The Voyage of the Plant Nursery, H.M.S. Providence, 1791-17931

DULCIE POWELL 2

INTRODUCTION

I first discovered letters and other documents pertaining to the breadfruit story while I was seeking information on plants which had been introduced into Jamaica. These documents form part of the Brabourne collection of Banks papers and are located along with the Tobin Journal on H.M.S. Providence 1791-93 in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, Australia. The letters were written to Sir Joseph Banks, who had organized the expedition for taking breadfruit from the South Seas to the West Indies, by (among others) James Wiles and Christopher Smith, botanist-gardeners on the Providence; Dr. Arthur Broughton, a physician of Kingston, Jamaica; and Dr. Thomas Dancer, the Island Botanist.

After I had obtained a copy of these letters and the part of Tobin's journal relevant to the West Indies, I thought it advisable to combine information they contained with material I had found during my research in the West India Reference Library of the Institute of Jamaica and the Widener Library of Harvard University, to reconstruct and make available a more complete picture of Bligh's very successful introduction of breadfruit into the British West Indies.

Special mention must be made of another important source of information, Ida Lee's Captain Bligh's Second Voyage to the South Sea, which is based mainly on Captain Bligh's log.

NECESSITY FOR THE VOYAGE

The breadfruit was taken to the British West Indies for the first time in 1793 by Captain William Bligh on H.M.S. Providence, accompanied by Lieutenant Nathaniel Porflock on the Assistant. Though at first the inhabitants of these islands were slow in acquiring a taste for the fruit, it has long since become an integral part of their diet. In rural areas, breadfruit in its season is eaten three times a day.

Today the importance of Bligh's expedition is not usually fully appreciated. It is important to remember that until the 1770's there was no breadfruit crop, no mango crop, not even a sizeable banana crop, only plaintains, maize, and ground provisions in the West Indies; and since this was insufficient, a large portion of the food consumed in the islands came from continental North America. At best this was an expensive way to feed the large slave population, and during the American War of Independence when only British ships were allowed to trade with the British West Indies, the American food supply was cut off. These conditions prevailed until 1796 and the situation was worsened by natural disasters as the following extract from Bryan Edward's History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies (1793) will show.

I have now before me a report of a committee of the assembly of Jamaica, on the subject of the slave trade, wherein the loss of negroes in that island, in consequence of those awful concussions of nature [earthquakes], and the want

i Submitted for publication April 13, 1970. 2 Research for this paper was conducted party while fulfilling an appointment as Mercer Research

Fellow to the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, during the academic year 1962-1963, and later as Assistant Botanist of the Science Museum, Institute of Jamaica. Present address: Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

ECONOMIC BOTANY 31:387-431. October-December, 1977 387

of supplies from America, is incidentally stated. It is a document of the best authority a n d . . , will, I hope, serve as an awful lesson to future ministers how they suffer the selfishness of party, and the prejudice of personal resentment, to have an influence in the national councils.

"We shall now (say the committee) point out the principal causes to which this mortality of our slaves is justly chargeable. It is but too well known to the house, that in the several years 1780, 1781, 1784, 1785, and 1786, it pleased Divine Providence to visit this island with repeated hurricanes, which spread desolation throughout most parts of the island; but the parishes which suffered more re- markably than the rest were those of Westmoreland, Hanover, Saint James, Trelawny, Portland, and Saint Thomas in the East. By these destructive visitations, the plantain walks, which furnish the chief article of support to the negroes, were generally rooted up, and the intense droughts which followed destroyed those different species of ground provisions which the hurricanes had not reached. The storms of 1780 and 1781 happening during the time of war, no foreign supplies, except a trifling assistance from prize-vessels, could be ob- tained on any terms, and a famine ensued in the leeward parts of the island, which destroyed many thousand negroes. After the storm of the 30th of July, 1784, the Lieutenant-governor, by the advice of his council, published a proc- lamation dated the 7th of August permitting the free importation of provisions and lumber in foreign bottoms for four months from that period. As this was much too short a time to give sufficient notice, and obtain all the supplies that were necessary, the small quantities of flour, rice and other provisions, which were imported in consequence of the proclamation, soon rose to so exorbitant a price as to induce the assembly, on the 9th of November following, to present an address to the Lieutenant-governor requesting him to prolong the term until the latter end of March 1785; observing, that it was impossible for the natural production of the country to come to such maturity as to be wholesome food, before that time. The term of four months not being expired when this address was presented, the Lieutenant-governor declined to comply therewith; but on the 1st of December following, the house represented that a prolongation of the term was then absolutely necessary: They observe that, persuaded of the reluc- tance with which His Honour would be brought to deviate from regulations which he felt bound to observe, it would give them much concern to address him on the same occasion a second time, were they not convinced that it was in a case of such extreme necessity as to justify such a deviation. Accordingly, the Lieutenant Governor, by the advice of his Majesty's council, directed, that the time formerly limited should be extended to the 31st of January then next ensuing (1785): but, at the same time, he informed the house that he was not at liberty to deviate any longer from the regulations which had been established in Great Britain.

From the 31st of January, 1785, therefore, the ports continued shut, and the sufferings of the poor negroes, in consequence thereof, for some months after- wards were extreme: Providentially, the seasons became more favourable about May, and considerable quantities of corn and ground provisions were gathered in by the month of August; when the fourth storm happened, and the Lieutenant Governor immediately shut the ports against the exportation of any of our provisions to the French and Spanish Islands, which were supposed to have suffered more than ourselves; but not thinking himself at liberty to permit the importation of provisions in American vessels, the productions of the coun- try were soon exhausted, and the usual attendants of scanty and unwholesome diet, dropsies and epidemic dysenteries, were again dreadfully prevalent in the

388 ECONOMIC BOTANY

spring and summer of 1786, and proved fatal to great numbers of the negroes in all parts of the country.

On the 20th of October in that year, happened the fifth dreadful hurricane, which again laid waste the leeward parishes, and completed the tragedy. We decline to enlarge on the consequences which followed, lest we may appear to exaggerate; but having endeavoured to compute, with as much accuracy as the subject will admit, the number of our slaves whose destruction may be fairly attributed to these repeated calamities, and the unfortunate measure of inter- dicting foreign supplies, and for this purpose compared the imports and returns of negroes for the last seven years, with those of seven year's preceding, we hesitate not, after every allowance for adventitious causes, to fix the whole loss at fifteen thousand: THIS NUMBER WE FIRMLY BELIEVE TO HAVE PERISHED OF FAMINE, OR OF DISEASES CONTRACTED BY SCANTY AND UNWHOLESOME DIET, BETWEEN THE LATTER END OF 1780, AND THE BEGINNING OF 1787."

Something had to be done to arrest this horrible loss of life, and West Indian planters saw a very timely ray of hope when they learned about the breadfruit. Between 1768 and 1780 Captain Cook made three voyages of discovery to the South Seas. He enthusiastically told about the tree which supplied the islanders there with bread for 12 months of the year--9 months with fresh fruit and 3 months with a paste preserved in leaf-lined holes in the ground. This was envisaged as the plant to solve the food problem in the sugar islands. The one drawback was that this tree must be propagated by suckers, since it bore no fertile seed. In 1775, at a meeting of the Standing Committee of West Indian Planters and Merchants, the planters offered to pay "all reasonable costs" to anyone who would supply them with breadfruit plants, fully expecting that some captain of a vessel trading with the East Indies would take advantage of their offer. As an added incentive, the Society of Arts promised a gold medal to the first person who took six living breadfruit plants from the South Seas to the West Indies. Perhaps the sea captains were not good enough gardeners, because no one came forward to claim either award or costs. And faced with other troubles in America, England lost interest in the breadfruit project.

Meanwhile, conditions got decidedly worse in the West Indies, and out of dire need, the planters decided to approach the government with a request for a special expedition to obtain breadfruit plants for the West Indies. Luckily for the planters, George III relied heavily on Sir Joseph Banks for scientific advice.

Sir Joseph had gone with Cook to Tahiti and had eaten breadfruit. He was in correspondence with various gentlemen in the West Indies, some of whom very definitely wrote concerning the benefit that would derive from the introduction of this plant into the islands. Valentine Morris, Governor of St. Vincent, wrote to him about this as early as 1772. Matthew Wallen and Hinton East, planters in Jamaica, wrote later, and East visited Banks in 1786, when we may be sure they discussed the possibility of a breadfruit expedition. Banks used his tremendous influence with the King, and in 1787, when George III ordered that the expedition be sent, Sir Joseph was more or less in charge of its organization.

FITTING OUT THE EXPEDITION

Banks' choice of William Bligh as commander of the expedition was a very good one. Bligh's navy record was good. He had sailed as a navigator and marine surveyor on Captain Cook's third voyage to the South Seas, where he learned a great deal about charting these unknown waters. He also learned about the natives of the islands of the Pacific, especially of Tahiti, where Captain Cook was a great favorite. Subsequently, for four years he sailed between England and Jamaica in command of

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a merchantman belonging to his wife's uncle, Duncan Campbell. During this time he often served as Campbell's agent in transactions with Jamaican planters. His head- quarters on these occasions was at Lucea, in the parish of Hanover, since Campbell had an estate in Hanover called Saltsprings [Saltbush?] Estate. Being an estate owner himself, Campbell was very much interested in the breadfruit project, and knowing William Bligh to be a capable person, he recommended him to Sir Joseph Banks as a suitable commander for the expedition. (Campbell also offered one of his ships for sale to the Navy for the purpose.)

By coincidence, Tahiti too was a happy choice of island. Not only were the inhabitants friendly and known to Bligh, but that island is about as far south of the Equator as Jamaica is north, the highest mountain in Tahiti is just 50 feet less than Jamaica's highest peak, and their climates are therefore similar. According to Lieutenant Tobin, Tahiti is very much like St. Vincent.

It is true that Bligh failed in his first attempt--the story of the mutiny on the Bounty is well known. But his experiences on that voyage made him even better qualified for a second attempt. He was that much more familiar with the Pacific, with rearing plants on board, and with the care of sailors on a long voyage. Having spent more than five months in Tahiti, he had taken the trouble to learn the language and customs of its people--which proved of inestimable value. Furthermore, the British government came to realize that the size of the first expedition had been com- pletely out of proportion to the task assigned it.

In 1791 another expedition was fitted out under Captain Bligh. Whereas the tonnage of the Bounty had been 215 tons, the ships of the second expedition, the Providence and the Assistant, were 420 and 110 tons, respectively. The com- plement of the Providence was 134 men, that of the Assistant 27, and a small detachment of 20 marines was sent to accompany the expedition.

Also on board were the two botanist-gardeners, James Wiles and Christopher Smith. Wiles, formerly employed by Richard Anthony Salisbury at Chapel Aller- ton, wrote to Sir Joseph Banks, "I think myself under greater obligations to you than I can say for appointing me to the first Gardiners Place under Cap. Bligh which Mr. Salisbury informed me of on his return." Christopher Smith probably worked for Kew Gardens. (After this expedition he continued to go out on overseas expeditions to collect plants for Kew, but he was employed by the new botanic garden in Calcutta, India.) The gardeners' instructions included the proper care of plants on board. They were to take out plants for places overseas, to collect breadfruit and other plants for the West Indies, and to take back plants for His Majesty's gardens at Kew. They were to collect for themselves specimens of birds, insects, etc., provided this did not interfere with the primary purpose of the voyage, and in addition Banks gave them s (in advance) "for service done on his account during the voyage in collecting & Preserving Specimens of Plants &c."

Whenever circumstances permitted, Wiles reported to Sir Joseph on their progress. The first such letter, written from the Providence in Portsmouth harbour, July 22, 1791, reads:

Sir, Yesterday I received my Instructions from Cap. Bligh, and read them to Mr.

Smith as you desired. I hope our success at the end of the voyage will fully prove we have par-

ticularly attended to every Part of our Duty. All the Plants on board are in very good condition at this time. I am Sir,

Your much obliged faithful servant--James Wiles

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THE VOYAGE

Cape of Good Hope and Tasmania

They set sail on August 3, 1791. The first stop was at Teneriffe, another at the Cape of Good Hope, which at that time was Dutch. Although the voyage that far was successful, Captain Bligh was, quite ill. He hoped that during his stay at the Cape (Nov. 6 to Dec. 23) he would recover, but unfortunately his "distracted head- ache" left him only when he spent a short time away from Cape Town; nevertheless he considered it necessary to stay near the ships, which were being thoroughly overhauled. Bligh records in his log:

I was obliged to Mr. Breddau, who lives near Table Hill, for the plants he gave to us. I took about 240 from him that we might not only have some for propaga- tion where we were likely to touch at, but others to give the gardeners informa- tion of the treatment necessary on board ship . . . . I left with Mr. Brandt three nectarine trees, which I was told were the only ones ever in that country.

From Cape Town they sailed to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and anchored at Adventure Bay on February 9, 1792; here they remained until the 23rd. This was Bligh's third visit to Tasmania. He was disappointed to see that of the trees he (or more likely David Nelson, botanist of the Bounty expedition) had planted in 1788, only one apple tree remained, the others having been destroyed by fire or the fall of other trees. It had grown only about a foot in 3V2 years but seemed healthy. He later regretted not having searched for the potatoes they had planted on the same occa- sion. Now Bligh had fruit trees, pomegranates, strawberries, and a rosemary planted near the beach, and the botanists collected a number of good specimens and plants, especially of the Tasmanian Blue Gum, a species of Eucalyptus.

Bligh thought that Adventure Bay was on the coast of Tasmania, but it is in fact on Bruni Island, which is off the coast. (He had on board a young midshipman, Matthew Flinders, who six years later was to be the first to circumnavigate Tas- mania.) He saw where Cook had marked his 1777 visit by inscribing a memorial in the bark of a tree, and now Bligh added his inscription: "Near this tree Captain William Bligh planted seven fruit trees 1792:--Messrs. S. and W., botanists." The French saw this when they visited the spot later, and as one can well imagine, Labillardi~re, the French naturalist, censured Bligh for taking all the credit and for relegating the scientists to mere initials.

The Assistant also had plants on board. Lieutenant Portlock had 10 potato plants and two melon or pumpkin plants growing in Tasmanian soil, horseradish growing in a cask of English soil, and in two iron pots, figs he had acquired at the Cape of Good Hope. In all these containers he had sown cress seeds, which eventually supplied his men with 'salading.' "This and other means," writes Portlock, "but above all the protection of God, will, I hope, carry us on to port in perfect health."

Tahiti On April 9, 1792, they came into port at Matavai Bay, Tahiti. Immediately Bligh

was visited by his old acquaintances and made welcome. One week later he started the collection of his precious breadfruit plants, and fortunately for Wiles and Smith, some of the Tahitians who had been employed on the previous occasion were again able to assist the project. By May 26, Bligh could record, " . . . all the plants are now in charming order, and spreading their leaves delightfully. I have completed nice airy spaces for them on the quarter deck and galleries and shall sail with every inch of space filled up." They continued to collect plants and set them in pots and tubs under sheds. The continual watering must have been a laborious task, particularly as water

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 391

had to be brought from a sufficient distance from the shore to be certain that it had no salt.

In addition to collecting plants, the Providence brought plants to Tahiti from England, Cape of Good Hope, and Tasmania: pines, guavas, pomegranates, quinces, figs, vines, firs, eucalypts and aloes. The Tahitians appreciated the aloes for their pretty flowers, the firs and eucalypts because they could look forward to having the wood for ship building, but the other plants just did not impress them. On May 29, Bligh recorded:

This morning I went to Oparre to look after some plants I had ordered to be planted in the hills at Tynah's [his friend, the ex-king] country seat. I have now planted fifty-nine orange and citron plants, and twelve pineapples there, besides many seeds, and eight young firs, which the natives value most. Upon any part of the hills the situation is delightful, and this of Tynah's is charmingly shaded with cocoa-nut trees and breadfruit. He has a few old people to look after it whose only stock are a few fowls and half-starved hogs. Whenever Tynah goes there he takes food with him---our repast to-day was baked fowl.

This was not the first time that Europeans had brought plants to Tahiti. April 22: "Today some shaddocks were sent to me; they were very large and of a fine sort, but not sufficiently ripe. They were brought about four miles out of the country near Peahroah, where Mr. Nelson in 1789 had planted three trees, that are now loaded with fruit: the natives do not value them." Even before Nelson, Captain Samuel Wallis, who had discovered Tahiti in 1767, planted limes, lemons, and oranges on the island. (One might think that sea captains were over-enthusiastic about citrus fruits, but they had discovered the importance of fresh vegetables and fruits, espe- cially citrus, in warding off scurvy, the dread of the navy. It was in 1795 that the British Navy instituted the regulation whereby every British sailor was given a regular supply of lime juice; this earned for him the nickname "limey.")

Not all the time on Tahiti was spent in minding plants, however. The simple day-to-day necessities of living had to be attended to, and the ships had to be kept in order. No work was done on Sunday, when the Captain never failed to hold Divine Service. The following entry for Sunday, May 13, is indicative: "Saw every person clean, and as usual on this day I performed Divine Service. This being the 'Po no t Etuah,' as the natives call it, we have fewer of them about us as they see we observe it without doing any work."

