Tulio F. Villalobos-Guerrero

The present study reviews Perinereis Group 2 species from the Eastern and South-eastern Asian seas based on morphological analysis of the types, non-types and original descriptions, and the use of molecular evidence (COI and 16S rDNA) from newly collected material. These species are characterized by having two bar-shaped paragnaths on pharyngeal area VI, which are often deemed conical when small and pointed, triggering misidentifications as to Neanthes species. New terminology and definition for this particular type of bars are proposed, and the generic position of some resembling Neanthes species is also re-assessed. Five species are transferred to Perinereis: Perinereis babuzai comb. nov., P. belawanensis comb. nov., P. kinmenensis comb. nov., P. shigungensis comb. nov. and P. vitabunda comb. nov. ‘Perinereis aibuhitensis’ species group is newly proposed by encompassing species having proximal dorsal ligule similar throughout the body, dorsal cirri short, and blades of heterogomph falcigers straight with long terminal tooth forming a distinct tendon. Perinereis belawanensis comb. nov., P. linea and P. vitabunda comb. nov. are redescribed. Perinereis linea is regarded as a senior synonym of Nereis (Neanthes) orientalis and Perinereis vancaurica tetradentata based on type material, whereas its exotic status in the Mediterranean Sea is questioned. An identification key to all currently valid species within Perinereis Group 2 is also provided.

A new Perinereis Group 2 species is described from the hard clayey mudflats of Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India. Perinereis khambhatiensis sp. n. is characterized by having two bar-shaped paragnaths on area VI of proboscis and dorsal ligules not greatly expanded in posterior parapodia. The species can mainly be distinguished from the morphologically similar species P. aibuhitensis (Grube, 1878), P. singaporiensis (Grube, 1878), and P. vancaurica (Ehlers, 1868) by the ridge pattern of areas VI-V-VI, the type of bars on area VI, and the number and distribution of paragnaths chiefly on areas III, IV, and VII–VIII. Two Indian Perinereis varieties originally described from near Gujarat, P. vancaurica var. indica (Bhatt & Bal, 1966) and P. nuntia var. bombayensis (Bhatt & Bal, 1966) are regarded as invalid. Comments on the diagnostic features of species belonging to Perinereis Group 2 are provided and included in a comparative synoptic table to distinguish species. An identification key o...

ABSTRACT Composetia Hartmann-Schröder, 1985 (Nereididae de Blainville, 1818), to which 51 species with broadly heterogeneous characteristics were previously assigned, is reviewed based upon the examination of the type material of the type species, C. costae (Grube, 1840), and seven other species. According to our designation of the lectotype of C. costae, a generic definition of Composetia is established, and taxonomic issues about C. costae are addressed. The current taxonomic status of several species similar to or previously synonymised with C. costae is re-evaluated. Based on the redefinition of Composetia, the taxonomic status of all species previously regarded as Composetia is reassessed. Consequently, three species are moved to two newly established genera based on their type material: Parasetia gen. nov., comprising the single species P. irritabilis (Webster, 1879) comb. nov.; and Potamonereis gen. nov., embracing P. kumensis (Sato, 2020) comb. nov. and P. tokashikiensis (Sato, 2020) comb. nov. Additionally, one species is redescribed and transferred to Leonnates, L. microcephala (Grube, 1878) comb. nov. Ten species currently remain in Composetia, and two of them, C. brasiliensis (McIntosh, 1885) and C. versipedata (Ehlers, 1887), are redescribed. Nereis articulata Ehlers, 1887, previously considered a member of Composetia, has a doubtful identity requiring further investigation. Although the generic placement of many of the remaining species is uncertain, we present our tentative re-evaluations for each of them. Keys are included for identifying all genera similar to Composetia, and for identifying all species within Composetia and Potamonereis gen. nov. https://urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:138C70C1-AD64-4D5E-BE0B-761474046715

