Supply and use statistics

Data extracted in November 2023.

Planned article update: May 2024.

Highlights

In 2019, domestic production accounted for 93 % of the total supply of products in the EU and imports for the remaining 7 %.

In 2019, nearly half (47 %) of products in the EU were used for intermediate consumption (to make other products), just over one third (34 %) for final consumption, 10 % for gross capital formation and 9 % for exports.

Pharmaceuticals were more likely than industrial products (as a whole) to be used for final consumption and much more likely to be exported, with their export share in 2019 peaking at 76 % in Slovenia.

Supply and use of products, EU, 2019
(€ trillion)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15a10) and (naio_10_cp1610a10)

This article presents an analysis of supply and use data tables for the EU and the EU Member States for 2019. Such tables are used to analyse transactions by activity (known as industry in national accounts) and product in the European Union’s (EU) economy. The main focus of the article concerns analyses based on a categorisation of the economy into 10 activities according to the NACE classification and 10 products according to the CPA classification. The last part of the article provides information, at a more detailed level, for selected activities and products to illustrate more disaggregated data analyses for 64 activities and products.

Full article

Supply and use overview for the whole EU economy

In 2019, products (goods and services) valued at €25.8 trillion (thousand billion) were produced within the EU, while imports from outside of the EU (therefore, excluding intra-EU trade) were valued at €2.0 trillion – see Figure 1.

As such, domestic production accounted for 93 % of the total supply and imports for the remaining 7 %. What use was made of these products? In value terms, nearly half (47 %) were used for intermediate consumption, in other words, to make other products. The next largest share, just over one third (34 %), was used for final consumption, typically by households or the government sector. One tenth (10 %) of the supply was used for gross capital formation, mainly for investment, however this share also includes any changes in the level of stocks of products between the beginning and the end of the year. Exports of products were valued at €2.5 trillion (around 28 % more than imports), accounting for the remaining 9 % of the supply.

Figure 1: Supply and use of products, EU, 2019
(€ trillion)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15a10) and (naio_10_cp1610a10)

Origin of supply and input for products in the EU

The contribution of imports to total supply varied between product categories (Figure 2). The highest contributions were recorded for industrial products (15 %) and agricultural, forestry and fishing products (10 %). Imports accounted for 9 % of supply for business services, which was the highest contribution of imports (to total supply) among all service categories. By contrast, almost the entire supply was met by domestic production for three product categories: public administration, defence, education, human health and social work (0.1 % of supply was imported), real estate services (also 0.1 %), and constructions and construction works (0.2 %).

Figure 2: Origin of supply for CPA product sections, EU, 2019
(%)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15a10)

For the EU economy, data from product-by-product input-output tables show that the share of intermediate consumption in the total inputs ranged in 2019 from 23 % for real estate services to 59 % for industrial products (Figure 3). Industrial products, along with constructions and construction works as well as agricultural, forestry and fishing products, were the only product categories where intermediate consumption accounted for a majority of the value of inputs.

The compensation of employees (wages and salaries as well as social security costs) contributed 25 % of the input costs in the EU economy in 2019. Shares below 20 % were recorded for real estate services (5 %), agricultural, forestry and fishing products (12 %) and industrial products (16 %). By contrast, shares of 30 % or higher were observed for business services (30 %), arts, entertainment and other services (36 %) and public administration, defence, education, human health and social work (54 %).

After accounting for the compensation of employees, the remaining gross value added (including, for example, the cost of capital consumption and payments for the use of capital) was equivalent to 23 % of inputs in the EU economy in 2019. The lowest share of value added (other than compensation of employees) was 16 % for industrial products, with this share standing at 32 % for agricultural, forestry and fishing products, and peaking at 70 % for real estate services.

Imported products represented 5 % of input costs in the EU in 2019. By far the highest share was for industrial products (9 %), followed by information and communication services (5 %). These two product categories were the only ones with shares above or equal to the average for the EU economy.

Figure 3: Input coefficients for CPA product sections, EU, 2019
(%)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp1700)

Composition of uses for products in the EU

Just under half (47 %) of all products in the EU in 2019 – regardless of whether produced domestically or imported – were used in another production process as intermediate consumption, just over one third (34 %) were used for final consumption, one tenth (10 %) were used for gross capital formation and exports accounted for the remaining 9 % (Figure 4).