Both Portlock and Bligh regarded man's welfare as a matter for Divine Provi- dence, and no doubt the name of the ship helped them to bear this in mind. When one thinks of Bligh of the Bounty, one is tempted to question the sincerity of his Christianity. As an officer and captain in the British Navy of this era, he could hardly avoid being haughty and arrogant, and in addition he was quick-tempered. His anger was short-lived, however, and his irascibility may have been due to illness as he was subject to bouts of fever and nervous headaches. When he took out the Bounty, he was only 33 years of age and he had a very difficult group of men under his command, living in cramped quarters. Whatever had been his character when he left home in 1787, by the time he had experienced the acute dangers and distresses of three weeks in the Bounty's launch, his faith in God had been strengthened and he had sufficient humility to write the following words: "If ever men experienced the power of goodness, of Divine Providence, we do at this instant in a most eminent degree, and I presume to say that our present situation would make the boldest seaman tremble that ever lived." And three weeks later, "Thus happily ended through the assistance of Divine Providence without accident a voyage of the most extraordinary nature that ever happened in the world, let it be taken in its extreme

392 ECONOMIC BOTANY

duration and so much want of the necessities of life." Presumably, after these experi- ences Bligh was a wiser and less arrogant man than he had been in 1787.

To return to diversion on the island of Tahiti in 1792, sometimes in the evening the Navy would display fireworks for the amusement of the Tahitians, who also liked watching the marines as they exercised at sundown. Bligh frequently had his friends to dinner on the Providence, and in their turn, the natives entertained their guests at wrestling matches and heives (plays with music and dancing).

Having learned the native language gave Bligh the opportunity to find out what the Tahitians knew of the mutineers from the Bounty and of the survivors from the wrecked whaler, Matilda, some of whom were still in Tahiti. He was able to find out and record the local customs, in all of which he was enormously interested. In fact, Bligh was able to enter into the lives of his Tahitian friends to a remarkable degree. When he left Tahiti on July 18, 1792, they seemed to be genuinely sorry to see him go. He promised to visit them again, and taking him at his word, they later built him a "large oval-shaped native house," but he never returned.

The Providence spent three months in Tahiti, but the Bounty's stay was more than five months. Perhaps Bligh was trying to avoid a recurrence of the mutiny by less- ening the possibility of his men becoming reluctant to give up the island pleasures; or perhaps, he had come to realize that the breadfruit plants were hardy and did not require such a long trial period. Another element he probably had in mind was the time of year. Leaving Tahiti in July, Bligh went around the Cape of Good Hope the following November, springtime at the Cape. One wonders what would have become of the breadfruit plants if there had been no mutiny on the Bounty. Had the ships travelled at the same rate in both expeditions, the Bounty, leaving Tahiti as it did at the beginning of April, 1789, would have rounded the Cape in August, the dead of winter!

In 1792, Bligh took away with him the 13 survivors of the Matilda 3 and two Tahitians. Of the latter, one was Mydiddee, a royal servant. Tynah, the ex-king, wanted to go to England himself, but Bligh would not take him. The captain con- sented, however, to take Mydiddee, whom he considered more eligible for learning than a chief, who "might be led into idleness and dissipation as soon as he arrived in Europe." Tynah felt that Mydiddee's trip to England would be of great service, since the object of the journey was for him to see and learn all he could. The other Tahitian was Pappo, or Bobbo as Bligh called him. "To my astonishment I found a man who had always been collecting with the botanists secreted between decks and I had not the heart to make him jump overboard. I conceived he might be useful in Jamaica . . . therefore directed he should be under the care of the botanist. His name is Bobbo."

"Upon a moderate calculation we suppose total of plants on board to number as follows:

Breadfruit ............................................ 2,126 plants Other plants ........................................ 472 Curiosity plants .................................... 36

2,634 plants

Wiles's count varied considerably from this calculation.

To Timor And so they set sail from Tahiti in July, 1792. Besides its importance from an

economic point of view, the expedition was extremely valuable to the British Navy for purposes of exploration and of charting unknown seas. In fact, part of Bligh's orders on this occasion was to make a complete examination of Tortes Strait, and

3 The whaling-ship Matilda had recently been wrecked in the Pacific; the crew, however, escaped to Tahiti.

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even today the best and safest routes through this treacherous body of water are those taken by Bligh, first in the Bounty's launch, and later in the Providence. It was on this voyage that Bligh discovered the western group of Fiji Islands.

James Cook, Captain Bligh, Matthew Flinders---these three explorers played a large part in forming the history of the South Seas, as a study of its map will show. There are the Cooks Islands, Cooks Straits, etc., Flinders Island (more than one), Flinders Strait, Bligh's Channel, Bligh's Entrance, etc. Then there are Pitcairn Island, Banks Islands, Banks Straits, Botany Bay, Portlock Reef, even Cape Wiles and Liguanea Island, plus numerous other islands named by these men, names which fit less obviously but as surely into this romantic era of discovery.

Bligh paid special attention to ascertaining the exact positions of the Tonga (Friendly) Islands and of the Fiji (Bligh's) Islands. Then he sailed for the Banks Islands in the New Hebrides, and after charting them he moved on towards Torres Strait. In this strait the only real encounter with hostile natives occurred. Three men on the Assistant were wounded by arrows, and two weeks later William Terry, the Quartermaster, died of his wound.

On September 17, 1792, Bligh made the following entry 4 in his journal:

The small Isles next to us were without inhabitants. I therefore sent Lieuten- ant Guthrie with two boats to land on the northernmost to hoist our colours and to take possession of it. We named it Possession Island [now North Possession Islet]. I also sent out botanists to see what they could pick up . . . .

Possession Island is an inconsiderable lump of rock and stones bearing a few shrubs and small trees. Here, to these islands, the Indians [Islanders] come for turtle. Our party saw a number of shells lying on the beach (a sandy point where they landed), near this were twenty or thirty small cocoanut trees bearing fruit. They gathered a few and found them very delicious. Trees which bore the fruit that had been brought us by the natives at Island H [Dalrymple Island] and called Sour by them were also here, but had no fruit on them. The botanists saw many curious and new plants and collected about a score of good specimens. They found the Peeah and Nonah of Otaheite. The British flag was hoisted by Lieutenant Guthrie, who was accompanied by Lieutenant Tobin. After the ceremony the party drank the King's health and then made a tour of the island. Mr. Tobin writes of it: "The island I was sent to with Mr. Guthrie to look for a passage to westward (which I called Lookout Island), like the highest parts of this inhospitable country, is a group of rocks tumbled on one another to the summits. In some parts a sandy track surrounds it. For such a barren spot it boasts some trees of tolerable growth and some flowers and plants of lively appearance. Among the trees was the wharra of Otaheite, and two kinds of what in the West Indies are called Jumbee Beads."

Flinders tells us more about Possession Island:

The gentlemen landed on a fine sandy beach on its S.W. side; they found no inhabitants, but by the turtle shell scattered about it seems to be often visited, and not long since, for they found where a fire had been recently kindled. Except a small spot near the beach the island is a mass of rocks. In going among the shrubs they got covered with a large species of ant of a light green colour which was very troublesome. It is of a long slender make and very delicate. They found the nest of another species which was black, as large as and much thicker than the other; the nest was a number of twigs glued together in round form as large as a quartern loaf: and two new plants the size of the common

4 All the following extracts are taken from Ida Lee's account of the voyage.

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mulberry. One of the class Polyadelphia bears a scarlet, bell-shaped flower large as a china rose, the other a species of Erythrina bearing clusters of butterfly- shaped flowers of a light yellow tinged with purple; both were entirely destitute of leaves, and their woods rema~able brittle.

Bligh continues:

No marks of any quadruped were observed. A beautiful little lizard was seen among some loose stones, and the webbed nests of the ants the same as I have seen on the coast of New Holland. A few oysters adhered to the rocks, clams and a kind of whelk were like-wise seen, but not a drop of fresh water was obtained. In all other respects it appeared to me like the Island of Restoration which lies in Lat. 12 ~ 38' S. discovered in my last voyage. Doves and some pretty birds were seen but too shy to come within reach of our shot. We lay all night here.

From these quotations it is evident that there are at least three extant journals, or parts of journals, of this voyage: Bligh's, Tobin's, and Flinder's. There are also Portlock's and Lieutenant Bond's journals and Wiles' correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks. They were not the only educated men on this expedition, since there were 23 officers in the Providence alone, as well as the two botanists. Surely Bligh found this more congenial company than he had had on the Bounty. Moreover journals written on voyages of discovery supply material of great interest to natu- ralists, and after an expedition such as this, the captain's log was usually published for the benefit of the general public. It was through the reports of Dampier, Anson, and Cook that the western world learned of the existence of the breadfruit. From an historical point of view, these journals give us a glimpse into the part played by the British Navy in building the British Commonwealth of today. Unfortunately, how- ever, Bligh's journal of this voyage was never published.

On October 2, Bligh arrived at Coupang in Timor. He was welcomed back by M. Timotheus Vanion, the Dutch Governor. This gentleman had shown great kindness to Bligh and the other occupants of the Bounty's launch when they landed there after 42 days at sea.

I found our friend Mr. Wangon [Vanion] was very glad to see us. He was now Governor, and had it in his power to oblige me by expiditing [sic] our business . . . .

During my stay here I had not a moment's intermission from violent headache and touches of fever at times; from 8 in the morning till 5 in the afternoon I dare not expose myself to the heat of the sun. The houses, too, from the red tiling were heated like ovens, so that morning and evening were the only parts of the day at all bearable. Our Otaheitan friends were delighted with the houses and sight of the Europeans, as it conveyed to them some idea of what they would see in England. They dislike the Malays because they have dirty mouths and black teeth . . . .

According to Wiles,

We flattered ourselves that the curi[o]si[t]y of Pappo and his countryman Madidda [Mydiddee] would be highly excited at the sight of an European set- tlement; but on the ship's arrival at Timor, we were greatly disappointed in this particular, as none of the wonders they saw fixed their attention three minutes together; however, the Dutch and Chinese appeared as void of curiosity as themselves, scarcely taking the trouble to look at them even when cloathed [sic] in the Otaheitean manner; but the Malays asked them a great many questions, and seemed very anxious to be infomed [sic] of the customs and manners of their country.

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Continuing Bligh's account:

I can assign no reason, 5 but the loss of our breadfruit at this time amounted to 224 pots. The botanists have been diligently employed to make up with what can be got here and with natives to assist have collected 92 pots of the best plants of this place. The plants taken up here are Mangoes, Jambelang Jambos, Balumbeng, Cherimailah, Karambola, Lemon Moresang, Cosambee, Cattap- pas, Bread-fruit, Seereeboah, Penang or Beetle Nut, Dangreedah trees with which they perfume, Bughnah, and Kanangah. The Nanka or Jack 6 they could not get . . . .

On October 10th we filled up our water . . . .

And next morning they left Timor. They were glad to leave because the place was unhealthy and several men became ill. Thomas Lickman, a Marine, died on November 6, a few weeks after leaving here.

St. Helena The next scheduled stop was at St. Helena. Bligh had been instructed that if it

became necessary to stop between Timor and St. Helena, then St. Augustine in Madagascar should be chosen rather than Table Bay to avoid unnecessary exposure of the breadfruit to the colder climate of the Cape. The botanists had been instructed to protect the plants to the utmost by covering them in rough weather. In addition to the water taken on board at Coupang, towards the end of October they had a spell of wet weather, so that when Captain Bligh asked Wiles and Smith if they thought it necessary to put in to St. Augustine's Bay, it was agreed that that would only mean unnecessary risk; so they moved on, rounding the Cape in fair but cloudy weather. Strong winds and heavy seas on November 21 caused Bligh to remark: "My plants have been shut up close these few days past; they are nevertheless doing well, but these adverse winds are much against them."

They arrived at St. Helena on December 17, having lost 272 pots of plants between leaving Timor and December 11, which meant that they now had 655 vessels con- taining 830 plants.

Members of the expedition were welcomed by the British Governor, Lt.-Col. Robert Brooke, who showed them every attention. Bligh informed the Governor that his orders were to deliver into his care 10 breadfruit plants "and one of every kind (of which I had five), as would secure to the island a lasting supply of this valuable fruit which our most gracious King had ordered to be planted there . . . . the principal plants were taken to a valley near his residence called Plantation House and the rest to James's Valley. On the 23rd I saw the whole landed and planted; one plant was given to Major Robson, Lt.-Governor, and one to Mr. Raughan, the first in Council. I also left a quantity of mountain rice seed here. The Peeah was the only plant that required a particular description. I therefore took our Otaheitan friends to the Gov- ernor's House where they made a pudding of the prepared part of its root, some of which I had brought from Otaheite."

Governor Brooke had Mydiddee and Pappo stay at his house and gave them each a suit of red clothes. Wiles wrote, in an account of Pappo's life: "At St. Helena, the Governor, Col. Brook, paid great attention to the Otaheiteans; on their account, the troops were reviewed, several heavy pieces of cannon fired, and at night they were treated with the [s]ight of a play, the firing and manoeuvring of the troops delighted them much, but their wondering ceased with the ending of the ending of [sic] the review; the play, they said, was very bad, and that their own country Heivas were much preferable."

5 The run between Australia and New Guinea had been very dry and though the plants still got water the winds blew hard and dry.

6 It seems they did manage to get Jackfruit seeds after all.

396 ECONOMIC BOTANY

At St. Helena, Bligh received a letter from the Governor and Council expressing their gratitude for the gifts brought them.

The following two letters written by James Wiles, will give a r~sum~, from the gardener's point of view, of the voyage so far:

H.M.S. Providence in St. Helena Road Decr. 17th- 1792.

Sir Joseph We are happy to inform you we arrived at St. Helena this Morning with such

a Number of fine healthy Bread fruit and other Plants, as we hope will exceed your most sanguine expectation--When at the Cape of Good Hope we collected 50 Pots, containing about 200 Plants of Figs, Pomegranates Quinces Pines &c. to carry to Sea with us, we did this to give us some Idea what success we might reasonably expect with our Breadfruit Collection, and to see the mal effects Sea Air and change of Climate would have upon them. We had also raised from Seed 107 Oranges and 20 Lemons, and the Pine Plants we brought from En- gland continued very healthy. Febry 9th we anchor'd in Adventure Bay- -The Cape Plants at this time were remarkable fine, and our principal loss was a Pot of Vine Cuttings which was unfortunately broke by the Sea washing over it. In this Passage we raised from Seed a few Almonds, several Firs, Oranges, Lemons and Citrons. We planted on the rising Ground the East side of the Bay 9 Oaks more than 6 Inch high, about 100 yards below these 20 Strawberry Plants, 1 Rosemary and a Spanish Chesnut, near to these in a Valley by a Rivulet of excellent Water 2 Pomgranates, 5 Figs and 2 Quinces. These Situations were near Mr. Nelsons Garden, the only Vestiges remaining of which, is a fine young Apple Tree; we likewise planted Water Cresses and on Penguin Island plenty of Fir Seed, Almonds, Apricot and Plumb Stones---Here Sir, we collected all the Specimens we were able some of which we hope will be new, besides 31 Pots with upwards of 80 Plants of Banksia, Metrocedera, Mimosa, &c. We left Van Diemans Land Febr 23 and arrived at Otaheite April 9th. The major Part of the Plants continued very healthy, but we had lost some, parficulary the remaining Pot of Vine Cuttings--here the Flies were exceeding troublesome, and even destroy'd several young Plants before we could take them on shore---The number, and different kinds of Plants we left on the Island will shew how successful we were in the cold dissagreable [sic] Run from Adventure Bay, they are, 18 Pine Plants, 14 Figs, 2 Pomgranates, 4 Lemons, 1 Guava, 1 Almond (rais'd in the passage) 4 Oranges, 1 Citron, 3 Oaks, 1 Myrtle, 2 Aloes, 3 Banksia, 3 Megrocedera, a creeping umbelliferous Plant we call'd Adventure Bay Parsley, between 200 and 300 seedling Orange, Lemon and Citron Plants, a great number of young Palma Christi and seedling Firs, besides Indian Corn and Kitchen Garden Plants---July 18th we left Otaheite with the following Collec- tion of Vessels and Plants on board, all in the most healthy condit ion--

1,156 37 25 25

6 6

12 7

1,174

Pots, Tubs and Boxes of Bread-fruit containing 1,686 Plants Ayyahs .......................................................... 132 Do Avees ............................................................ 55 Rattahs .......................................................... 67 Ettows ............................................................ 21 Matties .......................................................... 8 Plantains ........................................................ 20 Peeahs and a large Quantity of the Roots .......... 7

Vessels ............................................................ 1,996 useful Plants

