Three New Species and Nine New Records in the Genus Arthonia from South Korea.
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Abstract
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Three New Species and Nine New Records in the Genus Arthonia from South Korea
Abstract
Arthonia coreana, Arthonia superpallens, and Arthonia zelkovae are new species from South Korea. All new species are in the Euarthonia tribe, based on the key characteristics of colorless hypothecium and multi-cellular spores. A. coreana has a dull brownish hypophloedal thallus without bleaching and rounded or curved big apothecia in comparison with those of Arthonia punctiformis. A. coreana consistently exhibits 4-septate ascospores, which is a distinctive characteristic that distinguishes it from other Arthonia species. A. superpallens has a white-greenish thallus, pale yellowish apothecia, and a trentepohlioid alga. However, A. superpallens has no distinct prothallus, adnate, and convex apothecia, no pycnidia, and is UV-, in contrast with related species in the Arthonia antillarum group. A. zelkovae has a white, epiphloedal thallus, brownish-black epruinose apothecia covered with a whitish bark layer, and smaller ascospores in comparison with those of A. punctiformis. A. zelkovae consists of a chlorococcoid alga, which differs from related Arthonia species such as A. punctiformis, Arthonia pinastri, and Arthonia glaucella. Although A. zelkovae is similar to Arthonia dispersa in its white-colored thallus, blackish apothecia, and the presence of a chlorococcoid photobiont, A. zelkovae differs from the latter in having larger-sized 3-septate ascospores. Arthonia cinnabarina f. marginata, A. glaucella, Arthonia ilicinella, Arthonia lapidicola, Arthonia leioplacella, Arthonia pertabescens, A. pinastri, Arthonia spadicea, and Arthonia stellaris are newly described in Korea. The diagnostic characteristics of these species are discussed and presented. An artificial key is provided to facilitate identification of Arthonia species from Northeast Asia.
The genus Arthonia and the family Arthoniaceae are the least explored lichens in Korea. There are only eight species in this genus: Arthonia phaeophysciae Grube & Matzer (published as Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl. and corrected by the author mainly, mainly became of a correction for the substrate Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg), Arthonia excipienda (Nyl.) Mussat, Arthonia molendoi (Heufl. ex Frauenf.) R. Sant., Arthonia parantillarum Aptroot, Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach., Arthonia rinodinicola Candan & Halıcı, Arthonia ruana A. Massal. (published as Arthothelium ruanum (A. Massal.) Körb.), and A. calcarea (Turner ex Sm.) Ertz & Diederich (published as Opegrapha calcarea Turner ex Sm.) [1,2,3,4,5]. Since 2015, the family Arthoniaceae has been studied in Korea through a special program for young taxonomists by the National Institute of Biological Resources. Arthonia species, specifically, were examined, as the main genus in the family is cosmopolitan, tropical, or subtropical, and is believed to be distributed widely in Korea. Interestingly, the genus Arthonia is mainly corticolous, representing about 80% of corticolous Arthonias in Northeast Asia [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The dominant host trees of the corticolous Arthonias are in the genera Quercus, Fraxinus, Corylus, Alnus, and Carpinus. Intensive field excursions were conducted in 2015 and 2016 that focused on these trees as the dominant substrate, and 128 specimens of Arthonia were collected and identified. Three new species of Arthonia coreana Lee & Hur sp. nov., Arthonia superpallens Lee & Hur sp. nov., and Arthonia zelkovae Lee & Hur sp. nov. are proposed and nine new records of A. cinnabarina f. marginata (Turner) Leight., A. glaucella Nyl., A. ilicinella Nyl., A. lapidicola (Taylor) Branth & Rostr., A. leioplacella Zahlbr., A. pertabescens Nyl., A. pinastri Anzi, A. spadicea Leight., and A. stellaris Kremp. are reported as a result of this study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All examined specimens were collected in South Korea in 2015~2016 (Fig. 1) and have been deposited in the Korean Lichen Research Institute (KoLRI), Sunchon National University, South Korea.
Sections were hand cut with a razor blade and investigated under a stereomicroscope (Nikon SMZ645; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and a compound microscope (Nikon Eclipse E200), and imaged using the software program AxioVison Release 4.8.2 and an Axiocam ERc 5s camera (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) mounted on a Zeiss Scope A1 microscope (Carl Zeiss). Ascospores were measured at 1,000×magnification in water. The height and width of ascospores were measured at least 10 times, and the results are expressed as averages with/without the minimum and maximum. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out using Solvent Systems A and C, following standard methods [8].
DNA was extracted from all specimens of new species according to the manufacturer's instructions (Macherey-Nagel). Two-way PCR amplification of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA (nLSU), and for RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2) genes was achieved using Bioneer's AccuPower PCR Premix (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea) in 20-µL tubes and primers mrSSU1 and mrSSU3R, LR0R and LR5, and fRPB2-7cF and fRPB2-11aR, respectively [9,10,11]. The PCR thermal cycling parameters used were previously described by Ekman [12]. DNA cloning was performed using a pGEM-T Easy Vector System when the results from PCR and electrophoresis were not clear or double bands were observed under UV light. Sequencing was accomplished by the genomic research companies GenoTech (Daejeon, Korea) and Macrogen (Daejeon, Korea).
