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LIST OF BRITISH FUNGI PARASITIC ON LICHENSOR WHICH HAVE BEEN INCLUDED AS LICHENS (OR

VICE VERSA), WITH SOME NOTES ON THEIRCHARACTERS AND DISTRIBUTION

By w. WATSON, D.Sc.

Little attention has been paid for many years to the fungi occurring as para­sites on lichens in the British Isles, either by lichenologists or mycologists.During the last century a few fungal parasites on lichens were describedby Mudd (1861), Lindsay (mostly in 1869) and others, but it was not till thiscenturythat anyserious attention was paid to them. A. L. Smith in 19IO gavean account of some in these Transactions (54a); in her first edition of BritishLichens, vol. II ( 191 I) about twentyparasitic fungi were mentioned, and in thesecond edition (1926) the list was extended to about sixty, but many otherswere included as lichens in the general text. In the listsofPyrenomycetes andHyphomycetes published in these Transactions for 1940 and 1941 the namesof some of our fungal parasites were given, some have been incidentallymentioned in my Lichenological Notes published in the Journal of Botanyand elsewhere, but many British species have been entirely ignored.

Amongst foreign authors during the latter part of the last centuryvaluable contributions were made to the study of these lichen parasites byRehm, Saccardo and Zopf, but the most thorough work must be attributedto the later studies of Olivier (1905-7), Vouaux (1912- 14) and Keissler(1930). Die Flechtenparasiten of the last-named refers to many Britishrecords and is of such an excellent standard that its arrangement andnomenclature are usually followed even when they differ from thoseadopted by British mycologists. Other names in use or which have beenused by British botanists are given so that any reference to a British plantcan be traced. Prominence is given to British references and foreign oneshave been largely ignored, often even when the nomenclature used dependson one, though this reference can be obtained through the references given.Some account of their distribution in Great Britain and Ireland has alsobeen included. In most instances when no good description is readilyavailable one has been added.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT (AFTER KEISSLER)BasidiomycetesAscomycetes

DiscomycetesPezizinae: Celidaceae, Helotiaceae, Mollisiaceae, Patellariaceae.Phacidiineae: Stictidaceae.

PyrenomycetesPerisporiales: Eurotiaceae, Perisporiaceae, Microthyriaceae.HypocrealesDothideales: Phyllachoraceae.Pseudosphaeriales

MS 20

306 Transactions British Mycological SocietyPyrenomycetes (continued)

MyriangalesSphaeriales: Sphaerellaceae.Pleosporae: Pleosporaceae.

Fungi imperfectiSphaeropsidalesMelanconialesHyphomycetesPhycomycetes are not included, but occasionally some species may be

found on lichens though they are not really parasitic on them.Keissler's Flechtenparasiten includes some Myxobacteriales and Myxo­

mycetes as lichen parasites and gives some British references for them.Myxobacteriales: Chondromyces aurantiacus Thaxt. in 23, 33; Stigmatella

Berk. & Cke. in Introd. crypt. Bot. (1857),313; Polycephalum Kalchb. & Cke,in 14, XIV (1884), 23; ? Stilbum rhytidiospora Berk. & Br, in J. Linn. Soc.(Bot.), XIV (1873), 96.

Myxococcus fulvusJ ahn. in 23, 34; M. pyriformis A. L. Sm. in 20 (190I), 7I •

Miss Smith's plant was found at Llanwymawddwy, Merionethshire, in1899, on rabbit pellets and not on a lichen.

Myxomycetes: Hymenobolina parasiticus Zuk. in Lister, Mon. Myc. 3rd ed.(1925), 181; Hymenobolus parasiticus Zuk. in Lister, Mon. Myc. end ed.(I9II), 262. This is given as parasitic on lichens, but no British locality isgiven for this habitat.

Listerella paradoxaJahn. in Lister, Mon. Myc. end ed. (I9Il), 262; 3rd ed.(1925),251. This occurs on Cladonia podetia, but no British locality is given.

Didymium melanospermum Macbride in Lister, Mon. Myc. znd and 3rd ed.(1925).

Craterium minutum Fr. in Lister, Mon. Myc. 3rd ed. (1925),95.Badhamia capsulifera Berk. in 68, XXI (1852), 153; in Lister, Mon. Myc.

3rd ed. (1925), 10; B. hvalina in Berk. lac. cit.; in Lister lac. cit.B. utricularis Berk, loco cit.; Lister loc cit.B. versicolor Lister in 20, XXXIX (1901), 81; Lister, Mon. Myc. 3rd ed.

(1925). Occurs on bark and lichens in Aberdeenshire.

In the following list fungi which have been included as lichen parasitesbut are not really so are usually enclosed in square brackets. A similarmethod has been employed for fungi which have been considered as lichensand for lichens which have been included in fungi. Lichens which appearto be parasitic occasionally occur but are rare. One of the most strikingexamples seen was noted near Llangollen where Biatora viridescens Fr. wasgrowing over a Fomes.

BASIDIOMYCETESHYMENOMYCETINEAE

THELEPHORACEAE

Coniophora taxa (Fr.) Quel.; Corticium Fr. 52, 626 (with description), isincluded in Keissler's list. It does occur on lichens but is probablyentirely saprophytic.

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 307

Corticium arachnoideum Berk. 52, 676; I, XIII, 344; 41, I, 122 (withdescription); C. centrifugum (Lev.) Bres., Rhizoctonia Lev., Sporotrichumlichenicolum Berk. & Br. in 21, XIV (1872), 122, apud 23, 523. Occurson corticicolous lichens, especially Xanthoria parietina, but also on manyother lichens.

ASCOMYCETES

DISCOMYCETESPEZIZINEAE

CELIDACEAE

[Agyrium rufum Fr. This fungus, which is given as a saprophyte on woodin 41, IV, 170, is included as a lichen, as it occasionally occurs asso­ciated with a lichen thallus, in 20 (1867), 257; 31, 392; 8, ro. Thefollowing localities are given for this supposed lichen: Knighton, v.c.43; Dolgelly, v.c. 48; Achrosagan, v.c. 98; Ballynahinch in I, v.c. 16and Killarney in I, v.c. 2.]

Celidium lichenum (Somm.) Schroet., Dothidea Somm. in 23, 89; C. stic­tarum Tul. apud Linds. 68 (1866), 506; Sphaeria DN.; C. dubium Linds.69 (1866), 449; Homostegia Cke. 14 (1886), 66. Sticta pulmonacea var.pleurocarpa Ach. is a state of the lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria, in which theapothecia are abortive, tuberculose-difform and brownish owing tothe attacks of this fungus, 9,272; 55, 116. This state has been noted onspecimens from Bocconoc (2), Hafod ;46), Cwm Bychan (48), Tros­sacks (87), Cawdor (96) and Appin (98). Lindsay also records thefungus as parasitic from v.c. 90.

[C. squamaricolum Linds. 50 (1869), 142 is expunged by Keissler.According to Vouaux it is a sterile mycelium, formerly placed inAntennaria and now in Racodium, 71.]

c. varians (Ny!.) Am. 41, IV, 10; 78, 62; Lichen, Hall, Brit. Fl.; Davies in68 (1794); Arthonia Nyl. in 57, 240; Arthonia Nyl. 1856 ex Leightonin 1 (1856), 330; Lecidea epipasta Stirt. 21 (1874), 368; Arthoniagalactinaria Leight. p.p. 31, 426; Conida Vouaux, 57,390. Descriptionin 56, 218- Ig. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecanora rupicola (glaucoma)with records from the following vice-counties: C, I, 2, 4, 40, 42, 45,48, 49, 52, 62,69, 71,91, 92, 98, 100; Ireland, 3, 6, 12, 16, 21, 27,35, 38. Form parasemoides (Nyl.) Am. 23, 96; Arthonia parasemoidesNyl. in 42, 252. Differs from the type by the paraphyses being almostabsent and the spores z-septate, the middle cell somewhat greater.Usually on the apothecia of Lecidea parasema. From Gunwalloe,v.c. I, Longmynd, v.c. 40, Cleveland, v.c, 62, and Lerwick, v.c. 112.

C. varium (Tul.) Massal. 23; 71; 57, 390; Phacopsis Tul. in 23; Lecideaglaucomaria Nyl. 1852 in Leighton 69 (1878), 238; 31,389; LeciographaA. L. Sm. 56, r86 and 57, 202 (which see for description). Note thatLecidea glaucomaria Nyl. of 1852 corresponds with this fungus whilst theArthonia glaucomaria Nyl. of 1856 corresponds with Celidium varians.Both occur on the same species of Lecanora, but C. varium is found

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308 Transactions British Mycological Societyon the thallus whilst C. varians occurs on the apothecia. As thespores are 3-septate and brown the species goes under the subgenusCelidiopsis Sacco Recorded from the following V.C.: 5, 45, 48, 7I, 90,96 and I, 16, 21.

[Conida abrothallus Linds. is given by Arnold in Flora (1878), 104, by thename alone and is discarded by Keissler in 23, 86.]

Conida clemens (Tul.) Massal., Phacopsis Tul. 23, 72; Arthonia punctella Nyl.in 5 (1859),553; 42,252; 57, 241; A. subvarians Nyl. in 56, 219; 57, 241;A. galactinaria Leight. p.p. 31, 426; ? Microthelia subfuscicola Linds. 50(187I), 39; Conida punctella Arn. in 56,346 and 57,390. Lindsay recordsit as occurring on the thallus of various Lecanoras, but it also occurs onmany other lichens. Both C. punctella Arn. (with somewhat broaderspores and hyaline hypothecium) and C. galactinaria Arn. (with sporesbecoming brownish) are included by Keissler in this variable plant.Recorded from v.c. 5, 14, 33, 48, 52, 71; I, 5, 16, 21, 27·

C. epiphorbia (Stirt.) Vouaux, 71; 57, 390; Lecidea Stirt. 14 (1873), 108;'31,388; 56, 104; 57, II I; Karschia Zopfin 51,378. OnSolorina bisporaBen Lawers. Keissler considers that the species is insufficientlydescribed.

C. fuscopurpurea (Tul.) Vouaux in 57, 390; Celidium Tul. in Linds. 50(1869),141; Arthoniapeltigerea Th. Fr., Scutula Rehm in 57,241 and389; Homostegia pelvetii (Hepp) Linds. in 4, 206 with further references;Conida pelvetii Am. is included in 23, 77 as a synonym. On thallus ofPeltigera and Solorina, Corriemulzie, v.c. 92. Form stereocaulina (Ohl.)Keissl. Arthonia nephromaria var. Ohl. differs from the type by thehymenium becoming red straightway with iodine and in its habitaton Stereocaulon or occasionally on Physcia.

HELOTIACEAE

Pezizella epithallina (Phil. & Plow.) Sacc., Peeiza Ph. & PI. 14 (1887),24; Mollisia Phil. 47, 173; Mollisiella Boud. in 51, 377; Peziza miliarisWallr. in 23, 108; 47, 458. Collected by Plowright at King's Lynn.

MOLLISIACEAE

Orbilia coccinella (Somm.) Karst. 51, 372; 41, IV, 144; Peziza Somm.,Calloria Phil. 47,328-9. Usually on dead wood but sec. Rehm also oncrustaceous lichens where it is probably saprophytic rather thanparasitic.

PATELLARIACEAE

Nesolechia associata (Th. Fr.) Sacco & D. Sacc., Lecidea Th. Fr. in 23,138; L. leptostigma Nyl. in 57, 52; Nesolechia leptostigma Sacco as syno­nym in 71 (1913), 415 and 23. A. L. Smith puts this in the Biatorasection, gives references to Crombie and Leighton, states that it occurson Ochrolechia tartarea on a mica-schistose boulder on Ben Lawers andsuggests, as Nylander thought the thickish thallus was not proper,that the apothecia belong to a fungus parasitic on a sterile thallus.

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 309

N. cetraricola (Linds.) Am. in 57, 389; Lecidea Linds. 50 (1869), 57 and(1871),35; 68 (1871), 364 and PI. 48. On Cetraria islandica and C.juni­penna at Braemar, v.c. 92. The description is insufficient for the speciesto be included in Keissler's key.

N. cladoniaria (NyI.) Am. in 57, III and 389; Lecidea Nyl. in 8, 94; 30,358; 56, 104; 31, 388; Abrothallus cladoniarum Linds. 39, xxv, 546;? Ab. moorei Linds. 39 (1869),554. Parasitic on Cladonia, Kelly's Glennear Dublin.

?N. insita Vouaux, 71; 57, 389; Lecidea Stirt. in 63 (1879), 17; 31, 545and 57, r r s. Parasitic on Peltigera aphthosa and collected by Stirton atCreag-na-Lochan, v.c. 88. It is listed as a lichen in British licheno­logical works and may be a form of Biatora geophana (Nyl.) Fr. Thethallus of the latter is often so indistinct that the position of the plantis rather doubtful. A plant collected in 1928 on marly soil at OrchardPortman, v.c, 5, was considered at that time to be a fungus, butrecently a re-examination showed that it was identical with a specimenof the Little Bowden plant described as Lecidea pleiospora A. L. Sm. in20, XLIX, 41 and 56, 352, and later placed under L. geophana Nyl. in57, 51,

[?N. intumescens Magn., Lecidea intumescens (Flot.) Nyl., L. badia var.intumescens Flot., L. insularis Nyl. in 56, 94 and 57, 104.. Magnussonsuggested that this was a Nesolechia, but, though it is apparentlyparasitic on Lecanoras and other lichens and partially destroys thethallus over which it grows, it is considered to be a true lichen. Thedesignation Lecidea insularis is adopted by A. L. Smith, as Nylander'sinsularis dates from 1852 whilst intumescens was not used as a specificname till 1876.]

N.lichenicola (A. L. Sm. & Ramsb.) Keissl, 23, 140; Discocera A. L. Sm.& Ramsb. in 59 (1917), 48; 77, 93. Found in 1915 and 1916 onlichen-thallus on stone at three different places near Taunton, BrittyCommon, Feltham and Treborough. The lichen was sterile in everylocality and was not determinable. Keissler states that it is 'eine sehrmerkwurdige Art'.

N. neglecta Vain. 70, IV, 418-19; 74, VIII, 152. 'Lecidea neglecta Nyl.' inCrombie, 10, XIII, 141; Leight. 31, 276; A. L. Sm. 56, 96 and 57,106, refers to the thallus on which the apothecia of the fungus aresituated. This is given by Lynge in 70, IV, 419 as Crocynia neglecta (NyI.)Hue; but also see 74, tom. cit.

N. oxyspora (TuI.) Massal. 71; 23; 57, I II and 389; 78, 62; AbrothallusTul. in 38 (1857), 37; 42, 225; Lecidea Nyl. in 56,103; 57, Ill; 8, 92;30, 357; 31, 384. Lecidea obscuroides Linds. in 69, XXII (1859), 247 andPI. XIII, figs. 36-8. This was described from a specimen collectedby Carroll at Dunscombe Wood, Cork. Lindsay's description agreesquite well for N. osyspora, though the spore measurements are rathersmaller. Parasitic on various Parmelias and recorded from v.c. 1-3,35, 37, 48, 49, 64, 72, 81, 87-92 , 97, 98, 101, 104, 110; Ireland I,

3, 16.

310 Transactions British Mycological SocietyN. puncta Massal. in 2.3, 126. A specimen from Redhead, Forfarshire,

was considered by Lamb to belong here probably, but the hymeniumis not coloured by iodine. N. inquinans Massal., ifsynonymous, appearsto have priority.

N. vitellinaria (Nyl.) Rehm, 71; 2.3; 57, 389; 78, 62; Lecidea Nyl. 42.,212;8, 78; 30, 355; 31, 384; 56, 60; 57, II0. Parasitic on the thallus ofCandelariella vitellina and also on other crustaceous lichens. Recordedfrom v.c, I, 35, 37,40, 62, 88-go.

