A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio.

Nacoulma BMI; Schmidt M; Hahn K; Thiombiano A

doi:10.3897/bdj.8.e54205

A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio.

Affiliations

1. Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso.
Authors
Nacoulma BMI¹
Thiombiano A¹
(2 authors)
2. Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt am Main Germany.
Authors
Schmidt M²
(1 author)
3. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany.
Authors
Hahn K³
(1 author)

ORCIDs linked to this article

Biodiversity Data Journal, 03 Jul 2020, 8:e54205
https://doi.org/10.3897/bdj.8.e54205 PMID: 32714013 PMCID: PMC7351797

Articles in the Open Access Subset are available under a Creative Commons license. This means they are free to read, and that reuse is permitted under certain circumstances. There are six different Creative Commons licenses available, see the copyright license for this article to understand what type of reuse is permitted.

Free full text in Europe PMC

Abstract

Background

The W National Park and its two hunting zones represent a unique ecosystem in Burkina Faso for biodiversity conservation. This study aims at providing a detailed view of the current state of the floristic diversity as a baseline for future projects aiming at protecting and managing its resources. We combined intensive inventories and distribution records from vegetation plots, photo records and herbarium collections.

New information

This is the first comprehensive checklist of vascular plants of the Burkina Faso part of the transborder W National Park. With 721 documented species including 19 species new to Burkina Faso, the Burkina Faso part of the W National Park is, so far, the nature reserve with most plant species in Burkina Faso. To a large extent, this may be assigned to its high habitat diversity and moderate degree of disturbance, but also to a relatively large area within an even larger complex of neighbouring protected areas, as well as comprehensive spatial, ecological and seasonal sampling efforts. However, as a World Heritage Site and regarding the current general context of insecurity, the W National Park and the entire WAP Complex require more international attention in order to ensure its conservation.

Free full text

Biodivers Data J. 2020; 8: e54205.

Published online 2020 Jul 3. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54205

PMCID: PMC7351797

PMID: 32714013

A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio

Blandine M. I. Nacoulma,¹ Marco Schmidt,^2,³ Karen Hahn,⁴ and Adjima Thiombiano¹

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer

Abstract

Background

New information

Keywords: plant diversity, new species, flora of Burkina Faso, protected areas, WAP Complex, West Africa

Introduction

In times of growing land use pressure in West Africa, protected areas play an increasingly important role in the conservation of wildlife as well as plant species (Clerici et al. 2007, Zoungrana et al. 2018). The W-Arly-Pendjari Complex (WAP Complex) is the largest transborder complex of West African nature reserves shared amongst the three countries Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger and a World Heritage Site of the UNESCO (UNESCO World Heritage Committee 2017). The three partner countries seek to further optimise and formalise joint management systems for the regional park, which are already partially in place (Miller et al. 2015). Remote sensing studies (Schulte to Bühne et al. 2017) showed vegetation cover within the protected areas to remain relatively stable, while decreasing in the surroundings between 2000 and 2013. Due to agricultural expansion and intensification, especially in the context of cotton farming, the WAP Complex is becoming increasingly isolated (Clerici et al. 2007, Konrad 2015), leaving little space for near-natural habitats in the surrounding communal area, being composed of croplands, fallows of different ages and only few savannas in sites unsuitable for agriculture.

The complex is well-known for its role in the conservation of large mammals and typical Sudanian savanna ecosystems (e.g. Thiombiano et al. 2010, Thiombiano and Kampmann 2010, see next paragraph for more details). It is a continuous area of nine protected areas which include the trinational complex of W Regional Park (named after the course of the river Niger forming a “W” in this area), Arly National Park in Burkina Faso and Pendjari National Park in Benin connected and enlarged by protected areas of other categories and hunting reserves (Konrad 2015).

The wildlife, especially the large mammals (Lamarque 2004) and birds (Balança et al. 2007) of the WAP Complex, is well documented. Likewise, the flora of W National Park of Niger (Mahamane 2005), Arly (Ouédraogo et al. 2011), Pama (Mbayngone et al. 2008) and Pendjari (Assédé et al. 2012) have recently been documented by published checklists. The flora of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, however, remained scarcely and poorly documented.

The present checklist has been produced to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive and detailed view of the floristic diversity of the W National Park including the surrounding hunting reserves in Burkina Faso as a baseline for future projects aiming at protecting and managing the resources of the WAP Complex. We assume that the core area has a high plant diversity due to the geographical and climatic setting, as well as the diversity of its habitats.

Materials and methods

Study area

The W National Park (235,000 ha) and its two hunting reserves, Kondio (also called Kourtiagou 51,000 ha) and Tapoa Djerma (30,000 ha) are located in eastern Burkina Faso, between 12.4° and 11.4° N and 1.8° and 2.4° E (Fig. (Fig.1).1). The W National Park in Burkina Faso, together with its equivalents in Benin and Niger, constitute a transfrontier park that is designated “wetland of international importance” under the Ramsar Convention in 2007. Altogether, they are part of the larger W-Arly-Pendjari transfrontier complex shared amongst the three countries Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger and one of the most important West African transboundary Biosphere Reserves of UNESCO-MAB.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g001.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/397334

Figure 1.

Map of W National Park in Burkina Faso and adjacent hunting zones with georeferenced occurrence records, considering different geomorphological units.

The national park belongs to IUCN Category II, whereas the hunting reserves belong to Category IV. Both categories act to protect large terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as threatened and rare species (both fauna and flora), serving as refuges and enhancing resilience. The National Park and the hunting zones are managed by prescribed fires ignited in October or November every year to mitigate the effect of accidental late fire and also to stimulate an off-season re-growth of perennial herbs for wildlife and to open the vegetation and increase the visibility of animals for tourists.

The W National Park and the two adjacent hunting zones of Burkina Faso are located in the Sahelo-Sudanian climate zone with an average rainfall of 750 to 950 mm, annual mean temperatures between 26 and 29°C and a dry season of 6-7 months. It belongs to the Pendjari-Mekrou biogeographical sector, shared between the Volta basin in its southern part and the Niger basin in the north. In the central western part of W National Park, eastern outliers of the Gobnangou range reach into the park and eastern outliers of the Atakora mountains are located on the southern edge of Kondio reserve and W National Park. The largest rivers in the reserves are the Mekrou on the eastern border and the Tapoa in the north, both tributaries of the Niger. In addition to the artificial water points, there are also numerous natural pools, with permanent and/or temporary water regimes (PNUD 2004). The vegetation is composed of a mosaic of various types of savannas i.e. woodland, grass, shrub and tree savanna, dry and gallery forests (Fontès and Guinko 1995), mostly distributed along elevation and soil gradients (Nacoulma et al. 2011) .