<i>Neanthes galetae</i> Fauchald, 1977 Fig. 2 <i>Neanthes galetae</i> Fauchald, 1977: 26–27, fig. 6a–b [type locality: Galeta Island, Colón, Panama]. <i>Neanthes galetae</i> – Wilson 1984: 225 (species list, group IIB). — de León-González <i>et al</i>. 2020: 19 (key). — Villalobos-Guerrero & Idris 2021: 559 (table 1), 561 (table 2). Type material <b>Holotype</b> PANAMA • atokous; Caribbean Sea, Colón, Canal Zone, Galeta Island Reef; 23 Oct. 1970; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and A.A. Reimer leg.; intertidal, <i>Laurencia</i> or <i>Acanthophora</i> zones; USNM 53088. <b>Paratypes</b> PANAMA • 2 atokous; same collection data as for holotype; USNM 53089 • 1 atokous; same collection data as for holotype; 9°24′18″ N, 79°51′48.5″ W; <i>Laurencia</i> zone; LACM-AHF Poly 1132. Description COLOUR AND MEASUREMENTS. Holotype atokous, complete, in good condition, 7 (9–14) mm TL, 2.4 (2.5– 4) mm L15, 0.6 (0.6–0.9) mm W15, with 52 (56–58) chaetigers. Body colour yellowish, with greyish pigmentation on distal half of prostomium, cirrophores of anal cirri, and present throughout dorsally and ventrally as a transverse, thin line in anterior margin of segments (Fig. 2A–B). PROSTOMIUM. Pear-shaped, as long as wide (Fig. 2B); anterior end narrow, distally complete; anterolateral gap beside palpophore narrow, three-quarters as wide as antennal diameter; dorsal groove distinct, shallow, running mid-subdistally. Nuchal organs deeply embedded. PALPOPHORES. Ovoid, 1.6 times wider than long (Fig. 2B), as long as half of entire prostomium; with inconspicuous sub-distal transverse groove. Palpostyles ovoid, thick, with diameter as wide as half of palpophore (Fig. 2B). ANTENNAE. Tapered, slender, short, extending forwards to tip of palpophore (Fig. 2B) and posteriorly to one-third length of prostomium; antennae close together, with gap one-quarter as wide as basal diameter of antennae. EYES. Paired eyes blackish, arranged in a trapezoid form; gap between both pairs one-quarter as wide as diameter of posterior pair of eyes (Fig [...]

Genus <i>Perinereis</i> Kinberg, 1865 <i>Perinereis</i> Kinberg, 1865: 175; 1910: 52. TYPE SPECIES. — <i>Perinereis novaehollandiae</i> Kinberg, 1865, by subsequent designation (Hartman 1949). Currently regarded as a junior synonym of <i>P. amblyodonta</i> Schmarda, 1861 (Ehlers 1904; Hartman 1959), both described from Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia.

Figure 2. Pseudonereis mancorae (Berkeley and Berkeley, 1961) comb. nov. (a–f) holotype (USNM 32887); (g–l) paratype (USNM 32888). (a–f) Parapodia, anterior view. (g) Homogomph spiniger, notopodia. (h) Heterogomph spiniger, subacicular neurochaetae, distally broken. (i) Heterogomph falciger, supracicular neurochaetae. (j) Heterogomph falciger, subacicular neurochaetae. (k) Heterogomph falciger, supracicular neurochaetae. (l) Heterogomph falciger, subacicular neurochaetae. Numbers in parapodia and chaetae refer to the chaetiger. Arrows point to base of dorsal cirri. Scale bars: (a) 0.1 mm; (b–f) 0.2 mm; (g,h) 25 µm; (i–l) 10 µm.

Genus <i>Neanthes</i> Kinberg, 1865 <i>Neanthes</i> Kinberg, 1865: 171. Type species <i>Neanthes vaalii</i> Kinberg, 1865, by subsequent designation of Hartman (1954: 27). Remarks The definition of the polyphyletic genus <i>Neanthes</i> introduced earlier by Bakken & Wilson (2005) through morphological phylogenetic analysis of Nereidinae sensu Fitzhugh (1987) and modified by Glasby (2015) and Villalobos-Guerrero & Idris (2021) is followed in the present study. For further details on the current taxonomic situation of the genus, see Davenport <i>et al.</i> (2020) and Villalobos- Guerrero & Idris (2021). The four species here morphologically delimited are still retained in <i>Neanthes</i> considering that genus definition.

The present study reviews Perinereis Group 2 species from the Eastern and South-eastern Asian seas based on morphological analysis of the types, non-types and original descriptions, and the use of molecular evidence (COI and 16S rDNA) from newly collected material. These species are characterized by having two bar-shaped paragnaths on pharyngeal area VI, which are often deemed conical when small and pointed, triggering misidentifications as to Neanthes species. New terminology and definition for this particular type of bars are proposed, and the generic position of some resembling Neanthes species is also re-assessed. Five species are transferred to Perinereis: Perinereis babuzai comb. nov., P. belawanensis comb. nov., P. kinmenensis comb. nov., P. shigungensis comb. nov. and P. vitabunda comb. nov. ‘Perinereis aibuhitensis’ species group is newly proposed by encompassing species having proximal dorsal ligule similar throughout the body, dorsal cirri short, and blades of heterogomph...

ABSTRACT The present study redescribes two closely related species of Pseudonereis Kinberg, 1865 (Nereididae de Blainville, 1818), P. mancorae (Berkeley & Berkeley, 1961) comb. nov. and P. pseudonoodti (Fauchald, 1977), based on their type specimens collected from the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Pseudonereis mancorae comb. nov. was inappropriately placed in Neanthes but it is herein transferred to Pseudonereis on the basis of the presence of both P-bars and comb-like rows of paragnaths on areas II–IV of pharynx, which are the most reliable features of Pseudonereis. Moreover, P. pseudonoodti was previously incompletely redescribed. These two species are similar but distinguishable by the development of the neuropodial superior lobe, the shape of the heterogomph falcigers in the neuropodia, the colour of aciculae in the parapodia, and the colour and thickness of paragnaths in the pharyngeal rings. An updated list of the 19 valid species of Pseudonereis is also provided.