For phylogenetic analysis, all mtSSU, RPB2, and nLSU sequences were aligned and manually edited using ClustalW in Bioedit (V7.2.5). Bootstrap values were obtained in RAxML GUI 1.5 beta [13] using the maximum likelihood method with a rapid bootstrap with 1,000 bootstrap replications and GTR GAMMA for the substitution matrix. Posterior probabilities were obtained in BEAUti 1.8.0 and BEAST 1.8.0 [14] using the HKY method for the substitution model, empirical base frequencies, gamma for the site heterogeneity model and four categories for gamma, and a 1,000,000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo chain length with a 10,000 echo state screening and 200 log parameters. Then, the best tree was constructed in TreeAnnotator 1.8.0 [15] with a burnin of 100, no posterior probability limit, a maximum clade credibility tree for the target tree type, and median node heights. All trees were displayed in FigTree 1.4.2 [16] and edited in Microsoft Paint.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Three independent phylogenetic trees for the family Arthoniaceae and related genera were produced from 107 sequences (39 for mtSSU, 27 for nLSU, and 41 for RPB2) from GenBank and with seven sequences (three for mtSSU, two for nLSU, and two for RPB2) for the three new species (Table 1). All three new species were positioned in the genus Arthonia (Arthonioid clade) in all three trees. Related genera such as Arthothelium and Opegrapha were included in the phylogenetic analysis because Arthothelium is the most similar genus to Arthonia in the Arthoniaceae family, and Opegrapha is a similar genus with some synonyms for Arthonia, although Opegrapha is not in the family Arthoniaceae. In the mtSSU phylogenetic tree, A. coreana was positioned in a group with A. dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl. and A. punctiformis with a bootstrap value of 58. A. superpallens was placed in a group with Arthonia didyma Körb., Arthonia granitophila Th. Fr., and Arthonia physcidiicola Frisch & G. Thor with a bootstrap value of 98. A. zelkovae was grouped with A. ruana in the Arthonioid clade (Fig. 2). In the nLSU tree, A. coreana did not group with other species, but was located in the Arthonioid clade. A. superpallens was positioned in a group with A. didyma, A. granitophila, and Arthonia maculiformis with a bootstrap value of 24. This classification of A. superpallens corresponds to that from the mtSSU tree, although the bootstrap value in this tree was not high (Fig. 3). In the RPB2 tree, A. coreana was placed in a group with A. punctiformis with a bootstrap value of 59, and A. zelkovae did not group with another taxon. However, these two new species were positioned in the center of the Arthonioid clade (Fig. 4). The Arthonioid clade comprises many Arthonia species in A. sect. Arthonia of Sundin [17], with the exception of A. punctiformis and A. dispersa. The key characteristics of A. sect. Arthonia are ‘maculate (“lirellate”) ascomata, olive-brown ascomatal and pycnidial pigments, persistently hyaline spores, and photophilous pioneer species’ [18]. All three new species exhibit those key characteristics, as they have maculate ascomata, olive-brown epihymenium, hyaline ascospores, and a trentepohlioid or chlorococcoid alga, although no photobiont has been observed for A. coreana yet.
Table 1
DNA sequences for three new species (in bold) were generated in this study. All others were obtained from GenBank.
mtSSU, mitochondrial small subunit; RPB2, RNA polymerase subunit II; nLSU, nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA.
The main substrates for the 128 collected Arthonias in South Korea were Fraxinus rynchophylla Hance, Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino, Acer spp., Camellia japonica L., Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim, Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév, and Mallotus japonicas (L.f.) Müll. Arg. For the new species, A. coreana occurs on the bark of Fraxinus sieboldiana Blume, A. superpallens on the bark of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold, and A. zelkovae on the bark of Zelkova serrata. Although main substrates such as Camellia japonica, Dendropanax morbiferus, and Mallotus japonicus are subtropical, other main substrates, including Fraxinus spp., Zelkova serrata, and Carpinus spp., are temperate trees. Notably, all three new species occur only on temperate plants. Thus, it is possible that diverse Arthonia species will be detected on various temperate tree/shrub species, and that more endemic species of Arthonia will be discovered in temperate regions in the near future.
New species.
Arthonia coreana B. G. Lee & J.-S. Hur sp. nov. (Fig. 5)
No.: MB818561.
Type: South Korea, Jeollabuk-do, Imsil-gun, Deokchi-myeon, Mt. Hoemun, north slope below mountain ridge, 35°30′46.2″ N, 127°07′56.2″ E, alt. 473 m, 19 Jun 2015, B. G. Lee, 152687 (KoLRI 037694).
Thallus corticolous, immersed, hypophloedal, smooth, continuous, somewhat glossy, dull brownish, 15.1~21.2-µm thick; cortex indistinct; medulla not detected; photobiont not detected. Apothecia mostly rounded or curved, adnate, flat, or slightly convex, black, epruinose but covered by a whitish layer of tree bark, 0.2~1.25 × 0.19~1.12 mm (length ![[x with macron]](/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x0078x0304.gif)
= 0.46, SD= 0.30, width = 0.39, SD= 0.26, n = 21); apothecial section 342.9~433.8 µm wide, 40.3~59.3 µm thick; epihymenium olivish brown, 7.5~10 µm high; hymenium hyaline, 33~40 µm thick, I+ blue, KI−; hypothecium hyaline or slightly pale yellowish, 7.5~10 µm; paraphysoids 1~1.5 µm wide, not branched, tips swollen with pigment, 1.5~2 µm wide. Asci clavate to obovate, 8-spored, 25~27.5 × 10~15 µm; ascospores hyaline, usually 4-septate and rarely 3-, 2-, or 1-septate, apical cells not swollen and locules equally divided, constricted at the septum, 15~21.3 × 4.5~6.3 µm (length = 18.6, SD= 2.02, width = 5.5, SD= 0.51, n = 21).
Chemistry: K+ yellowish green or K− on apothecial section, C−, PD− on thallus and apothecia, KI−, I+ blue on epihymenium and hymenium, and I+ orangish red on asci/ascospores. No substance detected by TLC.
Distribution and ecology: This species occurs on the bark of Fraxinus sieboldiana. It is currently known only by a specimen in the type collection (Mt. Hoemun, South Korea).
Etymology: The species epithet indicates the collection locality, South Korea.