Data collection and management

The checklist is a result of extensive field surveys by the first author during the years 2007-2010, (622 records from a species list based on 369 vegetation plots; Nacoulma 2012), as well as photo records (545 records; Dressler et al. 2014, Schmidt et al. 2016) and herbarium collections from the W National Park, including the herbaria of OUA, FR (733 and 583 records via their respective collection databases) and WAG (five records via GBIF). The vegetation plots followed standard sizes of 10 m x 10 m for the herb layer and 10 m x 50 m or 30 m x 30 m for the woody layer shown to be suitable for the characterisation of Sudanian savanna vegetation by Hahn-Hadjali (1998) and Ouédraogo (2006). They were taken mostly during the end of the rainy season (September-October) in order to maximise the number of flowering individuals for identification. The smaller plots for herbs were randomly located inside the corresponding plots for woody plants. The locations were chosen by a stratified random design using satellite images and soil maps to best represent the geomorphological units (colluvial plains: 5, floodplain: 17, lower slope glacis: 45, mid-slope glacis: 101, upper slope glacis: 54, hardpan hillocks: 18, hardpan glacis: 73, shallows: 31, sandstone hills: 25) and vegetation types (woodland: 39, gallery forest: 17, savanna woodland: 58, tree savanna: 92, shrub savanna: 134, grass savanna: 29) following the definitions of the Yangambi conference (Conseil Scientifique pour l'Afrique au Sud du Sahara 1956), while taking accessibility into account (see Fig. Fig.11 for the plot locations and geomorphological units). Herbarium and photo records were partly taken during the afore-mentioned work on vegetation plots, partly during collecting expeditions for the assessment of Burkina Faso's flora, focussing on previously under-sampled habitats (van der Burgt et al. 2010) and in the course of other research in the area with different focus (Erpenbach et al. 2012, Schumann et al. 2016, Zwarg et al. 2012). For data analysis, all these records have been combined into an MS Access database. Species concepts and synonymy, as well as families, follow Thiombiano et al. (2012) and, for orthographic corrections of primary data, we used the Taxonomic Name Resolution Service (TNRS; http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org). In order to identify species new to the flora of Burkina Faso, we compared the total floristic list of the study area to the catalogue of Burkina Faso‘s vascular plants (Thiombiano et al. 2012), supplemented by new species records from Schmidt (2018). Introduced species have been identified using a list extracted from Thiombiano et al. (2012), based upon distribution notes and contributed to the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (Schmidt et al. 2020).

Species identification

Species have been identified using the Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson and Dalziel 1972), Flore Analytique du Bénin (Akoegninou et al. 2006), as well as group-specific literature for grasses (Poilecot 1995, Poilecot 1999), orchids (Perez-Vera 2003) and woody plants (Arbonnier 2000) in combination with online guides such as African Plants - a photo guide (Dressler et al. 2014) and the herbarium collections of Ouagadougou University (OUA) and Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR).

Notes on the checklist

The list is arranged alphabetically by family and species. Synonyms are only given if these have been used in our primary data in herbarium, vegetation plot or photo records. Herbarium records are given with collector and collector’s number, followed in parentheses by herbarium code and herbarium number. Photo records are marked with APPG (African Plants - a photo guide: Dressler et al. 2014) and the photo ID within the guide’s website and database. New country records are specifically mentioned as "New species record for Burkina Faso". Introduced species are marked by "(introduced)" following the distribution type.

Checklists

Vascular plants of W National Park, Burkina Faso and adjacent hunting zones

Acanthaceae

204FA951-7615-5CD3-83E0-EBCF61B4A24C

Blepharis linariifolia

Pers.

034D5643-5B59-50BC-BD73-65BCA4D424A9

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (APPG-3817)

Blepharis maderaspatensis

Hypoestes verticillaris (L.f.) Sol. ex Roem. & Schult.

15B93C9C-E8E8-5556-9F4F-E93276DC2934

Achyranthes aspera

669DB67E-7AD6-53EB-8F91-B8FBB8549D2A

Achyranthes argentea Lam.

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Zwarg 45 (FR)

Alternanthera sessilis

(L.) R.Br. ex DC.

635A5BC9-1DE9-55F7-B934-7442A95C8744

Distribution

Pluriregional African

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 194 (OUA-13557)

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-70154)

Ozoroa obovata

(Oliv.) R. Fern. & A. Fern.

71051F27-A73C-5ADE-ACF2-97DE9A4705D9

Ozoroa insignis Delile

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007479)

Ozoroa pulcherrima

(Schweinf.) R.Fern. & A.Fern.

BABBE2EC-8563-599A-8EDE-ECE74AC3AE50

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte

Rhus crenulata

A.Rich.

470A4DA3-6528-53D7-A737-3F6E1C2C39BE

Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex C.Krauss

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Thiombiano et al. 3308 (OUA)

Sclerocarya birrea

(A.Rich.) Hochst.

DAB53860-8648-516B-8E2E-30320FD7BE47

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Katharina Schumann (APPG-2342)

Spondias mombin

34648D34-1FEB-57F7-85A6-0C3CD4FBD5C2

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083341)

Cryptolepis oblongifolia

(Meisn.) Schltr.

B33083A9-099A-5D3D-A307-66380A831044

Ectadiopsis oblongifolia (Meisn.) B.D.Jacks.

Baker

19376500-9B0E-551B-B09D-50E51DC8D67F

Distribution

Guineo-Congolian

Notes

Life Form: hydrophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-70417); New species record for Burkina Faso.

Araceae

2B7619C4-F9C9-5577-993F-E4BDCAACCD58

Amorphophallus abyssinicus

(A.Rich.) N.E.Br.

BF9E2BF0-8CA1-5E89-B2C4-4A1E1BA8343F

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-69725)

Amorphophallus baumannii

(Engl.) N.E.Br.

8A91AA9C-4162-5F4F-BEE7-5ADC7254616F

Amorphophallus flavovirens N.E.Br.

Urginea nigritana Baker

Urginea altissima (L.f.) Baker

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: hemicryptophyte

Drimiopsis barteri

Baker

6C32A654-2589-58AB-B992-97D90BFE6396

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-70165); New species record for Burkina Faso.

Eriospermum flagelliforme

(Baker) J.C.Manning

BB2A28C4-0F6E-5D31-8CF8-555038996E90

Eriospermum abyssinicum Baker

DC.

631D228C-8ADE-5980-843C-4DD935109FB7

Distribution

Afro-Malagasy (introduced)

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schmidt (APPG-4421)

Aedesia glabra

(Klatt) O.Hoffm.

B5D57803-4DFF-5126-89B2-DB1F88032515

Aedesia baumannii O.Hoffm.

Distribution

Guineo-Congolian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte

30B63F12-875F-5362-B7F5-775941AFB21F

Distribution

Sudanian (introduced)

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Blumea crispata

(Vahl) Merxm.

3A7123FE-C025-5226-A2C5-AB6C068D1435

Distribution

Pluriregional African

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 85 (OUA-13449)

Blumea oloptera

DC.