Oxydromus Grube, 1855 reinstated Oxydromus Grube, 1855: 98. Ophiodromus Sars, 1862: 87; Pleijel, 1998: 137-143, figs. 31-33 (synonymy). Type species. Oxydromus fasciatus Grube, 1855, by monotypy. Oxydromus adorsosetosus ( Hartmann-Schröder, 1985), comb. n. (basionym of Ophiodromus adorsosetosus Hartmann-Schröder, 1985) Type locality: Port Lincoln, South Australia. Oxydromus adspersus (Grube, 1874), comb. n. (basionym of Ophiodromus adspersus Grube, 1874) Type locality: Dalmatia, Croatia. Oxydromus agilis (Ehlers, 1864), comb. n. (basionym of Ophiodromus agilis Ehlers, 1864) Type locality: Adriatic Sea. Oxydromus angolaensis ( Hartmann-Schröder, 1974), comb. n. (basionym of Podarke angolaensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1974) Type locality: Lobito, Angola. Oxydromus angustifrons (Grube, 1878), comb. n. (basionym of Irma angustifrons Grube, 1878) Type locality: Philippines. Oxydromus berrisfordi (Day, 1967), comb. n. (basionym of Ophiodromus berrisfordi Day, 1967) Type locality: Walvis Bay, N...

The present study redescribes four species of Neanthes Kinberg, 1865 (Nereididae de Blainville, 1818) based on their type specimens collected from different worldwide localities: Neanthes chilkaensis (Southern, 1921) from India, N. galetae (Fauchald, 1977) from Panama, N. helenae (Kinberg, 1865) from St Helena Island, and N. mossambica (Day, 1957) from Mozambique. The morphology of the types was re-examined for the first time after the species were originally described, and incorporated the recent improvements in the standards and terminology for describing nereidid features. The arrangement of paragnaths on area VI stood out among the diagnostic features used to distinguish these four species. Neanthes chilkaensis and N. helenae are the unique nereidids bearing p-bar paragnaths on the area VI. Both species are also distinctive as the former species only exhibited p-bar paragnaths on the area VII–VIII and the latter ventrolateral projections on the apodous segment. Further examinati...

This is the first record of the Lessepsian polychaete Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1899 in the western Mediterranean Sea, specifically in Skikda Bay, Algeria. The species was collected among rocks covered by algae at 0.5 m depth. A characterization of the species, as well as some ecological and distributional aspects are provided.

KEY TO SPECIES OF <i>PERINEREIS NUNTIA</i> COMPLEX (ADAPTED FROM Wilson & Glasby 1993, AND Glasby & Hsieh 2006) This key includes all species regarded as members of the <i>P. nuntia</i> complex (Wilson & Glasby 1993; Glasby & Hsieh 2006), and other species previously regarded as not valid or even excluded. Nevertheless, some species deserve considerations since the broadly different morphological features may suggest that some species belong to a distinct group, but the phylogenetic analysis of the complex would be needed to support this idea. Glasby & Hsieh (2006) already suggested <i>P. akuna, P. caeruleis</i> and <i>P. rhombodonta</i> as possibly not members of the <i>P. nuntia</i> complex by having pyramidal paragnaths on AVI and several rows of small cones separated from larger ones on AVII-VIII. However, <i>P. caeruleis</i> is strikingly different within the <i>P. nuntia</i> complex by also hav...

<i>Perinereis nuntia</i> species complex <i>Perinereis</i> group 3 – Hutchings <i>et al.</i> 1991: 271. <i>Perinereis nuntia</i> species group – Wilson & Glasby 1993: 259. — Glasby & Hsieh 2006: 558. DIAGNOSIS (MODIFIED AFTER Glasby & Hsieh 2006). — Prostomium with entire anterior margin, anterolateral edges wider than antennal diameter. Antennae present. Two pairs of eyes, anterior pair more widely spaced than posterior pair; lens anterolateral in anterior pair, posterolateral in posterior one. Palpophore with transverse groove present; palpostyles conical. Four pairs of tentacular cirri with distinct cirrophores. Apodous anterior segment, greater than length of chaetiger 1. Eversible pharynx with one pair of jaws, each with two or more canals emerging from pulp cavity. Both rings of pharynx with paragnaths, rarely absent on any of areas. Conical paragnaths on all areas, except AVI with 3-20 shield-shaped or pyramidal-shaped paragnaths on each side in a single row (sometimes few cones present); AIV occasionally with merged paragnaths. AVI-V-VI patterns: λ- shaped, χ- shaped, υ- shaped, or ɔc-shaped. Notopodia with dorsal and median ligules from third parapodia. Dorsal cirri displacing progressively on dorsal ligule. Dorsal ligule similar in size and shape to median ligule throughout body or barely uneven. Notoacicular process present. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe poorly developed, rounded. Neuropodial superior and inferior lobes present at least in anterior parapodia, blunt. Ventral ligule present throughout body. Single ventral cirri throughout body. Notoaciculae and notochaetae on chaetigers 1 and 2, absent, thereafter present. Aciculae black. Notochaeta: homogomph spinigers, present throughout body. Neurochaeta, supracicular fascicle: homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers, both present throughout body. Neurochaeta, subacicular fascicle: heterogomph spinigers present at least in median and posterior chaetigers, heterogomph falcigers present throughout body (homogomph spinigers rarely presen [...]

