Optic Disc Drusen

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Article initiated by:

Sami Kamjoo, MD

All contributors:

K. David Epley, M.D., Matthew S. Pihlblad, MD, Christina Y. Weng, MD, MBA, Sami Kamjoo, MD

Assigned editor:

Christina Y. Weng, MD, MBA

Review:

Assigned status Up to Date

 by Christina Y. Weng, MD, MBA on December 15, 2023.

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Contributing Editors:	add

Optic Disc Drusen

DiseasesDB

31338

ICD-10

H47.3

Disease Entity

• Consist of refractive, hyaline-like calcified nodules made of mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides that are located within the optic nerve head
• Prevalence 3.4-24/1000
• Males = Females
• Caucasians > Other races
• >70% bilateral, but asymmetric
• Autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance is suspected

Etiology

Disc drusen are composed of small proteinaceous material that become calcified with advancing age. These deposits can be considered small tumors that develop within the optic nerve head, and may lead to an elevated disc (and therefore this condition is sometimes referred to as pseudopapilledema).  They can be associated with  retinitis pigmentosa, angioid streaks, Usher syndrome, Noonan syndrome and Alagille syndrome.  They also may lead to a loss of visual field or, in rare cases, central acuity or anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis is thought to be related to possibly inherited dysplasia of the optic disc with blood supply comprise, causing slowed axoplasmic flow and leading to the formation of calcific excrescences.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made by clinical examination of the optic nerve head in addition to ancillary imaging studies (see below).  Pseudopapilledema vs. true papilledema must be distinguished. 

History

Patients are usually asymptomatic.  Rarely, they can have transient visual obscurations (approximately 9% of patients).  Visual field loss may also be seen gradually, and it has been estimated that a quarter of patient of patients with optic disc drusen have a visual field defect other than an enlarged blind spot

Physical examination

If the optic disc drusen are superficial, this can aid in diagnosis during the dilated fundus exam.  The optic nerve usually has a "lumpy-bumpy" appearance. 

Signs

• Elevated, often small, optic disc with indistinct and irregular disc margins
• Drusen seen as round, white/yellow refractile bodies on the surface of the nerve or buried beneath it
• Anomalous vascular branching pattern (tortousity, optociliary shunt vessels)
• Nasal margin is most common site of drusen
• Spontaneous venous pulsations often seen
• Afferent pupillary defect if there is asymmetric nerve involvement

Symptoms

• Asymptomatic (most commonly)
• Transient visual obscurations
• Visual field defects
  

  Fundus image of optic disc drusen with "lumpy-bumpy" appearance

Clinical diagnosis

• Fundus exam, with signs described above
• B-Scan (see below) and A-scan ultrasonography
• Fluorescein angiography (FA)
• Fundus autofluorescence (FAF)
• It is important to distinguish true papilledema from pseudopapilledema:

Assess the following:

1. Is the optic disc hyperemic?
   • In true disc edema, there is congestion of the disc microvasculature, with reddish hue of the disc. 
2. Are there microvascular abnormalities on the surface of the disc?
   • True edema is associated with dilation and telangiectasias of the surface disc capillaries and may be demonstrate flame hemorrhages on or adjacent to the disc.
3. At what depth in the retina does the blurring of the disc margin originate?
   • In true disc edema, there is obscuration of both the retinal vessels and the disc margin, since the edema is at the level of the disc and peripapillary nerve fiber layer. In contrast, most cases of pseudopapilladema, the blurring usually results from abnormalities that are located deep to the retinal blood vessels; thus, the vessels are clearly visible as they cross the disc margin.

Diagnostic procedures

1. B-/A-scan ultrasonography: optic nerve head with ODD is elevated and highly reflective. When decreasing the gain setting, calcified drusen maintain high signal intensity, whereas with papilladema, the signal intensity decreases.
2. FAF/FAF: Superficial optic disc drusen will demonstrate autoflourescence. Early frames on the FA will demonstrate focal blockage of fluorescence.  There may also be nodular late staining without leakage from disc surface capillaries. Papilledema in contrast shows early diffuse hyperfluorescence, with late leakage overlying and adjacent to the disc.
3. CT scan: Superior to MRI for detection of drusen. Calcium produces bright signal at junction of the posterior globe and optic nerve on a CT scan.
4. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): Although not necessary for diagnosis, OCT is helpful in detecting early nerve fiber layer thinning in cases of optic nerve head drusen, and can be predictive of visual field loss.

B scan ultrasound optic disc drusen

Differential diagnosis

• Papilledema
• Pseudopapilledema from another etiology
• Pseudotumor cerebri
• Tilted disc
• Myelinated NFL
• Crowded disc associated with hyperopia

Management

Optic disc drusen does not require treatment, and patients generally have good visual prognosis. There is currently no effective treatment for patients who have gradual loss of visual fields (some studies have suggested IOP lowering medications). 

Surgery

There is currently no surgical treatment for optic disc drusen.

Complications

Rarely, the following vascular complications may occur:

• Flame disc hemorrhages
• Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION)
• Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
• Peripapillary neovascular membranes

Additional Resources

• Porter D, Vemulakonda GA. Drusen. American Academy of Ophthalmology. EyeSmart/Eye health. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/drusen-list. Accessed March 08, 2019.