AC64987D-0BA0-5AE0-B086-736D46B52E70

Laggera oloptera (DC.) C.D.Adams

Vernonia purpurea Sch.Bip. ex Walp.

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 36 (OUA-13401)

Macledium sessiliflorum

(Harv.) S.Ortiz

D9415725-A890-554C-93A0-380848ED3D97

Dicoma sessiliflora Harv.

Pantropical (introduced)

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083331)

Vernonia colorata

(Willd.) Drake

534B0493-89BE-5F81-BC97-5B861A53DBFC

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007421)

Vernonia pumila

(Vell.) Cabrera

598BF7E9-4405-5731-9FA6-E3EFE0660B61

40EDB8AA-9442-525C-BBA1-5EC29BB1D7AB

Cochlospermum planchonii

Hook.f. ex Planch.

874339AD-5B80-53FF-BA41-2578AAE0ADE9

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Zwarg 83 (FR)

Cochlospermum tinctorium

Perrier ex A.Rich.

A66346EF-7EC2-55FE-AA1D-BFA004381568

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-69817)

Boraginaceae

933669E2-77F9-5BA5-859A-0589E5400DFA

Euploca strigosa

(Willd.) Diane & Hilger

340E7017-FC3F-52E9-BD58-899FBA77EA32

Heliotropium strigosum Willd.

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 4476 (OUA-17054)

Heliotropium indicum

46F49ABA-E8CF-5F59-BC86-1D526EBC18A1

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-70063)

Rotula aquatica

Lour.

6D941A2C-497F-514D-A937-67C987880574

EB98B4B0-931B-5977-888A-6A6EB22F7752

Wahlenbergia hirsuta

(Edgew.) Tuyn

2B31BC06-9200-5AB9-986A-7FA2651DD3C7

Distribution

Afro-American

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083327)

Cannabaceae

781105EC-B646-5A52-9086-01CA829BE048

Trema orientalis

(L.) Blume

68D435EC-4185-5094-A26C-568503EE9474

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (OUA-17195)

Celastraceae

586360A1-78E8-5AAA-AF8D-07F9137CE2B4

Gymnosporia senegalensis

(Lam.) Loes.

6F74ABB9-3ADB-576E-A3BF-05AE705CF1AC

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Zwarg 103 (FR)

Loeseneriella africana

(Willd.) R.Wilczek

7E9B62D3-623A-5D7B-8D43-2F340279435C

56C21E69-1696-5755-BCB1-C9137F6D7B48

Cleome viscosa

5E24A1C3-A8FA-5019-84B5-61D127805064

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Clusiaceae

6206D7E7-E6F0-55F6-A876-F114DC726FC0

Garcinia livingstonei

Terminalia engleri Gere & Boatwr.

D081128D-8CE7-5510-A116-AFFFB8416721

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083310)

Costaceae

255A4212-E6DD-5199-8EEF-DA40A9A2D9CA

Costus spectabilis

(Fenzl) K.Schum.

7306EE76-E02D-547D-98F2-4A864F68EF10

F4F9CE63-2BB0-5ABE-BB2E-C584A077C31A

Citrullus lanatus

(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai

FE514448-B43F-56A9-8AD8-868A6F3BAF17

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Cucumis maderaspatanus

8C105DEC-14A3-5293-B28A-D5BDE46F07C2

Cucumis maderaspatanus Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem.

Ascolepis protea

Welw.

F1016488-601A-5AF3-9A13-8FCA2AC92C48

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: hemicryptophyte

Bulbostylis abortiva

(Steud.) C.B.Clarke

16930929-04E1-5894-A258-0FE1FF03A8A2

Abildgaardia abortiva (Steud.) Lye

Distribution

Pluriregional African

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Zwarg 5 (FR-25005)

Bulbostylis cioniana

(Pi.Savi) Lye

D8E25CCE-440E-5BB9-A67F-B3B8BE593D1A

Distribution

Pluriregional African

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Bulbostylis coleotricha

(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) C.B.Clarke

F697A441-B224-5E30-9CB2-3198B24CC140

Abildgaardia coleotricha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Lye

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Bulbostylis densa

956DC1E3-9009-5768-B74E-27CD73D9932E

Mariscus alternifolius Vahl

Schoenoplectiella senegalensis Scirpus jacobii C.E.C. Fisch.

BFE6F624-0F17-5CC3-82E2-BCDBC791692F

Dioscorea lecardii De Wild.

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 63 (OUA-13428)

Tacca leontopetaloides

(L.) Kuntze

0C6B51D6-CC6C-5650-99B4-A01E80FBF652

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Georg Zizka (APPG-5658)

Dipterocarpaceae

32AE6EEC-32AD-5F03-ABEA-EAAE8225C14A

Monotes kerstingii

Gilg

A7CB32CA-6D92-58FF-B06F-85DCC0976319

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Thiombiano et al. 3306 (OUA)

Droseraceae

CFC4231C-708F-55F8-82AD-2E8346E8F090

Drosera indica

9DEDB0F8-ECD1-5F2A-A84B-63C942B31C3F

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 231 (OUA-17070)

Ebenaceae

8986F0F8-D1AA-50F7-A192-527FC9E03E61

Diospyros mespiliformis

Hochst. ex A.DC.

2F0D663A-DB1E-5921-9FE1-D375836F13F4

Abrus melanospermus

Hassk.

C1C03890-1C0B-50A9-A703-73F205933247

Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thwaites

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 137 (OUA-13501)

818A3755-B700-5FEC-91A9-6A0E60A9F6AA

Distribution

Cosmopolitan

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007492); New species record for Burkina Faso.

(Desv.)J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema

548DE0BC-61DE-5FF8-931E-B7237AB76844

Swartzia madagascariensis Desv.

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Zwarg 23 (FR)

Cassia mimosoides

D7DFA28A-377C-54F0-9FB8-C4DEF022A149

Cassia mimosoides Chamaecrista pratensis (R.Vig.)Du Puy

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Zwarg 13 (FR)

Cassia nigricans

Vahl

24571310-66E5-5320-A0B9-ED7781F020A8

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083240)

Indigofera trita

L.f.

9E6451BE-647F-5030-8534-2BF23B53764B

Indigofera subulata Vahl ex Poir.

62AD84D3-EF62-53D0-BFB4-1661F81C8480

Aganope stuhlmannii (Taub.) Adema

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-70437)

Zornia glochidiata

DC.

8F0AE95A-80E7-5E35-9CE0-4B7A6CA4F93A

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Zwarg 41 (FR)

Gentianaceae

2A84260C-092B-5D6F-B202-8601C6CA1C8C

Canscora diffusa

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 26 (OUA-13392)

Gladiolus gregarius

Welw. ex Baker

08D74780-56D8-5AD2-B8C2-CC0CB8C74D4A

Gladiolus klattianus Hutch.

