Mytilidae – Sea Mussels

Description

Pear-shaped, these bivalves typically attach to the surfaces of surf-beaten rocks. A strong byssus near the hinge fastens the mussel to rock, where the surf brings ample oxygen and food. However numerous genera have adapted to other habitats, including sand burrows. Many genera in this family have continued down from the Paleozoic era essentially unchanged. Two major groupings within this family are the Modiolus and Mytilis genera. Looked at on-edge, both genera are distinguished by a beak; near the hinge for Mytilis. The beak is somewhat distant from the hinge for Modiolus.
A principal food worldwide, mussels aggregate in large colonies. They are periodically rendered poisonous by the “red tide” dinoflagellates; i.e., microscopic one-celled protozoans that bloom during warm temperature regimes. The dinoflagellates are filtered out into the mussel’s gill cavities, by which people who later eat the mussel can be poisoned. The poison is not destroyed by cooking. Mussel colonies are usually preyed upon by starfish (an echinoderm, not a mollusk) and by Thais gastropods in the Murex family.

The genera, Pinna and Atrina typically attach to small stones with mutliple byssus threads, while Modiolus and Geukensia bury in peat or coarse sediments also using byssus threads

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Mytiloida

Superfamily: Mytilacea

Family: Mytilidae

Major Genera

Genus: Adula
Genus: Aulacomya
Genus: Amygdalum
Genus: Brachidontes
Genus: Crenella
Genus: Geukensia
Genus: Modiolus
Genus: Musculus
Genus: Mytella
Genus: Perna
Genus: Septifer

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Adipicola arcuatilis	Adipicola crypta	Adipicola iwaotakii	Adipicola osseocola	Adipicola pacifica	Adipicola pelagica	Amygdalum anoxicolum	Amygdalum peasei
Amygdalum politum	Amygdalum sagittatum	Amygdalum soyoae	Amygdalum striatum	Amygdalum watsoni	Arcuatula arcuatula	Arcuatula capensis	Arcuatula glaberrima
Arcuatula papyria	Arcuatula perfragilis	Arcuatula senhousia	Arenifodiens vagina	Arvella japonica	Arvella pectinula	Aulacomya atra	Bathymodiolus aduloides
Bathymodiolus hirtus	Bathymodiolus mauritanicus	Bathymodiolus platifrons	Bathymodiolus securiformis	Bathymodiolus septemdierum	Benthomodiolus lignocola	Botula fusca	Botula hawaiensis
Brachidontes blakeanus	Brachidontes crebristriatus	Brachidontes erosus	Brachidontes granulatus	Brachidontes maritimus	Brachidontes modiolus	Brachidontes mutabilis	Brachidontes pharaonis
Brachidontes puniceus	Brachidontes rodriguezii	Brachidontes sculptus	Brachidontes semilaevis	Brachidontes virgiliae	Choromytilus palliopunctatus	Ciboticola lunata	Crenella arenaria
Crenella decussata	Crenella divaricata	Crenella pellucida	Dacrydium abyssorum	Dacrydium minimum	Dacrydium ockelmanni	Dacrydium pacificum	Dacrydium vitreum
Dacrydium wareni	Geukensia demissa	Geukensia granosissima	Gibbomodiola adriatica	Gregariella denticulata	Gregariella difficilis	Gregariella petagnae	Gregariella semigranata
Idas cristiani	Idas emmae	Idas filippoi	Idas ghisottii	Idas hiranoi	Idas jaclinae	Idas japonicus	Idas modiolaeformis
Idas simpsoni	Ischadium recurvum	Jolya arata	Jolya elongata	Jolya martorelli	Jolya rhomboidea	Leiosolenus spatiosus	Limnoperna fortunei

Malleidae – Hammer Oysters

Description
: Hammer oysters are hinged at the top of the “T” (in the picture), where a small byssus emerges at the back. The hinge is held by an oblique ligament rather than teeth, and the shell is partially nacreous. One might think of this oyster as having evolved the straight-edged hinge of the pearl oyster to an absurd length. A single large adductor muscle lies at the cross of the T, and the exhalant current is discharged at the hinge. Most live in the crevices of coral rocks or on reef flats, in tropical regions.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia

