Archive:Turkey-EU - international trade in goods statistics

Data extracted in February 2022

Planned article update March 2023

Highlights

In 2021, Turkey was the sixth largest partner for EU exports of goods (3.6 %) and also the sixth largest partner for EU imports of goods (3.7 %).

Among EU Member States, Germany was both the largest importer of goods from and the largest exporter of goods to Turkey in 2021.

Imports, exports and trade balance between the EU and Turkey, 2011-2021

This article provides a picture of the international trade in goods between the European Union (EU) and Turkey. It analyses the type of goods exchanged between the two economies and the shares of each EU Member State in those exchanges.

This article is part of an online publication providing recent statistics on international trade in goods, covering information on the EU's main partners, main goods traded, specific characteristics of trade as well as background information.

Full article

Recent developments

The COVID-19 crisis caused both exports and imports between the EU and Turkey to fall in 2020, as shown in Figure 1. Imports reached a minimum of € 3.0 billion in April 2020. By December 2021 they had recovered to € 7.0 billion. Exports reached a minimum of € 3.9 billion in April 2020. By December 2021 they had recovered to € 7.3 billion.

Figure 1: EU trade in goods with Turkey, 2020-2021
(€ billion, seasonally and working-day adjusted)
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc)

Figure 2 compares EU trade with Turkey to EU trade with other non-EU countries. Between January 2020 and December 2021, EU imports from Turkey increased by 17.4 % while imports from other non-EU countries increased by 25.8 %. EU exports to Turkey increased by 13.6 % while exports to other non-EU countries increased by 4.6 %.

Figure 2: EU trade in goods with Turkey and other non-EU countries, 2020-2021
(Jan 2019 = 100 %, seasonally and working-day adjusted)
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc)

EU and Turkey in world trade in goods

Figure 3a shows the position of Turkey among the largest traders of goods in the world in 2020. The four largest exporters were China (€ 2 268 billion, 18.0 %), the EU (€ 1 933 billion, 15.4 %), the United States (€ 1 253 billion, 10.0 %) and Japan (€ 561 billion, 4.5 %). The four largest importers were the United States (€ 2 108 billion, 16.4 %), China (€ 1 801 billion, 14.0 %), the EU (€ 1 717 billion, 13.4 %) and Japan (€ 556 billion, 4.3 %). Figure 3b has some more details. It shows that Turkey (€ 149 billion, 1.2 %) was the 22nd largest exporter in the world between Saudi Arabia (€ 152 billion, 1.2 %) and Indonesia (€ 143 billion, 1.1 %). Turkey (€ 192 billion, 1.5 %) was the 17th largest importer in the world between the United Arab Emirates (€ 198 billion, 1.5 %) and Australia (€ 185 billion, 1.4 %).

Figure 3a: Turkey among the world's largest traders of goods, 2020
(% share of world exports/imports)
Source: Eurostat (ext_lt_introeu27_2020) and UNCTAD

Top traders in goods with a focus on Turkey, 2020
(€ billion)
Source: Eurostat (ext_lt_introeu27_2020) and UNCTAD

The imports and exports of goods of the EU and Turkey indexed at 100 in 2010 for the period to 2020 are shown in Figure 4. It also shows the cover ratio (exports / imports) for this period. Exports from the EU were lowest in 2010 (100) and highest in 2019 (149) and were 135 in 2020. Imports to the EU were lowest in 2010 (100) and highest in 2019 (132) and were 117 in 2020. The cover ratio for the EU was lowest in 2011 (97 %) and highest in 2016 (116 %) and was 113 % in 2020. Exports from Turkey were lowest in 2010 (100) and highest in 2019 (159) and were 149 in 2020. Imports to Turkey were lowest in 2010 (100) and highest in 2013 (136) and were 118 in 2020. The cover ratio for Turkey was lowest in 2011 (56 %) and highest in 2019 (86 %) and was 77 % in 2020.

Figure 4: Trade in goods of the EU and Turkey, 2010-2020
(exports and imports indexed at 100 in 2010, cover ratio in %)
Source: Eurostat (ext_lt_introeu27_2020) and UNCTAD

Both exports to and imports from Turkey increased between 2011 and 2021.