Remarks: A. coreana is in the Euarthonia tribe of the subsection Endoleuca, because it shares the tribe's key characteristics of colorless or bright hypothecium and multi-cellular spores. Among the Arthonia species in the Euarthoina, A. coreana is similar to Arthonia analogella Nyl., Arthonia complanata Fée, Arthonia excedens Nyl., Arthonia melanophthalma Dufour, Arthonia phaeonephela Nyl., Arthonia polymorpha Ach., and A. radiata in showing blackish apothecia, 4-septate ascospores, and having a bark substrate. However, A. coreana differs from A. analogella in having a dull brownish thallus, always 4-septate and larger ascospores, and I+ blue hymenium. A. coreana is different from A. complanata in its immersed, dull brownish thallus, with no yellowish-brown tinge to the apothecia, and smaller ascospores with uniform 4-septation and equally divided locules. A. coreana is distinguishable from A. melanophthalma in having a dull brownish thallus that is always 4-septate, and smaller, I+ vinose-red ascus/ascospores. A. coreana is similar to A. excedens in having I+ blue hymenium and vinose-red on ascus/ascospores. However, A. coreana differs from A. excedens in having an immersed, dull brownish thallus, with no yellowish-brown tinge to the apothecia, and smaller ascospores with uniform 4-septation and equally divided locules. A. excedens is quite similar to A. complanata. The main difference between them is that the former has ascospores (30~36 × 10~15 µm) that are brownish and larger than the latter. The new species is distinct from Arthonia phaenoephela Nyl. in having a dull brownish thallus, ascospores that are uniformly 4-septate, larger, and I+ blue. A. phaenoephela is similar to A. analogella. The main difference between them is that the former has a less continuous maculiformed apothecia and smaller ascospores (12~15 × 4.5~5 µm). A. coreana differs from A. polymorpha in having an immersed, dull brownish thallus, much larger apothecia without branching, usually 4-septate ascospores (rarely 3-septate), and equally divided locules. A. coreana is different from A. radiata in having a dull brownish thallus, rounded or curved apothecia, no photobiont, uniformly 4-septate ascospores, and I+ vinose-red ascus/ascospores. Based on its dull brownish thallus color, A. coreana may be closely related to A. punctiformis in the Euarthonia tribe. However, A. coreana has no bleaching on the surface, large rounded or curved apothecia, and uniformly 4-septate ascospores.
Arthonia superpallens B. G. Lee & J.-S. Hur sp. nov. (Fig. 6)
No.: MB818562.
Type: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Bogil-myeon, Buhwang-ri, Bogil Elementary School, 34°09′45.90″ N, 126°33′19.51″ E, alt. 12 m, 6 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160189 (KoLRI 038334).
Thallus corticolous, crustose, epiphloedal, smooth, dull, and mostly continuous, with small discontinuous cracks and large cracks along the edges of apothecia, white or whitish green, thin, and 50~70.5 µm thick; cortex 5~17.5 µm thick; medulla indistinct or up to 10 µm thick; photobiont Trentepohlia, continuous, regular, and parallel to the substratum, under the cortex or medulla layer, 38~48 µm thick; prothallus indistinct or pale yellowish. Apothecia that are subangular or irregular, often branching, adnate, flat in the beginning and distinctly convex at maturity, pale yellow to pale light brown, epruinose but covered by a whitish epinecral remnant or bark layer that disappears when mature, 0.31~0.69 mm diam. (length = 0.46, SD = 0.10, n = 24); apothecial section 350~420 µm wide, 67.2~76.1 µm thick; epihymenium olivish brown to olivish light brown, 5.8~17.1 µm high; hymenium hyaline, 41.9~51.8 µm, and I+ vinose-red to orangish red, KI+ blue; hypothecium hyaline and 14.0~18.3 µm; paraphysoids 0.6~1.7 µm wide, tips swollen with pigment, and 1.3~2.9 µm wide. Asci 8-spored, clavate to wide-clavate, 22.2~31.5 × 12.6~18.1 µm for wide-clavate asci and 27.8~41.7 × 14.4~17.1 µm for clavate asci; ascospores hyaline, mainly 3-septate or non-septate and rarely 2-septate or 1-septate; apical cells not swollen; and locules almost equally divided or with the second locule slightly larger, not constricted at the septum, with wavy septa; 9.9~15.4 × 3.7~5.1 µm for 3-septate spores (n = 18), 9.9~17.7 × 3.1~5.4 µm for non-septate spores (n = 9), 11.7~12.0 × 4.5~5.2 µm for 2-septate spores (n = 2), 11.6 × 4.5 µm for 1-septate spore (n = 1), and overall 9.9~17.7 × 3.7~5.4 µm (length = 12.4, SD= 1.79, width = 4.5, SD= 0.65, n = 29). No pycnidia found.
Chemistry: K−, C−, PD− thallus and apothecia, KI+ blue hymenium, I+ wind-red to orangish red epihymenium, hymenium, and asci/ascospores; UV− or UV+ and slightly whitish apothecia. Xanthone (possibly arthothelin) was detected by TLC.
Distribution and ecology: This species occurs on the bark of Euonymus alatus. It is currently known only by a specimen in the type collection (Bogil Island, South Korea).
Etymology: The species epithet indicates the distinctly convex, adnate, and pale brownish apothecia that are characteristic of this species.
Remarks: A. superpallens is similar to related species in the Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl. group such as A. antillarum, A. antillarum f. spermogonifera Rabenh., A. parantillarum, A. perpallens Nyl., and A. lopingensis Zahlbr. in its pale straw-yellow to pale brownish color of apothecia. However, A. superpallens differs from A. antillarum and A. parantillarum in having adnate and convex apothecia, an indistinct or pale yellowish prothallus, I+ vinose-red to orangish red hymenium, and being UV− or UV+ and slightly whitish. A. superpallens differs from A. antillarum f. spermogonifera because of the absence of pycnidia. The new species is distinguishable from A. perpallens by the absence of pycnidia, indistinct prothallus, and somewhat longer ascospores. A. superpallens differs from A. lopingensis in having an epiphloedal, white-greenish thallus, indistinct prothallus, distinctly convex and small apothecia, olive-brownish epihymenium, up to 3-septate spores, unswollen apical locules, and I+ vinose-reddish hymenium.
Arthonia zelkovae B. G. Lee & J.-S. Hur sp. nov. (Fig. 7)
No.: MB818563.
Type: South Korea, Gyeongsangnam-do, Namhae-gun, Mijo-myeon, Mountain-1, 34°43′41.2″ N, 128°02′03.0″ E, alt. 2 m, 26 Apr 2016, B. G. Lee, 160237 (KoLRI 038382).