Var, supersparsa (Nyl.) Keissl. Lecidea Nyl. in 2.3, 133, has spores whichare more or. less rhomboid and acute at their apices. A specimencollected by Miss Duncan from Lundie Crags has been seen by me.

Scutula cristata (Leight.) Sacco & D. Sacco 51, 379; 74, VI, 71; 77, 93;Lecidea Leight. 31, 385; Biatorina A. L. Sm. 57, 143; Catillaria Am.(see 74, VI, 71). On the thallus of Lecanora subcarnea at Barmouth, buton other species at the Lizard and Arbroath.

S. epiblastematica (Wallr.) Rehm, Peziza Wallr. 2.3, 149; BiatorinaA. L. Sm. 57, 144; 77, 38; ? Lichen glebulosus Smith, Eng. Bot. 1809;Lecidea wallrothii Nyl. 2.0 (1874), 148; 31, 388; non 56, 2g and 57, Ig;L. heerii Hepp. in 2.0 (1882), 274. On the thallus of Peltigera andSolorina on Craig Calliach, Glen Lyon and Ben Lawers.

S. epicladonia (Nyl.) Sacc., Lecidea Nyl., Conida Vouaux in 2.3, 154;Biatorina Am. in 74, VI, 72, which see for description. On thesquamules of Cladonia pyxidata var. pocilla at Portland, V.C. g.

S. episema (Nyl.) Zopf in 2.3, 160; Lecidea Nyl. in 2.0 (1867), 257; 8,78;31, 385; Biatorina A. L. Sm. 57, 143; 77, 38; Catillaria Olivo in 74, IX,

36; Biatorina supernula A. L. Sm. 57, 143; Lecidea Nyl. in 31, 389' Onthe thallus of Aspicilia calcarea and fairly common. Recorded fromV.C. 5,6,33,37,41,48-5°,88, 1°3; Ireland 1,5, 7,8, 10, 16, 17,29'

[So peltigerea Rehm, Arthonia Th. Fr. in A. L. Sm. 57, 241 is includedby Keissler under Conida fuscopurpurea.]

S. stereocaulorum Krb. in Vouaux, 71 (1913); Biatorina Th, Fr. in 57,143, with description; Lecidea Nyl. in Crombie, 14, XXII, I I. On thephyllocladia of Stereocaulon. No locality is given by A. L. Smith, but Ihave recently seen this parasite on a specimen of S. denudatum fromAchnacashen, V.C. 106.

Mycobilimbia endocarpicola (Linds.) Vouaux in 57, 389; Lecidea Linds.39 (186g), 547 and 50 (186g), 136. This is incompletely described sec.Keissler. 'Found by Carroll in England on Dermatocarpon hepaticumand may have to go in the genus Celidium', 2.3, 17I.

M. kiUiasii (Hepp) Rehm, 23. This has recently been noticed on aspecimen of Peltigera aphthosa collected in 1929 from near the summitof Ben Lawers.

[M. obscurata (Somm.) Rehm, Lecidea sphaeroides var. obscurata Somm.2.3, 171. This is included by Vouaux as a lichen parasite. Though itmay grow on the thallus of Peltigera, Keissler considers it to be a truelichen. It is given in 83 by Zahl, as Bacidia obscurata and by A. L. Sm.

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 3IIin 56, 143 and 57, 156 as Bilimbia sabuletorum var. obscurata. Anotherspecies, Bilimbia eJfusa Auersw. (in 77, 59), is not a lichen parasite assome authors state but a true lichen, 23, 172.]

[Mycobacidia arenicola (Nyl.) Sacco in 51, 378; Lecidea Nyl. in 31, 386;Raphiospora Mudd, 42, 186. This is given by Vouaux as a lichenparasite, 71 (1914), 140, but is usually considered to be a lichen inwhich the thallus is obsolete, the apothecia often growing over thethallus of Baeomyces. It is given in 56, 165 and 57, 180 as Bacidiaflavo­virescens var. arenicola A. L. Sm.]

[M. flavovirescens (Dicks.) Rehm; Lichen Dicks. in 82; Lecidea Borr. in61; Raphiospora Krb. in 42, 186; Lecidea citrinella Ach. in 8, 94 and 31,366 is given by Vouaux and some other authors as a lichen parasite.It is a true lichen sec. Tobler and many other lichenologists. Thoughit may grow over the thallus of Baeomyces it often occurs where noBaeomyces is present. It is listed by A. L. Sm. (57, 179) as Bacidiaflavovirescens Anzi, and is not uncommon in subalpine regions.]

M. vermifera Vouaux is given by Keissler under Spilomela,M. plumbina Vouaux is given by Keissler under Lahmia.Lahmia fuistingii Krb. in 23, 175. Spores at least 8-celled, 20-40 (-70) x

2-2'5fL, to 8-nae, more or less parallel above, hyaline, acicular. Ascusclavate, 90-100 x 15-17 fL, above somewhat acute. Paraphyses septate.Hypothecium almost colourless. On Baeomyces rufus, Britty Common,near Taunton, Somerset.

L. plumbina Keissl. 23, 176; Leciographa Anzi in 56, 186; 57, 202; 51, 378;Mycobacidia Vouaux (1914) in 57, 3go. On Parmeliella plumbea inBorrowdale, V.C. 70 and Lowther Park, V.C. 6g. Description in 56, 186.

Mycomelaspilea leciographoides Keissl. 23, 218; Melaspilea Vouaux71 (1913), 472; 83, II, 248. Apothecia mostly 2-3 or even to 6 aggre­gating or nearly so, sessile, at first punctiform but soon lengthened andlirelliform, with thick margin. Ascus 75-80 x 23-28fL. Spores 8-nae,biseriate, strongly constricted between the longer upper hyaline tobrownish cell and the lower smaller cell, 19-22 x 1O-12fL. Epitheciumand hypothecium brownish. Iodine colours the contents of ascus andparaphyses blue then reddish brown, the ascus wall becoming blueand then yellow. On Verrucaria, Beetham, v.c. 6g.

Karschia adjuncta (Th. Fr.) Arn.; Buellia Th. Fr. 23; 71; 74, VII, 332,which see for description. It is incompletely described by Th. Fr. sec.Keissler. The coloration of the hymenium with iodine is blue, whereasVouaux gives it as negative. Known from v.c. 41 on Lecanora expallensand L. conizaeoides, and from v.c. 58 on the latter host.

K. advenula (Leight.) Zopf, 51, 378; Lecidea Leight. 68 (1876), 146; 31,338; Buellia A. L. Sm. 57, 200; 74, VIII, 155. Keissler apparentlyfollowed A. L. Smith in giving the spores as 4-nae. They are given as8-nae by Leight. 31, 388, and the type specimen at Kew seldom hadless than 8 spores in the ascus when it was examined by me. On thethallus of Pertusaria, Llanbedrog, v.c. 49, Appin, v.c, g8 and Garryna­hine, V.C. 110. In Ireland it was collected by Larbalestier in Conne­mara (I. 16) and in Mayo (I. 27); 25,371. As an instance of confusion

312 Transactions British Mycological Societybetween lichens and lichen parasites Lecidea epipsila Nyl. (Buellia Oliv.)is mentioned by A. L. Smith in 56, 185 as being allied to Buellia(Karschia) advenula, both occurring on the same species of Pertusaria.Keissler, 23,201, states that it is a lichen with a thallus of its own, eventhough this grows over the thalli of various crustaceous lichens,especially Pertusaria wulfeni form rupicola ( = P. sulphurea Schaer.),

K. athallina (Mull.) Vouaux; Buellia Mull. 23, 183; Lecidea particularisNyl. in 31, 386; Buellia A. L. Sm. 56, 184; 57, 200; 25, 370. On thethallus of Baeomyces at Kylemore and Dungannon in Ireland andrecently collected by Sowter at Sandsend in Yorkshire, v.c. 62.

K. destructans Tobl., which occurs on Chaenotheca, is mentioned in 58,265, but no British records are known to me.

[K.lignyota (Fr.) Sacco in 51, 378; 41, IV, 99; 75. IV, 208; PatellariaFr. in47, 360 was included amongst the lichens by Leighton as Arthoniamelaspermella Nyl. in 31,416.]

K. saxatilis (Rabh.) Rehm, Trachylia Rabh., Calicium Schaer. in 23,19L Calicium saxatile Schaer. is given by A. L. Smith (57, 196) as asynonym of Buellia saxatilis Krb., and this is retained as a lichen by allBritish authors. The lichen parasite has not yet been recorded for theBritish Isles, though it probably occurs.

[K. scabrosa Rehm in 23 and 71; Buellia scabrosa form athallina A. L. Sm.57, 196. This is not a true parasite, but the lichen Buellia scabrosa Krb.,growing over Baeomyces rufus.]

K. talcophila Krb, in 23, 189; Lecidea ferdinandesii Cromb. 21 (18n), 223.Crombie's reference is to a foreign specimen.

K. thalloides (Hepp) Rehm, 23, 199. A parasite on Pilophorus fromKillarney agrees with this species except for the host which usuallyis Physcia.

Abrothallus microspermus Tul. 23, 213; 71 (1913), 468; A. smithii var.microspermus Linds. 50 (1857), 34 and 68 (1866), 507. On Stictinafuliginosa at Tavistock (specimen in herb. Kew.).

A. moorei Linds. 39 (1869), 554. On Cladonia uncialis and C. bellidiflora.Vouaux considers this as a synonym of Phoma uncialicola, but Keisslerdoes not think Vouaux's theory possible as Lindsay gives to his speciesan ascus with spores. He considers that the species is better eliminated,though it may refer to Nesolechia cladoniaria.

A. parmeliarum (Somm.) Nyl. in 23; 71; 78, 62; Lecidea Somm. in 8,92;3°,357; 31, 386; Buellia Olivo in 56,183 and 57,199; Lichen parasiticusSmith, Eng. Bot. (1808, and so prior to starting-point of fungal nomen­clature); A. smithiiTul. in I (1852), 113 and 50 (1857), 34; Mudd, 42,224; Lecidea apud Linds. in 69 (1859), 292; Phymatopsis dubia Linds. 69(1866), 442; Abrothallus parmeliarum var. ater Linds. 38 (1857), 34;A. welwitschii Mont. is a nomen nudum sec. 23,207, but was describedlater by Tul. as A. welwitschii Tul. Occurs on foliaceous and fruti­culose lichens and is common. It has been recorded from 27 English,13 Scottish and 8 Irish botanical counties. When it occurs on Usneaas it does at Llanbedr, v.c. 48, it has been styled Abrothallus usneaeRabh., A. parmeliarum form usneae by Rehm and Vouaux and Buellia

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 313usneal by Jatta (74, VII, 332). Keissler includes this and some othercreations with the type. Form chsysaniheus (Stein.) Am. has theapothecial disk remaining greenish golden pruinose right up to anold stage, whereas in the type the pruina is some other colour andis lost much earlier. Leighton's no. 191, 29, is probably this formsec. Keissler, 23, 212.

Leciographa centrifuga (Mass.) Rehm, in 23, 240, probably occurs In

our islands, but the only record is a doubtful one.L. inspersa (T ul.) Rehm, in 23, 226; 71 (1913), 476; 26, II, 165; Lecidea

Flk. 1819, so before starting-point for fungal nomenclature; Dactylo­spora Mudd, 42, 224; ? Calicium stigonellum Salwey in 66 (1846), 204,non Schaer.; 29, no. 183; Lecidea zuiackhii Cromb. 10 (1876),362 nonMassal.; Leciographa parasitica Massal. in 56, 185; 57, 201; 77, 61 sednon Massal. (for description of L. inspersa see this). On the thallus ofOchrolechia parella, Pertusaria species, etc. Not uncommon and recordedfrom the following botanical v.c.: C, 1-3,5, I I, 13, 14, 19,23,26,33,35-8,44,47-5°,55,60,62,9°,92; Ireland, 2,4-6, 15, 16,20,21,35,38, 39.

L. parasitica Massal. in 56 and 57 does not refer to Massalongo's plantbut to L. inspersa. It occurs in our islands and the paucity ofrecords is probably due to the confusion of the two species. It differsfrom L. inspersa as follows: epithecium and hypothecium brown,hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red with iodine, spores larger,15-20 x 5-9fL.

L. parellaria (Nyl.) Sacco & D. Sacco in 71 (1913), 486 and 23, 236;Lecidea Nyl. in 10 (1876), 362; 31, 387; Leciographa parasitica var.parellariaA. L. Sm. 56,186; 57,201. On Ochrolechia parella, Fishguard,v.c, 45 leg. Leighton, near Conway, v.c, 49 in Herb. Brit. Mus.,Connemara, I. 16 leg. Larbalestier.

L.lamyi (Rich.) Sacco & D. Sacc., Lecidea.Rich. 71 (1913), 483 and 23,230. A specimen from Arbroath on Lecanora tupicola seems referable tothis species. Apothecia in groups of3-IO with dark discs, 0·15-o·4mm.Ascus may have 8 spores but often only 6 or 4. Spores 3-septate,without oil-drops, smooth-walled, elliptical, obtuse at both ends,hyaline at first but finally brown, 16-22 x 6-9 fL· Hymenium withiodine blue then wine-red. Hypothecium dark brown. On Lecanoras.

[L. scapanaria (Carrington) A. L. Sm. 57, 202; Lecidea Carr. in 66(1863), 382 and 41I; 8, 87; 31, 387, is not a lichen parasite but isa fungus on a liverwort. L. persimilis Nyl. in 14 (1873), 71; 31,389is included by A. L. Smith. Recorded from vice-counties 88, 89;Ireland 2, 16.]

[L. zwackhii Vouaux, Lecidea Massal. 71 (1913), 480; 23, 229. Lecideazioackhii is recorded by Crombie in 20 (1876), 362 as collected byJoshua and parasitic on the thallus of Pertusaria at Chedworth inV.C. 33, but it is not Massalongo's plant. Sec. A. L. Smith, Crombie'srecord probably refers to her Leciographa parasitica (= L. inspersaRehm).]

314 Transactions British Mycological SocietySpilomela vermifera (Leight.) Keissl. 23, 221; Melaspilea Leight. 68

(1876), 146 ; 31, 437; 57, 251; Scutularia Sacc, in 51,378-9; M. vermi­formis Leight. in 14 (1875), sec. 83 (1923), 284; Mycobacidia vermijera.Vouaux 71 (1914), 141. On thallus and apothecia of Pertusariaglobulijera on oak, Trefriw, v.c, 49.

[Biatorella campestris Th, Fr. in 56, 353; 57, 115. This is consideredby lichenologists to be a lichen, but the manner in which the apotheciadevelop (see 74, VII, 328) is very similar to that of a parasitic fungus.]

[B. difformis (Fr.) Wain., B. fossarum (Duf.) Rehm, B. morijormis (Ach.)Th. Fr., B. pinicola (Massal.) Th. Fr. and B. resinae (Fr.) Muddare given by Ramsbottom in 51, 379, amongst the fungi, but mostlichenologists place them amongst the lichens; 8, 75-6; 31, 382-3;42, 191; 57, 115-17, etc. Massee in 41, IV, 95-6 includes B. resinae andB. pinicola amongst the fungi. Sec. A. L. Smith the terminologyB.fossarum (Duf.) Th. Fr.; B. resinae (Fr.) Th. Fr. is correct.]

[Sphinctrina gelasinata (Wahl.) Zahl., Lichen Wahl. in 83, I, 581;Sphinctrina turbinata Fr. in 55, 3 and S. microcephala Nyl. in 9, 84;S. tubaeformis Massal, in 55, 3 are lichens parasitic on Pertusarias andhave been given by Rehm and other authors as fungal parasites; infact, Rehm considers the genus as a fungal one.]

[Stenocybe major Nyl., S. euspora Anzi in 23, 643 and other species of thegenus are given as fungal parasites on Thelotrema, etc., but they aregenerally considered as lichens incidentally growing over otherlichens, 9, 97-8; 55, 19-20; 31, 45; 42, 256.]

