- Epifanio Ridruejo Botija (chief executive): Guipuzcoano and Epifanio Ridruejo (vice-chairman) Other links through Banco Guipuzcoano:- Agustín Brunet: Guipuzcoano (chairman) and Vitoria- Ramón Machimbarrena: Guipuzcoano (chief executive) and Vitoria- Rafael Villalonga Blanes: Guipuzcoano and Fomento Agrícola de Mallorca1961 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 1) According to Muñoz's diagram, banks connected to Banesto were the same asthey were in 1946: Vitoria, Guipuzcoano and Epifanio Ridruejo.1966-67 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 3) In Muñoz's diagram, banks linked to Banesto in 1946 were Guipuzcoano, Vitoriaand Epifanio Ridruejo. Besides, it appears Bandesco (Banco de Desarrollo EconómicoEspañol), the business bank founded by Banesto according to 1962 Banking Law. Wealso find some new links with Banca Garriga Nogués, which would remain in 1975.Banesto's group would be connected to other large banks through Sindicato deBanqueros, that connected it to Banco Central and Banco de Santander. Banca GarrigaNogués would link it with Banco Popular indirectly through Banco Industrial deCataluña.1975 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1975) Following directors closely linked Banesto, Bandesco and Banco Guipuzcoano:- José María Aguirre Gonzalo: Banesto (chairman), Bandesco (chairman), andGuipuzcoano (chairman)- Gabriel de Garnica y Mansí: Banesto and Bandesco (chief executive)- Pablo de Garnica y Mansí: Banesto (vice-chairman and chief executive) and Bandesco(vice-chairman and chief executive)- Jaime Gómez-Acebo Modet: Banesto (honorary chairman) and Bandesco (honorarychairman)- Juan Herrera Fernández: Banesto and Bandesco- Pedro Masaveu Peterson: Banesto and Masaveu- Julio de la Mora Garay: Banesto and Bandesco- Epifanio Ridruejo Botija: Banesto, Bandesco, and Guipuzcoano- José María Sainz de Vicuña y García Prieto: Banesto (chief executive) andGuipuzcoano1980 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1980) Following directors of Banesto connected it to Bandesco and BancoGuipuzcoano: 51 - José María Aguirre Gonzalo (chairman): Bandesco (chairman) and Guipuzcoano(chairman)- Jaime Argüelles Armada: Bandesco- Gabriel de Garnica y Mansí: Bandesco (chief executive)- Pablo de Garnica y Mansí (vice-chairman and chief executive): Bandesco (vice-chairman)- Juan Herrera Fernández: Bandesco- Julio de la Mora Garay: Bandesco- José María de Oriol y Urquijo: Bandesco- Antonio Sáez de Mantagut: Guipuzcoano- José María Sainz de Vicuña y García Prieto (general manager): Guipuzcoano Jorge Brosa Palau, Bandesco's board secretary, also sat in the board of BancoSaudí Español.1985 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1985) Group formed by Banesto, Bandesco and Guipuzcoano held links with theassociation formed by Banco de Madrid, Catalán de Desarrollo and Garriga Nogués.Banco Saudí Español appears connected to both coalitions:- Jaime Argüelles Armada: Banesto (vice-chairman) and Bandesco (vice-chairman)- Gabriel de Garnica y Mansí: Banesto and Bandesco (chief executive)- Pablo de Garnica y Mansí: Banesto (chairman) and Bandesco (chairman)- Juan Herrera Fernández: Banesto and Bandesco- José María López de Letona y Núñez del Pino: Banesto (vice-chairmane and chiefexecutive ), Catalán de Desarrollo (chairman), and Madrid (chairman)- Cesar de la Mora Armada: Banesto and Garriga Nogués- Antonio Sáez de Montagut: Banesto, Bandesco, and Guipuzcoano- José María Sainz de Vicuña y García Prieto: Banesto and Guipuzcoano- Francisco Luzuriaga Tobalina: Banesto and Guipuzcoano (vice-chairman)- Jorge Brosa Palau: Bandesco (secretary) and Saudí EspañolTrough other banks:- Jacobo Argüelles Salaverría: Madrid and Vitoria (chairman)- Fernando Castromil Sánchez: Madrid (secretary) and Catalán de Desarrollo (secretary)- Félix Muelas Medrano: Madrid, Catalán de Desarrollo, and Saudí Español- Enrique Ricart Vidal: Catalán de Desarrollo and Garriga Nogués (general manager)- José Luis Fominaya Cisneros: Madrid (general manager) and Garriga Nogués- Lliberat Hosta Romagosa: Madrid (general manager) and Garriga Nogués1990 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1990) Banesto had the following interlocking directors with Bandesco: Juan BellosoGarrido, Mario Conde Conde (chairman of both Banesto and Bandesco), VicenteFigaredo de la Mora, Ricardo Gómez-Acebo y Duque de Estrada (vice-chairman of bothBanesto and Bandesco), Pedro Masaveu Peterson, Arturo Romaní Biescas and AntonioSáez de Montagut (chairman of Banco General). 52 Other links:- Jorge Brosa Palau: Bandesco (secretary) and Saudí Español- Enrique Lasarte y Pérez-Arregui: Banesto and Vitoria (chairman)- Cesar de la Mora Armada: Desarrollo Económico Español and Garriga Nogués- José María Sainz de Vicuña y García Prieto: Bandesco and Català de Crédit(chairman) According to 1998 Banesto's Annual Report, 98 per cent of Banco de Madridshares belonged to Banesto. Banco de Madrid was administrator of Banco de Albacete,Alicantino de Comercio and Peninsular. Through these banks, other links existed:- José Luis Fominaya Cisneros: Madrid and Catalá de Crédit- Esteban Lázaro Barreras: Madrid (deputy general manager) and Peninsular(administrator)- Félix Muelas Medrano: Madrid, Català de Crédit, Saudí Español, and General- Tomás Santoro García de la Parra: Madrid (secretary) and Català de Crédit (secretary) *** 53 Banco Central1921 (Roldán-García Delgado, 1973, vol. 2, pg. 264-269) In Roldán-García Delgado's diagram, five directors connected Banco Central toCrédito de la Unión Minera. Besides, it was linked to other banks by only one directorin each case: Banco de Santander, de Bilbao, Castellano and Cía. de Crédito Bancario. Itis not possible to know whether any of these directors held some seats simultaneously.1925 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1926) Five directors of Banco Central sat in other banks' boards:- Mariano Baselga y Ramírez: Crédito de Zaragoza (first manager)- Marceliano Isábal y Bada: Crédito de Zaragoza- Arturo López Argüello: Castellano (managing director)- Santos Vallejo y García: Castellano (chairman)- José María Zorita y Díez (vice-chairman): Castellano (vice-chairman) Besides, Miguel Rodríguez-Acosta y González de la Cámara also appears in theboard of directors of Banco de Bilbao and de Comercio.1934 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1935) Five directors of Banco Central connected it to other banks:- Mariano Baselga Ramírez: Crédito de Zaragoza (managing director)- Justino Bernard Valenzuela: Badalona (vice-chairman)- Vicente Montal Cornelles: Hispano Colonial- Samuel Ortiz Basualdo: Hispano Colonial- Antonio P. Sasia (managing director): Hispano Colonial y Badalona Through Banco Hispano Colonial, Banco Central was related to a group ofCatalan banks:- Eduardo María Buxaderas de la Cantera: Hispano Colonial (managing director), BancaArnús (managing director), and Crédito y Docks de Barcelona- Ignacio Coll Portabella: Hispano Colonial (chairman), Banca Arnús (chairman),Crédito y Docks de Barcelona, and Urquijo Catalán- Miguel Drudis Biada: Crédito y Docks de Barcelona and Menorca (secretary)- Francisco