Order: Pterioida

Superfamily: Pteriacea

Family: Malleidae

Major Genera

Genus: Malleus
Genus: Malvimalleus

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albus anatinus candeanus claemoniacus legumen

malleus regula

Mactridae – Surf Clams

Description: Surf clams like to burrow in rocks, and the shell is consequently quite strongly constructed. The shell surface is smooth, with concentric growth lines, and covered with a thin periostracum. The resilium (part of the hinge ligament inside the edges of the valves) is large and situated in a chondrophore, the spoon-shaped pit on the interior of the bivalve shell that contains the internal ligament. Lateral teeth are usually present, and the cardinal teetah are weekened. The mantle line has a posterior sinus.
: The shell shown opposite, Mactrellona exoleta, is actually rather similar to Mactrellona clisia. However, a sharp angulation on the left (posterior) end, and the absence of a “keel” at the edge where the shell is flattened identifies it as M. exoleta

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Mactracea

Family: Mactridae

Major Genera

Genus: Anatina
Genus: Lutraria
Genus: Mactra
Genus: Mactrellona
Genus: Raeta
Genus: Rangia
Genus: Spisula
Genus: Tresus

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Anatina anatina	Austromactra contraria	Austromactra rufescens	Crassula aequilatera	Cyclomactra ovata	Cyclomactra tristis	Darina rustica	Darina solenoides
Diaphoromactra versicolor	Harvella elegans	Heterocardia gibbosula	Leptospisula nivea	Lutraria angustior	Lutraria capensis	Lutraria curta	Lutraria lutraria
Lutraria maxima	Lutraria oblonga	Lutraria rhynchaena	Lutraria senegalensis	Lutraria sieboldii	Lutraria steynlussii	Lutraria turneri	Mactra abbreviata
Mactra achatina	Mactra aequisulcata	Mactra alta	Mactra antiquata	Mactra artensis	Mactra australis	Mactra chinensis	Mactra cineraria
Mactra crossei	Mactra cumingii	Mactra cuneata	Mactra cygnus	Mactra deshayesi	Mactra dissimilis	Mactra eximia	Mactra fuegiensis
Mactra glabrata	Mactra glauca	Mactra grandis	Mactra hians	Mactra incarnata	Mactra iridescens	Mactra isabelleana	Mactra lilacea
Mactra luzonica	Mactra maculata	Mactra marplatensis	Mactra mitis	Mactra nipponica	Mactra olorina	Mactra ordinaria	Mactra patagonica
Mactra petitii	Mactra pura	Mactra pusilla	Mactra quadrangularis	Mactra queenslandica	Mactra rochebrunei	Mactra sauliana	Mactra sericea
Mactra stultorum	Mactra thaanumi	Mactra turgida	Mactra violacea	Mactra westralis	Mactrotoma angulifera	Mactrotoma angusta	Mactrotoma antecedens
Mactrotoma californica	Mactrotoma depressa	Mactrotoma explanata	Mactrotoma isthmica	Mactrotoma nasuta	Nannomactra matthewsi	Mactrellona alata	Mactrellona clisia

Lucinidae – Lucina Clams

Description

A large, well-known family of usually white, hard-shelled clams in which the cardinal teeth are small, and the anterior muscle scar is narrow and long. There are no long siphons, so the clams make a tube to the surface with their foot. Many genera and species, worldwide, shallow to deep water.

The tropical clam Lucina pectinata contains a unique hemoglobin (HbI) which serves to transport hydrogen sulfide to autotrophic bacteria that live endosymbiotically (within the host’s tissues). The bacteria provide a clear example, as to how these clams survive in both the oxic sea environment and the hypersaline, anoxic environment near sea floor vents. Mutualisms like this example are ancient and underscored by multiple lines of evidence (Hickman, 2003).

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Lucinacea

Family: Lucinidae

Major Genera

Genus: Lucina
Genus: Phacoides
Genus: Cokakia
Genus: Miltha
Genus: Anodontia
Genus: Divaricella