The position of Turkey among the largest trade partners of the EU in 2021 can be seen in Figure 5a. The four largest export partners of the EU were the United States (18.3 %), the United Kingdom (13.0 %), China (10.2 %) and Switzerland (7.2 %). The four largest import partners of the EU were China (22.4 %), the United States (11.0 %), Russia (7.5 %) and the United Kingdom (6.9 %). Figure 5b has some more details. It shows that Turkey (€ 79 billion, 3.6 %) was the sixth largest export partner of the EU, between Russia (€ 89 billion, 4.1 %) and Japan (€ 62 billion, 2.9 %). In imports Turkey (€ 78 billion, 3.7 %) was the sixth largest partner of the EU, between Switzerland (€ 124 billion, 5.9 %) and Norway (€ 75 billion, 3.5 %).

Figure 5a: Turkey among the EU's main partners for trade in goods, 2021
(% share of extra-EU exports/imports)
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

Figure 5b: Top trade in goods partners of the EU with a focus on Turkey, 2021
(€ billion)
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

Figure 6 shows the exports, imports and trade balance between the EU and Turkey from 2011 to 2021. In 2011, the EU had a trade surplus with Turkey of € 26 billion. This changed to a deficit in 2019 but back to a surplus in 2020. In 2021 it reached € 1 billion. Both exports to and imports from Turkey increased between 2011 and 2021. EU exports to Turkey were highest in 2021 (€ 79 billion) and lowest in 2019 (€ 68 billion). EU imports from Turkey were highest in 2021 (€ 78 billion) and lowest in 2012 (€ 42 billion).

Figure 6: EU trade in goods with Turkey, 2011-2021
(€ billion)
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

EU-Turkey trade by type of goods

The breakdown of EU trade with Turkey by SITC groups is shown in Figure 7. The red shades denote the primary goods: food & drink, raw materials and energy, while the blue shades show the manufactured goods: chemicals, machinery & vehicles and other manufactured goods. Finally, other goods are shown in green. In 2021, EU exports of manufactured goods (83 %) had a higher share than primary goods (15 %). The most exported manufactured goods were machinery & vehicles (40 %), followed by other manufactured goods (22 %) and chemicals (21 %). In 2021, EU imports of manufactured goods (87 %) also had a higher share than primary goods (12 %). The most imported manufactured goods were other manufactured goods (46 %), followed by machinery & vehicles (35 %) and chemicals (6 %).

Figure 7: EU trade with Turkey by product group, 2011 and 2021
(€ billion)
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

Figure 8 shows the evolution of EU imports and exports by SITC group since 2011. In 2021, the EU had trade surpluses in chemicals (€ 11.3 billion), raw materials (€ 4.7 billion), machinery & vehicles (€ 4.3 billion), other goods (€ 1.2 billion) and energy (€ 0.4 billion). The EU had trade deficits in food & drink (€ 2.7 billion) and other manufactured goods (€ 18.1 billion).

Figure 8: EU trade with Turkey by group, 2011-2021
(€ billion)
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

EU-Turkey most traded goods

More detail about the goods exchanged between the EU and Turkey is given in Figure 9, showing the 20 most traded goods at SITC-3 level. These top 20 goods covered 49 % of total trade in goods in 2021. Eight belonged to machinery and vehicles, six to other manufactured goods, four to chemicals, one each to raw materials and energy. The most traded group of goods at this level was motor cars and motor vehicles. Another interesting way to look at the data is to investigate the cover ratio (exports / imports) of traded goods, showing the direction of the trade flows between the two economies. These ratios can be found in the right-hand margin of Figure 9. Five products were below 50 %, indicating EU imports from Turkey were more than twice as large as EU exports to Turkey. Six products were above 200 %, indicating EU exports to Turkey were more than twice as large as EU imports from Turkey. Nine products were between 50 % and 200 %, showing more balanced trade.

Figure 9: Most traded goods between EU and Turkey, 2021
(€ billion)
Source: Eurostat DS-018995

Trade with Turkey by Member State

Table 1a shows the imports of goods from Turkey by Member State. The three largest importers from Turkey in the EU were Germany (€ 14 999 million), Italy (€ 9 850 million) and Spain (€ 8 063 million). Bulgaria (19.6 %) had the highest share for Turkey in its extra-EU imports.