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 397

exclusive of 32 other Plants for the Botanic Garden of Kew--Before our arrival at Timor our Loss amounted to 220 Vessels of Breadfruit (and near double that number of Plants) and 4 Pots of Plantains--Near the whole of this Loss was sus- tained in the Greenhouse below, which we attribute to the unwholesomeness of Sea Air to Vegetables, and the want of a free circulation of it; for notwithstand- ing the Ports, Windows, and Scuttles are generally open all Day, and the Sky- lights constantly off, yet at Night we are necessitated to have them all shut up (the Sky-lights excepted) by which means the confined Air becomes in a great degree stagnated and destructive. The living Plants, however, wore a very flatering [sic] aspect, and several of them had made Shoots 6 Inches long--We left Timor Octr. 10th having collected 91 Pots of different Plants, chiefly Fruits, such as Mango, Jambos, Jambolans, Bimbling, Carembola, Cherimalah, Long and Black Pepper &c. but were not able to procure either the Mangosteen or Durion, which are not Natives of this Island. As we had plenty of excelent Water on board and the Plants continued healthy we represented to Capn Bligh the necessity of making all possible despatch, and accordingly he determin'd not to touch at Madagascar but stand on for this Place--Soon after leaving the Tropic we had lost 431 Vessels of Breadfruit and 750 Plants, but still the Collection on Deck continued remarkable healthy--The total loss of the extra Plants was only 3 Pots of Ayyah 2 of Rattahs, 2 Avees and 3 Plantains---The Timor Plants were even then growing luxeurently [sic] notwithstanding they had no time to establish themselves on shore--The Breadfruit Plant of Timor growes much freer and appears a hardier Sort than those of Otaheite, we pro- cured from thence 4 young Plants of the fertile Variety7--Decr. 1 l th when we had again got within the Tropic our Collection was reduced to 658 Vessels containing 826 healthy vigorous Breadfruit Plants, 33 Pots of Ayyahs, 24 of Rattah, 18 Avees, 6 Ettows, 6 Mattees and 8 Plantains; of the Timor Plants we have only left 1 Pot of Breadfruit, 1 Mango and 2 Jambos--we have likewise raised from Seed 12 fine Plants of the Otaheite Cocoa-nut, several Plants of the Nanch a Timor Fruit and 6 of a pleasant agreable [sic] Fruit, collected in Endeavour Streights--The Breadfruit sufferd very little injury from the cold Weather off the Cape. The most materile [sic] is the total loss of 2 Plants, the Pots of which was broke in a Gale of Wind, but several of the Leaves are a little damagedpThe Breadfruit Plant seems capable of enduring a good deal of cold. We we [sic] had the Thermometer on Deck one day so low as 59--The Avee are very tender and sufferd more in the high Southern Latitudes [than] any other sort--At this time Sir, the Collection has a very promising appearance, and we have every reason to expect that we shall carry at least 500 fine Breadfruit Plants safe to the West Indias, besides a great number of Fruits and other useful Plants, after which we hope we shall arrive in England with a good Collection of rare Plants for the use of his Majesties Botanic Garden at Kewmwe continue Sir, your very humble and much obliged Servants

[signed] James Wiles Christr Smith

P.M. We have both continued in a good state of Health the whole Voyage.

Providence St. Helena Decr. 24th 1792

Sir Joseph, During the short time we have been here the Collection of Breadfruit and

other plants has received much benefit from the fine Air which constantly

7 This seeded variety is now called "ch~taigne" or "breadnut" in the Lesser Antilles, and "seeded breadfruit" in Jamaica.

398 ECONOMIC BOTANY

blowes off the Land--Mr. Portius [Henry Porteous] the Botanist had made every necessary preparation to receive the Portion of Plants you have been pleased to assign them, and we thought it our duty to give you an account of the Plants left and collected at this Place; we have left 11 fine healthy Breadfruit Plants, one of them very large besides 12 others in a sickly State, some of which will most probably recover, altho' they would have all certainly died before we arrived at St. Vincet--5 Ayyahs, 4 Rattahs, 2 Avees, 1 Mattee, 4 Ettows and 2 Peeah. Of the Timor Plants are left 4 seedling Nanches or Jacks, 2 Mangos, 2 Jambo mare, 4 Jambo armarvah, 2 Long Pepper, 2 Black Pepper, 2 Penang, or Beetlenut, 1 Lemon China, 1 Bughna Kanana a perfume, making in the whole 61 Plants; besides a Portion of two Species of Mountain Rice, and Seeds of the Avee, Rattah, Candle Tree or Tootoo, Ettow, Mango and Peeah--We have collected 3 large Plants of the Fern Tree and fill'd 30 Vessels with curious and useful Plants for the West India Islands and His Majesties Botanic Garden at Kew--We are much obliged to Mr. Portius for exerting himself in a particular manner to supply us with every different Plant on the Island worth notice---The Breadfruit left here were transplanted three days ago in a fine loamy Soil and excelent Situation, they came out of the Pots with the whole bail and appear not to have miss'd the moving. We are happy the Voyage is thus far sucessfully compleated and have not doubt but we shall go through with it in the same manner, however we can not help saying, we have received very different treatment from Capn Bligh than what we might have reasonably expected. We rema[in]

Sir, your very Hble and much obliged Ser[vant]s [Signed] James Wiles

Christr Smith

St. Vincent

After spending Christmas on St. Helena they took all necessary provisions and left on December 27 to cross the Atlantic. On January 7, 1793, Thomas Galloway, a seaman, died of dysentery contracted in Timor. On January 23, the Providence and the Assistant anchored safely in Kingstown Bay, St. Vincent. The Governor was informed of their arrival, and next morning Dr. Alexander Anderson, superintendent of the then 28-year-old Botanic Garden of that island, came on board, and

we began to land the plants. A number of the negroes carried the pots on their heads to the Botanic Garden which is about 2 miles distant from the beach; and on returning they brought back in the same manner the plants that Dr. Ander- son had got ready for His Majesty's Garden at Kew.

A deputation from the Hon, Council and Assembly waited on me [Bligh] the day after my arrival, and presented me with a resolution and request to accept a piece of plate valued at 100 guineas as a mark of their approbation and esteem. They likewise did me the honour to give a public dinner to all my officers, and during our stay were unremitting in their kindness and attention. Two bullocks were given us on behalf of the ships' companies so that every one benefited by their hospitality. I left in all 544 plants at this place, and I received, for His Majesty's Garden at Kew, 465 pots and 2 tubs containing botanic plants.

Dr. Anderson was in correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks and was expecting the arrival of Captain Bligh. He had even been to South America, where he collected plants for Kew. Dr. William Wright, formerly of Jamaica, wrote to Sir Joseph from Edinburgh, August 14, 1791. "Mr. Anderson of St. Vincent and Mr. Lochhead of Antigua have been a tour in Demarara. The Berbices [Guyana] and Trinidada. I am promised Specimens." Another letter, the following January, states that Anderson

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 399

and Lochhead claimed to have found new plants. Certainly some of the plants from Dr. Anderson that arrived in Jamaica on the Providence were South American.

Wiles wrote to Sir Joseph on January 26:

We arrived here Tuesday 22nd in the Evening, having had an extraordinary Passage of only 27 Days from St. Helena, a most fortunate Circumstance for the Plants as several of them began to suffer considerably from the length of time we have been at Sea; however we had then on board the following Number of Plants in a very healthy and flourishing State---

Plants from Otaheite Plants from Timor Plants from St. Helena

678 Breadfruit 4 Breadfruit (sterile) 6 Fern Trees 54 Rattahs 4 - - Seedlings 1 Dwf. Peach 83 Ayyahs 7 Mangos 1 Green Tea 22 Avees 16 Jambolan 1 small Citron

7 Mattees 11 Jamboo armarvah 17 Coffee 60ra iah 23 - - marree 8 St. Helena Almonds 2 Vahees 5 Bimbling 3 Plantains (difft Sorts,

15 Peeah 8 Cherimalah large Fruit) 9 Cocoa nutts 1 Carembola 1 Lycium japonica tore

21 for Kew Gardens 7 Lemon China pleno 917 Total from Ota 6 Cosambee 1 Camellia japonica tore

2 Cattappas albo Plants 4 long Pepper 2 Nicotiana fruticosa

3 from Possession 4 black d ~ 1 Spiraea species Isl d 12 Beetle nut 1 Hydrangia hortensis

5 from Isl d H raised 4 Bintalloo 1 Unknown (shrub 1 from Seed 4 Dangreedah from China)

4 From New Hol- 8 Bughna-kanana 1 D ~ (beautiful shrub) land 1 Seereebandang 1 D ~ (Shrub)

(Grass) 2 Guinea Pepper From Mr. Cochrane 2 Jattee 48 Total from St. Helena

a Passenger in 133 1,245 Number of Plants on the Ganges board the Provi- Indiaman Young Timor Plants dence when she ar-

2 Mango raised from Seed rived at St. Vin- 2 Creepers cents. 1 Guavah 93 Nanka (Soursop)

17 20 Mango 10 Jambolan

1 Nam-nam (coming up)

6 Pomegran (df 263 Total from Timor

Half the Number of each sort, particularly the Fruits and useful Plants are delivered to the care of Dr. Anderson, the Botanic Gardener according to your Orders, but we have selected a few of each (where they could be spared with propriety) for his Majesties Botanic Garden at Kew, besides making a small allowance for Losses at seamThe following is a List of the Plants landed here:

400 ECONOMIC BOTANY

Otaheite St. Helena

Plants 331 Breadfruits

40 Rattahs 38 Ayyahs

9 Avees 7 Ettows 3 Mattee 7 Peeah 4 Cocoa nutts

439 Total from Otaheite

Timor

Plants 2 Breadfruit (sterile)

10 Jambolan 5 Jamboo armavah 9 - - marrie 2 Bimbling 3 Cherimalah 1 Carembola 3 Lemon China 2 long Pepper 2 black d ~ 4 Beetlenut 2 Cosambee 3 Bughna-kanana 1 Dangreedah

40 Nanka 15 Mango

104 Total from Timor

Plants 3 Plants 2 Almonds 5 Coffee

10 Total from St. Helena

Other Plants

2 raised from Seed procured at Isl d H in En- deavour Streights

1 Guavah 3 0 r a i a h s of Otaheite, not mentioned in the List. 6 Total

559 Plants left at St. Vincents to the care of Dr. Anderson, besides Seeds of the Rattah, Avee, Ettow, Tootooe, Peeah, two sorts of Moun- tain Rice and Cutting of different Plants where the Individual could not be spared.

We have already taken on board upwards of 350 Plants for His Majesties Botanic Garden at Kew, which Dr. Anderson had in Pots prepared for us and there are at least 100 more to come--Several of these Plants are in a sickly State and we fear will not live long at Sea, however, much the greater part of them are very healthy--We are exceeding happy Sir, to reflect, that the Voyage is n[ow] compleated with such Success, which we hope w[ill] continue with us to the end; in that Case we [shall] have a large and curious Collection in excellent Order when we arrive in England.

This is Tobin's impression of St. Vincent:

The hospitable inhabitants had been anxiously looking for the arrival of Captain Bligh, and during our stay were studious to render it agreable [sic] by every attention. You know that, 1 was here "at home", but my shipmates, t81 who were strangers, soon felt the same.

It shall only be observed that if Otahytey was in a state of sugar cultivation, with a few buildings about the middle hills, it would have much the aspect of great part of St. Vincent, particularly where the land is low near the sea.

s I t was 20 years since Captain Bligh had last been here.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 401

A collection of plants were here furnished us by Doctor Anderson, chiefly for the Royal Gardens at Kew, but several were to be left in Jamaica.

The small pox was prevailing in the Island, which induced Captain Bligh to have Baubo [Pappo] and Mideedee inoculated. The confidence they placed in him quieted any apprehensions they otherwise might have entertained; yet could they not well reconcile the idea of voluntarily inflicting disease, when told that it was commonly practised. They received the infection favourably, but after- wards at Jamaica suffered much from illness; indeed Mideedee's health and cheerfulness had been on the decline a long while, nor, can it be said that he ever enjoyed the former except for three or four months from his first becoming our shipmate.

While at St. Vincent, one of Bligh's men, Henry Smith, fell overboard and drowned, and Jno. Thompson, one of the men from the Matilda, deserted.

Jamaica On January 30, the Providence and Assistant put to sea once more, and on Febru-

ary 5, both ships were brought to moorings in Port Royal harbour, Jamaica. Next day, Bligh went to call on Commodore Ford, who was in charge of the Naval station. Lieutenant Guthrie informed the Governor-General, Adam Williamson, of their arrival, requesting that the plants be taken on shore as soon as possible. Tobin says, "Our floating forest was eagerly visited by numbers of every rank and degree, and in fact it was a most gratifying sight . . . . The poor negroes for whose benefit the voyage was chiefly promoted, were loud in their praises of 'de ship da hab de bush' and were constantly paddling round her in their canoes."

Consecutive issues of The Royal Gazette, a Jamaican weekly newspaper, gave the story of the arrival, the voyage, the planting and proper care of the breadfruit, and a short description of the plants which had arrived.

it is with infinite satisfaction we congratulate the public on the happy arrival of these vessels at their destined port, enriched with a most valuable collection of plants, all in a flourishing condition . . . .

The introduction of the breadfruit into this island will constitute a remarkable era in its annals. In less than twenty years, the chief article of sustenance for our negroes will be entirely changed:wplantains, yams, cocos, and cassava, will be cultivated only as subsidiary, and be used merely for change; whilst the bread- fruit, gaining firm hold in the ea r t h . . , will afford in the greatest abundance, for nine months in the year, the choicest and most wholesome food.

The plants were to be taken off the Providence as quickly as possible, but the government Botanic Garden at Bath was too small to accommodate all of them. The original plan had been for Hinton East to receive some of the plants into his private botanic garden on his property known as Spring Garden, in Liguanea--at what is now known as Gordon Town. But Mr. East had died in 1792. Mr. Lynch, a member of the Committee responsible for receiving and distributing the plants, spoke on behalf of the proprietors of Spring Garden, offering to keep some of the plants there for the use and benefit of the public. At the Institute of Jamaica, a survey map of the area dating back to this era, has in addition to "Botanic Garden" an adjoining piece of land marked "For Public Use," which seems to suggest that the breadfruit trees allotted to this depot were planted on this piece of land "For Public Use." Sixty-six plants were allotted to the Bath nursery, 30 to Spring Garden, and the rest were divided equally among the three counties, each parish getting an allotment in propor- tion to its population. The next problem was how to get these plants to their destina- tion, and Captain Bligh offered to take those for Bath to Port Morant in the Provi-

402 ECONOMIC BOTANY

dence, and to send those for the western end of the island by Lieutenant Portlock on the Assistant.

The following tables, etc., are taken from the House of Assembly records:

Distribution of the bread-fruit plants remaining after the public depot, first in equal shares to the three counties, then to the several parishes in propor- tion to their respective population of slaves.

Botanic garden 66 East's garden 30

96 SURREY:--

Kingston, to sundries as hereafter 10 St. Andrew, to ditto as ditto 18 Port-Royal, under care of Mr. Wallen 4 St. Thomas in the East, 16 east division and 16 west division,

under the care of Mr. Taylor, Mr. Osborn, and Mr. Mc- Lean. 32

St. David, ditto of Mr. Herbert 5 St. George, ditto of Mr. Shirley 8 Portland, ditto of Mr. Bryan 6

MIDDLESEX:-- St. Catherine, under the care of Mr. Mitchell, Mr. Patty,

Mr. Edwards, and Mr. Redwood. 7 Clarendon, ditto ditto 17 Vere, ditto ditto 8 St. Thomas in the Vale, ditto ditto 9 St. Dorothy, ditto ditto 3 St. John, ditto ditto 5 St. Mary, ditto ditto 19 St. Ann, ditto ditto 16

CORNWALL:-- St. Elizabeth, consigned to Mr. Murray, to be under the

care of the speaker, the members for the county, and Mr. Mute, and Mr. Wedderburne. 12

Westmoreland, ditto ditto 15 Hanover, ditto ditto 16 St. James, ditto ditto 18 Trelawny, ditto ditto 22

83

84

83 346

�9 . . captain Bligh informed the committee, that, agreeably to sir Joseph Bank's instructions to the two botanists sent out from England, one of them was at liberty to remain in this island, if desired; and having recommended Mr. James Wiles, as the person who had the first option, the committee thought proper to engage him for the care and cultivation of the plants, at a salary of s sterling per annum, exclusive of board and lodging:

That the committee having adjourned their meetings to Bath, and inspected the botanic garden with captain Bligh, found it too confined even for the number of trees reserved for it; and having no authority to lease or purchase, doctor Dancer, with very laudable zeal, accommodated the public with a piece of land adjoining to Bath, where a nursery was immediately established under

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 403

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF T H E PLANTS.

Distribu- Distribution for tion for

Middle- Corn- sex wall,

to be to be No. of To be deposited at To be landed at landed landed plants at Port at Sa-

Im- Botanic East's Kings- Port Hen- vanna- ported Names Garden Garden Surrey ton Morant derson la-Mar

346 Breadfruit 66 30 83 75 104 84 83 1 Timor ditto 1 1

26 Rattah 6 5 5 9 7 5 5 43 Ay-yah 12 12 6 18 12 6 7 11 Av-vee 8 3 3 8 3 Oraiah 3 7 [.1 3 7 Peeah 7 7 4 Cocoa-nuts 2 2 2 2

16 Mango-doodle 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 Va-hee 2 2

12 Ettow 12 12 3 Mattee 3 3

14 Jamblang 7 7 7 7 4 Jambo Iremavah 4 4

12 Jambo maree 12 12 3 Bimbling 3 4 Chermailah 4 4 3 Lemon China 3 3 2 Seeree boah 2 2 2 Seeree down 2 2 5 Peenang 5 5 3 Cosambee 3 3 4 Pomgranates 2 2 2 2 1 Jattee 1 1 2 Bintaloo 2 2 2 Bughnah kanangah 2 2 1 Bread-fruit seedling 1 1 1 Dwarf peach 1 1 1 Almond 1 1 5 Coffee 2 2 2 2

52 Nanka 12 10 10 14 18 10 10 1 Nutmeg from St. Vincent 1 1 1 Poorshow from Timor 1 1

* This is obviously an error, as the total number of plants to be landed should equal plants im- ported. Also, the 3 Bimblings for the Botanic Garden would have been landed at Port Morant.

the care of Mr. Wiles, and a few of the bread-fruits were placed in the botanic garden, under the care of doctor Dancer.

