Donacidae – Coquina Clams

Description: This is an prolific filter feeder, that provides an important link in coastal food chains, including sea birds and people. It is an indicator species for the status of sandy beach-ocean front habitats. As such, the clam’s population is drastically reduced by dam building, dredging, erosion control, and conventional beach remediation practices.The clam is a nimble surf-rider, with the capability of using its foot to leap out of the sand and ride an in-bound wave using its foot and extended syphons much like a “sail” (Marchant, 2000).; From an evolutionary perspective, Donax serra serra (Roding, 1798) may be quite notable. It shows phenoplasticity for shape; i.e., a heritable switch capability depending on particular environmental cues (Soares et al., 1998). Phenoplastic switching may also underlie the numerous colormorphs of this clam species, such as shown at the right for Donax serra aurantiaca(Krauss. 1848). See comparison of these two species in Figure 1 of Species & Speciation.Phenoplasticity is actually a widespread phenomenon generally overlooked by those schooled in neo-Darwinian survival explanations.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Tellinacea

Family: Donacidae

Major Genera

Genus: Donax
Genus: Hecuba
Genus: Hemidonax
Genus: Iphigenia
Genus: Plebidonax

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Chion obesulus	Chion obesulus mancorensis	Chion punctatostriatus	Deltachion electilis	Dentilatona lubricus	Dentilatona lubricus elegans	Dentilatona lubricus productus	Donax anatia
Donax assimilis	Donax assimilis panamensis	Donax bertini	Donax bipartitus	Donax brazieri	Donax burnupi	Donax carinatus	Donax columbella
Donax compressus	Donax culter	Donax cuneatus	Donax deltoides	Donax denticulatus	Donax dentifer	Donax dysoni	Donax erythraeensis
Donax faba	Donax fossor	Donax francisensis	Donax gemmula	Donax gouldii	Donax gracilis	Donax incarnatus	Donax kindermanni
Donax kiusiuensis	Donax madagascariensis	Donax nitidus	Donax owenii	Donax parvulus	Donax pulchellus	Donax roemeri	Donax rugosus
Donax rugosus interrupta	Donax scalpellum	Donax scortum	Donax sebae	Donax semigranosus	Donax semistriatus	Donax semistriatus clodiensis	Donax semisulcatus
Donax serra	Donax serra aurantiaca	Donax simplex	Donax sordidus	Donax spiculum	Donax striatus	Donax texasianus	Donax tinctus
Donax townsendi	Donax transversus	Donax transversus gibbosulus	Donax trifasciatus	Donax trunculus	Donax trunculus anatinus	Donax variabilis	Donax variegatus
Donax vellicatus	Donax venustus	Donax veruinus	Donax vittatus	Paradonax californicus	Paradonax californicus navicula	Galatea congica	Galatea paradoxa

BIVALVIA-VENERIDA-TELLINOIDEA – Family: DONACIDAE Fleming, 1828 – (159 species, 15 var)- Sea

Pharidae – Razor & Jackknife Clams

Description: Two families, Solenidae, and Cultellidae comprise this superfamily. Both families include quite similar clam species, ranging from very narrow shells similar to the old-fashioned straight edge razor, to shells having a wider, blunt shape. In both cases, the ventral edge is razor-sharp to the careless collector! Both families have shells with small cardinal hinge teeth. A reinforcing rib is detectable along the length of the very fragile razor shells.; The species, Solen and Ensis, burrow in soft intertidal sands, and most are much valued as food products. Some species of Solen, living in poorly aerated substrata, possess the oxygen storing molecule, hemoglobin, like certain ark clams, and the red hemoglobin pigment is otherwise only rarely found in bivalves. Generally, bivalves absorb oxygen from the water directly.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Solenacea