Business services recorded the highest share of products used as intermediate consumption in 2019 (71 % in the EU). Among the following, a majority of products were used as inputs for some other domestic production: financial and insurance services; agricultural, forestry and fishing products; industrial products; and information and communication services.

Final consumption accounted for 92 % of the uses in public administration, defence, education, human health and social work in the EU in 2019, while it accounted for 73 % of the uses in arts, entertainment and other services, and 69 % of the uses in real estate services. Less than 10 % of business services and of constructions and construction works were used for final consumption.

Less than 10 % of most product categories were used as gross capital formation in the EU in 2019. Business services (14 %) exceeded this level slightly, while the share of information and communication services (20 %) used as gross capital formation was nearly double the average for the whole economy. However, by far the largest share was for constructions and construction works where 62 % of use came from products used for gross capital formation.

The share of exports in the total use also varied between product categories. For many of the product categories, export shares were within the range of 5 % to 10 %. However, industrial products were a notable exception, as exports accounted for 18 % of total use. In four cases, export shares were below 2 % in 2019: arts, entertainment and other services; constructions and construction works; public administration; defence, education, human health and social work; real estate services (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Composition of uses for CPA product sections, EU, 2019
(%)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp1610a10)

Supply and use in EU Member States

Tables 1 and 2 look at the relative share of domestic supply, use, imports and exports in the total supply and use of products in EU Member States in 2019. The import and export data for individual Member States thereby capture intra- and extra-EU trade, whereas the data used for the EU in Figures 1–4 only concern extra-EU trade.

The observations made above for the EU broadly hold for most of the EU Member States. For example, the lowest share of domestic production (and therefore the highest share of imports) in total supply in 2019 was generally for industrial products – see Table 1. However, in Ireland the shares of imports for several services – most notably business services – were lower than for industrial products, while in Germany the share of domestic production was lower for agricultural, forestry and fishing products than for industrial products. In all Member States, at least 98 % of supply in real estate services as well as in public administration, defence, education, human health and social work was from domestic production. For constructions and construction works, the same was true for most Member States, although a share of 88 % was observed for Denmark, with shares in the range of 95 % to 97 % for Luxembourg, Malta (2018 data), Belgium, Ireland, Estonia and Slovenia.

For three product categories, the domestic production share of total supply in 2019 was relatively diverse among the EU Member States.

Agricultural, forestry and fishing products: 15 Member States reported domestic production shares in the range of 77 % to 87 % and a further five in the range of 69 % to 74 %. Germany, Malta (2018 data) and the Benelux Member States reported lower shares, with the 42 % share in Luxembourg making this the only Member State where more than half of these products were supplied through imports.
Industrial products: 22 Member States reported domestic production accounting for 41 % to 66 % of supply. Italy (74 %) and Ireland (70 %) reported higher shares, while Cyprus and Malta (2018 data) reported lower shares (38 % and 37 %, respectively). Along with Cyprus and Malta, five other EU Member States reported that less than half of total supply was from domestic production.
Business services: 23 Member States reported domestic production accounting for 76 % to 95 % of supply. The remaining three (for which data are available) reported lower shares: in Ireland (22 %) less than half of supply was from domestic production, whereas this share was 51 % in Luxembourg and 59 % in Malta (2018 data).

Table 1: Share of domestic production in total supply, 2019
(%)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15)

The relative significance of exports in total use is presented in Table 2. In 16 of the 26 EU Member States for which data are available (no data for Bulgaria), the highest share of exports in total use in 2019 was observed for industrial products. For the 10 remaining Member States, the share of exports in total use had the following characteristics.

In Malta (2018 data), most products had higher shares of exports in total uses than industrial products.
In Ireland, Cyprus and Luxembourg, three services had higher shares of exports in total uses than industrial products: distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services; information and communication services; and financial and insurance services.
In Romania, the situation was similar (to that in Ireland, Cyprus and Luxembourg), with two services having higher shares of exports in total uses than industrial products: distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services; and information and communication services.
In Denmark, Greece and Lithuania, the service category of distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services had a higher share of exports in total uses than industrial products.
In Latvia and Finland, the service category of information and communication services had a marginally higher share of exports in total uses than industrial products.