One month after arriving in Jamaica, on March 5, 1793, Wiles wrote from Bath to tell Banks that he was staying in Jamaica in the employ of the gentlemen of the committee. It is no wonder he stayed. His salary on the voyage had been s per year; now he was to get s plus board, lodging, and laundry. He goes on to say,

The Situation fix'd upon for the Public Nursery is at Bath near Dr. Dancers Botanic Garden, who at this time is sending out Negroes to collect Plants for His Majesties Garden at Kew. I shall employ all the leasure time I can possibly spare in making a large Collection of Jamaica Plants for His Majesties use particularly the Epidendri, but will find myself much at a loss for Garden Pots which can

404 ECONOMIC BOTANY

only be procured from England. I therefore beg of you Sir, (if it is not improper) to send me out 500 or more Pots of the large breadfruit size as soon as possible. Mr. Smith will deliver all the Specimens we have been able to collect, to you--I am exceeding happy to reflect we have compleated the Breadfruit expedition with so much success, and I hope the Plants we have collected for His Majesties Garden will arrive in perfect health, but I expect a good Part of Dr. Dancers Collection will die before they reach England because in my opinion they are neither dug up or planted with judgment.--Since we have been at Jamaica several of the Breadfruit Trees has [sic] made new Leaves and all those I have charge of at Bath are in fine order, and I have every reason to think will succeed; this Morning, I began transplanting them into the Nursery . . . .

His next letter to Sir Joseph was delivered by Matthew Flinders and asked Sir Joseph to give the remaining salary due him from the South Sea voyage to Flinders, who would deliver it to Wiles' father. The friendship between Flinders and Wiles, which began on the Providence, continued until the death of Flinders in 1814. Wiles became supervisor of the Botanic Garden, Liguanea (formerly Hinton East's gar- den), and when Flinders navigated and charted the coastline of Australia, he named a small cape in South Australia, Cape Wiles, and the tiny neighboring island, Liguanea Island.

The Kew Collection from Jamaica. 9 As mentioned by Wiles, Jamaican plants were sent to Kew. Although plants had been sent to His Majesty's garden from Jamaica before, this was the largest single shipment. It consisted of plants requested by Kew as well as others considered desirable. In August, 1792, Sir Joseph Banks had written to the Island Botanist, Dr. Dancer, warning him that Captain Bligh should be expected some time in 1793. On the following December 21, the House of Assembly passed a resolution that the Committee appointed to receive and distribute the bread- fruit be empowered to collect and send "home" the plants wanted for Kew, granting s for the purpose. When Bligh arrived at the beginning of February, sooner than he was expected, Dr. Dancer was not ready with all the plants he wanted to send, although Dr. Broughton, a Kingston physician, was helping with the collection.

It was decided that the ship would not sail until the end of March to avoid taking the plants into winter weather, but while they waited in Port Royal harbour, the Duke of Cumberland arrived from England with the news that war had again broken out between England and France. On hearing this, the Commodore detained the Providence and Assistant to assist in defense until more force was available. Plants on board had to be taken ashore once more, including those from St. Vincent. "The committee think much praise is due to doctor Broughton for his care of the St. Vincent's collection, which he was so obliging to take charge of during the stay of the Providence, and which we reshipped at her departure in a very flourishing state." With regard to these St. Vincent plants, Broughton said that many died at the outset through no fault of Wiles and Smith's, but because "they were evidently nothing but Cuttings; this appeared on removing them from the pots after they were dead; from this Circumstance I imagine Dr. Anderson must have employ'd people to collect, by whom he has been deceived, after all however there still remains a very fine collec- tion."

The number and variety of Jamaican plants sent to Kew Gardens on this occasion were impressive by any standard. Dancer's collection had a definite economic flavor, while Broughton's had a larger proportion of native, wild plants. Their lists contain several hundred species of plants rooted in containers, and over 200 species of seeds sent by Broughton. He sent at least two of each species of rooted plant and in the pots

9 See Appendix B.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 405

he sowed additional seeds of annuals (not listed). In his catalogue, Broughton care- fully distinguished between plants requested and those sent because they were rare or because they were not listed in Hortus Kewens i s as growing at Kew. His meticulous care was reflected in his handwriting and in his precise use of binomials in listing his plants. He said:

Previous to the arrival of Cap n Bligh some plants had been collected & depos- ited, part at the Garden at Bath under the Care of Dr. Dancer & part in the Garden of the late Mr. East in the Mountains of Liguanea under the care of M r Thame, These however were few compared to what the Country wished to have collected on this occasion; Accordingly the Committee of the Hon: House of Assembly appointed to set [?] on this occasion gave orders that such plants as were mention'd in your List to their Island Botanist or others which might be thought acceptable at the Kew Gardens, without any regard to Number or Expence, might be immediately collected, & seeing that it would be impractica- ble for Dr. Dancer to effect what might be wished in so short a Time, they willingly accepted the offer which I had previously made of assisting them in the Collection; how far I have contributed you will judge from the inclosed Catalogue [See Appendix B] independant of which you will find a number of Filices & of the Genus Epidendrum; also many annual plants, the seeds of which have been promiscuously sown in the different pots.

The seeds of which you have a Catalogue are in a Box directed to your particular Care, this I have done with the view that you may have an opportu- nity of dividing & distributing a part of them in any way you may think proper; they were not collected for this purpose, but I have been induced at the request of the Committee to add them to the Collection . . . .

I have several Times in Company with M r Smith (who has been very active in lending his Assistance) search'd for the Scavola Lobelia & one or two other Plants mention'd in your Catalogue, but without Effect.

In spite of the fact that he was Island Botanist and in charge of a public garden at Bath, Dancer's collection is the less interesting of the two. The Kingston doctor seems to have been better organized, possibly he was a better botanist as well.

In February, 1793, Dancer writes:

Of some of the more choice Plants I have not satisfied to Duplicates merely but several of the same kind to guard against the Contingency of Loss I have besides another Reason for this---Mr. Forsyth at Kensington, to whom I am under Obligations, has requested I would favour him with some Plants and I hope that out of the Number of those of the of the same Kind there may be some to spare for him or for any of your other Friends particularly Mr. Molesworth of the Pay Office, whose Sollicitations I should be glad on any Occasion to comply with. The large Plants in the Tubs were put up to your own Request but as the whole Collection is sent to yr Address I did think it necessary to number them distinctly--Being so much confin'd by Time & having many other Concerns to attend to, I recommended it to the Committee to request the assistance of D r Broughton a very ingenious Botanist in Kingston who at their Instance has made also a Collection, to go by the same Opportunity His Endeavours have I understand been very successful & I hope will be found sufficient to to [sic] supply any Omissions or Deficiency on my Part. Should I soon be call'd upon to execute any Trust of this kind again, I hope that sufficient Time & proper Assistance will be allowd me--The Hurry I have been in on this Occasion, has prevented me from rightly investigating many of the Plants in the Catalogue, & I may therefore have been guilty of some Mistakes . . . . We have not been able to

4 0 6 ECONOMIC BOTANY

get a Sufficiency of Pots, consequently some of the Plants are in Basketts, but M r Smith the Gardiner on Board to whose Care they are entrusted, & to whom I have given your Direction, will I dare say take the requisite Steps for their Security.

A similar covering letter was written in March. Apparently the plants were sent from Pt. Morant to Kingston by sea, but "Intelligence of War having been proclaim'd just at the moment of his Sailing the Plants are of necessity relanded & must remain for some Time." Dancer hoped to take advantage of Bligh's detention by adding to his collection "many curious plants, but sickness, public Business and a long Series [?] of extreme bad Weather" put it out of his power. However, "The Plants in the Collec- t i o n . . , were in high order when left under the Care of M r Smith & I trust they will not suffer through want of attention on his Part." Dancer seems to have borne little affection for Christopher Smith. On July 15 he writes:

Captain Bligh being appointed to the Honduras Convoy sail'd before the Time expected, so that I had not the Opportunity of seeing the Plants put on Board, & I have been inform'd that he could not take them all.ti~ Perhaps You may be disappointed of those intended for Yourself.---I have my Reasons for thinking so, as the Gardinor made many Objections to the taking them on Board,-- Imagining that to be the Case, I have availed avail'd [sic] myself of an Opportu- nity that has unexpectedly offer'd by a light Ship viz the Julius Caesar Captain Noosely of sending You a few young Trees to yr former Request.

As quoted above in a letter written in February of that year, Dancer asked Banks to give certain plants to Mr. Molesworth of the Pay Office and to Mr. Forsyth of Kensington. Judging from the several letters he wrote to Sir Joseph that year, Dancer seems a little garrulous and perhaps petulant, but Bryan Edwards' letter to Sir Joseph in June seems unnecessarily unkind:

Doctor Dancer seems to me to give you a great deal of trouble, & puts you to (not a little) expence in postage.--Will you permit me to give him a hint not to let his zeal prive [sic] too nimble for his judgement. I know the man, and well re- member that his visits to me, became so many visitations .--He Means well no doubt, and I hope the plants he has procured, will be acceptable; but it will be impossible (I should suppose) to distribute any of them to his friends.--It would have the strangest appearance imaginable, as if the refuse only was intended for the King.

I observe in the list some plants of the Star-Apple. This is one of the most delicate fruits in the world, and is I believe a native of Jamaica; but it is remarkable that I never met with the tree in any of the Windward Islands, nor did the Gentlemen there know the fruit.--I should think it would be a valuable present to them.

Another species that was sent to England was the Akee. It was taken to Jamaica in 1778 from West Africa, but in 1793 it was still an undescribed species and had no scientific name. Since it was Bligh who took it to England, it was named for him-- Blighia sapida--when it was officially described in 1806.

The following two accounts give some insight into the work involved in collecting these plants for Kew:

10 Perhaps this partly accounts for the fact that whereas Dancer reported sending 281 plants to Kew, Bligh delivered 134 plants from Dancer.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 407

Account of the Expenditure of money upon the vote of credit of the house of 21st December last, for 250L

1793

Feb.

May

s s. d.

For Christopher Smith's order for 21 L. 8s. 6d. sterling. 29 19 10�89 For expence at lodging house at Bath. 1 6 3 Paid 20 guineas to C. Smith on account of expences. 32 10 0 Paid doctor Dancer's account of expences for col- lecting plants. 48 3 6 Paid doctor Broughton for negro-hire, and ex- pences for ditto. 108 5 5 Paid freight of a vessel to carry the plants. 25 0 0

Paid Christopher Smith, an account of expences. 20 0 0 Paid for ditto's diet and lodging. 74 18 1 Paid J. B. Perrin, for horse-hire and negro- labour. 60 15 0 Paid wharfage account. 12 11 3 Paid Robert Hugh Munro, for horse and chaise hire. 17 10 0

430 19 4�89

Account of the expenditure of money on the vote of credit 21st December last, for 1000L.

Paid James Wiles, in full for salary as botanist, from 10th February to 31st October, 1793, with board wages; also his account of negro-hire; and for Papoo's expences and burial. 478

Paid the account of the honourable George Murray, for sundry expences on receiving the plants at Savanna- la Mar. 63

Paid William McPherson's account of negro-labour in the nursery. 52

Paid James Smith his account for clerk's salary, and in full of horse and chaise hire, and sundry expences and disbursements.

Paid Wm. M'Pherson his account of negro-hire, for transporting the plants from Port-Morant to Bath.

of the house of

s. d.

14 8

0 10

7 1

200 0 0

155 12 1

949 14 8

Leaving Jamaica, and back to England. The departure from Jamaica started with delay in Kingston, according to Lieutenant Tobin.

She was soon to come into "the Line" with a most warlike appearance, and to the great annoyance of my peaceful cabin, where a new visitor in a four pounder was placed. This arose from the arrival of a packet with the news of war having been declared against Great Britain by the French Nation. It totally altered our plans. The Commander-in-Chief despatched his Cruizers against the Enemy, while the ship that "had the bush" was honored with a broad pendant, previ- ously to which indeed, she had (on the report of an attack being intended by the Sans Cullottes on Jamaica) been brought into the "Line of Battle."

408 ECONOMIC BOTANY

This was in April. Some plants which had been taken on board for Kew Gardens were again landed. Any difficulties hitherto encountered were light when compared to this listless uninteresting situation. Prizes were arriving dai- ly, nor could we help feeling sore at being detained as a mere Guard-ship, without consideration to the immediate object of the voyage. The prospect of taking home a convoy did not serve to make us more contended and this we were anticipating. The Providence still being a fixture [about May] we became very clamorous for a Tender to cruise about Hispaniola which was at length complied with by the Commder in Chief. A prize schooner was accordingly fitted and victualled from both vessels and sailed on a cruise for three weeks. She was Christened the Resource, having forty men with six three pounders, six swivels, and plenty of arms for boarding. Guthrie commanded her and your correspondent would have been his first Lieutenant; but the Commodore had an objection to more than one commissioned officer being absent from the Provi- dence. The outfit altogether was indeed, in a manner, "under the Rose."

Fortune did not attend the Resource as she returned without having made a single Capture, although every zealous effort was made by her commander. The truth is, she was a day "after the fair."

The very high wages given by the merchants caused desertion among our crew which could hardly have been expected; in short, we may date our deten- tion at Jamaica as the most untoward part of the voyage in every respect.

Tobin went on to tell of the health of the men:

It has been mentioned that Baubo and Mideedee suffered from illness at this Island, nor were the officers and ships company exempt from it, a very promis- ing young gentleman by the name of Hind fell a martyr to the yellow fever in a few days. Your friend was attacked with dysentery, but by attention and the aid of a good constitution soon "weathered" it.

In the hope that a change of air might be of service to poor Mideedee Captain Bligh allowed him to accompany me on a visit to a Mr. [Thomas?] Raymond near Port Henderson. The heart of this worthy man was gratified at the thoughts of affording him relief, His House, horses, and carriage were at Mideedees disposal and a temporary amendment took--but 'twas a false prom- ise . . . .

In the short time Mideedee was at Mr. Raymonds he learnt to ride with much confidence, accompanying us on a visit to Stony Hill barracks. After his return on board to evince his gratitude he sent Mr. Raymond a present of Otahytean cloth; 'and this he begged from his english shipmates.

As for Pappo (Baubo, Bobbo), his inoculation against small pox took well; "how- ever, before he recovered, he caught a severe cold, and was dangerously sick a long time after his arrival in Jamaica." Then he seemed to have recovered somewhat, staying behind with Wiles to mind the new plants in the Bath nursery. Then, "in his last fever, he not only refused every kind of nourishment and medicine, but would not speak to a single person. He was an exceeding good natured harmless creature, had no ambition, learnt very little English, and appeared to be about 34 years of age2' This information is taken from an account of Pappo sent to the Royal Gazette by James Wiles. It was written when Pappo died at Bath, St. Thomas in the East, October 27, 1793, scarcely 9 months after arriving in Jamaica.

On June 10 of that year, Captain Bligh was ordered to sail for England. The Providence and the Assistant were to sail to Cape San Antonio off the south coast of Cuba where they would take in convoy such ships of the Honduras Fleet as might be assembled there, and proceed to England. According to Ida Lee's account, when

POWELL: VOYAGE OF T H E PLANT NURSERY 409

Bligh got his orders the Providence was at Port Royal, and the Assistant at Bluefields in the parish of Westmoreland. When the Providence was ready for sea on June 15, Bligh left Port Royal, expecting to join the Assistant at Bluefields, but when he got there, he received a letter from Lieutenant Portlock informing the Captain that he (Portlock) was standing by the Roehampton, a distressed ship off the west coast and would, if permitted, meet the Providence off the Island of Grand Cayman.

What actually seemed to have happened was that the Providence and the Assistant were both at Bluefields when the orders for departure came. The Providence went back to Port Royal to pick up the plants, etc. and returned to Bluefields to find the Assistant gone. Bligh knew this part of the island well, having been Duncan Campbell's agent in Hanover. The following letter is copied from Prof. Mackaness' Fresh Light on Bligh. It was addressed as follows: "On His Majesty's Service. Lieut. Bond [First Lieutenant on the Providence], on board His M. Ship Providence, lying at Bluefields. To be forwarded immediately."