[So bryophila Wats. 74, I, 130; II, 109; IV, 74; v, 265. Collected ncarLlanberis on Sphaerophorus melanocarpus (compressus) and neighbouringliverworts. Entirely independent research by Abbe Grelet on aspecimen, found on a liverwort collected by S. M. Macvicar in westInverness during 1903, resulted in the description of Stenocybe majorvar. macvicari (12) which was included amongst the fungi. The authorlater acknowledged the priority of the name bryophila.]

PHACIDIINEAE

STiCTIDACEAE

Stegia vermicularis (Arn.) Keissl., Nesolechia Am. 23, 255. This andother parasites on Cerania vermicularis have been described as 'fruits' ofthe host. The apothecia form galls on the thallus, are pale, flat orconvex, immarginate, 100I-' diam. The asci are cylindric or cylindrico­clavate, about 70I-' long and about 71-' broad in the broadest part,with 8 simple, hyaline, ±uniseriate, ellipticalspores about y-a I x 3-51-"The paraphyses are thread-like, discrete, simple, rounded at apices;epithecium absent, thecium hyaline and hypothecium yellowish orpale brownish, 1-. On Cader Idris leg. Watson apud Keissler in Ann.Naturh, Mus. Wien, XXXVIII (1925), 163.

[Xylograpba. The following species are included as fungi by Rams­bottom in 51, 380. They are included as lichens by A. L. Smith (57,245-7) and other British lichenologists.]

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 315

[X, parallela (Ach.) Fr. in 41, IV, 64; 8, 95; 31, 39I; Stictis Fr. in. 61,213; X. abietina (Pers.) Zahl. 83 (1923).]

[X. laricicola Nyl. in 10, III, 128; 31, 391.][X. scaphoidea Stirt. in 14, III, 36; 31, 391; X. parallela var. pallens Nyl.

in 57, 246.][X. spilomatica (Anzi) Th. Fr. Agyrium Anzi in Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. II,

20; ? X. minutula Krb. Par. 276.][Odontotrema. This genus was included in the lichens by Crombie 9, 10.

The species put under this genus in Leighton's Lichen Flora occur onwood, have very indistinct thalli and are better included in fungi. Thefollowing have been given as British plants.]

[0. firmatum Nyl. in 20 (1882), 276.][0. longius Nyl. in 31, 389 and 51, 380.][0. majus Leight. 31, 390. Spores 19-21 x 7'5-8'5 fL·][0. minus Nyl. in 31, 390; 20 (1882), 276. Spores 12-14 x 5fL.][Melittosporium lichenicolum (Mont.) Mass. 41, IV, 88; 51, 380. This

name has been given to the form of Diploschistes scruposus which occurson the squamules of Cladonia and therefore considered by Massee andothers to be a lichen parasite. It is, however, a true lichen and manyintermediate states between the typical lichen with a proper thallusand the athalline form on the Cladonia squamules may be traced. Itis given as Urceolaria scruposa var. bryophila form lichenicola (Rich.)Harm. in Harmand, Lich. France, II50; by Crombie in 14 (1891), 60as Lecanora scruposa subsp. bryophila form ecrustacea; by A. L. Smith, 55,383, under Diploschistea bryophilus Zahl. and in Zahl. Cat. Univ. asD. scruposus var. parasiticus (Somm.) Zahl. 73, 298; 74, x, 147; 77, 66.Sometimes the spores in the athalline form are less developed thanthey are in neighbouring typical plants.]

[Schizoxylon corticola (Fr.) Nyl., Coniangium Fr. is recorded as alichen on old oaks near Lyndhurst by Leighton in 31, 350. Thisspecies is not given by Massee, who states in 41, IV, 6g, that SchizosylonPers. is not that of Leighton.]

[Melaspilea patersoni Stirt. in 54, IV (1887), 29; 31, 437; 56, 225. Itwas collected from dead bark at Ben Brecht, v.c. g8, by Dr Patersonand is stated to be a discomycetous fungus, Schizoxylon species, in57, 248.]

PYRENOMYCETESPERISPORIALES

EUROTIACEAE

Eurotium herbariorum Link. ex Fr. For references see 4, 134. This isgiven in Keissler's list. It is not uncommon on imperfectly driedlichens, but rarely occurs on living specimens and is probably betterconsidered as a saprophyte.

316 Transactions British Mycological SocietyPERISPORIACEAE

Orbicula tartaricola (Nyl.) Cke. in 6, 926; 4, 137; 23, 267; SphaeriaNyl. apud Leighton in 1 (1876), 408. On thallus of Ochrolechiatartarea, Cader Idris, Hengwrt, near Dolgelly.

[Strigula babingtonii Berk., Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2957 (1849); 28, 70;78, 62; is included by Leighton, 31, 498 and Mudd, -42, 309, as alichen. Zahlbruckner in 83 states that it is a fungus. Both Hariot(J. Bot. Paris, III, 285) and Mull.-Arg. (Flora, LXXIII, 200-1) hadpreviously excluded it from the lichens as it had no algal cells. It isprobably a perisporiale, but there is no reference to it in 4. Recordsfrom Sussex, Gloucestershire, Cambridge, Flint, Leicestershire, York­shire and Durham have been given. Description in 31 and 42.]

MICROTHYRIACEAE

Phragmothyrium cetrariicolum (Nyl.) Keissl. 23, 273; Sphaeria Nyl.in 14 (1874),68; Metasphaeria Sacco in 4, 178; Psilosphaeria Cke. in 14and 62. On Cetraria, Braemar, in Scotland.

HYPOCREALES[Broomella leptogicola (Cke. & Massee) Sacco 23, 286; in 4, 176;

Hypocrea Cke. & Mass. in 14, XIX, 86 and described from a specimenfound on the thallus of a Leptogium on Robinia at Kew. Petch (45)gave a description of it, regarded it as the fructification of a lichenand discarded the name. Von Hohnel (Ann. Myc. xv (1911), 237)regarded it as insufficiently described and suggested that it might bea Tatesula. In the same journal (1918),93, he gave the generic nameof Keissleria to it.]

[Calonectria leightonii (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.; Nectria Berk. & Br. Thisname was given to a plant collected from Yorkshire by Leighton ona larch. Petch (45) states that the British specimen is a lichen andshould certainly not be included with N. leightonii if the Cubanspecimen is taken as type. He also rejects the plant in 46, 300 ; 4, 195.]

N. epicallopisma (Arn.) Sacc., Cercidiospora Am. 23, 279, occurs onPlacodium and has been doubtfully reported from Britain.

Nectria indigens Rehm, Secoliga Am. 23, 278. A specimen with apale red apothecium which was collected at Dartington, Devon, wasplaced here by Keissler.

N.lecanodes Ces. 23, 276; Dialonectria Berk. in 14, XII, IIO; Lasionectria(Sacc.) Cke., Petch in 67 (XXI, 253) and 4, 198, is a semi-saprophyteon Peltigera. Recorded from King's Lynn and North Wootton, Norfolk,by Plowright and from Inverary by Boyd.

N. insidiosa Sacc.; Hymenobia Nyl.; Psora aporea Nyl., is given in 23, 279,as occurring on Lecideas in England.

Nectriella robergei (Mont. & Desm.) Weese. Nectria Mont. & Desm.;N. lichenicola Rehm; N. peltigerae Phil. & Plowr. 4, 200; 23, 281; 46,270. Description in 46, 270. Occurs chiefly on Peltigera thalli.Recorded by Plowright from the King's Lynn district and fromForden by Vize.

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 317

Ciliomyces oropensis Hahn. Sphaeria aJfinis Grev. in 13; Nectria aJfinisCke. in 6z, sec. Petch (46), who puts the plant as Paranectria aJfinis(Grev.) Sacc., and states that it was found on Ephebe lanata at Appinby Carmichael. Description in 45, 201 and 46, 282. Other referencesgiven in 4, 201.

[Thelocarpon epithallinum Leight. 31, 439; 56, 345, is parasitic on thethallus of Baeomyces rufus at Stiperstones, Shropshire. It was includedamongst the fungi by Rehm and Vouaux, the former regarding it asone of the Hypocreales, but Petch in 46 does not mention it. Zahl­bruckner and other lichenologists, on account of the well-definedgonidial sheath of the perithecia, place it with the lichens, z3, 295.]

DOTHIDEALES

PHYLLACHORACEAE

Homostegia pelvetii (Hepp) Linds. in 39 (1867), 450, is referred byKeissler to Conida fuscopurpurea, Z3, 303 and 4, 206.

H. piggotii (Berk. & Br.) Karst. 4, 206 and Z3, 300; Dothidea Berk. &Br. in 1 (1852), 385; ? D. homostegia Linds. in 67, XXVII, 365 sec. Z3,301. On the thallus of Parmelia or other foliaceous lichen, Beddgelert,Capil Curig and Barmouth.

PSEUDOSPHAERIALES

Adelococcus alpestris Theiss. & Syd. in Z3, 309. The Ingleboroughparasite mentioned in 75, III, 206, may be this, but description tooincomplete and the host was not Acarospora.

Mullerella atricola (Linds.) Sacco in Z3, 3 I 9; Microthelia Linds. 39(1869), 554. Apothecia scattered, superficial, globose with somewhatflattened apices, small and dark. Ascus 50 x 17 fL, with many sporeswhich are globose, dark brown and about 2p. diam. Keissler does notconsider that the position of this plant is fully established. It wasfound on the thallus of Lecanora atra at Derryquin, Kerry.

M. haplotella (Nyl.) Am. in 56, 345; Endococcus Nyl, in 5 (1868), lOI;Verrucaria Leight. in 31, 495, is placed by Keissler under Mullerellapolyspora, but has been considered distinct by some authors becausethe apothecia are darker coloured at maturity, 57, 386.

M. opegraphicola (Linds.) Zopf. Apparently given as a Microtheliacollected by Carroll on Opegrapha atra at Aghada, Cork, by Linds. in39 (1869), 543 and 549. Perithecia black, scattered, almost superficial,globose and flattened above, small. Ascus many-spored. Sporessimple, round and brown sec. Keissler, 17 x 8'SfL (z3, 319). Decidedlyrequires further examination before it can be accepted.

M. polyspora Hepp (1862) in Z3, 3I5 (including M. haplotella); A. L. Smithin 67 (1908), I I6; 4, IS3. It occurs on Arthonia, Bacidia, Lecidea,Opegrapha and Verrucaria, and has been recorded from Jersey, BenLawers and Killarney. Perithecia scattered or ± grouped, at first

318 Transactions British Mycological Society

immersed but later emergent, about I2Q-I70/L diam. Asci ± cylin­drical-obovate, 150 x 50-60p. many-spored. Spore simple, about5-7 x 2-3'5P., pale brown, and sometimes with two guttulae. Onvarious crustaceous lichens.

Rhagadostoma lichenicolum (DN.) Keissl. 23, 320; Bertia DN. 4, 157;Sphaeria Karst. in 14 (1873), 156; Psilosphaeria Cke, & Plow. 14(1879),85; 62, 389; ? Microthelia solorinaria Linds. in 50 (1869), 349;Diplodina solorinaria Vouaux, 71. Crombie, in 8, 280, states that theparasitic fungus, Sphaeria lichenicola DN., is occasionally seen on thethallus of Solorina crocea, a rare lichen, though locally abundant onthe summits of some of the Grampians.

MYRIANGALES

[Myriangium duriaei Mont. & Berk. 4, 207; 75, I; 77, 93. This has beenincluded in lichens by Leighton (31, 37), Crombie (9, IS) and Taylor(as Collema glomerulosum Tayl.) in II, 2, 108.]

SPHAERIALES

SPHAERELLACEAE

Guignardia corniculata (Wallr.) Keissl. in 23, 348 (as a doubtfulspecies); Obrymm Wallr. in 56,266; 77, 92; Verrucaria Leight. 31, 497;Sphaerulina Vouaux, 71 (1913), 36. On various species of Leptogiumand recorded from five botanical counties. Description by A. 1. Smithin 57, 289. The inclusion of this species by Saccardo in Metasphaeria(1905) and by Vouaux in Sphaerulina (1913) requires some explanation,as both these genera have septate spores. Apparently the spores in theapothecia of the host were taken instead of those of the parasite. BothNylander (1858-60) and Leighton had difficulties in regard to this,and the latter gave the spores as 'obsoletely 7-septate'. A. L. Smith(19I I) described the spores as 'simple with several guttulae'. Keissler,on account of this, puts the parasite under Guignardia.

G. fimbriatae Keissl. 23, 346; Paralaestadia Vain. 70, I, 75 and 245.A specimen collected by R. Burn on Cladonia on Cader Idris. Its chiefdistinctions from other Guignardia species are its host and the negativecoloration with iodine.

G. insularis (Mass.) Keissl., Endocarpon Massal. 23, 343; Dermatocarponinsulare Migula in 76, 1933 and 1938. Recorded from six vice-counties.In small insulated patches on calcareous rock over Lecanora albescensand Placodium. For description see 76 (1933), 336. This species andthe following (psoromoides) are given by Keissler under Guignardia, adinterim.

G. psoromoides (Borr.) Keissl. 23, 346; Verrucaria Borr. 18; EndocarponLeight. 28, 13;? Laestadia Vouaux, 56, 344; Physalospora Wint. 4, 147;57, 385. On trunk of elm, Hurstpierpoint and Beeding, Sussex.Description in 42, 267. Spores given by Keissler as 12-I4 x 5p..

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 319

Sphaerulina dolichotera (Nyl.) Vouaux, 71; 23; 57, 186; VerrucariaLeight. in 31, 497; Obryeum Nyl. in 56, 266. Parasitic on collemaceouslichens, Blair Atholl. Described in 57, 289.

S. corniculata Vouaux, 71 (1913), 36; Obryeum Wallr. 77, 92, is trans­ferred by Keissler to Guignardia.

S. endococcoidea (Nyl.) Sacco & D. Sacco 71 (I9I3), 35; 23,436; 57, 386;Verrucaria Nyl. in 31,493; apud Carroll, 5; Lindsay, 50 (1869), 351;Crombie,8, 116. A. L. Smith, in 56,344, places Verrucaria dubiella Nyl.as a probable synonym of V. endococcoidea. Keissler states that if this iscorrect, though both are described by Nylander on the same page inthe same Flora, dubiella precedes endococcoidea and therefore has priority,so that Sphaerulina dubiella is the correct designation. Parasitic on thethallus of Rhizocarptm excentricum, Ben Lawers, also from Killarney andnear Dublin. For description see 31, 493.

S. dubiella (Nyl.) Keissl. 23, 437; Verrucaria in 31,477, where a descriptionis given; Pharcidia ? dubiella A. L. Sm. 56, 344; 4, 171. See Sphaerulinaendococcoidea. Recorded by Carroll in 20 (1866), 25, from Ben Lawers.Nylander considered it to be a 'species beni distincta'.

Mycosphaerella cookei (Linds.) Sacco & D. Sacco 23, 381; MicrotheliaLinds. 39 (1869), 537, Pl. XXIII, f. 29. Perithecia black, scatteredunder the thicker and whitish parts of the thallus of the host (Lecanoracrenulata). Ascus many-spored, clavate becoming irregularly swollen,47 x II '5p... Paraphysoid hyphae? in a slimy mass. Spores longlyellipsoid, hyaline, r-septate (often simple), 5'5 x 2'25p... Found byCooke on. thallus of L. crenulata in England.

[Astrothelium parmularia (Berk.) Leight. 31,' 499; Sphaeria Berk. inHook. ]ourn. (1851), I9. This is given and described as a lichen byLeighton, with locality New Forest. A. L. Smith states that it is afungus, 56, 263. It is given as Valsaria parmularia (Berk.) Sacco in4, I75·]

Discothecium acervatum (Stirt.) A. L. Sm. 57, 387, with description;Lophothelium Stirt. 54 (I 887), 37; 56, 265. From Ben Lawers and Killin,on the squamules of Stereocaulon condensatum, causing them to bedistorted. Keissler considers that the description is incomplete. Theparaphyses are stated to be 'rather sparse' in 56, but in 57 they aregiven as 'crowded'. The latter description is probably correct.