The product categories for which the export share in all uses was small for the EU had notably higher export shares in a few individual EU Member States.

For constructions and construction works, the share was generally below or equal to 6 %, but was 8 % in Estonia and 10 % in Denmark.
For real estate services, the export share was at most 1 % in all Member States except for Poland where it was 3 %.
For public administration, defence, education, human health and social work, the share was generally below or equal to 3 %. An exception was Malta where the share was 9 % (2018 data).
The most notable exception of all was also for Malta, where exports accounted for 75 % (2018 data) of total uses for arts, entertainment and other services; elsewhere the share for these products peaked at 6 %.

In the latest year, the largest range for the export share in total use was observed for arts, entertainment and other services, influenced by the one exceptional value (as already noted above): three quarters of these products in Malta (75 %; 2018 data) were exported compared with less than 1 % in Finland, Romania, Ireland and Slovenia. A large value range was also observed for information and communication services, from 74 % of these products in Ireland down to a 6 % share in Italy. The ranges for distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services as well as for financial and insurance services were also relatively large, spanning from 62 % in Luxembourg down to 5 % in Italy for the former, and from 49 % in Ireland down to 1 % in Romania for the latter.

Table 2: Share of exports in total use, 2019
(%)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp16)

Composition of uses for some example products

Figures 5 and 6 present the composition of uses for two product groups: pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations (hereafter referred to as pharmaceuticals); audio-visual services. The export data for the EU concern extra-EU trade whereas the export data for EU Member States concern both intra- and extra-EU trade. Gross capital formation can be negative, for example when stocks are run down or when disposals of fixed assets exceed investments in the same assets.

Compared with other industrial products, pharmaceuticals were much less likely to be used as intermediate products or as gross capital formation and they were much more likely to be exported and somewhat more likely to be used for final consumption. Among the EU Member States, their export share in 2019 ranged from 10 % in Romania to more than 60 % in Denmark, Belgium and Slovenia. In 22 Member States (out of 25 for which data are available), pharmaceuticals were more likely to be used for final consumption than for intermediate consumption; the reverse situation was observed in Belgium, Slovenia and Denmark. Gross capital formation from pharmaceuticals was in the range from -3 % to 2 % of total use in most Member States. A higher share was observed in Estonia (6 %); much lower shares were noted in Slovenia (-21 %) and Germany (-22 %).

Figure 5: Composition of uses of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations (CPA Division 21), 2019
(%)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp16)

For audio-visual services, export shares varied greatly between Member States with Luxembourg recording by far the highest value (47 %), its share was 1.8 times as high as that of Czechia (26 %) which had the second highest share (see Figure 6). In 11 of the 25 Member States for which data are available, exports accounted for 10 % or less of the total use of audio-visual services; among these, this share was below 5 % in Finland and Romania.

At 9 % in the EU (based on available data), the use of audio-visual services for gross capital formation in 2019 was 1 percentage point lower than the average for the whole economy. Latvia (30 %) and Romania (27 %) reported the highest gross capital formation shares for these products. By contrast, gross capital formation accounted for less than 1 % of uses in the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Malta (2018 data) and Croatia. The only EU Member State to record a negative share was Sweden (-0.3 %).

The division between intermediate and final consumption in 2019 was slightly less balanced for audio-visual services than for the economy as a whole, with intermediate consumption accounting for 48 % of all uses in the EU and final consumption for 32 % (both shares are based on available data). In Romania, France and Hungary, intermediate consumption of audio-visual services was at least twice as high as final consumption, while it was 4 to 7 times higher in Portugal, Malta (2018 data) and Sweden, and it peaked in Luxembourg at 21 times as high. By contrast, final consumption was greater than intermediate consumption in six EU Member States, with particularly high shares for final consumption relative to intermediate consumption in Lithuania, Slovakia and Croatia.

Figure 6: Composition of uses of audio-visual services (CPA Divisions 59 and 60), 2019
(%)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp16)

Principal and secondary production in the EU

Tables 3 and 4 provide cross-classifications of domestic production, each showing products as columns and activities as rows. Table 3 shows which activities produce each product category, while Table 4 shows the reverse, namely which products each type of activity produces.