Thallus corticolous, crustose, epiphloedal, smooth, cracked because the substrate bark is cracked, somewhat shiny, white, thin, 25~55 µm thick; cortex 12~18 µm thick; medulla indistinct but conglomerated with alga; photobiont green alga (chlorococcoid), isolated or discontinuously aggregated, 8~10 µm for isolated alga, and 10~13 µm per individual in aggregated algae. Apothecia rounded to subangular, semi-sessile without constriction at the base, brown to black, epruinose but covered by a whitish bark layer or epinecral remnant, with the bark layer disappearing when mature, 0.20~0.62 × 0.18~0.38 mm (length = 0.34, SD = 0.13, width = 0.25, SD = 0.08, n = 11); apothecial section 125~148 µm wide, 31~34 µm thick; epihymenium olivish brown, 7.7~8.4 µm high; hymenium hyaline or slightly olivish hyaline, 8.1~10.7 µm; hypothecium hyaline and 9.0~11.6 µm; paraphysoids 0.5~1.5 µm wide; tips swollen with pigment and 1.5~2 µm wide. Asci obovoid to clavate, 8-spored, 14.6~26.7 × 10.2~19.2 µm (n = 6); ascospores hyaline, mostly 3-septate but sometimes 1- to 2-septate, apical cells not swollen, and locules equally divided, constricted at the septum, 11~18 × 3.8~5.1 µm for 3-septate spores (n = 9), 11.3~12.5 × 3.8~4.8 µm for 2-septate spores (n = 2), and 7.4~9.1 × 4.1~4.4 µm for 1-septate spores (n = 2), and 7.4~18.0 × 3.8~5.1 µm (length = 13.0, SD = 3.04, width = 4.3, SD = 0.44, n = 13) overall. Pycnoconidia bacilliform, almost straight, and 3.3~3.7 × 0.3 µm.
Chemistry: K−, C−, and PD− on thallus and apothecia, KI− and I+ dark blue epihymenium and hymenium, I+ vinose-red ascus. No substance detected by TLC.
Distribution and ecology: This species occurs on the bark of Zelkova serrata. It is currently known by a specimen in the type collection (Namhae, South Korea).
Etymology: The species epithet reflects the substrate Zelkova serrata, a temperate tree species.
Remarks: A. zelkovae groups, phylogenetically, with A. punctiformis, the so-called Euarthonia tribe in the subsection Endoleuca, because it shared the tribe's key characteristics of colorless or bright hypothecium and multi-cellular spores. In the Euarthonia tribe, A. zelkovae is similar to A. cinereopruinosa Schaer., A. diffusa Nyl., A. glaucella, A. glaucescens Nyl. ex Willey, A. impolita (Ehrh.) Borrer, A. phaeonephela, A. pinastri, A. polygramma Nyl., A. polymorpha, A. punctiformis, A. radiata, and A. varia (Ach.) Nyl. in having a whitish thallus, brown-to-black apothecia, 3-septate ascospores, and bark as a substrate. A. zelkovae differs from A. cinereopruinosa by having no prothallus, K−thallus, round apothecia without heavy pruina, olivish brown epihymenium, smaller ascospores, equally divided locules, and straight bacilliform pycnoconidia. A. zelkovae is distinguishable from A. diffusa in having a non-granulose, smooth, and discontinuous thallus, larger apothecia that are darker or blackish when moistened, olivish brown epihymenium, and I+ blue hymenium. A. zelkovae differs from A. glaucella by not having a gray and white thallus, being uniformly round and non-erumpent, with smooth and epruinose apothecia, having an alga, smaller ascospores, and invariant I+ blue hymenium. A. zelkovae is distinct from A. glaucescens in having no soredia, but having round and smaller apothecia and smaller ascospores. A. zelkovae differs from A. impolita by having round and thinner apothecia, a chlorococcoidal alga, olivish brown epihymenium, thinner I+ blue hymenium, smaller ascospores, and shorter pycnoconidia. A. zelkovae is distinguishable from A. phaeonephela in having no prothallus, but having round apothecia, mostly 3-septate and slightly larger ascospores, I+ blue hymenium, and pycnidia. A. zelkovae differs from A. polygramma by having no prothallus, but having a K−thallus, round and big apothecia, invariant I+ blue hymenium, up to 3-septate, smaller ascospores, and pycnidia. A. zelkovae is distinct from A. polymorpha in that it has no prothallus, but has round, non-clustered, and smaller apothecia, mostly 3-septate and narrower ascospores with equally divided locules, and pycnidia. The new species differs from A. pinastri by having a epiphloedal thallus, a chlorococcoidal alga, round and smaller apothecia, thinner epihymenium, thinner hymenium, and longer ascospores. A. zelkovae is different from A. punctiformis in epiphloedal thallus, non-branching, non-erumpent, round, smooth and smaller apothecia, presence of a chlorococcoidal alga, smaller ascospores, I+ blue on hymenium, and presence of pycnidia. A. zelkovae differs from A. radiata in having no prothallus and being constantly round with smaller apothecia, chlorococcoidal alga, and smaller, up to 3-septate ascospores. A. zelkovae differs from A. varia in not having a gray and white thallus, but having round apothecia, equally divided locules, and slightly shorter pycnoconidia. Although A. zelkovae is similar to A. dispersa in its white colored thallus, blackish apothecia, and the presence of a chlorococcoid photobiont, A. zelkovae differs from the latter in the 3-septate, larger ascospores.
New records.
Arthonia cinnabarina f. marginata (Turner) Leight., Lich.-Fl. Great Br.: 399 (1871) (Fig. 8A)
Description: Thallus corticolous, crustose, hypophloedal, and whitish; prothallus indistinct or thin and brownish. Apothecia rounded to subangular, somewhat convex, but central part sunken and reddish brown, reddish brown pruina at the margin and bluish gray pruina in the center, simple or often aggregated, 0.25~0.37 mm in diameter ( = 31, SD = 0.046, n = 14); apothecial section with violet pigment. Ascospores 3-septate, with swollen apical cells, and 20~22.7 × 5~8.3 µm (n = 3).
Chemistry: I+ reddish hymenium and KI+ blue apothecial sections.
Remarks: A. cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr. exhibits cinnabarred pruina at the margins of apothecia and white pruina in the center, and comprises 3- to 5-septate (up to 7-septate) ascospores 20~33 × 5.5~11 µm in size. This species has 49 infraspecific taxa, 16 formas, and 33 varieties, including all synonyms. A. cinnabarina f. marginata is distinguished from other taxa in the A. cinnabarina group by being rounded or elongated, often aggregated or sometimes simple, convex, reddish-brown apothecia with reddish brown pruina at the margin and dark bluish gray pruina in the center, and a thin, whitish thallus.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Bogil-myeon, Jungtong-ri, Bogil Elementary School, 34°09′44.3″ N, 126°33′20.4″ E, alt. 7 m, 6 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160188 (KoLRI 038333), on Dendropanax morbiferus.