D. gemmiferum (Tayl.) Vouaux, 71 (I9 I3), 46; 23, 385; 57; 44 (1935),235; 75, II, III and IV; 78, 62; 77, 93; Verrucaria Tayl. in II, II, 95, and28,47 and 75; Microthelia Mudd, 42, 306; Tichothecium Krb. in 4,175;56, 343; Verrucaria rugulosa Borr. 28, 47; Microthelia Mudd, 42, 306;Verrucaria larbalestierii Leight. 68 (I877), 242; ? V. melaspora Tayl. inLand. ]. Bot. (I 847), I53; Endococcus gemmiferus Nyl. and E. rugulosusNyl. in 8, I22. Common and widely distributed on crustaceous lichens.As type Keissler takes those with medium spores (8-I2 x 4-6p..); var.brachysporum those with small spores (6-7 x 5-6p..); var. calcaricolum haslarge spores (I3-22 x 6-8p..) whilst var. physciicolum differs by theformation of galls.

320 Transactions British Mycological SocietyVar, brachysporum Vouaux, 71; Tichothecium gemmiferum var. Zopf, etc.,

23, 39I. On various Lecideas and other crustaceous lichens, but fewBritish records.

Var, calcaricolum (Mudd) Keissl. 23, 389; 77, 93. Discothecium calcari­colum Vouaux, 71 (1913),49; Microthelia Mudd, 42,3°6; Verrucaria, 31,495; Tichothecium, 4, 175; Verrucaria perpusilla Leight. 31, 496; 77, 93;Tichothecium (NyL) Am . in 4, 175; Endococcus NyL in 31,496; Verrucaria

Jumosaria Leight. 68 (1876), 239. Endococcus calcareus NyL in 8, 122.Has been recorded from many British localities.

Var. physciicolum (NyL) Keissl. Mycoporum Nyl. 23, 392; Discotheciumphysciicolum Vouaux, 71 (1913),48. Microtheliaparietinaria Linds. in 69(1869), 54I. On Xanthoria parietina.

D. squamarioides (Mudd) Keissl. 23, 4°3; 78, 62; Sphaeria Mudd, 42, 130;Tichothecium Wint. in 4, 175; Sorothelia Zopf in 57, 385. Descriptionof this fungus parasitic on Harriman's Teesdale specimen of Squamariagelida is given in 42, 130. The perithecia are 150-250fL diam. and thespores 9-25 x 5-9fL' It occurs on Phlyctis at Cleeve, v.c. 6.

D. stereocaulicolum (Linds.) Vouaux, 71 (1913), 57; 57, 387; Micro­thelia Linds. 69 (1869), 537. On the podetia of Stereocaulon in GlenDerrie, Braemar, v.c. 92. It is insufficiently described sec. Keissler.It produces deformations on the podetia forming gall-like warts.Perithecia single or two in each wart, only emergent at apices. Ascuselliptic with distinct stalk, usually thick-walled, 60 x 17fL. Paraphyses(? periphysial hyphae) indistinct. Spores 8-nae, obovate, biseriate,r-septate, hyaline to olive or brown, 12'5 x 8fL.

D. stigma (Krb.) Zopf; Tichothecium Krb. 231 393, 71 (1913), 52 and68 (1869), 367. Perithecia scattered but numerous, slightlybleaching or shading the host, quite sunk, ovate or top-shaped,slightly convex 12Q-300fL long by 240fL broad, black . Ascus fusiform,slightly ventricose; above rounded and usually with a thick wall,below forming a thick foot. Periphyses present. Paraphyses (? peri­physoid hyphae) soon disappearing. Spores 8-nae , biseriate, I-septate,not or little constricted in the middle, 13-20 x 4'5-8fL, pale olive tosooty brown. Hym. gel. red or blue or negative with iodine. Onlecideoid lichens, recorded from Llanberis, v.c, 49, and Glen Dole,y.c·90 .

D. vermicularium (Linds.) Vouaux, 71 (1913); Microthelia Linds. in 68(1869),319 and 69 (1859),144 sec. 23, 407. On the thallus ofCeraniavermicularis. Perithecia numerous, sunk, pressed together or flattened,very small, black (when moistened brown) with brown cells formingthe tissue. Asci irregularly massed, obovate, unstalked, with thickwalls at their apices. Spores longly ovate, brown, 8-nae, I-septatewith a strong constriction, about 8-1 I x 3-4fL'

Tichothecium cerinarium (Mudd) BerL & Vogl, 4, 175; 56, 344; 57,388; Sphaeria Mudd, 42, 136, is a doubtful plant which is probablybetter included in T. pygmaeum var. erraticum according to Keissler.Collected by Mudd from Ayton in v.c. 62.

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 321

T. pygmaeum Krb. Massee in 14, XVII (1888),4, 175; A. L. Smith & Rea(inclusive ofvar. ventosicolum), 60; 56, 343; 57, 387; 75 (1942); 77, 93;78, 62; Microthelia Krb. 23, II9; M. ventosicola Mudd, 42, 3°7; Verru­caria Leight. 31, 495; Sphaeria ventosaria Linds. 69 (1866), 439; Endo­coccus ventosus Nyl. 8, 123. For description see 23, 41 I and 31, 495-6.E. thalamitus Nyl, in Crombie, J. Linn. Soc. (1887), 217 refers to aforeign specimen. Keissler gives two varieties; var. ecatonosporum withperithecia up to 400fL diam., asci to 95 x 23fL and spores to 12 x 6fL;var. erraticum with perithecia 4°-90fL, asci 3O-50fL and spores broadlyellipsoid, 3.5-6 x 2-3fL; the type being intermediate in the size ofthese organs, perithecia 50-400fL, asci 45-95 x 15-23fL, and spores4-12 x 2-6fL.

Var. ecatonosporum (Anzi) Wint., Microthelia Anzi in 23, 414.Var. erraticum (Massal.) Vouaux, 71; 23; 75 (1942); 77,93; 25, 432;

Endococcus Nyl, in 8, 122; subsp. microphorus Nyl. apud Crombie in20 (1882), 276; Verrucaria Leight. 31, 496, which see for description.Recorded from many localities.

Var. ventosicolum (Mudd) Wint. in 4, 175, is not considered distinctby Keissler.

Pharcidia aggregata (Mudd) Vouaux, 71 (1912), 252; 23, 372; 57,386; 25, 341; Thelidium Mudd, 42, 289; 38 (1869), 346; 57, 386. OnAspicilia calcarea, Barclay's Rock leg. Adm, Jones. On Pertusarialactea on rock above Llanarmon in v.c. 50. For description see 42,298.

P. allogena (Nyl.) Sacco 23, 362; 57, 386; Verrucaria Nyl, 31, 492; Ariho­pyrenia Am. 56, 324 and 57, 356 (which see for description); Verrucariaepidermidis var. apud Carroll in 5 (1886),25. On Rhizocarpon in Ireland(Kylemore Castle) and on Ben Lawers. Form innata (Nyl.) Keissl,23, 363. Verrucaria innata Nyl, in Carroll 20 (1866), 25; 31, 494;Pharcidia Sacco & D. Sacc.; P. innatula Zopf sec. 23; Vouaux in 57,386; Verrucaria in Hue Add. 301. For description see 31, 494. OnBen Lawers, parasitic on the same thallus as Pleospora hookeri.

? P. consociata (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. Verrucaria Nyl, ex Carroll in 20 (1865),293. A very minute, unsatisfactory plant' apparently parasitic on analien thallus. The spores are I -septate and broader at one end', 57,386. On the summit of Ben Lawers.

P. dispersa (Lahm) Wint. 71 (1912),234; 23,354; 75, III (1942); Epicymatiathallina (Cke.) Sacco in 4, 176; Sphaerella Cke. 6, 372; Pharcidia crombiiSacco & D. Sacco in 57, 386; Endocarpon Mudd, 42, 36; Pharcidiajrigida (Sacc.) Vouaux in 23 (also included by Keissler as it is likeP. crombii and also occurs on Thamnolia) , Pharcidia hageniae Rehmin 14, XVIII, 79. Verrucaria conspurcans Leight. in I (1868), 29, withsynonyms Arthopyrenia and Pharcidia, refers to a foreign specimen andis included by Keissler. For description see 42,23,71 and 10 (1869),233. Records few, Eastboume, Talsarnau, Penmanshiel, CraigRossie and near Taunton, but the fungus, which occurs on the thalliof many lichens, is probably frequent.

P. dubiella (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. 56, 344; 4, I71, is given by Keissler underSphaerulina, 23, 437 (see S. endococcoidea).

MS 21

322 Transactions British Mycological SocietyP. epicymatia (Wallr.) Wint. 23, 373 ; 57, 386; 75, I and III; 78, 62;

Sphaeria Wallr. Pharcidia congesta Krb. as synonym in 57; 50 (1869),343; Epicymatia vulgaris Fkl, 4, 176; Sphaerella B. & Br. in 6;Sphaeria apotheciorum Massal. in 6, 872. Described in 23, 71, etc.Common on the apothecia ofLecanora species and recorded from manyBritish vice-counties.

P. gyrophorarum (Arn.) Zopf, Arthopyrenia Arn.; Pharcidia gyrophora«(Arn.) Zopf, Arthopyrenia Am. in 23, 379. Keissler takes the formername as having priority. The species occurs on Gyrophora. Sec. A. L.Smith in 57, 334, a minute fungus on Dermatocarpon squamules fromBen Lawers agrees, except in the host, with Thelidium superpositum(Pharcidia superposita), but is also akin to P. gyrophorae.

P. microspila (Krb.) Wint. in 57,386; 75, IV; 78, 62; 25, 421-2; Artho­pyrenia Krb, in 56, 322; 57, 353; 75, III; A. rhyponta Mudd, 42, 303;Verrucaria rbyponta Borr, (non Ach.) in 17, II; 39, 28; 57,353; 61, 154.Description in 57, 353. It occurs on or near the thallus of Graphis andhas been recorded from five English, three Scottish and six Irishbotanical vice-counties. Another species of Arthopyrenia, A. spilobola(Nyl.) A. L. Sm. 57, 354, may also have to be included with fungi.Knight's specimen from Keswick and my own from Killarney havevery few or no algal cells. Arthopyrenia? colleta A. L. Sm. 57, 356;Verrucaria Stirt. 31, 468 also is probably a fungus which may be aPharcidia.

P. punctil1a Wint. 23, 378; 71 (1912), 241. Keissler considers this to bea Pharcidia, though it is rather insufficiently described. It may be thesame fungus as Didymella coarctatae B. de Lesdain, 34 (1907), 695. BothVouaux and Keissler agree in placing Lesdain's species as a probablePharcidia. Perithecia scattered, very small, punctiform, semi-globoselyemergent, dark brown. Ascus from a wide-bellied base to smallerabove, sessile with 8 irregularly ordinated spores, 30-40 x 14-16fL.Spores longly clavate, r-septate, hyaline, 14-18 x 3'SfL with roundedends and at septum not or very slightly constricted. On Biatorinacyrtella, Broomfield, near Taunton, Somerset.

P. superposita (Nyl.) Sacco & D. Sacco 23, 368; 71 (1912), 248; 57, 386;Verrucaria Nyl, in 31, 494; 20 (1866), 25; Thelidium A. L. Sm. in 56,300.Found by Carroll on Polyblastia theleodes on Ben Lawers. Described asThelidium superpositum in 57, 328.

P.? triphractoides (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. 56, 344; 4, I'll; Endococcus Nyl. exCrombie, 14 (1874), 24; Verrucaria Leight. 31, 497, is given by Keissleras synonymous with Phaespora parasitica.

Epicymatia thallophila (Cke.) Sacco in 54 (19II), 38; Sphaeria Cke. in6, 872; Sphaerella Cke. in 14, XVIII, 79; Massee, 14, XIX, 44; Psilo­sphaeria Stevenson in 62, 388. On lichens, Scotland. The position ofthis is doubtful. It is given by Cooke in 6, 872 as ' scatt ered orgregarious, semi-immersed in the lichen thallus; perithecia subglobose,carbonaceous, papillate, pierced; asci cylindrical; sporidia uniseriate,elliptical, uniseptate, not constricted, hyaline, at length pale greenishyellow, .0004 in. long. On the thallus of Lecanora subfusca, Glenshee,

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 323

Aug. 1856. Dr W. Lindsay. It is not improbable that this is anaked Sphaeria springing from the wood beneath and perforating thethin lichen thallus. A single small specimen was all that we haveseen and that was insufficent to satisfy us on this point.' Wheldon,in 54 (19II), 38, states 'this is evidently not the case, as we havefound the perithecia both on the thallus and on the apothecia ofthe lichen and from one to fourteen perithecia have been observedon a single apothecium'. It has been considered as synonymous withPharcidia dispersa, and the Eastbourne specimen (at one time referredto it) is so, but from Wheldon's reference to the occurrence of theparasite on the apothecia of the Loch Rannock plant I am inclinedto place his plant under Pharcidia epicymatia though I have not beenable to examine the specimen.

Phaeospora caninae (Ph. & Plow.) Vouaux, 71 (1913), 74; 23, 428;Sphaeria Ph. & Plow. 14 (I8n), 27; Psilosphaeria Cke. & Plow. 14(1879); Heptameria Cke. 14, XVIII, 31. Given in 4, 182, as occurring onPeltigera canina at Dunsley. Probably Dursley in Gloucester is thecorrect locality, as Joshua collected the material. It has also beenrecorded for Killin, v.c. 88.

P. epicallopisma (Wedd.) Fl. Bad.; Verrucaria Wedd. 23, 428. Peritheciasemi-immersed, globose or semi-globose with gaping ostiole, quiteblack, 200-250fJ- diam. Ascus probably 8-spored. Spores brown,3-septate, elliptical or ± ovate, 24-36 x 8-I2fJ-. Hymenium withoutparaphyses and not coloured with iodine. Usually occurs on Caloplaca.The only British record is near Taunton where it occurred onPlacodium murorum.

P. exoriens (Stirt.) A. L. Sm. 57, 388; Endococcus Stirt. 54 (1880), 220;Pyrenococcus Wheld. & Wils. 79, 69; 55, 482 (with description).A. L. Smith considers this to be worthy of segregation from Phaeosporaparasitica, but Keissler does not mention it. It was found at KinlochRannock, v.c. 88, on Pannaria.

P. heteraizans Am. 23, 427; 57, 338; Verrucaria Leight. 31.493; V. mar­gacea in Leight. 28, 62 and PI. XXVI, 3. Described in 31, 493.Collected by Borrer on V. submersa in Sussex. Microthelia disseptaA. L. Sm. 56, 352; 57, 364; 25, 426; Verrucaria Nyl. in 14 (I8n), 107;31, 480 is now included under Phaeospora heteraizans. It was collectedby Larbalestier on mica-schist rocks, Doughruagh Mts., Galway, andby A. L. Smith on Rhirocarpon conferooides at Dooega in Achill.Nylander thought that the plant was probably a parasite.

P. parasitica (Lonnr.) Am. 23, 42I; Verrucaria peripherica Tayl. II, II, 97; .Endococcus Cromb. 8; Microthelia Mudd, 42, 308; Phaeospora Arn.;Verrucaria rimosicola Leight. 31, 496; 69 (1869), 367; Microthelia,42, 308; Tichothecium Am. in 56, 344; Phaeospora Zopf in 57; 78, 62;79, 93; 25, 402; Pharcidia triphractoides (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. 56, 344; 4, 171;Endococcus Cromb. 14 (1874), 24; Microthelia petraeicola Linds. sec.Vouaux.vrr (1913),69; M. dispora form octospora Wats. 74 (1925), 132;Verrucaria gagei Deakin non Barr. 1 (1854),37; V. aduenula Nyl. with

21-2

324 Transactions British Mycological Society

other references in 57, 388; 20 (1867), 260; 50 (1869), 351; 8, 121.For description see V. rimosicola in 31, 496. On lecanoroid andlecideoid lichens, common and widely distributed.