<i>Alitta acutifolia</i> (Ehlers, 1901), reinst., n. comb. Figures 1 D −I, 3 <i>Nereis acutifolia</i> Ehlers, 1901: 118 −121, Pl. 13, Figs. 1 −12; Hartwich 1993: 75 (<i>partim</i>). <i>Neanthes succinea</i> Rioja 1947: 203; 1962: 165; Hartmann-Schröder 1959: 142; de León-González & Solís-Weiss 2000: 556; Dean 2001: 51 −52, Figs. 30−33 (<i>partim</i>); Ferrando & Méndez 2010: 3 (<i>non</i> Leuckart, 1847). <i>Alitta succinea</i> Tovar-Hernández <i>et al</i>. 2012: 8 −9 (only diagnosis and figures); Villalobos-Guerrero 2012: 131−165, Figs. 1 −5, 7 (only issues and figures related to samples from Sinaloa); Villalobos-Guerrero & Tovar-Hernández 2014: 65 −66 (only variations and habitat, <i>non</i> Leuckart, 1847). <b>Type material. Tropical Eastern Pacific, Guatemala.</b> Three syntypes of <i>Nereis acutifolia</i> (ZMB 6733), labeled " Salvador, west coast of Guatemala ", collected by Dr. Krefft (Ehlers 1901: 121), no more data. Measurements of syntypes are as follows: one complete atokous specimen with 78 chaetigers, TL= 22 mm, L 15 = 7.6 mm, W 15 = 1.4 mm; one incomplete atokous female fragmented into two pieces with 76 chaetigers, TL= 40 mm, L 15 = 14 mm, W 15 = 2.5 mm; and one complete epitokous male with 84 chaetigers, TL= 12 mm, L 15 = 5 mm, W 15 = 1.5 mm. <b>Additional material. Tropical Eastern Pacific, Costa Rica.</b> ECOSUR-OH-P 709 -718, 10 specimens, Puntarenas, 9 ° 58 ' 27.35 ''N, 84 ° 49 ' 52.71 ''W, 22 Nov 2012, among barnacles, anemones and mytilids on concrete dock pilings, col. T. Villalobos. <b>Gulf of California</b>. ECOSUR-P2731, 12 specimens, Guaymas, Sonora, 27 ° 54 '02.5''N, 110 ° 51 ' 15.8 ''W, 11 Aug 2011, fouling on buoy, col. T. Villalobos & J. Aguilar. ECOSUR-P2732, 15 specimens, Topolobampo, Sinaloa, 25 ° 35 ' 33.4 ''N, 109 °04'04.9''W, fouling on buoys, 0 9 Aug 2011, col. J. Aguilar & I. Ramírez. ECOSUR-P2733, 26 specimens, slaughterhouse, Urías estuary, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 23 º 12 ' 38.1 ''N, 106 º 22 ' 36 ''W, metallic buoy, 0 3 Jun 2008, col. M. Tovar. ECOSUR-P2734 [...]