It should be remembered that the classification of products by activity (CPA) is structured according to the process typically used to produce a product. Unsurprisingly therefore, most of the production of a particular product category is normally produced by statistical units (formally, kind-of-activity units) classified to the activities for which those products are typical. For example, 95 % of constructions and construction works in the EU in 2019 were produced by units in the construction activity, while the remaining 5 % were produced by units whose principal activity lay outside of construction and for whom therefore this production of constructions and construction works was secondary production. Most notably, 2 % of constructions and construction works were produced by units whose main (or principal) activity was industrial.

In 2019, the products that were most likely to be produced by units classified to activities that typically produce those same products were: financial and insurance services; public administration, defence, education, human health and social work; and agricultural, forestry and fishing products. For each of these three categories of products, 99 % of the products in the EU were produced by units classified to the corresponding activity.

In the EU, the products least likely in 2019 to be produced as primary output were information and communication services (92 %) and business services (83 %). Looking in more detail at business service products, 8 % of the domestic production of these services was produced by industrial units, 3 % by units classified to distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services, 2 % by units classified to public administration, defence, education, human health and social work, and the remaining share was secondary production by units classified to other activities.

Table 3: Share of the domestic production of each product (CPA sections) supplied by domestic sectors (NACE sections), EU, 2019
(% share of the total production of each product section)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15a10)

Table 4 shows the extent to which units in certain activities have secondary production, in other words they produce products that are not typical for their main activity. In 2019, real estate service products made up nearly all (99 %) of the production in the EU by units classified to real estate service activities, meaning that units in these activities did not produce much in the way of secondary production. At the other extreme, agricultural, forestry and fishing products made up 91 % of the output in the EU of units classified to agricultural, forestry and fishing activities, with 6 % of the output of these units being classified to industrial products, for example, food and drinks processed by units that were principally agricultural, or wood products manufactured by units classified principally as forestry.

Table 4: Product (CPA sections) share of each domestic sector’s (NACE sections) production, EU, 2019
(% of each sector’s total production)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15a10)

Combining the information in Tables 3 and 4 shows that 96 % of the output in the EU of units classified to business services activities related to business service products, but that only 83 % of business service products were produced by units in business service activities. By contrast, 99 % of the production in the EU of agricultural, forestry and fishing products was produced by units classified to agricultural, forestry and fishing activities, whereas 91 % of the output of these units was agricultural, forestry and fishing products. In other words, units classified to agriculture, forestry and fishing experienced little competition from units outside their activities for their principal production but had a relatively substantial secondary production of other products (in other words, they relatively often diversified into other areas).

Secondary production in the EU Member States

Figures 7 and 8 look at secondary products and secondary production in more detail: the former focuses on which products are produced by agricultural units as secondary (therefore non-agricultural) products; the latter focuses on which activities produce scientific research and development services as secondary production.

In total, 10 % of the output of agricultural units in the EU in 2019 was of non-agricultural products. The vast majority of this secondary production (6 % of overall production) was of manufactured food, beverages and tobacco products (see Figure 7). Malta had the largest secondary production from its agricultural units, as agricultural products accounted for 64 % (2018 data) of their total output. The next lowest shares in 2019 were observed in Slovenia (67 %), Sweden (75 %) and Croatia (76 %). By contrast, no production of non-agricultural products was observed for Romanian agricultural units, which reflects the particularities of the way that Romania compiles its supply and use data such that there is no secondary production (more information is available in a background article).

In 10 of the EU Member States for which data are available (see Figure 7 for availability), a majority of the production of non-agricultural products in 2019 by agricultural units was accounted for by manufactured food, beverages and tobacco products, with this share particularly high in France, Malta (2018 data), Denmark, Slovenia and Greece. For agricultural units, the following specialisations (relative to the value of all of their non-agricultural products) can be noted:

electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning in Belgium, followed by Italy, Latvia, Germany and the Netherlands;
accommodation and food services in Luxembourg, followed by Italy, Czechia, Austria and Germany;
wholesale trade in Lithuania, Spain and the Netherlands;
construction and construction works in Sweden, followed by Germany and Hungary;
sporting, amusement and recreation services in Spain.