de P. Gambús Rusca: Arnús (managing director), Crédito y Docks deBarcelona (chairman) and Menorca (chairman)- Eusebio López y Díaz de Quijano (Marqués de Lamadrid): Hispano Colonial andBanca Arnús (chairman)- Julio Pauchet Hatrait: Arnús (managing director), Crédito y Docks de Barcelona andMenorca (vice-chairman)- Luis de la Peña Braña: Hispano Colonial, de la Propiedad (vice-chairman) and López-Quesada (vice-chairman) 54 1946 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1947) Nine directors of Banco Central sat in other banks' boards of directors:- Pedro Armero y Manjón (Conde de Bustillo): Jerez (chairman)- Vicente Boluda Martínez: Valencia- José Galindo Gómez: Hispano Colonial, Crédito y Docks and Valencia- José Mª Mayans y de Sequera (Conde de Trigona): Valencia (secretary)- Salvador Millet Maristany: Popular Español- Antonio Noguera Borona: Hispano Colonial and Valencia (chairman)- Joaquín Reig Rodríguez: Hispano Colonial (manager) and Popular Español- Darío Rumeu Freixa, Barón de Viver: Hispano Colonial (chairman) and Crédito yDocks- Ignacio Villalonga Villalba (chairman): Hispano Colonial (manager), Crédito y Docks,and Valencia Connections extended through Banco Hispano Colonial and Crédito y Docks:- Emilio Botín Sáenz de Sautuola y López: Hispano Colonial (manager) and Santander(manager)- Pedró Galí Marés: Hispano Colonial (manager) and Badalona- Francisco de P. Gambús Rusca: Crédito y Docks (chairman) and Menorca (chairman)- José Mª Milá y Camps, Conde del Montseny: Hispano Colonial (manager), Sindicatode Banqueros (secretary), and Banca Tusquets (chairman)- Félix Millet Maristany: Hispano Colonial (manager) and Popular Español (chairman)- Julio Pauchet Hatrait: Crédito y Docks and Menorca (vice-chairman)1961 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 1) In Muñoz's diagram, Banco Central appears linked to Banco Popular by severalinterlocking directorse and, besides, it was linked to Banco de Valencia and the pairCrédito y Docks-Agrícola Aragonés. Connection to Banco Santander went throughSindicato de Banqueros.1966-67 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 3) Banco Central held connections to Crédito y Docks, Banco de Valencia andBanco Agrícola Aragonés. In Muñoz's diagram, it also appears Banco de Fomento, thatwas Banco Central's industrial bank, and two small entities: Banco de Aragón andBanco de Úbeda. Links to other large banks went through Banco de Aragón (BancoHispano Americano group), Banco de Andalucía and Banco Industrial de Cataluña (twolinks with Banco Popular) and Sindicato de Banqueros (Banesto and Santander).1975 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1975) Following directors linked Banco Central, Banco de Fomento and Banco deValencia:- José María Aristrain Noaín: Central and Fomento 55 - Alfonso Escámez López: Central (chairman and chief executive) and Fomento(chairman)- Pedro Guerrero Jurado: Central and Fomento (vice-chairman and chief executive)- Enrique Ramón Perdiguer: Valencia and Central- Joaquín Reig Albiol: Fomento, Central and Valencia- Joaquín Reig Rodríguez: Central (vice-chairman) and Valencia (chairman)1980 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1980) Following Banco Central's directors connected it to Banco de Valencia andBanco de Fomento.- José María Aristrain Noaín: Fomento- Alfonso Escámez López (chairman and chief executive): Fomento (chairman)- Pedro Guerrero Jurado: Fomento (vice-chairman and chief executive)- Joaquín Reig Albiol: Fomento y Valencia- Joaquín Reig Rodríguez (vice-chairman): Valencia (chairman)- Luis de Ussía y Gavaldá: Fomento Epifanio Ridruejo Brieva (Banco de Fomento's general manager) was alsodirector of Banco de Granada.1985 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1985) Banco Central, Banco de Fomento and Banco de Granada appear linked byseveral interlocking directors:- José María Aristrain Noaín : Central and Fomento- Juan Manuel Echevarría Hernández: Central (general manager) and Crédito eInversiones (secretary)- Alfonso Escámez López: Central (chairman and chief executive) and Fomento(chairman)- Antonio Escámez López: Central and Valencia (vice-chairman)- Javier Gil de Biedma y Vega de Seoane: Central, Fomento, and Granada- Pedro Guerrero Jurado: Central and Fomento (vice-chairman)- Tomás Parejo Camacho: Central and Granada (chairman)- Joaquín Reig Albiol: Central, Fomento, and Granada- Luis de Ussía y Gavaldá: Central and Fomento Banco de Granada appears as the main link with Banco de Crédito e Inversionesand Banco Internacional de Comercio.- Jesús Manuel Basanta Teijeiro: Granada, Crédito e Inversiones, and Internacional deComercio- Licinio de la Fuente y de la Fuente: Granada, Crédito e Inversiones, and Internacionalde Comercio (vice-chairman)- Juan González Lloret: Crédito e Inversiones (deputy general manager) and Noroeste(administrator)- José Vázquez Riesco: Crédito e Inversiones, and Internacional de Comercio- Eduardo Alconchel Romeo: Granada (administrator) and Sevilla (administrator) 56 1990 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1990) Seven directors of Banco Central sat in other banks' boards:- Juan Manuel Echevarría Hernández (chief executive and secretary): Gallego- Alfonso Escámez López (chairman): Fomento (chairman)- Antonio Escámez López: Valencia (vice-chairman)- Agustín Escámez Sánchez (sales manager): Gallego- Javier Gil de Biedma y Vega de Seoane: Fomento and Granada- Tomás Parejo Camacho: Granada (chairman)- Luis de Ussía y Gavaldá: Fomento Other connections:- Jesús Manuel Basanta Teijeiro: Gallego, Granada, and Internacional de Comercio- Licinio de la Fuente y de la Fuente: Gallego (chairman), Granada, and Internacional deComercio (vice-chairman)- Jaime Mairata Laviña: Gallego (secretary) and Internacional de Comercio (secretary)- José Vázquez Riesco: Gallego and Internacional de Comercio *** 57 Banco de Bilbao1915 (Anuario Financiero y de Valores Mobiliarios, año I, 1916) Twenty-seven directors of Banco de Bilbao also sat in Banco de Comercio'sboard of directors. Besides, Horacio de Echevarrieta also appears in Banco deCartagena's board.1921 (Roldán-García Delgado, 1973, vol. 2, pg. 264-269) In Roldán-García Delgado's diagram, Banco de Bilbao only held oneinterlocking director with both Banco Central and Sindicato de Banqueros.1925 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1926) Banco de Bilbao and Banco de Comercio shared twenty-seven directors and hadthe same chairman. Juan T. de Arteche also appears in the board of directors of BancoAsturiano de Industria y Comercio, that sould be included into Banco Urquijo group.Horacio de Echevarrieta also sat in the board of Banco Internacional de Industria yComercio. Miguel Rodríguez-Acosta y González de la Cámara also appears in BancoCentral board of directors.1934 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1935) Four directors of Banco de Bilbao sat in other banks's boards:- José de Aresti Ortiz: Comercio (chairman) and Asturiano de Industria y Comercio- Julio Arteche Villabaso: Comercio and Asturiano de Industria y Comercio- Victor de Chávarri Anduiza, Marqués de Triano: Asturiano de Industria y