 169–171. 1993, Pl. Biol. 1: 529–537. 1999 (Diuretic, depurative, antispasmodic.) Cardamine bonariensis Pers. (Cardamine bonariensis Juss. ex Pers.; Cardamine flaccida Bert. ex C. Muell.; Cardamine flaccida Lojac.; Cardamine flaccida Cham. & Schltdl.; Cardamine flaccida subsp. bonariensis (Pers.) O.E. Schulz; Cardamine flaccida subsp. bonariensis O.E. Schulz; Cardamine flaccida subsp. minima (Steud.) O.E. Schulz; Cardamine flaccida subsp. minima O.E. Schulz; Cardamine laxa var. pumila A. Gray; Cardamine nasturtioides Cambess.) Argentina.

See Synopsis Plantarum (Persoon) 2(1): 195. 1806, Linnaea 1: 21. 1826, Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: 89. 1829, United States Exploring Expedition 50. 1854, Flora 39: 410. 1856 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32(4): 450–451. 1903, Malpighia xx. 114. 1906, Rev. Asoc. Rural Urug. 54(8): 46. 1927, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 17b: 530. 1936 (For liver and kidneys ailments.) in Ecuador: guarmi-berros Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Arabis bulbosa Schreb.; Arabis bulbosa Schreb. ex Muhl.; Arabis rhomboidea Pers.; Cardamine bulbosa Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Cardamine rhomboidea Durand; Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC.; Cardamine rhomboidea DC.; Dentaria rhomboidea (Pers.) Greene; Dentaria rhomboidea Greene; Dracamine bulbosa Nieuwl.; Dracamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Nieuwl.) North America. Perennial herb See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3: 174. 1793, Synopsis Plantarum [Persoon] 2: 204. 1807, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 2: 246. 1821, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 4. 1888, Pittonia 3(15D): 124. 1896 and Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4(1–2): 40. 1915, Rhodora 78: 329– 419. 1976, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, Sida 13: 241–250. 1988 (Poisonous roots.) in English: bulbous bittercress, spring-cress Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwarz (Cardamine laciniata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Alph. Wood; Cardamine laciniata Wood; Cardamine laciniata F.Muell.; Cardamine laciniata Steud.; Dentaria concatenata Michx.; Dentaria concatenata Michx. var. coalescens Fernald; Dentaria laciniata Muhl.; Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd.; Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. var. integra (O.E. Schulz) Fernald; Dentaria laciniata var. integra Fernald; Rorippa laciniata (Steud.) L.A. Johnson; Rorippa laciniata (F. Muell.) L.A.S. Johnson) North America. Perennial herb, roots toothed, lanceolate 3-palmate leaves, flowers borne in terminal cluster See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(1): 479. 1800[1801], Flora Boreali-Americana (Michaux) 2: 30. 1803, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel], Editio secunda 1: 281. 1840, Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict. 1: 34. 1855, The American Botanist and Florist 38. 1870 and Rhodora 10: 84. 1908, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 46(1155–1167): 188. 1939, Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium 3: 97. 1962 (Hallucinogen. Analgesic, heart tonic, stomachic, for headache, heart palpitations, colds, gastrointestinal

804

disorders. Ceremonial, ritual, love charm, divination, spiritual, emotional.) in English: cut-leaf toothwort, cutleaf toothwort Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood (Dentaria bifolia Stokes; Dentaria diphylla Michx.; Dentaria incisa Small; Dentaria incisa Eames, nom. illeg.; Dentaria incisifolia Eames) North America. Perennial herb, food See Species Plantarum 2: 653–654. 1753, Flora BorealiAmericana (Michaux) 2: 30. 1803, A Botanical Materia Medica 3: 443. 1812, The American Botanist and Florist 37. 1870 and Flora of the Southeastern United States [Small] 480–481, 1331. 1903, Rhodora 5(57): 216. 1903, Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada [Britton] (ed. 2) 1066. 1905 (Analgesic, sedative, stomachic, tonic, carminative, for cold, headache, heart disease, flu, hoarseness, fevers, sore throat, chest pain, swellings, gastrointestinal disorders, tuberculosis, venereal disease. Ceremonial, ritual, love charm, divination, spiritual, emotional.) in English: crinkle root, pepper root, pepperwort, toothwort Cardamine douglassii Britt. (Arabis douglasii Torr.; Arabis douglassii Torr., nom. inval.; Arabis rhomboidea Pers. var. purpurea Torr.; Cardamine bulbosa Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. var. purpurea Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Cardamine douglasii Britton; Cardamine rhomboidea fo. purpurea (Torr.) O.E. Schulz; Cardamine rhomboidea DC. var. purpurea Torr.; Dentaria douglasii (Britton) Greene; Dentaria douglassii Greene; Dentaria douglassii (Britton) Greene; Dracamine purpurea (Torr.) Nieuwl.; Dracamine purpurea Nieuwl.; Thlaspi tuberosum Nutt.) North America. Perennial herb See Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1): 204. 1806, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. [Nuttall]. 2: 65. 1818, Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 246. 1821, American Journal of Science, and Arts 4(1): 66. 1822, Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1(1): 83. 1838, Fl. New York 1: 56. 1846, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 4. 1888, Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 9(1–2): 8. 1889, Pittonia 3: 124. 1896 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32(4): 424. 1903, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 40. 1915, Rhodora 78: 329–419. 1976 (Antidote.) in English: limestone bittercress, purple cress Cardamine flexuosa With. (Barbarea arisanensis (Hayata) S.S. Ying; Cardamine arisanensis Hayata; Cardamine debilis D. Don, nom. illeg.; Cardamine flexuosa subsp. debilis O.E. Schulz; Cardamine flexuosa var. debilis (O.E. Schulz) T.Y. Cheo & R.C. Fang; Cardamine flexuosa var. occulata (Hornem.) O.E. Schulz; Cardamine flexuosa var.

Cardamine L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

ovatifolia T.Y. Cheo & R.C. Fang; Cardamine hirsuta auct. non L.; Cardamine hirsuta subsp. flexuosa (With.) Hook. f.; Cardamine hirsuta var. flaccida Franch.; Cardamine hirsuta var. omeiensis T.Y. Cheo & R.C. Fang; Cardamine hirsuta var. sylvatica (Link) Hook. f. & T. Anderson; Cardamine occulata Hornem.; Cardamine scutata subsp. flexuosa (With.) H. Hara; Cardamine sylvatica Link; Cardamine zollingeri Turcz.; Nasturtium obliquum Zoll.) Eurasia, India. Short-lived herb, ascending, weak, racemose inflorescence, rachis flexuose, white flowers, erect petals, cylindric yellow siliqua, seeds arranged in a single row, tender leaves eaten by cattle See Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 265. 1821, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 201. 1825, Fl. Brit. India 1: 138. 1875 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32(4): 478. 1903, Icones Plantarum Formosanarum nec non et Contributiones ad Floram Formosanam. 3: 20, f. 7. 1913, Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of North-Eastern Forestry Institute 6: 23. 1980, Harvard Pap. Bot. 9(2): 257–296. 2005 (Stem chewed to relieve toothache.) Cardamine hirsuta L. (Cardamine hirsuta A. Chev., nom. illeg.; Cardamine hirsuta Pall. ex DC., nom. illeg.; Cardamine hirsuta Oed.; Cardamine hirsuta var. formosana Hayata) Europe, North America. Herb, low, weedy, stem arises from basal rosette of leaves, flowers in racemes, petals white, erect linear siliques with 2 deciduous valves, used as a vegetable, leaves and flowers raw or cooked, species not known to be poisonous, can be very invasive See Species Plantarum 2: 655. 1753, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 256, 259–260. 1821 and Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 2: 459. 1902, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 30–31. 1911, Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Cytologia 40: 727– 734. 1975, Norwegian Journal of Botany 22: 71–76. 1975, Fl. Taiwan 2: 686. 1976, Botaniska Notiser 129: 123–130. 1976, Bot. Zhurn. 64(8): 1099–1110. 1979, Taxon 31: 583– 587. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, BiologiaGeographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Willdenowia 13: 101–106. 1983, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Folia Geobotanica et Phyto­ taxo­nomica 25: 381–388. 1990 (Stomachic, diuretic, stimulant.) in English: common bitter cress, hairy bitter cress, hairy bittercress, hairy wood-cress, hoary bittercress, pepperweed, shotweed, small bittercress, snapweed in Italian: billeri primaticcio Cardamine impatiens L. (Cardamine basisagittata W.T. Wang; Cardamine dasycarpa M. Bieb.; Cardamine

805

Cardamine L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

glaphyropoda O.E. Schulz; Cardamine glaphyropoda var. crenata T.Y. Cheo & R.C. Fang; Cardamine impatiens subsp. elongata O.E. Schulz; Cardamine impatiens var. angustifolia O.E. Schulz; Cardamine impatiens var. dasycarpa (M. Bieb.) T.Y. Cheo & R.C. Fang; Cardamine impatiens var. eriocarpa DC.; Cardamine impatiens var. fumaria H. Léveillé; Cardamine impatiens var. microphylla O.E. Schulz; Cardamine impatiens var. obtusifolia Knaf; Cardamine impatiens var. obtusifolia Knaf ex O.E. Schulz; Cardamine impatiens var. pilosa O.E. Schulz; Cardamine nakaiana H. Léveillé; Cardamine senanensis Franchet & Savatier) Europe. Herb, numerous finely divided leaves, invasive, leaves and young shoots raw or cooked used as a vegetable See Species Plantarum 2: 655. 1753, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 3: 437. 1819, Flora 29: 294. 1864 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32(4): 459–460. 1903, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 1(4): 159– 160. 1924, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 23: 1–23. 1974, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of NorthEastern Forestry Institute 6: 21. 1980, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 69(4): 511–517. 1984, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 9(1): 10–11, pl. 3, f. 4–5. 1987, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 290–293. 1988, Flora Mediterranea 9: 331– 339. 1999 (Leaves antirheumatic, diuretic and stimulant; juice of plant given in fever.) in English: bushy rock-cress, narrow-leaf bittercress, narrowleaf bittercress in China: tan lie sui mi ji, tan lie sui mi qi

See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 201. 1825, Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (A. St.-Hil.) (quarto ed.) 1: 89. 1829, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 1: 137. 1842, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 48. 1866 and Anales Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 32: 467. 1925, Estud. Bot. Reg. Uruguay 5: 21. 1928, Manual de la Flora de los Alrededores de Buenos Aires 231. 1953 (For tumor, ulcers, kidney inflammations.) in Ecuador: berro, berros Cardamine ovata Benth. (Cardamine lehmannii Hieron.; Cardamine ovata subsp. lehmannii (Hieron.) O.E. Schulz; Cardamine ovata var. bracteata O.E. Schulz; Cardamine ovata var. eriocarpa O.E. Schulz) Colombia. See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 158–159. 1845, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 20 (Beibl. 19): 19. 1895 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32: 412–413. 1903 (Infusion diuretic.) Cardamine papuana O.E. Schulz Papua New Guinea. Leaves with a pungent taste See Species Plantarum 2: 655. 1753 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 271. 1918 (Squeezed leaves onto a tooth cavity to relieve toothache; heated leaves rubbed onto sores, used to treat sores, boils, cuts, tropical ulcers. Fresh leaf juice antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiinflammatory.)

in India: ban laiyya, nari

in Papua New Guinea: kalanevuda, tiligibe, wanggilolo

Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Alph. Wood (Cardamine × maxima A. Wood; Cardamine anomala (Eames) K. Schum.; Cardamine maxima Wood; Dentaria anomala Eames; Dentaria maxima Nutt.)

Cardamine pratensis L. (Dracamine pratensis (L.) Nieuwl.)

North America. Perennial herb, food See The Genera of North American Plants [Nuttall]. 2: 66. 1818, The American Botanist and Florist 38. 1870 and Rhodora 5(57): 217–218. 1903, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht. 31(1[5]): 830. 1904 (Roots stomachic, for gastrointestinal disorders.) in English: large toothwort Cardamine nasturtioides Bert. (Cardamine bonariensis Pers.; Cardamine nasturtioides Cambess.; Cardamine nasturtioides Schur; Cardamine nasturtioides D. Don; Nasturtium nasturtioides Herter; Nasturtium nasturtioides (Cambess.) Herter; Rorippa hilariana (Walp.) Cabrera) Chile.

North America. See Species Plantarum 2: 656. 1753 and American Midland Naturalist 4(1–2): 40. 1915, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 291: 8. 1949, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 61(7): 963–969. 1976, Feddes Repert. 100: 92. 1989, Pl. Syst. Evol. 200: 141–159. 1996 (Depurative, diuretic, for epilepsy, scurvy.) in English: cuckoo bitter-cress, cuckoo flower, lady’s smock, meadow cress, spinks in China: cao dian sui mi qi Cardamine scaposa Franchet (Cardamine denudata O.E. Schulz) China. Herb, erect, perennial, scapose, slender rhizomes, racemes terminal, petals white, smooth linear fruit, brown wingless seeds

806

See Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum Imperio 1: 33. 1884 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 36(5, Beibl. 82): 46. 1905 (Antiinflammatory.) in China: luo jing sui mi ji, luo jing sui mi qi Cardamine scutata Thunb. (Cardamine angulata var. kamtschatica Regel; Cardamine autumnalis Koidz.; Cardamine baishanensis P.Y. Fu; Cardamine dentipetala Matsum.; Cardamine drakeana H. Boissieu; Cardamine flexuosa subsp. regeliana (Miq.) Franch. & Sav. ex O.E. Schulz; Cardamine flexuosa var. kamtschatica (Regel) Matsum.; Cardamine flexuosa var. manshurica Kom.; Cardamine flexuosa var. regeliana (Miq.) Kom.; Cardamine flexuosa var. regeliana (Miq.) Matsum.; Cardamine flexuosa var. scutata (Thunb.) O.E. Schulz; Cardamine hirsuta var. latifolia Maxim.; Cardamine hirsuta var. regeliana (Miq.) Maxim.; Cardamine hirsuta var. rotundiloba Hayata; Cardamine regeliana Miq.; Cardamine regeliana var. manshurica (Kom.) Kitag.; Cardamine scutata subsp. regeliana (Miq.) H. Hara; Cardamine scutata var. longiloba P.Y. Fu; Cardamine scutata var. rotundiloba (Hayata) T.S. Liu & S.S. Ying; Cardamine sylvatica var. regeliana (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.; Cardamine taquetii H. Lév.; Cardamine taquetii H. Lév. & Vaniot; Cardamine zhejiangensis T.Y. Cheo & R.C. Fang; Cardamine zhejiangensis var. huangshanensis D.C. Zhang) Japan. Small erect herb, small white flowers, brown minute seeds See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2: 339. 1794, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 73. 1865, Botanical Magazine 13: 73. 1899 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32(4): 476–477. 1903, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8: 259. 1910, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 31. 1911, Flora of Japan 447. 1925, Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 6: 59. 1952, Cytologia 40: 727–734. 1975, Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of North-Eastern Forestry Institute 6: 24, f. 5. 1980, Flora Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 4: 109, 116, f. 61, 67. 1980 (Leaves in skin diseases, and also seeds.) in China: yuan chi sui mi qi Cardamine tangutorum O.E. Schulz China. Herb, erect, perennial, creeping rhizomes, racemes, purple petals, linear fruits, swampy meadows, ditches See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 32(2–3): 360– 361. 1903, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 16(3): 310–318. 1996 (Antiinflammatory.) in China: tang gu sui mi ji, tang gu sui mi qi

Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindley Liliaceae

Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Cardamine talamontiana Chiov.) Central and eastern Africa, Tanzania. Herb, prostrate, erect or ascending, inflorescence a terminal densely flowered stalked raceme, linear fruit green-yellow, leaves boiled and eaten as a vegetable, leaves fodder for goats and rabbits, in mountainous areas See Flora Sicula (Presl) 92. 1826, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 18. 1847 and Annali di Botanica 9: 51. 1911, Botaniska Notiser 129: 123–130. 1976, Taxon 31: 773. 1982, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993 (Useful to treat kwashiorkor. Crushed leaves used as a dressing on wounds to improve healing, and also a good bath for babies.) in Tanzania: kisegeu cha nghujini

Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindley Liliaceae Greek kardia ‘heart’ and krinon ‘a lily’, an allusion to the cordate leaves, see Species Plantarum 1: 302–303. 1753, Veg. Kingd., ed. 2.: 205. 1847 and Flora of Bhutan 3(1): 1–456. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 1994, Flora of China 24: 1–431. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 2000, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1–590. 2003, Singh, N.P. & Sanjappa, M. (eds.) Alliaceae, Liliaceae, Trilliaceae & Uvulariaceae. Fascicles of Flora of India 23: 1–134. Botanical Survey of India, New Delhi. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 117(2): 362–377. 2008. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino (Cardiocrinum giganteum Makino; Lilium giganteum Wall.) E. Asia, Himalayas, Nepal, India. Bulb, perennial, monocarpic, erect, offset bulbs, heavily scented flowers See Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae 1: 21–23, pl. 12–13. 1824, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27(318): 125–126. 1913 (Bulbs diuretic, tonic, for cough, fever, injuries. Leaves applied to wounds and bruises, fresh leaves pounded and used as a cooling poultice. Root paste applied to treat dislocated bones.) in English: giant Himalayan lily, giant lily, Himalayan lily in China: da bai he in India: giotia, giotira in Nepal: bhogati Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino var. yunnanense (Leichtlin ex Elwes) Stearn (Lilium giganteum var. yunnanense Leichtlin ex Elwes; Lilium mirabile Franch.) China. Bulbous, perennial, erect, hollow, offset bulbs, fragrant flowers creamy-white with red-purple midveins

Cardiopteris Wallich ex Royle Cardiopteridaceae (Olacaceae, Icacinaceae)

See Journal de Botanique (Morot) 6(17–18): 310–311. 1892 and Botanical Magazine 27: 126. 1913, Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 60: 49, f. 18. 1916, Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 124: 4. 1948 (Tonic, starch from the bulb.) in English: Yunnan cardiocrinum in China: bai he qi, pai ho ch’i, yun nan da bai he, yun nan ta pai ho

Cardiopteris Wallich ex Royle Cardiopteridaceae (Olacaceae, Icacinaceae) Greek kardia ‘heart’ and pteris ‘fern’, pteron ‘wing’, referring to the fruit, see Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 136. 1834, Rumphia 3: 205, 207. 1847, Pl. Jav. Rar. 246. 1852. Cardiopteris moluccana Blume (Cardiopteris lobata var. moluccana (Blume) Mast.; Cardiopteris rumphii var. blumeana Baill.; Cardiopteris rumphii var. intermedia Baill.) SE Asia, Malesia. Herb, vine, climbing, twining, white milky latex, leaves spirally arranged, flowers in panicles, forest edges, in secondary vegetation See Adansonia 10: 280–281. 1872, Fl. Brit. India 1: 597. 1875 (Stem sap used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems; a stem decoction for hepatitis. Leaves for headache.) in Papua New Guinea: duman, qacac, zafengang

Cardiospermum L. Sapindaceae Greek kardia ‘heart’ and sperma ‘a seed’, referring to the shape of the seed or to a heart-shaped spot on the seeds; see Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Species Plantarum. 1: 366–367. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 171. 1754 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 234–273. 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 291–391. 1956, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 13: 1–224. 1985, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. 1990. Cardiospermum canescens Wall. (Cardiospermum clematideum A. Rich.; Cardiospermum corindum sensu Trimen; Cardiospermum corindum L.f. canescens (Wall.) Radlk.; Cardiospermum oblongum A. Rich.) SE Asia, India, Sri Lanka. Annual herb, scandent, climber, many-branched See Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 526. 1762, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich) 1: 14, t. 14. 1829, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 100–101. 1847 and Fl. Tamilnadu 1: 83. 1983 (Leaf paste used orally to cure jaundice, insect repellent.) in India: boodahcacarathega, buddakaakarathige, buddakakaratige, chinnabuddaboosara, chinnabuddabusara,