Families: Solenidae & Cultellidae

Major Genera

Family: Solenidae

Genus: Solen

Family: Cultellidae

- Genus:Cultellus
- Genus: Ensis

- Genus: Pharella

Genus: Siliqua

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Cultellus

attenuatus cultellatus cuphus grignonensis magnus

maximus philippianus scalprum

ensis

ensis hausmanni macha megistus minor

rollei siliqua

Siliqua

albida alta angusta berellensis costata

fasciata lamarcki nystii patula pulchella

radiata

Pharella

acutidens javanica

Solen

amphistemma – aureomaculatus – burdigalensis – canaliculatus – capensis

regularis roseomaculatus sicarius sloanii strictus

strictus subfragilis tchangi thuelchus truncatus

vaginoides viridis obliquus rudis vaginalis

laversinensis plagiaulax conradi gracilis proxima

Chamidae – Jewel Boxes

Description: Chama is an oyster-like bivalve that has developed a permanently attached mode of life. Its deeply conical right valve (in the pictures at right, the upper valve) is cemented to some substrate, while the somewhat flattened left valve forms an operculum-like cover. Consistent with its immobility, the foot is greatly reduced.; Chama is a sole surviving genus of a very prolific group of fossil oysters dating from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, some 200 million years ago. It is of interest mainly because it seems to occupy an intermediate evolutionary step between two extinct families of the Chamacea superfamily.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Chamacea

Family: Chamidae

Major Genera

Genus: Arcinella
Genus: Chama
Genus: Pseudochama

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Amphichama argentata	Amphichama inezae	Arcinella arcinella	Arcinella brasiliana	Arcinella californica	Arcinella cornuta	Chama ambigua	Chama arcana
Chama asperella	Chama asperella fibula	Chama asperella hendersoni	Chama aspersa	Chama berjadinensis	Chama brassica	Chama brassica elatensis	Chama buddiana
Chama cerinorhodon	Chama cerion	Chama circinata	Chama congregata	Chama coralloides	Chama crenulata	Chama croceata	Chama croceata savignyi
Chama croceata plinthota	Chama dunkeri	Chama dunkeri semipurpurata	Chama echinata	Chama exogyra	Chama florida	Chama fragum	Chama frondosa
Chama gryphoides	Chama gryphoides mioasperella	Chama isaacooki	Chama japonica	Chama lactuca	Chama lazarus	Chama limbula	Chama limbula iostoma
Chama lobata	Chama macerophylla	Chama oomedusae	Chama pacifica	Chama pacifica reflexa	Chama pellucida	Chama rubropicta	Chama ruderalis
Chama sarda	Chama sinuosa	Chama sordida	Chama squamuligera	Chama yaroni	Cipliacella supracretacea	Eopseuma phyllotrapezium	Pseudochama corbierei
Pseudochama corrugata	Pseudochama cristella	Pseudochama cristella radians	Pseudochama exogyra	Pseudochama gryphina	Pseudochama inermis	Pseudochama panamensis	Pseudochama picta

Cardiidae – Cockles

Description: The family Cardiidae is one of the largest and best-known of bivalves. There are over 200 living cockle species and many more fossil forms.; Strong, compact, and heart-shaped, the cockle shell can be rolled over the sands and banged about without any damage to the live mollusc. Its siphons are short, and the foot is also well developed –indeed capable of moving the animal about in short leaps at the surface, where it normally lives. In many cockles, the siphons also bear light receptors.; Shell features are: completely symmetrical and equal sized valves; prominent umbones; strong radial ribs, which in some species carry spines; equal size muscle scars; no pallial sinus; and, two cardinal teeth in each valve. The internal margin of the lip may vary from lightly serrated to the definitely crenulated edge view, shown in the two species at right.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorphia

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Cardiacea

Family: Cardiidae

Major Genera

- Genus: Acanthocardia

- Genus: Americardia

- Genus: Cardium

- Genus: Cerastoderma

- Genus: Clinocardium

- Genus: Corculum

- Genus: Ctenocardia

- Genus: Dinocardium

- Genus: Discors

- Genus: Fragum

- Genus: Fulvia

- Genus: Laevicardium

- Genus: Lophocardiium

- Genus: Lyrocardium

- Genus: Lunulicardia

- Genus: Microcardium

- Genus: Nemocardium

- Genus: Papyridea

- Genus: Parvicardium

- Genus: Plagiocardium

- Genus: Ringicardium

- Genus: Trachycardium

- Genus: Trigoniocardia

Genus: Serripes

Tuberculate cockle (Acanthocardia tuberculata), Cardiidae

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Acanthocardia aculeata	Acanthocardia deshayesii	Acanthocardia echinata	Acanthocardia paucicostata	Acanthocardia spinosa	Acanthocardia tuberculata	Acrosterigma attenuatum	Acrosterigma biradiatum
Acrosterigma burchardi	Acrosterigma capricorne	Acrosterigma cygnorum	Acrosterigma discus	Acrosterigma fucata	Acrosterigma gratiosa	Acrosterigma hobbsae	Acrosterigma impolitum
Acrosterigma kerslakae	Acrosterigma maculosum	Acrosterigma magna	Acrosterigma marielae	Acrosterigma mauritiana	Acrosterigma okinawaensis	Acrosterigma oxygonum	Acrosterigma pristipleura
Acrosterigma profundum	Acrosterigma punctolineatum	Acrosterigma selene	Acrosterigma seurati	Acrosterigma simplex	Acrosterigma suduirauti	Acrosterigma suluanum	Acrosterigma transcendens
Acrosterigma uniornatum	Acrosterigma variegatum	Afrocardium exochum	Afrocardium richardi	Afrocardium shepstonense	Apiocardia obovale	Bucardium ringens	Cardium costatum
Cardium indicum	Cardium maxicostatum	Cerastoderma edule	Cerastoderma glaucum	Ciliatocardium ciliatum	Ciliatocardium likharevi	Clinocardium nuttallii	Corculum cardissa
Corculum impressum	Corculum lorenzi	Corculum monstrosum	Ctenocardia fijianum	Ctenocardia fornicata	Ctenocardia gustavi	Ctenocardia symbolica	Ctenocardia translata
Ctenocardia virgo	Dallocardia manueli	Dallocardia muricata	Dallocardia quadragenarium	Dallocardia senticosum	Didacna baeri	Didacna trigonoides	Dinocardium robustum
Europicardium caparti	Europicardium serrulatum	Fragum carinatum	Fragum fragum	Fragum grasi	Fragum mundum	Fragum nivale	Fragum scruposum
Fragum sueziense	Fragum unedo	Fragum vanuatuense	Fragum whitleyi	Freneixicardia victor	Frigidocardium centumliratum	Frigidocardium eos	Frigidocardium exasperatum

BIVALVIA-VENERIDA-CARDIOIDEA – Family: CARDIIDAE Lamarck, 1809 – (723 species, 68 var)- Sea

Arcidae – Ark Clams

Description:: Ark shells vary from small to large sizes and are mostly elongate or squarish in shape. About 200 species are found in this family, and the shells tend to be squared off and porcelaneous. Their surface is sculptured by radial ribs and covered with a thick velvety periostracum. The beaks are hooked and usually apart from each other, forming a wide ligament between them. A wide, straight-edged hinge possesses numerous small teeth.; The animal frequently has a byssus by which it attaches itself to rocks or other substrata (see Ark Shell Photo Gallery, below). Interestingly, the 9 cm. Twisted Ark Shell shown at right has a nearly paper-thin, delicate shell, which is substantially larger than the shells of other ark clams, like species in the Anadara genus.; In the Arcidae, the presence of the hemoglobin pigment of vertebrates is most interesting. It is found simply dissolved (not in corpuscles) in both the blood and tissues and colors the muscle red (Morton, 1960). This is not typical of bivalves, which generally absorb oxygen from water directly into the tissues, without the aid of oxygen transport pigments like hemoglobin (or hemocyanin, which is found more typically in some gastropods). Where the water is very muddy, oxygen may be deficient, in which case any of these pigments facilitate oxygen transport into the tissue.

Classification:

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Arcoida

Superfamily: Arcacea

Family: Arcidae

Major Genera

Genus:Arca
Genus:Anadara (Mangrove Cockles)
Genus:Barbatia
Genus:Noetia
Genus:Scapharca
Genus:Senilia
Genus: Trisidos

Kerang darah kerang buluh

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Arcidae Mossy ark, Arca imbricata

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Barbatia (Calloarca) alternata Arcidae – Arca noae, Linné

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Arca imbricata

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Acar abdita	Acar bailyi	Acar botanica	Acar clathrata	Acar congenita	Acar domingensis	Acar donaciformis	Acar dubia
Acar gradata	Acar marsupialis	Acar olivercoseli	Acar petasion	Acar plicata	Acar pulchella	Acar rostae	Acar sandersonae
Acar squamosa	Anadara adamsi	Anadara aequatorialis	Anadara antiquata	Anadara auriculata	Anadara bataviensis	Anadara biangulata	Anadara brasiliana
Anadara broughtonii	Anadara cardiiformis	Anadara chemnitzii	Anadara cistula	Anadara concinna	Anadara consociata	Anadara corbuloides	Anadara crassicostata
Anadara craticulata	Anadara crebricostata	Anadara cymbaeformis	Anadara daneyi	Anadara diluvii	Anadara ehrenbergi	Anadara emarginata	Anadara esmeralda
Anadara ferruginea	Anadara floridana	Anadara gibbosa	Anadara globosa	Anadara gubernaculum	Anadara inaequivalvis	Anadara indica	Anadara jousseaumei
Anadara jurata	Anadara kagoshimensis	Anadara kikaizimana	Anadara lienosa	Anadara mazatlanica	Anadara natalensis	Anadara notabilis	Anadara nugax
Anadara nux	Anadara oceanica	Anadara oyomai	Anadara passa	Anadara perlabiata	Anadara petersburgensis	Anadara pilula	Anadara pygmaea
Anadara rotundicostata	Anadara rufescens	Anadara sativa	Anadara satowi	Anadara secernenda	Anadara setigericosta	Anadara similis	Anadara subglobosa
Anadara tenebricum	Anadara transversa	Anadara trapezia	Anadara tricenicosta	Anadara troscheli	Anadara tuberculosa	Anadara uropigimelana	Anadara vellicata