Comercio- José Orbegozo Gorostegui: Castellano1946 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1947) Eight directors of Banco de Bilbao sat in other banks' boards:- Pedro de Ampuero Gandarias: Tolosa (vice-chairman)- José Aresti Ortiz: Asturiano de Industria y Comercio- Julio de Arteche Villabaso (chairman): Asturiano de Industria y Comercio- Víctor Chávarri y Anduiza, Marqués de Triano: Asturiano de Industria y Comercio- Alberto Delclaux Aróstegui: Castellano- José Mª de Gondra y Lazúrtegui: Fomento Agrícola de Mallorca- Julio Hernández Mendirichaga: Fomento Agrícola de Mallorca- Lorenzo Hurtado de Saracho y Arregui: La Coruña1961 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 1) 58 Banco de Bilbao and Banco de Comercio shared several directors with BancoAsturiano y Banco Castellano. One director connected them to Banco de Tolosa (seeHispano Americano groups) and Banco de La Coruña (see Banco Central group).1966-67 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 3) In Muñoz's diagram, Banco de Bilbao association gathered the same banks as in1961: Asturiano y Castellano. Besides, it appears Banco Industrial de Bilbao, Bilbao'sindustrial bank. Links to other large banks were through Banco de Tolosa (group ofHispano Americano) and Banco de La Coruña (group of Banco Popular).1975 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1975) Seven directors connected Banco de Bilbao to Banco Industrial de Bilbao:Rafael Acosta España (Bilbao's deputy chairman), José Manuel Delclaux y Barrenechea(Industrial de Bilbao's chairman), Arturo de Echevarría y Uribe, Faustino García Moncóy Fernández, Enrique de Guzmán y Martínez, Lorenzo Hurtado de Saracho y Arreguiand Ramón de Icaza y Zabálburu.1980 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1980) Following directors connected Banco de Bilbao, Industrial de Bilbao and Bancode Comercio:- José María Concejo Álvarez: Bilbao (secretary) and Huesca (chairman)- José Manuel Delclaux y Barrenechea: Bilbao and Industrial de Bilbao (chairman)- Arturo de Echevarría y Uribe: Bilbao and Industrial de Bilbao- Faustino García Moncó y Fernández: Bilbao and Industrial de Bilbao- Lorenzo Hurtado de Saracho y Arregui: Bilbao and Industrial de Bilbao- Ramón de Icaza y Zabálburu: Bilbao and Industrial de Bilbao- José María Tobar y Ochoa de Alda: Bilbao (general manager) and Comercio(secretary)- Ceferino de Uríen y Goiricelaya: Bilbao and Industrial de Bilbao- Rafael Acosta España: Comercio and Industrial de Bilbao1985 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1985) Twenty directors interlocked Banco de Bilbao and Banco Industrial de Bilbao.Three general managers of Banco de Bilbao sat simultaneously in Bilbao's board andBanca Mas Sardá board. Besides, two directors of Banco de Bilbao connected it to otherbanks:- José María Concejo Álvarez (secretary): Industrial de Bilbao (secretary) and Huesca(chairman)- Fernando Martínez de Bedoya y Martínez-Carande (general manager): Comercio,Extremadura (chairman), Oeste (chairman), and Promoción de Negocios (chairman) 59 Finally, Pedro Fontana García, who was Banca Mas Sardà's general manager,also sat in Sindicato de Banqueros' board of directors.1990 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1990) Following directors of BBV connected it to other banks:- Eduardo de Aguirre Alonso-Allende: Privanza (vice-chairman)- Luis Javier Bastida Ibargüen (general manager): Privanza- José María Concejo Álvarez (secretary): Comercio (board adviser) and Industrial deBilbao (chairman)- Ángel Díez de Ulzurrun Bergera (general manager): Comercio (vice-chairman) andMeridional- José María Echevarría Arteche (general manager): Industrial de Bilbao- Carlos Gorría Cortazar (deputy chairman): Banca Catalana (vice-chairman)- José Javier Gúrpide Huarte (2nd vice-chairman): Comercio (chairman)- Federico Lipperheide Wicke: Saudí Español (vice-chairman)- Victor Manuel Menéndez Millán (general manager): Crédito Canario, Meridional, andOccidental- Juan Antonio Palacios Raufast (general manager): Occidental- Javier Prado Urquijo: Privanza (chairman)- José Aureliano Recio Arias (chief executive): Meridional (chairman) and Finanzia(chairman)- Álvaro Rengifo Calderón (deputy chairman): Extremadura (chairman)- Armin Rose Thate (deputy chairman): Saudí Español- Alfredo Sáenz Abad (1st vice-chairman): Banca Catalana (chairman)- Joaquín Sánchez Izquierdo (general manager): Occidental and Finanzia- José Luis Segimón Escobedo (secretary): Banca Catalana (secretary), Industrial deCataluña (secretary), Industrial del Mediterráneo (secretary), and Occidental (chairman) Other connections:- José Borrue Asensio: Industrial de Bilbao, Meridional, Occidental, and Crédito yAhorro (chairman)- Fernando Quintana Fernández: Crédito Canario (secretary), Crédito y Ahorro(secretary), Meridional (secretary) and Occidental- Fernando Martínez de Bedoya y Martínez de Carande: Crédito Canario (chairman) andPromoción de Negocios (chairman)- Alfredo Sáenz Abad : Industrial de Cataluña (chairman) and Industrial delMediterráneo (chairman)- Catalana de Cobros y Factoring, S.A. (CACYF): Ba rcelona, Industrial de Cataluña andIndustrial del Mediterráneo- Mobiliario Mat, S.A.: Barcelona, Industrial de Cataluña and Industrial delMediterráneo- Sociedad Europea de Arrendamiento, S.A. (SEASA): Barcelona and Industrial deCataluña- Rentequipo, S.A.: Barcelona and Industrial del Mediterráneo *** 60 Banco de Vizcaya1915 (Anuario Financiero y de Valores Mobiliarios, año I, 1916) Felipe Ugalde connected Banco de Vizcaya to Banco Guipuzcoano.1921 (Roldán-García Delgado, 1973, vol. 2, pg. 264-269) Banco de Vizcaya does not appear in Roldán-García Delgado's diagrams, so thatit is supposed that it had no interlocking directors with any other bank.1925 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1926) Banco de Vizcaya had no interlocking directors with any other bank.1934 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1935) Banco de Vizcaya had no interlocking directors with any other bank.1946 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1947) Banco de Vizcaya had no interlocking directors with any other bank.1961 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 1) In Muñoz's diagram, Banco de Vizcaya appears connected to Banco HispanoSuizo and Banco de Vilella by only one director.1966-67 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 3) Banco de Vizcaya does not appear in Roldán-García Delgado's diagrams, so thatit is supposed that it had no interlocking directors with any other bank.1975 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1975) Six directors connected Banco de Vizcaya to Banco de Financiación Industrial(ex-Hispano Suizo): Julio Arce García (Vizcaya's deputy chairman and generalmanager), José Raimundo Basabe y Manso de Zúñiga (Banco de FinanciaciónIndustrial's general manager), Pedro de Careaga y Basabe (Vizcaya's honorarychairman), Manuel M. de Gortázar y Landecho (Banco de Financiación Industrial'schairman), Carlos Mendoza Gimeno (Banco de Financiación Industrial vice-chairman)and Ignacio de Muguruza y Madariaga. 