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Afrophysema eutornus	Alucinoma alis	Anodontia alba	Anodontia edentula	Loripinus fragilis	Pegophysema bialata	Austriella corrugata	Barbierella louisiensis
Barbierella scitula	Bathyaustriella thionipta	Bourdotia boschorum	Cardiolucina civica	Cardiolucina pisum	Cardiolucina quadrata	Cardiolucina semperiana	Cavatidens omissa
Cavilinga blanda	Cavilinga lampra	Cavilucina fieldingi	Chavania erythraea	Chavania striata	Clathrolucina costata	Codakia distinguenda	Codakia interrupta
Codakia miniata	Codakia minuata	Codakia orbicularis	Codakia paytenorum	Codakia punctata	Codakia rugifera	Codakia thaanumi	Codakia tigerina
Cryptophysema vesicula	Ctena bella	Ctena clarionensis	Ctena clippertonensis	Ctena decussata	Ctena delicatula	Ctena divergens	Ctena eburnea
Ctena galapagana	Ctena imbricatula	Ctena mexicana	Ctena orbiculata	Ctena reevei	Ctena sulphurea	Ctena valida	Discolucina solomonensis
Divalinga bardwelli	Divalinga dalliana	Divalinga dentata	Divalinga quadrisulcata	Divalucina cumingi	Divalucina soyoae	Divaricella angulifera	Divaricella discors
Divaricella huttoniana	Divaricella ornatissima	Dulcina guidoi	Dulcina karubari	Dulcina madagascariensis	Dulcina minor	Dulcina musorstomi	Elliptiolucina ingens
Elliptiolucina labeyriei	Elliptiolucina magnifica	Epicodakia falklandica	Epicodakia minima	Epicodakia perobliqua	Epicodakia sweeti	Epicodakia tatei	Epidulcina delphinae
Epilucina californica	Euanodontia ovum	Ferrocina brunei	Ferrocina garciai	Ferrocina multiradiata	Fimbria fimbriata	Fimbria soverbii	Funafutia levukana

BIVALVIA-LUCINIDA-LUCINOIDEA – Family: LUCINIDAE Fleming, 1828 – (847 species, 20 var)- Sea

Limidae – Flame Clams

Description: The Limidae family are related to the scallops but typically remain attached to substrates with byssal threads, often spinning a nest of threads. The molluscs are largely found in sea floor sand of the tropics, but also in waters beyond the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. Long sticky tentacles are generally visible, which in Lima hians, are colored a brilliant orange. In other species, a scarlet mantle and gill may be found. Some Lima species can actually swim like scallops (see for example Pectinidae), by clapping their shells together then expelling a water as a directed jet steam; for example, Lima hians.
: The Limidae family systematics have been revised, and some older names are in error (see Mikkelsen & Bieler, Invertebrate Systematics 17(5): 667 – 710, 1996). Lima squamosa(Lamarck, 1801), which this shell was labelled is a misidentification.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia

Order: Pterioida

Suborder: Ostreina

Family: Limidae

Major Genera

Genus: Acesta
Genus: Lima
Genus: Limaria
Genus: Limea
Genus: Limatula (Antarctolima)

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Acesta angolensis	Acesta borneensis	Acesta bullisi	Acesta celebensis	Acesta citrina	Acesta colombiana	Acesta diomedae	Acesta excavata
Acesta goliath	Acesta marissinica	Acesta maui	Acesta patagonica	Acesta philippinensis	Acesta rathbuni	Acesta saginata	Acesta smithi
Acesta verdensis	Ctenoides ales	Ctenoides annulata	Ctenoides concentricus	Ctenoides lischkei	Ctenoides mitis	Ctenoides philippinarum	Ctenoides scaber
Divarilima albicoma	Divarilima iwaotakii	Escalima regularis	Lima bullifera	Lima caribaea	Lima ceylanica	Lima divaricata	Lima fujitai
Lima gemina	Lima lima	Lima marioni	Lima nakayasui	Lima nimbifer	Lima quantoensis	Lima sagamiensis	Lima sowerbyi
Lima tetrica	Lima tomlini	Lima tropicalis	Lima vulgaris	Lima vulgatula	Lima zealandica	Limaria africana	Limaria auaua
Limaria basilanica	Limaria cumingii	Limaria dentata	Limaria fragilis	Limaria hakodatensis	Limaria hemphilli	Limaria hians	Limaria hirasei
Limaria kawamurai	Limaria keohea	Limaria lahaina	Limaria loscombi	Limaria orbignyi	Limaria orientalis	Limaria pacifica	Limaria parallela
Limaria pellucida	Limaria rotundata	Limaria thryptica	Limaria tuberculata	Limatula acherontis	Limatula bullata	Limatula delli	Limatula gwyni
Limatula hodgsoni	Limatula japonica	Limatula maoria	Limatula ovalis	Limatula powelli	Limatula pusilla	Limatula raoulica	Limatula regularis

