Herpothallon

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Herpothallon
Herpothallon rubrocinctum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Family: Arthoniaceae
Genus: Herpothallon
Tobler (1937)
Type species
Herpothallon sanguineum
(Vain.) Tobler (1937)
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Herpothallon is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It has about 50 species.[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus was circumscribed in 1930 by German lichenologist Friedrich Tobler, with Herpothallon sanguineum assigned as the type species. Tobler erroneously believed that the fungus was a member of the Basidiomycota.[3][4] After it was recognized as an ascolichen, it was referred to either Chiodecton (family Roccellaceae) or Cryptothecia (family Arthoniaceae).[5]

In 2009, Herpothallon was resurrected following a publication by André Aptroot, Göran Thor, Robert Lücking, and John Elix, in which they recognized 29 species worldwide.[6] The type species is now known as Herpothallon rubrocinctum,[7] or in the vernacular as the "Christmas lichen".[8]

Description[edit]

Herpothallon is characterized by the byssoid (a wispy or cottony texture) prothallus (i.e., the first purely fungal layer upon which an algae-containing thallus develops) and hypothallus (i.e., a growth of undifferentiated purely fungal mycelium present as a distinct layer on the underside of the thallus). The texture of the thallus is somewhat felt-like, and its form is heteromerous, meaning that more or less distinct tissues are present, in particular, the mycobiont and photobiont components occur in well-marked layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the medulla. Another thallus feature common to all species is the felty pseudoisidia; these are isidia-like outgrowths that, unlike true isidia, lack internal differentiation and have no distinct cortex. The thallus also has pustules (blister-like elevations), and granules ranging in form and size from soredia-like to minute. The photobiont partner of the Herpothallon lichen is from Trentepohlia, a genus of green algae.[9] In Herpothallon, the asci do not develop in true ascomata. Only two members of the genus, H. fertile and H. inopinatum, are known to be fertile.[10]

Species[edit]

Herpothallon, not identified to species, in Amazonian Peru

As of January 2022, Species Fungorum accepts 42 species of Herpothallon.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Synonymy: Herpothallon Tobler, Flora, Regensburg 131: 446 (1937)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:11336/151990.
  3. ^ Tobler, F. (1937). "Entwicklungsgeschichtliche". Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft (in German). 55: 158–164.
  4. ^ Tobler, F. (1937). "Über den Bau der Hymenolichenen and eine neue zu ihnen gehörende Gattung". Flora (in German). 131: 437–438.
  5. ^ a b c Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P.; Singh, K.P. (2009). "New species and new records of Cryptothecia and Herpothallon (Arthoniales) from India". The Lichenologist. 41 (6): 605–613. doi:10.1017/s0024282909008123. S2CID 84350481.
  6. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009.
  7. ^ "Record Details: Herpothallon sanguineum (Sw.) Tobler, Flora, Regensburg 131: 447 (1937)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  8. ^ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4.
  9. ^ a b c Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P. (2009). "New species and new records of Herpothallon (lichenized Ascomycetes) from India". Mycotaxon. 110: 37–42. doi:10.5248/110.37.
  10. ^ a b Frisch, A.; Rudolphi, Jörgen; Thor, Göran (2014). "Herpothallon inopinatum (Arthoniaceae), a new lichen species from Mexico". Annales Botanici Fennici. 51 (1–2): 63–68. doi:10.5735/085.051.0108. S2CID 85002927.
  11. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 28.
  12. ^ Sipman, H.J.M. (2018). "Three new lichen species and 48 new records from Vanuatu" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 82: 106–129.
  13. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 31.
  14. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 33.
  15. ^ Frisch, Andreas; Elix, John A.; Thor, Göran (2010). "Herpothallon biacidum, a new lichen species from tropical Australia". The Lichenologist. 42 (3): 285–289. doi:10.1017/s0024282909990697. S2CID 85708415.
  16. ^ a b Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 34.
  17. ^ a b c d Chen, Pengfei; Liu, Linlin; Xie, Congmiao; Zhang, Lulu (2022). "Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China". Phytotaxa. 536 (1): 83–91. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.5. S2CID 247068581.
  18. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 35.
  19. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 36.
  20. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 37.
  21. ^ a b c d Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M. (2014). "The genus Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae) in the Andaman Islands, India". The Lichenologist. 46 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000571. S2CID 232393678.
  22. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 38.
  23. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 39.
  24. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 40.
  25. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 41.
  26. ^ a b c Liu, Linlin; Zuo, Qijia; Xue, Junxia; Ren, Zhaojie; Zhang, Lulu (2023). "Three new species of Herpothallon (lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China". Phytotaxa. 597 (4): 287–296. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4. S2CID 258761317.
  27. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 42.
  28. ^ a b Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 43.
  29. ^ a b Bungartz, Frank; Dután-Patiño, Valeria Leonor; Elix, John A. (2013). "The lichen genera Cryptothecia, Herpothallon and Helminthocarpon (Arthoniales) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador". The Lichenologist. 45 (6): 739–762. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000522. S2CID 86253049.
  30. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 44.
  31. ^ Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Sheil, Douglas (2014). "Four new Arthoniomycetes from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Nova Hedwigia. 98: 295–312. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0155.
  32. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 53.
  33. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 55.
  34. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 56.
  35. ^ Aptroot, André; Souza, Maria Fernanda (2021). "New crustose lichens from a tropical coastal area in Paraná (Brazil)". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 42 (12): 191–197. doi:10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a12. S2CID 244271661.
  36. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 57.
  37. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 58.
  38. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 59.
  39. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 50.
  40. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 61.
  41. ^ Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Elix, John (2010). "Herpothallon rubroechinatum (Arthoniaceae), a new species from tropical and subtropical America". The Bryologist. 113 (1): 144–148. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.1.144. S2CID 84750122.
  42. ^ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 63.
  43. ^ Cheng, Yu-Liang; Ning, Jing; Xu, Hou-Ping; Zhang, Lu-Lu; Wang, Hai-Ying; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2012). "Herpothallon weii, a new lichen from China". Mycotaxon. 119: 439–443. doi:10.5248/119.439.

Cited literature[edit]

  • Aptroot, André; Thor, Göran; Lücking, Robert; Elix, John A.; Chaves, J.L. (2009). "The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated". In Aptroot, André; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Sparrius, Laurens B. (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens: Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 99. J. Cramer. pp. 19–66. ISBN 978-3-443-58078-0.
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