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 69 (OUA-13433)

Gladiolus unguiculatus

Baker

36ECC486-65FF-5CDC-A00B-4FA9CE539D86

Distribution

Pluriregional African

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-70039); New species record for Burkina Faso.

Isoetaceae

F18514C3-C1B6-51DF-81B0-61BF80774993

Isoetes nigritiana

A. Braun

61596EB1-E48B-5D87-92FC-FA6FB0650AE6

A85C3F45-E335-5844-9748-10620161414B

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083214)

Platostoma africanum

Forssk.

1527E2E2-5B6A-553D-B603-31F3871A5288

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 4488 (OUA-17066)

Utricularia stellaris

L.f.

C3F821DC-56D2-55FF-8D8B-D4D3D05606EC

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: hydrophyte; Voucher: Zizka (APPG-3900)

Linderniaceae

826528B5-6677-50D5-B4D9-907BAAACD05A

Lindernia exilis

Philcox

A81FE126-FB9B-562A-958E-0D1E4AFBF5C8

Ilysanthes gracilis Skan

1664674A-4D7C-5AFA-B13A-E07BAEFB7498

Agelanthus dodoneifolius

(DC.) Polhill & Wiens

BEC5F62E-F059-5323-834F-0E7CB946B15C

Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Danser

Willd.

CB1B23BD-5959-5915-AFEF-7F7405694EB2

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007399)

9DE6151A-DCF7-5757-8D17-F575B7441190

Abutilon pannosum

(G.Forst.) Schltdl.

3018F9F8-8DF4-5F3F-8FA9-3D06E358C0A4

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083206)

Abutilon ramosum

(Cav.) Guill. & Perr.

0D56EF36-44FD-5522-AE3A-2E346A1377C8

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte

9DDCBF3A-F06B-51B9-BC7A-CC317A2437BE

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Sterculia setigera

Delile

416E85E7-D561-5DD3-ACF5-DF0360C33D2C

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007476)

Triumfetta rhomboidea

Jacq.

6CE2F615-D6E0-5A9C-9F0E-37809CB2CE8F

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Zwarg 20 (FR)

Waltheria indica

E2403B7A-627A-594D-B284-9B74ACB9F30F

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Zwarg 19 (FR)

Wissadula rostrata

(Schumach. & Thonn.) Planch.

27B35593-084A-5B2C-8CD7-FCCE524EF186

Wissadula amplissima (L.) R.E.Fr.

Distribution

Afro-American

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Zwarg 22 (FR)

Marantaceae

30F2298F-C82F-5DFE-AC4F-5ED46DF561FA

Thalia geniculata

ACA93D69-3052-5F2E-A696-49791FDA6DA0

Distribution

Pluriregional African

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007382)

Marsileaceae

AD59547E-67C8-59F1-83BE-7D7A9AD39CF5

Marsilea minuta

DDE15360-2BA8-57C5-AC61-4750BAD8F54D

Distribution

Afro-Malagasy

Notes

Life Form: hemicryptophyte

Marsilea polycarpa

Hook. & Grev.

96EC27A3-57CC-5063-A4A1-6EA4D13145B9

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: hemicryptophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 4510 (OUA-17091)

Martyniaceae

0E75718D-C4EE-5780-91AB-09FA50FD3491

Martynia annua

CF400AD0-5E51-513C-91EB-F1E02DAD5338

11A9E87D-E3BB-5F7D-B93D-BBD70EF9171A

Glinus lotoides

4CF56363-5A18-5805-9020-42E355A7B212

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: hemicryptophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 176 (OUA-13540)

Mollugo nudicaulis

Lam.

041AB7D7-6279-5C9F-8228-07329FFD4B32

3CD88506-C6B3-5A33-ABCD-35DEB6CE011E

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte

Myrtaceae

5A453E47-31C4-51DE-A19E-C233ABFA80CF

Syzygium guineense

(Willd.) DC.

4D7FB4FF-0891-5056-8857-96684BC4B952

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Vouchernomenc: Nacoulma 152 (OUA-13516)

Nyctaginaceae

1FEE88A7-DB58-576D-B7AB-2FA00EFCD547

Boerhavia erecta

32A7BE73-7E7B-5793-BBDB-FFC350BEB933

Distribution

Cosmopolitan

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 174 (OUA-13538)

Nymphaeaceae

41060ADD-75F5-5CD7-8DAE-4A866310AE5E

422D3184-0A94-5EB5-AC29-D8DC80B1006B

Ochna schweinfurthiana

F.Hoffm.

E8DE054F-0BEC-5C8B-842F-6F1B34640D19

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 15 (OUA-13386)

Oleaceae

B33D6E9A-6B86-5065-9600-3EA2E870C8DD

Jasminum obtusifolium

Baker

45919764-E941-5A88-B9CB-54CC255FE929

3240366D-8D49-5160-87A8-6DC4A63E3C2A

Ophioglossum costatum

R. Br.

D370BFB6-22BD-53AC-AA3B-DF0BFE3A64B6

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083124)

Oxalidaceae

14AFBD6A-557A-54E9-B727-F9BEE5FCFFAD

Biophytum umbraculum

Welw.

48F12BC6-6C40-51D8-8D69-97546CA2CB4E

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 4606 (OUA-17170)

01ACFB89-60A9-5739-AC3B-33501C4424A4

Peperomia pellucida

(L.) Kunth

0F1D6897-806C-5EFA-8735-5838E761E292

FB168668-3F34-530D-BE63-587D032CE892

Distribution

Pluriregional African (introduced)

Notes

Life Form: therophyte

Plumbaginaceae

6BC1C47E-7151-520E-93B1-A00C78155F83

Plumbago zeylanica

4FB71E5E-7156-51EF-A783-1FA6FBF2D044

(Nees) Merr.

55D717B2-EC18-5AEC-AA6B-7ADF845D3ACD

Andropogon ascinodis C.B. Clarke

Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

Panicum walense Mez

Brachiaria jubata (Fig. & De Not.) Stapf

8B755D66-BC5C-52B5-B840-C9C38AFF9279

Persicaria decipiens

(R.Br.) K.L.Wilson

54BCA8BF-18E6-5D4F-80B0-CC63EEC6F8BA

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083139)

Persicaria senegalensis

(Meisn.) Soják

CA342EFF-A09E-53E5-BC17-09FF915939DE

Polygonum senegalense Meisn.

1B605EAE-511E-586C-8945-2B9FCE4AC83B

Portulaca foliosa

Ker Gawl.

B0211734-B0EF-562B-A0D2-99F9F075FDF2

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Zwarg 117 (FR)

Portulaca quadrifida

1D5D03AC-24B9-5B96-8FB5-938833CB4B20

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007669)

Primulaceae

59D2BCB1-6ED3-5FB1-BA16-7DC4021B1FE7

Anagallis pumila

Sw.