Var. dzieduszyekii (Bob.) Keissl. Differs from the type in having onlytwo spores in the ascus. It was described as Microthelia dispora byA. L. Smith in 57, 331, from a specimen collected by Joshua atSapperton in Gloucestershire. A specimen collected by Knight atCheltenham agreed, both externally and internally, with M. dispora,except that the ascus contained 8 spores, was provisionally referred toform octospora in 74 (1925), 132, and given as M. dispora form octosporaWats. in A. L. Sm. 57, 364. Keissler considered that my plant wastypical Phaeospora parasitica and that Miss Smith's was the above­mentioned variety. Microthelia exerrans A. L. Sm. 56, 332; 57, 364; 79,72; Endococcus Nyl. apud Cromb. in 14 (1880), 114 and 20 (1882), 276.On quartzose stones at the summit of Cairn Gowar, Blair Atholl. Thiswas considered by Crombie as quite possibly a fungus. So far as therather incomplete description warrants, it seems to belong to Phaeo­spora and may be a form of the variable P. parasitica, though the sporesare small even for this.

P. parmeliarum (Ph. & Plow.) Vouaux, 71 (1913), 75; 23, 430; SphaeriaPh. & Plow. in 48 (1876), 124; Psdosphaeria Cke. & Plow., MelanommaCke., Heptameria Cke., Leptophaeria Sacco in 4, 185. On Parmelia, Dolgelly.

P. supersparsa Am. in 23, 427. On the thallus of Lecidea macrocarpa,Killarney. Perithecia scattered or aggregated, immersed at first, butlater, with the blunt apex showing, broadly ellipsoid or ovoid,60-200 p., diam., dark. Asci cylindrical or somewhat swollen in themiddle, shortly stalked, 85-90 x 10-14·5p.,. Spores 4-nae (seldom5-6-nae) usually with 3 septa (seldom with less or more) brown,± ellipsoid, often pear- or egg-shaped (seldom fusiform or clavate),straight or little curved, about 16-21 x 7-12·5p.,. No definite colora­tion with iodine.

P. vesicularia (Linds.) Arn., Microthelia Linds. 69 (1869), 543 andPI. XXIV sec. Vouaux, 71 (1913), 126. Keissler considers that this isa doubtful species which, on account of the many-spored ascus,cannot belong to Phaespora, 23, 431. Perithecia aggregated, ± super­ficial, black. Ascus many-spored, (?) 68'5 x 21p.,. Spores r-g-septate,usually 3-septate, fusiform or ovate, brown, 8-12 x 4p.,. On Pertusaria,Balthaycock woods, v.c, 89.

Merismatium lopadii (Anzi) Zopf, Celidium Anzi in 23, 441. Keisslerconsiders that Polyblastic nigritella Am. (A. L. Sm. in 56, 305), Verru­caria Nyl. in Flora (1865), 357, Merismatium Vouaux (1913), 77 to beidentical. If this is so, Merismatium nigritellum (Nyl.) Vouaux seems thecorrect designation, as Nylander's specific name dates from 1865whilst Anzi's specific name of lopadii in Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. datesfrom 1868. For description, etc., see Carroll in 20 (1866), 25, Crombie,8, 110, Leighton, 30, 466 and 31, 497 and A. L. Smith, 57, 334. Theonly British locality given is Ben Lawers, where it was with Dermato­carpon cinereum. A. L. Smith, in 57, 334, states that Polyblastia gothica

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 325Th. Fr. is similar if not identical. This was collected by Leighton atShrewsbury on decaying humus and larch poles, was at first given asVerrucariapituphloia Leight. in 30, 458 and later as V. gothica Leight. in31, 490. Th. Fries recognized that this species resembled a Sphaeria.

[Leptorhaphis epidermidis (Ach.) Th. Fr. in 56, 330, etc. The thallusis very thin or often practically absent. It has been included amongstthe fungi by Wainio (Lich. Brazil, 13) and others (73, 316), but isdefinitely placed with the lichens by most lichenologists. Our otherspecies of Leptorhaphis, L. carrolii A. L. Sm. 57, 362, may be consideredsimilarly. It occurs in other localities besides 'the only locality' givenby A. L. Smith.]

PLEOSPORAE

PLEOSPORACEAE

Didymella collemata Vouaux, Cercidiospora species Stein. in 71 (1913),97. Keissler does not mention this in 23. On the thallus of Collema onrocks in Goblin Combe, Somerset, v.c. 6. Similar to Didymella pulposibut with rather larger perithecia, asci and spores, the latter 6-8-naeand thinning out at one or both ends, 73, 316.

D. epipolytropa (Mudd) Berl. & YogI. 4, 165; 23, 453; 57, 389; 78, 62;75 (1939),515; Thelidium Mudd, 42, 298; Didymosphaeria Wint. in 56,344; Verrucaria Cromb. 8, 121; 31,494; Arthopyrenia verrucosariaLinds. 50 (1869), 349. On Lecanora polytropa, Aspicilia verrucosa andother crustaceous lichens in v.c. 19, 47, 48, 62, 88 and 96. Fordescription see 31, 42, 56 and 57.

D. pulposi (Zopf) Vouaux, 71 (19 I 3); 78, 62; Didymosphaeria Zopf in 4,174; 73, 3 I 6; 77, 93. On Collema and Leptogium. As yet only recordedfrom three botanical counties, but probably much more frequent.Perithecia ± immersed in warts on the thallus of the host, 100-2oOfLdiam. Ascus clavate, about 45-75 x 10-17 fL, 4-6-spored. Sporeslonglyovate, colourless, with obtuse ends, about 13-20 x 4'5-7"5fL'

D. sphinctrinoides Bed. & VogI. in 23, 458 and 71 (1913), 91.Perithecia dark brown, 150-250fL with a small ostiole. Ascus70-100 x IQ-13·5fL. Spores 8-nae, 18-22 x 6-7·5fL. Paraphysesnumerous and longer than asci. On Verrucaria near Wiveliscombe,Somerset. Because of its host this would have been included by Vouauxunder var. verrucariae (Zopf) Vouaux. Six varieties are given byVouaux (often on account of host), but Keissler gives all of them assynonyms of the type.

Metasphaeria cetraricola (Nyl.) Sacco 4, 178 is placed by Keissler(23, 273), under Phragmothyrium.

M. tartarina (Nyl.) KeissI., Verrucaria Nyl, in 23, 487, depends for itsinclusion on two uncertainties. Keissler gives V. campsteriana Linds. in68, XXVII, 343 as a probable synonym, and Lindsay's referenceapparently refers only to a foreign specimen.

Didymosphaeria gelidaria (Mudd) A. L. Sm. 23, 480; 56, 344; 78, 62;Sphaeria Mudd, 42, 130; Tichothecium Berl. & YogI. in Massee, 14,XVII; 4, 175. Collected by Harriman on the thallus of Squamaria gelida

326 Transactions British Mycological Society

in Teesdale and described by Mudd (spores are given by Keissler asmostly 4-nae and 10 x 6'5fL)'

D. melanospora Hepp is given by Vainio in 70, I, 151 as equivalent toMicrothelia atomaria Koerb. This is given as a rare lichen by A. L.Smith in 56, 33 I and 57, 363. It has been recorded from Crickleasenear Chard in v.c. 5 and Kylemore in Ireland, v.c, 16.

D. microstictica Wint. 23, 475; 56, 344; 4, 174; Verrucaria Leight. 30,46I; Endocarpon Leight. 29, no. 3 I 7, without description; Acarosporaceroina var. microsticta Mudd, 42, 159. For description see 31, 493. OnAcarospora at Barmouth.

D. micula (Flot.) Vain. is given by Vainio in 70, I, 146 and 254 asequivalent to Microthelia micula (Flot.) Koerb. given by A. L. Smithin 56, 33 I and 57, 363 as a lichen. It occurs in 20 British and Irishvice-counties. No definite trentepohlioid algal cells were seen in aCwm Bychan (v.c. 48) specimen, but a few were noticed in a specimenfrom Ben Doran (v.c. 98).

Leptosphaeria baeomycearia (Linds.) Sacco & Trott, 71 (1913); Micro­thelia Linds. 39 (1869), 541 or 554. On Baeomyces rufus in Britain sec.23,501. Keissler considers that the description is so incomplete that itis better discarded, though, if it is referred to Leptosphaeria neottizans, thespecific name is earlier.

L. crozalzii (Sacc.) Vouaux, 71 (19 I 3), 120 and 23, 498. Verrucariatartaricola Linds. 38 (1869), 35 I is given by Keissler as a probablesynonym, but the only reference found referred to a Greenland planton Ochrolechia tartarea.

L. leucomelaria (Mudd) Vouaux, 71 (1913), 121 and 23, 494; SphaeriaMudd, 42, 105; Tichothecium Berl. & Vogl, in 4, 175. On thallus ofAnaptychia ciliaris and A. leucomelaena.

L. neottizans (Leight.) Zopf in 23, 494; Verrucaria Leight. 68 (1878),239; Didymosphaeria A. L. Sm. 56, 344; 4, 174. On thallus of Baeo­myces, Fishguard. For description see 31, 497. Vouaux has suggestedthat Microthelia baeomycearia Linds. 39 (1869), 541 or 554, might beincluded here. If so, this specific name has priority.

L. pycnostigma (Nyl.) Sacco & D. Sacc., Verrucaria Nyl, in 23, 495.Keissler considers that Microthelia baeomycearia Linds. might be refer­able here.

[Massaria scoriadea Cke, in 14 (1889), 93; Sphaeria Fr. in 56, 345;Massariella Sacco in 4, 174 (with other references). It was given asthe lichen Verrucaria conferta Tayl. in II, 185; 28, 39.]

Pleospora ?addubitans (Stirt.) A. L. Sm. 57,328 and 389; Verrucaria Stirt.54 (1880), 220; Polyblastia Wheld. & Wils. 79, 71; 55, 483 (withdescription). On decaying wood, Kinloch Rannoch, v.c, 88.

P. hookeri (Borr .) Keissl. 23, 503; Verrucaria Borr., Dacampia Massa!. in56, 273; 75 (1935), 520; Sphaeria Nyl. in 39 (1869), 548 ; ? Verrucariaarctata Stirt. 65 (1879), 320; Lecidea nigropunctata Hook. Fl. Scot. end ed.sec. Menzie in herb. 75 (1935), 520; L. hookeri Schaer. apud 8,88 and30,309; L. sphaerica Schaer. appears to be the oldest name sec. Keissler.On the summit of Ben Lawers. For description see 57, 296. This has

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 327been considered as (I) a lichen with its own thallus, (2) an apotheciumof a fungus parasitic on a lichen thallus. For many years it has beenincluded amongst the lichens, but Keissler and Zahlbruckner take thelatter view.

Neolamya peltigerae (Mont.) Theiss. & Syd., Sphaeria Mont. 23, 519.On thallus of Peltigera rufescens, Pont Nedd Feehan, v.c. 41. Peritheciascattered, immersed, globose-ovate, deep black, apparently withoutostiole, ringed round by the freed layer of the cortex of the hostthallus. Ascus clavate or longly cylindrical, to I 101-' long with manyspores which are acicular, straight or slightly bent, 50-100 x 2-31-" withmany oil-drops.

FUNGI IMPERFECTISPHAEROPSIDALES

Ascochytula lecanorae (Vouaux) Keissl. 23, 574. An unnamed plantmentioned by Lindsay in 68, XXVIII, 228 as a pycnidium is consideredas probably referable here, 23, 575.

Dendrophoma alcicorniaria (Linds.) Vouaux in 57, 390; MicrotheliaLinds. 39 (1895), 161. On under-surfaces of squamules of Cladoniafoliacea. Dendroohoma podetiicola Keissl. in A. L. Sm. 67 (1910), 282,but Keissler (23, 55 I) discards this specific name as alcicorniaria haspriority.

Diplodina lichenodes A. L. Sm. 67 (19I0), 283 is not given by Keissler.It was found on a lichen thallus on walnut bark at Writtle, Essex, andcollected by Piggott.

D. solorinaria Vouaux, 71 (1914), 283; Microthelia Linds. in 38 (1869),349; 57, 390. Keissler puts this as probably Rhagadostoma lichenicolumwith the Pseudosphaeriales, 23, 320.

D. vouaxi B. de Lesd. apud 71 (1914),288; 23,572-3. Possibly the un­named parasite on the thallus of Lecanora albella given by Lindsay inObservations lichen. Microfungi, p. 37, and the pycnidia which Lindsay,in 69 (1872), 284, gives on Enterographa crassa may be placed here sec.Vouaux.

Libbertella peltigerae (Lib.) Keissl. 23, 582; Zythia Lib. apud Cke. in14 (1880), 83. On podetia of Cladonia, but no reference to a Britishlocality.

Lichenoconium imbricariae (Allesch) Keissl. Coniothyrium All. in 23,564; ? Microthelia cargiliana Linds. in 69 (1866),439 and PI. XXX, butLindsay gives no British locality.

Phoma abietinae Vouaux, 71 (1914), 547. On the thallus of Lecanactisabietina. This depends on a very incomplete description by Lindsayand is a very doubtful species (23, 589).

Pc Iecanorae Vouaux, 71 (1914), 547; 32, 277; 33, 164 ; 23, 544. Onapothecia of Lecanora subfusca (agg.), Taunton, v.c. 5, Blair Atholl,v.c. 89. It is probably frequent. According to Vouaux some ofLindsay's spermogonia may belong to it. 'Perithecia' dark, ± im­mersed, minute, 80-15°1-' diam., somewhat lens-shaped. Conidiaabout 3-7 x 1'5-2'51-', ellipsoid, hyaline, borne on longer carriers.

328 Transactions British Mycological Society

P. uncialicola (Zopf) Vouaux, 71 (1914), Ig8; Phyllosticta Zopf in SaccoSyll. fungo I (1906), 245. Abrothallus moorei Linds. was included byVouaux under this, but Keissler points out that Lindsay gave anascus with spores to his species. See A. moorei on p. 312.

Vouawnella lichenicola (Linds.) Petro & Syd. 23, 565; Torula Linds.39 (1868-g), 115 and 530 and PI. XXIII; Sirothecium Keissl. in 71(I9I4) ; 15, II, 133; 72, 82. Pycnidia loosely scattered, ovate,ellipsoid or almost round, mostly about 6o-gofL, their covers con­sisting almost entirely of the darkened and somewhat diminished cellsof the host; conidiophore dark; conidia toniloid. On the thallus andapothecia of many lichens, chiefly Lecanoras. Apparently common,as itis recorded from many localities in v.c. 5, 11,17,64, 72,81,88,92,93, g8, 100; Ireland, 1-5.

MELANCONIALESLichenophoma Keissl. Vouaux in 71 (1914) considered that a lichen

parasite on Biatorina (Lecidea) griifithii described by Lindsay in 68(1872), 263, belonged to this genus, but Keissler is doubtful, 23, 589.

HYPHOMYCETESAegerita physciae Vouaux, 71 (1914), 313. Mycelium web-like, effuse,

whitish in colour, but becoming darker and finally destroying thetissue of the Physcia. Hyphae hyaline, 3-7 fL thick, in some placesforming a rose-tinted cushion (sporodochium). Conidiophores simple,long, 25-35 x 4-7 fL. Conidia terminal, 10-15fL diam. Keissler(23, 628) suggests that it may be a state of Corticium centrijugum.No definite British records, but owing to its external resemblance toIllosporium roseum may have been included in the records of that species.

Atractium flammeum Berk. & Rav. 3, 461; 41, III, 452. Keissler statesthat it breaks through the underside of Parmelia subaurifera, Physciastellaris and Xanthoria and is considered to be the conidial stage of

.Sphaerostilbe j/ammea Tul. 46, 262. It is given as Microcera coccophilaDesm. in 72, 67. Described in 41.