807

cinnabuddabusara, dodda bekkina budde balli, kattu modakkathai, pedde budda Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. (Cardiospermum barbicaule Baker; Cardiospermum caillei A. Chev., Hutch. & Dalziel; Cardiospermum caillei A. Chev.; Cardiospermum elegans Kunth; Cardiospermum grandiflorum fo. elegans (Kunth) Radlk.; Cardiospermum grandiflorum forma genuinum Radlk.; Cardiospermum grandiflorum fo. hirsutum (Willd.) Radlk.; Cardiospermum grandiflorum var. elegans (Kunth) Hiern; Cardiospermum grandiflorum var. hirsutum Hiern; Cardiospermum grandiflorum var. hirsutum (Willd.) Hiern; Cardiospermum hirsutum Willd.; Cardiospermum hispidum Kunth) Tropical Africa, Ghana. Herbaceous climber, fragrant creamy-white flowers, lantern-shaped fruits See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus (Swartz) 64. 1788, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 99–101, t. 439. 1821, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 418. 1868, Sitzungsberichte der MathematischPhysikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 8 (Heft III): 260. 1878 and Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franc. i. 148. 1920, Economic Botany 30(4): 395–407. 1976, Phytotherapy Research 10(2): 167–169. 1996 (Poisonous, cyanogenic. Leaves and stem purgative, antifungal, febrifuge, analgesic, spasmogenic, abortifacient, emetic, diuretic, laxative, for skin diseases, itch, scabies, sore, swellings, gout, dropsy, stomach troubles, eye treatments. Magic, ceremonial.) in English: balloon vine, black winter cherry, bladder creeper, heartseed, heartseed vine in Sierra Leone: gbafo-yamba, jikevie, kiogange, kukbobo, kukui, ma-foi-ma-bana in Yoruba: ako ejinrin, atugun, ikuuku erin, irowo, saworo Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Cardiospermum acuminatum Miq.; Cardiospermum corindum auct. non Linnaeus; Cardiospermum corindum L.; Cardiospermum corindum fo. molle (Kunth) Radlk.; Cardiospermum corindum fo. molle Radlk.; Cardiospermum halicacabum var. microcarpum (Kunth) Blume; Cardiospermum luridum Blume; Cardiospermum microcarpum Kunth; Cardiospermum molle Kunth; Cardiospermum pumilum Blume; Cardiospermum truncatum A. Rich.; Corindum halicacabum (L.) Medik.; Corindum halicacabum Medik.) (Latin halicacabus for a plant called vesicaria (Plinius), Greek halikakabos.) Tropical Africa and Asia, Amazonian Ecuador. More or less hairy vine, herbaceous, slender, climbing, lianescent, trailing, leaves compound, flowers yellowish white subtended by curled thin bracts, green papery inflated triangular fruits, dark seeds, eaten as a vegetable, an edible oil can be obtained from the seed

808

See Species Plantarum 1: 366–367. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 526. 1762, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse der Monadelphien 110. Mannheim, 1787, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.] 5: 103–104. 1821, Linnaea 17: 579. 1843 (1844), Linnaea 18: 359. 1844 (1845), Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 101. 1847, Rumphia 3: 184–185. 1849, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(3): 447. 1897 and Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 62: 117–130. 1989, Botanica Acta 103: 372–383. 1990, Regnum Veg. 127: 30. 1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43: 89–124. 1994, Journal of Helminthology 74: 241–246. 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88: 19–44. 2003, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004, Parasitology Research 97(5): 417–419. 2005, Ethnobotany 19: 1–16. 2007, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 35. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113: 457–470. 2007 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Toxic to livestock, strongly cyanogenic. Hunting poison from the juice of the plant. Whole plant CNS-depressant, antiinflammatory, blood refrigerant and purifier, antiphlogistic, antifilarial, antiparasitic, antibacterial, analgesic, stomachic, diuretic, antidiarrheal, laxative, antidote, emetic, emmenagogue, cooling, rubefacient, diaphoretic, sudorific, antihyperglycemic, for cold, earache, fever, nervous diseases, eczema, edema, urinary tract infections, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, swellings, sprains and external wounds; whole plant crushed in groundnut oil and applied all over the body in fever, jaundice and swelling; pills from the whole plant paste used to treat asthma; plant juice fed to infants in flatulence, colic; whole plant fried with sulphur and human hairs, made into a paste with mustard oil and applied for eczema. Leaves and stalks for dysentery and diarrhea; leaves fried in groundnut oil eaten to cure waist pain; leaves for insanity, convulsion, catarrh, rheumatism, fever, indigestion, urinary complaints, venereal diseases, syphilis, skin diseases, itchy skin, swellings, sores; fresh juice of leaves removing foul smell in the ear, and also a cure for earache; necklace made from the stem cures sores. Roots laxative, purgative, astringent, antibacterial, diaphoretic, rubefacient, diuretic, emetic, antipyretic, demulcent, root powder to treat rat and snake-poisoning, cough with fever, scrotal enlargement, alopecia, anemia and jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery; root paste applied over the joints to get relief from rheumatism; bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica and roots of Cardiospermum halicacabum and Solanum torvum crushed and the paste taken for gastroenteritis. Seed oil insect repellent. Veterinary medicine, for retained placenta, vaginal prolapse; root paste applied on the body of the cattle to remove lice or other parasites; leaf juice with the urine of young girls given orally for anorexia of cattle; leaves used for filariasis (philariasis); leaf paste applied locally for rheumatism; leaves decoction given orally for rheumatism; leaves ground with stem bark of Carissa spinarum given in fevers; leaves of Andrographis paniculata along with those of Vitex negundo, Cardiospermum halicacabum,

Cardiospermum L. Sapindaceae

tubers of Curculigo orchioides and Urginea indica pounded and extract given for ephemeral fever. Magic, ritual, bad spirits, sorceries; contact therapy, a necklace from seeds hung around neck to keep contagious diseases from children.) in English: balloon vine, bishop’s cap, heart-leaved pea, heart pea, heart seed, leaved-heart pea, love-in-a-puff, smooth leaved heart pea, winter cherry in Benin: gbantoto in Burundi: imbogobogo, umurengo in Cameroon: kanganga, pumpum, zikli in Comoros: kalso, kanisso, mbamba ounango in Congo: amoteremi, gumba, lofofo, mani mani, mubogo bogo, mubogobogo, ndakoma djombo, tototo in Kenya: binina, binyna, etiriamit, ltugumi in Madagascar: inasontsokina, kisangy, vallintsokina, voafaniha in Malawi: msendezere in Mali: dyuga, ti n’tlokoro pô in Nigeria: garafunin, okulefo, saworo in Rwanda: umurengo

umubogobogo,

umubogora,

umukobora,

in Sierra Leone: gbafo-yamba, jikevié, ma-foi-ma-bana in Southern Africa: blaasklimop, ikhambi leziduli, ikhambileziduli, legadullo le lethokhu, opblaasboontjie, uzipho, uziphu in Sudan: hab-el-aris in Tanzania: mwalika, nyamtumuka in Togo: gbato-gbato, gbatogan, gbatogbato in Uganda: kambula in Bangladesh: nalamaiachi in China: dao di ling, jia ku gua in India: agniballi, alappukkorrran, alappukku, allena, analappirapam, ankapati, arattai, ataralappu, atinayanan, attankoti, bakhate, banu uchchhe, bari-chirmi, batte kaayi balli, bekkina budde gida, bekkina thoraduballi, bekkina toddina balli, bekkina budde gida, bekkinatoddinaballi, bodha, booddakankaraakkoo, budda boosara, budda gudichi, budda kaarana theege, budda kakara, buddakaakara, buddakakara, buddakakaratige, buddakakkira, buddakankarakoo, buddalaaku, budduva, bunu-uchchhe, camuttira, camuttiratoyam, camuttirotayam, cancivimeti, cancivimetikkoti, cempam, cevikkotiyal, chirphuta, chirpota, chirputa, chitaki hambu, ciliyakkai, ciliyakkaikkoti, ciliyanai, coliyan, cotismati, cukattam, cukattan, cutcumavalli, cutukatumittan, cutukaturaiyan, ekkuduthige, ekkudutige, eramballi, erikkoti, erumballi, eruvaballi, habb-ulkalkal, habbulkalkal, habbul qulqul, habul-kalkal, indravalli,

809

Carduus L. Asteraceae

intiravalli, intiyavalli, irattapati, irumballi, jothishmathi, jottigida, jyothishmathige, jyautishmati, jyotir, jyotirlata, jyotishmati, jyotishmatitige, jyotismati, kaadatheege, kaanphodi, kaasarithige, kagdolio, kagdoliyo, kaka-mardanika, kakadni, kakadola, kakaralata, kakatikta, kakumardanika, kalegomche, kalicharmoi, kanakaaya, kanakaia, kanakaiah, kanakappirapai, kanaphata, kanaphuta, kanfuti, kangu, kangu balli, kangunge, kangunne, kanphata, kanphoota, kanphote, kanphuta, kanphute, kanphuti, kanputi, kapal phori, kapal phuta, kapalaphodi, kapalphodi, kapalphore-bel, kapalphoti, kapolavalli, karavi, karkaralatha, karnasphota (karna, ear; sphota, crack), karnaspota, karodio, kasaritige, kash, katabhi, kirivattiyam, korran, korrankoti, korravan, kotikkottan, kottavan, kotte cheppu, kuppaimulikai, kuppaimulikaikkoti, laftaf, lata, lataphatkari, lataphatki, lataphatkiri, lottan, lottankoti, madapaku, mudakkaruthan, makotaracurupi, malamai, malmai, mantalakarakam, matappalippuntu, melliyakottan, melliyakottankoti, minaju balli, minchina balli, minchuballi, mincuballi, minijuballi, modakhethan, modakkatthaan kodi, moddacoatan, modikkotan, mooda-cottan, mooda cottan, mudakathan kodi, mudakattan, mudakithan, mudakkaruththaan, mudakkathan, mudakkatran, mudakkothan, mudakothan, mudakottan, mudukkottan, mudukottam, mukamottaimuli, mutakarran, mutakkarran, mutakkaruttan, mutakkaruttankoti, mutakkattan, mutakkattankoti, mutakkorran, mutakkoruttan, mutakkottan, mutakkurran mutakottan, mutarkurran, mutkkattan, muttaittukki, muttaittukkikkoti, nagna, nakanam, nalla goolesenda, nallagoolisienda, nallagulisinda, nallagulivinda, nallagolisyanda, nallagolisyandu, nantai, napatki, nayaphataki, nellagoolisienda, nellagulisetenda, nimpatecam, nimpateci, nimpatecikkoti, nipalam, paatalithivva, painaira-wel, palloolavum, paluruvam, paravatanghi, paravati-padi, patali tivva, patalitivva, patantiravalli, payiravi, periyavilai, periyayilaimudakottan, phati, phuga (= balloon), pirotta, poak, pokapiya, pokkanapantukkikkoti, pokkanappicci, ramano, sabni, sakralata, samuttiradoyan, samuttiram, satakratulata, shib-ihul, shibjal, shibjhul, shibjub, siliyanai, sita, taftaf, tapuhi-swan, tecovam, tejavati, tejovati, tekamataraci, theega, thella gurivinda, tiptam, tirakamulakakkoti, tirakamulakam, tirakamulam, tiramulam, tirkkamulam, tirukumulam, ulina, ulinja, ulinna, ullenathige, ullenatige, upparintha, urundeburu, uzhinga, uzhinja pacha, uzhinna, uzinna, valli uzinna, varutakakkoti, varutakam, vatanaci, vekkuditege, vekkuduthige, vel, vicuvakenti, visaantaravatanaci, vullingatheega, yeruva balli, yintiriyavallikoti

in Tibet: ka ke da

in Indonesia: cenet, ketipes, parenan, paria gunung, peparé kurung

in English: curl bristle thistle, curly plumeless-thistle, welted thistle

in Malaysia: bintang berahi, bintang beraleh, peria bulan, uban kayu

Carduus leptacanthus Fresen. (Carduus abyssinicus Sch. Bip.; Carduus semiensis (K. Schum.) Garcia; Carduus semiensis Pic. Serm.; Carduus stolzii R.E. Fr.)

in Philippines: ablayon, alalayon, alalayou, angelica, bangkilong, bangkolan, bangkolon, kana, lagupok, layaw, lobo-lobohan, lobolobohan, palpaltoog, paltak vaka, paltu-paltukan, paltuk paltukan, paputukan, paria-aso, parol-parolan, parparia, parul-parolan, paspalya, purpuraok in Thailand: kok kra om, luupleep khruea, pho om

in Vietnam: ch[uf]m phong, t[aaf]m phong in Fiji: vo niu, wa niu in Hawaii: haleakai’a, ‘inalua, pohuehue uka, poniu

Carduus L. Asteraceae Latin cardu(u)s, i ‘the thistle’ (Vergilius, Plinius, Iulius Capitolinus); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 820–826. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 358. 1754 and Kew Bulletin 22: 107–140. 1968, Taxon 24: 367–372. 1975, Taxon 25: 483–500. 1976, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 25: 1–18. 1976, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 26: 1–42. 1978, Bot. Zhurn. 64 (2): 227–232. 1979, Taxon 29: 538–542. 1980, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 5: 1–552. 1981, Fitologija 39: 3–22. 1991, Preslia 64: 193–206. 1992, Journal of Plant Biology 39: 15–22. 1996, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Willdenowia, Bd. 29, H. 1/2 (Dec. 10, 1999): 27–39. 1999. Carduus acanthoides L. (Carduus acanthoides Gren. & Godr.; Carduus acanthoides Hornem.; Carduus acanthoides d’Urv.; Carduus acanthoides Huds.; Carduus acanthoides Pall. ex M. Bieb.; Carduus fortior Klokov) Europe. See Species Plantarum 2: 821. 1753, Fl. Angl. (Hudson), ed. 2. 2: 351. 1778, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 361. 1822 (Antitumor.) in English: plumeless thistle, spiny plumeless thistle Carduus crispus L. (Carduus crispus Gouan; Carduus crispus Huds.; Carduus crispus Guirao ex Nyman) Europe to Asia. Herb, biennial See Sp. Pl. 2: 821–822. 1753, Fl. Angl.(Hudson), ed. 2. 2: 350. 1778, Consp. Fl. Eur. 2: 413. 1879 and Tetrahedron 58(34): 6795–6798. 2002 (Cytotoxic, isoquinoline alkaloids. Root alterative, diuretic and anodyne, in the treatment of rheumatism, headache, vertigo, itch, boils.)

Uganda, Tanzania. Herb, perennial, erect, single-stemmed, thorny, spiny wings, outer inflorescence bracts green at base, inner bracts purple at tip, florets light purple See Museum Senckenbergianum 3: 70. 1840, Linnaea 19: 332. 1846 and Acta Horti Bergiani 8: 23. 1923, Miss. Stud.

810

Lago Tana, vii. Ricerche Bot., Pt. 1, 234. 1951, J. Arnold Arbor. 43: 400–409. 1962, J. Arnold Arbor. 46: 68–73. 1965, Fl. Rwanda 3: 676. 1985 (Plant sap, local application on wounds.)

Cardwellia F. Muell. Proteaceae

Veterinary medicine, for snakebite, to prevent abortion. Magic, against bad spirits.) in Burundi: igihandambwa

in Congo: cigembegembe

in Congo: ikigembegembe, mwigembye­gembye

in Rwanda: ikigéembégéembe, umugabudásuumírwa

in Rwanda: ikigéembégéembe, umugabudásuumírwa

Carduus nutans L. (Carduus armenus Boiss.; Carduus coloratus Tamamsch.; Carduus macrocephalus Desf.; Carduus macrolepis Peterm.; Carduus nutans Boiss. ex Nyman; Carduus nutans subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Stoj. & Stef.; Carduus nutans subsp. macrocephalus (Desf.) Nyman; Carduus nutans subsp. macrolepis (Peterm.) Kazmi; Carduus nutans subsp. nutans; Carduus nutans var. armenus Boiss.; Carduus nutans var. leiophyllus (Petrovic) Arènes; Carduus nutans var. macrocephalus (Desf.) B. Boivin; Carduus nutans var. songaricus C.G.A. Winkl. ex O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch.; Carduus nutans var. vestitus (Hallier) B. Boivin; Carduus schischkinii Tamamsch.; Carduus songaricus (C.G.A. Winkl. ex O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch.) Tamamsch.; Carduus thoermeri Weinm.) Eurasia. Herbaceous, biennial or perennial, erect, multibranched, stems winged, wings with spiny margins, painful spiny stems and leaves, red-purple to dark pink sweet scented flowers, large disk-shaped flower heads, single flower head terminating stem, flowers usually bend over and nod at a 90-degree angle, silky pappus, large number of achenes produced by each plant, very aggressive noxious weed, invasive

Cardwellia F. Muell. Proteaceae After the Right Honorable Edward T. Cardwell, 1813–1886, between 1864–1866 was Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for the Colonies, in 1874 raised to peerage as Viscount Cardwell of Ellerbeck. See Genera Plantarum 78. 1789, Ferdinand von Mueller, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. 5(31): 23, 24, 38, 73. 1865, [Cardwell and Darling], The Crisis. Despatches of Mr. Cardwell and Sir Charles Darling. Melbourne 1866, [Edward Cardwell], Mr. Secretary Cardwell and the Right of Petition. (Correspondence between the London Committe of the Northern Association of New Zealand and the Right Hon. E. Cardwell, afterwards Viscount Cardwell, Secretary of State for the Colonies.) [1866] and Sir Robert Biddulph, Lord Cardwell at the War Office. A history of his administration, 1868–1874. London 1904, H.G. Turner, A History of the Colony of Victoria. Melbourne 1904. Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell. Australia, northeast Queensland. Canopy tree, aluminum accumulator

See Species Plantarum 2: 821. 1753, Flora 27: 492. 1844, Flora Orientalis 3: 516. 1875, Consp. Fl. Eur. 2: 411. 1879 and Conspectus Florae Graecae 2: 102. 1902, Consp. Fl. Turkest. 4: 277. 1911, The Canadian Field-Naturalist 68: 35. 1954, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 5: 226, 323. 1964, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94: 654. 1967, Phytologia 23(1): 111. 1972

(Cyanogenic, irritant, dermatitis.)

(Flowers febrifuge, for dizziness, blood purifier, for stimulating liver function.)

Carex L. Cyperaceae

in English: false boneset, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding thistle, plumeless thistle, Scotch thistle Carduus nyassanus (S. Moore) R.E. Fr. (Carduus leptacanthus var. nyassanus S. Moore; Carduus leptacanthus var. steudneri Engl.; Carduus nyassanus R.E. Fr.; Carduus steudneri (Engl.) R.E. Fr.) Tropical Africa, Malawi. Herb, biennial or perennial, erect, spiny, sweet scented flowers purple-white with brown hairs, food for mountain gorillas See Über die Hochgebirgsflora des tropischen Afrika 450. 1892 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 326. 1906, Acta Horti Bergiani 8: 23, 25, 27, t. 3. 1923, Mitt. Bot. Staatss. Münch. 5: 158. 1963, Fl. Rwanda 3: 696. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112(1): 55–70. 2007 (Leaves for abscesses, tachycardia, pain; leaves and roots decoction analgesic, antiemetic, for pregnant women.

mugabudasumikwa,

in English: bull-oak, bull silky oak, golden spangle-wood, golden spanglewood, lacewood, northern bull-oak, northern silky oak, oongaary, silky oak

Latin classical name carex, icis (Vergilius) for a sedge, reed-grass or rush; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 972. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 420. 1754 and Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 22: 37–69. 1980, Bot. Zhurn. 65(1): 51–59. 1980, Bot. Zhurn. 65(5): 651–659. 1980, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 91–123. 1980, Rhodora 83: 461–464. 1981, Acta Bot. Fenn. 116: 1–51. 1981, Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981, J. Ethnopharmacology 37: 213–223. 1992, Fitologija 43: 77–78. 1992, Willdenowia 22: 149–165. 1992, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: 97–136. 1993, Canad. J. Bot. 72: 587– 596. 1994, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich). 24: 11–14. 1995, Sida 17(1): 251–258. 1996, Sida 18(2): 587–592. 1998, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 22: 105–119. 1999, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999, Kew Bulletin 56(2): 257–360. 2001. Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. (Carex aquatilis Ten., nom. illeg.; Carex aquatilis var. genuina Syme, nom. inval.; Neskiza aquatilis (Wahlenb.) Raf.; Vignea aquatilis Rchb.; Vignea aquatilis (Wahlenb.) Rchb.)