B08BA80B-E05A-5C28-902E-F247167B59DD

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007697)

Pteridaceae

47776CD7-247A-5702-8573-E0F1C1DD44FC

Ceratopteris cornuta

(P. Beauv.) Lepr.

CC4A1D7E-CFC0-5930-AB15-ECB3B763A360

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 199 (OUA-13562)

Keetia cornelia

(Cham. & Schltdl.) Bridson

43C0A0EA-D331-5361-8161-25FDFF75D01B

Canthium cornelia Cham. & Schltdl.

Kohautia senegalensis Cham. & Schltdl.

Afrotropical (introduced)

Notes

Life Form: chamaephyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 253 (OUA-17219)

Rutaceae

4651903F-1817-5C72-8F23-6404E6B104B5

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides

(Lam.) Zepern. & Timler

4864A99F-6366-55CC-8EEC-2AB68F601066

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte

Salicaceae

7C50C511-DA7F-54E2-8302-CA18C9342EF9

Flacourtia indica

(Burm.f.) Merr.

C667E5E9-DF57-5F7F-8D5B-73E467287DD0

Flacourtia flavescens Willd.

P.Beauv.

264B6AE6-9552-5314-98E3-A7E5B7F41E92

Distribution

Afrotropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007404)

Allophylus spicatus

Zanha golungensis

Hiern

479E686C-1655-56F7-964A-33916C6CB0F8

8777ADC0-3381-58F7-AB4C-6B6CBF48FAB6

Selaginella buchholzii

Hieron.

667324C4-A7EF-5D57-B462-EDB81331268B

Distribution

Guineo-Congolian

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 5289 (OUA-17775); New species record for Burkina Faso.

Simaroubaceae

1ECF9833-5189-580E-AC3A-2D31349CC810

Quassia undulata

(Guill. & Perr.) D.Dietr.

AC26CDEF-8AEE-5101-AABB-77D815D3A695

Hannoa undulata (Guill. & Perr.) Planch.

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma 100 (OUA-13464)

Solanaceae

DB5E6520-2619-5D99-AAEF-23404EC83E1F

Physalis lagascae

Roem. & Schult.

36A0FEC8-4C9A-5647-AB62-6BD88EFBB761

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: therophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083123)

Solanum incanum

61E16CA3-61C4-5835-AA47-0A3F9AA26E91

Distribution

Paleotropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Schumann (FR-0083122)

Sphenocleaceae

932D4D72-D1F2-537C-9063-AA7F74820894

Sphenoclea zeylanica

Gaertn.

70FE0D8F-8A2D-52DB-9369-BB28E284C298

E176E5EB-3183-556E-B3B8-CC6142A8414E

Pouzolzia guineensis

Benth.

2692717A-789E-5984-8665-9B83C971F285

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Schmidt et al. (FR-0007631)

Violaceae

1E7542C3-BE04-5029-AC78-4EDAC2E152CD

Hybanthus enneaspermus

(L.) F.Muell.

5C5FA621-845B-56BB-B1ED-31F76912C24F

(Baker) Planch.

2DA49B82-C039-5A95-85B5-5221751DD590

Ampelocissus pentaphylla Gilg & M.Brandt

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-69805)

Xanthorrhoeaceae

07424144-9484-5D88-8F8A-CF3A853CFCD3

Aloe buettneri

A.Berger

D5E7C358-AA72-5E4C-AB84-30A883762213

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte

Ximeniaceae

A8CE3E98-76EC-57B9-B893-89A13B4DFC76

Ximenia americana

EB8A0FA6-0F9D-50C8-A13A-288826484F32

Distribution

Pantropical

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte; Voucher: Hahn (APPG-2867)

Zingiberaceae

70073AB2-0CA1-512B-994B-65F07C4BAAEE

Siphonochilus aethiopicus

(Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt

B1908582-8666-5128-BD44-BA99CEBE06B0

Distribution

Sudano-Zambesian

Notes

Life Form: geophyte; Voucher: Nacoulma (APPG-70133)

Zygophyllaceae

4F813C95-0A7E-545B-97BC-D0597A467B16

Balanites aegyptiaca

(L.) Delile

A4CB6E2B-F636-51D7-B740-5FCF8EA3A77F

Distribution

Sudanian

Notes

Life Form: phanerophyte

Analysis

Composition of the local flora

The 721 species found in the study area belong to 385 genera and 102 plant families, the families with most species being Fabaceae (126 spp.), Poaceae (102 spp.) and Cyperaceae (44 spp.) (Fig. (Fig.3).3). The genera with most species in the study area are Indigofera (20 spp.), Crotalaria (17 spp.) and Acacia (13 spp.), all belonging to Fabaceae.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g003.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/402319

Figure 3.

Family spectrum of the flora of the W National Park with number of species for the 10 largest plant families in the study area and all remaining families.

Therophytes and phanerophytes are the most prominent life forms, followed by hemicryptophytes, geophytes and chamaephytes (Fig. (Fig.4).4). Only very few hydrophytes and epiphytes are present.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g004.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/407624

Figure 4.

Life form spectrum of the flora of the W National Park.

The best represented distribution types in the flora are specific to the vegetation zone, either Sudanian or Sudano-Zambesian (Fig. (Fig.5).5). Species with wider distributions in the tropics (pantropical, paleotropical) or within continental Africa (afrotropical, pluriregional African) follow. The remaining distribution types have smaller shares and comprise either distributions extending to other continents or Madagascar or belong to the neighbouring zones under higher rainfall regimes, typically extending into the Sudan along gallery forests of the larger watercourses.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g005.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/407625

Figure 5.

Distribution types of the flora of W National Park: sudanian (S), sudano-zambesian (SZ), pantropical (Pan), paleotropical (Pal), afrotropical (AT), pruriregional African (PRA), afro-malagasy (AM), guineo-congolian (GC), afro-american (AA), guineo-congolian/sudano-zambesian (GC-SZ), cosmopolitan (Cos), of cultivated origin (Cul).

New species records for Burkina Faso

A number of species have been found in the study area that have not been documented in the vascular plant catalogue of Burkina Faso (Thiombiano et al. 2012), nor in the supplement by Schmidt (2018); some of these are shown in Fig. Fig.2.2. These 19 species are Aponogeton vallisnerioides (Aponogetonaceae), Drimiopsis barteri (Asparagaceae), Eleocharis naumanniana (Cyperaceae), Jatropha atacorensis, Tragia laminularis (Euphorbiaceae), Aeschynomene americana, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Crotalaria lachnophora, Desmodium ramosissimum, Indigofera garckeana, Vigna nigritia (Fabaceae), Gladiolus unguiculatus (Iridaceae), Ophioglossum thomasii (Ophioglossaceae), Chloris gayana, Loxodera ledermannii (Poaceae), Salix chevalieri (Salicaceae), Selaginella buchholzii (Selaginellaceae), Synaptolepis retusa (Thymelaeaceae) and Ampelocissus bombycina (Vitaceae). The number of vascular plants known for Burkina Faso therefore increases to 2099 species.