Arthonia glaucella Nyl., Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 4: 97 (1856) (Fig. 8B)
Description: Thallus corticolous, crustose, hypophloedal, cracked, grayish white, and 5~10 µm thick; photobiont not detected. Apothecia rounded and smooth in the beginning and generally subangular and erumpent when mature, rarely somewhat linear, flat or rarely slightly convex, dark brown to blackish, epruinose but somewhat heavily covered by white remnants of the bark layer of the substrate, 0.35~0.62 µm in diameter, and 50~60 µm thick; epihymenium olive to dark olive and 7~13 (~20) µm thick; hymenium hyaline to slightly olivish, 30~40 µm thick; hypothecium indistinct, slightly olive green to hyaline, approximately 5 µm thick; paraphysoids 0.5~1.0 µm wide, tips swollen without pigment, and 1~1.5 µm wide. Asci globose and 29~40 × 20~30 µm; ascospores 8-spored, 3-septate, with locules equally divided and 14~19 × 4~5.5 µm (n = 10) in size.
Chemistry: I+ vinose-red hymenium, KI+ blue hymenium, and UV−.
Remarks: A. glaucella is distinct in having brown, pruinose, and erumpent apothecia, hyaline hypothecium, 3-septate ascospores with equally divided locules, paraphysoidal tips not thickened and without pigment caps, no photobiont, and I+ blue turning red in apothecial sections.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Chungcheongbuk-do, Danyang-gun, Danyang-eup, roadside, 36°59′12.29″ N, 128°22′9.30″ E, alt. 166 m, 23 Jul 2015, B. G. Lee, 152715 (KoLRI 037722), on Acer palmatum Thunb.
Arthonia ilicinella Nyl., Flora, Regensburg 50: 179 (1867) (Fig. 8C)
Description: Thallus corticolous, crustose, hypophloedal, white-to-brownish grayish white; prothallus indistinct; photobiont not detected. Apothecia simple, rounded, subangular, linear, or irregular, flat or slightly convex, and black; epihymenium brownish and up to 15 µm thick; hymenium hyaline or pale brown and up to 30 µm thick. Asci 27~31 × 21~24 µm; ascospores 3- or 4-septate, tip cells swollen, and 15~20 × 5~7.5 µm for 3-septate spores (n = 3) or 16~18 × 6 µm for 4-septate spores (n = 2).
Chemistry: K− or K+ pale green apothecial section.
Remarks: This species is characterized by irregularly rounded or elongated apothecia, 3- or 4- (5-)septate ascospores, enlarged end cells, a size of (16~) 18~23 × 7~9 µm, and larger pycnidia/conidia than those in A. stellaris.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Bogil-myeon, Buhwang-ri, Dongchun Suk-sil, 34°09′0.10′ N, 126°32′35.9″ E, alt. 49 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160194 (KoLRI 038339), on Camellia japonica; South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Bogil-myeon, Buhwang-ri, 11-3, Bogil Middle School, 34°10′05.9″ N, 126°33′50.5″ E, alt. 22 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160193 (KoLRI 038338), on Dendropanax morbiferus; South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Bogil-myeon, Buhwang-ri, 11-3, Bogil Middle School, 34°10′05.9″ N, 126°33′50.5″ E, alt. 22m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160270 (KoLRI 038338), on Camellia japonica.
Arthonia lapidicola (Taylor) Branth & Rostr., Bot. Tidsskr. 3: 245 (1869) (Fig. 8D)
Description: Thallus saxicolous, crustose, thin, granularly verrucose, more or less bumpy or smooth, appearing mainly along the groove on the rock, linearly continuous, discontinuous or isolated, creamy white to dirty olivish white, and photobiont green (coccoid). Apothecia semi-globose to globose, convex, brown to dark brown, single or aggregated, 0.1~0.2 mm in diameter; epihymenium olive-brown or pale brown and 5~10 µm thick; hymenium hyaline and 40~50 µm thick; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown and 100~110 µm thick. Paraphysoids with an anticlinally condroid arrangement, but some anastomosing, often with branching, 0.5~1.0 µm wide, tip swollen and light olive pigmented, and 1~2 µm wide. Asci clavate, 30~31 × 15~18 µm; 4-spored ascospores detected, 1-septate without constriction, no halo, and 10.5~13 × 3~6 µm (n = 6).
Chemistry: I+ vinose-red epihymenium/hymenium and I+ blue hypothecium.
Remarks: This saxicolous species is immersed to irregularly granular-verrucose, olivish creamy white thallus, semi-globose to globose, simple or sometimes aggregated, convex, dark brown to black apothecia, and 1-septate ascospores.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Gangwon-do, Samcheok-si, Geundeok-myeon, Gungchonhaebyeon-gil, seashore rocks, 37°19′43.68″ N, 129°16′12.36″ E, alt. 5m, 11 Jul 2015, S. Y. Kondratyuk & L. Lőkös, 151300 (KoLRI 034533), on siliceous rock.
Arthonia leioplacella Zahlbr., in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sinic. 3: 35 (1930) (Fig. 8E)
Description: Thallus corticolous, crustose, epiphloedal, thin, olive, and 60~70 µm thick; prothallus indistinct or brownish; photobiont trentepohlioid. Apothecia rounded to irregularly linear, erumpent, black, epruinose, and 0.2~1 mm in diameter; epihymenium brownish to dark brownish and 10~15 µm thick; hymenium hyaline to slightly brownish and 25~45 µm thick; hypothecium brown and 17~30 µm thick. Paraphysoids filiform, somewhat branched, approximately 1 µm wide, tips slightly swollen, and approximately 1.5 µm without pigment. Ascospores are 8-spored, 5- or 6-septate (rarely 7-septate), with second and/or third locules that are larger than the others and not constricted at septum, and 15~22.5 × 5~8 µm (n = 11).