Glycymerididae – Bittersweet Clams

Description: Glycymeridae shells are similar to
Ark shells in having a taxodont hinge; namely a hinge showing along the edges, two rows of similarly shaped teeth arranged in a chevron-like paattern (top to bottom, at right in the picture below). Generally, the shell is so symmetrical that identifying the front from posterior ends is difficult without seeing the live mollusc. The foot would protrude from the front end, and the siphons from the posterior. In the specimen shown here, a faint muscle scar (near the bottom right) identifies its posterior end; While not deepwater forms, the Glycymeridae do not tolerate intertidal conditions well. They are generally dredged from moderately deep waters.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia

Order: Arcoida

Superfamily: Limopsacea

Family: Glycymerididae

Single Genus: Glycymeri

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Glycymeri

albolineata americana arabica aspersa australis

bimaculata cisshuensis concentrica connollyi dampierensis

decussata flammea formosa tumida fulgurata

gigantea glycymeris grayana holoserica impasta

imperialis lintea livida longior maculata

martini mayi modesta nummaria ovata

persimilis pilsbryi queketti radians rafaelmesai

reevei rotunda scripta septentrionalis shutoi

spectralis stellata vovan striatularis tenuicostata

terebratularis paucidentata undata vanhengstumi vestita

yessoensis

Kerang di Pasar

Kerang Hijau Kerang Kampak

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Kerang Bambu Kerang madu

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Kerang Darah Kerang tahu

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Kerang Kepa Kerang simping

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Kerang Buluh Kerang Abalone

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Kerang batik

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Kerang gajah Kerang Kupang

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Kerang Kijing Kerang Lokan

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Kerang Laya Kerang Pensi

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Kerang salju Kerang Tiram

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Siput Tanduk Siput Gonggong

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Siput Ranga

Keong Macan Keong nenek

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Keong mas Keong Tutut

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Tutut laut

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Donacidae – Coquina Clams

Description: This is an prolific filter feeder, that provides an important link in coastal food chains, including sea birds and people. It is an indicator species for the status of sandy beach-ocean front habitats. As such, the clam’s population is drastically reduced by dam building, dredging, erosion control, and conventional beach remediation practices.The clam is a nimble surf-rider, with the capability of using its foot to leap out of the sand and ride an in-bound wave using its foot and extended syphons much like a “sail” (Marchant, 2000).; From an evolutionary perspective, Donax serra serra (Roding, 1798) may be quite notable. It shows phenoplasticity for shape; i.e., a heritable switch capability depending on particular environmental cues (Soares et al., 1998). Phenoplastic switching may also underlie the numerous colormorphs of this clam species, such as shown at the right for Donax serra aurantiaca(Krauss. 1848). See comparison of these two species in Figure 1 of Species & Speciation.Phenoplasticity is actually a widespread phenomenon generally overlooked by those schooled in neo-Darwinian survival explanations.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Tellinacea

Family: Donacidae

Major Genera

Genus: Donax
Genus: Hecuba
Genus: Hemidonax
Genus: Iphigenia
Genus: Plebidonax

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Chion obesulus	Chion obesulus mancorensis	Chion punctatostriatus	Deltachion electilis	Dentilatona lubricus	Dentilatona lubricus elegans	Dentilatona lubricus productus	Donax anatia
Donax assimilis	Donax assimilis panamensis	Donax bertini	Donax bipartitus	Donax brazieri	Donax burnupi	Donax carinatus	Donax columbella
Donax compressus	Donax culter	Donax cuneatus	Donax deltoides	Donax denticulatus	Donax dentifer	Donax dysoni	Donax erythraeensis
Donax faba	Donax fossor	Donax francisensis	Donax gemmula	Donax gouldii	Donax gracilis	Donax incarnatus	Donax kindermanni
Donax kiusiuensis	Donax madagascariensis	Donax nitidus	Donax owenii	Donax parvulus	Donax pulchellus	Donax roemeri	Donax rugosus
Donax rugosus interrupta	Donax scalpellum	Donax scortum	Donax sebae	Donax semigranosus	Donax semistriatus	Donax semistriatus clodiensis	Donax semisulcatus
Donax serra	Donax serra aurantiaca	Donax simplex	Donax sordidus	Donax spiculum	Donax striatus	Donax texasianus	Donax tinctus
Donax townsendi	Donax transversus	Donax transversus gibbosulus	Donax trifasciatus	Donax trunculus	Donax trunculus anatinus	Donax variabilis	Donax variegatus
Donax vellicatus	Donax venustus	Donax veruinus	Donax vittatus	Paradonax californicus	Paradonax californicus navicula	Galatea congica	Galatea paradoxa