811

Carex L. Cyperaceae

Europe to Siberia, North America. Evergreen perennial herb, edible stems

Carex arenaria L. (Carex arenaria Dubois ex Steud.; Carex arenaria Mohr. ex Boott; Carex arenaria Leers; Carex arenaria Lapeyr. ex Kunth; Carex arenaria f. pallida Lackow.; Carex arenaria f. pumila Lackow.; Carex arenaria var. adjunta Merino; Carex arenaria var. prostrata De Langhe; Carex arenaria var. pseudoarenaria T. Marsson; Carex arenaria var. remota T. Marsson; Carex arenaria var. spiralis Asch. & Graebn.; Carex arenaria var. tenuis Asch. & Graebn.; Carex intermedia d’Urv., nom. illeg.; Carex sabuletorum M. Bieb. ex Boot; Carex schreberi Desv.; Carex spadicea Gilib.; Carex witheringii Gray; Vignea arenaria (L.) Rchb.)

atherodes var. kirschsteinii (Asch. & Graebn.) Rauschert; Carex atherodes var. longilanceolata (Dewey) Gilly; Carex atherodes var. longo-lanceolata (Dewey) Gilly; Carex atherodes var. maxima (Kük.) A.E. Kozhevn.; Carex atherodes var. orthostachys (C.A. Mey.) A.E. Kozhevn.; Carex atherodes var. siegertiana (Uechtr. ex Garcke) Rauschert; Carex atherodes var. siegertiana (Uechtr.) Rauschert; Carex atherodes var. vix-vaginans (Kük.) A.E. Kozhevn.; Carex eriophylla (Kük.) Kom.; Carex frankii Steud., nom. illeg.; Carex fuscifructus C.B. Clarke; Carex glaberrima Meinsh.; Carex hirta subsp. siegertiana (Uechtr. ex Garcke) Nyman; Carex lanceisquama (Hand.-Mazz.) V.I. Krecz.; Carex mirata Dewey; Carex mirata var. minor Dewey; Carex orostachys C.A. Mey.; Carex orthostachys C.A. Mey.; Carex orthostachys var. spuria Y.L. Chang & Y.L. Yang; Carex pergrandis V.I. Krecz. & Luchnik; Carex siegertiana Uechtr. ex Garcke; Carex siegertiana var. glabra Uechtr. ex Garcke; Carex similigena V.I. Krecz.; Carex trichocarpa var. aristata L.H. Bailey; Carex trichocarpa var. deweyi L.H. Bailey; Carex trichocarpa var. imberbis A. Gray; Carex trichocarpa var. laeviconica Hitchc.; Carex trichocarpa var. maxima Kük.; Carex trichocarpa var. orostachys (C.A. Mey.) Kük.; Carex trichocarpa var. turbinata Dewey)

Russia, Europe. Perennial, long creeping rootstock

Northern America. Fodder

See Species Plantarum 2: 973. 1753, Flora Herbornensis 195, t. 14. f. 2. 1775, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 378. 1822, Handb. Gewächsk. ed. 2, 3: 1618. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 286. 1840, Ill. Gen. Carex 4: 210. 1867 and Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2(2): 30. 1902, Fl. Galicia 3: 163. 1909, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 104(1): 15. 1971

See Botanical Appendix to Captain Franklin’s Narrative 751. 1823, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 3: 828. 1826, Flora Altaica 4: 231, pl. 324. 1833, Amer. J. Sci. ser. 2, 18: 102. 1854, Fl. N. Mitt.-Deutschland, ed. 8 435. 1867, Botanical Gazette 10(6): 294. 1885 and Das Pflanzenreich 38(IV, 20): 753, 755, pl. 128, f. F. 1909, Malayan Orchid Review 135. 1925, Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 21: 128. 1946, Fl. Plant. Herb. Chinae Bor.-Or. 11: 204. 1976, Phytologia 43(1): 99. 1979, Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981, Feddes Repert. 93(1–2): 16. 1982, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 38(1): 47. 1993

See Moessl. Handb. ed. II. iii. 1624, Species Plantarum 2: 972–979. 1753, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 165. 1803, Flora Napolitana 4: 133. 1830, Handb. Gewächsk. ed. 2, 3: 1624. 1830, Good Book 27. 1840, Engl. Bot., ed. 3, 10: 113. 1870 and E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus 78. 1949 (Tonic.) in English: aquatic sedge, leafy tussock sedge, water sedge

(Root diuretic, diaphoretic, for arthritis, rheumatism, eczema, liver complaints, abdominal and stomach disorders, bronchitis, catarrhs.) in English: sand sedge Carex atherodes Spreng. (Carex amurensis var. mandschurica Kük.; Carex aristata R.Br., nom. illeg.; Carex aristata subsp. orostachys (C.A. Mey.) Kük.; Carex aristata var. cujavica Asch. & Sprib.; Carex aristata var. glabra Uechtr.; Carex aristata var. hirtiformis H. Lév. & Vaniot; Carex aristata var. imberbis A. Gray; Carex aristata var. kirschsteiniana Asch., Graebn. & Kük.; Carex aristata var. kirschsteinii Asch. & Graebn.; Carex aristata var. lanceisquama Hand.-Mazz.; Carex aristata var. longilanceolata Dewey; Carex aristata var. longo-lanceolata Dewey; Carex aristata var. maxima (Kük.) Kük.; Carex aristata var. orostachys (C.A. Mey.) C.B. Clarke; Carex aristata var. subaristata Kük.; Carex aristata var. vix-vaginans Kük.; Carex atherodes Frank ex Kunth; Carex atherodes f. glabra (Uechtr.) Lepage; Carex atherodes f. imberbis (A. Gray) B. Boivin; Carex atherodes var. cujavica (Asch. & Sprib.) Rauschert; Carex atherodes var. cujavica (Asch. & Sprib. ex Asch.) Rauschert; Carex atherodes var. glabra (Uechtr. ex Garcke) Rauschert; Carex atherodes var. glabra (Uechtr.) Rauschert; Carex atherodes var. kirschsteinii (Asch., Graebn. & Kük.) Rauschert; Carex

(Antibacterial.) in English: awned sedge, slough sedge, sugar-grass sedge in China: mao ye tai cao, zhi sui tai cao Carex atrata L. (Carex atrata Banks ex Boott, nom. inval.; Carex atrata var. japonalpina T. Koyama; Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. subsp. paishanensis (Nakai) Vorosch.; Carex japonalpina Koyama; Carex japonalpina (T. Koyama) T. Koyama; Carex paishanensis Nakai; Carex perfusca V.I. Krecz. var. japonoalpina (T. Koyama) Kitag.) China. See Sp. Pl. 2: 976 (-977). 1753, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1: 67. 1824, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1: 257. 1845, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 549. 1848, Ill. Gen. Carex 4: 166. 1867, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 24: 15. 1885[1886] and Botanical Magazine 28: 301. 1914, Journal of Japanese Botany 30: 313. 1955, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. xvi. 154. 1956, Journal of Japanese Botany 31: 192. 1956,

812

Neo-Lineamenta Florae Manshuricae 134. 1979, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 11–14. 1995 (Plant infusion taken against indigestion.) Carex baccans Nees (Carex baccans f. aurantiaca Kuntze; Carex baccans f. nigra Kuntze; Carex baccans f. normalis Kuntze, nom. inval.; Carex baccans f. recurvirostris Kuntze; Carex baccans var. siccifructus C.B. Clarke; Carex curvirostris Kunze; Carex javanica Boeckeler; Carex recurvirostra Kunze) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. See Contr. Bot. India: 122. 1834, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 747. 1891, Fl. Brit. India 6: 723. 1894 and Edinburgh J. Bot. 50(2): 185– 206. 1993 (Root paste applied in boils.) in India: mutha Carex bebbii Olney ex Britton (Carex bebbii Olney ex Fernald; Carex bebbii Olney; Carex bebbii (L.H. Bailey) Olney ex Fernald; Carex tribuloides Herb. var. bebbii L.H. Bailey; Carex tribuloides var. bebbii (Olney ex Britton) L.H. Bailey) Northern America. See Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 1(1): 55–56. 1889 and Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 37(17): 478. 1902, Canadian Field-Naturalist 119: 417–436. 2005 (Astringent, antibiotic.) Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell (Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack.; Carex festucacea var. brevior (Dewey) Fernald; Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr var. brevior Dewey; Carex straminea var. brevior L.H. Bailey, nom. illeg.) North America, Mexico. See Beschr. Riedgräs. 1: 49. 1801, Amer. J. Science, and Arts 11(1): 158. 1826, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 1: 22. 1889 and Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 37: 477. 1902, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4(6): 235. 1915

Carex L. Cyperaceae

Society of London, Botany 2: 145. 1792, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 145. 1794, Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 1: t. 57. 1801, Handb. Gewächsk. ed. 2, 3: 1612. 1830, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22(1): 144. 1886[1887], Étude des Fleurs [A. Cariot] ed. 8 2: 877–878. 1889 and Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 1899: 185. 1900 [1899 publ. 1900], Flore de France 13: 413. 1912, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 18: 94. 1981, Folia Musei Rerum Naturalium Bohemiae Occidentalis, Bot. 21: 16. 1984 (Antibacterial.) in English: short sedge, silvery sedge in China: bai shan tai cao Carex capillaris L. (Carex capillaris Leers; Carex capillaris Willd. ex Kunth; Carex capillaris f. typica B. Boivin, nom. inval.; Carex capillaris subsp. chlorostachys (Steven) Á. Löve, D. Löve & Raymond; Carex capillaris var. chlorostachys (Steven) Grossh.; Carex chlorostachys Steven; Carex fuscidula V.I. Krecz. ex T.V. Egorova; Carex plena Clairv., nom. superfl.; Loxotrema capillaris (L.) Raf.; Trasus capillaris (L.) Gray) Reg. bor. temp. et arct., Europe. See Sp. Pl. 2: 977. 1753, Manuel d’Herborisation en Suisse et en Valais 292. 1811, Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 4: 68. 1813, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 66. 1821, Good Book: 25. 1840 and Das Pflanzenreich 38(IV. 20): 620. 1909, Naturaliste Canad. 75: 203. 1948, Canadian Journal of Botany 35: 749. 1957, Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii 1964: 36. 1964, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 504. 1975[1976] (Tonic, stimulant.) in English: hair-like sedge in China: lu sui tai cao, xi gan tai cao Carex crawfordii Fernald (Carex crawfordii f. vigens (Fernald) Kük.; Carex crawfordii var. vigens Fernald; Carex scoparia Willd. var. minor Boott)

(For women’s ailments.)

North America.

in English: short-beak sedge

See Sp. Pl. 4: 230. 1805, Ill. Gen. Carex pt. 3: 116. 1862 and Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 37(17): 469–471, pl. 1, f. 12–14. 1902, Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 203. 1909

Carex canescens L. (Carex canescens Host; Carex canescens Huds., nom. illeg.; Carex canescens Leers, non L.; Carex canescens L.H. Bailey, nom. nud.; Carex canescens Pollich; Carex cinerea Pollich; Carex curta Gooden.; Carex richardii Thuill.; Caricina canescens St.-Lag.; Caricina canescens (L.) St.-Lag.; Vignea canescens (L.) Rchb.; Vignea cinerea (Pollich) Dostál) Reg. temp. bor. et austr. See Fl. Prussica: 117, pl. 32. 1703, Species Plantarum 2: 974–975. 1753, Hist. Pl. Palat. 2: 571. 1777, Flora Anglica (Hudson), ed. 2. 2: 405. 1778, Fl. Herborn.: 712, t. 14. f. 3. 1789, Fl. Env. Paris: 482. 1790, Transactions of the Linnean

(For respiratory ailments.) Carex deweyana Schwein. (Vignea deweyana (Schwein.) Raf.; Vignea deweyi Raf.) Japan, North America. See Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1: 65, 310. 1824, Good Book: 27. 1840 and An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 1: 352. 1913, Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: Append. 1913, North American Flora 18(3): 114. 1931, Ind. Rafin. 79. 1949 (For stomachache.)

813

Carex L. Cyperaceae

in English: Dewey’s sedge

in China: yi zhu tai cao

Carex dimorpholepis Steud. (Carex cernua Boott, nom. illeg.; Carex cernua var. minor Boott; Carex rubescens Boeckeler; Carex schkuhriana H. Lév. & Vaniot)

Carex hirta L. (Carex aristata Siegert ex Wimm., nom. illeg.; Carex hirta f. glabrata Peterm.; Carex hirta f. hirtiformis (Pers.) Kunth; Carex hirta f. latifolia Waisb. ex Kük.; Carex hirta f. major Peterm.; Carex hirta f. paludosa A. Winkl. ex Asch. & Graebn.; Carex hirta f. pseudohirta Schur; Carex hirta f. spinosa H. Mort.; Carex hirta f. subhirtiformis Kneuck.; Carex hirta f. villosa Peterm.; Carex hirta subsp. hirtiformis K. Richt.; Carex hirta var. aquatica Waisb.; Carex hirta var. glabra Gaudin; Carex hirta var. glabra (Pers.) Gaudin; Carex hirta var. glabrescens Cariot; Carex hirta var. hirtiformis (Pers.) Lej.; Carex hirta var. humilis Peterm.; Carex hirta var. pilosa Celak.; Carex hirta var. pusilla Merino; Carex hirta var. repens F. Nyl.; Carex hirta var. subglabra Celak.; Carex hirta var. sublaevis Hornem.; Carex hirta var. vera Neilr.; Carex hirtiformis Pers.; Carex orthostachys Trevir. ex Nyman, nom. inval.; Carex villosa Stokes; Trasus hirtus (L.) Gray)

Pakistan, India. See Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 214. 1855, Boott, Francis M.B. (1792– 1863), Illustrations of the Genus Carex 4: 171. London, W. Pamplin, 1858–1867, Flora 65: 60. 1882 and Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 11: 59. 1902 (Veterinary medicine, whole plant for nervous disorders.) in China: er xing lin tai cao Carex gracillima Schwein. (Carex digitalis Schwein. & Torr, nom. illeg.; Carex gracillima Hoppe ex Nyman; Carex gracillima Steud. & Hochst. ex Steud.; Carex gracillima Steud. & Hochst.; Carex gracillima f. humilis Kük.; Carex gracillima f. humilis L.H. Bailey; Carex gracillima var. humile L.H. Bailey; Carex gracillima var. humilis (L.H. Bailey) L.H. Bailey; Carex gracillima var. macerrima Fernald & Wiegand; Loxanisa gracillima (Schwein.) Raf.) North America. Plant with a red-to-purple base See Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1(1): 66, 324. 1824, Good Book: 25–26. 1840, Nomenclator Botanicus [Steudel] ed. 2, 1: 290. 1840, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 552. 1848, Consp. Fl. Eur. 4: 775. 1882, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 1: 71. 1889 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4, Fam. 20: 584. 1909, Rhodora 15: 133. 1913 (Hypotensive.) in English: graceful sedge, purple-sheathed graceful sedge, slender sedge

Turkey, Iran. Perennial, root cooked See Species Plantarum 2: 975. 1753, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 547. 1807, Flore des Environs de Spa 2: 230. 1813, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 58. 1821, Flora Helvetica 6: 128. 1830, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 485. 1837, Botanisk Tidsskrift II, 1: 94. 1872, Plantae Europeae 1: 168. 1890, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 4: 165. 1898 and Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2(2): 223. 1903, Magyar Bot. Lapok 4: 76. 1905, Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 751. 1909, Taxon 41: 559. 1992 (Diuretic.) Carex indica L. (Carex indica Koen. ex Willd.; Carex indica F. Muell. ex Benth., nom. illeg.; Carex indica Schkuhr, nom. illeg.; Carex indica Wahlenb., nom. illeg.)

Carex gynocrates Wormsk. (Carex alascana Boeck.; Carex chordorrhiza subsp. gynocrates (Wormsk.) Nyman; Carex cobresiiformis A.I. Baranov & Skvortsov; Carex dioica subsp. gynocrates (Wormsk. ex Drejer) Hultén; Carex dioica subsp. gynocrates (Wormsk.) Hultén; Carex dioica var. gynocrates (Wormsk. ex Drejer) Ostenf.; Carex dioica var. gynocrates (Wormsk.) Ostenf.; Carex gynocrates Wormsk. ex Drejer; Carex gynocrates var. substaminata Peck; Vignea gynocrates (Wormsk.) Soják)

India, Pacific, Vietnam. Terrestrial sedge, young inflorescences light green

Siberia, Japan, North America.

in China: in du tai cao zu

See Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift 3: 434. 1841, Rev. Crit. Caric. Bot. 16. 1841, Conspectus florae europaeae: seu Enumeratio methodica plantarum phanerogamarum Europae indigenarum, indicatio distributionis geographicae singularum etc. 782. 1882, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 277. 1885, Rep. (Annual) Regents Univ. State New York New York State Mus. 48: 148. 1896 and Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., IV, 8(5): 170. 1962, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 18: 224. 1965

Carex inops L.H. Bailey subsp. heliophila (Mack.) Crins (Carex erxlebeniana Kelso; Carex heliophila Mack.; Carex pensylvanica subsp. heliophila (Mack.) W.A. Weber; Carex pensylvanica var. digyna Boeckeler)

(Hemostatic.) in English: Northern bog sedge, yellow bog sedge

See Mant. Pl. 2: 574. 1771, Rickia 1: 37. 1801, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 149. 1803, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 315. 1805, Enumeratio Methodica Caricum Quarundam 10. 1843, Flora Australiensis 7: 441. 1878 (Roots included in a complex decoction taken for jaundice with abdominal pain.)

North America. See Supplemente zu Schkuhr’s Riedgräsern 131–132. 1844, Linnaea 41: 220. 1877, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22(1): 126. 1886[1887] and Torreya 13(1): 15–16. 1913, Brittonia 33(3): 325. 1981, Canad. J. Bot. 61(6): 1709–1710. 1983

814

Carex L. Cyperaceae

(Disinfectant, stomachic.)

North America, Mexico. Forage

in English: sun sedge

See Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 5(4): 56–57. 1909, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 42(11): 609–614. 1915, Leaflets of Western Botany 8(2): 28–29. 1956, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94(4): 523. 1967, Rhodora 70(783): 420. 1968, Taxon 30(4): 847. 1981, Vascular Plants of Wyoming 296. 1988

Carex intumescens Rudge (Carex folliculata Wahlenb., nom. illeg.; Carex folliculata var. major Pursh; Carex intumescens f. ventriosa Fernald; Carex intumescens var. fernaldii L.H. Bailey) North America. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 7: 97–98, pl. 9, f. 3. 1804, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20(11): 418. 1893 and Rhodora 44(525): 321–322, pl. 713, f. 19–21. 1942 (Antidepressant.) in English: bladder sedge, greater bladder sedge, shining bur sedge, swollen sedge Carex lacustris Willd. (Anithista lacustris (Willd.) Raf.; Anithista riparia Raf.; Carex lacustris Balb. ex Kunth; Carex lacustris Schkuhr; Carex riparia Muhl., nom. illeg.; Carex riparia var. lacustris (Willd.) Kük.) North America. Coarse, rhizomatous sedge, bluish foliage See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(1): 306. 1805, Riedgr. ii. 84. t. 600. f. 152. 1806, Good Book 26. 1840, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 561. 1848 and Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 736. 1909, Can. J. Bot. 57: 2140–2144. 1979 (For fertility.) in English: lake sedge, lake shore sedge, rip-gut sedge Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fernald (Carex filiformis var. lanuginosa (Michx.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Carex lanuginosa Michx.; Carex lanuginosa var. americana (Fernald) Boivin; Carex lanuginosa var. kansana Britton; Carex lanuginosa var. oriens Raymond; Carex lasiocarpa f. kansana (Britton) Kük.; Carex lasiocarpa subsp. americana (Fernald) Á. Löve & J.-P. Bernard; Carex lasiocarpa subsp. lanuginosa (Michx.) R.T. Clausen & Wahl; Carex lasiocarpa var. lanuginosa (Michx.) Kük.) North America, Mexico. See Hannover. Mag. 9: 132. 1784, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 175. 1803, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. 1: 305. 1896 and Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 748. 1909, Rhodora 44(525): 304–305, pl. 712, f. 10–11. 1942, Naturaliste Canad. 77: 59. 1950, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 53(4): 381. 1959[1960], Naturaliste Canad. 94(4): 523. 1967 (Antibacterial.) in English: woolly sedge Carex microptera Mack. (Carex festivella Mack.; Carex limnophila F.J. Herm.; Carex macloviana subsp. festivella (Mack.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Carex macloviana var. microptera (Mack.) B. Boivin; Carex microptera var. crassinervia F.J. Herm.; Carex microptera var. limnophila (F.J. Herm.) Dorn)