Coniosporium physciae (Kalchb.) Sacc., Gymnosporium Kalchb. in 23,604; 41, III, 357; 72,71. Given by Phil. & Plow. in 14, IV (1876), 119,as found on Physcia at King's Lynn, Norfolk. Its common host isXanthoria parietina, but it also occurs on Squamaria, Physcia and Ramalina.When on the last-named host it is given as Spilomium ramalinae Olivo in71 (1914).

Coniothecium graphideorum (Nyl.) Keissl. 23, 618; Spilomium Nyl. in57, 267; 77, 93 (Spiloma melaleucum Ach., S. versicolor Smith., S. vario­losum Turn. & Borr., S. fuliginosa Turn., Coniothecium nigrum Lam.,C. olivaceum DC. are prior names before the starting-point of fungalnomenclature). It forms somewhat longish and irregular groups on

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 329

the host which it decomposes and blackens . The conidia are ± muri­form, irregularly globose, 6-8ft diam. On Opegrapha atra and O. lynceaand noted from v.c. 5, 6, 17, 56.

C. lichenicolum Linds. 39 (1869), 518 and 534; Spilomium Vouaux, 71

(1914),32 I. On thallus of Buellia, Lecanora and Pertusaria, and recordedfrom various localities in v.c, 38,40,48, 64, 78,83,85,88,89,92, 104,107; Ireland, 1,2,38. Forms wart-like bodies, punctiform and black.The conidia are 6-12 x 6ft, dark brown, at first ± globose and later± conical.

C. silaceum (Linds.) Keissl. 23, 619; Gassicurtia Fee in Linds. 39 (1869),542; Spilomium Nyl. in Vouaux, 71 (1914), 322. Similar to Coniotheciumgraphideorum but not on Opegrapha, and the conidia contain oil-drops.

C. sphaerale (Fr. ) Keissl. 23,616; 75, IV, 242; 78, 62; Sclerococcum Fr. in67 (1917), 433; Acolium corallinum Krb, in 38 (1869), 342. On thethallus of various lichens, especially species of Pertusaria. Somespecimens attributed to Cyphelium stigonellum A. Zahl. and C. notarsiiA. Zahl. in 55, 22, and in other British lichenological works, belonghere. Pertusaria corallina, when attacked by this parasite is ' sometimesreferred to a distinct form, f. papillosa (Ach.) Zahlbr.', 27, 318. Thetype is probably common in the British Isles and has been recordedfrom many botanical vice-counties.

Dactylium lichenicolum Vouaux, 71 (1914), 307, is probably asaprophyte as it occurred on the decayed thallus of a Parmelia. It isplaced by Karst. as a subspecies of Dactylium dendroides Fr. which isgiven in 41, 1lI, 341, without any definite reference to its occurrenceon lichens.

[Epicoccum neglectum Desm. in 41, Ill, 488; 72, 99; occasionally occursas a saprophyte on Peltigera and other lichens.]

Fusarium kuhnii (Fkl.) Sacco in 41, Ill, 484; 72, 65; Fusisporium Fkl. in14 (1876), 120, where it is given as occurring on mosses and lichens,Norfolk. Keissler's only reference to this species is as a state ofCorticium centrifugum.

Hyphoderma roseum Fr. 72, 74 with other references; Hyphelia Fr. It isconsidered by Keissler to belong to Corticium centrifugum.

Illosporium carneum Fr. 41, 1lI, 468; 72, 57. On species of Peltigera.I. eoccineum Fr. in 41, 1lI, 468; 72, 57. On Endocarpon, Pertusaria,

Lecanora, etc.I. roseum Mart. in 41, 1lI, 468; 71., 57; 77, 93. On Physcia, Anaptychia,

Parmelia, Xanthoria and Solorina.Var, corallinum (Rob.) Ferr. 23, 632; 72, 57. On similar lichens as the type.[Macrosporium commune Rabh. in 41, 1lI, 431; Alternaria tenuis Nees ex

Wallr. in 71., 98 with other references. This sometimes occurs as asaprophyte on Ocholechia parella.]

Spegazzinia Sacco in Michelia, II ( I880), 37. A species of this genus wasreported as parasitic on Pertusaria at Minehead, v.c. 5. Report of theBrit. Myc. Soc. meeting at Minehead, 1920. This probably was Conio­thecium sphaerale which is found on Pertusaria in the Minehead district.

330 Transactions British Mycological SocietySporotrichum lichenicolum Berk. & Br. in ZI (1872), 102, is given by

Keissler as a state of Corticum centrifugum. No British locality given.[Trichothecium roseum Link. in Z3, 596; Dactylium Berk.; 41, III, 337;

7Z, 87, with other references. Sometimes occurs on Stereocaulon andother lichens, but is a common mould and not a lichen parasite.]

ADDENDUMThe following names are difficult or impossible to arrange in a systematicposition.

Calicium arenarium Nyl. in 55, 12; C. cipinum Leight. in 31, 44, isparasitic on the thallus of Biatora Lucida (Ach.) Fr., but is included bymost authors amongst the lichens. .

Cliostomum corrugatum Fr. in z8, 69 is given as a parasite on the crustof Lecidea ehrhartiana Ach. ( = Biatorina graniformis A. L. Sm.), Accordingto A. L. Smith (57, 129) the apparent fructifications are the spermo­gones of the host.

Lecidea imponens Leight. in 68 (1876), 238; 31, 385; 56, 104, which isparasitic on the thallus of Lecanora polytropa at Fort Hill, Fishguard, ispossibly Nesolechia vitellinaria Rehm, but is given as a lichen in 57, 111and other places cited above.

'Opegrapha epiphega', Lichen vugasus, Eng. Bot. On trees near the RiverNoran, v.c, 90 leg. Don and given on Turner's authority. The specimenin the herb. Edinburgh so labelled is the fungus, Dichaena faginea Fr.,for which the above are old names, as it was confused with lichens,75, 1, 519. Other Hysteriales, especially Hysterium angustatum A. & S.and H. pulicare Pers., are often mistaken for species of Opegrapha orother Graphidiales. Gloniopsis levantica Rehm, when associated witha lichen thallus, is liable to be mistaken for a Dictyographa. On theother hand, mistakes may be made in an inverse direction. Forexample, Gloniopsis watsoni Rilstone, which was described in theJ. of Botany (1940), 192 as occurring on an indeterminate lichenthallus is a form of the lichen Graphina ruiziana Mull-Arg., with mostapothecia.longer than usual and with the algal cells of the thallusmore obscurely trentepohlioid.

Pyrenothea aphanes Leight.; Verrucaria Borr. jn z8, 67; 56, 202; 57,223-4·

P. leucocephala Fr. in z8, 65; Sphaeria Pers. in 56,202; 57, 223.P. lithioa Leight., Verrucaria Tayl. in z8, 68; 56, 296.P. lutea Leight. in z8, 68; 56, 296.P. mollis Leight., Verrucaria Tayl. in z8, 67; 56, 296.P. niveoatra Leight., Verrucaria Borr. in z8, 67; 56, 296.P. rudls Leight., Verrucaria Borr. in z8, 66; 56, 202; 57,223.P. stictica Fr. in 56, 205; 57, 226.P. sulphurea Leight. in z8, 69; 56, 296.P. vermicellifera Leight. in Z9, no. 292; 56, 202; 57, 223.

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 331All the above-mentioned Pyrenothea (Sphaeria and Verrucaria) species are

considered to be spermogonia of Lecanactis abietina, Platygrapha periclea,Opegrapha species and other lichens.Thrombium epigaeum Wallr., Sphaeria Pers. and other synonymy in 57,

336, is considered as a true lichen. Acharius's subgenus Inoderma wasraised to generic rank by S. F. Gray, who included in it two Britishspecies, 1. epigaea and 1. byssacea, the latter of doubtful position basedon Sphaeria byssacea Weig. and considered by some authors as asperrnogonial form, 57, 335.

Verrucaria conturmatula Nyl . in 14, VIII, 29; V. elachistophora Nyl. in31, 454; V. harrimanni Ach. in 28, 63; V. pulposa Leight. in 30,427; 31, 457, are given by A. L. Smith as parasitic or doubtfulspecies, 56, 295-6; 57, 321-2.

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to th e third edition.32 LESDAIN, B. DE. Recherches sur les Lichens des Environs de Dunkerque ( 19 10).33 LESDAIN, B. DE. Recherch es sur les Lichens des Environs de Dunkerque (19 10).

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and Foliaceous Lichens. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb.37 LINDSAY, L. Notes in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lend. (Bot.)38 LINDSAY, L. Notes in Quart. J. Micr. Sci.39 LINDSAY, L. Notes in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb.40 MAsON, E. W. See BISBY.41 Mxssss, G. British Fungus Flora I-IV (1892-5).4Z MUDD, W. Manual British Lichens (1861).43 MUDD, W. British Cladoniae (1865).44 Naturalist, The.44b OLIVIER, H. Les principaux parasites de nos Lichens francais . Bull. Acad. into Giogr.

bot. (19°5-7).4S PETCH, T . Notes on British Hypocreales. J. Bot. (1936), 185-6.46 PETCll, T. British Hypocreales. Trans. Brit. myc. Soc. (1938).47 PHILLIPS, W. A Manual of the British Discomycetes (1887)'48 PLOWRIGHT, C. B. Notes in Greuillea (1876), 126, etc.49 Proceedings ofthe Somersetshire Arch. andNat. Hist. Soc.SO Quarterly JournalofMicroscopical Science.SI RAMSBOTTOM, J. A List of the British species of Discomycetes. Trans. Brit. myc. Soc.

(1913).

S2 REA, CARLETON. British Basidiomycetes (1922).53 SAMPSON, K. List ofBritish Ustilaginales. Trans. Brit.myc. Soc. XXIV, pts. III and IV(1940).54 Scottish Naturalist.S4a SMITH, A. LORRAIN. Trans. Brit. myc. Soc. III (1910).5S SMITH, A. LORRAIN. British Lichens, pt. I, end ed. (1918).S6 SMITH, A. LORRAIN. British Lichens, pt. 2, rst ed. (1911).57 SMITH, A. LoRRAlN. British Lichens, pt. 2, snd ed. (1926).S8 SMITn, A. LORRAIN. Lichens, Cambridge Botanical Handbook (1921).59 SMITH, A. LORRAIN. Notes in Trans. Brit. myc. Soc. (1917),48 (with RAMSBOTTOM).60 SMITH, A. LORRAIx. Notes in Trans. Brit. myc. Soc. II (1899), 61 (with REA).61 SMITH, j. E. English Flora.62 STEVENSON, j. Mycologia Scotica.63 STIRTON, j. Notes in Scottish Naturalist.64 STIRTON, j. Notes in Greoillea.6S STIRTON, j. Notes in Proc, Phil. Soc. Glasg. (1879), 320.66 Transactions of the Botanical Society ofEdinburgh.67 Transactions of the British Mycological Society.68 Transactions ofthe Linnean Society.69 Transactions ofthe RoyalSociety ofEdinburgh.*70 VAINIO, E. A. (formerly WAINIO) . Lichenographia Fennica, vols. I-IV, the last volume

edited by Bernt Lynge.71 VOUAUX, ABBE. Synopsis des champignons parasites de Lichens. Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr.

(19 1 2 - 14).

72 WAKEFIELD, E. M. & BISBY, G. R. List of Hyphomycetes recorded for Britain. Trans.Brit. myc. Soc. XXV, pt. I (1941).

73 WATSON, W. New, rare and critical lichens. J. Bot., Lond. (1917).

74 WATSON, W. Lichenological Notes, I-X. J. Bot., Lond. (1925-42).7S WATSON, W. Notes on Lichens. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. I-IV (1935-9, 1942, 1945).76 WATSON, W. Botanical Notes. Proc. Somersetsh. archaeol. nat. Hist, Soc.77 WATSON, W. The Lichens ofSomerset. Proc. Somersetsh. archaeol. nat.Hist. Soc. (1928-30).78 WATSON, W. The Lichens of Yorkshire. Naturalist (1946).79 WHELDON,j. A. & WILSON, A. The Lichens ofPerthshire. J.Bot., Lond.,Suppl. (1915).80 WHEI.DON,j. A. & WILSON, A. The Flora of West Lancashire (1903).81 WILSON, A. The Flora of Westmorland. See also WHELDON.82 WITHERING, W. Botanical Arrangement.83 ZAHLBRUCKNER, A. Catalogue Lichenes Uniuersalis.

• Some mistakes may occur in the references No. 68 and 69. Some of the copies were im­perfectly "spined" so that mistakes in number of volume or year of issue were easily made.

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 333

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Most of the lichen-hosts are omittedfrom this list

abietina Krb. (Lecanactis), 331abietinae (Pers.) Zahl. (Xylographa), 315

Vouaux (Phoma), 327ABROTHALLUS DN., 309, 312, 32Babrothallus Linck (Canida), 30BACAROSPORA Massal., 317, 326acervatum A. L. Sm. (Discothecium), 319

Stirt. (Lophothelium), 319ACOLIUM Ach., 329addubitans A. L. Sm. (? Pleospora), 326

Stirt. (Verruearia), 326Wheld. & Wils. (Polyblastia), 326

AoELOCOCCGS Theiss. & Syd., 317adjuncta Th. Fr. (Buellia), 31 I

Am. (Karsehia), 31 Iadvenula A. L. Sm. (Buellia), 31 1,312

Leight. (Leeidea), 311 •Zopf. (Karschia), 311, 312

AEGERITA Pers, Fr., 328affinis Cke, (Nectria), 317

Grev. (Sphaeria), 317(Grev.) Sacco (Paraneetria), 319

aggregata Vouaux (Pharcidia), 321aggregatum Mudd (Thelidium), 321AGYRIUM Fr., 307, 315alcicornaria Linds, (Microthelia), 327

Vouaux (Dendrophoma), 327allogena Am. (Arthopyrenia), 321

Carroll (Verruearia var.), 321Nyl. (Verruearia), 321Sacco & D. Sacco (Pharcidia), 321

alpestris Theiss. & Syd. (Addococcus), 317ALTERNARIA Nees ex Wallr., 329angustatum A. & S. (Hysterium), 330ANTENNARIA Lk., 307aphanes Borr. (Verrucaria); 330

Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330aporea Ny!. (Psora), 316apotheeiorum Massa!' (Sphaeria), 322arachnoideum Berk. (Corticium), 307

Lev. (Rhizoctonia), 307arctata Stirt, (Verrucaria), 326arenarium Ny!. (Calicium), 330arenicola A. L. Sm. (Bacidia var.), 311

Leight. (Lecidea), 31 IMudd (Raphiospora); 3IlSacco (Myeobaeidia), 31 I

AATHONIA Aeh., 307, 308, 3ID, 312, 317AATHOPYRENIA Mass., 321, 322, 325ASCOCHYTULA Pot. emend. Died., 327associata Th. Fr. (Leeidea), 30B

Sacco & D. Sacco (Nesolechia), 308ASTROTHELIUM Eschw., 319ater Linds. (Abrothallus var.), 312atomaria Krb. (Microthelia), 326athallina A. L. Sm. (Buellia form), 312

Mull. (Buellia), 312Vouaux (Karschia), 312

ATRACTIUM Link., 328atricola Linds, (Microthelia), 317

Sacco (Mullerella), 317

aurantiaca B. & C. (Stigmatella), 306aurantiacum Kalchb. (Polycephalum), 306aurantiacus Thaxt, (Chondromyces), 306

babingtonii Berk. (Strigula), 316BACIDIA DN., 3ID, 317BADHAMIA Berk., 306baeomycearia Linds. (Microthelia), 326

Sacco (Leptosphaeria), 326BERTIA DN., 318BIATORELLA DN., 314BIATORINA Mass., 310, 322BILIMBIA DN., 311brachysporum Vouaux (Discothecium var.),