Saltbush [Saltsprings?] Estate, Hanover Monday, one o'clock time,

10th June, 1793 Sir,

Be so good as to send a Boat to Savana la Mar immediately on receiving this, as to-morrow Negroes will bring there some Fowls, some Hay Bags and some other things for my Sea Store. The things will be sent to Mr. Dows, near the water-side. When all is on board they can return to the ship in the evening when the Sea Breeze will be over . - - I shall set out to-morrow morning before day, which you can acquaint C. Alms. wi th . - -Give no person leave to be absent, and get Mr. Smith on board.--Please to tell Mr. Hatfull [Clerk] I want no Turkeys and not above 3 dozen of Fowls, unless any of the Squadron is with you that we can spare them to, or yourselves. Corn is the essential thing to get. Whatever things may be at Bluefields for me, pray order them to be brought off. The Boy arrived here at Noon, and as I had heard the Convoy was put off to the 24th, I had laid his account for not sailing until that time. Get all ready and all hands quartered.

Tobin makes no mention of the fact that the ships were separated. "It was not until the middle of June that we left Bluefields, the Antelope packet and two merchant ships accompanying us. The plants for Kew, had been taken a second time on board previously to quitting Port Royal . . . .

"In our way to the Gulph of Florida we touched at the Grand Cayman having with us; in addition to our little convoy, a dismasted merchant ship that joined in our way from Jamaica. This ship was left here." Since it was left here, it was not the Roehampton, the distressed ship that the Assistant had stood by, because the Roehampton joined the convoy to England.

At Grand Cayman (June 17), they took on board some turtle and continued to- wards Cape San Antonio, but there was no Honduras fleet awaiting them. They stayed here for a day but, as no ship came in sight, proceeded in convoy with the packet Antelope, the Roehampton, Clemenson, and Thomas of Bristol, and two Guineamen, through the Gulf of Florida, and across the Atlantic.

Bligh reported to the Admiralty: "I only met a few small American vessels bound to Oporto and the Windward Islands coming across the Atlantic. H.M.Packet 'An- telope' with one Liverpool and one Bristol ship have kept under our convoy, and by the former, who now leaves us, I transmit this to your Lordships . . . . " His orders advised that vessels would await him off the coast of Ireland. Perhaps he arrived sooner than was expected--when he got there on July 27 there were no ships, and so

410 ECONOMIC BOTANY

he proceeded southward and fell in with a Windward Islands Convoy. Obtaining permission from the Commodore to continue in to port, Bligh anchored at Dungeness on August 2, 1793, exactly 2 years after setting out on his voyage from Spithead. He saluted Admiral Peyton at the Downs where his arrival was cheered; then he passed on to Deptford and anchored there on August 7. Here the plants were transferred to a lighter and conveyed to Kew. Tobin tells us that very few plants had died on the way over and "indeed of the two, we ourselves were greater sufferers from the cold than them, although in ye very height of Summer."

The following letter was presumably written at Deptford. It was sent by Captain Bligh to Lieutenant F. G. Bond.

Friday morng., Augt. the 9th. Sir,

Should a Gentleman called Molesworth come on board about Noon before I come down, please to show him every civility and the plants as he is a friend of S. J. Banks.

The Gentlemen who deliver this are Neighbours of ours, I beg you will likewise permit them to see the Plants.--They are Botanists.

Should any Plants go away, send a Petty Officer or two with them and others to assist Mr. Smith as many men as he wants.

Presumably, Mr. Molesworth was Dr. Dancer's friend of the Pay Office, and presumably, he received the plants he wanted. The 'going away' of plants must refer to those going to Kew. It is interesting to see that whereas Tobin says there were 686 pots and tubs all together, Bligh gives the following account:

AN ACCOUNT FOR HIS MAJESTY'S GARDEN AT KEW.

Plants collected in Jamaica by Dr. Dancer amounting to 107 vessels

By Dr. Broughton and Mr. Thame 56 , Dr. Wallen [a planter, not a doctor], Mr. Smith,

and Mr. Perrin 237 .

Plants

134 75

667

Total of Jamaica Plants 876

From Dr. Anderson at St. Vincent From St. Helena From Timor From Possession Island, New Guinea From Otaheite From Van Diemen's Land

338 vessels containing 338 7 ,i . 7

25 . . 27 1 II . 1

24 iv . 32 1 " " 2

796 vessels containing 1283

It is also interesting to see how comparatively few plants Bligh credited to Broughton. Perhaps Broughton included in his catalogue all the plants collected by Thame and Wallen as well as plants collected by Smith, Wiles, and Perrin.

If the Tahitian plants were healthy on arrival at Depfford, Mideedee, the Tahi- tian, was not. Two days later, Bligh was obliged to send him to sick quarters in Deptford, and on the September 4, Mideedee died. He was buried in the New Church Yard, parish of St. Paul's, Deptford.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 411

Leaving Deptford, the Providence moved on to Woolwich where the crew was paid off. The following extract is from the Kentish Register, dated September 6, 1793: "The high esteem in which Captain Bligh was deservedly held by the whole crew was conspic~gus toall present. He was cheered on quitting the ship to attend the Commissioner and at the dock gates the men drew up and repeated the parting acclamation."

This does not mean that there was no discontent on the voyage. That would have been unusual under any circumstance, and we find the following in Wiles's letter to Sir Joseph, sent from St. Helena: "We are happy the Voyage is thus far successfully compleated . . . however we can not help saying, we have received very different treatment from Cap n Bligh than what we might have reasonably expected . . . . " This was Wiles's only complaint to Banks, and he nowhere backs it up with any example. Wiles was probably annoyed because Bligh did not give him what he considered sufficient credit for his part in the expedition. Certainly the Captain was always claiming to have taken on board, or left behind, or planted different species at the various ports of call, with only very occassional mention of the men directly responsible for the plants. In other words, Bligh saw himself as completely in charge of this expedition, as indeed he was. He was always mindful of the purpose of the expedition and the orders he had received; the plants were in his charge to dispose of as he saw fit. Wiles (and Smith) saw themselves as guardians of these same plants and were no doubt jealous of Bligh's right and of his taking the credit.

Then there was Wiles's friend, Matthew Flinders, who was just an 18-year-old midshipman when he went out with Bligh. During the voyage the breadfruit plants had to be watered daily so that great care was exercised in the use of water, and at one stage the men had to go short. Tobin says: "It was almost in vain that we courted showers to assist our stock of water which reduced the crews to a scanty allowance as they approached Torres Strait." Referring to this shortage, Professor Scott reports in his account of the life of Flinders: "Flinders and others used to lick the drops that fell from the cans to appease their thirst, and it was considered a great favour to get a sip. The crew thought they were unfairly treated and somebody mischievously watered some plants with sea water. When Bligh discovered the offence, he flew into a rage and 'longed to flog the whole company.' But the offender could not be discovered and the irate captain had to let his passion fret itself out."

Some years later Flinders wrote to tell Sir Joseph that he did not want to serve under Bligh because Bligh would take all the glory for himself. Flinders seemed to have some justification for making this remark.

REWARDS

The Jamaican Government granted Captain Bligh 1,000 guineas "in consideration of the very essential benefit this country hath acquired by the importation of the breadfruit, and other useful plants, and from the constant, tedious, and painful care exerted by him for their preservation, during a long and dangerous voyage." To Lieutenant Nathaniel Portlock they gave 500 guineas "for his important service in guiding the ship Providence through a very difficult and intricate navigation, whereby that ship was enabled to fulfil the end of her voyage." It was true that in exploring difficult waters, especially among the Fiji Islands and through the Torres Strait, Portlock in the Assistant led the Providence because it was safer for the smaller ship to find the way in waters that might have been too shallow for the Providence. Bligh had sufficient confidence in Portlock to give him this responsibil- ity, still keeping in constant touch with him. But Bligh took strong exception to the Jamaican citation, and the Assembly had to explain that the words "his important services in guiding the ship Providence through a very difficult and intricate naviga-

412 ECONOMIC BOTANY

tion, meant to convey no other sense of his conduct than that he acquitted himself of his duty in a manner much to his credit, while under the immediate directions and orders of his commanding officer captain Bligh, from whose merit they did not intend to detract." Bligh wrote back to say "The important services in guiding the ship Providence . . . were owing to the meritorious exertions of all my officers and men." Perhaps Bligh had forgotten how Porfiock had very capably taken over for him while he was ill, especially on the voyage out. Surely if Portlock should not have been singled out, neither should Bligh have allowed himself to be, since in his estimation the success of the expedition was due to the exertions of all. Perhaps he should have shared his own gift with them all.

Be that as it may, he did show himself as an exceedingly skillful navigator and a good leader. He took very good care of his men: "The comparatively small number of deaths recorded is remarkable and is evidence of Bligh's well-known care of the health of his ship's company" (Mackaness, Fresh Light on Bligh). Edward Harwood, Surgeon on the Providence, wrote a letter to The Time (July 16, 1794) in which these words appear: "The shafts of envy are ever levelled against conspicuous merit . . . . Captain Bligh's general conduct during the late expedition, which was crowned with the most ample success, his affability to his officers, and humane attention to his men, gained him their high esteem and admiration." And Lawrence Lebogue, the sailmaker, who had made two voyages under Bligh in a merchant ship, then in the Bounty and its launch, and now in theProvidence, said of him: "Captain Bligh made no distinction; every officer was obliged to do his duty. I was sure every person in the Providence would speak well of Captain Bligh--he was a father to every person."

As soon as Bligh had reported to the Royal Society of Arts in London that he had successfully completed his mission, they gave him the promised Gold Medal. In 1801 he was elected a member of the Society because he had proven himself an able navigator and had enriched the West India Colonies with the valuable products of the South Seas.

To Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, who had arranged the enterprise, the following letter of thanks was sent from Jamaica:

Jamaica Spanish Town 20 Dec r 1793

Sir The House of Assembly have unanimously voted You their thanks for the

great attention You have allways manifested for the welfare of this Island and the West Indies by promoting the introduction of the bread fruit and other valuable plants, now happily accomplish'd: in obedience to the commands of the House of Assembly and with very sincere pleasure to myself, I do therefore give You, their thanks. I have the honor to be,

With every great esteemd respect Sir

Your m[ost] humble Serv t W. Blake

Speaker

Bligh, Portlock and Banks were duly thanked. What of the Tahitians and the people of Timor who gave the plants and helped so willingly? Although the House of Assembly neglected to offer even a vote of thanks to them, wherever the bread- fruit grows in the West Indies, it stands as a living token to those South Sea islanders whose participation in this venture continues to feed thousands in each succeeding generation of West Indians.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF T H E PLANT NURSERY 413

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am deeply grateful to the Mitchell Library in Sydney, Australia, for permission to use its material; to the late Dr. Marie Neal of Bishop Museum, Honolulu, and her associates, who very kindly identified plant species from their Polynesian names; to all those members of the staff of the Institute of Jamaica who helped in their several capacities; to Dr. C. D. Adams of the University of the West Indies and Dr. L. A. Garay of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University for checking the manuscript; to Miss Victoria Bell for typing much of it; and to Dr. Lily Perry for proofreading the typescript.

LITERATURE CITED

Brabourne Collection Banks Papers. 1778-1820. Vol. 10, Botanical. Mitchell Library, Sydney, Australia. Danielsson, B. 1962. What Happened to the Bounty. London. Dawson, W. R., (ed.). 1958. The Banks Letters. London. Edwards, B. 1793. The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. Vol.

2. Dublin. Journals of the Assembly of Jamaica. 1791-1797. Vol. 9. Lee, I. 1920. Captain Bligh's Second Voyage to the South Sea. London. Mackaness, G. 1951. The Life of Vice-Admiral William Bligh R. N., F. R. S. New and revised ed.

Sydney, London. �9 1953. Fresh Light on Bligh. Australian Hist. Monogr. 29. Sydney.

Powell, D. 1972. The Botanic Garden, Liguanea (with a revision of Hortus Eastensis). Bull. Inst. Jam. Sci. Ser. 15 Pt. 1.

Rawson, G. 1930. Bligh of the 'Bounty.' London. Scott, E. 1914. The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, R. N. Sydney. Tobin Journal on H.M.S. Providence 1791-3. Mitchell Library, Sydney, Australia.

APPENDIX A

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PLANTS REFERRED TO IN TEXT

Authors of references quoted had no settled way of spelling plant names new and unfamiliar to the written language; allowance for slight orthographic variation should be made in the use of this index. Adventure Bay Parsley = ? Akee = Blighia sapida Konig Almond = Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D, A. Webb Almond, St. Helena = Terminalia catappa L. Aloe = ? Aloe sp. Apple = Malus hybrid Apricot = Prunus armeniaca L. Avee (Av-vee) = Spondias dulcis Parkinson Ayyah = Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. et Perry Balumbeng, see Bimbling Banana = Musa sapientum L. Betel (Beefle)-nut = Areca catechu L. Bimbling = Averrhoa bilimbi L. Bintaloo = ? Black Pepper = Piper nigrum L. Blue Gum, Tasmanian = Eucalyptus globulus Lab. Bughnah, see Bughnah Kanangah Bughnah Kanangah (Kanana) = Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. et Thorns. Breadfruit = Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Candle Tree = Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Carembola (Karambola) = Averrhoa carambola L. Cassava = Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cattahpas = Terminalia catappa L. Cherimalah (chermailah) = Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Chesnut, Spanish = Castanea safiva Mill. China rose = Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

414 ECONOMIC BOTANY

Citron --- Citrus medica L. Cocoanut = Cocos nucifera L. Cocos = Xanthosoma sp. Coffee --- Coffea arabica L. Corn = Zea mays L. Cosambee = ? Cress = Lepidium sativum L. Cress, Water = Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek Dangreedah = ? Durian = Durio zibethinus Murr. Dwarf Peach = Prunus persica (L.) Stokes var. Ettow = Cordia subcordata Lain. Eucalypts = Eucalyptus spp. Fern Tree = One or more of several genera of tree ferns. Fig = Ficus carica L. Fir = Abies sp. Green Tea = Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Guava = Psidium guajava L. Guinea Pepper = Afrarnomum granum-paradisi (L.) K. Schum. Horseradish = Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey., et Scherb. Indian Corn = Zea mays L. Jack, see Jackfruit Jack.fruit = Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Jamblang Jambos, see Jambolan Jambo (Jambos) armarvah = Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston Jambo Iremavah, see Jambo armarvah Jambo (Jambos) marree = Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. et Perry Jambolan = Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jattee = Tectona grandis L. f. Jumbee bead = Ormosia spp., Erythrina spp., Abrus precatorius L., Adenanthera pavonina L. (In this in-

stance probably Erythrina sp. in view of Flinders' observation.) Kanangah, see Bughnah Kanangah Karambola = Averrhoa carambola L. Lemon = Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Lemon China = Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils. Lemon Moresang = ? Lime = Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Long Pepper = Piper longum L. or P. chaba Hunter Maize = Zea mays L. Mandarin Orange = Citrus reticulata Blanco. (There was some confusion in the identification of plants

bearing this common name in Jamaica at this time. It is more than likely that these plants were in fact Glycosmis parviflora (Sims) Little.)

Mango = Mangifera indica L. Mango doodle = Mangifera indica L. Mangosteen = Garcinia mangostana L. Mattee (MaRie) = Ficus tinctoria Forst. Metrocedera = Eucalyptus globulus Lab. Mountain Rice = Oryza sativa L. ? Mulberry = Morus nigra L. Myrtle = Myrtus communis L. Namnam = Cynometra canliflora L. Nanch or Nanka = Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nectarine = Prunus persica (L.) Stokes var. Nonah = Morinda citrifolia L. ? Nutmeg = Myristica fragrans Houtt. Oak = Quercus sp. Oraiah = Musa paradisiaca L. Orange = Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Otaheite Chesnut = Inocarpus edulis Forst. Otaheite Cocoa-nut = Cocos nucifera L. Palma Christi = Ricinus communis L. Peach, Dwarf = Prunus persica (L.) Stokes var. Peeah = Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze Penang = Areca catechu L. Pepper, Black = Piper nigrum L.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 415

Pepper, Guinea = Mramomum granum-paradisi (L.) "K. Schum. Pepper, Long = Piper longum L. or P. chaba Hunter Pine = Pinus sp. Pine apple = Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Plantain = Musa paradisiaca L. Plumb 11 = Prunus domestica L. Pomegranate = Punica granatum L. Poorahow = ? Cyperus digitatus Roxb. Poorshow, see Poorahow Potato = Solanum tuberosum L. Pumpkin = Cucurbito pepo L. Quince = Cydonia oblonga Mill. Rattah = Inocarpus edulis Forst. (This is undoubtedly the plant referred to here, though "Rata" in

Polynesia today refers to Metrosideros spp.) Rice, Mountain -- ? Oryza sativa L. Rosemary = Rosmarinus officinalis L. St. Helena Almond = Terminalia catappa L. Sao (Sour) = Musa fehi Bert. ex Vieill. Seereebandang = ? Seereeboah = Piper befle L. or P. chaba Hunter Seereedown = Piper befle L. Shaddock = Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Sour, see San Spanish Chesnut = Castanea sativa Mill. Star-apple = Chrysophyllum cainito L. Strawberry = Fragaria spp. Tasmanian Blue Gum = Eucalyptus globulus Lab. Tea, Green = Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Tootoo = Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Vahee -- Musa sapientum L. vat. Vine = Vitis vinifera L. Wharra = Pandanus tectorius Parkinson Yams = Dioscorea spp.