61 1980 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1980) Following directors connected Banco de Vizcaya to Banco de FinanciaciónIndustrial:- Julio Arce García: Vizcaya (deputy chairman and general manager) and FinanciaciónIndustrial- José Raimundo Basabe y Manso de Zúñiga: Vizcaya and Financiación Industrial(vice-chairman)- Pedro de Careaga y Basabe: Vizcaya (honorary chairman) and Financiación Industrial- Manuel M. de Gortázar y Landecho: Vizcaya and Financiación Industrial (chairman)- Carlos Mendoza Gimeno: Vizcaya and Financiación Industrial- Ignacio de Muguruza y Madariaga: Vizcaya and Financiación Industrial- Joaquín Nebreda de Miguel: Vizcaya (general manager), Financiación Industrial, andCrédito Comercial (chairman)- José Luis Serrano Lizarralde: Vizcaya (gene ral manager) and Financiación Industrial- Pedro Toledo Ugarte: Vizcaya (chief executive) and Financiación Industrial- Juan Manuel Urgoiti López de Ocaña: Vizcaya (general manager) and FinanciaciónIndustrial Armin Rose Thate, who was Banco de Financiación Industrial's generalmanager, also sat in Banco Saudí Español board of directors.1985 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1985) Seven directors sat simultaneously in the boards of directos of Banco de Vizcayaand Banco de Financiación Industrial. Besides, Federico Lipperheide Wicke wasdirector of Banco de Vizcaya and Banco Saudí Español's vice-chairman. Other sixdirectors connected them to two sets of banks, headed by Banca Catalana and BancoOccidental:- Ángel Díez de Ulzurrun Bergera: Vizcaya (general manager), Financiación Industrial,Crédito Comercial, and Meridional- José Luis Segimón Escobedo: Vizcaya (secretary), Banca Catalana (secretary),Industrial de Cataluña (secretary), Industrial del Mediterráneo (secretary), Occidental(secretary), Crédito y Ahorro (secretary), and Crédito Comercial (chairman)- Juan Manuel Urgoiti López de Ocaña: Vizcaya (dir. gral.), Financiación Industrial,Banca Catalana, Occidental (chairman), and Crédito Canario (chairman)- Julio Gilsanz Arrola: Financiación Industrial (general manager) and Industrial del Sur(chairman)- Antonio Negre Villavecchia: Financiación Industrial and Banca Catalana (chairman)- José Ignacio Berroeta Echevarría: Financiación Industrial and Banca Catalana Other connections:- José Borrue Asensio: Occidental, Crédito y Ahorro (chairman), Crédito Comercial,and Meridional 62 - Fernando Quintana Fernández: Crédito Canario (secretary), Crédito Comercial(secretary), Industrial del Sur (secretary), and Meridional (secretary)- Victor Manuel Menéndez Millán: Occidental, Crédito Comercil, Crédito Canario, andMeridional- José Antonio Sáenz-Azcunaga Usandizaga: Occidental (vice-chairman) andMeridional (chairman)- Juan Antonio Palacios Raufast: Occidental and Crédito y Ahorro- Francisco Luzón López: Occidental (general manager) and Industrial del Sur- Mario Ezquerra Arnalot: Banca Catalana and Crédito Canario- Javier Peralte de las Heras: Huelva and Industrial del Sur- Alfredo Sáenz Abad: Banca Catalana (general manager), Barcelona (chairman),Industrial de Cataluña (chairman), and Industrial del Mediterráneo (chairman)- Catalana de Cobros y Factoring S.A. (CACYF): Barcelona, Industrial de Cataluña, andIndustrial del Mediterráneo- Mobiliario Mat S.A.: Barcelona, Industrial de Cataluña, and Industrial delMediterráneo- Rentequipo S.A.: Barcelona, Industrial de Cataluña, and Industrial del Mediterráneo- Sociedad Español de Arrendamiento S.A. (SEASA): Barcelona, Industrial deCataluña, and Industrial del Mediterráneo *** 63 Catalan banks before the civil war1915 (Anuario Financiero y de Valores Mobiliarios, año I, 1916) Francisco de P. Gambús, who was Banco Arnús' deputy director, sat also in theboard of directors of Banco de Sabadell. Enrique Turull y Comadrán was director ofBanco de Sabadell and Crédito y Docks de Barcelona. José Gari y Cañas held threeseats: in Banco de Barcelona, Banca Arnús-Garí and Sindicato de Banqueros deBarcelona. Francisco Sert i Badía was director of Banco de Barcelona and BancoHispano Colonial.1921 (Roldán-García Delgado, 1973, vol. 2, pg. 264-269) Connections among Catalan banks appear rather confused, but they may beassembled in three coalitions, that were related between them via Cía. de CréditoBancario and Sindicato de Banqueros:- Banco De Cataluña headed the first association (Banco De Reus and Banco DeTortosa). At the same time, it held one interlocking director with Banca Marsans, threewith Cía. de Crédito and two with Sindicato de Banqueros.- Banca Arnús, Crédito y Docks, Banco de Menorca and Banco de Sabadell formed thesecond group. These banks mantained up to six links with Cía. de Crédito and one morewith Sindicato de Banqueros.- Banco Hispano Colonial, Banca Arnús-Garí and Banco de Barcelona would haveformed a third association, but they were weakly linked. They would have beenconnected to Urquijo Catalán by one interlocking director and held two other links withCía. de Crédito. Although it does not appear in Roldán-García Delgado's diagram, theylinked Banco Hispano Colonial to Banca López Bru in the text (p. 267).1925 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1926) Two groups may be distinguished in the Catalan banking system and oneinterlocking director related them. Banco de Cataluña led the first group:- Evaristo Fábregas Pamies: Cataluña, Reus (manager) and Tortosa (manager)- Tomás Mallol y Bosch: Cataluña and Comercial de Tarragona- Eduardo Recaséns y Mercadé: Cataluña, Reus (manager), Tortosa (manager), andSindicato de Banqueros (secretary)- Arturo Suqué Sucona: Cataluña and Reus. The second group was formed by a set of banks linked to Banca Arnús andCrédito y Docks:- Jaime Carner Romeu: Crédito y Docks de Barcelona (chairman) and Arnús (vice-chairman)- Francisco de P. Gambús Rusca: Crédito y Docks de Barcelona, Arnús (deputydirector), Sabadell and Menorca (chairman)- Juan Marcet: Comercial de Tarrasa (chairman) and Crédito y Docks de Barcelona- Julio Pauchet: Crédito y Docks de Barcelona, Arnús (manager) and Menorca (vice-chairman). 64 Other Catalan banks held interlocking directorates, but only two cases sharedmore than a director. First, we have a pair formed by Banco de Préstamos y Descuentosand Banco Comercial de Barcelona:- Ernesto Carpi Gentilli: Internacional de Industria y Comercio, Comercial de Barcelona(general manager), and Préstamos y Descuentos- Luis Escayola Vallhonrat: Comercial de Barcelona and Préstamos y Descuentos- Fernando Mercé González: Comercial de Barcelona (vice-chairman) and Préstamos yDescuentos- Francisco Piella Surerol: Comercial de Barcelona and Préstamos y Descuentos Second, there is the group formed by Banco Internacional de Industria yComercio, Banca Marsans and Banco Comercial de Tarrasa.