BIVALVIA-ARCIDA-ARCOIDEA – Family: ARCIDAE Lamarck, 1809 – (758 species, 34 var)- Sea

Anomiidae – Jingle Shells

Di kenal juga dengan Saddle oysters, jingle shells, kapis
Description: Windowpane oysters are distinctive in having extremely thin, paper-like shells that are translucent. Among them are the kapis shells often used in the lanterns of Asian manufacture. A hole through the edge of the lower shell is often visible, through which the byssus attaches to rocky surfaces. The mantle grows to eventually surround the byssus, forming a hole usually near the shell edge.; The oyster is astringently bitter and not good to eat. Its main value lies in raw material for the manufacure of animal glue, chalk, shellac, soldering lead, and paint, as well as decorative objects. Shells larger than 7.5 cm are of highest value.; Ephihippium is synonymous with Placuna.

Classification

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Pterioida

Superfamily: Anomiacea

Family: Anomiidae

Major Genera

Genus: Anomia
Genus: Enigmonia
Genus: Monia
Genus: Placuna (Ephihippium)
Genus:Pododesmus

Saddle oysters (Monia / Anomia squama: Anomiidae)

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(Anomia ephippium: Anomiidae)

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Bivalvia Classification

Classification:

Subclass: Paleotaxodonta

Order: Nuculoida

Superfamily: Nuculacea: Family: Nuculidae; Family: Nuculanidae; Family: Malletiidae

Subclass: Cryptodonta

Order: Solemyoida

Superfamily: Solemyacea: Family: Solemyidae

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Arcoida

Superfamily: Arcacea (ark shells): Family: Arcidae; Family: Noetiidae; Family: Cuculaeidae
Superfamily: Limopsacea: Family: Limopsidae; Family: Glycymerididae; Family: Manzanellidae; Family: Philobryidae

Order: Mytiloida

Superfamily: Mytilacea: Family: Mytilidae (sea mussels)
Superfamily: Pinnacea: Family: Pinnidae (pen shells)

Order: Pterioida

Superfamily: Pteriacea: Family: Pteriidae (pearl oysters); Family: Isognomonidae; Family: Malleidae
Superfamily: Pectinacea: Family: Pectinidae (scallops)
Superfamily: Ostreacea: Family: Gryphaeidae; Family: Ostreidae (food oysters); Family: Plicatullidae; Family: Spondylidae; Family: Dimyidae
Superfamily: Anomiacea: Family: Anomiidae (jingle shells)
Superfamily: Limacea: Family: Limidae

Subclass: Paleoheterodonta

Order: Unionoida

Superfamily: Unionacea: Family: Unionidae

Order: Trigonioida

Superfamily: Trigoniacea: Family: Trigoniidae

Subclass: Heterodonta

Order: Veneroida

Superfamily: Lucinacea: Family: Lucinidae; Family: Fimbriidae; Family: Thyasiridae; Family: Ungulinidae
Superfamily: Chamacea: Family: Chamidae (jewel boxes)
Superfamily Galeommatacea (lepton clams): Family: Galeommatidae; Family: Erycinidae; Family: Kellidae; Family: Leptonidae; Family: Montecutidae; Family: Chlamydoconchidae
Superfamily: Carditacea: Family: Carditidae; Family: Condylocardiidae
Superfamily: Crassatellacea: Family: Astartidae; Family: Crassatellidae
Superfamily: Cardiacea: Family: Cardiidae (cockles)
Superfamily: Tridacnacea: Family: Tridacnidae (giant clams)
Superfamily: Mactracea: Family: Mactridae; Family: Mesodesmatidae
Superfamily: Solenacea: Family: Solenidae
Family: Cultellidae
Superfamily: Tellinacea: Family: Tellinidae
Family: Donacidae
Family: Psammobiidae
Family: Scrobiculasriidae
Family: Semelidae; Family: Solecurtidae
Superfamily: Gaimardiacea: Family: Gaimardiidae
Superfamily: Arcticacea: Family: Arcticidae; Family: Bernardinidae; Family: Trapeziidae
Superfamily: Glossacea: Family: Glossidae; Family: Vesicomyidae
Superfamily: Veneracea: Family: Veneridae (Venus Clams); Family: Petricolidae; Family: Cooperellidae
Superfamily: Corbiculacea: Family: Pisidiidae
Superfamily: Dreissenacea: Family: Dreissenidae (zebra clams)