APPENDIX B

PLANTS SENT TO KEW GARDENS

1 . B r o u g h t o n ' s L i s t

T h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t is t a k e n f r o m Journals of the Assembly of Jamaica 9 : 2 5 0 - 2 5 1 , w i t h t h e m o d e r n n a m e of t h e p l a n t , w h e r e v e r i d e n t i f i a b l e , a d d e d to t h e r i g h t of each .

I t is i n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e t h a t s o m e of t h e p l a n t s l i s t ed a re n o t J a m a i c a n . T h e s e m a y h a v e b e e n m i s i d e n f i f i c a t i o n s , b u t o n e m u s t b e a r in m i n d t h a t a t t h i s t i m e t h e r e w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a t i o n of p l a n t s . I t w a s D r . B r o u g h t o n w h o c o m p i l e d Hortus Eastensis 12--the l i s t of p l a n t s g r o w i n g in t h e L i g u a n e a B o t a n i c G a r d e n - - a n d n o d o u b t h e w o u l d h a v e h a d acces s to t h e p l a n t s g r o w i n g t h e r e , e .g . , Garcinia cornea a n d Mangifera indica l i s t e d b e l o w ; b u t m o s t of t h e exo t i c p l a n t s in t h e p r e s e n t l i s t a re n o t

in Hortus Eastensis. S o m e , l ike Aechmea serrata a n d Marcgravia umbellata, a r e

f r o m t h e L e s s e r Ant i l l e s ; Solanum diphyllum a n d Corchorus hirtus a r e f r o m S o u t h A m e r i c a ; a n d Polygonum barbatum is f r o m t h e O l d W o r l d . H o w e v e r , t h e s e exo t ic

p l a n t s in t h e l i s t a re f ew , a n d w h e r e t h e s e g e n e r a h a v e i n d i g e n o u s spec ies in J a m a i c a ,

t h e q u e s t i o n of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n r e m a i n s in d o u b t .

"Dr. Broughton's catalogue of plants and seeds collected (in the vicinity of Kingston, and in the mountains of Liguanea) for the Kew Gardens, and sent by his majesty's ship Providence, in June, 1793 . . . . Of each species there were not less than two plants, of some three or four. Those marked * thus, were par- ticularized in Sir Joseph Banks's list; those marked t are not in the Hortus Kewensis; the others are rare plants at home [England]."

n Note spelling and compare Plumb Point, Jamaica. a* For a revision ofHortus Eastensis see Powell. 1972. Inst. Jam. Sci. Bull. 15(1):19-83.

416 ECONOMIC BOTANY

Plants

*Weinmannia pinnata = W. pinnata L. tCassia herpetica = C. alata L.

Tabernaemontana laurif. = T. laurifolia L. tAmyris sylvatica -- A. elemifera L.

Chrysobalanus Icaco = C. icaco L. *Akea Africana = Blighia sapida Konig

Portlandia grandiflora = P. grandiflora L. tMimosa decandra tAvicennia tomentosa = A. germinans (L.) L. *Conocarpus erecta = C. erectus L.

Solanum insanum = S. melongena L. ?Waltheria Americana = W. indica L. i'Melochia tomentosa = M. tomentosa L. tBoerhaavia Cariboea = B. coccinea Mill. tSida cordifolia = S. cordifolia L. *Tillandsia recurvata = T. recurvata L. * nutans = Catopsis nutans (Sw.) Griseb. * serrata = Aechmea serrata (L.) Mez * utriculata = T. utriculata L. * usneoides = T. usneoides (L.) L. tSolanum Havanense = S. havanense Jacq. t Bahamense = S. bahamense L.

diphyllum = S. diphyllum L. Euphorbia Punicea = E. punicea Sw.

tMyrtus biflora = Eugenia biflora (L.) DC. Xylophylla latifolia = Phyllanthus latifolius Sw.

t angustifolia = Phyllanthus angustifolius (Sw.) Sw. tUrtica grandifolia = Pilea grandifolia (L.) Blume t parietaria = Pilea parietaria (L.) Blume

microphylla = Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Begonia purpurea = B. purpurea Sw.

t scandens = B. glabra Aubl. tArbor nov. Gen. tPalma *Melastoma, 8 species Hibiscus malvaviscus = Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.

tBrunfelsia undulata = B. undulata Sw. ?PonteAeria azurea = Eichhornea crassipes (Mart.) Solms

Securidaca volubilis = Dalbergia monetaria L. f. Hippomane MancineUa = H. mancinella L. Camoclaida = Comocladia

tLaurus, No. 1 t Leucoxylon = Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez tUvaria lanceolata = Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. tAchras, No. 3 #Citharexylum melanocum = ? C. melanocardium Sw. = Petitia domingensis Jacq. tPsidium montanum = P. montanum Sw. *Myrtus zusygium = Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Sw.

Geoffroea inermis = Andira inermis (Wright) DC. tIcthyomethia montana tCupania Americana = C. americana L. or C. americana Gaertn. (1791), which is C. glabra Sw. tSolanum subinerme = S. subinerme Jacq. t Ipomoea scarlatina tMimosa juliflora = Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. *Annona myristica = Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dural ?Elutheria = Croton glabellus L. or Guarea glabra Vahl?

Calophyllum Calaba = C. calaba L. ?Bichy = Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. Cordia Gerascanthus = C. gerascanthus L. Laurus Chloroxylum = Ziziphus chloroxylon (L.) Oliv. Crateva gynandra = Crataeva gynandra L.

*Wrightia rosea = Meriania purpurea (Sw.) Sw. ?

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 417

* alba = Meriania leucantha (Sw.) Sw. ? *Gesneria exserta = G. exserta Sw. *Daphne Lagetto = Lagetta lintearia Lam. fLy th rum ciliatum = Cuphea decandra Ait. f.

Blakea trinervia = B. trinervia L. tArbor , No. 3

Hepetis angustifolia = Pitcalrnia bromeliifolia L'H@rit. Cecropia peltata = C. peltata L.

t S a m y d a Achras Sapota = Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen

*Gesneria acaulis = G. acanlis L. tMimosa v iva = M. viva L.

Coccoloba excoriata = C. tenuifolia L. tLau rus tGarcinia cornea = G. cornea L. t B r o s i m u m spurium = Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. tOchroma Lagopus = O. pyramidale (Cav.) Urb.

Limodorum tuberosum = Bletia purpurea (Lain.) DC. or Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. tV ibu rnum villosum = V. villosum Sw. tUrt ica, No. 1, 2 tMelochia venosa = M. pilosa (Mill.) F. et R. tClemat is dioica = C. dioica L.

Munt ingia Calabura = M. calabura L. Zanthoxylum C.H. = Z. clava-herculis Sw. ? (= Fagara martinicense (Lain.) DC.)

*Psychotria alba * purpurea * t ia ra * domingensis = Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) DC. *Andromeda Jamaicensis = Lyonia jamaicensis (Sw.) D. Don. tTriopteris Jamaicensis = T. jamaicensis L. (Cuba and Hispaniola) or T. jamaacensis Sw., which is

T . paniculata (Mill.) Small tF ru tex Pent. Mon. t N y m p h a e a Lotus = N. ampla (Salisb.) DC. t Nelumbo = Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. tSagit taria lancifolia = S. lancifolia L.

sagittifolia = S. intermedia Micheli tOldenlandia uniflora = O. uniflora L. tHydrocotyle umbellata = H. umbellata L.

Polygonum barbatum = Polygonum barba tum L. *Psychotria herbacea = Geophila repens (L.) I. M. Johnst. tAcidoton urens = A. urens Sw. tAsclepias funiculacea

Rivina laevis = R. humilis L. Panllinia Curassavica = P. jamaicensis Macf. Gratiola Moniera = Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

tHibiscus uliginosus tAmer imnon = ? Brya ebenus (Sw.) DC. or, more likely, Dalbergia brownei (Jacq.) Urb. tBuc ida Buceras = B. buceras L. tConyza purpurascens = Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don *Oenothera octovalvis = Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven

Verbena nodiflora = Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. tP ic ramnia ant idesma = P. ant idesma Sw.

Convolvulus Brasiliensis = Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. subsp, brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr. tOrchis , No. 1, 2, 3, 4,

Gouania Domingensis = G. lupuloides (L.) Urb. Morinda citrifolia = M. citrifolia L. Echites biflora = Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Muell. Arg.

tS temodia mar t ima = S. mari t ima L. *Cynomorium Jamaicense = Scybalium jamaicense (Sw.) Schott et Endl. tCoccocipsilum repens = Coccocypselum herbaceum Aubl. tAral ia sciodaphyllum = Schefflera sciodaphyllum (Sw.) Ha rms *Lisianthus exsertus = L. exsertus Sw. *Gesneria scabra = G. scabra Sw. t H e d y o s m u m nutans = H. nutans Sw. t arborescens = H. arborescens Sw.

418 ECONOMIC BOTANY

*Justicia bumifusa = J. comata (L.) Lam. tPetesia lygistum = Manet t ia lygistum (L.) Sw. tEr igeron Jamaicense = E. jamaJcensis L. or E. jamaicensis Sw., which is E. cuneifolius DC.

Cassia viminea = C. viminea L. *Marcgravia umbellata = M. umbeUata L. or M. brownei (Tr. et Planch.) Kx. et Urb. *Begonia glabra = B. glabra Aubl. tCephael is elata = C. elata Sw. *Calea scoparia = Baccharis scoparia (L.) Sw. *Myrtus fragans = Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVangh

Myrica t Gordonia pentapetala tBoehmer ia caudata = B. candata Sw. tP iper hispidum = P . hispidum Sw. t n i t idum = P. arboreum Aubl. vat. s tamineum (Miquel) Yuncker t nov. sp. tAcalypha levigata = A. laevigata Sw. tHillia parasitica = H. parasitica Jacq. t te t randra = H. te t randra Sw. tArdis ia lateriflora = Stylogyne lateriflora (Sw.) Mez *Vaccinium Jamaicense = Vaccinium meridionale Sw.? *Besleria lutea = B. lutea L.

Tussilago uniflora t pumila = Chaptal ia pumila (Sw.) Fawc. tSalvia tenella = S. tenella Sw. tViscum opuntioides = Dendrophthora opuntioides (L.) Eichl.

Cordia macrophylla = C. macrophylla L. tDiospyros tetrasperma = D. tetrasperma Sw. tVerbena stoechadifolia = Lippia stoechadifolia (L.) Kun th

Alisma cordifolia = Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett tE ro t ium thoeoides = Cleyera theoides (Sw.) Choisy tLobel ia acuminata = L. acuminata Sw.

Euphorbia Laurus c innamomum = C i nnamomum verum Presl. Mangifera Indica = M. indica L. Euphorbia

tGnapha l i um albescens = G. albescens Sw. tPiper amplexicaule = Peperomia amplexicaulis (Sw.) A. Dietr. tValant ia hypocarpia = Relbunium hypocarpium (L.) Hemsl. *Hypoxis decumbens = H. decumbens L. *Trophis Americana = T. racemosa (L.) Urb. tCi tharexylum cinereum = C. fruticosum L. tSamyda nitida = Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. t pubescens = S. pubescens L. *Justicia acicularis = Anthacanthus acicularis (Sw.) Nees *Cinchona Cariboea = Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. tCorchorus hirtus = C. hirtus L, tCappar i s Jamaicensis = C. cynophallophora L. "~Scabrita scabra = Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.

Coffea occidentalis = Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. tPiper ar t iculatum *Malpighia crassifolia = Byrsonima coriacea (Sw.) DC. or B. crassifolia (L.) Kunth t Indigofera nov. t I l lecebrum Achyrantha = Alternanthera pungens Kunth t ficoideum = Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Roem. et Schult. *Cyperus ligularis = C. ligularis L. * elegans = C. elegans L. * odoratus = C. odoratus L. * elatus = C. giganteus Vahl? * arficulatus = C. articulatus L. *Scirpus muta tus = Eleocharis muta ta (L.) Roem. et Schult. * articulatus (S. articulatus L. belongs to China and New Guinea.) * minimus * ferrugineus = Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl *Fuirena paniculata = F. umbellata Rottb.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 4 1 9

*Arundo farcta *Panicum glaucum = Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb. *Paspalum virgatum = P. virgatum L. *Uniola spicata = Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene *Ophioglossum reticulatum = O. reticulatum L. *Osmunda hirsuta = Anemia hirsuta (L.) Sw. *Maratt ia alata = M. alata Sw. *Acrostichum ebeneum = Pityrogramma ebenea (L.) Proctor *Acrostichum vesti tum = Elaphoglossum eggersii (Baker) Christ * trifoliatum = Pityrogramma trifoliata (L.) Tryon * rufum = Gymnopteris rufa (L.) Underw. * simplex = Elaphoglossum simplex (Sw.) Schott or related sp. * sorbifolium = Probably Lomariopsis underwoodii Holtt. or L. jamaicensis (Underw.) Holtt. * aureum = A. aureum L. * calomelanos -- Pi tyrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link *Pteris angustifolia = Ananthacorus angustifolius (Sw.) Underw. et Maxon * grandifolia = P. grandifolia L. * minima * longifolia -- P. longifolia L. * caudata = Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon * arborescens = P. arborea L. * trichomanoides = Notholaena trichomanoides (L.) R. Br. *Heminiotis palmata = Hemionitis palmata L. *Asplenium fragrans = A. fragrans Sw. * alatum = A. alatum Humb. et Bonpl. * dissectum = A. bissectum Sw. * rhizophyllum = A. radicans L. * grandifolium = Diplazium grandifolium Sw. * cicutarium = A. cristatum Lam. * marinum = Perhaps A. jamaicense Jenm. *Polypodium gramineum = Grammifis graminea (Sw.) Copel. * glutinosum * dichotomum = Gleichenia sp. ? * crassifolium = P. crassifolium L. * dissectum = Ctenitis dissecta (Forst.) Copel. * exaltatum = Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott * glaucum = Lophosoria quadr ipinnata (Gmel.) C. Chr. ? * auriculatum = Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen. ? * pectinatum = P. pectinatum L. *Adiantum macrophyllum = A. macrophyllum Sw. * trapeziforme = A. trapeziforme L. *Adiantum tenerum = A. tenerum Sw. * aculeatum = Odontosoria jenmanii Maxon or O. fumarioides (Sw.) J. Sm. * serrulatum = A. pulverulentum L. var. caudatum Jenm. *Trichomanes crispum -- T. crispum L. *Lycopodium dichotomum = L. dichotomum Jacq. * squarrosum = L. reflexum Lam. vat. r igidum (J.F.Gmel.) Proctor *Epidendrum nodosum = Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. * gat ta tum = Oncidium guttatum (L.) Rchb. f. = O. tetrapetalum Jacq. or O. luridum Lindl. * anceps = E. anceps Jacq. * secundum = E. secundum Jacq. * lineare = Isochilus lineafis (Jacq.) R. Br. * coehleatum = E. cochleatum L. * rigidum = E. r igidum Jacq. * terrefifolium = Jacquiniella teretifolia (Sw.) Britt. & Wils. * globosum = Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.) Schltr. * palmifolium = Xylobium palmifolium (Sw.) Fawc. * fragrans = E. fragrans Sw. * echinocarpon = Diehaea pendula (Aubl.) Cogn. * glaucum = Dichaea glauca Sw. * alt issimum = Oncidium alt issimum (Jacq.) Sw. * polybulbon = E. polybulbon Sw. * ovatum * labiatum = Leochilus labiatus (Sw.) Kuntze * sanguineum = Broughtonia sanguinea (Sw.) R. Br.

420 ECONOMIC BOTANY

*Scoevola Lobelia = S. plumieri (L.) Vahl tPiper geniculatum = P. arboreum Aubl. *Malfigia crassifolia = Byrsonima coriacea (Sw.) DC. Illecebrum Achyrantha = Alternanthera pungens Kunth

t ficoideum = A. ficoidea (L.) Roem. et Schult. tEvolvulus sericeus = E. sericeus Sw. tMimosma semispinosa tPhaseolus lathyroides = Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. *Suriana maritima = Suriana maritima L.

Echites suberecta = Urechites lutea (L.) Britt. torulosa = E. torulosa L., which is E. brownei J. Mill, or E. torosa Jacq., which is Mandevilla

torosa (Jacq.) Woodson Sophora occidentalis = S. tomentosa L. Canella alba = C. winterana (L.) Gaertn.

tLippia cymosa = Machaonia cymosa (Sw.) Gr.

Seeds

Achras mammosa = Pouteria mammosa (L.) Cronq.? Sapota = Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen No. 1, 2

Asclepias gigantea = More likely Calotropis procera (Air.) Ait. f., which grows in Jamaica, than C. gigantea (L.) Dryand., which does not.

curassavica = A. curassavica L. funiculacea

Avicennia tomentosa = A. germinans (L.) L. Annona palustris = A. glabra L. Alpinia racemosa = Renealmia racemosa (L.) A. Rich. Amaranthus polygonoides = A. polygonoides L. Amyris sylvatica = A. elemifera L. /Eschynomene Americana = Aeschynomene americana L. Arbor, no. 3 Banisteria fulgens = Stigmaphyllon emarginatum (Cav.) A. Juss.

laurifolia = Heteropteris laurifolia (L.) A. Juss. Benghalensis = Triopteris paniculata (Mill.) Small

Brunfelsia undulata = B. undulata Sw. Bryonia Bixa Orellana = Bixa orellana L. Batis maritima = Bails maritima L. Ballota suaveolens = Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Bucida Buceras = Bucida buceras L. Cordia Sebestena = C. sebestena L.