Remarks: This species exhibits simple or lirellate apothecia, dark brown or brownish black hypothecium, 5- to 6-septate ascospores with two center locules distinctly larger than the others, and a slightly olivaceous thallus with thin black prothallus.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Gunoe-myeon, Daemun-ri, 9-5, Wando Arboretum, 34°21′30.4″ N, 126°39′53.3″ E, alt. 120 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160196 (KoLRI 038341), on Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray.
Arthonia pertabescens Nyl., Lich. Japon.: 85 (1890) (Fig. 8F)
Description: Thallus corticolous, crustose, hypophloedal, thin, and creamy white; prothallus indistinct; photobiont trentepohlioid. Apothecia rounded, subangular to irregular, covered by a bark layer, black, 0.3~0.6 mm in diameter, epruinose; epihymenium brown and 5~8 µm thick; hymenium hyaline to slightly brownish and 20~25 µm thick; hypothecium brownish and 10~15 µm thick. Ascospores 8-spored, usually 5-septate but sometimes 6- or 4-septate, locules equally divided and not constricted at septum, and 19~21.3 × 5.5~7.5 µm (n = 6).
Remarks: This species is distinguished by irregular, flat, and black apothecia up to 0.5~0.6 mm in diameter, brown hypothecium, 5- to 7-septate ascospores, and an indistinct or sometimes brown prothallus.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Hwasun-gun, Dongbuk-myeon, 35°02′40.84″ N, 127°10′31.07″ E, alt. 499 m, 6 Jun 2014, J. S. Park, 162857 (KoLRI 041095), on the bark of a deciduous tree.
Arthonia pinastri Anzi, Comm. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 159 (1862) (Fig. 8G)
Description: Thallus corticolous, crustose, hypophloedal, and dull brown; prothallus black; photobiont not detected. Apothecia rounded, flat to slightly convex, epruinose but sometimes powdery white from the bark layer, approximately 0.2 mm in diameter, 2~3 mm diameter as a colony, and 60~70 µm thick; epihymenium olive-brown or dark olive and 10~15 µm thick; hymenium hyaline and 18~20 µm thick; hypothecium indistinct, hyaline, or slightly pale yellowish and 5~10 µm thick; paraphysoids 0.5~1.0 µm wide, tips swollen without pigment, 1.5~2.0 µm wide, and not branching. Asci globose to obovate and 25~35 × 16~20 µm; ascospores 8-spored, 3-septate, locules equally divided, and 13~17.5 × 3~5 µm (n = 17).
Chemistry: C− thallus and apothecia. K− apothecial section.
Remarks: This species is distinct in rounded to irregularly branched, with black apothecia, light brown-tinged hypothecium, 3- (or 4-)septate ascospores with equally divided locules, and a smooth, thin, ashy white thallus without a photobiont.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Jeollabuk-do, Imsil-gun, Deukchi-myun, Mt. Hoemun, 35°30′46.2″ N, 127°07′56.2″ E, alt. 473 m, 19 Jun 2015, B. G. Lee, 152689 (KoLRI 037696), on Fraxinus sieboldiana.
Arthonia spadicea Leight., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2 13: 442 (1854) (Fig. 8H)
Remarks: This species is characterized by rounded, red-brown to blackish (deep red-brown when moist) apothecia without branching, a reddish hypothecium, 1-septate ascospores, and a dark gray or blackish gray thallus.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Seo-myeon, Namyang-ri, Seonginbong, 37°29′31.9″ N, 130°53′07.3″ E, alt. 576 m, 8 Jul 2016, B. G. Lee, 162855 (KoLRI 041093), on a dead Sorbus commixta Hedl.; South Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Seo-myeon, Namyang-ri, Seonginbong, 37°29′40.6″ N, 130°52′26.2″ E, alt. 855 m, 8 Jul 2016, B. G. Lee, 162856 (KoLRI 041094), on Cornus walteri Wangerin; South Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Seo-myeon, Namyang-ri, Seonginbong, 37°29′31.9″ N, 130°53′07.3″ E, 576 m, 8 Jul 2016, S. Y. Kondratiuk & L. Lőkös, 161395 (KoLRI 039603), on a dead Sorbus commixta.
Arthonia stellaris Kremp., Denkschr. Kgl. Bayer. Bot. Ges., Abt. 2 4: 296 (1861) (Fig. 8I)
Description: Thallus corticolous, crustose, hypophloedal, thin, and white with pale fawn; prothallus indistinct or brownish to blackish; photobiont not found. Apothecia rounded to subangular in the beginning, and developing to stellate, brownish black to blackish, epruinose but covered by a white bark layer, and 0.2~1.2 mm in diameter; epihymenium brownish to olivish and 5~10 µm thick; hymenium olivish hyaline and 10~15 µm thick; hypothecium olivish hyaline to dark and 10~15 µm thick. Paraphysoids anastomosing, approximately 0.5 µm wide, tip with little swelling or not swollen, and up to 1 µm wide. Asci globose to obovoid, 25~28 × 21~25 µm; ascospores 8-spored, mainly 3-septate, rarely 2-septate or non-septate, upper cell larger than others, and 14~17.3 × 5.5~6.5 µm (n = 6).
Chemistry: C-apothecial sections.
Remarks: This species is distinct in having linear or more usually irregularly branched to stellate, red-brown to brown-black apothecia and (2-) 3- or 4-septate ascospores with enlarged end cells.
Specimen examined: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Gunoe-myeon, Daemun-ri, 9-5, Wando Arboretum, 34°21′30.4′ N, 126°39′53.3″ E, alt. 120 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160198 (KoLRI 038343), on Ilex rotunda Thunb.; South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Gunoe-myeon, Daemun-ri, 9-5, Wando Arboretum, 34°21′38.3″ N, 126°39′39.6″ E, alt. 85 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160195 (KoLRI 038340), on Toona sinensis (Juss.) M. Roem.; South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Gunoe-myeon, Daemun-ri, 9-5, Wando Arboretum, 34°21′38.3″ N, 126°39′39.6″ E, alt. 85 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160279 (KoLRI 038424), on Camellia japonica; South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Bogil-myeon, Buhwang-ri, Dongchun Suk-sil, 34°09′0.10″ N, 126°32′35.9″ E, alt. 49 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160192 (KoLRI 038337), on Camellia japonica; South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Suncheon-si, Seungju-eup, Jukhak-ri, San 802, Seonam-sa Temple, 34°59′38.94″ N, 127°20′08.84″ E, alt. 201 m, 23 Jul 2016, B. G. Lee, 162858 (KoLRI 041096), on Quercus myrsinifolia Blume; South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Wando-gun, Bogil-myeon, 34°10′03.95″ N, 126°34′17.37″ E, alt. 7 m, 7 May 2016, B. G. Lee, 160269-2 (KoLRI 038414), on Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.