<i>Alitta</i> Kinberg, 1865 <i>Alitta</i> Kinberg, 1865: 172; Malmgren 1865: 183; Khlebovich 1996: 108 −109; Bakken & Wilson 2005: 514 −516 (<i>partim</i>). <b>Type species</b>: <i>Nereis virens</i> Sars, 1835, by monotypy. <b>Gender</b>: Feminine. <b>Diagnosis (modified from Bakken & Wilson 2005)</b>. Prostomium with entire anterior margin, two antennae, two palps with conical palpostyles, four pairs of tentacular cirri with distinct cirrophores. Two pairs of eyes. One apodous anterior segment larger than length of chaetiger 1. Maxillary ring of pharynx with conical paragnaths; areas I −IV, present. Oral ring with conical paragnaths and occasionally p-bar or pyramidal paragnaths; area V, present or absent; VI −VIII, present. Dorsal ligule elongated pennant-like or wide cordate in posterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe long on anterior chaetigers, present at least on anterior and middle chaetigers. Dorsal cirri mid-dorsally to terminally attached to dorsal ligule in posterior chaetigers. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe projecting beyond end of acicular ligule, present throughout, digitiform. Notoaciculae absent or present from chaetigers 1 and 2. Neurochaetae upper fascicle with homogomph spinigers; heterogomph falcigers on anterior chaetigers present, on posterior ones absent or present. Neurochaetae lower fascicle with heterogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers present. Heterogomph falcigers may have terminal tendon. <b>Remarks</b>. Kinberg (1865) recognized <i>Nereis</i> Linnaeus, 1758 and his new genus <i>Neanthes</i> by having similar parapodia in all chaetigers, but the latter with paragnaths in all areas. Likewise, Kinberg established <i>Alitta</i> for <i>N. virens</i> by having "foliose and dilated" dorsal ligule, paragnaths in all the areas of pharynx and only spinigers. Malmgren (1865, 1867) synonymized some taxa proposed by Kinberg using parapodial features; furthermore, he described <i>A. brandti</i> but maintained the combination of <i>A. virens</i>. However, Ehlers (1868) dismiss [...]

<i>Alitta succinea</i> (Leuckart, 1847) Figures 1 A −C, 2 <i>Nereis succinea</i> Leuckart, 1847: 154 −156, Pl. 2, Figs. 9, 11; Ehlers 1868: 570 −572, Pl. 22, Figs. 18−22; Heinen 1911: 60, Fig. 21; Gillandt 1979 a: 43, 1979b: 23, 25, table 1. <i>Nereis</i> (<i>Neanthes</i>) <i>succinea</i> Hartmann-Schröder 1996: 207 −209, Fig. 90 (<i>partim</i>). <i>Alitta succinea</i> Bakken & Wilson 2005: 516 −517 (<i>partim</i>). <i>Neanthes succinea</i> Sato 2013: 35 −42, Figs. 3 D–F, 4 B, 15–17 (<i>partim</i>). <b>Type material. North Sea, Germany.</b> Lectotype (ZMH P- 25975) and one paralectotype (ZMH P- 25976) designated by Sato (2013), both incomplete, damaged, Helgoland (no more data). <b>Topotype material. North Sea, Germany.</b> ECOSUR-P2729, 30 specimens, off Dornumersiel, 53 ° 42 'N, 07° 28 'E, 2008−2013, oyster <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> reef. ECOSUR-OH-P 734 -P741, 8 specimens, off Dornumersiel, 53 ° 42 'N, 07° 28 'E, 2008−2013, oyster <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> reef. ECOSUR-P2730, 4 specimens, NWO Terminal, Jade, Wilhelmshaven, 53 ° 33 ' 27 ''N, 08°09' 45 ''E, 2011. <b>Re-description based on atokous lectotype (variations for specimens indicated in parentheses).</b> Lectotype incomplete, with 67 chaetigers (n= 12, µ= 99.0± 7.2, ran: 80–119); TL= 50 mm (n= 12, µ= 67.6 ± 14.5, ran: 32−115), L 15 = 17 mm (n= 43, µ= 14.7 ± 1.2, ran: 6.5−24), W 15 = 2.5 mm (n= 43, µ= 2.9 ± 0.3, ran: 1.0−5.0). Prostomium anteriorly complete (Fig. 1 A), 1.4 times wider than long (µ= 1.2, ran: 0.8−1.4); mid-dorsal groove present. Palpophores suboval, as long as wide (usually slightly wider than long, µ= 1.2 times, ran: 0.9−1.5), 0.7 times width of prostomium (µ= 0.8, ran: 0.6 −1.0). Antennae close together, short, conical, not exceeding palp tips (Fig. 1 A); extended posteriorly, reaching one-third of prostomium (µ= 0.3; ran: 0.2−0.4). Two pairs of eyes, similar sized, medium, dark, rounded (anterior pair occasionally reniform). Upper peristomial cirri reaching chaetiger 2 (n= 38, µ= 3.0± 0.3, ran: 2−5); lower peristomial cirri reaching [...]

El Golfo de California es reconocido como uno de los cinco mares más productivos y biológicamente diversos del mundo. Sin embargo, su biota nativa está amenazada por la introducción de especies exóticas invasoras. El propósito de este estudio fue la detección de invertebrados exóticos en marinas, puertos y granjas acuícolas de esa ecorregión. Se realizaron muestreos en 11 localidades ubicadas en los recintos portuarios e inmediaciones de La Paz (Baja California Sur), Guaymas (Sonora) y Topolobampo (Sinaloa); asimismo, se inspeccionaron siete granjas camaronícolas y una ostrícola. Se documenta la presencia de 23 especies introducidas: ocho poliquetos, seis esponjas, cinco ascidias, dos briozoos, un molusco y un copépodo. Destacan el poliqueto Branchiomma bairdi y la ascidia Polyclinum constellatum como invasoras; el briozoo Zoobotryon verticillatum y los poliquetos Alitta succinea e Hydroides elegans como potencialmente invasores. El resto de las especies identificadas solo se consid...