Figure 7: Composition of the agricultural sector’s (NACE Division 01) non-agricultural products (CPA divisions), 2019
(% of all production of the agricultural sector)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15)

Figure 8 focuses on the production of scientific research and development service products by units classified to activities other than scientific research and development activities. These products are unusual in that a particularly low share of their production is undertaken by units classified to scientific research and development activities, 46 % across the EU in 2019. As such, more than half of scientific research and development services were produced by units in competing activities, most notably in education (11 % of the total) and various manufacturing activities:

manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (9 %);
manufacture of pharmaceuticals (5 %);
manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products (4 %);
manufacture of machinery and equipment (4 %);
all other manufacturing activities (10 %).

In 19 of the 25 EU Member States for which data are available (no information for Bulgaria or Luxembourg), less than half of scientific research and development services in 2019 were produced by units classified to scientific research and development activities. The Member States where the output of units in scientific research and development activities accounted for a majority of the production of scientific research and development service products were: Hungary (51 % of the total), Sweden (59 %), Latvia (62 %), Estonia (67 %), France and Romania (both 100 %).

In fact, in Cyprus, Malta (2018 data), the Netherlands, Belgium, and Austria, units classified to education activities produced a greater share of scientific research and development service products in 2019 than did units classified to scientific research and development activities.

Leaving aside the two broad activity headings in Figure 8 (other manufacturing and other activities), in Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Sweden and Italy, the largest secondary production of scientific research and development service products in 2019 was from manufacturers of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers. In Belgium and Slovenia, this position was held by manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and in Estonia it was held by manufacturers of computer, electronic and optical products.

Figure 8: Non-R & D sectors (NACE divisions other than Division 72) producing scientific research and development services (CPA Division 72), 2019
(% of all production of scientific research and development services)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15)

Examples of developments of principal and secondary production over time

The final two figures focus on particular product categories in a single EU Member State. They show how the shares of products that are produced by units in either main or secondary activities have developed over time.

The first example is for Czechia and shows the situation at five-year intervals between 1991 and 2021 for the production of advertising and market research service products. Note that the two parts of Figure 9 have different scales, reflecting the fact that units classified to advertising and market research activities accounted for the majority of advertising and market research service products during the years covered, while the highest share from any other individual activity in any year was 13 % in 2001 for legal and accounting activities, activities of head offices, and management consultancy activities.

Units classified to advertising and market research increased their share of the total production of advertising and market research service products in Czechia from 58 % in 1991 to 86 % by 2016; the share in 2021 was 84 %. The largest competing activities for the production of advertising and market research service products changed over time.

At the beginning of this period, their largest competitor (leaving aside the broad heading of other activities) was from units classified to wholesale trade, with a 12 % share of domestic production in 1991. This share decreased to 2 % in 2001, returned to 12 % in 2011 and then fell to 3 % in 2021.
Units in legal and accounting activities, activities of head offices, and management consultancy activities had the second largest share of secondary production in 1991 (4 %). By 1996, this share had increased to 12 % making it the largest secondary producer of advertising and market research service products. This position was maintained in 2001 when the share was 13 %. Thereafter the share fell, down to 6 % in 2006 and then to almost nothing in 2011, 2016 and 2021.
Units in retail trade had a relatively low share of domestic production of advertising and market research service products in 1991 (1 %). This increased to a share in the range of 3–-6 % in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 and then 11 % in 2021. This activity’s share was the highest level of secondary production of these products in 2006 and in 2021 and the second highest in 2011 and 2016.
The share for units classified to publishing peaked at 5 % in 1996, which was the second highest level of secondary production of these products that year. This share decreased to 2 % in 2011 and almost nothing in 2016 and 2021.
Units in the rest of the economy – included in the broad heading of other activities – saw their share fall from 23 % in 1991 to 2 % by 2021.

As such, while some activities experienced an expansion in their share of domestic production of advertising and market research service products at different times between 1991 and 2021, the units in advertising and market research services generally increased their dominance. By 2021, units in retail and wholesale trade activities were the only ones left with any substantial secondary production of these products.