- José Guardiola Roca: Marsans y Comercial de Tarrasa- Juan Miquel Banús: Marsans (manager) and Internacional de Industria y Comercio(administrator)- Francisco Salvans Armengol: Marsans and Comercial de Tarrasa- Juan Ventosa y Calvell: Marsans (chairman) and Internacional de Industria yComercio (vice-chairman) Other Catalan banks connections:- Ignacio Coll Portabella: Hispano Colonial y Urquijo Catalán- Luis Figueras Dotti: Marsans (deputy manager) and Sindicato de Banqueros- Juan Antonio Gamazo y Abarca, Conde de Gamazo: Internacional de Industria yComercio, Hispano Colonial, and S. A. Arnús-Garí (chairman)- Jorge Garí Gimeno: Préstamos y Descuentos, Sindicato Banqueros, and S. A. Arnús-Garí- José Garriga Nogués y Roig: Garriga Nogués (vice-chairman) and SindicatoBanqueros- Juan Antonio Güell, Conde de Güell: Hispano Colonial and López Brú (vice-chairman)- Horacio de Echevarrieta: Banco de Bilbao and Banco Internacional de Industria yComercio- Marqués de Quijano: Hispano Colonial and Mercantil1934 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1935) Two groupss of Catalan banks may be found this year, apart from those relatedto Banco Hispano Colonial (see Banco Central connections). One of this coalitionswould have been around Banca Marsans:- Miguel Barella Arraut: Marsans and Comercial de Barcelona (secretary)- Vicente Boluda Martínez: Valencia and Castellón- Manuel Casanova Llopis: Valencia and Castellón (vice-chairman)- Luis Escayola Vallhonrat: Marsans (general manager), Comercial de Barcelona(general manager), and Internacional de Industria y Comercio- José Escuder Alcaide: Valencia (manager) and Internacional de Industria y Comercio(manager)- José Galindo Gómez: Valencia and Castellón- José Geis Bosch: Marsans and Comercial de Tarrasa 65 - José Guix Ribas: Marsans and Comercial de Tarrasa- Luis Jover Castells: Marsans and Comercial de Barcelona- Juan Miquel Banús: Marsans (manager), Internacional de Industria y Comercio, andSindicato de Banqueros- Vicente Noguera Bonora: Valencia (chairman), Castellón (chairman), andInternacional de Industria y Comercio (chairman)- Francisco de A. Ripoll Fortuño: Marsans (chairman) and de la Propiedad- Francisco Salvans Armengol: Marsans (manager) and Comercial de Tarrasa(chairman)- Juan Salvans Pascual: Marsans (vice-chairman) and Internacional de Industria yComercio- Ignacio Villalonga Villalba: Valencia and Internacional de Industria y Comercio It subsisted some connections between banks that had been linked to Banco deCataluña:- Salvador Floriach Arnau: Tortosa and Palafrugell- Pedro Torra Closa: Reus and Tortosa Finally, Jorge Garí Gimeno, who was S.A. Arnús-Garí's vice-chairman, was alsoSindicato de Banqueros' secretary. *** 66 Banco de Santander1961 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 1) In Muñoz's diagram, Banco Santander held links by only one director withBanco Soler and Sindicato de Banqueros (see groups of Banco Central).1966-67 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 3) Banco de Santander shared several directors with Banco Comercial paraAmérica (ex-Banco Soler y Torra) and Banco Intercontinental (Bankinter). Banco deSantander was related with other groups by a director of Sindicato de Banqueros (seegroups of Banco Central and Banesto).1975 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1975) Following directors linked Banco Santander, Comercial para America andIntercontinental Español (Bankinter):- Luis Bergé Abarca: Santander, Comercial para América and Bankinter- Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos: Santander (2nd vice-chairman andgeneral manager) and Bankinter- Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y López: Santander (chairman) and Bankinter(chairman)- Jaime Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos: Santander and Bankinter (chiefexecutive)- Santiago Corral y Pérez: Santander and Bankinter- Joaquín Chapaprieta Ornstein: Santander and Comercial para América- Ives C. Lamarche: Comercial para América and Bankinter- Peter M. Nelson: Bankinter and Comercial para América (vice-chairman)- Eduardo Ruiz de Huidobro y Alzurena: Santander and Bankinter- Alvin C. Rice: Comercial para América (chairman) and Bankinter- Pablo Tarrero Rivero: Santander (1st vice-chairman and chief executive) and Bankinter- Ramón Zapater: Bankinter and Comercial para América1980 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1980) Following directors related Banco de Santander, Bankinter and Bank ofAmerica:- Luis Bergé Abarca: Santander (general manager) and Bankinter- Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos: Santander (2nd vice-chairman andchief executive), Bankinter, Comercial Español, and Jover- Jaime Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos: Santander and Bankinter (chiefexecutive)- Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y López: Santander (chairman) and Bankinter(chairman)- Santiago Corral y Pérez: Santander and Bankinter 67 - Joaquín Chapaprieta Ornstein: Santander and Bankinter- Juan Secades González-Camino: Santander (general manager) and Bankinter- Pablo Tarrero Rivero: Santander (1st vice-chairman and chief executive) and Bankinter- Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines: Bankinter and Bank of America (general manager)- Juan Manuel Forn: Bankinter and Bank of America (Bank of America New Yorkrepresentative and deputy general manager)- Mont. E. McMillen: Bankinter and Bank of America (chairman)- Vaden M. Yelton: Bankinter and Bank of America (vice-chairman)1985 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1985) Ten directors connected Banco de Santander, Intercontinental Español andSantander de Negocios:- Luis Bergé Abarca: Santander (general manager), Intercontinental Español andSantander de Negocios- Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos: Santander (2nd vice-chairman andchief executive) and Intercontinental Español- Jaime Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos: Santander and IntercontinentalEspañol (chief executive)- Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y López: Santander and Intercontinental Español(chairman)- Santiago Corral y Pérez: Santander and Intercontinental Español- Joaquín Chapaprieta Ornstein: Santander and Intercontinental Español- José Luis Díaz Fernández: Santander and Comercial Español- Alberto Folch Rusiñol: Santander and Santander de Negocios- Atilano Matilla Gómez: Santander (secretary) and Comercial Español- Juan Secades González-Camino: Santander and Intercontinental Español Three other directors linked this group to other entities:- Rafael Alonso Botín: Santander and Jover (vice-chairman)- Rodrigo Echenique Gordillo: Santander de Negocios (secretary), Condal, and Huelva- Vaden M.Yelton: Intercontinental Español and Bank of America (vice-chairman) Banco Condal and Banco de Huelva shared five directors more:- Fernando de Chávarri Zapatero: Condal (secretary) and Huelva (general manager andsecretary)- Francisco de la Herrán Matorras: Condal (chairman) and Huelva (chairman)- José Ramón Meléndez Martínez-Agulló: Condal and Huelva- Eugenio Posada Puntero: Condal and Huelva- Martín Rivas Fernández: Condal, Huelva, and Vitoria1990 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1990) Ten directors of Banco de Santander sat in the boards of other banks:- Rafael Alonso Botín (manager): Santander de Negocios y Jover- Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos (chairman): Santander deNegocios (chairman) and Bankinter (vice-chairman) 68 - Jaime Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos (vice-chairman): Bankinter(chairman)- José