Mazatlan is the main sea and coastal port from northwestern Mexico. There are maritime metallic signaling buoys throughout the navigation channel, these provide a favorable substrate for the establishment of diverse fouling communities. This study discloses the composition of errant eunicemorph and phyllodocemorph polychaete species associated to metallic buoys during an annual cycle (2009). The polychaetofauna is represented by 6 families, 17 genera and 22 species. Nine are nominal species, seven are potentially new species and six require of detailed studies to clarify their identity. Pterocirrus (Phyllodocidae) is recorded by the first time in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The habitat, distribution and taxonomic comments of the recorded species are indicated; furthermore, a fouling polychaete species list in the Gulf of California is included.

Alitta virens species complex encompasses elongate nereidids appreciated commercially both in the fishing and aquaculture industries. This complex has been well studied in biological and ecological terms. Nevertheless, detailed taxonomic analyses have scarcely been addressed, to the extent that only a few species in the complex have been recognized as valid but with some difficulties: Alitta brandti Malmgren, 1865 (Sea of Okhotsk), A. grandis (Stimpson, 1853) (northeastern USA) and A. virens (Sars, 1835) (Norway). Whereas, other several species have typically been regarded as synonyms, including those originally described from the North Pacific Ocean: Nereis (Alitta) virens plenidentata Moore, 1909 (California, USA), Nereis dyamusi Izuka, 1912 (Japan) and Nereis foliata Baird, 1863 (Vancouver, Canada). In this study, an examination of the immature and epitoke type and non-type material available for the A. virens species complex from the North Pacific was carried out. Herein, the st...

RESUMEN: Sinaloa es un estado mexicano ubicado en el sureste del golfo de California, representado por una amplia biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados, entre ellos, los poliquetos. Este grupo es muy diverso en el estado; sin embargo, la informacion sobre los registros de las especies se encuentra dispersa en numerosas fuentes. La presencia de poliquetos aparentemente cosmopolitas en el Pacifico oriental tropical (POT) es alta; por tanto, es probable que numerosas especies sean cuestionables para Sinaloa. La finalidad del presente estudio fue recopilar el nombre de todas las especies de poliquetos conocidas para el estado en la actualidad, incluyendo la distribucion batimetrica y una evaluacion de su distribucion en la region zoogeografica POT. Se realizo una busqueda exhaustiva de la literatura para compilar los registros de especies de poliquetos, en el estado hasta el 2014, se indico la distribucion batimetrica y la localidad tipo. El analisis bibliografico de 78 referencias revelo que Sinaloa esta representada por 17 ordenes, 52 familias, 217 generos y 464 especies de poliquetos. Phyllodocida, Eunicida, Sabellida, Spionida, Cirratulida y Terebellida fueron los ordenes mas representativos; mientras que Spionidae, Nereididae, Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Onuphidae y Phyllodocidae lo fueron para las familias; Eunice (Eunicidae), Scoletoma (Lumbrineridae) y Aricidea (Paraonidae) para los generos. Sinaloa presenta uno de los numeros de especies de poliquetos mas elevados en Mexico; no obstante, poco mas del 70% de las especies son cuestionables para la region. Todos los poliquetos exoticos registrados en el Pacifico mexicano se encuentran en Sinaloa. Un mayor numero de especies fueron registradas por encima de la zona del minimo de oxigeno (ZMO) que en la capa inferior; la distribucion discontinua de las especies encomun de ambas capas es cuestionable, ninguna especie ha sido registrada en la ZMO de Sinaloa. La ZMO representa una barrera fisiologica para la migracion vertical en la columna de agua. Palabras clave: Distribucion batimetrica, especies cosmopolitas, especies exoticas, localidad tipo, poliquetofauna, Sinaloa, zona del minimo de oxigeno. ABSTRACT: Sinaloa is a Mexican state located in the  Southeastern Gulf of California, represented by a wide macroinvertebrates biodiversity, including polychaetes. This group is highly diverse in the state, nevertheless, the information on the species’ records are scattered in numerous sources. There is a high presence of supposed cosmopolitan polychaetes in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), therefore it is expected that numerous species are questionable to Sinaloa. The purpose of this study was to compile the name of all polychaete species currently registered in Sinaloa, including the bathymetric distribution and an assessment of their biogeographic distribution in the zoogeographic region ETP. We conducted a broad literature search to compile records of polychaete species dated until 2014. The bathymetric distribution in the state and the type locality of the species is given. The literature review of 78 references revealed that 17 orders, 52 families, 217 genera and 464 species of polychaetes are in Sinaloa. Phyllodocida, Eunicida, Sabellida, Spionida, Cirratulida and Terebellida were the most representative orders, while Spionidae, Nereididae, Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Onuphidae and Phyllodocidae were to the families; Eunice (Eunicidae), Scoletoma (Lumbrineridae) and Aricidea (Paraoindiae) were to the genera. Sinaloa has one of the highest numbers of polychaete species in Mexico; however, more than 70% are questionable species in the region. All the exotic polychaete species recorded in the Mexican Pacific are in Sinaloa. More polychaete species were recorded in the upper layer over the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) than in the lower. The discontinuous distribution of species in common of both layers is questionable; any species has been recorded in the OMZ of Sinaloa. OMZ represents a physiological barrier to upward migration of species in the water column. Key words: Bathymetric distribution, cosmopolitan species, alien species, type locality, polychaete fauna, Sinaloa, oxygen minimum zone.