319, 320Zopf (Tichothecium var.), 319, 320

BROOMELLA Sacc., 316bryophila Wats. (Stenocybe), 314bryophilus Zahl. (Diploschistes), 315BUELLIA DN., 311, 312byssacea Weig. (Sphaeria), 331

S. F. Gray (Inoderma), 331

ea1careus Ny!. (Endococcus), 320calcariccolum Arn. (Tichothecium), 320

Keissl. (Discothecium var.), 319, 320Vouaux (Discothecium), 320

calcaricola Leight. (Verrucaria), 320Mudd (Microthe1ia), 320

CALICIUM Pers., 312, 313CALLORIA Phil., 308CALONECTRIA DN., 316campestris Th. Fr. (Biatorella), 314campsteriana Linds. (Verrucaria), 325caninae Cke. (Hepameria), 323

Cke. & Plow. (Psilosphaeria), 323Plow. & Phil. (Sphaeria), 323Vouaux (Phaeospora), 323

capsulifera Berk. (Badhamia), 306cargiliana Linds. (Microthelia), 327carneum Fr. (Illosporium), 329carrolii A. L. Sm. (Leptorhaphis), 325CATILLARIA (Mass.) Th. Fr., 310CELIDIOPSIS Sacc., 308CELIDIUM Tul., 307, 308, 324centrifuga Massal. (Opegrapha), 313

Stein. or Rehm. (Leciographa), 313centrifugum Bresad (Corticiurn), 307, 329, 330

Lev. (Rhizoctonia), 307CERCIDIOSPORA Korber, 316, 325cerinaria Mudd (Sphaeria), 320cerinarium Berl, & Vogl, (Tichothecium),

320cetrariicola Am. (Nesolechia), 309

Cke. (Psilosphaeria), 316Linds. (Lecidea), 309Nyl. (Sphaeria), 316Sacco (Metasphaeria), 316,325

cetrariicolum Keissl. (Phragmothyrium), 316ClIAENOTHECA Th. Fr., 312CHONDROMYCES Berk. & Curt., 306

334 Transactions British Mycological Societychrysantheus Am. (Abrothallus form), 313

Stein. (Abrothallus), 313CILIOMYCES Hohn., 317citrinella Ach, (Lecidea) , 311citrinum Leight. (Calicium) , 330c1adoniaria Am. (Nesolechia), 309, 312

Nyl. (Lccidea), 309c1adoniarum Linds. (Abrothallus), 309clemens Mass. (Canida), 308

Tul. (Phacopsis), 308Cliostomum Fr., 330coarctatae B. de Lesd. (Didymella), 322

Keissl, (? Pharcidia), 322coccinella Fr . (Calloria), 308

Karst. (Orbilia), 308Somm. (Peziza), 308

coccineum Fr. (Illosporium ) , 329coccophila Desm. (Microcera), 328CoLLEMA Wigg. , 318collemata Vouaux (DidymelIa), 325colleta A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrenia?), 322

Stirt. (Verrucaria), 322commune Rabh. (Macrosporium), 329conferta Tayl, (Verru caria), 326congesta Krb. (Pharcidia) , 322CoNIANGIUM Fr., 315CONIDA Massal., 307, 308, 317CONlOPHORA DC., 306CONIOSPORIUMLink ex Fr., 328CONIOTHECiUM Corda, 328, 329CONIOTHYRIUM Corda, 327cookei Linds, (Microthelia), 319

Sacco (Mycosphaerella), 319CORTlCmM Fr., 307, 329corticola Nyl. (Schizoxylon), 315

Fr. (Coniangium), 315consociata A. L. Sm. (Pharcidia), 321

Nyl. (Venucaria), 321conspurcans Leight. (Verrucaria), 321

(Arthopyrenia), 321conturmatula Nyl. (Verrucaria), 331corallinum Krb. (Acolium), 329

Ferr. (Illosporium var.), 329Rob. (Illosporium), 329

corniculata Keissl. (Guignardia), 318Leight. (Verrucaria), 318Sacco (Metas phaeria) , 318Vouaux (Sphaerulina), 318,319Wallr. (O bryzum) , 318

corrugatum Fr. (Cliostomum), 330CRATERIUM Trentip., 306cristata A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 310

Am. (Catillaria), 310Leight. (Lecidea), 310Sacco & D. Sac co (Scutula) , 310

crombii Mudd (Endocarpon), 321Sacco & D. Sacco (Pharcidia) , 321

crozalzii Vouaux (Leptosphaeria) , 326CYPHELIUM Ach., 329

DACAMPIA Mass., 326DACTYLIUM Nees., 329, 330DACTYLOSPORA Krb. , 313dendroides Fr. (Dactylium) , 329DENDROPHOMA Sacc., 327DERMATOCARPON Eschw., 318

destructans Tobl. (Karschia), 312DIALONECTRIA Cke., 316DICHAENA Fr., 330DICTYOGRAPHA Mull-Arg., 330DIDYMELLA Sacc., 325DIDYMIUM Schrad., 306DmYMOSPHAERIA Zopf, 325, 326difformis Wain. (Biatorella ), 314­DIPLODINA Westend, 318, 329DIPLOSCHISTES Norm., 315DISCOCERA A. L. Sm. & Ramsb., 30gDISCOTHEClUM Zopf, 319, 320dispersa Wint. (Phareid ia), 321, 323dispora A. L. Sm. (Microthe1ia), 323dissepta A. L. Sm. (Microthelia), 323

Nyl. (Verrucaria), 323, 324doli chotera Leight. (Verrucaria), 319

Vouaux (Sphaerulina), 319DOTHIDEA Fr. , 317dubia Cke. (Homostegia), 307

Linds. (Phymatopsis), 312dubiella A. L. Sm. (? Pharcidia), 319, 321

Keissl. (Sphaerulina), 319, 321Nyl. (Verrucaria), 319

dubium Linds. (Celidium), 307duriae M . & B. (Myriangium), 318dzieduszyeki Keis sl. (Phaeospora var.) , 324-

ecatonospora Anzi, (Microthelia), 321ecatonosporum Wint. (Tichothecium var.) ,

321ecrustacea A. L. Sm. (Diploschistes form), 315

Cromb. (Lecanora form) , 315effusa Auersw, (Bilimbia) , 311ehrhartiana Ach , (Leeidea) , 330elachistophora Nyl. (Verrucaria), 331endocarpicola Keissl. (? Celidium), 310

Linds. (Lecidea) 310Vouaux (Mycobilimbia), 310

ENDOCARPON Hedw., 318, 321, 326endococcoidca Nyl. (Verrucaria), 31~

Sacco (Sphaerulina), 319ENDOCOCCUS Nyl., 317, 319, 321, 323epiblastematica A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 310

Rehm. (Scutula), 310Walk (Pezi za), 310

epicallopisma Arn , (Cercidiospora), 316FI. Bad . (Phaeospora), 323Sacco (Nectria), 316Wedd. (Verrucaria), 323

cpicladonia Am. (Biatorina), 310Nyl. (Lecidea ), 310Sacco (Scutula), 310Vouaux (Canida) , 310

EPICOCCUM Link. , 329EPICYMATIA Fkl. , 322epic ymatia Wallr. (Sphaeria), 322

Wint. (Pharcidia), 322, 323epidermidis Th. Fr. (Leptorhaphis), 325epigaea S. F. Gray (Inoderma), 331epigaeum Wallr. (Thrombium), 331epipasta Stirt, (Lecidea), 307epiphega En g. BOI. (O pegrapha), 330epiphorbia Stirt, (Leeidea) , 308

Vouaux (Canida) , 308Zopf (Karschia), 30B

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 335epipolytropa Berl. & Vogl. (Didymella), 325

Cromb. (Verrucaria), 325Wint. (Didymosphaeria), 325

epipolytropum Mudd (Thelidium), 325epipsila Nyl. (Lecidea), 312

Olivo (Buellia), 312episema A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 310

Nyl. (Lccidea), 310Olivo (Catillaria), 310Zopf (Scutula), 310

epithallina Boud. (Mollisiella), 308Phil. (Mollisia), 308Phil. & Plow. (Peziza), 308Sacco (Pezizella), 308

epithallinum Leight. (The1ocarpon), 317erratica Leight. (Vcrrucaria), 321erraticum Mass. (Tichothecium), 321

Vouaux (Tichothecium var.) , 320, 321erraticus Nyl. (Endococcus), 321EUROTIUM Link ex Fr., 315euspora Anzi (Stenocybe), 314exerrans A. L. Sm. (Microthelia), 324

Nyl. (Endococcus), 324exoriens A. L. Sm. (Phaeospora), 323

Stirt. (Endococcus), 323Whe1d. & Wils. (Pyrenococcus), 323

faginea Fr. (Dichaena), 330ferdinandezii Cromb. (Lecidea), 312fimbriatae Keissl. (Guignardia), 318

Vain. (Paralaestadia), 318firmatum l'\y!. (Odontotrema), 315flammea Tul, (Sphaerostilbe), 328flammeum Berk. & Rav. (Atractium), 328flavovirescens Anzi (Bacidia), 311

Borr. (Lecidea), 311Dicks. (Lichen), 311Krb. (Raphiospora), 311Rehm (Mycobacidia), 311

fossarum Rehm. ex Rarnsb. (Biatorella), 314Th. Fr. ex A. L. Sm., 314

frigida Vouaux (Pharcidia), 321fuistingii Krb. (Lahmia), 311fuliginosa Turn. (Spiloma), 328fulvus ]ahn. (Myxococcus), 306fumosaria Leight. (Verrucaria), 320FUSARIUM Link., 329fuscopurpurea Vouaux (Conida), 308, 317fuscopurpureum Tul. (Ce1idium), 308FUSISPORIUM auct. ant., 329

gagei Deak, (Verrucaria), 323galactinaria Am. (Conida), 308

Leight. (Arthonia), 307, 308Vouaux (Conida), 309

GASSICURTIA Fee, 329ge1asinata Zahl. (Sphinctrina), 314gelasinatus Wahl. (Lichen), 314ge1ida (Squamaria), 325ge1idaria A. L. Sm. (Didymosphaeria), 325

Mudd (Sphaeria), 325geIidarium B. & G. (Tichothecium), 325gemmifera Mudd (MicrotheIia), 319

Tay!. (Verrucaria), 319gemmiferum Krb. (Tichothecium), 319

Vouaux (Discothecium), 319

gemmiferus Nyl. (Endococcus), 319geophana Fr. (Biatora), 309

Ny!. (Lecidea), 309glaucomaria A. L. Sm. (Leciographa), 307

Nyl. (Arthonia), 307Ny!. 1852 (Lecidea), 307

glebulosus Sm. (Lichen), 310glomerulosum Tayl. (Collema), 318GLONIOPSIS, 330gothica Leight. (Verrucaria), 325

Th. Fr. (Polyblastia), 324graphideorum Keiss!. (Coniothecium), 328, 329

Ny!. (Spilomium), 328GUiGNARDIA Viala & Rav., 318, 319GYMNOSPORIUM ? Kalchb., 328gyrophorae Am. (Arthopyrenia), 322

Zopf (Pharcidia), 322gyrophorarum Arn, (Arthopyrenia), 322

Zopf (Pharcidia), 322

hageniae Rehm (Pharcidia), 321haplotella Am. (Mullerella), 317

Leight. (Verrucaria), 317haplotellus Nyl. (Endococcus), 317harrimanni Ach. (Verrucaria), 331heerii Hepp (Lecidea), 310HEPTAMERIA Rehm. & Thuern., 323herbariorurn Link. (Eurotium), 315heteraizans Am. (Phaeospora), 323

Leight. (Verrucaria) 323HOMOSTEGIA Fk!., 307homostegia Linds. (Dothidea), 317hookeri Borr. (Verrucaria), 326

Keiss!. (Pleospora), 321Linds. (Sphaeria), 326Mass. (Dacampia), 326Schaer. (Lecidea), 326

hyalina Berk. (Badhamia), 306HYMENOBIA Ny!., 316HYMENOBOLINA Zukal, 306HYMENOBOLUS Zukal, 306HYPHELIA Fr., 329HYPOCREA Fr., 329HYSTERIUM Tode, 330

ILLosPoRIUM Mart., 328, 32gimbricariae Allesch (Coniothyrium), 327

Keiss!. (Lichenococcum), 327imponens Leight. (Lecidea), 330indigens Am. (Secoliga), 316

Rehm (Nectria), 316innata Keiss!. (Pharcidia form), 321

Nyl. (Verrucaria), 321Sacco (Pharcidia), 321

innatula Hue (Verrucaria), 321Zopf (Pharcidia), 321

INoDERMA S. F. Gray, 331inquinans Massa!. (Nesolechia), 310insidiosa Nyl. (Hymenobia), 316

Sacco (Nectria), 316insita Stirt. (Lecidea), 309

Vouaux (? Nesolechia), 309inspersa Flk. (Lecidea), 313

Mudd (Dactylospora), 313Rehm (Leciographa), 313Tu!. (Lecidea), 313

Transactions British Mycological Societyinsulare Mass. (Endocarpon), 318

Mig. (Dermatocarpon), 318insularis Keiss!' (Guignardia), 318

Ny!. (Lecidea), 309intumescens Flot. (L. badia var.), 309

Magn. (? Nesolechia), 309Ny!. (Lecidea), 309

KARsCHIA Krb., 311, 312KEISSLERIA von HoW., 316killiasii Rehm (Mycobilimbia), 310kuhnii Fk!. (Fusisporium), 329

Sacco (Fusarium), 329

LAESTADIA Amersw., 318LAHMIA Krb., 311lamyi Rich. (Lecidea), 313larbalestieri Que!. (Coniophora), 306laricicola Ny!. (Xylographa), 315

Sacco (Leciographa), 313LAsIONECTRIA (Sacc.) Cke., 316

Leight. (Verrucaria), 319laxa Fr. (Corticium), 306lecanodes Berk. (Dialonectria), 316

Ces. (Nectria), 316lecanorae Keiss!' (Ascochytula), 327

Vouaux (Phoma), 327UCIOGRAPHA Mass., 311, 313leciographoides Keiss!. (Mycome1aspilca), 31 I

Vouaux (Melaspilea), 31 Ileightonii B. & Br. (Ncctria), 316

Sacco (Calonectria), 316leptogicola Cke. & Mass. (Hypocrea), 316

Sacco (Broomella), 316von Hohn (Keissleria), 316von Hohn (Yatesula), 316

LEPTORHAPHIS Krb., 325LEPTOSPHAERIA Ces. & DN., 324, 326leptostigma Nyl, (Lecidea), 308

Sacco (Nesolechia), 308leucocephala Fr. (Pyrenothea), 330

Pers. (Sphaeria), 330leucomelaria Mudd (Sphaeria), 326

Vouaux (Leptosphaeria)! 326 .leucomelarium B. & V. (Tichothecium), 326levantica Rehm (Gloniopsis), 330LIBERTELLA Speg. ct Roum., 327 .lichenicola A. L. Sm. & Ramsb. (Discocera),

309

DN. (Bertia), 318Cke, & Plow. (Psilosphaeria), 318Harm. (Urceolaria form), 315Karst. (Sphaeria), 318Keissl. (Nesolechia), 309Linds, (Torula), 328P. & S. (Vouauxiella), 328Rehm (Nectria), 316 .

lichenicolum Berk. & Br. (Sporotrichum), 330Keissl, (Rhagadostoma), 318, 327Keissl, (Sirothecium), 328Linds. (Coniothecium), 329Mass. (Melittosporium), 315Vouaux (Dactylium), 32gVouaux (Spilornium), 329

LICHENOCONnJM Pet. & Syd., 327lichenodes A. L. Sm. (Diplodina), 327

LICHENOPHOMA Keiss!., 328lichenum Schroet. (Celidium), 307

Somm. (Dothidea), 307lignyota Fr. (Patellaria), 312

Sacco (Karschia), 312LISTERELLA Jahn., 306lithina Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330

Tay!. (Verrucaria), 330longius Ny!. (Odontotrema), 315lopadii Anzi (Celidium), 324­