María Carballo Cotanda (manager): Santander de Negocios (chief executive)- Joaquín Chapaprieta Ornstein: Bankinter- Rodrigo Echenique Gordillo (chief executive): Santander de Negocios- Carlos Gerardo García Rodríguez (manager): Jover- Julio Novo Polidura (manager): Santander de Negocios- Juan Rodríguez Inciarte (manager): Santander de Negocios (vice-chairman)- Juan Secades González-Camino: Bankinter Banco Jover linked Santander's association with Banco Condal and Banco deHuelva:- José Ignacio Uclés Romero: Jover (secretary), Condal (secretary), and Huelva- Pedro Insaurriaga Gamo: Condal and Huelva- José Ramón Meléndez Martínez-Agulló: Condal and Huelva- Eugenio Posada Puntero: Condal and Huelva *** 69 Banco Popular1966-67 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 3) Banco Popular held links with Banco de Andalucía and Banco de Salamanca, asin 1961 (see Banco Central cluster). Through Banco de Andalucía, Banco Popular wasconnected to Banco de Huelva that was owned by RUMASA. Besides, now it appearsBanco Europeo de Negocios, an industrial bank. Banco Popular was related with groupsof other large banks through Banco de La Coruña (Bilbao), Banco de Andalucía(Central), Banco Industrial de Cataluña (Banesto and Central), and through Zaragozano-López Quesada-Exterior with Banesto and Central.1975 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1975) Following directors connected Banco Popular to Ba nco Europeo de Negociosand other banks:- Luis Butragüeño Ramos: Popular (general manager) and Europeo de Negocios- Juan Manuel Fanjul Sedeño: Popular (vice-chairman) and Castilla (chairman)- Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora y Mon: Popular and Europeo de Negocios- José María Lage Arenas: Popular (deputy chief executive) and Europeo de Negocios- Miguel Nigorra Oliver: Popular, Europeo de Negocios, and Crédito Balear (chairman)- Fernando de Solís y Atienza: Popular and Andalucía (chairman)- Rafael Termes Carrero: Popular (chief executive) and Europeo de Negocios- Javier Valls Taberner: Popular (1st vice-chairman) and Europeo de Negocios- Pedro Valls Taberner: Popular (consejero secretario ejecutivo de la presidencia) andEuropeo de Negocios- Gilbert Barre: Societe Generale de Banque en Espagne (vice-chairman and chiefexecutive) and Europeo de Negocios1980 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1980) Following directors connected Banco Popular to Banco Popular Industrial,mainly:- Luis Butragüeño Ramos: Popular (general manager) and Popular Ind. (secretary)- Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora y Mon: Popular and Popular Ind.- Manuel Laffón de la Escosura: Popular, Popular Ind. (chairman) and Andalucía (vice-chairman)- Miguel Nigorra Oliver: Popular and Crédito Balear (chairman)- Rafael Termes Carrero: Popular (chief executive) and Popular Ind.- Javier Valls Taberner: Popular (1st vice-chairman) and Popular Ind.- Pedro Valls Taberner: Popular (secretario ejecutivo de la presidencia) and Popular Ind.- Juan Moya García: Andalucía (secretary) and Huelva (secretary) 70 1985 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1985) Five people sat in the boards of Banco Popular and Banco Popular Industrial,simultaneously: Manuel Laffón de la Escosura, José Oliva Marín, Rafael TermesCarrero22, Javier Valls Taberner and Pedro Valls Taberner. Three other directorsconnected Banco Popular to other entities:- Juan Manuel Martín Martín: Exportación (deputy general manager)- Miguel Nigorra Oliver: Crédito Balear (chairman)- Fernando de Solis de Atienza: Andalucía (chairman)1990 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1990) Banco Popular held links with other entities by the following interlockingdirectors:- Manuel Laffón de la Escosura (chief executive): Popular Industrial- Miguel Nigorra Oliver: Crédito Balear (chairman)- Fernando de Solis de Atienza: Andalucía (chairman)- Rafael Termes Carrero: Popular Industrial- Javier Valls Taberner (chairman): Popular Industrial- PedroValls Taberner: Popular Industrial ***22 In suspension from duty because he was the chairman of the Spanish Banking Association (AEB). 71 Other relations1915 (Anuario Financiero y de Valores Mobiliarios, año I, 1916)* Four directors of Banco Asturiano de Industria y Comercio (Armando de las AlasPumariño -general manager-, Victoriano García San Miguel, José Tartiere andMarcelino Trapiello) also appears in the boards of Banco de Valencia. Besides, Juan T.de Arteche linked Banco Asturiano to Crédito de la Unión Minera.* Banco Riojano and \"La Agrícola\" shared three directors: Fermín Goñi (La Agrícolageneral manager), Juan Irurzun, and Francisco Urcola.* The chairman of Fomento Agrícola Industrial y Comercial (Luchmajor, Mallorca),Juan Puig Fullana, also appears in the board of Banco de Soller (Mallorca).* Lorenzo Pons sat in the boards of Banco de Menorca and Crédito Mercantil deMenorca. Juan Vidal held seats in two boards of directors: Banco de Menorca andCrédito Mercantil de Menorca.1925 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1926)* Banco de Santander shared three directors with Banco de Torrelavega.* Banco Español en París connected many small and regional banks:- Roque de Alday: Tolosa (chairman)- Juan Bautista Alfaro: Vitoria (chairman)- Marqués de Arenas: Ávila (chairman)- Joaquín Beunza y Redín: La Vasconia- Marqués de Cabanes: Sindicato de Banqueros- Alberto Carrión (vice-chairman): Aragón (general manager)- Alberto Elósegui (chairman): Vitoria- José García Sánchez: Zaragozano (chairman)- José Maestre Zapata: Internacional de Industria y Comercio- Demetrio de los Mozos (secretary): Guipuzcoano (secretary)* Two directors of La Vasconia sat in other banks' boards:- Cecilio Azcárate y Lana: Aragón- Tomás Garmendía y Biurrun: Internacional de Industria y Comercio* There were also some connections between banks in the Balearic Islands:- Conde de Torre Saura: Crédito Mercantil de Menorca and Comercial de Ciudadela(vice-chairman)- Juan J. Vidal y Mir: Crédito Mercantil de Menorca (vice-chairman) and FomentoAgrícola de Mallorca (secretary) 72 1934 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1935)* Banco Guipuzcoano and Banco Vitoria shared two directors, including Guipuzcoano'sgeneral manager, Victor Artola.* Banco de Santander and Banco de Torrelavega shared three directors, includinggeneral manager (Emilio Botín) and vice-chairman (Saturnino Briz Larín) of bothbanks.* Chairman of Banco de Irún was also vice-chairman of Banco Mercantil e Ind.* Banco de Aragón and La Vasconia had one interlocking director.* Banco Zaragozano and Ba nco de la Propiedad shared two directors, includingZaragozanos' vice-chairman.* Banks of the Balearics held the following connections:- Juan Mir Company: Fomento Agrícola de Mallorca and Fomento Agrícola Industrial yComercial (secretary).- Conde de Torre Saura: Crédito Mercantil de Menorca (vice-chairman) and Comercialde Ciudadela (vice-chairman).- Juan J. Vidal y Mir: Fomento Agrícola de Mallorca (manager) and Crédito Mercantilde Menorca (chairman).1946 (Anuario Financiero y de Sociedades Anónimas de España, año 1947)* Banco de de Aragón and Banco de Tortosa shared two directors: Miguel Mª AzcárateIrurita and Joaquín Bau Nolla, chairman of Banco de Tortosa.