Species newly documented for the flora of Burkina Faso.

Figure 2a.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g002_a.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409082

Ampelocissus bombycina (Photo by Meike Piepenbring)

Figure 2b.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g002_b.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409083

Aponogeton vallisnerioides

Figure 2c.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g002_c.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409084

Gladiolus unguiculatus

Figure 2d.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g002_d.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409085

Indigofera garckeana

Figure 2e.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g002_e.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409086

Jatropha atacorensis

Figure 2f.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bdj-08-e54205-g002_f.jpg

https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/409087

Selaginella buchholzii

Red Lists

Unlike for neighbouring Benin (Neuenschwander et al. 2011), there is no country-specific Red List for Burkina Faso yet. Amongst the 14 species listed for Burkina Faso on the global IUCN Red List (IUCN 2020) in the categories endangered (EN), near threatened (NT) or vulnerable (VU), the following occur in our study area: Pterocarpus erinaceus (EN), Afzelia africana (VU) and Khaya senegalensis (VU).

Introduced species

Amongst the species occurring in the study area, 17 species have been identified as being introduced: Acanthospermum hispidum, Ageratum conyzoides, Azadirachta indica, Bidens pilosa, Cassia obtusifolia, Chrysanthellum indicum, Desmodium adscendens, Hyptis spicigera, H. suaveolens, Indigofera microcarpa, Ludwigia erecta, Martynia annua, Passiflora foetida, Plumbago zeylanica, Scoparia dulcis, Spermacoce verticillata and Tridax procumbens. The families best represented in this group are Asteraceae (5 spp.) and Fabaceae (3 spp.).

Discussion

With 721 documented species, the Burkina Faso part of the W National Park is, so far, the most species-rich nature reserve in Burkina Faso. Neither the protected areas of the same Sudano-sahelian climatic zone nor those in the Sudanian climatic zone have an equally-high diversity. In the Sudano-sahelian zone, the reserve of Pama and Arly National Park sustain 450 and 490 species, respectively (Mbayngone et al. 2008, Ouédraogo et al. 2011), whereas the classified forests of Kou and Niangoloko, as well as the classified forest and partial faunal reserve of Comoé-Léraba in the Sudanian zone, have 353, 275 and 521 species, respectively (Guinko and Thiombiano 2005, Ouôba 2006, Gnoumou et al. 2015).

Several factors might explain this: to a large extent, the high plant diversity can be assigned to habitat diversity and a moderate degree of disturbance, but also to a relatively large area within an even larger complex of neighbouring protected areas. In Burkina Faso, the study sites are known for the diversity of their natural habitats, i.e. the Gobnangou and Atakora mountains, wetlands and gallery forests, termite mounds as well as anthropogenic relics of the past. Anthropogenic relics are still visible with metallurgical sites and baobab vegetation types, being closely linked to human settlements as shown by Duvall (2007).

Thorough spatial, ecological and seasonal sampling have certainly contributed to a good documentation of the area, building on experiences from similar studies in protected areas and focussed collection activities for the documentation of the flora of Burkina Faso (van der Burgt et al. 2010).

Finally, based on different scenarios, recent investigations (Schmidt et al. 2017) identified the southeast of Burkina Faso, around the W National Park, as one of the two hotspots of plant diversity of the country. Our present results confirm and strengthen these scenarios. There are no species endemic to W National Park and Isoetes jaegeri, the only plant still recognised as endemic to Burkina Faso does not occur here, being known exclusively from the sandstone massif in the southwest of the country. Including the 19 newly-documented species, the W National Park harbours more than one third of the plant diversity known for Burkina Faso, making it an important area for plant conservation in a landscape setting where biodiversity outside of protected areas is increasingly threatened by intensified agriculture (Zoungrana et al. 2018). At the country level, Da et al. (2018) evaluated the percentage of modelled plant species distributions covered by protected areas and came up with a figure of 77% for Burkina Faso. Our results confirm the importance of these reserves for plant conservation with primary biodiversity data.

The composition of the flora by families, life forms and distribution types follows the same patterns as in other protected areas of the WAP complex (Assédé et al. 2012, Mbayngone et al. 2008, Ouédraogo et al. 2011). The dominance of Fabaceae and Poaceae may be explained by their respective innovations in N-fixation and C₄-photosynthesis, making them well-adapted to savanna environments. Therophytes and phanerophytes are the dominant life forms here and in the wider area of the West African savanna belt, with therophytes being more important in the drier north and phanerophytes in the wetter south (Schmidt et al. 2005). The large proportion of widespread species in West African savanna areas like the W National Park may be explained by the dominance of the savanna vegetation in a vast continuous band throughout West Africa in combination with the lack of effective barriers, such as higher mountains which separate savanna areas in other parts of Africa (White 1983).

Only few species from Burkina Faso have been Red-listed by IUCN, the three species in the W National Park all being sought-after timber species. The IUCN Red List is a good instrument to target species for conservation measures.However, only few species of the West African Flora have been evaluated, for Burkina Faso less than 20% (400 out of 2099 spp., IUCN 2020). Continued efforts will be necessary to get a better idea on threats and necessary conservation measures and a prerequisite are scientifically reliable assessments, accessible to the community and representing important parts of the region.

The number of 17 introduced plant species (2.3%) is rather low when compared to the 116 introduced species (5.5%) on the country scale (Zizka et al. 2015). It shows the success of these neophytes in protected areas under limited anthropogenic influence and may stimulate research on introduction routes and more in-depth studies on neobiota in Burkina Faso in general.

Acknowledgements

Fieldwork for this study was funded by the SUN-project (FP7 INCO-dev 031685). We are grateful to all foresters and guides of the Provincial and Departmental Forestry Office in Diapaga and especially to Commanders Célestin P. Zida and Zacharia Traoré, our „W park fathers“ for all their assistance during the fieldwork. A special thank you to Dr Dimobé Kangbeni for editing the map of the study area. A grant by the „Ministère des Enseignements Supérieurs et de la Recherche Scientifique (MESRSI)“ of Burkina Faso provided funds to stay at Palmengarten/Frankfurt for processing the data and drafting the manuscript. Finally, we thank Dr. Clemens Bayer, Deputy Director of Palmengarten for the invitation and Dr. Stefan Dressler of Senckenberg Natural History Museum Frankfurt for identification of herbarium samples.

Funding Statement

Fieldwork for this study was funded by the SUN-project (FP7 INCO-dev 031685). A grant by the „Ministère des Enseignements Supérieurs et de la Recherche Scientifique (MESRSI)“ of Burkina Faso provided funds to stay at Palmengarten/Frankfurt for drafting the manuscript.