BIVALVIA-VENERIDA-TELLINOIDEA – Family: DONACIDAE Fleming, 1828 – (159 species, 15 var)- Sea

Pharidae – Razor & Jackknife Clams

Description: Two families, Solenidae, and Cultellidae comprise this superfamily. Both families include quite similar clam species, ranging from very narrow shells similar to the old-fashioned straight edge razor, to shells having a wider, blunt shape. In both cases, the ventral edge is razor-sharp to the careless collector! Both families have shells with small cardinal hinge teeth. A reinforcing rib is detectable along the length of the very fragile razor shells.; The species, Solen and Ensis, burrow in soft intertidal sands, and most are much valued as food products. Some species of Solen, living in poorly aerated substrata, possess the oxygen storing molecule, hemoglobin, like certain ark clams, and the red hemoglobin pigment is otherwise only rarely found in bivalves. Generally, bivalves absorb oxygen from the water directly.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Solenacea

Families: Solenidae & Cultellidae

Major Genera

Family: Solenidae

Genus: Solen

Family: Cultellidae

- Genus:Cultellus
- Genus: Ensis

- Genus: Pharella

Genus: Siliqua

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Cultellus

attenuatus cultellatus cuphus grignonensis magnus

maximus philippianus scalprum

ensis

ensis hausmanni macha megistus minor

rollei siliqua

Siliqua

albida alta angusta berellensis costata

fasciata lamarcki nystii patula pulchella

radiata

Pharella

acutidens javanica

Solen

amphistemma – aureomaculatus – burdigalensis – canaliculatus – capensis

regularis roseomaculatus sicarius sloanii strictus

strictus subfragilis tchangi thuelchus truncatus

vaginoides viridis obliquus rudis vaginalis

laversinensis plagiaulax conradi gracilis proxima

Chamidae – Jewel Boxes

Description: Chama is an oyster-like bivalve that has developed a permanently attached mode of life. Its deeply conical right valve (in the pictures at right, the upper valve) is cemented to some substrate, while the somewhat flattened left valve forms an operculum-like cover. Consistent with its immobility, the foot is greatly reduced.; Chama is a sole surviving genus of a very prolific group of fossil oysters dating from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, some 200 million years ago. It is of interest mainly because it seems to occupy an intermediate evolutionary step between two extinct families of the Chamacea superfamily.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Chamacea

Family: Chamidae

Major Genera

Genus: Arcinella
Genus: Chama
Genus: Pseudochama

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Amphichama argentata	Amphichama inezae	Arcinella arcinella	Arcinella brasiliana	Arcinella californica	Arcinella cornuta	Chama ambigua	Chama arcana
Chama asperella	Chama asperella fibula	Chama asperella hendersoni	Chama aspersa	Chama berjadinensis	Chama brassica	Chama brassica elatensis	Chama buddiana
Chama cerinorhodon	Chama cerion	Chama circinata	Chama congregata	Chama coralloides	Chama crenulata	Chama croceata	Chama croceata savignyi
Chama croceata plinthota	Chama dunkeri	Chama dunkeri semipurpurata	Chama echinata	Chama exogyra	Chama florida	Chama fragum	Chama frondosa
Chama gryphoides	Chama gryphoides mioasperella	Chama isaacooki	Chama japonica	Chama lactuca	Chama lazarus	Chama limbula	Chama limbula iostoma
Chama lobata	Chama macerophylla	Chama oomedusae	Chama pacifica	Chama pacifica reflexa	Chama pellucida	Chama rubropicta	Chama ruderalis
Chama sarda	Chama sinuosa	Chama sordida	Chama squamuligera	Chama yaroni	Cipliacella supracretacea	Eopseuma phyllotrapezium	Pseudochama corbierei
Pseudochama corrugata	Pseudochama cristella	Pseudochama cristella radians	Pseudochama exogyra	Pseudochama gryphina	Pseudochama inermis	Pseudochama panamensis	Pseudochama picta