Order: Myoida

Superfamily: Myacea: Family: Myidae; Family: Corbulidae

Superfamily: Gastrochaenidae (rock boring clams): Family: Gastrochaenidae
Superfamily: Hiatellidae: Family: Hiatellidae
Superfamily: Pholadacea: Family: Pholadidae (piddocks); Family: Teredinidae (shipworms)

Subclass: Anomalodesmata

Order: Pholadomyoida

Superfamily: Pholadomyacea: Family: Pholadomyidae
Superfamily: Pandoracea: Family: Pandoridae; Family: Cleidothaeridae; Family: Lyonsiidae; Family: Myochamidae; Family: Periplomatidae; Family: Thraciidae
Superfamily: Poromyacea: Family: Poromyidae; Family: Cuspidariidae; Family: Verticordiidae

Superfamily: Clavagellacea (watering pot clams): Family: Clavagellidae

Gastropoda Classification

Subclass: Prosobranchia

Clade: Patellogastropoda
Superfamily: Patelloidea (True Limpets)
Family: Patellidae
Family: Acmaidae
Family: Lottiidae
Family: Lepetidae
Superfamily: Nacelloidea
Family: Nacellidae

Clade: Vetigastropoda
Superfamily: Haliotoidea
Family: Haliotidae (Abalones)
Superfamily: Fissurelloidea (Keyhole Limpets)
Family: Fissurellidae
Superfamily: Pleurotomarioidea
Family: Pleurotomariidae
Superfamily: Trochoidea
Family: Trochidae (Top Shells)
Family: Stomatellidae
Family: Calliostomatidae
Superfamily: Turbinoidea
Family: Turbinidae

Clade: Cycloneritimorpha
Superfamily: Neritoidea (Nerites)
Family: Neritidae
Superfamily: Helicinoidea
Family: Helicinidae (terrestrial)
Superfamily: Hydrocenoidea
Family: Hydrocenidae (terrestrial)

[others]
Informal Group: Architaenioglossa
Superfamily: Cyclophoroidea (Land Snails)
Family: Cyclophoridae
Superfamily: Viviparoidea (Freshwater Snails)
Family: Viviparidae
Superfamily: Valvatoidea (Freshwater Snails)

Clade: Sorbeconcha
Superfamily: Cerithioidea
Family: Cerithiidae (Ceriths)
Family: Modulidae
Family: Pachychilidae
Family: Potamididae
Family: Siliquariidae
Family: Thiaridae
Family: Triphoridae
Family: Turritellidae (Turritellas)
Family: Vermetidae

Clade: Littorinimorpha
Superfamily: Calyptraeoida
Family: Calyptraeidae
Superfamily: Capuloidea
Family: Capulidae
Superfamily: Cypraeoidea
Family: Cypraeidae
Family: Ovulidae
Superfamily: Ficoidea
Family: Ficidae
Superfamily: Crepidulodea
Family: Crepidulidae
Family: Capulidae (Cap Shells)
Family: Xenophoridae
Superfamily: Littorinoidea
Family: Littorinidae (Periwinkles)
Family: Pickworthiidae
Family: Pomatiidae

[Others]
Superfamily: Naticoidea
Family: Naticidae
Superfamily: Rissoidea
Family: Rissoidae
Family: Barleeidae
Family: Bithynidae
Family: Caecidae
Family: Tornidae (incl Vitrinellinae)
Family: Truncatellidae

[Others]
Superfamily: Stromboidea
Family: Strombidae
Family: Aporrhaidae
Family: Struthiolariidae

[Others]
Superfamily: Tonnoidea
Family: Cassidae
Family: Tonnidae (Tun Shells)
Family: Bursidae
Family: Personidae
Family: Ranellidae