* Jose Garriga Nogués y Garriga Nogués, Marqués de Cabanes, was the chairman ofBanca Garriga Nogués and Sindicato de Banqueros.1961 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 1)* In Muñoz's diagram, it appears the following associations of small banks:- Mas Sardà-Comercial Transatlántico-Sindicato- Garriga Noguès-Sindicato- Jover-Sindicato- Mercantil e Industrial-Crédito Aragonés-Málaga-Canarias1966-67 (J. Muñoz, 1969, cap. 4, gráfico 3)* Coalitions interlocked by more than one director would have been:- Crédito Navarro- La Vasconia, that were also connected to Banco de Aragón (seeBanco Central groups).- Madrid-Catalán de Desarrollo, that were connected to Banco Central through Créditoy Docks. 73 - Sevilla-Meridional, linked to Banco Popular through Banco de Huelva.- Atlántico-Unión Industrial Bancaria, connected to Banco Central.- Banca Catalana-Industrial de Cataluña-Comercial Transatlántico. Banco Industrial deCataluña linked them with groups of Banesto, Central and Popular.- Mercantil-Canarias-Aragonés del Crédito, linked to Banco Exterior.1975 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1975)* Following directors of Banco Atlántico sat in other banks' boards:- Guillermo Bañares Martí (chief executive): Comercial de Cataluña (chairman)- Pablo Bofill de Quadras: Unión Industrial Bancaria (vice-chairman)- José Ferrer Bonsoms (vice-chairman): Unión Industrial Bancaria (chairman)- José María Molero y Aguero: Comercial de Cataluña- Casimiro Molins Ribot (chairman): Unión Industrial Bancaria* Following directors of Banca Catalana sat in other banks' boards:- Francisco Cabana Vancells (secretary): Gerona (chairman) and Ind. de Cataluña- Raimon Carrasco Azemar (general manager): Ind. de Cataluña (vice-chairman)- Juan Casablancas Bertrán: Mercantil de Manresa (chairman)- Jordi Pujol Soley: Ind. de Cataluña- Olegario Soldevilla Godó: Ind. de Cataluña- José Luis Vilaseca Guasch: Mercantil de Manresa* Eight directors connected Banco de Madrid to Banco Catalán de Desarrollo: ClaudioBoada Villalonga (2nd vice-chairman of Catalán de Desarrollo), Jaime Castell Lastortras(chairman of both banks), Jaime Castell Mercader (Banco Catalán de Desarrollo'sdeputy chairman), Carlos Corpas Gutiérrez- Zorrilla, Francisco Luis Gamón Boldoba(Banco de Madrid's chief executive), Juan Pujol Isern (Banco Catalán de Desarrollo'schief executive), Juan Rosell Codinachs (vice-chairman of both banks) and RamónSardá Pérez-Bufill.* Three directors connected Banco Mercantil de Tarragona and Banco de Valls:Francisco J. Hernández López-Gil (Mercantil de Tarragona's vice-chairman and chiefexecutive), Juan Sanmartí Arderiu (Valls' vice-chairman) and Eudaldo Tarre Arnau(secretary of both boards).* Three directors linked Banco Ibérico to Banco de Finanzas: Arturo Fierro Viña(Ibérico's vice-chairman and Finanzas' chairman and chief executive), Basilio FreireCaeiro de Matta y Luis Rodríguez Viña (Ibérico's chief executive).* Two directors connected Banco de Granada to Banco de Crédito Comercial: J. ManuelRodriguez-Acosta Carlstrom (Crédito Comercial's chairman and Granada's chiefexecutive), Miguel Rodriguez-Acosta Carlstrom (Crédito Comercial's chief executiveand Granada's chairman).* Finally, next people shared two boards of directors:- Miguel Capuz Pons: Cantábrico (secretary) and Valladolid- Vicente Castellano Sabater: Exportación and Barcelona (vice-chairman)- Santiago Guillén Moreno: Albacete (chairman) and Norte (legal adviser) 74 - Fernando Labastida Nicolau: Comercial Español and Industrial del Mediterráneo(secretary)- Arturo Mas Sarda Laguna: Sindicato de Banqueros (vice-chairman) and Mas Sarda (1stvice-chairman)- Domingo Romera Alcázar: Peninsular and Condal- Francisco Tardío Cabello: Sindicato de Banqueros and Vitoria (chairman)1980 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1980)* Banca Catalana headed a set of banks (Industrial del Mediterráneo, Industrial deCataluña, de Barcelona and Banco de Gerona) by the next interlocking directors:- Antonio Armengol Arnau: Banca Catalana (deputy general manager) and Industrialdel Mediterráneo- Francisco Cabana Vancells: Banca Catalana (secretary), Gerona (chairman) and Ind.de Cataluña- Raimon Carrasco Azemar: Banca Catalana (chairman) and Industrial de Cataluña(vice-chairman)- Salvador Casanovas Martí: Banca Catalana and Barcelona (chairman)- Francisco Constans Ros: Banca Catalana (general manager) and Industrial delMediterráneo- Antonio Forrellad Solá: Banca Catalana, Industrial de Cataluña (vice-chairman) andIndustrial del Mediterráneo (chairman)- Juan Martí Mercadal: Banca Catalana and Industrial de Cataluña- Ramón Monforte Navalón: Banca Catalana (deputy general manager) and deBarcelona- Andrés Ribera Rovira: Banca Catalana (vice-chairman) and Industrial de Cataluña(chairman)- Martí Rosell Barbé: Banca Catalana and Industrial de Cataluña- Oleguer Soldevilla Godó: Banca Catalana and Industrial de Cataluña- José Luis Vilaseca Guasch: Banca Catalana, Gerona (vice-chairman), and Valladolid- Ventura Garcés Brusés: Industrial de Cataluña (secretary) and Industrial delMediterráneo (secretary)* Banco de Granada, de Valladolid and Banca López Quesada held several interlockingdirectors among them and with other entities:- Javier Escauriaza Urioste: Granada and Pastor (deputy general manager)- José Ramón García Arango: Granada, López Quesada (vice-chairman and generalmanager), and Valladolid (chief executive)- José Giménez de Almenara: Granada and Madrid (general manager)- Ignacio González Cagigas: Granada (secretary), Depósitos (secretary), López Quesada(secretary and legal adviser), and Valladolid (secretary)- Juan Luis Iglesias Prada: Granada (vice-chairman) and López Quesada (vice-chairman)- Aristóbulo de Juan de Frutos, Corporación Bancaria representative: Granada(chairman and chief executive), López Quesada (chairman), Meridional, Rural yMediterráneo, and Valladolid (chairman)- José Luis López de Garayo y González de Betolaza: Granada and Unión- Enrique Piñel López: March (secretary) and Valladolid- Lorenzo de Zavala Richi: Internacional de Comercio and López Quesada 75 * Epifanio Ridruejo Brieva, Banco de Granada's director, was also general manager ofBanco de Fomento (see Banco Central's clusters).* Another coalition was formed by Banco de Madrid and Banco Catalán de Desarrollo:José María Amusátegui de la Cierva, Jacobo Argüelles Salaverría, Claudio BoadaVillalonga (chairman of both banks), Fernando Castromil Sánchez (secretary of bothbanks), Pablo de Garnica Gutiérrez, José María López de Letona y Núñez del Pino yFélix Muelas Medrano (he was also director of Banco Saudí Español).* Banco Exterior and Banco Cantábrico appear associated by the following interlockingdirectors: Rafael Martínez Cortiña (Exterior's chief executive), José Luis Mora Mallo(Exterior's general manager) y Fermín Zelada de Andrés Moreno (chairman of bothbanks). Another two directors of Banco Exterior connected it to other entities: FranciscoNovela Berlín to Banco Saudí Español and Fernando Rubio Fernández to Banco ÁrabeEspañol.