References

Thiombiano Adjima, Kampmann Dorothea. Adouabou Basile, Belemsobgo Urbain, Nana Sonemanegré, Kafando Pierre. Biodiversity Atlas of West Africa - Burkina Faso. BIOTA; Frankfurt & Ouagadougou: 2010. Fauna.592. [Google Scholar]
Akoegninou A., van der Burg W. J., van der Maesen L. J.G. Flore analytique du Bénin. Backhuys Publishers; Cotonou & Wageningen: 2006. 1034 [Google Scholar]
Arbonnier Michel. Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches d’Afrique de l’Ouest. CIRAD/MNHN; Montpellier & Paris: 2000. 573 [Google Scholar]
Assédé Emeline P. S., Adomou Aristide C., Sinsin Brice. Magnoliophyta, Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari, Atacora Province, Benin. Check List. 2012;8(4):642–661. 10.15560/8.4.642. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Balança G., Cornélis D., Wilson R. Les oiseaux du Complexe WAP. ECOPAS, Imp.; Louisjean: 2007. 199 [Google Scholar]
Clerici Nicola, Bodini Antonio, Eva Hugh, Grégoire Jean-Marie, Dulieu Dominique, Paolini Carlo. Increased isolation of two biosphere reserves and surrounding protected areas (WAP ecological complex, West Africa) Journal for Nature Conservation. 2007;15(1):26–40. 10.1016/j.jnc.2006.08.003. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Sahara Conseil Scientifique pour l'Afrique au Sud du. Specialist Meeting on Phytogeography, Yangambi, 28th July-8th August, 1956. CCTA; London: 1956. 33 [Google Scholar]
Da Sié Sylvestre, García Márquez Jaime Ricardo, Sommer Jan Henning, Thiombiano Adjima, Zizka Georg, Dressler Stefan, Schmidt Marco, Chatelain Cyrille, Barthlott Wilhelm. Plant biodiversity patterns along a climatic gradient and across protected areas in West Africa. African Journal of Ecology. 2018;56(3):641–652. 10.1111/aje.12517. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Dressler Stefan, Schmidt Marco, Zizka Georg. Introducing African plants — A photo guide — An interactive photo data-base and rapid identification tool for Continental Africa. Taxon. 2014;63(5):1159–1161. 10.12705/635.26. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Duvall Chris S. Human settlement and baobab distribution in south-western Mali. Journal of Biogeography. 2007;34(11):1947–1961. 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01751.x. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Erpenbach Arne, Bernhardt-Römermann Markus, Wittig Rüdiger, Thiombiano Adjima, Hahn Karen. The influence of termite-induced heterogeneity on savanna vegetation along a climatic gradient in West Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 2012;29(1):11–23. 10.1017/s0266467412000703. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Fontès J., Guinko Sita. Carte de la végétation et de l’occupation du sol au Burkina Faso. Notice explicative. Ministère de la coopération Française; Toulouse: 1995. 67 [Google Scholar]
Gnoumou Assan, Ouedraogo Oumarou, Schmidt Marco, Thiombiano Adjima. Floristic diversity of classified forest and partial faunal reserve of Comoé-Léraba, southwest Burkina Faso. Check List. 2015;11(1):1–17. 10.15560/11.1.1557. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Guinko Sita, Thiombiano Adjima. Florule de la Forêt Classée du Kou (Burkina Faso) Université de Ouagadougou; 2005. 145 [Google Scholar]
Hahn-Hadjali Karen. Pflanzensoziologische Studien der sudanesischen Savannen im Südosten Burkina Fasos (Westafrika) Etudes sur la flore et la végétation du Burkina Faso et des pays avoisinants. 1998;3:3–79. [Google Scholar]
Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M. Flora of West Tropical Africa. 2nd ed. revised by Keay RWJ and Hepper FN. I-III. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations; London: 1972. 828, 544, 574 [Google Scholar]
IUCN The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-1. www.iucnredlist.org. [2020-04-22T00:00:00+03:00];
Konrad T. Governance of protected areas in West Africa. The case of the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) complex in Benin and Burkina Faso. Universität Würzburg; 2015. 274 [Google Scholar]
Lamarque F. Les grands mammifères du complexe WAP. CIRAD; Montpellier: 2004. 250 [Google Scholar]
Mahamane Ali. Etudes floristique, phytosociologique et phytogéographique de la végétation du Parc Régional du W du Niger. Université Libre de Bruxelles; 2005. 497 [Google Scholar]
Mbayngone Elisée, Schmidt Marco, Hahn-Hadjali Karen, Thiombiano Adjima, Guinko Sita. Magnoliophyta of the partial faunal reserve of Pama, Burkina Faso. Check List. 2008;4(3):251–266. 10.15560/4.3.251. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Miller Daniel C, Minn Michael, Sinsin Brice. The importance of national political context to the impacts of international conservation aid: evidence from the W National Parks of Benin and Niger. Environmental Research Letters. 2015;10(11):115001. 10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/115001. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Thiombiano Adjima, Kampmann Dorothea. Nacoulma Blandine Marie Ivette, Ouédraogo Oumarou. Biodiversity Atlas of West Africa - Burkina Faso. BIOTA; Frankfurt & Ouagadougou: 2010. W National Park of Burkina Faso: a park with enormous potential.592. [Google Scholar]
Nacoulma Blandine Marie Ivette, Schumann Katharina, Traoré Salifou, Bernhardt-Römermann Markus, Hahn Karen, Wittig Rüdiger, Thiombiano Adjima. Impacts of land-use on West African savanna vegetation: a comparison between protected and communal area in Burkina Faso. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2011;20(14):3341–3362. 10.1007/s10531-011-0114-0. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Nacoulma Blandine Marie Ivette. Dynamique et stratégies de conservation de la végétation et de la phytodiversité du complexe écologique du Parc National du W du Burkina Faso. Université de Ouagadougou; 2012. 151 + 37 [Google Scholar]
Neuenschwander Peter, Sinsin Brice, Goergen Georg. Protection de la Nature en Afrique de l’Ouest: Une Liste Rouge pour le Bénin. IITA; 2011. [Google Scholar]
Ouédraogo Amadé. Diversité et dynamique de la végétation ligneuse de la partie orientale du Burkina Faso. Université de Ouagadougou; 2006. [Google Scholar]
Ouédraogo Oumarou, Schmidt Marco, Thiombiano Adjima, Hahn Karen, Guinko Sita, Zizka Georg. Magnoliophyta, Arly National Park, Tapoa, Burkina Faso. Check List. 2011;7(1):85–100. 10.15560/7.1.85. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ouôba Paulin. Flore et végétation de la forêt classée de Niangoloko, Sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. Université de Ouagadougou; 2006. 140 [Google Scholar]
Perez-Vera F. Les orchidées de Côte d’Ivoire. Editions Biotope; Mèze: 2003. 576 [Google Scholar]
PNUD . Renforcer l’efficacité et catalyser la durabilité du système des aires protégées du W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) PNUD; 2004. 190 [Google Scholar]
Poilecot Pierre. Les Poaceae de Côte d’Ivoire. Boissiera. Vol. 50. Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique; Génève: 1995. 734 [Google Scholar]
Poilecot Pierre. Les Poaceae du Niger. Boissiera. Vol. 56. Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique; Génève: 1999. 766 [Google Scholar]
Schmidt Marco, Kreft Holger, Thiombiano Adjima, Zizka Georg. Herbarium collections and field data-based plant diversity maps for Burkina Faso. Diversity & Distributions. 2005;11(6):509–516. 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00185.x. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
van der Burgt Xander, van der Maesen Jos, Onana J. M. Schmidt Marco, Thiombiano Adjima, Ouédraogo Amadé, Dressler Stefan, Hahn-Hadjali Karen, Zizka Georg. Systematics and conservation of African plants. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew; London: 2010. Assessment of the flora of Burkina Faso.571-576 [Google Scholar]
Schmidt Marco, Assédé Emeline, Oebel Horst, Fahr Jakob, Sinsin Brice. Biota of the WAP complex – starting a citizen science project for West Africa’s largest complex of protected areas. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica. 2016;19:3–6. 10.21248/fvss.19.31. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schmidt Marco, Zizka Alexander, Traoré Salifou, Ataholo Mandingo, Chatelain Cyrille, Daget Philippe, Dressler Stefan, Hahn Karen, Kirchmair Ivana, Krohmer Julia, Mbayngone Elisée, Müller Jonas V., Nacoulma Blandine, Ouédraogo Amadé, Ouédraogo Oumarou, Sambaré Oumarou, Schumann Katharina, Wieringa Jan J., Zizka Georg, Thiombiano Adjima. Diversity, distribution and preliminary conservation status of the flora of Burkina Faso. Phytotaxa. 2017;304(1):1–215. 10.11646/phytotaxa.304.1.1. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schmidt Marco. New species records for the flora of Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica. 2018;21:3–6. 10.21248/fvss.21.55. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schmidt Marco, Ouédaogo Amadé, Thiombiano Adjima, Wong Lian Jenna, Pagad Shyama. GBIF; 2020. Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Burkina Faso. Version 1.2. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schulte to Bühne Henrike, Wegmann Martin, Durant Sarah M., Ransom Chris, de Ornellas Paul, Grange Sophie, Beatty Hope, Pettorelli Nathalie. Protection status and national socio-economic context shape land conversion in and around a key transboundary protected area complex in West Africa. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. 2017;3(4):190–201. 10.1002/rse2.47. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schumann Katharina, Nacoulma Blandine M. I., Hahn Karen, Traoré Salifou, Thiombiano Adjima, Bachmann Yvonne. Modeling the distributions of useful woody species in eastern Burkina Faso. Journal of Arid Environments. 2016;135:104–114. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.08.017. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Thiombiano Adjima, Schmidt Marco, Dressler Stefan, Ouédraogo Amadé, Hahn Karen, Zizka Georg. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. Boissiera. Vol. 65. Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique; Génève: 2012. 391. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Committee UNESCO World Heritage. Decision : 41 COM 8B.3 W-Arly-Pendjari Complex (Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger) http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6867. [2020-05-07T00:00:00+03:00];
White Frank. The Vegetation of Africa, a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. UNESCO; Paris: 1983. 356. [Google Scholar]
Zizka Alexander, Thiombiano Adjima, Dressler Stefan, Nacoulma Blandine M. I., Ouédraogo Amadé, Ouédraogo Issaka, Ouédraogo Oumarou, Zizka Georg, Hahn Karen, Schmidt Marco. The vascular plant diversity of Burkina Faso (West Africa) — A quantitative analysis and implications for conservation. Candollea. 2015;70(1):9–20. 10.15553/c2015v701a2. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zoungrana Benewinde J-B., Conrad Christopher, Thiel Michael, Amekudzi Leonard K., Da Evariste Dapola. MODIS NDVI trends and fractional land cover change for improved assessments of vegetation degradation in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Journal of Arid Environments. 2018;153:66–75. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.01.005. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zwarg Alexandra, Schmidt Marco, Janßen Thomas, Hahn Karen, Zizka Georg. Plant diversity, functional traits and soil conditions of grass savannas on lateritic crusts (bowé) in south eastern Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica. 2012;15:15–24. 10.21248/fvss.15.18. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biodiversity Data Journal are provided here courtesy of Pensoft Publishers