(Emetic. Ceremonial.) in English: smallwing sedge Carex muricata L. (Carex astracanica Willd. ex Kunth; Carex cuprina Th. Nendtv. ex A. Kerner; Carex cuprina (I. Sándor ex Heuff.) Nendtv. ex A. Kern.; Carex divulsa Gaudin, nom. illeg.; Carex intermedia Retz.; Carex muricata Jungh., nom. illeg.; Carex muricata Desf., nom. illeg.; Carex muricata Huds., nom. illeg.; Carex muricata Jungh. ex Schltdl.; Carex muricata Schltdl., nom. illeg.; Carex muricata Leers, nom. illeg.; Carex muricata f. arcuata P. Silva; Carex muricata subsp. orsiniana (Ten.) Nyman; Carex muricata var. nemorosa Nyman; Carex nemorosa Lumn. ex Honck., nom. illeg.; Carex orsiniana Ten.; Carex pairae subsp. borealis Hyl.; Carex pairae var. javanica Nelmes; Carex serotina Ten., nom. illeg.; Carex stellulata M. Bieb., nom. illeg.; Carex tenuissima Schur, nom. illeg.; Carex tergestina Hoppe ex Boott; Carex vulpina Hohen., nom. illeg.; Carex vulpina subsp. nemorosa (Nyman) O. Schwartz, nom. illeg.; Caricina muricata (L.) St.-Lag.; Vignea altissima Schur; Vignea cuprina (I. Sándor ex Heuff.) Soják; Vignea muricata (L.) Rchb.; Vignea tenuissima (Schur) Schur; Vignea virens Rchb.) Europe to Caucasus. See Species Plantarum 2: 974. 1753, Flora Anglica 349. 1762, Flora Herbornensis t. 13, f. 8. 1775, Flora Atlantica 2: 335. 1799, Handb. Gewächsk. ed. 2, 3: 1611. 1830, Linnaea 6: 29. 1831, Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 13: 566. 1863, Consp. Fl. Eur. 781. 1882, Étude des fleurs éd. 8, 2: 875. 1889 and Kew Bulletin 5: 208. 1950, Bol. Soc. Brot., II, 54: 240. 1980–1981[1981] (Wound healing.) in English: inland sedge, lesser prickly sedge, muricate sedge, prickly sedge, rough sedge Carex nebrascensis Dewey (Carex jamesii Torr., nom. illeg.; Carex jamesii var. nebrascensis (Dewey) L.H. Bailey; Carex jamesii var. nebraskensis (Dewey) L.H. Bailey; Carex jamesii var. ultriformis (L.H. Bailey) Kük.; Carex nebrascensis var. eruciformis Suksd.; Carex nebrascensis var. praevia L.H. Bailey; Carex nebrascensis var. ultriformis L.H. Bailey; Carex nebraskensis Dewey; Carex nebraskensis var. eruciformis Suksd.; Carex nebraskensis var. praevia L.H. Bailey; Carex nebraskensis var. ultriformis L.H. Bailey) North America. Forage

815

Carex L. Cyperaceae

See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1(1): 67. 1824, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 3: 398–399. 1836, Amer. J. Sci. Arts, II, 18(1): 102– 103. 1854, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22: 84. 1886, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 1(1): 49. 1889, Botanical Gazette 21(1): 8. 1896 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 20(Heft 38): 318. 1909, Werdenda 1(2): 5. 1923, Amer. Midl. Natur. 126: 30–43. 1991 (Emetic. Ceremonial.) in English: Nebraska sedge Carex notha Kunth India, Himalaya. See Enum. Pl. [Kunth] 2: 421. 1833–1850 (Magico-religious beliefs, roots as talisman to prevent snakebites.) Carex nubigena D. Don ex Tilloch & Taylor (Carex nubigena D. Don; Carex nubigena fo. viridans Kük.; Carex pleistogyna V.I. Krecz.; Vignea nubigena (D. Don ex Tilloch & Taylor) Soják) India, Himalaya, Nepal. Perennial, root cooked See Philos. Mag. J. 62: 455. 1823, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14(2): 326. 1824 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 22: 250. 1912 (Decoction taken as astringent and emetic.) in China: yun wu tai cao in India: giwaria jhar Carex oligosperma Michx. (Carex despreauxii Steud.; Carex oakesiana Torr.; Carex okesiana Dewey; Carex okesii Eaton; Carex oligosperma var. churchilliana Raymond; Carex oligosperma var. tsuishikarensis (Koidz. & Ohwi) B. Boivin; Carex tsuishikarensis Koidz. & Ohwi; Olamblis oakesiana (Torr.) Raf.) Japan, North America. See Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 2: 174. 1803, Amer. J. Sci. Arts 14: 351. 1828, Man. Bot., ed. 5: 157. 1829, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 3: 421. 1836, Good Book 26. 1840, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 237. 1855 and J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ. 26: 273. 1931, Canad. J. Bot. 34: 292. 1956, Phytologia 43(1): 104. 1979

(Diaphoretic.) in English: long-stalk sedge, long-stalked sedge, stalked sedge Carex pensylvanica Lam. (Carex marginata Muhl. ex Willd., nom. illeg.; Carex pennsylvanica Torr.; Carex pensylvanica Torr., nom. illeg.; Carex pensylvanica f. androgyna C.F. Wheeler ex F.J. Herm.; Carex pensylvanica f. bracteata Peck; Carex pensylvanica f. glumabunda (Peck) Kük.; Carex pensylvanica f. gracilifolia (Peck) Kük.; Carex pensylvanica f. latifolia Kük.; Carex pensylvanica f. paleacea Peck; Carex pensylvanica f. separans (Peck) Kük.; Carex pensylvanica var. angustifolia Peck; Carex pensylvanica var. glumabunda Peck; Carex pensylvanica var. gracilifolia Peck; Carex pensylvanica var. livoniensis Farw.; Carex pensylvanica var. marginata Dewey; Carex pensylvanica var. marginata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Dewey; Carex pensylvanica var. pinicola M.E. Jones; Carex subbiflora Steud.) North America. Low, clump-forming graminoid with yellowgreen foliage See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 388. 1792, Sp. Pl. Editio quarta 4(1): 261. 1805, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 3: 410. 1836, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 234. 1855, Rep. (Annual) Regents Univ. State New York New York State Mus. 46: 131. 1893, Rep. (Annual) Regents Univ. State New York New York State Mus. 47: 174. 1894 and Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 445–446. 1909, Bull. Montana State Univ., Biol. Ser. 15: 21. 1910, Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 26(1): 8. 1941, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 25(1): 33, map 72a. 1941 (Disinfectant, stomachic, for gastrointestinal troubles.) in English: Pennsylvania sedge Carex pilulifera L. (Bitteria pilulifera (L.) Fedde & J. Schust.; Carex pilulifera Geners. ex Boott, nom. illeg.; Carex pilulifera Willd. ex Kunth; Trasus piluliferus (L.) Gray) Mediterranean, Europe. See Species Plantarum 976. 1753, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 58. 1821, Ill. Gen. Carex 4: 216. 1867 and Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 41(2): 7. 1913 (publ. 1918) (Antibacterial, wound healing.)

(Emetic.)

Carex plantaginea Lam. (Anithista latifolia (Moench) Raf.; Carex latifolia Moench, nom. illeg.; Carex plantaginea Muhl., nom. illeg.; Deweya plantaginea (Lam.) Raf.)

in English: few-seeded sedge, fewseed sedge

North America.

Carex pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd. (Carex pedunculata Muhl. ex Schkuhr; Carex pedunculata Willd. ex Roxb.)

See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 392. 1792, Methodus 324. 1794, Descriptio uberior Graminum (Muhlenberg) 235. 1817, Good Book 26. 1840, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 554. 1848

North America. See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 222–223. 1805, Riedgr. ii. 39. 1806, St. Helena Tracts: 302. 1816, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 2: 238. 1855

(Chewed root on snakebite. Magic, charm.) in English: plantain-leaved sedge, plantainleaf sedge

816

Carex platyphylla J. Carey (Carex platyphylla Franch., nom. illeg.; Carex platyphylla var. longepedunculata Kük.; Carex platyphylla var. longipedunculata Kük.) North America. See Amer. J. Sci. Arts, II, 4(10): 23–24. 1847, Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris VIII, 7: 50. 1895 and Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 529. 1909

Carex L. Cyperaceae

China, Himalaya. See Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum [Kunth] 2: 432–433. 1837, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. (1846) 288. 1846, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20: 140. 1846 and North American Flora 18(6): 365. 1935, National Museums of Canada Bulletin 216: 20. 1966 (Poultice.)

(For snakebite.)

in China: qing zang tai cao, sha di tai cao

in English: broadleaf sedge, thicket sedge

in India: longma

Carex prasina Wahlenb. (Carex miliacea Muhl. ex Willd., nom. illeg.; Carex subcompressa Steud.; Olamblis miliacea Raf.)

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. (Carex lagopodioides var. scoparia (Schkuhr ex Willd.) Boeck.; Carex scoparia Schkuhr; Carex scoparia Torr., nom. illeg.; Carex scoparia Willd.; Carex scoparia f. condensa (Fernald) Kük.; Carex scoparia f. moniliformis (Tuck.) Kük.; Carex scoparia var. condensa Fernald; Carex scoparia var. moniliformis Tuck.; Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. moniliformis (Tuck.) Britton; Loncoperis scoparia (Willd.) Raf.; Loncoperis scoparia (Schkuhr ex Willd.) Raf.; Vignea scoparia (Willd.) Rchb.)

North America. See Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. (1803) 161. 1803, Sp. Pl. 4: 290. 1805, Good Book 26. 1840, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2: 221. 1855 (Plant decoction disinfectant, stomachic, emetic, for gastrointestinal troubles. Veterinary medicine.) in English: drooping sedge

North America. Clump forming sedge, fast-growing species

North America. Perennial, densely cespitose, difficult to identify

See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(1): 230–231. 1805, Riedgr. ii. 20. 1806, Handb. Gewachsk. (ed. 2) 3: 1613. 1830, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York iii. (1836) 394. 1836, Good Book 27. 1840, Linnaea 39: 114. 1875 and Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981

See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35(5): 264–265. 1908

(Stimulant, tonic.)

(Lactogenic, abortifacient.)

in English: broom sedge, lance fruit oval sedge, lance-fruited oval sedge, pointed broom-sedge

Carex projecta Mack. (Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. reducta Bailey)

in English: loose-headed oval sedge, necklace sedge Carex retrorsa Schwein. (Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. var. gigantoidea Dewey; Carex retrorsa Nees, nom. illeg.; Carex retrorsa var. gigantoidea (Dewey) Farw.; Carex retrorsa var. gigantoides Farw.; Carex retrorsa var. gigantoides (Dewey) Farw.; Carex retrorsa var. multispicula Lepage; Carex retrorsa var. robinsonii Fernald; Carex reversa Spreng.) North America. Clump forming sedge, reflexed flower spikes See Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1(1): 71. 1824, Syst. Veg. 3: 827. 1826, Linnaea 10: 204. 1835, Amer. J. Sci. Arts, II, 41(123): 328–329. 1866 and Rhodora 8(94): 201–202. 1906, Rhodora 23(268): 87. 1921, Naturaliste Canad. 86(3– 4): 68–69. 1959 (Veterinary medicine. Ceremonial.) in English: deflexed bottlebrush sedge, knotsheath sedge, retrorse sedge Carex sabulosa Turcz. ex Kunth (Carex leiophylla Mack.; Carex melanantha var. moorcroftii (Falc. ex Boott) Kük.; Carex melanantha var. sabulosa (Turcz. ex Kunth) Kük.; Carex moorcroftii Falc.; Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott; Carex sabulosa subsp. leiophylla (Mack.) A.E. Porsild)

Carex setigera D. Don Himalaya. See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 14: 330. 1824, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 43. 1825 and Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien: Serie B: für Botanik und Zoologie 98B(Suppl.): 92. 1996 (Leaf infusion taken to check bowels.) in China: chang jing tai cao Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. (Carex stipata Muhl. ex Schkuhr; Vignea stipata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Rchb.; Vignea stipata Rchb.) North America, Russia. Coarse clump forming sedge, perennial, densely tufted herb, stout triangular stems, short fibrous roots, pyramidal flower clusters, fast grower, food and cover for birds See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(1): 233. 1805, Riedgr. ii. 20. 1806, Handb. Gewachsk. (ed. 2) 3: 1620. 1830 and Taxon 30: 845–851. 1981 (Antibacterial.)

817

Careya Roxburgh Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae)

in English: awl-fruited sedge, awn-fruited sedge, common fox sedge, owl-fruit sedge, sawbeak sedge in China: hai mian ji tai cao Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. (Carex nitida var. supina (Willd. ex Wahlenb.) Fiori; Carex obtusata var. supina (Willd. ex Wahlenb.) Garcke; Carex supina Wahlenb.; Edritria supina (Willd. ex Wahlenb.) Raf.) Canada, Greenland, Alaska. See Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 24: 158. 1803, Good Book 26. 1840, Flora von Nord- und MittelDeutschland ed. 16: 469. 1890 and Nuova Flora Analitica d’Italia 1: 194. 1923 (Magic, ceremonial.) in English: weak arctic sedge, weak sedge Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb. (Carex arrhyncha Franch.; Carex leucolepis Turcz. ex Steud.; Carex tenuiflora Hartm. ex Kunth, nom. illeg.; Carex tenuiflora var. arrhyncha (Franch.) Kük.; Carex tenuiflora var. setacea Kük.; Vignea tenuiflora (Wahlenb.) Soják) Japan, North America, Europe. See Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 24: 147. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 405. 1837, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 292. 1840, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, VIII, 7: 30. 1895 and Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 224. 1909 (Antibacterial.) in English: small-head bog sedge, sparse-flowered sedge, thin-flowered sedge in China: xi hua tai cao Carex xerantica L.H. Bailey (Carex foenea Willd. var. xerantica (L.H. Bailey) Kük.) North America. See Bot. Gaz. 17(5): 151. 1892 and Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 205. 1909 (Emollient.) in English: dry sedge, white-scaled sedge, whitescale sedge

Careya Roxburgh Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae) Dedicated to the British plant collector Rev. William Carey, 1761–1834 (Serampore, India), Baptist missionary, orientalist, 1794 in India, founded the Botanic Garden at Serampore (generally known as Dr. Carey’s Garden!), 1823 Fellow of the Linnean Society. See William Roxburgh (1751–1815), Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. 3: 13, t. 217, 218. 1811, Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle 9: 259. 1825,

William Roxburgh, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian plants, etc. [Edited by William Carey] Serampore 1832, A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845 and Samuel Pearce Carey, William Carey, D.D., Fellow of Linnean Society. London [1934], H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 143. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 110. 1965, Isaac Henry Burkill (1870–1965), Chapters on the History of Botany in India. Delhi 1965, R. Desmond, The European Discovery of the Indian Flora. Oxford 1992. Careya arborea Roxb. (Barringtonia arborea (Roxb.) F. Muell.; Careya arborea Roxb. & Roxb.) India. Tree, deciduous, black flaky bark, white wood, leaves clustered at the apex of branches, yellowish white-green flowers, red purple stamens, fleshy fibrous capsular fruit, persistent calyx, ripe fruits eaten See Pl. Corom. 3: 14, t. 218. 1811, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 52. 1814, Flora Indica ii. 636, 638. 1832, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Mueller) 5(39): 184. 1866 and Fitoterapia 74(1–2): 116–118. 2003, Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. 3: 36–43. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stembark antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, demulcent, sedative, tonic and antidepressant, CNS depressant, antidiarrheal, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, analgesic, astringent, anthelmintic, leech repellent, fish poison, antivenin, for colds, coughs, tumors, liver disorders; bark paste applied all over the body of children as a tonic and a stimulant and for healthy growth; fibrous bark applied for body swellings; bark pounded in water, the red decoction given to cure diarrhea, dysentery, and also for washing the eyes for eye complaints; bark rubbed on legs to repel leeches; pounded bark and root in water used in stomach disorders; flowers and bark juice given with honey as demulcent and in cough and colds; bark and fruits astringent, demulcent. Flower taken as tonic after delivery; dried calyx to cure colds and coughs; fruits and flowers in dysentery, indigestion, colic, flatulence, worms. Fruit pulp in cholera; fruits as botanical pesticides for fungal infection; fruit believed to be a snake repellent. Veterinary medicine, bark crushed with curd and administered orally for debility in cattle; fruit infusion in fever and dysentery, for bloated stomach in cattle or when cattle stop feeding. Fresh root bark, stem bark, dried leaf powder or roots used as fish poison. Medico-religious beliefs, ritual, effective in curing eczema; contact therapy, stem fibre tied to the waist to cure diarrhea in infants.) in English: Ceylon oak, patana oak, slow match tree, tummy wood, wild guava in Burma: sangawn-gmawt in India: aalagavvele, aima, alagavala, alagavvele, alam, araya, araya budada naedi, asanda, ashaundi, avima, ayma, bai-kumbhi, bai-kumbhi phool, baikumbha, bhadrendrani, bol dimbel, budaburija, budadadarini, budadadarvi, budadanedi,

818

budadarini, budadarmee, budadarmi, budadurmi, budarnedi, budatadadimma, budatanavadi, budatanevadi, budatare, budathadaadimma, budathare, budda budusa, budda dharmi, buddaburija, buddadharmi, burdorcettu, daddal, daddala, darepi, dhaddaala mara, dhorkumbha, doddaale, doddala, doddalada, dolle mara, duddippa, dudeppa, dudeppi, dudippa, dudippi, gaadhava, gada, gadava, gadha, gadhava, gambel, ganjal, ganju, garva hannu, gaujala mara, gaul, gaulu mara, gavaale, gavagile, gavala, gavalu hannu mara, gavudlu, gavuldu, gavvahannu, gavvele, gavvele hannu, gawagilu, girikarnika, goddadayippe, godhajam, gongel, gongu, gonji, goujalu, gouju, govadi, guda-dhermi, guddada ippe, guddadaippa, guddadaippae, guddadaippe, handabhera, handbahera, hennu matthi, hennumatti, ka mahir, kaavale, kaidarya, kaitrya, kali-katbhi, kalindi, kalkambi, kalkampi, kaltekku, kamba, kambi, kampi, kampil, kampili, karekku, karrekku, katabhi, katambhara, kaulu, kaulumara, kaval, kavale, kavalu mara, kavana, kavane, kavne, kavulu, kavval, khumbi, kinihi, kolama, kshudrashyama, kuba, kum, kumari, kumbaara, kumbaro, kumbeng, kumbh, kumbha, kumbhasala, kumbher, kumbhi (kumbhi, jar, water pot), kumbhi phal, kumbhi phool, kumbhika, kumbhor, kumbi, kumbia, kumbiamara, kumbika, kumboya, kumbya, kumbyo, kumhi, kumodi, kumpi, kumrenga, kumudikaa, lauring, madhurenu, mahakatabi, mahashwata, nabhika, paer, pailacputatammi, panibhela, patali, peelam, peithaandri, pela, peloa, pelou, pelu, per, pera, peria, peru, perzha, petrashing, pevoo, pevu, peya, pezha, pezhu, pilam, pilu, poyu, pudattanri, putattanri, puttatanni, savana, shatapada, shaundi, shirishapatri, shwetakinihi, shyamala, sitakatabhi, soh kundur, styngkrain, svadupushpa, udu, uka, ukamaram, vaai kumba, vaakumba, vaakumbha, vakamba, vakumbha, vakumbhi, vishaghnika, wai-kumbha in Laos: ka don Malayan name: putat kedang in Nepal: kumbhi, kumh, tatar in Thailand: kra don, kradon Careya herbacea Roxb. (Careya herbacea Roxb. & Roxb.) India. See Pl. Corom. 3: 13, t. 217. 1811, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 52. 1814, Flora Indica ii. 638. 1832, Fl. Br. Ind. 2: 510. 1879 and Enum. Flow. Pl. Nep. 2: 169. 1979 (Used in Ayurveda. Stembark hepatoprotective, demulcent, sedative, antidepressant, antidiarrheal, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, astringent, anthelmintic, leech repellent, fish poison, antivenin, for colds, coughs, tumors, liver disorders.) in India: kumbhaadu-lataa, kumbhata Careya sphaerica Roxb. India. Deciduous tree, big clusters of leathery leaves and winged leaf stalk, solitary flowers, corolla light green with pinkish margins, filaments red, flowers open in night

Carica L. Caricaceae

See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 52. 1814, Flora Indica ii. 636. 1832 and Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 38: 241– 246. 2004 (Leaves antioxidant, wound healing and tonic. Stem bark astringent, fibrinolytic, for wounds, relieves sprains, antiinflammation from snakebite. Flower, tonic for post-labor. Fruit promotes digestion. Caution, not recommended for poisonous snakebite.) in Thailand: kra don bok, kradon, kradonbok