Zopf (Merismatium), 324LOPHOTIlELnJM Stirt., 319lutea Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330

MACROSPORIUM Fr., 329macvicari Grelet (Stenocybe var.), 314major Ny!. (Stenocybe), 314majus Leight. (Odontotrema), 31~margacea Leight., 1851 (Verrucana), 323MASSARIA DN., 326MASSARIELLA Speg., 326melaleucum Ach. (Spiloma), 328MELANOMMA Nke. & Fkl., 325me1anospermum Macbride (Didymium), 306melanospora Hepp. (Didymosphaeria), 326melaspermella Ny!. (Arthonia), 312MELASPILEA Ny!., 311, 314, 315melaspora Tay!. (Verrucaria), 319MELiTTIOSPORIUM Corda, 315MERISMATIUM Zopf, 324METASPHAERIA Sacc., 316microcephala Ny!. (Sphinctrina), 314MICROCERA Desm., 328microphorus Nyl. (Endococcus), 321rnicrospermus Linds. (Abrothallus var.), 312

Tu!. (Abrothallus), 312 .rnicrospila Krb. (Arthopyrema), 322

Wint. (Pharcidia), 322microsticta Mudd (Acarospora var.), 326Inicrostictica Leight. (Verrucaria), 326

Wint. (Didymosphaer!a), 326Vain. (Didymosphaena), 326

microsticticum Leight. (Endocarpon), 326MICROTIlELIA Krb., 318, 320, 321, 323, 324,

326, 327. .micula Flot, (Microthelia), 326miliaris Wallr. (Peziza), 309minus Ny!. (Odontotrema), 315minutum Fr. (Craterium), 306mollis Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330

Tay!. (Verrucaria), 330MOLLISIA Fr., 308MOLLISIELLA Boud., 308moorei Linds, (Abrothallus), 312, 328moriformis Th. Fr. (Biatorella), 314MULLERELLA Hepp, 3I7MYCOBACIDIA Rehm, 311,314MYCOBILIMBIA Rehm, 310MYCOMELASPILLA Reinke, 31 IMYCOSPIlAERELLA Johans., 319MVRIANGIUM M. & B., 318Mvxococcus Thaxt., 306

NECTRIA Fr., 316, 317NECTRIELLA Nitsch, 316

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 337neglecta Hue (Crocynia), 309

Nyl. (Lecidea), 309Vain. (Nesolechia), 309

negleetum Desm. (Epicoccum), 329NEOLAMYA Theiss. & Syd., 327neottizans A. L. Sm. (Didymosphaeria), 326

Leight. (Verrucaria), 326Zopf (Leptosphaeria), 326

nephromaria Nyl. (Arthonia), 308NESOLECHIA Mass., 308, 314nigritella A. L. Sm. (Polyblastia), 324

Am. (Polyblastia), 324Nyl. (Verrucaria), 324Vouaux (Merismatium), 324

nigropunctata Hook. (Lecidea), 326nigrum Lam. (Coniothecium), 328niveoatra Borr. (Verrucaria), 330

Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330notarisii Zah!. (Cyphe1ium), 329

OBRYZUM Wallr., 319obscurata A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia var.), 311

Rehm (Mycobilimbia), 310Somm. (Lecidea var.), 310Zahl. (Bacidia), 310

obscuroides Linds. (Lecidea), 309octospora Wats. (Microthe1ia form), 323ODONTOTREMA Nyl., 315olivaceum DC. (Coniothecium), 328OPEGRAPHA Humb., 330opegraphicola Linds. (Microthelia), 317

Zopf (Mullerella), 317ORBICULA Cke., 316ORBILIA Fr., 308oropensis Hohn. (Ciliomyces), 317oxyspora Mass. (Nesolechia), 309

Nyl. (Lecidea), 309oxysporus Tul. (Abrothallus), 309

pallens Nyl. (Xylographa var.), 315papillosa Ach. (Pertusaria var.), 329paradoxa Jahn (Listerella), 306PARALAESTADIA Vain., 318paralle1a Fors. (Xylographa), 315PARANECTRIA Sacc., 317parasemoides Am. (Ce1idium form), 307

Nyl. (Arthonia), 307parasitiea Am. (Phaeospora), 322, 323, 324

Mass. (Leciographa), 313parasiticus Sm. (Lichen), 312

Zahl. (Diploschistes var.), 315Zuk. (Hymenobolus), 306

parellaria A. L. Sm. (Leciographa var.), 313Nyl. (Lecidea), 313Sacco & D. Sacco (Leciographa), 313

parietinaria Linds. (Microthelia), 320parmeliarum Cke. (Heptameria), 324

Cke, (Melanomma), 324Cke. & Plow. (Psilosphaeria), 324Olivo (Buellia), 312Phil. & Plowr. (Sphaeria), 324Sacco (Leptosphaeria), 324Somm. (Lecidea), 312Vouaux (Abrothallus), 312Vouaux (Phaeospora), 324

MS

parmularia Berk. (Sphaeria), 319Leight. (Astrothelium), 319Sacco (Valsaria), 319

particularis A. L. Sm. (Buellia), 312Nyl. (Lecidea), 312

patersoni Stirt. (Me1aspilea), 315peltigerae Keiss!. (Libertella), 327

Lib. (Zythia), 327Mont. (Sphaeria), 327Phil. & Plowr. (Nectria), 316Th. & Syd. (Neolamya), 327

peltigerea Rehm (Scutula), 308, 310Th. Fr. (Arthonia), 308, 310

pelvetii Arn. (Conida), 308Cke. (Homostegia), 308, 317

peripherica Am. (Phaeospora), 323Mudd. (Microthelia), 323Tayl. (Verrucaria), 323

periphericus Cromb. (Endococcus), 323perpusilla Leight. (Verrucaria), 320perpusillum Am. (Tichothecium), 320perpusillus Ny!. (Endococeus), 320persimilis Ny!. (Lecidea), 313petraeicola Linds. (Microthelia), 323PEZIZA Dill., 308PEZIZELLA Starb., 308PHACOPSIS Tu!., 307, 308PHAEOSPORA Hepp., 323PHARCIDIA Krb., 321, 322PHOMA Fr., 327PHRAGMOTHYRIUM Hohn, 316, 325PHYMATOPSIS Linds., 312physciae KaIch. (Gymnosporium), 328

Pers. Fr. (Aegerita), 328Sacco (Coniosporium), 328

physciicolum Keissl. (Discothecium var.), 320Nyl, (Mycoporum), 320Vouaux (Discothecium), 320

piggotii Berk. & Br. (Dothidea), 317Karst. (Homostegia), 317

pinicola Th. Fr. (Biatorella), 314pituphloia Leight. (Verrucaria), 325PLEOSPORA Rabh., 326plerospora A. L. Sm. (Leeidea), 309pleurocarpa A. L. Sm. (Lobaria var.), 307plumbina Anzi (Leciographa), 311

Nyl. (Lecidea), 311Keissl. (Lahmia), 311Vouaux (Mycobacidia), 311

podetiicola Keissl, (Dendrophoma), 327POLYBLASTlA Mass., 326POLYCEPHALUM Kalchb, & Cke., 306polyspora Hepp (Mullerella), 317PSILOSPHAERIA Cke., 316, 318, 324PSORA Haller, 316psoromoides Borr. (Verrucaria), 318

Hook. (Endocarpon), 318Keissl. (Guignardia), 318Vouaux (? Laestadia), 318Wint. (Physalospora), 318

pulicare Pers. (Hysterium), 330pulmonacea Ach. (Sticta), 307pulmonaria Hoffm, (Lobaria), 307pulposa Leight. (Verrucaria), 330pulposi Vouaux (Didymella), 325

Zopf (Didymosphaeria), 325

22

Transactions British Mycological Societypuncta Massa!. (Nesolechia), 3IIpunctilla Ny!. (Arthonia), 308

Vouaux (Conida), 308Wint. (Pharcidia), 322

pycnostigma Nyl. (Verrucaria), 326Sacco & D. Sacco (Leptosphaeria), 326

pygmaea Krb. (Microthelia), 320pygmaeum Krb, (Tichothecium), 320Pvassocoocus WheId. & Wils., 323pyriformis A. L. Sm. (Myxococcus), 306

ramalinae Olivo (Spilomium), 328RAPHIOSPORA Mass. (Bacidiawith carbonaceous

apothecia), 311resinae Mudd. (BiatoreIla), 314-

Th. Fr. (BiatoreIla), 314­RHAGADOSTOMA Krb., 318RHIZ0CTONIA DC. ex Fry, 307rhyponta Borr. (Verrucaria), 322

Mudd (Arthopyrenia), 322rhytidiosporum Berk. & Br. (Stilbum), 306rimosicola Leight. (Verrucaria), 323

Mudd (MicrotheIia), 323Zopf. (Phaeospora), 323

rimosicolum Am. (Tichothecium), 323robergei Mont. & Desm. (Nectria), 316

Weese (NectrieIla), 316rosea Fr. (Hyphelia), 329roseum Berk. (Dactylium), 330

Fr. (Hyphoderma), 329Link. (Trichothecium), 330Mart. (Illosporium), 329

rudis Borr, (Verrucaria), 330Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330

rufum Fr. (Agyrium), 307rugulosa Borr, (Verrucaria), 319

Mudd (Microthelia), 319rugulosus Nyl. (Endococcus), 319ruiziana Mull.-Arg. (Graphina), 330

saxatilis Krb. (BueIlia), 312Rabh. (Trachylia), 312Rehm (Karschia), 312Schaer. (Calicium), 312

scabrosa Krb, (BueIlia), 312Rehm. (Karschia), 312

scapanaria Carrington (Lecidea), 313A. L. Sm. (Leciographa), 312

scaphoidea Stirt. (Xylographa), 315SCHIZ0XYLON Pers., 315SCLEROCOCCUM Fr., 329scoriadea Cke. (Massaria), 326

Fr. (Sphaeria), 326Sacco (Massariella), 326

SCUTULA Tu!., 310SCUTULARIA Karst., 314­SECOLIGA Stitzb., 316silacea Fee (Gassicurtia), 329silaceum Keiss!. (Coniothecium), 329

Ny!. (Spilomium), 329SIROTHECIUM Karst., 328smithii Linds. (Lecidea), 312

Tu!. (AbrotheIlus), 312solorinaria Linds. (Microthelia), 318, 327

Vouaux (Diplodina), 318, 327SOROTHELIA Krb., 320SPEGGAZlNIA Sacc., 329

sphaerale Fr. (Sclerococcum), 329Keiss!. (Coniothecium), 329

SPHAERELLA Ces. & DN., 321SPHAERIA Hall, 321, 322, 323, 324-, 331sphaerica Schaer. (Lecidea), 326SPHAEROSTILBE Tu!., 328SPHAERULINA Sacc., 318, 319SPHINCTRINA Fr., 314-sphinctrinoides Ber!. & Vog!. (Didymella), 325SPILOMA auc. ant., 328SPILOMELA Keiss!., 329SPILOMIUM Ny!., 329spilomatica Th. Fr. (Xylographa), 315SPOROTRICHUM Link., 330squamaricolum Linds. (CeIidium), 307squamarioides Keissl. (Discothecium), 320

Mudd (Sphaeria), 320Wint. (Tichothecium), 320Zopf (Sorothelia), 320

STEGIA Fr., 324­STENOCYBE Ny!.; 3[4-stereocaulicola Linds, (Microthelia), 320stereocaulicolum Vouaux (Discothecium), 320stereocaulina Keiss!. (Conida form), 308

Ohl. (Arthonia var.), 308stereocaulorum Krb. (Scutula), 320

Nyl. (Lecidea), 320Th. Fr. (Biatorina), 320

STICTA Schreb., 307stictarum Tu!. (Celidium), 307

DN. (Sphaeria), 307stictica Fr. (Pyrenothea), 330stigma Krb. (Tichothecium), 320

Zopf (Discothecium), 320STIGMATELLA Lev., 306stigonellum Schaer. (Calicium), 3[3

Zah!. (CypheIium), 329STILBUM Tode, 306STRIGULA Fr., 316subfuscicola Linds. (MicrotheIia), 308subvarians Ny!. (Arthonia), 308sulphurea Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330supernula A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 3[0

Nyl. (Lecidea), 310superposita Ny!. (Verrucaria), 322

Sacco & D. Sacco (Pharcidia), 322superpositum A. L. Sm. (TheIidium), 322supersparsa Arn. (Phaeospora), 324­

Keiss!. (Nesolechia var.), 310Ny!. (Lecidea), 310

talcophila Krb. (Karschia), 312tartaricola Cke. (Orbicula), 316

Linds. (Verrucaria), 326Nyl. (Sphaeria), 316

tartarina Keiss!. (Metasphaeria), 325Ny!. (Verrucaria), 325

tenuis Nees ex Wallr. (Alternaria), 329thalamitus Ny!. (Endococcus), 321thallina Cke, (SphaereIla), 321

Sacco (Epicymatia), 321thalloides Rehm (Karschia), 312thallophila Cke. (Sphaerella), 322

Cke. (Sphaeria), 322Sacco (Epicymatia), 322Stevenson (Psilosphaeria), 322

British Fungi Parasitic on Lichens. W. Watson 339THELlDlUM Mass., 321, 322THELOCARPON Nyl., 317THROMBIUM Wallr., 331TICHOTHECIUM Flot., 320, 321, 326TORULA Pers. Fr., 328TRACHYLIA Fr., 312TRICHOTHECIUM Link, 330triphractoides A. L. Sm. (? Pharcidia), 322,

323Leight. (Verrucaria}, 322Nyl. (Endococcus), 322, 323

tubaeformis Massal, (Sphinctrina), 314turbinata Fr. (Sphinctrina), 314

uncialicola Vouaux (Phoma), 312, 328Zopf (Phyllosticta), 328

usneae jatta (Buellia), 312Rabh, (Abrothallus), 312Rehm (Abrothallus form), 312

utricularis Berk. (Badhamia), 306

VALSARIA Ces. & DN., 319varians Am. (Ce1idium), 307

Hall (Lichen), 307Ny!. (Arthonia), 307

variolosum T. & B. (Spiloma), 328varium Massa!. (Celidium), 307

Tu!. (Phacopsis), 307ventosaria Linds. (Sphaeria), 321ventosicola Leight. (Verrucaria), 321

Mudd (Microthelia), 321ventosicolum Wint. (Tichothecium var.) ,

321ventosus Nyl. (Endococcus), 3~Z(

vermicelluera Leight. (Pyrenothea), 330vermicularia Linds. (Microthe1ia), 320

vermicularis Am. (Nesolechia), 314Gray (Cerania), 320Keiss!. (Stegia), 314

vermicularium Vouaux (Discothecium), 320vermifera Keissl. (Spilomela), 314

Leight. (Melaspilea), 314Sacco (Scutularia), 314Vouaux (Mycobacidia), 314

vermiformis Leight. (Melaspilea), 314VERRUCARIA Pers., 317-26verrucariae (Didymella var.) (Zopf) Vouaux,

325verrucosaria Linds. (Arthopyrenia), 325versicolor Lister (Badhamia), 306

Smith (Spiloma), 328vesicularia Arn. (Phaeospora), 324

Linds. (Microthelia), 324-viridescens (Fr.) Biatora,306vitellinaria Nyl, (Lecidea), 310

Rehm. (Nesolechia), 310vouauxi B. de Lesd. (Diplodina), 327VOUAUXIELLA Pet. & Syd., 328vugasus Eng. Bot. (Lichen), 330vulgaris Fkl. (Epicymatia), 322

Mass. (Sphaerella), 322

wallrothii Nyl. (Lecidea), 310watsoni Rilstone (Gloniopsis), 330welwitzschia Mont. (Abrothallus), 312

Tul, (Abrothallus), 312

XYLOGRAPHA Fr., 314, 315

YATESULA Syd., 316

zwackhii Cromb. non Massal, (Lecidea), 313ZYTHIA Syd., 327

(Accepted for publication 17 March 1947)

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