Table 1a: EU imports of goods from Turkey, 2021
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

Table 1b shows the exports of goods to Turkey by Member State. The three largest exporters to Turkey in the EU were Germany (€ 21 812 million), Italy (€ 9 533 million) and France (€ 7 405 million). Bulgaria (18.7 %) had the highest share for Turkey in its extra-EU exports.

Table 1b: EU exports of goods to Turkey, 2021
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

The trade in goods balance between the EU Member States and Turkey is shown in Table 1c. It shows that twelve Member States had a trade surplus with Turkey. The largest surplus was held by Germany (€ 6 813 million), followed by the Netherlands (€ 2 172 million) and Belgium (€ 767 million). There were 15 Member States that had a trade deficit with Turkey. The largest deficit was held by Spain (€ 2 573 million), followed by Slovenia (€ 1 874 million) and Romania (€ 1 811 million).

Table 1c: EU trade balance of goods with Turkey, 2021
Source: Eurostat (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc) and Comext DS-018995

Source data for tables and graphs

EU - Turkey international trade in goods statistics - graphs and tables

Data sources

EU data is taken from Eurostat's COMEXT database. COMEXT is the reference database for international trade in goods. It provides access not only to both recent and historical data from the EU Member States but also to statistics of a significant number of third countries. International trade aggregated and detailed statistics disseminated via the Eurostat website are compiled from COMEXT data according to a monthly process.

Data are collected by the competent national authorities of the Member States and compiled according to a harmonised methodology established by EU regulations before transmission to Eurostat. For extra-EU trade, the statistical information is mainly provided by the traders on the basis of customs declarations.

EU data are compiled according to Community guidelines and may, therefore, differ from national data published by the Member States. Statistics on extra-EU trade are calculated as the sum of trade of each of the 27 EU Member States with countries outside the EU. In other words, the EU is considered as a single trading entity and trade flows are measured into and out of the area, but not within it.

The United Kingdom is considered as an extra-EU partner country for the EU-27 for the whole period covered by this article. However, the United Kingdom was still part of the internal market until the end of the transitory period (31 December 2020), meaning that data on trade with the United Kingdom are still based on statistical concepts applicable to trade between the EU Member States. Consequently, while imports from any other extra-EU-27 trade partner are grouped by country of origin, the United Kingdom data reflect the country of consignment. In practice this means that the goods imported by the EU-27 from the United Kingdom were physically transported from the United Kingdom but part of these goods could have been of other origin than the United Kingdom. For this reason, data on trade with the United Kingdom are not fully comparable with data on trade with other extra-EU-27 trade partners.

Data for the non EU-27 countries used in figures 1-3 are taken from the UNCTAD database of the United Nations. For the calculation of shares, the world trade is defined as the sum of EU trade with non-EU countries (source: Eurostat) plus the international trade of non-EU countries (source: UNCTAD).

Methodology According to the EU concepts and definitions, extra-EU trade statistics (trade between EU Member States and non-EU countries) do not record exchanges involving goods in transit, placed in a customs warehouse or given temporary admission (for trade fairs, temporary exhibitions, tests, etc.). This is known as 'special trade'. The partner is the country of final destination of the goods for exports and the country of origin for imports.

Product classification Information on commodities exported and imported is presented according to the Standard international trade classification (SITC). A full description is available from Eurostat's classification server RAMON.

Unit of measure Trade values are expressed in millions or billions (10⁹) of euros. They correspond to the statistical value, i.e. to the amount which would be invoiced in case of sale or purchase at the national border of the reporting country. It is called a FOB value (free on board) for exports and a CIF value (cost, insurance, freight) for imports.

Context

Trade is an important indicator of Europe's prosperity and place in the world. The block is deeply integrated into global markets both for the products it sources and the exports it sells. The EU trade policy is one of the main pillars of the EU's relations with the rest of the world.

Because the 27 EU Member States share a single market and a single external border, they also have a single trade policy. EU Member States speak and negotiate collectively, both in the World Trade Organization, where the rules of international trade are agreed and enforced, and with individual trading partners. This common policy enables them to speak with one voice in trade negotiations, maximising their impact in such negotiations. This is even more important in a globalised world in which economies tend to cluster together in regional groups.

The openness of the EU's trade regime has meant that the EU is the biggest player on the global trading scene and remains a good region to do business with. Thanks to the ease of modern transport and communications, it is now easier to produce, buy and sell goods around the world which gives European companies of every size the potential to trade outside Europe.