Carica L. Caricaceae Latin carica, ae ‘a kind of fig, dry fig’ (Cicero, Ovidius and Plinius), caricus ‘Carian’, Greek karike and karikos; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1036. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 458. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 327, 587. 1763, Analyse des Familles de Plantes 37, 42. 1829 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles, 3: 434. 1913, [Enc. It.], Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. XXVI: 247. Roma 1935, Badillo, V.M. Monografía de la Familia Caricaceae 1–221. 1971, Fl. Veracruz 10: 1–17. 1980, Flora of Ecuador 20: 26–48. 1983, Flora del Paraguay 1–18. 1987, National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: LittleKnown Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989, Flore des Mascareignes: la Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues 100: 1–4. 1991. Carica papaya L. (Carica bourgeaei Solms; Carica bourgeaui Solms; Carica citriformis Jacq.; Carica cubensis Solms; Carica hermaphrodita Blanco; Carica jamaicensis Urb.; Carica jimenezii (Bertoni) Bertoni; Carica jimenezii Bertoni; Carica mamaya Vell.; Carica papaya fo. mamaya Stellfeld; Carica papaya fo. portoricensis Solms; Carica papaya var. bady Aké Assi; Carica papaya var. jimenezii Bertoni; Carica peltata Hook. & Arn.; Carica pinnatifida Heilborn; Carica portoricensis (Solms) Urb.; Carica posopora L.; Carica rochefortii Solms; Carica sativa Tussac; Papaya bourgeaei (Solms) Kuntze; Papaya bourgeaui Kuntze; Papaya carica Gaertn.; Papaya cimarrona Sint. ex Kuntze; Papaya citriformis (Jacq.) A. DC.; Papaya citriformis A. DC.; Papaya communis Noronha; Papaya cubensis (Solms) Kuntze; Papaya cubensis Kuntze; Papaya cucumerina Noronha; Papaya edulis Bojer; Papaya edulis var. macrocarpa Bojer; Papaya edulis var. pyriformis Bojer; Papaya papaya (L.) H. Karst.; Papaya papaya H. Karst.; Papaya peltata (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze; Papaya rochefortii (Solms) Kuntze; Papaya rochefortii Kuntze; Papaya vulgaris A. DC., nom. illeg.; Vasconcellea peltata (Hook. & Arn.) A. DC.; Vasconcellea peltata A. DC.) Tropical America. Monocaulous tree or a big herb, weak, soft-wooded, usually unbranched, stems with milky white latex, large leaves, leaves and unripe fruit contain a milky juice rich in proteolytic enzymes, corollas creamy white,

819

Carica L. Caricaceae

yellow to orange fleshy ripe fruit edible, small black seeds with fleshy aril See Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 5(Art. 4): 23. 1790, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 191, pl. 122, f. 2. 1790, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 5: 2. 1804, Eclogae Plantarum Rariorum … 1: 101, t. 68–69. 1811–1816, Flore des Antilles 3: 45. 1824, Florae Fluminensis Icones 10: t. 131. 1825, Deuxiéme Mémoire sur les Résédacées 12–13. 1837, Hortus Mauritianus 277. 1837, Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 205. 1837, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 425, t. 98. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(1): 414, 416. 1864, Flora de Filipinas 3: 212. 1879, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutischmedicinische Botanik… (Karsten) 894. 1882, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 47: 764, 774, 797. 1889, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(3): 178. 1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 253. 1891, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 6 a. (1894) 98. 1894 and Symbolae Antillarum 6: 20. 1909, Symbolae Antillarum 4: 428. 1910, Agronomía (Puerto Bertoni) 5(7): 259. 1913, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 30: 224. 1936, Tribuna Farmacéutica 15: 185. 1947, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 21: 307. 1961, Saussurea 12: 157–164. 1981, Cytologia 47: 471–480. 1982, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Milky sap caustic, allergic reaction, dermatitis, rhinitis, asthma, anaphylaxis, severe inflammation of the eye. Milky juice for skin diseases, horny excrescence, for inducing abortion. Leaves, roots and seeds pesticide, against insects, fungi. Fresh fruits carminative, astringent, diuretic, antiseptic, stomachic, taken in dysentery; green fruit on ringworm; green papaya used as contraceptive and abortifacient, unripened fruit taken before three months of pregnancy; latex from fruit applied over scorpion bite. Leaves decoction taken for malaria; crushed leaves used externally for headaches, cuts and a swollen groin; leaves and seeds for the treatment of amebiasis and as an anthelmintic. Seeds oxytocic, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic, analgesic, stomachic and antifungal; immature seeds swallowed to treat diarrhea. Extract from boiled stem bark given in urinary troubles; inner bark decoction drunk for toothache; stem bark paste applied to boils, cuts and wounds. Fresh roots rubefacient, analgesic, poultice of roots used for centipede bites, wounds, snakebite. Leaves, roots and seedlings used as a vermifuge. Magico-religious beliefs, superstitions, plantation of the plant near the house is restricted.)

in Ivory Coast: m’bomou, manguiè iri, oflè, oloko in Mali: manayi, maye in Nigeria: gbegbere, gonda, gwadda, gwanda, gwauda, ibepe, ibepe dudu, isigun, ojo, sheyinbo, shigun, sigu in Senegal: papayo in Tanzania: ebabayo, mgosi, mpapaya in West Africa: an papai, fakai laa in Burma: thimbaw in Cambodia: doeum lahong, lhong in China: fan kua (= foreign melon), fan mu gua, mu kua, shu kua, wan shou kuo (= longevity fruit) in India: aanabahe-hindi, akka thangi hannu, amba-hindi, amita, amritobonda, anda karbhooja, andakharbuja, apappaya-pazham, arand kharbuza, arandkharbuza, awathabi, bapaipundoo, bappangaayi, bappangayi, bappayi, bappayya, barangi, bobbasi, booppamkaya, boppaayi, boppai, boppasa, boppayi, boppayi-hannu, boppayi-pandu, boppayya, boppe, brahmairandah, chakma, chirbhita, chirbita, cittamukkicam, cittamukkikamaram, conkarikam, conkarikamaram, erandachirbhata, erandachirbhita, erandakarakati, erandakarkati, goppe, goppe hannu, goppen, kaniyamanakku, kapalam, kaplam, kappalam, kariyamanakku, karmmatti, karmmos, karmmosu, karmmusu, karmosu, karpakkini, karpakkinimaram, karumusa, karutha, kogiagiula, lan fut, madana anapa chettu, madana-anapakaya, madanaanapa, madananaba, madhukarkati, madhurnakam, madhurnakamu, mangchupi-alau, maniyamanakku, mewa, nalikadala, nam-chapi, nuh-nun, nuhnun, omita, ommai, ommal, pacalai, pangi, papaaya, papajamaram, papal, papay, papaya, papeeta, papeya, papita, papita desi, papitha, papiya, pappai, pappaiya, pappali, pappali-pazham, pappalikaimaram, pappalippal, pappangaye, pappangayi, pappay, pappaya, pappaya-pazham, pappayam, pappayambalam, pappayampazham, pappayi, pappayi-pazham, pappita, parangi, parangi chakke, parangi hannu, parangi hannu mara, parangi mara, parangiyamanakku, parankiyamanakku, parinda, parindhi, paringi, pasalai, pepiya, peragi, perinji, pharangi-hannu, piranji, popai, popaiya, popaiyab, popaiyah, poppaya, poppayi, poppoia, puppali pullum, thing-fang-hma, thingfanghma, thingfanghana, umbalay

in Burkina Faso: mandé, nassara krou, papai

in Indonesia: asawa, bala, betik, botik, embetik, gedang, ghedang, hango, kabaleo, kalailu, kaliki nikanre, kaliki rianre, kalilki, kalujawa, kampaja, kapala, kapalay, kapaya, kasi, katela gantung, kates, katuka, kaut, ketes, manjan, menam, muku jawa, muu jawa, nikanre, padu, palaki, pancene, panya, papae, papaen, papaino, papaipapaya, papau, papaya, pastelo, patuka, paya, pepaya, papayu, peute, pisang, pisang patuka, pisang pelo, punti kayu, ralempaya, sampain, sempawa, si kailo, siberani, sumoyori, tangan-tangan, tapaya, tele, unit jawa

in Congo: ipapayo, malulo, mapapayo, mululo

in Japan: manjui, papaia

in English: common papaya, melon tree, papau, papaya, pawpaw, tree melon in Arabic: fafy, pawpaw African names: anbah hindi, babaya, babog fruta bomba, etighi-mbakara, gwandu, ibepe, okworo-beke, papayu, sayinbo

820

in Laos: houng in Lepcha: mayaapaot in Malaysia: beteh, betek, betik, ketalah, ketelah, papaw in Nepal: mewa in Papua New Guinea: bambusi, kowai, loku, mamioko, papae, pawpau, pawpaw, popo, tapeka, wayoye in Philippines: apayas, capaya, kapaya, kapayas, lapaya, papaya, papayas, papaye, papyas, pawpaw, tapayas in Thailand: kuai-la, lo-ko, loko, ma kuai thet, ma-la-ko, mak-hung, ma-te, malakor, taeng-ton in Vietnam: du du in Hawaii: he’i, mikana, milikana

Carissa L. Apocynaceae

Jasminonerium ferox Kuntze; Jasminonerium ferox (E. Mey.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Jasminonerium haematocarpum Kuntze; Jasminonerium haematocarpum (Eckl.) Kuntze) Kenya, South Africa. Shrubby evergreen treelet, rambling, thorny with Y-shaped thorns, forked branches, milky sap, small sweetly scented white flowers, small edible red berries See Prodr. 8: 335–336. 1844, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 165. 1906, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 21: 82. 1932, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 758. 1942, Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 2: 138–139. 1949, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 8: 502. 1954, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München ii. 399. 1957, Bothalia 7: 451. 1961, Adansonia, n.s., 10: 25. 1970, Bol. Soc. Brot., II, 53: 321. 1980

in Paraguay: namona

(Bitter and poisonous glucoside in the bark. Roots to treat toothache. Ceremonial, ritual.)

Carissa L. Apocynaceae

in English: common num-num, forest num-num, hedge thorn, num-num, red num-num, small amatungulu, y-thorned carissa, yum-yum

In Sanskrit kryshina means dark blue or black, because of the ripe fruits; the shrub is called krishnaphala; in Malayam it is called karimulla, possibly from kari ‘dark, black’ and mullu ‘thorny, thorns’, referring to the fruits and thorns; see C. Linnaeus, Systema Naturae. ed. 12. 2: 135, 189. Vindobonae [Wien] 1767–1770, Mantissa Plantarum. 1: 7, 52. Holmiae [Stockholm] 1767 [-1771] and George H.M. Lawrence, “The cultivated species of Carissa.” Baileya. 7(3): 87–90. 1959, Cytologia 42: 723–729. 1977, Taxon 28: 636– 637. 1979, Taxon 30: 508–509, 855–856. 1981, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 116–132. 2001, Darwiniana 44(2): 453–489. 2006, Journal of East African Natural History 96(2):149–186. 2007. Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan (Arduina acuminata E. Meyer; Arduina bispinosa L.; Arduina erythrocarpa Ecklon; Arduina ferox E. Mey., nom. illeg.; Arduina haematocarpa Eckl.; Arduina megaphylla Gand.; Carandas arduina S. Moore, nom. illeg.; Carissa acuminata (E. Mey.) A. DC.; Carissa arduina Lam., nom. illeg.; Carissa bispinosa Desf.; Carissa bispinosa Desf. ex Brenan; Carissa bispinosa (L.) Brenan; Carissa bispinosa (L.) Merxm.; Carissa bispinosa subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha; Carissa bispinosa var. acuminata (E. Meyer) Codd; Carissa cordata Dinter; Carissa cordata Fourc., nom. illeg.; Carissa cordata (Mill.) Fourc.; Carissa dinteri Markgf., nom. illeg.; Carissa erythrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC.; Carissa ferox (E. Mey.) A. DC., nom. illeg.; Carissa haematocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC.; Carissa myrtoides Desf.; Carissa sessiliflora Brongn. ex Pichon; Carissa sessiliflora var. grandifolia Markgr.; Carissa sessiliflora var. meridionalis Pichon; Carissa sessiliflora var. orientalis Pichon; Carissa wyliei N.E. Br.; Jasminonerium acuminatum (E. Mey.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium acuminatum Kuntze; Jasminonerium bispinosum (L.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium bispinosum Kuntze; Jasminonerium erythrocarpum Kuntze; Jasminonerium erythrocarpum (Eckl.) Kuntze;

in Southern Africa: beta-umtunzi, bosnoemnoem, isiBethankunzi, isiVusankunzi, lemoenbessieboom, lemoenbessiebos, lemoendoring, morokolo, murabamungu, muRawangombe, muRayangombe, murungulu, noemnoembessie, noem-noembos, noemnoem, nulu, rooi noemnoem, serokolo, simboka, umBethankunzi, umBlabinkunzi, umHlabinkunzi, umShayankunzi, umVusankunzi Carissa boiviniana (Baill.) Leeuwenb. (Leioclusia boiviniana Baill.) Madagascar. See Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 244. 1880 and Wageningen Univ. Pap. 2001(1): 17. 2001 (Stomachic, antihelmintic.) Carissa carandas L. (Arduina carandas (L.) K. Schum.; Arduina carandas (L.) Baill.; Carissa carandas Lodd.; Carissa carandas Lour.; Carissa salicina Lam.; Damnacanthus esquirolii H. Lév.; Echites spinosus Burm.f.; Jasminonerium carandas (L.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium salicinum (Lam.) Kuntze) India, Bangladesh. Evergreen shrub, milky latex, thorny, spines bifurcate, white fragrant flowers See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 52. 1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 135–136. 180, 189. 1767, Fl. Cochinch.: 155. 1790, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 3: 18, pl. 182, f. 7. 1805, Bot. Cab. 7: t. 663. 1822, Histoire des Plantes 10: 170. 1888, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 127. 1895 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10(260–262): 435. 1912, Indian J. Med. Res. 51: 937–940. 1963, Japanese J. Pharmacol. 20(3): 367–372. 1970, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 9. 1973, Cell and Chromosome Research 9: 4–6. 1986, Pakistan Journal

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Carissa L. Apocynaceae

of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(1): 97–99. 1993, Nat. Prod. Res. 17(3): 153–158. 2003 (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. This thorny shrub has irritant latex. Ripe fruit purgative, expectorant, carminative, stomachic, antihelmintic and antidote for snakebite and poisons; unripe fruit mucolytic; fruit sap applied over gums to stop bleeding. Cardiotonic activity found in the root; roots for pruritus, indigestion, chronic ulcer. Oil from the seeds to treat itches. Leaf juice with honey used in whooping cough. Veterinary medicine, roots crushed and applied on wounds infested with maggots.) in English: Bengal currants, carunda, Christ’s thorn, karanda, spiny yellow fruit in China: ci huang guo, tz’u huang kuo in Burma: hkän-ping in India: aintarikam, aintarikamaram, alarukam, alarukamaram, avighna, avighnah, avinga, bahudala, bainchi, bolekarambuka, boranda, boronda, cenkala, cirapalam, cirukala, dimdima, dodda kalaa, dodda kavali, doddakavale, doddakavali, dridhakantaka, garacha, garaja, garchinakai, garinga, garji, gotho, guchhi, haradundi, harikalivi, heggarichige, heggaricige, heggarjige, hirikavali, jalipushpa, kala, kalaagida, kalaaha, kalaka, kalakai, kalakka, kalakkay, kalar, kalarva, kalavige, kalavu, kalay, kali, kali-kai, kalikai, kaliva, kalive, kalivi, kalla, kalli, kallia, kalumi, kaluva, kamarika, kamrdepuli, kanachuka, kantaki, kantakregi, karakka, karamarda, karamardaka, karamcha, karamla, karamlaka, karanda, karande, karande pli, karandi, karando, karanta, karaunda, karaunta, karavadi, karavanad, karavanda, karavandi, karavintai, karekai, karekayi, kareki, karenja, karevati, kari, karice, kariche, karichi, karichina kaayi, karichinakayi, karicinakayi, karinda, karinkara, karmoha, karndepuli, karonda, karondi, karonti, karounda, karrona, karumcha, karunda, karvand, karwand-karanja, karwando, kauligida, kavale, kavali, kavali gida, kavila, kawliballi, keelay, khan, kila, kilai, kilakkai, kilakki, kilamaram, kilatti, kilay, kirusnapakapalam, kirusnapalai, kiruttinapakapalam, klavu, korada, korinda, krishna-pakphula, krishna-pala, krishnapakaphala, krishnaphala, krisnapakaphala, kshiraphala, kshiri, ksiraphala, kulay, kurumia, malekalaavu, oka, okalive, pakakrishna, pakaphala, panimarda, pedda kalive, peddakalavi, peddakalive, peddakalivi, peddakalivipandu, peddavaaka kaaya, peddavaka, peddavakakaya, perinkalak periyakala, perukala, phalam, perumkla, perumklavu, perungala, perungila-maram, perungkala, perunikila, perunkala, perunkala ver, perunkila, phalakrishna, supushpa, susena, sushena, timukha, timukhia, vaaka chettu, vaaklive, vaka, vakalive, vakalivi, vakalvi, vakudu, vanalaya, vanekshudra, vasha, waaka, waka, wakay, wyaka, yaakudu, yokatumacceti, yokatumam in Indomalesia: karandas in Japan: karissa Malayan names: berenda, kerenda, kerandang, kerendak

in Pakistan: gerna, karanda, kakronda in Philippines: caramba in Thailand: nam phrom, namdaeng Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. (Arduina grandiflora E. Meyer, nom. illeg.; Arduina macrocarpa Ecklon; Carissa africana A. DC.; Carissa carandas Lour.; Carissa grandiflora (E. Meyer) A. DC.; Carissa praetermissa Kupicha; Jasminonerium africanum (A. DC.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium grandiflorum (E. Mey.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Jasminonerium macrocarpum (Eckl.) Kuntze) Kenya, South Africa. Shrub or small tree, evergreen, spreading, many-branched, glossy dark green foliage, thorny, forked spines, sharp Y-shaped thorns, white milky non-toxic latex, white scented flowers, red edible fruits, fast-growing See South African Quarterly Journal 1: 372. 1830, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 190. 1835, Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. 190. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 332, 335–336. 1844, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 414. 1891 and Kew Bulletin 36: 47. 1981 (All parts of Natal plum are poisonous except for the ripe fruits. Even the seeds within the fruits are said to be poisonous.) in English: big fruit carissa, big num-num, large-flowered Crown of thorns, large num-num, Natal plum in Southern Africa: amaTungula (= fruit of the umThungula), amatungulu, grootnoem-noem, grootnoemnoem, umThungula, umThungulu (= fruit of the Thungula) in China: da hua jia hu ci, ta hua chia hu tz’u Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines India, Himalaya. See Indian Forester 47: 378. 1921, Forest Fl. Punjab, ed. 2, 330. 1924 (Roots contraceptive. Veterinary medicine, ground roots on broken horns of cattle infested by worms.) in India: jangali karaunda, karanda, karande, karaunda, karaundha, karavada, karekayi, karice, karimanjil, karinkaara, karmada, karmarda, karmda, karona, karonda, karondaa, karondhu, karoundi, karunda, karvand, karvanda, karvandi, karwan, karwand, karwant Carissa spinarum L. (Antura edules Forssk.; Antura edulis Forssk.; Antura hadiensis J.F. Gmel., nom. illeg.; Antura paucinervia A. DC.; Arduina brownii K. Schum.; Arduina campenonii Drake; Arduina edulis (Forssk.) Spreng.; Arduina inermis (Vahl) K. Schum.; Arduina laxiflora (Benth.) K. Schum.; Arduina xylopicron (Thouars) Baill.; Azima pubescens Suess. (Salvadoraceae); Cabucala brachyantha Pichon; Carandas edulis (Forssk.) Hiern; Carissa abyssinica R. Br.; Carissa africana A. DC.; Carissa axillaris Roxb.; Carissa