Collococca = C. collococca L. Gerascanthus = C. gerascanthus L.

Canocarpus racemosa = Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. erecta = Conocarpus erectus L.

Clusia flava = C. t iara Jacq. Celosia lanata = Aerva lanata Juss. or A. tomentosa Lam. (Old World tropics) Cardiospermum, No. 1, 2 Chiococca racemosa = C. alba (L.) Hitchcock Cerbera Thevetia = Thevetia peruviana (Pets.) K. Schum. Coffea occidentalis = Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. Crotalaria sagittalis = C. sagittalis L.

incana = C. incana L. Cassia obtusifolia = Cassia obtusifolia L.

occidentalis = C. occidentalis L. pilosa = C. pilosa L. serpens = C. serpens L. marginata = C. emarginata L. No. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 herpetica = C. alata L. viminea = C. viminea L.

Cestrum nocturnum = C. nocturnum L. Coccoloba uvifera = C. uvifera L.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 42 1

excoriata = C. tenuifolia L. emarginata = Neomillspaughia emarginata (Gross) Blake?

Cucumis Anguria = C. anguria L. Canella alba = C. winterana (L.) Gaertn. Cedrela odorata = C. odorata L. Citharexylum cinereum = C. fruticosum L. Convolvulus, No. 1, 2

Canariensis = C. canafiensis L. pentaphyllus -- Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. verticillatus = Jacquemont ia verticillata (L.) Urb. No. 7, Br. I.

Cactus Melocactus = Melocactus communis Link et Otto Cuscuta Americana = C. americana L. Calophyllum Calaba = C. calaba L. Coreopsis alba = Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Bip. Cytisus, No. 1 Cinchona Cariboea = Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. Conyza odorata = Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. or P. carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don

arborescens = Vernonia divaricata Sw. Clitoria Brasiliensis = Centrosema brasil ianum (L.) Benth.

Virginiana = Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth. Gaiactia = Gaiactia pendula Pers.

Clinopodium vulgare = C. vulgare L. Clematis dioica = C. dioica L. Casalpinia vesicaria = Caesalpinia vesicaria L. Datura Stramonium = D. s t ramonium L. Dolichos purpureus = Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet

pruriens = Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. unguiculatus = Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. minimus = Rhynchosia min ima (L.) DC. No. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

Duran ta Ellisia = D. repens L. var. ft. albo

Diospyros tetrasperma = D. tetrasperma Sw. Dichondra repens = D. repens J. R. et G. Forst. Echites biflora = Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. Echites suberecta = Urechites lutea (L.) Britt.

umbellata = E. umbeUata Jacq. Erythrina Cot. spinosa = E. corallodendrum L.

non spinosa -- E. corallodendrum L. Euphorbia tithymaloides = Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. Ehretia Bourreria = Bourreria succulenta Jacq.

tinifolia = E. tinifolia L. Evolvulus linifolius = E. alsinoides L. var. linifolius (L.) Baker

nummular ius = E. nummular ius (L.) L. Eupator ium Dalea = E. dalea L.

ivaefolium = E. ivifolium L. Elephantopus tomentosus = E. mollis Kunth Fevillea bilobata Guiacum offic, ft. albo = Guaiacum officinale L. (white flowered) Gordonia pentapetala Guarea trichilioides = G. trichilioides Sw., which is G. glabra Vahl (G. trichilioides L. is not in Jamaica.) Gouania Domingensis = G. lupuloides (L.) Urb. Galega toxicaria = Tephrosia sinapou (Buc'hoz) A. Chev. Hura crepitans = H. crepitans L Hedysarum canescens = Desmodium canum (J. F. Gruel.) Schinz et Thell.

h a m a t u m = Stylosanthes hama ta (L.) Taub. Heliotropium fruticosum = H. fruticosum L.

Curassavicum = H. curassavicum L. Hypoxis decumbens = H. decumbens L. Hibiscus spinifex = Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav.

sabdariffa = H. sabdariffa L. No. 3

Helicteres Isora = H. jamaicensis Jacq. Hippomane Mancinella = H. mancinella L.

422 ECONOMIC BOTANY

Hedera nu tans = Dendropanax nu tans (Sw.) Decne. et Planch. Indigofera tinctoria = I. tinctoria L.

n. sp. Ja t ropha gossypifolia = J. gossypifolia L.

Curcas = J. curcas L. multifida = J. multifida L.

Illecebrum Achyrantha = Alternanthera pungens Kunth ficoideum = A. ficoidea (L.) Roem. et Schult.

Ipomoea biloba = I. pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. subsp, brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr. tuberosa = Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle coccinea = I. hederifolia L. Pes Tigridis = I. pes-tigridis L. No. 1, 2, 3

Ly th rum ciliatum = Cuphea decandra Air. f. Lan tana trifoliata = L. trifolia L.

aculeata = L. aculeata L. Laurus Chloroxylon = Ziziphus chloroxylon (L.) oliv.

No. 1 Lisianthus longifolius = L. longifolius L.

mari t imus M a m m e a Americana = M. americana L. Morus tinctoria = Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaudich. Mimosa cinerea = Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn.

scandens = En tada gigas (L.) F. et R. tortuosa = Acacia tortuosa (L.) WiUd. Pernambuca = Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. pennata = Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Unguis Cati = Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth. juliflora = Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. No. 1

Myrtus Zusygium = Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Sw. Pimenta = Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. fragrans = Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh

Melochia tomentosa = M. tomentosa L. depressa = Kosteletzkya pentasperma (Bertero) Griseb.

Mollugo verticillata = M. verticillata L. Myrica Malpighia urens = M. urens L. Myginda = Rhacoma or Gyminda Omphalea diandra = O. diandra L. Oenothera octovalvis = Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Ochroma Lagopus = O. pyramidale (Car.) Urb. Palma, No. 1 Psychotria, No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Physalis angulata = P. angulata L. Passiflora normalis = P. perfoliata L. var. normalis F. et R.

coerulea = Cionosicys pomiformis (Macf.) Griseb. No. 1

Paullinia Curassavica = P. jamaicensis Macf.? Phaseolus lathyroides = Macroptil ium lathyroides (L.) Urb. Piscidia montana Portlandia grandiflora = P. grandiflora L. Petesia ligistum = Manett ia lygistum (L.) Sw. Phyllanthus Piper Amalago = P. amalago L. Picramnia Antidesma = P. ant idesma Sw. Rauwolfia canescens = R. tetraphylla L. Ruellia clandestina = R. tuberosa L.

paniculata --- R. paniculata L. Randea aculeata = Randia aculeata L. Rhus Cominia = Allophylus cominia (L.) Sw. R h a m n u s Cubensis = Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn.

sarcomphalus = Ziziphus sarcomphalus (L.) M. C. Johnst. Sida Americana = Abutilon amer icanum (L.) Sweet

periplociflolia = Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) Presl and/or W. hernandioides (L'H&it.) Garcke

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 423

ciliaris = S. ciliaris L. paniculata = S. paniculata L. Jamaicensis = S. jamaicensis L. urens = S. urens L. viscosa = Bastardia viscosa (L.) Kunth No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12

Solanum, No. 1, 2 Bahamense = S. bahamense L. verbascifolium = S. verbascifolium L.

Spondias Myrobalanus = S. purpurea L. Mombin = S. mombin L.

Simarouba dioica Solandra grandiflora = S. grandiflora Sw. Spigelia Anthelmia -- S. anthelmia L. Securidaca volubilis = Dalbergia monetaria L. f. Santolina, No. 1 Smilax laurifolia = S. laurifolia L. ? Trichilia glabra = T. glabra L. Tournefortia hirsuta = Tournefortia hirsutissima L. ? Trichosanthes Jamaicensis Tabernamontana citrifolia = Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.

laurifolia = T. laurifolia L. Tinus occidentalis = Clethra occidentalis (L.) Kuntze Turnera pumilea = T. pumilea L. Tampogomea = Cephaelis elata Sw. ? Tr iumfet ta semitriloba = T. semitriloba Jacq. Urena Typhalea = Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) F. et R.

lobata = U. lobata L. Vitis Labrusca = V. tiliifolia Humb. et Bonpl. Varronia Curassavica = Probably Cordia cylindrostachya (R. et P.) Roem. et Schult.

globosa = Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Kunth Volkameria aculeata = Clerodendrum aculeatum (L.) Schlecht. Verbena Lappulacea = Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers.

prismatica = Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze urticifolia = Verbena scabra Vahl

Vicia, No. 1, 2. Waltheria Americana = W. indica L. Wrightea rosea = Meriania purpurea (Sw.) Sw. ?

2. Dancer ' s Catalogue

In marked contrast to Dr. Broughton's, Dr. Dancer's catalogue lacks scientific precision. The following list was enclosed in a letter from Dr. Dancer to Sir Joseph Banks, this version being slightly more complete than the same list as recorded in the Journals of the Assembly of Jamaica. However, whenever any useful information omitted from the former could be gleaned from the latter, such information has been added in parentheses. Again, the scientific names have been brought up to date, whenever possible, and put alongside each species.

Catalogue enclosed in letter to Sir Joseph Banks, written June 5, 1793.

"List of Plants collected for Kew Gardens and put on Board Captain Bligh by J .D. March 31st 1793.

In T u b s - -

No. 1 Mangoe Tree = Mangifera indica L, 2 1 Jaack 3 Mangoes = Artocarpus heterophyllus Lain. and Mangifera indica L. 3 1 Avocado pear = Persea americana Mill.

& 2 Star Apples = Chrysophyllum cainito L. 4. 1 Mangoe = Mangifera indica L. 5. Do = ~t 6 . D o = vv

Pandanuses Pandanus 5.J

4 2 4 ECONOMIC BOTANY

No.

In

9.

Pots

I0. 11. 12. 13. 14

15.

17 18

20 21 22 23

29 30 31 32 33

36 37 38 39

41 42 43 44

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

to 59

62

63 64 65 66 67 68 69

A Box with Vanelloes & Euphorb ia Ti thymalylo id = Vanil la planifolia Andrews and Pedilanthus tithymyloides (L.) Poit.

& Baskets

1 Mangosteen = Garcinia sp. Cinnamon = C i nnamomum verum Presl.

I!

Mangosteen = Garcinia sp. Mangoes = Mangifera indica L.

Jaacks = Artocarpus heterophyllus Lain.

Mangoes = Mangifera indica L.

Unknown

Weinmannia = Weinmannia pinnata L.

Spathelia = Spathelia sp.

Wrightia = Meriania

Blakea = Blakea trinervia L.

Portlandia = Porflandia sp.

Smilax Sarsa = Smilax sp. Fagara Pterota = Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. Camocladia pubescens = Comocladia sp. Spathelia simplex = Spathelia sorbifolia (L.) F. et R.

�9 . . [?] Zanthoxylon = Fagara sp. Camocladia = Comocladia sp, Bitter wood (Simarouba) = Simaruba glanca DC. ? Yellow Saunders (Camocladia) = Fagara elephantiasis (Macf.) Kr. et Urb.

Lamp Gums (Gum-tree peppers) = Sapium jamaicense Sw.

Lauros Chloroxyl. = Ziziphus chloroxylon (L.) Oliv. Canella alha Sp. nov. = Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. Clusia (flava) = C. fiava Jacq. Eupator. Dalea = Eupatof ium dalea L. Unknown M a m m e a Amer. = M a m m e a americana L. Unknown Galimota (Galimeta = Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A. DC.)

Capparis = Capparis sp.

Boellia affinis

Unknown wild coffee

Beef Dogwood = Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. or Lonchocarpus pentaphyUus (Poir.) DC. Musk or Alligator Wood = Guarea glabra Vahl Laurus---Sweet Wood = Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. Diadelph Tree---Sea Side Tetrand. Frutex. Sea Side Passiflora = Passiflora sp.

Tha tch Tree (Corypha) = SabaJ jamaicensis Becc.?

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 425

No. 71 72

75 76 77 78 79 8( 81 82 83 84 85 8~ 87 88 89 90

99 } 93 94 95 96 97

100 101 1o21 103J 104 105~ 106J 107~

1111

H':I 114 115 116 / 117J 118~ l19J 120 121 122 123 124 125 /

129]

1t2I

133~ 134J 135~ la61 137~ 138J

Syngenesious Pits. Yellow Saunders = Fagara elephantiasis (Macf.) Kr. et Urb.

Lisianthus (new species)

Tetrand. PI . - -An Spermacoce? Unknown--The Agrifolium of Sloane = Drypetes ilicifolia Kr. et Urb. Bitter Wood (Simarouba) = Simaruba glauca DC. ?

Coccoloba = Coccoloba spp.

Mimosa Arborea = Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb. Wild Tamarind

Amyris (Rosewood) = Amyris balsamifera L. ?

Milkwood (or Hippomane) = Hippomane mancinella L.

Capparis = Capparis sp.

Milkwood = Hippomane mancinella L. ? or Sapium jamaicense Sw.

Unknown Cutting Grass = Scleria secans (L.) Urb. Alpinia = Alpinia. ? Wild Plantain (Bihai) = Heliconia caribaea Lain. Portlandia = Portlandia ? grandiflora L.

Samyda = Samyda ?

Avocado Pear = Persea americana Mill. Star Apple = Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Grias = Grias cauliflora L.

Mammea = Mammea americana L

Corypha---(long) Thatch = Calyptronoma occidentalis (Sw.) H. E. Moore

Areca (oleracea)-Cabbages = Roystonea altissima (Mill.) H. E. Moore

Cocos (aculeata) Prickly Pole (Mackaw) = Acrocomia spinosa (Mill.) H. E. Moore (More likely "Macca Fat" than modern "Prickly Pole.")

Conyza odorat = Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. or P. carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don Lantan~[ odorat = L. involucrata L.

Buphthalm. marit = Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. ?

Sesuvium = Sesuvium portulacastrum L.

Euphorbia = Euphorbia Erithalis = Erithalis Malpighia (urens) = M. urens L. Annona palust. = Annona glabra L. Bignonia

Rhus Cominia = AUophylus cominia (L.) Sw.

Thrinax (parvifl.) = Thrinax parviflora Sw.

Cacao = Theobroma cacao L.

Cinchona = Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult.

Batis = Batis maritima L.

426 ECONOMIC BOTANY

No. Bombax = Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. or Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urb. (Cordia) Gerascanthus = C. gerascanthus L.

Melastoma sp. varia

Tillandsia Sp. vat. = Tillandsia spp.?

Piper Sp. var. = Piper spp.

139 140 141]

to~ 154J 155]

to~ 158J 159]

to~ 172J 1731

to~ Psychotria Sp. vat. = Psychotria spp.? 181J 182 Achyranthes = Achyranthes sp. 183 Viscum Verticill. = Phoradendron trinervium (Lain.) Griseb.

Epidendrum t84]

to~ Epidendrum Sp. var. = Epidendrum spp.? 193J 194 Lythrum = Cuphea sp. 195 Unknown 196 Securidiaca = Securidaca sp. 197 Gouania = G. lupuloides (L.) Urb. 198 Sweetwood (Laur. Borbon) = Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. 199 Laurus Chlorox = Ziziphus chloroxylon (L.) Oliv. 200~ 201J Euphorbia

202 Aka--African Fruit Tree = Blighia sapida Konig 203 Cola--Bichy Tree of Sloane = Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott et Endl. 204 Justicia = Justicia sp. 205 Rhus comin. = Allophylus cominia (L.) Sw. 205 Besleria vel.

? Craniolaria ? 207 Epidendrum Viscum 208 Cacao = Theobroma cacao L. 209 CalophyUum. Sta Maria = Calophyllum calaba L. 210 Cecropia peltata = C. peltata L. 211 Garcinia ? Mangost. = Garcinia sp. 212 Avocado Pear = Persea americana Mill. 2131 214~ Euphorbia punicea = Euphorbia punicea Sw. 215J 216 Eupatorium Dalea = E. dalea L. 217 Unknown 218 Agrifolium of Sloane = Drypetes ilicifolia Kr. et Urb. 219 Erithalis = Erithalis sp. 220~ 240J Filices

241 Paulinia = Paullinia sp. 242 Passiflora = Passiflora sp. 243 Iresine celosioid = I. diffusa Humb. et Bonpl. ex Willd. 244] 245J Lisianthus = Lisianthus

246 Begonia (Bignonia) = Begonia ? 247 Gouania = Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. 248 Mangosteen = Garcinia sp. 249~ 258J Urtica sp. vat. = P iha spp.

259] 260J Sta. Maria = Calophyllum calaba L.

261 Unknown 262 Phytolacca = Phytolacca sp. 263 Mandarine Orange = Glycosmis parviflora (Sims) Little 264 Pothos (acaulis) = Anthurium acanle (Jacq.) Schott

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 42 7

No. 265

266~ 271J 272

273 274 275 276 277~ 278J 279~ 280J 281 282 283 284 285 286

Amomum Zerumbet = Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith (If this is Shell Ginger it is Catimbium speciosum (Wendl.) Holtt.)