Key to the species of Arthonia in North East Asia (47 taxa)
1 Lichenicolous ... 2
Not lichenicolous ... 5
2(1) Hypothecium dark brown or blackish brown; epihymenium dark brown, on Rinodina species ... A. rinodinicola
Hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; epihymenium pale olive brown to brown ... 3
3(2) On Caloplaca or Xanthoria species ... 4
On Rhizoplaca species; asci 28~33 × 14~17 mm ... A. clemens
On Phaeophyscia species; asci 35~45 × 16~20 µm ... A. phaeophysciae
4(3) Ascospores 1-septate; asci 35~43 × 17~20 µm, 4- to 8-spored ... A. molendoi
Ascospores 3-septate; on Xanthoria parietina, but usually on bark ... A. varia
5(1) Foliicolous, saxicolous or terricolous ... 6
Corticolous ... 14
6(5) Foliicolous ... 7
Saxicolous or terricolous ... 11
7(6) Ascospores grayish brown when mature ... 8
Ascospores colorless when mature ... 10
8(7) K+ purple on thallus; ascospores 1-septate; usually on bark ... A. vinosa
K− on thallus; ascospores 2-septate ... 9
9(8) Apothecia blackish brown to black, usually rounded to oval, naked or with a very thin, indistinct, marginal pruina; ascospores 11~19 (~24) × 4~6 (~9) µm, 3~3.5 times as long as broad ... A. trilocularis
Apothecia blackish brown with a purplish tinge, irregularly angular, with a thin but distinct marginal pruina which sometimes spreads over the apothecial surface; ascospores 13~19 × 2.5~4.5 µm, 3~5 times as long as broad ... A. fuscocyanea
10(7) Apothecia light to dark brown, non-pruinose; ascospores consistently 2-septate, 11~16 × 3~5 µm ... A. accolens
Apothecia dark greenish gray but with a whitish pruina which gives them a conspicuous bluish tinge; ascospores variably 2- to 4-septate, 11~25 (~29) × 3.5~6.5 (~8) µm ... A. cyanea
11(6) Saxicolous ... 12
Terricolous; thick thallus; dark brown hypothecium; ascospores single to 1-septate, hyaline ... A. glebosa
12(11) Thallus foliose, thick ... A. rufidula
Thallus crustose, thin ... 13
13(12) Thallus rimose-cracked, thin; apothecia slit, lirellate, simple, branched or stellate, 0.6~1.2 (~2) × (0.1~) 0.15~0.3 mm; ascospores 3-septate, 16~20 (~24) × 4~5 (~6.5) µm; especially on limestone ... A. calcarea
Thallus partly immersed to irregularly scurfy granular-verrucose, thin; apothecia globose, simple, convex, dark brown to black, not branched, (0.1~) 0.2~0.4 (~0.5) mm; ascospores 1-septate, 11~15 (~18) × 4~7 µm; on limestone or basalt ... A. lapidicola
14(5) Apothecia brownish black or black ... 15
Apothecia colored, not just brownish or blackish ... 41
15(14) Ascospores 1-septate ... 16
Ascospores 2-septate or multi-septate ... 19
16(15) Apothecia rounded, not branching ... 17
Apothecia curved or flexuose, often branching ... A. excipienda
17(16) Apothecia up to 1~1.5 mm; thallus dark gray or blackish gray; K− on thallus ... 18
Apothecia 0.2~0.6 mm; thallus white to pale fawn; K+ purple on thallus ... A. vinosa
18(17) Apothecia 0.75~1 mm; ascospores 20~23 × 7~9 µm ... A. henoniana
Apothecia 0.2~1.5 mm; ascospores 7~11 × 3~4 µm ... A. spadicea
19(15) Ascospores 2-septate, sometimes 1-septate, 11~12 × 4.5~5 µm; apothecia sub-angular or irregularly stellate; thallus whitish macular ... A. biseptella
Ascospores 3-septate or more ... 20
20(19) Ascospores 3-septate ... 21
Ascospores more than 3-septate ... 27
21(20) Thallus bleached as whitish or grayish macular ... 22
Thallus not bleaching ... 24
22(21) Apothecia stellate, few radiate; ascospores bigger, 17~19 × 6~7 µm ... A. astropica
Apothecia linear, round or thinly stellate; ascospores smaller, 12~17 × 4.5~6 µm ... 23
23(22) Apothecia linear, round to irregular, flat, not branching; ascospores 12~17 × (3~) 4.5~6 µm; thallus light gray; on bark or sometimes on Xanthoria parietina ... A. varia
Apothecia divided or thinly stellate, erumpent, dendritically branching; ascospores 15~17 × 5~6 µm; thallus white macular; on bark only ... A. varia var. stenograpella
24(21) Locules unequal, apical cell enlarged; thallus cinnamon-gray, shiny ... A. schoepfiae
Locules equally divided; thallus whitish or grayish ... 25
25(24) Photobiont present, chlorococooid; apothecia rounded to subangular; ascospores 7.4~18 × 3.8~5.1 µm; I+ blue on apothecial section ... A. zelkovae
Photobiont absent; apothecia rounded to irregular branched ... 26
26(25) Apothecia brown, distinctly pruinose; I+ blue turning red on apothecial section; hypothecium hyaline; paraphysoidal tips not thickened, without distinct pigment caps ... A. glaucella
Apothecia black, usually epruinose; I+ persistently blue on apothecial section; hypothecium tinged light brownish; paraphysoidal tip cells slightly thickened, with apical pigment caps ... A. pinastri
27(20) Ascospores up to 5-septate ... 28
Ascospores 5-septate or more ... 37
28(27) Apothecia rounded to substellate; ascospores less than 20 µm long ... 29
Apothecia mostly rounded or orbicular to angular, sometimes linear to stellate; ascospores over 20 µm long at maximum ... 32
29(28) Apothecia rounded; thallus yellowish gray; Ascospores 11~15 × 5~6 µm; on Rhus vernix ... A. vernicis