En las ecorregiones del Pacífico mexicano se encuentran siete especies exóticas de poliquetos: Alitta succinea (Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847), Branchiomma bairdi (McIntosh, 1885), Ficopomatus miamiensis (Treadwell, 1934), Hydroides diramphus (Mørch, 1863), H. elegans (Haswell, 1883), H. sanctaecrucis Krøyer in Mørch, 1863 y Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff & Engle, 1943 (Tabla 1). De esas especies, A. succinea, B. bairdi, F. miamiensis, H. elegans y P. websteri se consideran establecidas mientras que H. diramphus e H. sanctaecrucis como ocasionales en el Pacífico mexicano. Entre las especies establecidas, destacan B. bairdi, porque es la única es-pecie que cuenta con estudios que respaldan su estatus como especie exótica invasora en la ecorregión del Golfo de California, y A. succinea e H. elegans porque se consideran potencial-mente invasoras, ambas en las ecorregiones del Pacífico sudcaliforniano y del Golfo de California. Por otro lado, existen dos especies exóticas in...

El Golfo de California es reconocido como uno de los cinco mares más productivos y biológicamente diversos del mundo. Sin embargo, su biota nativa está amenazada por la introducción de especies exóticas invasoras. El propósito de este estudio fue la detección de invertebrados exóticos en marinas, puertos y granjas acuícolas de esa ecorregión. Se realizaron muestreos en 11 localidades ubicadas en los recintos portuarios e inmediaciones de La Paz (Baja California Sur), Guaymas (Sonora) y Topolobampo (Sinaloa); asimismo, se inspeccionaron siete granjas camaronícolas y una ostrícola. Se documenta la presencia de 23 especies introducidas: ocho poliquetos, seis esponjas, cinco ascidias, dos briozoos, un molusco y un copépodo. Destacan el poliqueto Branchiomma bairdi y la ascidia Polyclinum constellatum como invasoras; el briozoo Zoobotryon verticillatum y los poliquetos Alitta succinea e Hydroides elegans como potencialmente invasores. El resto de las especies identificadas solo se consid...

Members of the tubicolous polychaete family Serpulidae constitute one of the most important groups of marine fouling biota. This paper describes a new species of the serpulid genusHydroidesfrom dock fouling at Mazatlán (southern Gulf of California), providing information about live colouration and reproductive features.Hydroides dolabrussp. nov. belongs to a subgroup of species in which verticil spines are equal in size and shape, lack both external and lateral spinules, but have various modifications to their tips. However,Hydroides dolabrussp. nov. is distinct in having tips of verticil spines pickaxe-shaped, with asymmetrical triangular radially orientated projections: the internal projections are short and point inward the verticil centre, while longer external projections point outward the verticil centre. Like all species of the genus,H. dolabrussp. nov. is a gonochoristic broadcast spawner lacking sexual dimorphism. A phylogenetic analysis of Hydroides based on COI, 18S and c...

Alitta virens species complex encompasses elongate nereidids appreciated commercially both in the fishing and aquaculture industries. This complex has been well studied in biological and ecological terms. Nevertheless, detailed taxonomic analyses have scarcely been addressed, to the extent that only a few species in the complex have been recognized as valid but with some difficulties: Alitta brandti Malmgren, 1865 (Sea of Okhotsk), A. grandis (Stimpson, 1853) (northeastern USA) and A. virens (Sars, 1835) (Norway). Whereas, other several species have typically been regarded as synonyms, including those originally described from the North Pacific Ocean: Nereis (Alitta) virens plenidentata Moore, 1909 (California, USA), Nereis dyamusi Izuka, 1912 (Japan) and Nereis foliata Baird, 1863 (Vancouver, Canada). In this study, an examination of the immature and epitoke type and non-type material available for the A. virens species complex from the North Pacific was carried out. Herein, the status of A. brandti as a valid species is reinforced being clearly distinct from A. virens and related species. Alitta dyamusi n. comb., A. plenidentata n. comb. and A. williami nom. nov. are reinstated and transferred to Alitta, the specific epithet of the latter species is a replacement name for Nereis foliata Baird, 1863, which is a junior, primary homonym of Nereis foliata Dalyell, 1853. Lectotypes for A. plenidentata n. comb. and A. williami nom. nov. are designated. The North Pacific species of the A. virens complex, excluding A. plenidentata n. comb. which has several distinctive features that differ from all the Alitta species, are characterized by having homogomph spinigers in both supracicular and subacicular neurochaetae, oral ring with a larger number of rows and paragnaths, and epitoke males with unmetamorphosed pygidium and epitoke-modified chaetae in both neuropodial fascicles. The morphology of epitoke females in the A. virens complex is described for the first time. Identification keys to atoke and epitoke species of this complex are also provided.