Figure 9: Sectors (NACE divisions) producing advertising and market research services (CPA Division 73), Czechia, 1991–2021
(% of all advertising and market research services)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15)

The final figure presents an annual time series between 2010 and 2021 for Portugal with respect to the production of food, beverage and tobacco products. The share of domestic production accounted for by units whose principal activity was the manufacture of food, beverage and tobacco products remained relatively stable during this period, increasing slightly from 94 % between 2010 and 2016 to 95 % thereafter. Alongside this relatively dominant position, it can be noted that there were only three other activities that had a secondary production of at least 1 % of the total production of manufactured food, beverage and tobacco products: agriculture, wholesale trade and retail trade.

During the period from 2010 to 2021, the share of Portuguese domestic production of manufactured food, beverage and tobacco products that was provided by units in agriculture was always around 2 %. Units in agriculture had the highest level of secondary production of these products in 2010 and again from 2017 to 2021.
The share from retailers also remained rather stable around 2 %. Between 2012 and 2016, retailers had the largest secondary production of manufactured food, beverage and tobacco products.
The share produced by units in wholesale trade varied between 1 % and 2 % from 2010 to 2011. Units in wholesale trade had the highest level of secondary production of these products in 2011.

Figure 10: Sectors (NACE divisions) producing food, beverages and tobacco products (CPA Divisions 10–12), Portugal, 2010–2021
(% of all food, beverages and tobacco products)
Source: Eurostat (naio_10_cp15)

Source data for tables and graphs

Supply and use statistics: tables and figures

Data sources

The European system of accounts (ESA 2010) defines the methodology for national accounts, which include supply, use and input-output tables. ESA 2010 is fully consistent with the United Nation’s System of national accounts 2008.

Eurostat collects, validates and publishes supply, use and input-output tables for EU Member States, EFTA countries, and EU candidate countries. The data collection follows the requirements of the ESA 2010 transmission programme. Supply and use tables are published annually, input-output tables every five years, up to 36 months after the end of the reference period. Products are classified according to CPA, activities/industries according to NACE. Supply, use and input-output tables are produced by Eurostat with two levels of detail, distinguishing either 10 or 64 products/activities. At the most aggregated level, the following 10 activities are identified:

agriculture, forestry and fishing;
industry;
construction;
distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services;
information and communication services;
financial and insurance services;
real estate activities;
professional, scientific, technical, administrative and support services;
public administration, defence, education, human health and social work;
arts, entertainment, recreation, other services and activities of household and extra-territorial organisations and bodies.

Tables in this article use the following notation:

italics	- data are forecasted, provisional or estimated
:	- data are not available, confidential or unreliable

Context

Supply and use tables are matrices that describe the value of transactions for a national economy by product (in rows) and industry (in columns). The supply table reports domestic production output (by product and industry) and imports (by product). The use table reveals how domestic production and imports are used for intermediate consumption (by product and industry) and final demand (final consumption, gross capital formation and exports, by product). The use table also provides information on value added components (compensation of employees, other net taxes on production, consumption of fixed capital and net operating surplus). Balanced supply and use tables provide a single estimate of GDP, which is calculated based on production, income and expenditure.

Input-output tables are derived from supply and use tables by transforming either rows representing products into industries or columns representing industries into products. The transformation involves a range of assumptions and results in a symmetric intermediate consumption matrix, showing only products or industries in both rows and columns. Input-output tables thereby depict the supply and use of goods and services in a single matrix with a single classification (either by product or industry).

The supply, use and input-output framework under ESA 2010 comprises:

production inputs and outputs;
the supply and demand for products;
the composition of uses and resources;
the components of gross value added.

Supply, use and input-output tables provide the basis for input-output modelling and a variety of econometric analyses. The tables capture the value chains of goods and services produced and consumed within an economy as well as the import and export flows from and to other countries. Supply, use and input-output tables can be extended to record environmental impacts or economic activities of specific domains (for example, tourism or space economy). National supply and use tables provide the building blocks for inter-country or multi-regional supply, use, and input-output tables. Such tables make it possible to trace transactions and value chains on a global scale. Examples include the FIGARO tables produced by Eurostat and the inter-country input-output tables produced by the OECD.