Apothecia various, rounded, lirellate or stellate; thallus whitish gray to greenish gray ... 30
30(29) Heavily blue-gray or whitish pruinose on apothecia; ascospore end cell noticeably enlarged ... A. cinereopruinosa
Epruinose or almost not pruinose on apothecia; ascospore cells equal and end cell not enlarged ... 31
31(30) Ascospores 3- to 4-septate, 15~20 × 4.5~6 µm; I+ blue on hymenium ... A. radiata
Ascospores 4- to 5-septate, 14~16 × 4~6 µm; I+ purplish red on hymenium ... A. taediosula
32(28) Locules unequal, end cells or center cells enlarged; spores larger, 16~32 × 6~12 µm ... 33
Locules equal, certain cells not enlarged; spores smaller, 13~23 × 4~7 µm ... 36
33(32) Ascospores usually 5-septate; apothecia rounded, angular or sometimes elongated ... 34
Ascospores usually 3- or 4-septate; apothecia irregularly rounded to elongated or stellate ... 5
34(33) Ascospores usually 5-septate, sometimes 4- or 6-septate, one or both spore end cells enlarged, 22~32 × (6~) 9~12 µm; apothecia round, somethimes elongated up to 1.2 mm, flat to convex, black with yellow tinge, 0.3~0.7 (~1.5) mm diam.; thallus smooth to rough and chinky, greenish gray to white ... A. complanata
Ascospores consistently 5-septate, two intermediate cells greater than else, 20~26 × 6.5~8 µm; apothecia orbicular or angular, not radiant, flat, black, 0.15~0.25 mm diam.; thallus smooth, gray-white macular formed ... A. gregantula
35(33) Apothecia irregularly rounded or elongated, 0.1~0.6 mm diam.; ascospores 3- or 4-(5-)septate, (16~) 18~23 × 7~9 µm; pycnidia 60~80 µm, pycnoconidia 7~9 × 1 µm ... A. ilicinella
Apothecia linear, or more usually irregularly branched to stellate, up to 2 mm diam.; ascospores (2-) 3- or 4-septate, (13~) 16~22 (~24) × (5~) 6~7 (~9) µm; pycnidia 40~60 µm; pycnoconidia 4.5~5.5 × 0.5~1 µm ... A. stellaris
36(32) Ascospores usually 3-septate (sometimes up to 5-septate), 13~23 × 4~7 µm; I+ dark vinose-red on hymenium ... A. punctiformis
Ascospores mostly 4-septate, 15.5~21.3 × 4.5~6.3 µm; I+ blue on epihymenium and hymenium and I+ vinose-red on ascus and spores ... A. coreana
37(27) Prothallus with black thin line; apothecia lirellate to sublinear ... 38
Prothallus indistinct or sometimes with brown line; apothecia rounded to substellate ... 39
38(37) Ascospores 5- to 6-septate, two center locules distinctly larger, 21~24 × 6~7 µm; asci 8-spored; thallus slightly olivaceous, shiny ... A. leioplacella
Ascospores 4- to 8-septate, end cell enlarged, 28~37 × 8~12 µm; asci 4- to 6-spored; thallus milky-white macular ... A. linearis
39(37) Hypothecium indistinct or ± hyaline; epihymenium blackish; ascospores 5- to 6-septate, (13~) 18~23 × 5~8 µm; apothecia 0.01~0.3 (up to 1~1.5) mm ... A. reniformis
Hypothecium brownish; epihymenium brownish; ascospores over 6-septate at the maximum ... 40
40(39) Ascospores 5- to 7-septate, 18~24 × 6~8 µm; apothecia 0.5~0.6 mm; epihymenium brownish; hypothecium ± brownish ... A. pertabescens
Ascospores 5 to 8 transeversely septate and 1 to 3 longitudinally septate, muriform, (15~) 17~24 (~26) × 7~9.5 (~10.5) µm; apothecia 1.6 (~2) mm; epihymenium dark red- brown; hypothecium dark red-brownin ... A. ruana
41(14) Ascospores 3- to 7-septate, less than 40 µm in length ... 42
Ascospores 9- to 13-septate, over 40 µm in length ... A. ochropallens
42(41) Apothecia pruinose, violet-brown or brown with purple-red pigment ... 43
Apothecia epruinose, cinnamon or pale yellow ... 44
43(42) Apothecia violet-brown with grayish white pruina at margin; Ascospores usually 5-septate, 21~24 (~28) × 7~8 µm ... A. adspersa
Apothecia brown to blackish with cinnabar-red pruina at margin and white pruina in center; Ascospres 3- to 5-septate (up to 7-septate), 20~33 × 5.5~11 µm ... A. cinnabarina (infraspecific taxa are not included)
44(42) Apothecia pale straw-yellow ... 45
Apothecia cinnamon or somewhat red-brown ... A. lopingensis
45(44) Pycnidia among apothecia, I+ purplish red on hymenium ... A. perpallens (A. antillarum f. spermogonifera)
Pycnidia unknown ... 46
46(45) Apothecia adnate and distinctly convex; prothallus indistinct or pale yellowish; I+ vinose-red or orangish red on hymenium; UV− or UV+ whitish on thallus ... A. superpallens
Apothecia innate and almost flat; prothallus thin, blackish; I+ blue on hymenium; UV+ orange to red on apothecia ... 47
47(46) I+ blue on hymenium UV+ orangish on apothecia (indicative of lichexanthone); apothecia smaller, 0.4~0.5 mm ... A. antillarum
UV+ reddish on apothecia (indicative of xanthone); apothecia larger and less branched, 0.3~0.7 mm ... A. parantillarum
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was conducted under a three-year project entitled “Graduate Program for the Undiscovered Taxa” funded by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), South Korea, since 2015. We thank Dalip K. Upreti and Santosh Joshi in the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India for providing an internship on Arthonia in India and sharing specimens.
References
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