Pseudonereis deleoni Villalobos-Guerrero & Tovar-Hernández, 2013 Autor de fotografía: Tulio F. Villalobos. Lugar de captura fotográfica: ICMyL, UNAM, México Lugar de recolecta: Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Gracias a Omar H. Ávila-Poveda por la edición del PDF.

The nereidid worm Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847), described from Western Germany, has been considered by some authors as a widespread and alien invasive species, or else as a group of morphologically indistinguishable species. Neither idea has yet been supported by critical taxonomic revisions of relevant material. Most characterizations of A. succinea were based upon a mixture of morphological features from specimens from the type locality and from other regions. Moreover, four species described from America are considered junior synonyms of A. succinea, including Nereis acutifolia Ehlers, 1901, described from the eastern tropical Pacific. The type material of the latter species has not been reviewed since its description. We re-examined type and topotype materials of A. succinea and N. acutifolia including atokous and epitokous specimens. In addition, newly collected specimens were used to evaluate genetic divergence between both species using the mitochondrial gene COI. Alitta succinea is redescribed from type material and specimens from Germany. We rejected the recent placement of the species in Neanthes and we transferred it to Alitta. Further, we refuse the synonymy of N. acutifolia with A. succinea due to morphological and molecular differences. Consequently, we regard Alitta acutifolia n. comb. as a valid species, and the supposed introduction and the alien status of A. succinea along the Mexican and Central American Pacific shores are rejected.

The nereidid worm Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847), described from Western Germany, has been considered by some authors as a widespread and alien invasive species, or else as a group of morphologically indistinguishable species. Neither idea has yet been supported by critical taxonomic revisions of relevant material. Most characterizations of A. succinea were based upon a mixture of morphological features from specimens from the type locality and from other regions. Moreover, four species described from America are considered junior synonyms of A. succinea, including Nereis acutifolia Ehlers, 1901, described from the eastern tropical Pacific. The type material of the latter species has not been reviewed since its description. We re-examined type and topotype materials of A. succinea and N. acutifolia including atokous and epitokous specimens. In addition, newly collected specimens were used to evaluate genetic divergence between both species using the mitochondrial gene COI. Alitta succinea is redescribed from type material and specimens from Germany. We rejected the recent placement of the species in Neanthes and we transferred it to Alitta. Further, we refuse the synonymy of N. acutifolia with A. succinea due to morphological and molecular differences. Consequently, we regard Alitta acutifolia n. comb. as a valid species, and the supposed introduction and the alien status of A. succinea along the Mexican and Central American Pacific shores are rejected.

The Gulf of California is recognized as one of the most diverse and productive seas of the world. Nevertheless, marine native fauna is threatened by the current introduction of invasive species. The aim of this study was to detect exotic invertebrates in marinas, ports and aquaculture farms in this ecoregion. Intensive surveys were conducted at 11 localities in La Paz (Baja California Sur), Guaymas (Sonora), Topolobampo (Sinaloa) and surrounding areas. Seven shrimp farms and one oyster farm were inspected. Twenty three introduced species were detected: eight polychaetes, six sponges, five ascidians, two bryozoans, one mollusk and one copepod. The polychaete Branchiomma bairdi and the ascidian Polyclinum constellatum are invasive. The bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum and the polychaetes Alitta succinea and Hydroides elegans are potentially invasive. The remaining species are only considered exotic in the Gulf of California.

Fouling errant polychaetes (Polychaeta: Errantia) from the Port of Mazatlan, Sinaloa (Mexico). Mazatlan is the main sea and coastal port from northwestern Mexico. There are maritime metallic signaling buoys throughout the navigation channel, these provide a favorable substrate for the establishment of diverse fouling communities. This study discloses the composition of errant  eunicemorph and phyllodocemorph polychaete species associated to metallic buoys during an annual cycle (2009). The polychaetofauna is represented by 6 families, 17 genera and 22 species. Nine are nominal species, seven are potentially new species and six require of detailed studies to clarify their identity. Pterocirrus (Phyllodocidae) is recorded by the first time in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The habitat, distribution and taxonomic comments of the recorded species are indicated; furthermore, a fouling polychaete species list in the Gulf of California is included.