Amomum Cardam. = A. cardamon L. or Elletaria sp.

Cephaloea Aromat. Vid. Hort. Eastensis (This unknown plant is not in any of the three editions of Hortus Eastensis. )

Epidend. Vanilla = Vanilla planifolia Andrews Cissus 3 foliat = Cissus trifoliata L. Pharus = Pharus sp. Manjack = Cordia macrophylla L.

Hammelia = Hamelia

Euphorbia = Euphorbia

Unknown

Names not put down

N.B. The above Plants in Consequence of Captain Bligh's being detain'd, were deliver'd to the Care of Mr. Smith and were all of them with very few Exceptions in the highest Order

Thos. Dancer."

3. Kew List The following list consists of the names of those plants represented in the second

edition of Alton's Hortus Kewensis (1810-13) as having been brought from various parts of the world by Capt. Bligh in H.M.S. Providence and introduced into the Kew Gardens. Many plants that one might expect to be on this list are missing, perhaps, because they had been introduced previously or because they did not survive until 1810.

It will be noticed that Broughton and Dancer are rarely mentioned here, while almost half of the Jamaican entries are attributed to Christopher Smith and James Wiles and even a few to Alexander Anderson of St. Vincent. Almost all these plants, however, are to be found in Broughton's Catalogue. All in all, the complete accuracy of the Kew Catalogue is open to question. For example, it lists Goodia lotifolia as introduced into Kew in 1793 and as collected by David Nelson, but Nelson had died from exposure in the Bounty's launch on the earlier expedition.

The present day scientific names have been added.

"Introd. 1793, in H.M.S. Providence, by Captain William Bligh."

Vol. I (1810) Page

4 Alpinia occidentalis Jamaica = Renealmia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. 7 Costus spicatus Brazil & W.I. = C. spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.

23 Chionanthus compacta W.I. Alex Anderson = Linociera caribaea (Jacq.) Knobl. 37 Jusficia secunda W.I. = J. secunda Vahl 69 Piper clusiaefolium W.I. Alex Anderson -- Peperomia clusiifolia (Jacq.) Hook. 70 P. hispidum Jamaica Wiles & Smith = Piper hispidum Sw. 71 P. nitidum Jamaica Perrin & Smith = P. arboreum Aubl. v. stamineum (Miquel) Yuncker

P. amplexicaule W.I. Chr. Smith = Peperomia amplexicaulis (Sw.) A. Dietrich P. magnoliaefolium W.I. = Peperomia magnoliifolia (Jacq.) A. Dietrich

107 Xiphidium coeruleum Guiana = X. coeruleum Aubl. 125 Kyllingia monocephala both Indies = Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. 245 Siderodendrum triflorum W.I. Alex Anderson = Lxora ferrea (Jacq.) Benth. 246 Coccocypsilum repens W.I. Alex Anderson = Coccocypselum herbaceum Aubl, 268 Pothos violacea Jamaica = Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl.

428 ECONOMIC BOTANY

318 Lisianthus longifolius Jamaica Smith & Perrin = L. longifolius L. L. exsertus W.I. = L. exsertus Sw.

373 Psychotria citrifolia W.I. Alex Anderson = Rudgea caribaea Benth. P. brachiata W.I. Alex Anderson = P. brachiata Sw. P. herbacea Jamaica Wiles & Smith = Geophila repens (L.) I. M. Johnst.

374 Coffea occidentalis W.I. Christ. Smith = Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. 375 Cephaelis d a t a Jamaica Perrin & Smith = C. elata Sw.

Morinda citrifolia Otaheite Wiles & Smith = M. citrifolia L. 376 M. royoc W.I. Wiles & Smith = M. royoc L.

Erithaiis fruitcosa W.I. Thomas Dancer = E. fruticosa L. 398 Solanum havanense W.I. Perrin & Smith = S. havanense Jacq.

Vol. II (1811) 5 Ardisia lateriflora W.I. Christoph. Smith = Stylogyne lateriflora (Sw.) Mez

11 Varronia lineata W.I. Alex Anderson = Cordia corymbosa (L.) G. Don 24 Buttneria scabra W.I. Alex Anderson = B. scabra L. 68 Echites biflora Caribbeee Islands Alexander Anderson = Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. 71 Camerar ia lutea Cayenne Alexander Anderson = Maiouetia t amaquar ina (Aubl.) A. DC

114 Dichondra sericea Jamaica Chr. Smith = D. repens J. R. et G. Forst. v. sericea (Sw.)Poir. 178 Araiia Sciodaphyllum Jamaica William Broughton M.D. = Schefflera sciodaphyllum (Sw.) Harms 203 Tillandsia utriculata S. America = T. utriculata L.

T. serrata Jamaica Chr. Smith = Aechmea serrata (L.) Mez ? T. nutans Jamaica Chr. Smith = Catopsis nutans (Sw.) Griseb.

204 T. recurvata Jamaica Chr. Smith = T. recurvata L. 306 Tacca pinnatifida E. Indies and Society Is. Wiles & Smith = T. leontopelatoides (L.) Kuntze 315 Hillia Tet randra Jamaica Chr. Smith = Hillia Tet randra Sw. 350 Blighia sapida Africa --- Blighia sapida Konig 351 Amyris sylvatica Car thagena = A. elemifera L. 410 Daphne Lagetto Jamaica = Lagetta lintearia Lain.

Vol. HI (1811) 3 0 r m o s i a dasycarpa W.I. = O. monosperma (Sw.) Urb.

45 Melas toma trinervia Jamaica Smith & Perrin = Miconia trinervia (Sw.) D. Don M. rubra Guiana = Clidemia rubra (Aubl.) Mart.

46 M. ecostata Jamaica Thomas Dancer M.D. = Mouriri myrtilloides (Sw.) Poir. ? M. discolor W.I. Alex. Anderson = Tetrazygia discolor (L.) DC.

52 Andromeda jamaicensis Jamaica Smith & Perrin = Lyonia jamaicensis (Sw.) D. Don 59 Inocarpus edulis S. Sea Is. = I. edulis Forst. 60 Samyda nitida W.I. Alex Anderson = Casearia nifida (L.) Jacq. 61 S. rosea W.I. Alex Anderson = S. pubescens L.

Bucida Buceras Jamaica Smith & Perrin = B. buceras L. 104 Malpighia crassifolia S. America Alex Anderson = Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K. or B. coriacea

(Sw.) DC. 105 M.,volubilis W.I. Alex Anderson = Mascagnia volubilis (Sims) Niedenzu 107 Averrhoa Carambola E. Indies = A. carambola L. 108 Spondias dulcis Society Is. Wiles & Smith = S. dulcis Parkinson 186 Eugenia axillaris Jamaica Smith & Perrin = E. axillaris (Sw.) Willd. 187 E. latifolia Guiana Alex Anderson = E. latifolia Aubl. 189 Myrtus lucida Surinam Alex Anderson = ?

M. dumosa W.I. Smith & Perrin = ? 190 M. disticha Jamaica Wiles & Smith = Eugenia disticha (Sw.) DC. 285 Capparis jamaicensis W.I. Wiles & Smith = C. cynophallophora L.

C. linearis W.I. Wiles & Smith = ? 298 Calophyllum Inophyllum E. Indies = C. inophyllum L. 333 Uvar ia lanceolata Jamaica Smith & Perrin = Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. 428 Scutellaria havanensis H a v a n n a h = S. havanensis Jacq.

Vol. IV (1812) 9 Gesneria acaulis Jamaica = G. acaulis L.

10 G. exserta W.I. Christopher Smith = G. exserta Sw. 35 Bignonia procera Guiana Alexander Anderson = Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don 62 Avicennia tomentosa both Indies = A. germinans (L.) L

191 Brownea coccinea W.I. Perrin & Smith = B, coccinea Jacq. 203 Sida pilosa St. Domingo Alex Anderson = S. procumbens Sw.

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 4 2 9

236 Myrodia turbinata W. Indies = Quaxaribea turbinata (Sw.) Poir. 249 Amer imnum Brownei W. Indies = Daibergia brownei (Jacq.) Urb, 250 Dipterix odorata Guiana = D. odorata Willd. 269 Goodia lotifolia Van Diemen's Island David Nelson = G. lotifolia Salisb.

Vol. V (1813) 15 Gnaphal ium albescens Jamaica = G. albescens Sw. 34 Tussilago nutans W. Indies Alex Anderson = Chaptal ia nutans (L) Polak 90 Pectis ciliaris Hispaniola = P. ciliaris L.

211 Octomeria graminffolia W.I. = O. graminifolia R. Br. 215 Oncidium ait issimum W.I, -- O. ai t issimum Sw. 216 O. t r iquetrum Jamaica = O. t r iquetrum (Sw.)R. Br.

Brassavola cucullata W.I. = B, cucullata (L.) R. Br. 218 Epidendrum secundum W.I. = E. secundum Jacq.

E. umbel la tum Jamaica = E. difforme Jacq. 219 E. nutans Jamaica Arthur Broughton M.D. = E. nu tans Sw. 231 Artocarpus incisa S. Seas Wiles and Smith = A. altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg 233 Anguria trilobata Car thagena = A. trilobata Jacq. 262 Urtica grandifolia Jamaica = Pilea grandifolia (L.) Blume

U. reticulata Jamaica = Pilea reticulata (Sw.) Wedd. 263 U. tufa Jamaica = Pilea tufa (Sw.) Wedd.

U. rugosa Jamaica Wiles & Smith = Pilea nummularifol ia (Sw.) Wedd. ? 264 U. nudicaiis Jamaica Wiles & Smith = Pilea nudicaulis (Sw.) Wedd.

U. Parietaria Jamaica = P i ha parietaria (L.) Blume U. microphylla W. Indies = Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.

265 U. baccifera S. America Alex Anderson = Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. 278 Pharus latifolius Jamaica Alex Anderson = P. latifolius L. 279 Guet tarda rugosa W.I. Alex Anderson = G. scabra (L.) Lam. 284 Begonia macrophylla Jamaica = B. macrophylla Lain. ? 285 Acidoton urens Jamaica Chr. Smith = A. urens Sw. 310 Arum hederaceum W.I. Alex Anderson = Philodendron oxycardium Schott ? 328 Croton aromaticum Ceylon and China = Croton aromaticus L. ? 337 Aleurites triloba Society Islands Wiles & Smith = A. moluccana (L.) Willd. 338 Sterculia crinita W.I. and Guiana Alex. Anderson = S. caribaea R. Br. ? or S. pruriens (Aubl.) K.

Schum. ? 371 Schaefferia completa W.I. = S. frutescens Jacq. 383 Securinega nitida Otaheite Christopher Smith = Securinega durissima GmeI. 384 Picramnia Antidesma Jamaica = P. ant idesma Sw. 427 Andropogon striatus E. Indies = I schaemum laxum R. Br. ? 470 Acacia juliflora Jamaica = Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 487 Ficus tinctoria Society Is. Wries and Smith = F. tinctoria Forst. 488 F, retusa both Indies = F. retusa L. 495 Ophioglossum reticulatum W.I. Alex. Anderson = O. reticulatum L. 497 Maratt ia alata Jamaica Smith & Perrin = M. alata Sw.

Lygodium scandens E. Indies = L. microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. 498 Anemia adiantifolia W.I. Smith and Perrin = A. adiantifolia (L.) Sw. 500 Acrostichum simplex Jamaica = Elaphoglossum simplex (Sw.) Schott, vel aff.

A. crinitum W.I. Ar thur Broughton M.D. = Elaphoglossum crinitum (L.) Christ 501 A. sorbifolium W.I. Smith and Perrin = Probably Lomariopsis underwoodii Holtt. or L. jamaicensis

(Underw.) Holtt. 502 Hemionitis lanceolata W.I. Alexander Anderson = Polytaenium feei (Schaffn.) Maxon

H. palmata W.I. = H. paimata L. H. rufa Jamaica Smith and Perrin = Gymnopteris rufa (L.) Underw. Meniscium reticulatum Martinico = Thelypteris reticulata (L.) Proctor

503 Polypodium pfloselloides W.I. Smith and Perrin = P. piloseUoides L. P. lycopodioides W.I. Smith and Perrin = P. lycopodioides L.

504 P. phyllitidis W.I. Smith and Perrin = P. phyllitidis L. 505 P. pect inatum W.I. Alex. Anderson = P. pect inatum L. (probably) 506 P. pru ina tum Jamaica Smith and Perrin = Lophosoria quadr ipinnata (Gruel.) C. Chr. 507 Aspidium anriculatum E. Indies = Polystichum auriculatum (L.) Pr. 508 A. exaltatum Jamaica Alex. Anderson = Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott

A. uni tum E. Indies = probably Thelypteris gongylodes (Schkuhr.) Small 511 A. villosum W. Indies = Ctenitis villosa (L.) Copel. 514 Asplenium seaxrtum W.I. Smith & Perrin = A. serratum L.

4 3 0 ECONOMIC BOTANY

516 A. rhizophorum Jamaica Smith & Perrin -- A. radicans L. 517 A, striatum W.I. Alex. Anderson = Diplazium striatum (L.) Presl ? or D. cristatum (Desr.) Alston ?

A, praemorsum Jamaica Smith & Perrin = A. aethiopicum (Burro. f.) Becherer A. fragrans Jamaica Smith & Perrin = A. fragrans Sw.

519 Diplazium grandifolium Jamaica = D. grandifolium Sw. Pteris grandifolia W.I. Smith & Perri~ = P. grandifolia L.

521 P. aculeata W.I. Smith and Perrin - P. propinqua As. P. podophyUa Jamaica Alex. Anderson = P. podophylla Sw.

522 Vittaria lineata W.I. Smith and Perrin = V. lineata (L.) J. E. Smith 524 Adiantum macrophyllum Jamaica Smith and Perrin = A. macrophyllum Sw. 525 A. pulverulentum W.I. -- A. pulvemlentum L.

A. trapeziforme W.I. Thomas Dancer, M,D. = A. trapeziforme L. 526 A. tenerum Jamaica Arthur Broughton M.D. = A. tenerum Sw. 527 Lonchitis hirsuta W.I. = Anisosorus hirsutus (L.) Underw. et Maxon 528 Dicksonia dissecta Jamaica = Dennstaedtia dissecta (Sw.) Moore 529 Cyathea arborea W.I. Smith and Perrin = C. arborea (L.) J. E. Smith

Book Reviews (continued from page 377)

1975 by the Linnean Society of London, the Commonwealth Forestry Institute, and the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations.

Of the 30 contributors, 15 are active in forestry, biology, or botanical departments of institutes in the United Kingdom; of the re- mainder, all engaged in similar fields of work, one is from each of the following locations---Denmark, Holland, West Ger- many, Italy, India, Australia, Costa Rica, Brazil, California, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Texas; and two are in forestry and natural resource management in Nigeria.

The 24 authoritative and well-documented papers cover the topics: "Exploitation of Natural Tropical Forest Resources and the Need for Genetic and Ecological Conserva- tion"; "The Development of Tropical Planta- tions and the Need for Seed and Genetic Conservation"; "Conservation and Utiliza- tion of Gene Resources by Vegetative Multi- plication of Tropical Trees"; "Natural Varia- tion and its Taxonomic Treatment within Tropical Tree Species as Seen in the Far East"; "An Approach to the Study of Breed- ing Systems, Population Structure and Tax- onomy of Tropical Trees"; "Breeding of Tropical Hardwoods: an Evaluation of Un- derlying Bases, Current Status and Future Prospects"; "Cytology and Reproductive Biology of Meliaceae"; "Resistance of Meliaceae against the Shoot Borer Hypsipyla with Particular Reference to Toona ciliata

M. J. Roem. vat. australis . . ."; "Cytology of the Dipterocarpaceae"; "Genetic Systems and Genetic Conservation of Tropical Pines"; "Breeding Systems, Variation and Ge- netic Improvement of Tropical Eucalypts"; "Breeding Systems, Variation and Genetic Improvement of Teak (Tectona grandis L. f.)"; "Some Biological Factors Influencing Seed Setting in Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum."; "Why Do Bamboos Wait So Long to Flower?"; "Nectarivorous Bats as Pol- linators of Trees in West Malaysia"; "Pollina- tion of Widely Dispersed Trees by Animals in Central America, with an Emphasis on Bee Pollination Systems"; "'Mistake' Pollination as a Reproductive System with Special Ref- erence to the Caricaceae;" "Fecundity as a Function of Nectar Production and Pollen- ovule Ratios"; "Two Patterns of Pre- dispersal Seed Predation by Insects on Cen- tral American Deciduous Forest Trees"; "Factors Affecting the Development and Conservation of Tree Genetic Resources in South-east Asia"; "Ecological and Genetical Factors Affecting Exploration and Conserva- tion in Central America"; "Ecological and Genefical Factors Affecting Exploitation and Conservation of Forests in Brazil and Ven- ezuela"; "Information Storage for Conserva- tion and Improvement of Tropical Tree Species"; and " Current Activities and Prob- lems in the Exploration and Conservation of Tropical Forest Gene Resources." A brief in- troduction precedes these papers which are followed by a "Report on Resolutions and

Book Reviews (continued on page 445)

POWELL: VOYAGE OF THE PLANT NURSERY 431