* Three directors connected Banco Occidental to Banco Comercial Occidental:Gregorio Diego Jiméne z (chairman of both banks), Oscar García Siso (Occidental'schief executive and Comercial Occidental's vice-chairman) and Juan Antonio LlopisMartínez.* Two directors connected Banco de Levante to Nuevo Banco: José Miguel GarriguesWalker (chairman of both banks) and José Antonio Madruga Casado (vice-chairman ofboth banks).* Another pairs:- José Ferrer Bonsoms: Atlántico (vice-chairman) and Unión (chairman)- Joaquín López Ayuso: Atlántico (general manager) and Comercial de Cataluña- José María Recuero Albizu: Atlántico and Jerez (secretary)- Juan Ros Petit: Atlántico and Condal (secretary)- Juan Gich Bech de Careda: Condal and Peninsular (chairman)- Vicente Castellano Sabater: Exportación and Barcelona- Santiago Guillén Moreno: Albacete (chairma n) and Extremadura (legal adviser)- Patricio Pemán Medina: Extremadura (chairman) and Industrial del Sur (legal adviser)- Manuel Igea Gil: Abel Matutes Torres and Trelles- Juan Lladó y Fernández-Urrutia: Internacional de Comercio (general manager) andSaudí Español- Javier de la Rosa Martí: Catalán de Desarrollo and Garriga Nogués (vice-chairman)1985 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1985)* Following directors of Banco Exterior sat in other banks' boards:- Miguel Boyer Salvador (chairman): Alicante (chairman)- Gerardo Burgos Belascoain: Simeón- Joaquín Casuso Posada (general manager): Atlántico y Simeón (vice-chairman)- Ignacio Domínguez Urquijo: Árabe Español- Ramón Fernández de la Mora y Álvarez (general manager): Alicante (1st vice-chairman), Cantábrico, Atlántico y Simeón 76 - Rafael Martínez Cortiña (vice-chairman and chief executive): Atlántico (vice-chairman) y Simeón (chairman)- José Luis Mora Mallo (general manager): Cantábrico- Ríos Pérez. Calixto (general manager): SimeónOther connections:- José Luis Alonso Pérez: Alicante and Cantábrico- Abdulla A. Saudi: Atlántico (chairman) and Árabe Español (chairman)- Salem A. Zenaty: Atlántico and Arabe Español (deputy general manager)- José Sartorious Álvarez de Bohorques: Atlántico and Árabe Español (vice-chairman)* Banco Zaragozano and Banco de Toledo shared ten directors. One of them, SergioGarcía-Orcoyen Tormo, was also general manager in Spain of Algemene BankNederland, N.V..* Three directors connected Banco Herrero to Banco Herrero Inversión.* Four directors of Banca March connected this bank to other three:- Alfredo Lafita Pardo (vice-chairman): Asturias (chairman) and Natwest-March (chiefexecutive)- Juan March Delgado: Natwest-March and Progreso (chairman)- Enrique Piñel López (secretary): Asturias and Natwest-March (secretary)- Cristobal Rodríguez Pizá (managing director): Asturias* Other pairs of banks:- Javier Abad Hernando: Árabe Español (deputy general manager) and Exportación- Luis Vañó Martínez: Árabe Español (general manager) and Exportación (chairman)- GESPAR, S.A.: Castilla (administrator) and Galicia (administrator)1990 (Anuario Estadístico de la Banca Privada, año 1990)* Eleven directors of Banco Exterior sat in other banks' boards:- José Luis Alonso Pérez (general manager): Gestión and Inversión Financiera- Joaquín Casuso Posada (general manager): Atlántico and Gestión e InversiónFinanciera (chairman)- Ignacio Gil Vallejo (general manager): Alicante (1st vice-chairman), Exterior Directo,Gestión e Inversión Financiera, and Simeón (chairman)- Rafael Gómez Perezagua: Árabe Español (vice-chairman)- Francisco Luzón López (chairman): Atlántico (vice-chairman) and ExteriorInternacional (chairman)- Jesús María Martín Herrero (secretary): Alicante and Simeón- José Ramón Muinelo Aguirre (general manager): Alicante, Gestión e InversiónFinanciera and Exterior Directo- Calixto Ríos Pérez (general manager): Exterior Internacional- José Ignacio Rivero Pradera (chief executive): Alicante (chairman), Atlántico, andExterior Directo (chairman)- Luis Daniel Sanz Suárez: Árabe Español- Fernando Vivar Mira (secretary): Exterior Directo (secretary), Exterior Internacional(secretary), and Simeón (secretary) 77 Through Banco Exterior Directo there were other links:- Rosa Alegría Íñiguez (chief executive): Simeón- Luis Estrada Parra: Atlántico and Simeón- Marco Antonio García Pérez: Alicante- José Ramón Jouve Jiménez: Alicante, Gestión e Inversión Financiera and Simeón- Gabriel Terroba Gutiérrez: Alicante, Gestión e Inversión Financiera and SimeónInterlocks through other banks:- Ángel María Bengoa Zabala: Gestión e Inversión Financiera and Simeón- Manuel Planelles Notario: Gestión e Inversión Financiera and Simeón (generalmanager)- José Quevedo Quevedo: Gestión e Inversión Financiera and Simeón- Amador Villar Santos: Gestión e Inversión Financiera and Simeón- José Ataz Hernández: Alicante (secretary) and Gestión e Inversión Financiera(secretary and legal adviser)- Antonio de Santiago Vila: Alicante and Gestión e Inversión Financiera- Abdulmohsen Yousef Al-Hunaif: Árabe Español (vice-chairman) and Atlántico- José María Chimeno Chillón: Atlántico (general manager) and Exportación (chairman)- Abdulla A. Saudi: Árabe Español (chairman) and Atlántico (chairman)* National Westminster Bank held following links with other banks:- Edwin Herbert Fairman: Asturias and National Westminster Bank, P.L.C. (chiefexecutive)- Rafael Martínez Cortiña: Asturias (chairman) and Natwest- España (chairman)- Nigel Paul Imison: Asturias and Natwest España (deputy chairman)- Miguel Vizcaíno Calderón: Asturias and Natwest España (secretary)* Deutsche Bank, A.G. and Banco Comercial Transatlántico had three interlockingdirectors: Pedro Fisterbusch (Deutsche Bank and Comercial Transatlántico manager),Alberto Ignacio Veciana Verges (Comercial Transatlántico manager) and Anton WalterBatzler (Comercial Transatlántico manager).* Banco Zaragozano and Banco de Toledo shared four directors: Juan Luis ArrietaBarrenechea (Zaragozano's general manager), Eugenio Domingo Solans, JaimeRequeijo González (Toledo's chairman), Eduardo Solans Abadías (Toledo andZaragozano's vice-chairman). Besides, one director of Banco Zaragozano, Juan LlopartPérez, also sat in the board of Sindicato de Banqueros.* Banco de Sabadell and Sabadell Multibanca shared four directors: Alberto BorrásFerre (Sabadell's deputy general manager), Buenaventura Garriga Brutau (Sabadell'svice-chairman and Sabadell Multibanca's chairman), José Permanyer Cunillera(Sabadell's deputy general manager and Sabadell Multibanca's general manager) andFrancisco Vallejo Vallejo (Sabadell deputy general manager).* Three directors of Banca March also appear in the board of Banco Urquijo: Simón J.Galmés Cerdó (Banca March vice-chairman), José Carlos March Delgado (BancaMarch and Urquijo chairman) and Jaime Prohéns Mas. Through Banco Urquijo, therewere more connections: José Antonio Casaus Martín (Banco del Progreso chief 78 executive), Juan March Delgado (Banco del Progreso chairman) and Leopoldo RodesCastañé (Banco del Progreso vice-chairman).* Finally, Cía de Gestión y Administración, S.A. (GESPAR, S.A.) appears asadministrator of Banco de Castilla, Banco de Galicia and Banco Vasconia.* Guy de Jacquelot connected Credit Lyonnais to Banco Comercial Español. 79