Full text links

Read article at publisher's site: https://doi.org/10.3897/bdj.8.e54205

Read article for free, from open access legal sources, via Unpaywall: https://bdj.pensoft.net/article/54205/download/pdf/

Citations & impact

This article has not been cited yet.

Impact metrics

Alternative metrics

Altmetric item for https://www.altmetric.com/details/85302902

Altmetric
Discover the attention surrounding your research
https://www.altmetric.com/details/85302902

Data

Data behind the article

This data has been text mined from the article, or deposited into data resources.

BioStudies: supplemental material and supporting data

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7351797?xr=true

Data Citations

(1 citation) DOI - 10.15468/t8iaol

Search life-sciences literature (43,980,279 articles, preprints and more)

A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio.

Author information

Affiliations

Authors

Authors

Authors

ORCIDs linked to this article

Abstract

Background

New information

Free full text

A checklist of vascular plants of the W National Park in Burkina Faso, including the adjacent hunting zones of Tapoa-Djerma and Kondio

Blandine M. I. Nacoulma

Marco Schmidt

Karen Hahn

Adjima Thiombiano

Abstract

Background

New information

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study area

Data collection and management

Species identification

Notes on the checklist

Checklists

Vascular plants of W National Park, Burkina Faso and adjacent hunting zones

Acanthaceae

Blepharis linariifolia

Distribution

Notes

Blepharis maderaspatensis

Distribution

Notes

Dicliptera paniculata

Distribution

Notes

Dyschoriste nagchana

Distribution

Notes

Hygrophila auriculata

Distribution

Notes

Hygrophila senegalensis

Distribution

Notes

Hypoestes aristata

Distribution

Notes

Justicia flava

Distribution

Notes

Justicia insularis

Distribution

Notes

Lepidagathis anobrya

Distribution

Notes

Lepidagathis collina

Distribution

Notes

Monechma ciliatum

Distribution

Notes

Monechma depauperatum

Distribution

Notes

Nelsonia canescens

Distribution

Notes

Phaulopsis barteri

Distribution

Notes

Alismataceae

Burnatia enneandra

Distribution

Notes

Butomopsis latifolia

Distribution