822

brownii F. Muell., nom. illeg.; Carissa brownii var. angustifolia Kempe; Carissa brownii var. ovata (R. Br.) Maiden & Betche, nom. inval.; Carissa campenonii (Drake) Palacky; Carissa candolleana Jaub. & Spach; Carissa carandas Lodd., sensu auct.; Carissa carandas var. congesta (Wight) Bedd.; Carissa carandas var. paucinervia (A. DC.) Bedd.; Carissa cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.; Carissa comorensis (Pichon) Markgr.; Carissa congesta Wight; Carissa coriacea Wall.; Carissa coriacea Wall. ex G. Don; Carissa cornifolia Jaub. & Spach; Carissa dalzellii Bedd.; Carissa densiflora Baker; Carissa densiflora var. microphylla Danguy ex Lecomte; Carissa diffusa Roxburgh; Carissa dulcis Schumach. & Thonn.; Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl; Carissa edulis auct.; Carissa edulis Vahl; Carissa edulis f. continentalis; Carissa edulis f. nummularis (Pichon) Markgr.; Carissa edulis f. pubescens (A. DC.) Pichon; Carissa edulis f. revoluta; Carissa edulis f. typica Pichon; Carissa edulis subsp. continentalis Pichon; Carissa edulis subsp. madagascariensis (Thouars) Pichon; Carissa edulis subsp. madagascariensis (Thouars ex Poir.) Pichon; Carissa edulis var. ambungana Pichon; Carissa edulis var. comorensis Pichon; Carissa edulis var. densiflora (Baker) Pichon; Carissa edulis var. edulis; Carissa edulis var. horrida (Pichon) Markgr.; Carissa edulis var. lucubea Pichon; Carissa edulis var. major Stapf; Carissa edulis var. microphylla Pichon; Carissa edulis var. microphylla (Danguy ex Lecomte) Pichon; Carissa edulis var. nummularis Pichon; Carissa edulis var. revoluta (ScottElliot) Markgr.; Carissa edulis var. sechellensis (Baker) Pichon; Carissa edulis var. septentrionalis Pichon; Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia Pichon; Carissa edulis var. tomentosa (A. Rich.) Stapf; Carissa gangetica Stapf ex Gamble; Carissa hirsuta Roth; Carissa horrida Pichon; Carissa inermis Vahl; Carissa lanceolata R. Br.; Carissa lanceolata Dalzell, nom. illeg.; Carissa laotica Pit.; Carissa laotica var. ferruginea Kerr; Carissa laxiflora Benth.; Carissa macrophylla Wall.; Carissa macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don; Carissa madagascariensis Thouars; Carissa madagascariensis Thouars ex Poir.; Carissa mitis Heynh. ex A. DC.; Carissa obovata Markgr.; Carissa oleoides Markgr.; Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines; Carissa opaca Stapf; Carissa ovata R. Br.; Carissa ovata var. pubescens F.M. Bailey; Carissa ovata var. stolonifera F.M. Bailey; Carissa papuana Markgr.; Carissa paucinervia A. DC.; Carissa pilosa Schinz, nom. illeg.; Carissa pubescens A. DC.; Carissa revoluta ScottElliot; Carissa richardiana Jaub. & Spach; Carissa scabra R. Br.; Carissa sechellensis Baker; Carissa septentrionalis (Pichon) Markgr.; Carissa spinarum Lodd. ex A. DC., nom. illeg.; Carissa stolonifera (F.M. Bailey) F.M. Bailey ex Perrot & Vogt, nom. inval.; Carissa suavissima Bedd. ex Hook. f.; Carissa tomentosa A. Rich., nom. illeg.; Carissa velutina Domin; Carissa villosa Roxb.; Carissa xylopicron Thouars; Carissa yunnanensis Tsiang & P.T. Li; Chapelieria madagascariensis A. Rich.; Damnacanthus esquirolii H. Lév.; Jasminonerium africanum (A. DC.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium densiflorum (Baker) Kuntze; Jasminonerium densiflorum Kuntze; Jasminonerium dulce (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium dulce Kuntze; Jasminonerium

Carissa L. Apocynaceae

edule (Forssk.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium edule Kuntze; Jasminonerium inerme (Vahl) Kuntze; Jasminonerium inerme Kuntze; Jasminonerium laxiflorum (Benth.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium laxiflorum Kuntze; Jasminonerium madagascariense Kuntze; Jasminonerium madagascariense (Thouars) Kuntze; Jasminonerium madagascariense (Thouars ex Poir.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium ovatum (R.Br.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium ovatum Kuntze; Jasminonerium pubescens (A. DC.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium pubescens Kuntze; Jasminonerium sechellense (Baker) Kuntze; Jasminonerium sechellense Kuntze; Jasminonerium suavissimum (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium suavissimum Kuntze; Jasminonerium tomentosum (A. Rich.) Kuntze; Jasminonerium tomentosum Kuntze; Jasminonerium xylopicron Kuntze; Jasminonerium xylopicron (Thouars) Kuntze; Strychnos pungens Gagnep.; Strychnos pungens Soler.) Africa, Indochina, Australia. Shrub, evergreen, thorny, erect, scrambling, straight woody spines often in pairs, milky latex, leathery shiny dark green leaves, sweet scented white edible flowers, red to purple edible berries, goat fodder, very hardy and highly drought-resistant, goat fodder See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 52. 1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 135–136. 180, 189. 1767, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 63. 1775 [Genus descr. on p. 63, sp. name on p. cvi.], Genera Plantarum 57. 1776, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 343. 1783, Symbolae Botanicae, … 1: 22. 1790, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 405. 1791, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) iii. 43. 1794, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 2: 18. 1811, Hort. Bengal. 19. 1814, A Voyage to Abyssinia, and travels into the … App.: 64. 1816, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 689. 1820, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 669. 1824, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 146–147. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 166–167. 1828, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 389. 1830, Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 5: 253. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 332–333, 336. 1844, The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India 156. 1872, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 20: 204. 1883, Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden Länder 30: 258. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 414–415. 1891, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853—61 3: 664. 1898 and Flora of Tropical Africa 4 (1): 90. 1902, Indian forester 47: 378. 1921, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 3: 1112–1113, f. 128(3–6). 1933, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 87. 1937, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 205. 1948, Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale 2(1): 45–140. 1949, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 14: 23. 1950, Indian J. Med. Res. 51: 937–40. 1963, Adansonia, n.s., 10: 25–26. 1970, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 11(4): 347–349, pl. 36. 1973, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 169: 1–317. 1976, Taxon 27: 375–392. 1978, J. Nat. Prod. 47(6): 1056–7. 1984, J. Ethnopharmacol. 12: 35–74. 1984, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, J. Ethnopharmacol. 14: 159–172. 1985, J. Ethnopharmacol.

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Carissa L. Apocynaceae

18: 147–165. 1986, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 40(3): 167–80. 1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46: 17–23. 1995, J. Ethnopharmacol. 50(1): 43–47. 1996, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83: 39–54. 2002, J. Ethnopharmacol. 88: 19–44, 279–286. 2003, J. Ethnopharmacol. 95(1): 57–61. 2004, J. Ethnopharmacol. 104(1–2): 92–99. 2004, Nat. Prod. Res. 19(8): 763–769. 2005, J. Ethnopharmacol. 106(3): 403– 407. 2006, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine 2: 1–9, 22, 35. 2006, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine 3: 12. 2007, J. Ethnopharmacol. 111: 271–283. 2007, J. Ethnopharmacol. 112: 152–161. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113: 521–540. 2007, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4: 10–11, 14. 2008, J. Ethnopharmacol. 116: 33–42. 2008

mngomangoma (ngoma = drum), mokalakala, mtandamboo, mtandamboo, mtandomboo, mufumbwe, mukawa, mulowe, mungomangoma, munyoke, mutote, muyonza, ndandangoma, ndote, ngawa, nkamuriaki, nkawa-mwimbi, nzunu, oburwa, ochuoga, ochuoka, olamuriaki, omonyangateti, tamuryekiat

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Diuretic, purgative, antiviral, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, febrifuge, hypotensive, antioxidant, cardiotonic. Branches and leaves decoction used for breast cancer, headache, chest pains, rheumatism, syphilis, dysentery, rabies; leaves decoction for fever. Leaves, root and latex aphrodisiac, tonic, for toothache. Boiled root extract drunk for chest pain, indigestion, diarrhea, typhoid fever, nose bleeding, lower abdominal pains in pregnant mothers, headache and fever in children; root decoction of Plumbago zeylanica with bark of Oroxylum indicum and roots of Carissa congesta given for jaundice; bark decoction of Hymenodictyon orixense with barks of Sterculia urens and Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia and root of Carissa congesta given as analgesic and to facilitate delivery; roots decoction used as a painkiller, to increase lactation in women and to treat malaria in children; roots boiled and taken with soup to strengthen bones, for general fitness and for gonorrhea, to treat hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis; root juice of Carissa inermis put into the nose to cure hemicrania, headache; roots also act as a repellent in the case of snakes and insects. Exhibited remarkable anti-herpes simplex virus activity. Veterinary medicine, roots ground and put into the wounds of cattle to kill worms; stem bark for ephemeral fevers; stem bark of Deccania pubescens ground with those of Carissa spinarum, Chloroxylon swietenia and tubers of Withania somnifera given in anthrax.)

in Southern Africa: amaTungulu, muJubvare, muRambara, muRaramombe, muRuguru, murungulu, muSamviringwa, muTsamviringwa, muZambara, muZambilingwe, umLugulu

in English: Arabian num-num, Bengal currant, Christ’s thorn, conkerberry, Egyptian carissa, simple-spined carissa, spiny carissa in Angola: mungongono, ngongono, njingongono, omunyongolo, uyangolo in Benin: ahanzo, bwétchou, hanzo in Central Africa: umunyonza, umuyonza in Guinea: kamboro in Kenya: adishawel, burwa, dagams, echuoga, emuriei, godhoom-boor, gurura, ilamuriak, kaka-mchangani, kamasai, kamuria, kikawa, kikawam mukawa, kirimba, kumurwa, lakatetwa, lamriai, lamuriai, lamurie, lamuriei, legatetwa, legetetiot, legetetue, legetetwa, legetetyet, legetiet, leketeet, leketetwa, leketetwo, lokotetwo, lukotetwo, manka,

in Madagascar: fatsinako, voakandrina in Malawi: mpambulu, mkolokolo in Mali: kabon, kabvon, kumakuma, suruku ntombolo, tumboroba in Senegal: gubé

in Sudan: allali, hernab in Tanzania: kamasai, kikawam mukawa, lamuriake, lamuriei, machame, manka, mbaghao, mdeha, mfumba, mkanga onza, mkangayonza, moyonzaki, msuuku, mtanda mboo, mufumbwe, mukambaku, munyore, muyanza, muyonza, ngamryaga, ochuoga, olamuriaki, qach, rinyore, titiwi, titiyo, umuyonza in Togo: mugulu, mugulugu, onatchémuli, palg in Uganda: acuga, mutwoga, mutwooga, muyunza, nyonza in China: jia hu ci, tian jia hu ci in India: avighna, baghjhata, ban karamcha, benchi, channakalavi, chikka kaavali, chikka kalavi, chikka-kavili, chikka kavili, chikkakavali, chikkakavili, chikkalla, chiru, chiru kila, chirukila, chirukila chiru, cikkakavali, cinnakala, cinnatti, cinnattikam, cinnattikamaram, ciru kala, cirukala, cirukalaver, cirunavvukicceti, garji, garna, garnaa, garuhada, garuna, hukapaka, jal, jangali karonda, jangali karondaa, jangli-tondi, kalaakkaai, kalachedi, kalakkai, kalakkay, kalakke, kalarikamaram, kalavuni, kalavunimaram, kale, kale kaaya, kalimi, kalive, kalivi, kalli, kamda, kantam, karamacha, karamadika, karamarda, karamardakaa, karamardika, karamardikaa, karamcha-ba, karampai, karampari, karamparicceti, karanda, karande, karaunda, karaundha, karavada, karekayi, karice, karimanjil, karinkaara, karmada, karmarda, karmda, karona, karonda, karondaa, karondhu, karounda, karoundi, karunda, karvand, karvanda, karvandi, karwan, karwand, karwant, kavali, keredha, kerenda, kharnu, khunti, krishnapaakphal, kshirphena, naayi kalame gida, naayi kalavi, naayi kavali, narikkala, perunkilla, sanokoronda, sirukazha, sirukila, sushena, tirakkaravanci, tirakkaravancimaram, vaaka kaaya, vaka, vattakkila, vattakkilacceti, waakoyloo, waka, wakirlu, wakoilu, wyaka Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf (Arduina tetramera Sacleux; Carissa tetramera Stapf) Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique. Multi-stemmed shrub or tree, spines usually forking, strongly scented white

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flowers in terminal clusters or in the axils of the spines, red to purple-black edible fruit See J. Bot. (Morot) 7: 312. 1893 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1.1): 91. 1902 (Roots boiled and taken with soup to strengthen bones, for general fitness, gonorrhea; boiled root extract drunk for chest pain, fever in children, indigestion, headache, lower abdominal pains in pregnant mothers.) in English: sand forest num-num, sand num-num in Kenya: gurura, mtandamboo, mzambiribiri in Southern Africa: uQondo in Swaziland: lucondvo, umVusankunzi in Tanzania: mkalakala

Carludovica Ruíz & Pav. Cyclanthaceae Named in honor of Charles IV of Spain (1748–1819) and his wife Maria Luisa (1751–1819), the Queen; see Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 146, t. 31. 1794 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 421–428. 1936, Acta Horti Berg. 17: 40. 1954, Acta Horti Berg. 18: 1–428. 1958, Botanical Museum Leaflets—Harvard University 19(9): 183–189. 1961, Fl. Ecuador 1: 1–48. 1973. Carludovica palmata Ruíz & Pav. (Carludovica gigantea Kuntze; Carludovica humilis (Wawra & Bermann) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Carludovica incisa H. Wendl.; Carludovica jamaicensis Lodd. ex Fawcett & Harris, nom. nud.; Carludovica palmata Griseb.; Carludovica palmata var. humilis Wawra & Bermann; Carludovica serrata Hort.; Carludovica serrata Wawra & Bermann; Ludovia palmata Pers.; Ludovia palmata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Salmia jamaicensis Steud., nom. nud.; Salmia palmata (Ruiz & Pav.) Willd.; Salmia palmata Willd.) Mexico, Bolivia. Palm-like plant, unopened leaf buds and the fruits are edible See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 291–292. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum (Persoon) 2(2): 576. 1807, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 5: 399, 401. 1811, Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle 5: 221–222. 1824, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 2, 2: 501. 1841, Index Palmarum 67. 1854, Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 7: 259. 1857, Flora Brasiliensis 233. 1881, Wiener Ill. Gart.-Zeitung 10: 76. 1885, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 737–738. 1891 and Bulletin of the Botanical Dept., Jamaica n.s. 9: 145. 1902, Lexikon Generum Phanerogamarum 496. 1903, Acta Horti Berg. 18(1): 127–131. 1958, Economic Botany 46(3): 233–240. 1992 (For skin diseases, bruises, stings, sores.) in English: hat palm, iraca palm, Panama hat palm

Carludovica Ruíz & Pav. Cyclanthaceae

in Latin America: alagua, bombanaje, jipi japa, paja toquilla, toquilla, yaco sisa, yacu caspi

Carmona Cav. Boraginaceae Named for the Spanish painter Bruno S. Carmona, from 1754 to 1756 companion of the Swedish botanist and explorer Pehr Loefling [Löfling] (1729–1756) on his travels in northern South America. See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 168, pl. 16, f. 1. 1756, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … [Cavanilles] 5: 22. 1799, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 509. 1845, Miguel Colmeiro y Penido (1816–1901), La Botánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana. Estudios bibliograficos y biograficos. Madrid 1858, P. Loefling Iter hispanicum. Stockholm 1758, and Plantae americanae. [Facsimile ed. of botanical part edited by Stig Rydén] Madrid 1957, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 396. 1965, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76(4): 1050–1076. 1989, Taiwania 43: 124. 1998. Some confusion with genus Ehretia, Carmona is sometimes placed in the family Cordiaceae, most authors have included Carmona in Ehretia. Carmona microphylla (Lam.) G. Don (Carmona heterophylla Cav.; Carmona microphylla G. Don; Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.; Cordia retusa Vahl; Ehretia buxifolia Roxburgh; Ehretia buxifolia var. latisepala Gagnepain; Ehretia buxifolia var. microphylla (Lam.) DC.; Ehretia dentata Courchet; Ehretia heterophylla Spreng.; Ehretia microphylla Lam.; Ehretia monopyrena (Vahl) Gottschling & Hilger; Ehretia retusa Vahl) India, SE Asia. Tree or shrub, undershrub, many-branched, leaves white-glandular above, small green glossy leaves, small white or slightly reddish flowers, red fleshy fruits See Encycl. Meth. 1: 425. 1783, Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 42. 1791, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 425. 1792, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 42, pl. 57. 1795, Icon. [Cavanilles] v. 22. t. 23. 1799, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 391. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 509. 1845 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 4: 206. 1914, Transactions of the Natural History Society of Taiwan 30: 61. 1940 [Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa.], Fitoterapia 68(1): 85–86. 1997, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 123: 263. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92(1): 53–56. 2004 (Used in Sidha. Antidote, febrifuge, tonic, for cough, colic, fevers, stomachache. Leaves antiinflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antiallergic, alterative, febrifuge, infusion against diarrhea, dysentery and cough, antidote against plant-based poisoning and viper bite; decoction for cough and stomachache; dried leaves stomachic and pectic. Leaves used a substitute for betel leaves. Veterinary medicine.)

825

Carnegiea Britton & Rose Cactaceae

in English: Fujian tea, Fukien tea, Fukien tea tree, Philippine tea, scorpionbush, small leaf carmona, wild tea in China: ji ji shu in India: baapanaburi, bapana buri, bapanaburi, barranki, boote, bupanaburi, buri, bute, chepaku, eleadike soppu, enne budige, ennebutige, doddakalla, doddakavale, gulpole, guvva aaku, karuvingi, kattu-vellilai, kattu vetrilai, kattuvellilai, kattuverrilai, kattuvettilai, kodikarai, korakkuvethalai, kujjikoronda, kurangu vethilai, kuruviccai, kuruvicci, kuruvichchi, kuruvincai, kuruvinci, kuruvingi, malaiverrilai, marutkarai, mete, munamuntha, nakkatoka, narasakkuchi, numae munta, nomu chettu, pala, piccaka, pichaka, pichakaburi, pisniki, pitta, pitta pisinika, pittapisunakaayi, veralchedi, yenne bootige, yenne budiga in Indonesia: kinangan, pinaan, serut lanang in Japan: fuku-man-gi, fukumangi in Philippines: alangit, alangit mara mara, alangitngit, balingsaa, buntatai, buyo-buyo, cha, chaang-bundok, chaang-gubat, chang-gubat, gari, icha-nga-atap, icha-ti-bakir, itsa, kalamoga, kalimomog, kalimumog, mangit, mara-mara, maratia, muramara, palupo, putputai, santing, tsa, tsaang gubat in Thailand: chaa, chaa yeepunì, khoi cheen in Vietnam: b[uf]m r[uj]n, c[uf]m r[uj]n, kim li[ee]n

Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 14(42): 336–337. 1852, L’illustration horticole 9 (Misc.): 97. 1862, Handbuch der Cacteenkunde 662, fig. 88. 1885 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 415, 420. 1909 (Fresh slice for rheumatism and aching parts of the body. Alkaloids present. Ceremonial, psychoactive.) in North America: Arizona-giant, giant cactus, giant saguaro, saguaro, saguaro cactus, sahuaro

Carpesium L. Asteraceae Greek karpesion ‘an aromatic wood, an aromatic plant, a species of Valeriana’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 859. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 369. 1754 and H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzennamen. 130. Basel 1996. Carpesium abrotanoides L. (Carpesium thunbergianum Siebold & Zucc.) China, India. See Species Plantarum 2: 860. 1753, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(3): 187. 1846 and J. Hokkaido Univ. Educ., Sect. 2B 35: 31–42. 1984, J. Jap. Bot. 66: 26–34. 1991, Invest. Stud. Nat. 12: 48–65. 1992 (Seeds diuretic.)

Carnegiea Britton & Rose Cactaceae

in India: wotiangil

For the American (b. in Scotland) philantropist Andrew Carnegie, 1835–1919, steel industrialist; see Allg. Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 6: 142. 1838, Cact. Gen. Sp. Nov. 6. 1839 and Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 9(107): 187–188, f. 32, pl. 48–52. 1908, Pflanzenr. IV. 101 (Heft 49): 36. 1911, Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. Strawberry Press, California 1997, Gibson, A.C. and K.E. Horak. “Systematic anatomy and phylogeny of Mexican columnar cacti.” Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 999–1057. 1978, Ecology 61: 1–7. 1980, Vegetatio 78: 125– 140. 1988, Bradleya; Yearbook of the British Cactus and Succulent Society 10: 18. 1992, Haseltonia 6: 32–41. 1998.

Carpesium cernuum L.

Carnegiea gigantea (Engelmann) Britton & Rose (Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose; Cereus giganteus Engelmann; Pilocereus engelmannii Lem.; Pilocereus giganteus Lemaire ex Foerst.-Ruempl.; Pilocereus giganteus (Engelmann) Rümpler; Pilocereus giganteus Rumpler)

Carphephorus Cass. Asteraceae

North America. Perennial, tall thick fluted columnar stem, trunk and stems have stout spines clustered on their ribs, shallow root system, very slow growth, night-blooming creamywhite flowers with yellow centers, sweet nectar, bright-red pulpy flesh of the tasty fruits edible, can be fertilized only by cross-pollination, great capacity to store water See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Not. Milit. Reconn., 158. 1848, American

Himalaya, China, India. See Species Plantarum 2: 859–860. 1753 and Nucleus 18: 6–19. 1975, Fitologija 31: 71–74. 1986, J. Jap. Bot. 66: 26–34. 1991 (Herb astringent and anthelmintic. Seeds diuretic and laxative.) in India: wotiangil

Greek karpho ‘dry up, wither’, karphos ‘any small dry body’, karphe ‘hay’ and phoros ‘bearing, carrying’; Latin carphos and Greek karphos for a plant, faenum Graecum, goat’s thorn, fenugreek (Plinius), see Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1816: 198. 1816, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 16: 10. 1820, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 632. 1873, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 179. 1885 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 51(9): 392. 1924. Carphephorus odoratissimus (J.F. Gmel.) H.J.-C. Hebert (Chrysocoma odoratissima J.F. Gmel.; Liatris odoratissima (J.F. Gmel.) Michx.; Liatris odoratissima (J.F. Gmel.) Willd., nom. illeg., non Liatris odoratissima (J.F. Gmel.)

826

Michx.; Trilisa odoratissima (J.F. Gmel.) Cass.) (Trilisa (Cass.) Cass., probably an anagram of the genus Liatris Gaertner ex Schreber.) North America. Herb, rhizome not tuberous, radical leaves obovate-spatulate, stem leaves oblong and clasping, flowerheads in a panicle or corymb See Species Plantarum 2: 840. 1753, Genera Plantarum 2: 542. 1791, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 1204. 1792, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 93. 1803, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(3): 1637. 1803, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1816: 198. 1816, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1818: 140. 1818, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 16: 10. 1820 and Rhodora 70(784): 483. 1968 (Coumarin-like can be toxic when used at high doses for a long period. Herb stimulant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, fungicidal, demulcent, febrifuge, diaphoretic, applied locally for sore throats and gonorrhea, a tonic in treating malaria.) in English: deers tongue, vanilla leaf, wild vanilla

Carpinus L. Corylaceae (Betulaceae, Carpinaceae) From the classical Latin name for hornbeam, carpinus, i, Akkadian karru ‘mountain range’, karu ‘embankment’ and pinnu, Hebrew pinna ‘pinnacle, pillar’, see Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 359–369. 1952, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 21: 70, 84. 1979, Fl. Veracruz 20: 1–20. 1981, Fl. Yunnan. 5: 182. 1991, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 402–403. 2001, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. Carpinus caroliniana Walter (Carpinus americana Michaux; Carpinus americana var. tropicalis Donn. Sm.; Carpinus betulus var. virginiana Marshall; Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow; Carpinus caroliniana var. tropicalis (Donn. Sm.) Standl.; Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana (Marshall) Fernald; Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana Fernald; Carpinus tropicalis (Donn. Sm.) Lundell; Carpinus tropicalis subsp. tropicalis) North America. Tree or shrub, perennial See Arbustrum Americanum 25. 1785, Fl. Carol. [Walter] 236. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana (Michaux) 2: 201. 1803, Botanical Gazette 15(2): 28. 1890, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 20(2): 43. 1893 and Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 23(1): 169. 1920, Rhodora 37(444): 425. 1935, Lloydia 2(2): 79–80. 1939, Systematic Botany 12(3): 416–434. 1987 (Bark astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, to treat cloudy urine, itch, diarrhea, constipation, fever, loss of appetite, to facilitate childbirth.) in English: American hornbeam, blue beech, hornbeam, ironwood, muscle-wood, water beech

Carpinus L. Corylaceae (Betulaceae, Carpinaceae)

Carpobrotus N.E. Br. Aizoaceae (Mesembryanthemaceae) Greek karpobrotos ‘with edible fruits’ (the Old Testament, Deuteronomium 20.20), karpos ‘fruit’ and broteos, brotos ‘edible’, brotus ‘food’ (brosko, bibrosko, bibroskein ‘to eat, to devour’); see N.E. Brown, in The Gardeners’ Chronicle. Ser. 3, 78: 433. (Nov.) 1925, Gen. S. Afr. Fl. pl. 249. 1926, Flora of Australia 19–62. 1984, Harold Norman Moldenke & Alma L. Moldenke, Plants of the Bible. New York 1986, Contribution, Boletim Herbage 15: 76–107. 1993, Fl. Ecuador 55: 14–27. 1996. Carpobrotus acinaciformis L. Bolus (Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L. Bolus; Carpobrotus concavus L. Bolus; Carpobrotus vanzijliae L. Bolus) South Africa. Mat-like succulent perennial, trailing stems, robust short greyish green curved scimitar-shaped leaves, magenta-pink-purple flowers, tasty edible fruits See Flowering Plants of South Africa 7: sub pl. 247. 1927 (Fresh leaf juice diuretic, antiseptic, antimicrobial, used externally as a mouthwash, gargle, lotion and antiseptic wash; leaf juice styptic, applied to sores or burn/scald wounds. Preparations of the fruit taken internally for the treatment of tuberculosis and other pulmonary infections, applied to the skin or used as a mouthwash, gargle. Preparations of both leaf and fruit taken internally to treat heart conditions and used as a mouthwash or gargle for sore throat and sores in the mouth.) in English: Hottentot fig, sour fig in South Africa: elandsvy, ghaukum, ghoenavy, ghounavy, goenavy, gouna, Hotnotsvy, strandvy, suurvy Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N.E. Br. (Mes­ embry­anthemum aequilaterale Willd., nom. illeg.; Mesembryanthemum aequilaterale Haw.; Mes­embry­ anthemum aequilaterale var. chiloense Haw. ex Salm-Dyck; Mesembryanthemum aequilaterum Haw.; Mes­embry­ anthemum chilense Molina) Chile. Decumbent branches, triangular leaves, bright purple flowers, sweet yellowish fruit See Systema Plantarum 2: 1051. 1799, Miscellanea Naturalia 77. 1803, Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili 133. 1810 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 66(791): 324. 1928, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 56: 40. 1932 (Leaf sap taken as a soothening agent against burns or stings.) in English: sea fig Carpobrotus dimidiatus (Haw.) L. Bolus (Carpobrotus dimidiatus L. Bolus; Mesembryanthemum dimidiatum Haw.; Mesembryanthemum juritzii L. Bolus)

827

Carpodinus R. Br. ex G. Don Apocynaceae

South Africa. Trailing succulent, creeping, robust, winged branches, fleshy three-angled leaves, petals reddish violet, edible fruits with slimy sourish pulp See Notes Mesembryanthemum [H.M.L. Bolus] 3: 235. 1950 (Leaf juice for sore throat, oral and vaginal thrush, skin problems, sores, rashes, digestive troubles, diarrhea and dysentery, for dressing burns. Fruit laxative.) in English: Natal sour fig in South Africa: ikhambi lamabulawo, Natalse suurvy, strandvy, umgongozi Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. (Carpobrotus edulis N.E. Br.; Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus; Mesembryanthemum edule L.; Mesembryanthemum edule var. flavum (L.) Moss, nom. illeg.) South Africa. Succulent, robust, trailing, perennial, rooting at nodes, winged branches, fleshy three-angled leaves, yellow solitary flowers, edible fleshy indehiscent fragrant fruits with a strong astringent salty sour taste, seeds embedded in the sticky sweet jelly-like mucilage See Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1060. 1759 and Gen. S. Afr. Fl. Pl. 249. 1926, Flowering Plants of South Africa 7: pl. 247. 1927, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76(1): 87–91. 2001 (Fruit eaten for constipation, diabetes; fruit infusion taken during pregnancy. Leaf juice astringent, antibacterial, mildly antiseptic, to treat diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache, a gargle to relieve laryngitis, sore throat, mouth infections, a soothing cure for blue-bottle stings/jellyfish stings, itch, spider bites, burns, bruises, cuts, sunburn, ringworm, eczema, dermatitis, herpes, cold sores, cracked lips, allergies.) in English: Cape fig, highway ice plant, Hotnotsfig, Hottentot fig, pigface, sour fig in South Africa: ghaukum, ghoenavy, ghounavy, gouna, Hotnotsvy, Hottentotsvy, ikhambi-lamabulawo, Kaapsevy, Natal dune vygie, perdevy, rankvy, strandvy, suurvy, umgongozi, vyerank, wilde vijg Carpobrotus mellei L. Bolus South Africa, Western Cape. Pink or purple flowers, narrow small leaves and a small club-shaped fruit See Annals of the Bolus Herbarium 4: 109. 1927, African Journal of Biotechnology 5(13): 1289–1293. 2006 (Dried leaves antimicrobial.) in English: mountain sour fig in South Africa: berg-rankvy, berg-suurvy Carpobrotus muirii L. Bolus (for the Scottish (b. Castle Douglas) naturalist John Muir, 1874–1947 (d. Riversdale, C.P., South Africa), physician, plant collector at the Cape, his wife née Susanna Steyn; see Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 256. Cape Town

1981, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 658. 1981, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 506. London 1994, Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California 1997.) South Africa, Western Cape. Purple, pink or white flowers, almost straight reddish green leaves, similar to Carpobrotus deliciosus See Annals of the Bolus Herbarium 4: 109. 1927, Phytomedicine 10(5): 434–439. 2003 (Leaf juice astringent, antimicrobial, antiseptic, to treat chronic infections.) in English: dwarf sour fig in South Africa: dwergsuurvy Carpobrotus quadrifidus L. Bolus South Africa. Succulent, straight grey leaves, large violetpink, pale pink or white flowers See S. African Gard. 18: 279. 1928, Notes Mesembr. Pt. 2, 15. 1928, Phytomedicine 10(5): 434–439. 2003 (Antimicrobial, antiseptic, to treat chronic infections.) in English: West Coast sour fig in South Africa: elandsvy, Weskus suurvy

Carpodinus R. Br. ex G. Don Apocynaceae Greek karpos ‘fruit’ and dineo ‘twist, to turn round’, see Trans. Hort. Soc. v. (1823) 455. 1823, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 71, 101. 1837. Carpodinus rufescens De Wild. (Landolphia rufescens (De Wild.) Pichon) Tropical Africa. See Notices sur des Plantes Utiles ou Intéressantes de la Flore du Congo 2: 241. 1908, Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (Monogr. Landolph.) 35: 161. 1953 (Roots and leaves for malaria and fevers.)

Carpolobia G. Don Polygalaceae From the Greek karpos ‘fruit’ and lobos ‘a pod, lobe’, see A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 370. 1831 and The Known Plants of Liberia 578. 1906, Nat. Malgache 9: 176. 1957, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Enum. Pl. Fleurs Afrique Trop. 1: 1–249. 1991, J. Nat. Prod., 65(4): 553–557. 2002. Carpolobia alba G. Don (Carpolobia delvauxii E.M.A. Petit; Carpolobia glabrescens Hutch. & Dalziel) Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, lower petals white, upper petals purple, fruits green or orange

828

See Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 135. 1868 and Flora of West Tropical Africa [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 1: 99. 1927, Kew Bulletin 1928, 26. 1928, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 25: 335. 1955 (Bark for arthritis, rheumatism; leaves for stomachache. Saponins. Cattle stick.) in English: Hausa stick, poor man’s candle in Cameroon: essa, fesha, nyerem-mbe, okah, sanda in Guinea: bontanhe in Liberia: pleehn in Sierra Leone: bofi, borokofunjambe, fofi, fufu, fuvwe, gibofoyo, luxure Carpolobia lutea G. Don Cameroon, Ghana. Shrub or small tree, white petals, lower petals with purple marks, shiny orange-yellow pendulous fruit with sweet whitish pulp, fruits said to be edible See Gen. Hist. 1: 370. 1831 and Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources 2(2): 116–119. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): 619–624. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 122(3): 439–444. 2009, African Journal of Biotechnology 8(1): 12–19. 2009 (Roots and fruits general tonic, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, gastroprotective, anti-diarrheal, anti-ulcerogenic, treatment of peptic ulcer, infectious diseases, cough, indigestion, pains. Saponins. Cattle stick.) in English: Hausa stick in Cameroon: essa, fesha, inta, nyerem-mbe, okah, sanda

Carpotroche Endl. Flacourtiaceae (Achariaceae)

(Antiinflammatory, analgesic, parasiticidal, anti-leprotic, antinociceptive, antibiotic, antifungal, for asthma, arthritis, leprosy, immune inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis.) in English: chaulmoogra oil in South America: canudeiro, mata-piolho, papo de anjo, pau de anjo, pau de cachimbo, pau de cotia, pau de lepra, ruchuchu, same, sapucainha, sawe, yarayará, warabash Carpotroche grandiflora Spruce ex Benth. (Carpotroche amazonica Mart. ex Eichler; Carpotroche amazonica Mart.; Carpotroche grandiflora Spruce ex Eichler; Carpotroche mollis J.F. Macbr.; Mayna amazonica J.F. Macbr.; Mayna amazonica (Mart. ex Eichler) J.F. Macbr.; Mayna grandiflora (Spruce ex Benth.) R.E. Schult.; Mayna grandiflora (Spruce ex Eichler) R.E. Schult.; Mayna toxica R.E. Schult.) Brazil, Peru. Treelet, white flowers, green fruit See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 921–922, t. 352. 1775, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 5(Suppl. 2): 81. 1861, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(1): 437. 1871 and Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(4/1): 16. 1941, Botanical Museum Leaflets 15: 69. 1951 (Dried powdered seeds used as vermifuge. Antiinflammatory, for asthma; bark used as a caustic. The kapukiri, a substance that comes from rotten leaves, something that has decomposed from a living thing in order to give strength to other lives, produced by the huairacaspi, Carpotroche grandiflora, evil shamans use it to bring harm. Used as a bait to poison armadillos.) in English: babado fruit, comona fruit, cotia fruit, leprosy fruit, monkey fruit

in Ghana: kinkin

Carthamus L. Asteraceae Carpotroche Endl. Flacourtiaceae (Achariaceae) Greek karpos ‘fruit’ and trochos ‘a wheel’, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 921–922, t. 352. 1775, Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 3: 59. 1786, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 255. 1824, Genera Plantarum [Endlicher] 918. 1839 and Economic Botany 26(3): 221–237. 1972, Economic Botany 47(4): 358–370. 1993. Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) Endl. (Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) A. Gray, isonym; Carpotroche brasiliensis Endl.; Mayna brasiliensis Raddi) Brazil. Tree, white-yellow fragrant flowers See Quar. Piant. Brasil Nuov. (Mem. Moderna 18): 402) 23, f. 1a-b. 1820, United States Exploring Expedition … Atlas. Botany. Phanerogamia 1: 72. 1854 and Journal of the American Chemical Society 60: 614–617. 1938, Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res., 38(7): 1095–1103. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105(1–2): 137–147. 2006

Arabian quartom, qurtum or qurtom ‘to paint’, in allusion to the colours of the flowers or to a dye extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L.; see Yuhanna ibn Sarabiyun [Joannes Serapion], Liber aggregatus in medicinis simplicibus. Venetijs, 1479, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 830–831. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 361. 1754, Synopsis plantarum in flora gallica descriptarum. 1806, Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 16: 158. 1810, Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (1778–1841), Botanicon gallicum; seu Synopsis plantarum in Flora gallica descriptarum. Paris, Desray, 1828–1830 [Ed. 2. Ex herbariis et schedis candollianis propriisque digestum a J.E. Duby.] and Serapiom, El libro agregà de Serapiom. A cura di G. Ineichen. Venezia-Roma 1962–1966, G.B. Pellegrini, Gli arabismi nelle lingue neolatine con speciale riguardo all’Italia. Brescia 1972, Amer. J. Bot. 63: 771–782. 1976, Nucleus 19: 8–12. 1976, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 26: 239–249. 1977, Taxon 29: 726– 727. 1980, J. Palynol. 16: 85–105. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 31(2): 139–144. 1996, Botanical Journal of the

829

Carthamus L. Asteraceae

Linnean Society 134: 425–438. 2000, Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 147: 375–383. 2005. Carthamus lanatus L. (Carthamus lanatus subsp. turkestanicus Hanelt; Carthamus lanatus subsp. turkestanicus Hamet; Carthamus tauricus M. Bieb.; Kentrophyllum lanatum (L.) DC.; Kentrophyllum lanatum (DC.) Duby; Kentrophyllum lanatum DC. & Duby; Kentrophyllum tauricum (M. Bieb.) C.A. Mey.; Kentrophyllum tauricum C.A. Mey.) China, India, Himalaya. See Species Plantarum 2: 830. 1753, Flora TauricoCaucasica 2: 285. 1808, Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. (C.A. von Meyer). 66. 1831 and Amer. J. Bot. 63: 771–782. 1976, Taxon 25: 483–500. 1976, Taxon 26: 577–585. 1976, Nucleus 19: 8–12. 1976, Candollea 48(2): 437–448. 1993, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 134: 425–438. 2000 (Plant extract applied to the eyes to cure conjunctivitis.) in English: distaff thistle, saffron thistle, woolly distaff thistle, woolly safflower, woolly star thistle in South Africa: disseldoring, makdissel, woldissel, wollerige verfblom Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb. (Carthamus oxyacanthus M. Bieb.) India. Spiny-leaved annual herb, many-branched, florets orange-yellow, achene obovate or elliptic, noxious pernicious weed, not eaten by livestock See Flora Taurico-Caucasica 2: 283. 1808 (Plant diuretic, plant or flowers decoction anthelmintic for children. Seed oil a dressing for bad ulcers, itch, joint pains, liver diseases.) in English: carthamus, jeweled distaff thistle, wild safflower in India: guladaud, kaadu kusabi gida, mullu shaavanthi Carthamus tinctorius L. India, Middle East, China. Annual herb, many-branched, erect, glabrous, spiny, stiff, flowers orange-red solitary terminal, fruit a white achene 4-angled, pungent odour, seeds yield edible oil, flowers used for extracting a red pigment used as dye See Species Plantarum 2: 830–831. 1753 and Journal of Cytology and Genetic 7–8: 17–23. 1973, Fl. Iran. 139b: 434. 1980, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association 68(Sect. vi): 87. 1981, Crop Science (Madison) 22: 809–811. 1982, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 1984, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 5: 149–154. 1985, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 3(4): 459–460. 1985, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 7: 246–251. 1987, Iranian Journal of Botany 4: 189–196. 1989, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 68: 395–396. 1990, Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 19: 734–744. 1997, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 45(12): 1910–1914.

1997, The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 30(1): 95–108. 2002, Life Sci. 76: 191–200. 2004, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 23(4): 543–548. 2008 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Roots antiinflammatory. Leaf used for women’s problems. Seeds laxative, analgesic, diaphoretic, local anesthetics, abortifacient, antithrombotic, widely used to improve blood circulation, useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss; oil applied to treat scabies; fresh seed juice given as diuretic. Flowers used to treat blood disorders, lung and skin diseases, for fevers, jaundice, swelling, male sterility, rheumatism, bronchitis, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, measles, angina pectoris, injuries, to induce labor, and as a wash after confinement.) in English: American saffron, bastard saffron, cultivated safflower, dyer’s saffron, false saffron, Mexican saffron, safflower, safflowers, saffron thistle in Tanzania: alizeti ya miba, kartamu in China: hong hua, honghua, huang lan, hung hua, hung lan hua, yao hua in India: agni-sikha, agnishikha, agnisikha, akkinicekaram, araniyakukampam, ayattira, ayattiracceti, barre, cantirakam, cantirikam, centirikkam, centirukkam, centirukku, centurakam, centurukkai, centurukkam, centurukku, chendurakam, cilacayacceti, cilacayam, cusumbha, gramyakunkuma, hab qurtum, irattakam, kadaya, kajirah, kamalottara, kamalottaram, kamlottama, kar, kar ke bijun ki giri, karadayi, karadi, karar-ke-bij, kararhi, kardai, kardi, karh, karrah, kasakdanah, kasdi, kasembar, kasube, kasumba, kazhirah, kentakakkoli, kentakakkolicceti, khasakdanah, khazirah, kooshumba chettu, kooslambha, koosumbha, kucumpa, kukkutashikha, kuntumanikkacceti, kuntumanikkam, kurdi, kurthum, kurtum, kusam phool, kusamba, kusambabijam, kusambe, kusambi-bija, kusamphul, kusbo, kushibe, kushumba, kushumba-virai, kushumlei, kusibe, kusmbe chettu, kussum, kusubbi, kusube, kusube enne kaalu, kusubeegida, kusubi, kusum, kusum phool, kusuma, kusuma chettu, kusumba, kusumba-vittulu, kusumbah, kusumbai, kusumbar, kusumbavirai, kusumbe, kusumbha, kusumbhah, kusumbhi, kusume, kusume kaalu, kusumphul, kusumphool naya, kuyimpu, lohita, maghz-i-qurtum, maghz tukhm qurtum, maharajana, muasfir, padmottara, paicacattumpili, paicacattumpilicceti, papaka, phool kusum, pita, qirtum, qurtum, rakta, roghan-i-qurtum, roghan-i-usfar, sadhi, sendoorkum, sendurakam, sendurgam, sendurkam, sendurukkai, senturakam, tukhm kar, tukhme qartum, tumpuravali, usfar, vanishikha, vasraranjana in Japan: beni-bana, benibana, kûkwa Malayan name: bunga kasumba, kesumba in Nepal: kusum in Thailand: dok kham, kham, kham foi, kham yong in Tibetan: balpo gurgum, le brgan rtsi, le ra na tsi

830

Carum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Carum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

in China: tian ge lü zi

From Caryae (Karuai), town of Laconia near the Arcadian border, Dioscorides used karo, karon for caraway; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 263. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 127. 1754 and Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad). 61(1): 93–99. 1976, Taxon 26: 443–452. 1977, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 21: 31–63. 1978, Lagascalia 7: 163–172. 1978, Taxon 28: 400–401. 1979, Taxon 29: 543. 1980, Taxon 30: 857–860. 1981, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zürich). 23: 11–12. 1994, Cytologia 61: 19–25. 1996, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999.

Carum carvi L. (Carum carvi f. rubriflorum H. Wolff; Carum carvi var. gracile (Lindley) H. Wolff; Carum gracile Lindley; Carum gracile Boiss.; Carum rosellum Woronow)

Carum bulbocastanum W.D.J. Koch (Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedts.) India. Small herb, solitary pale blue flowers, fragrant black seeds See Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae LeopoldinaeCarolinae Naturae Curiosorum 12(1): 121. 1824 and Indian Journal of Pharmacy 27(6): 176–178. 1965 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Seeds astringent, febrifuge, cardiac stimulant, for chronic fever, puerperal fever, edema, diseases of the digestive system, flatulence, dyspepsia, diarrhea, vomiting, diseases of the eyes, and as a galactagogue for nursing mothers; seeds decoction given in postpartum period, as it is said to stimulate uterine contractions.) in English: black caraway in India: cimaiccirakam, jarana, jiraa siyaah, jiraka, jiraka dvyam, kaashmira jirak, kalajira, kalajirah, kamoon-armani, karavi, kasmira jiraka, kasmirajiraka, kavarcirakam, kevalika, krishna jiraka, krsnajaji, krsnajiraka, nilakana, pilappushiragam, pilappuccirakam, pilappucirakam, pilavucirakam, piriyacirakam, piriyakam, seema jeelahara, shah-zerah, shemai-shiragam, shiajira, shimayi-shombu, siyajira, vantisodhini, zeera, zira, zirah siah Carum buriaticum Turczaninow (Bunium buriaticum (Turczaninow) Drude; Carum angustissimum Kitagawa; Carum buriaticum f. angustissimum (Kitagawa) H. Wolff; Carum buriaticum fo. angustissimum (Kitag.) Shan & F.T. Pu; Carum curvatum C.B. Clarke ex H. Wolff; Carum furcatum H. Wolff; Carum pseudoburiaticum H. Wolff) China, Mongolia. Herb, petals white See Species Plantarum 1: 243. 1753, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 17(4): 713. 1844, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 194. 1898 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(9–15): 183. 1929, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(734– 740): 187–188. 1929, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(741–750): 302–303. 1930, Journal of Japanese Botany 20(6–7): 311. 1944, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 55(2): 28. 1985 (Seeds ground, mixed with butter and made into a paste used as an analgesic against headache.)

Mediterranean, Eurasia. Herb, annual or perennial, annual or biennial, glabrous, erect, terete, hollow, branching in upper part, strong thick fleshy taproot, compound alternate leaves, inflorescence a compound umbel terminal, bracts and bracteoles absent or few, flowers bisexual, calyx absent, petals with short inflexed apex, styles recurved, stigma capitate, fruit a schizocarp splitting into 2 mericarps, roots cooked as vegetable, weed See Sp. Pl. 1: 263. 1753, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 211. 1808, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 284. 1821, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 232. 1835, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] Suppl. 258, in syn. 1888 [Oct 1888] and Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 2(7): 306. 1926, Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 90): 148. 1927, Regnum Veg. 127: 30. 1993 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant used in gonorrhea. Seeds and oil expectorant, digestive, antiseptic, diuretic, astringent, anthelmintic, galactagogue, antibacterial, antifungal, carminative, stomachic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, emmenagogue, for dyspepsia, bloating, stomach disorders, fullness, nausea, giddiness, headache, cold, cough, fever, rheumatism, scabies, high blood pressure, eye diseases, also promotes the onset of menstruation. Fruit and oil carminative, tonic and stomachic. Consumption of caraway enhances lactation of breast-feeding women. Parasiticide.) in English: caraway, caraway seed, common caraway, kummel, seedcake in Bhutan: go-snyod in China: ge lü zi, zang hui xiang in India: appakacaccompucceti, appakacam, asita jiraka, asitajiraka, bahugandha, bhedanika, bhedini, cimai compu, cimai peruncirakam, cimaiccirakam, cimaiccompu, cimaivitai, go-nyod, gonyod, gonyorog, go-snyod, hridya, jangi dhania, jarana, jeerka, jeero, jira, jiraa, jiraka, kaaravi, kaashmira jiraka, kala zira, kalajeera, kalajiraka, kalameshi, kalazera, kalazira, kalazird, kamoon, kamoon-roomi, karamjiragam, karavi, karawiyah, karimjeerakam, karuncirakam, karunjiraka, kekku vitai, kekkuvirai, kekkuvitai, keturuvirai, kosnyot, krishna, krishna jiraka, krishnajaji, krishnajeeraka, krishnajiraka, krsnajiraka, kumblik, malaiccompu, mashmirajiraka, mita zerah, nila, nilakana, omum, patu, pilappu-chirakam, prithvikaa, raka, ruchya, sa-jire, seema jeeraka, seemai sompu, semai seeragam, shahajire, shahjeera, shahjeera asli, shahjeera badkashani, shahjeera khar, shahjira, shia-jira, shiajira, shimai-shembu, shimaishiragam, shimaisapu, shimayi-shombu, shingoo, shodhana, shyah jeera, sima-jilakara, simaishembu, siya jeera, siyah jeera asli, siyah jeera kashmiri, siyah-jira, sugandha, sugandha udgaar, sushavi, syah zira, syahajira, udgarashodhini,

831

Carya Nutt. Juglandaceae

umbu, upakunchika, upakunchikaa, vantishodhini, varshakali, zeera siyah, zeeraa siyaah, zira, zira siyah Malayan name: jintan in Nepal: chhonyo, chir in Thailand: hom-pom in Tibetan: agar go-snyod, go-snyod, sgo-snyod, shia-jira, zira nag po

yavagraja, yavajadipaniya, yavanaka, yavani, yavanika, yavanikai, yavanikam, yavasavha, yavavha, yevani, yevanicceti, yupam, zinian in Philippines: damoro, lamudio Carum khasianum C.B. Clarke Himalaya. See The Flora of British India 2: 682. 1879

in Arabic: karawiya, karouia

(Leaf juice to stop bleeding.)

Carum copticum (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. (Carum copticum (L.) Sprague ex Turrill; Carum copticum (L.) C.B. Clarke; Carum copticum (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke; Carum copticum Benth. & Hook.f.; Carum copticum H. Karst.)

Carya Nutt. Juglandaceae

Tropical Africa, Egypt. See Mantissa Plantarum 56. 1767, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 635. 1785, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 267. 1821, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 12. 1877, The Flora of British India 2: 683. 1879 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69: 217–227. 2000, Phytotherapy Research 17: 1145–1149. 2003, Phytotherapy Research 18(8): 670–673. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 98(1–2): 127–135. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109(2): 226– 228. 2007, World Applied Sciences Journal 3(2): 215–219. 2008, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies 2(1): 75–78. 2009 (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Antimicrobial, carminative, antifungal, astringent, antihypertensive, analgesic, antispasmodic, antinociceptive, anticholinergic, antihistaminic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective, to treat headache, joint pains, enteric diseases, dysfunction of gastrointestinal tracts, flatulence, indigestion, colic, dyspepsia and diarrhea. Veterinary medicine, crushed seeds given for tympany and indigestion.) in India: acam, acamam, acamatakam, acamatam, acamotai, acamotakam, acamotam, acatti, agnivardhini, agniverdhana, ajamo, ajamoda, ajamodika, ajmada, ajmodum, ajowan, ajwain, akkinicantam, amam, arampai, arampaikkani, ariyavaciyam, asamadam, attimai, bhukadambaka, bhumikadambaka, bhutika, bhutikah, brahmadarbha, catakuppi, cirani, cirati, ciraticceti, deepyaka, dipani, dipya, dipyaka, dipyakah, emanacacceti, emanacam, emanakam, erivakal, evakanam, evani, evankacceti, evankam, evankanam, hridya, ilacamattakam, incikaicceti, iyavani, javani, jawain, kamue muluki, karavi, kharahva, kiruminacam, komari, komarimotam, kshetrayavanika, kuros niomam, kuruvacam, mancil, mari, motakam, motam, nankhwah, navalukam, navanakam, navancam, okkam, oma, omam, omami, omamu, oman, omu, omattuvayam, onkan, owa, pantukam, pariyacam, shulahantri, talib-el-khubz, tattilam, ticakam, tikacam, tikaccam, tikshnagandha, tipani, tipini, tippiyacceti, tippiyakam, tippiyam, tirikipokki, tivragandha, ugra, ugragandha, ukkirakantai, ukkirakantam, ulocamattakam, ulokamattam, vani, vatari, vitipali, yamani, yamanika,

From the Greek karya ‘a walnut tree’, karyon ‘a nut’, see Species Plantarum 2: 997. 1753, The Genera of North American Plants 2: 220–221. 1818, Versuch über die Arzneikräfte der Pflanzen 143. 1818, Alsographia Americana 65. 1838 and J. Arnold Arbor. 30: 425–432. 1949, Fl. Veracruz 31: 1–30. 1983. Carya alba Nutt. ex Elliott (Carya alba (L.) Nutt.; Carya alba Britton, Sterns and Poggenb.; Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt.; Carya tomentosa var. subcoriacea (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyerm.; Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf.; Hicorius alba Britton; Juglans alba L. p.p.) North America. Perennial tree, female flowers very small in clusters near the tip of the twig, male flowers yellow-green drooping catkins See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 221. 1818 (Abortifacient, analgesic, astringent, diaphoretic, emetic, tonic, stomachic, used for colds, liver problems, female disorders. Inner bark used as a dressing for cuts, chewed for sore mouth. Insecticide.) in English: mockernut hickory Carya cordiformis (Wangenheim) K. Koch (Carya amara Nutt.; Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch var. latifolia Sarg.; Carya minima Britt.; Hicoria cordiformis (Wangenheim) Britton; Hicoria minima (Marshall) Britton; Hicorius minima Britton; Juglans cordiformis Wangenheim) North America. Perennial tree See Beytr. Teut. Forstwiss. 25, pl. 10, f. 25. 1787, Dendrologie 1: 597. 1869, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(11): 284. 1888 and North American Trees 228. 1908 (Bark infusion diuretic, laxative. Insecticide.) in English: bitternut, bitternut hickory, pig-nut, swamp hickory Carya illinoinensis (Wangenheim) K. Koch (Carya diguetii Dode; Carya olivaeformis Nutt.; Carya oliviformis (Michx. f.) Nutt.; Carya pecan (Marshall) Engl. & Graebn.; Carya pecan Engl. & Graebn.; Carya tetraptera Liebm.; Hicoria olivaeformis (Michaux) Nuttall; Hicoria pecan (Marshall)

832

Britton; Hicorius oliviformis (Michx.) Nutt.; Juglans illinoinensis Wangenheim; Juglans oliviformis Michx.; Juglans pecan Marshall) North America. Perennial tree See Arbustrum Americanum 69. 1785, Beytrag zur Teuteschen Holzgrechten Forstwissenschaft 54–55, f. 43. 1787, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 192. 1803, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1850(5): 80. 1850, Dendrologie 1: 593. 1869, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(11): 282. 1888 and Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 3(App. 9): 19. 1902, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 55: 470. 1908, Taxon 35: 174. 1986, Taxon 37: 448. 1988, Flora Taxonómica Mexicana ed. 3, 1: 673. 1988, Taxon 42: 441. 1993, Taxon 43: 461. 1994

Caryocar L. Caryocaraceae

Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn. (Carya pallida (Ashe) Sarg., nom. illeg.; Hicoria pallida Ashe) North America. Perennial tree See Garden & Forest 10(493): 304–306, f. 39. 1897 and Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin App. 9: 19. 1902, Botanical Gazette 66(3): 241. 1918 (Analgesic, stomachic, abortifacient, diaphoretic, astringent, emetic, for colds, sore mouth, dressing for cuts.) in English: pale hickory, sand hickory Carya tomentosa (Poiret) Nuttall (Carya alba Nutt. ex Elliott; Carya alba K. Koch; Hicorius alba Britton; Juglans tomentosa Poiret; Juglans tomentosa Michx., nom. illeg.)

(Bark decoction for tuberculosis; leaves rubbed for ringworm. Leaves and bark piscicide.)

North America. Perennial tree, deciduous, male flowers in drooping clusters

in English: pecan

See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4(2): 504. 1798, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 221. 1818, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(11): 283. 1888

in China: mei guo shan he tao, pecan in Japan: pekan Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don (Carya sulcata Pursh; Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sargent; Juglans laciniosa F. Michaux) North America. Perennial tree See Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l’Amérique Septentrionale 1(2): 199, pl. 8. 1811, Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 384. 1830, The Silva of North America 7: 157. 1895 (Analgesic, stomachic, abortifacient, diaphoretic, astringent, emetic, for colds, sore mouth, dressing for cuts.) in English: big shellbark, kingnut, shellbark hickory Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch (Carya alba Nutt. non K. Koch; Carya mexicana Engelm.; Carya mexicana Engelm. ex Hemsl.; Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch var. fraxinifolia Sarg.; Carya ovata var. mexicana (Engelm.) W.E. Manning; Carya ovata var. nuttallii Sarg.; Carya ovata var. pubescens Sarg.; Hicoria alba Britton p.p.; Hicoria borealis Ashe; Hicoria ovata (Miller) Britton; Juglans ovata Britton) North America. Perennial tree See Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Juglans no. 6. 1768, Dendrologie 1: 598. 1869, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3(15): 162– 163. 1883, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(11): 283. 1888 and Bull. Charleston Mus. 14: 12. 1918, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 30(4): 431–432. 1949, Phytologia 19: 188. 1969, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 22. 1991 (Antirheumatic, anthelmintic, tonic, analgesic, tonic, for female disorders, arthritis, headache. Insecticide.) in English: hickory nut, little shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory

(Abortifacient, analgesic, astringent, diaphoretic, emetic, tonic, stomachic, used for colds, liver problems, female disorders. Inner bark used as a dressing for cuts, chewed for sore mouth. Insecticide, repellent.) in English: big bud hickory, bullnut, hognut, mockernut, mockernut hickory, square-nut hickory, white heart hickory, white hickory

Caryocar L. Caryocaraceae Greek karyon ‘nut’ and kare ‘the head, crest’, referring to the nature of the fruit; see Mantissa Plantarum 2: 154, 247. 1771, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 594, 599, t. 238, 240. 1775, Genera Plantarum 1: 369. 1789, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 88. 1845, A. Lofgren, “Ensayo para uma synonimia dos nomes populares das plantas indigenas do estado de São Paulo.” B. da Commissão Geographica e Geologica do estado de São Paulo. São Paulo 10: 3–115. 1894 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 697–703. 1956, Economic Botany 26: 3221–3237. 1972, Fl. Neotrop. 12: 1–77. 1973, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63(3): 541–546. 1976 [1977], Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 2: 2141–2167. 1986, Opera Bot. 92: 179–183. 1987, Advances in Economic Botany 4:1–68. 1987, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 131. 1996, Editor(s): Derek J. Chadwick, Joan Marsh, Ciba Foundation Symposium 185—Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 1994, Economic Botany 58(2):135–160. 2004. Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocar brasiliense St. Hil.) Brazil.

833

Caryopteris Bunge Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

See Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: 249, 322, t. 67 bis. 1828 and Food Chemistry 110(3): 711–717. 2008

in South America: almendro blanco, almendro colorado, bats sawari, chawari de l’eau, watari sawari

(Antioxidant. Veterinary medicine, anticancer.)

Caryocar nuciferum L. (Caryocar tomentosum Willd., nom. illeg.; Caryocar tuberculosum (Aubl.) Baill.; Pekea tuberculosa Aubl.; Rhizobolus pekea Gaertn., nom. illeg.; Rhizobolus tuberculosus (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel.)

in Brazil: amêndoa de espinho, grão de cavalo, o pequizeiro, pequi, pequí, piguiá, piquí, piqui Caryocar glabrum (Aubl.) Pers. (Caryocar amydaliforme Ruiz & Pav. ex G. Don; Caryocar amygdaliforme Ruiz & Pav. ex Walpers; Caryocar coccineum Pilg.; Caryocar glabrum Pers.; Caryocar tessmannii Pilg.; Caryocar toxiferum Barb. Rodr.; Pekea ternata Poir., nom. illeg.; Rhizobolus glaber (Aubl.) Corrêa ex Steud., nom. illeg.; Rhizobolus saouvari Corrêa, nom. illeg.; Rhizobolus souari Steud., nom. illeg.; Saouari glabra Aubl.) Brazil, Peru. See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 148. 1804, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 8: 394, t. 5, f. 2. 1806, Synopsis Plantarum (Persoon) 2(1): 84. 1806, Nomenclator Botanicus 688. 1824, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 654. 1831, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 449. 1841, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae 1: 410. 1842, Vellosia 1(1): 11, t. 6. 1888 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu BerlinDahlem 10: 126–127. 1927, J. Nat. Prod., 69(2): 196–205. 2006, Phytochemistry 68(19): 2439–2443. 2007, Journal of Natural Products 71(5): 914–917. 2008 (Seeds eaten for dysmenorrhea. Inner bark caustic; ash from burned bark used for dysentery and to wash hair. Unripe fruit mesocarp used as a fish poison; saponins from the fruits.) in English: bats’ souari, soapwood in South America: almendra, almendro, almendro colorado, almendron, barbasco, batsouari, biqui, cagui, chawari, jigua, kassagnan, kawai, kula, kwailu, pequea, pequi, pequiarana, pikia, piquia, piquia bravo, piquiarana, pursh, pûrsh, sawari, sopo-oedoe, tararongye, uranà, walgo, waruko, water sawari Caryocar gracile Wittm. (Caryocar krukovii Gilly) South America. Tree, spicy pink fragrant flowers See Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 12(1): 350. 1886 and Tropical Woods 72: 17. 1942 (Oil from the seeds to rub on swollen joints.) Caryocar microcarpum Ducke (Caryocar glabrum var. edule Wittm.; Caryocar glabrum var. pilosum Wittm.; Caryocar riparium A.C. Sm.) Guianas, northern Amazonia. See Flora Brasiliensis 12(1): 349. 1886 and Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 4: 133. 1925, Lloydia 2: 195. 1939, Journal of Natural Products 49(6): 1167–1168. 1986, Fitoterapia 78(3): 223–226. 2007 (Cytotoxic. Bark for mycoses. Ant repellent, fish poison.)

South America. Evergreen tree See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 247. 1771, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 537, t. 239. 1775, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2(1): 840. 1789, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 92, t. 98. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 1244. 1799, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte 3(2): 1324. 1841, Histoire des Plantes 4: 251. 1872 (Bark diuretic, febrifuge.) in English: butter nut of Guiana, butternut, sawari nut, souari nut in South America: alokomali, hoera, hora, imba, imbo, ingi-noto, nuez souari, pékéa tata-youba, pewui, porte-noix, sawari, sawarinoot, soeari, tata-youba Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers. (Caryocar butyrosum (Aubl.) Willd.; Caryocar villosum var. aesculifolium Wittm.; Caryocar villosum var. macrophyllum Wittm.; Pekea butyrosa Aubl.; Pekea villosa (Aubl.) Poir.; Rhizobolus butyrosus (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel.; Saouari villosa Aubl.) Brazil. Timber species with edible fruits See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 601, t. 241. 1775, Systema Naturae, ed. 13 2(1): 840. 1789, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 1243. 1799, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 148. 1804, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 84. 1806, Flora Brasiliensis 12(1): 354. 1886 and Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 54(1): 49–56. 2003, Journal of Natural Products 69(6): 919–926. 2006, Journal of Natural Products 71(5): 914–917. 2008 (Bark antimicrobial, diuretic and febrifuge; leaves and bark reported to induce sweating. Saponin compounds in the fruit could potentially have pesticidal and antitumoral effects.) in English: butternut in South America: ají, almendrillo, alméndro, almendrón, cagüí, manteiga de piquia, pekea, pekia, piquí, piquiá, sawarie

Caryopteris Bunge Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae) From the Greek karyon ‘nut’ and pteron ‘wing’, referring to the winged fruits, see Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753 and Acta Botanica Sinica 10: 247. 1962, Taxon 30: 843. 1981, Chinese Science Bulletin 48(15): 1576–1580. 2003. Caryopteris bicolor (Roxb. ex Hardw.) Mabb. (Caryop