[Others]
Superfamily: Vanikoroidea
Family: Vanikoridae
Family: Hipponicidae
Superfamily: Velutinoidea
Family: Triviidae
Superfamily: Vermetoidea
Family: Vermetidae
Superfamily: Xenophoroidea
Family: Xenophoridae

Group: Ptenoglossa
Superfamily: Epitonioidea
Family: Epitoniidae
Family:Janthinidae
Superfamily: Eulimoidea
Family: Eulimidae
Family: Aclididae
Superfamily: Triphoroidea
Family: Triphoridae
Family: Cerithiopsidae

Clade: Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Buccinoidea
Family: Buccinidae
Family: Colubrariidae
Family: Columbellidae
Family: Fasciolariidae
Family: Nassariidae
Family: Melongenidae
Superfamily: Muricoidea
Family: Muricidae (Murex Shells)
Family: Babyloniidae
Family: Coralliophilidae (Coral Shells)
Family: Costellariidae
Family: Harpidae (Harp Shells)
Family: Marginellidae
Family: Mitridae
Family: Strepsiduridae
Family: Turbinellidae
Family: Volutidae (Volutes)
Superfamily: Olivoidea
Family: Olividae (Olive Shells)
Family: Olivellidae (Olive Shells)
Superfamily: Pseudolivoidea
Family: Pseudolividae

[Others}
Superfamily: Conoidea
Family: Conidae (Cone Shells)
Family: Clavatulidae
Family: Terebridae (Auger Shells)
Family: Turridae (Turrids)
Superfamily: Cancellarioidea
Family: Cancellariidae

Clade: Heterobranchia
Superfamily: Acteonoidea
Family: Acteonidae
Family: Aplustridae (“Hydatinidae”)
Family: Bullinidae

[Others]
Superfamily: Architectonicoidea
Family: Architectonicidae
Superfamily: Mathildoidea
Family: Mathildidae
Superfamily: Pyramidelloidea
Family: Pyramidellidae
Superfamily: Ringiculoidea
Family: Ringiculidae
Superfamily: Rissoelloidea
Family: Rissoellidae
Superfamily: Valvatoidea
Family: Valvatidae

Informal Group: Opisthobranchia
Clade: Cephalaspidea
Superfamily: Bulloidea
Family: Bullidae
Superfamily: Diaphanoidea
Family: Diaphanidae
Family: Notodiaphanidae
Subfamily: Haminoeidea
Family: Haminoeidae
Superfamily: Philinoidea
Family: Philinidae
Family: Cylichnidae
Family: Retusidae

[Others]
Superfamily: Philinacea
Family: Scaphandridae
Family Gastropteridae
Family Aglajidae
Family: Philinidae
Family: Philioglossidae
Superfamily: Runcinoidea
Family: Runcinidae

Clade: Thecosomata (Pteropoda -sea butterflies)
Superfamily: Cavolinioidea
Family: Cavolinidae [Cuvieridae]
Family: Limacinidae
Superfamily: Cymbulioidea
Family: Cymbuliidae
Family: Desmopteridae
Family: Peraclidae

Clade: Gymnosomata (naked Pteropods)
Superfamily: Clionoidea
Family: Clionidae
[Others]

Abalone – Haliotidae

Classification

Class: Gastropoda

Clade: Vetigastropoda

Superfamily: Haliotoidea

Family: Haliotidae

Single Genus: Haliotis

Abalones attach to rocky surfaces with extremely strong suction applied at their foot. Their ventilating stream enters just above the foot, and rather than a slit arrangement for the exiting waste stream, they use several of the most recent holes along the edge of the shell (the remaining holes are usually plugged). Abalones have rather elaborate secondary gill structures all along the upper edge of the foot, as shown in the live mollusc picture below. They feed exclusively on green algae.

Highly prized as food, the slow-growing, temperate water abalone, Haliotis rufescens, is today scarce from over-harvesting. The Tropical Abalone is rapid growing and a plentiful resource in Southeast Asia; Japanese chefs find little if any difference in taste.

Abalones look very different in general shape, but they as well as several other clades, namely top shells, slit shells, true limpets and keyhole limpets, all share a common evolutionary ancestry. These various groups comprise the Order: Archaeogastropoda. They are all spirally coiled, top-shaped or somewhat flattened, and have a wide aperture pressed close to the ground. The limpet shell is coiled in immature forms although it shows a loss of coiling in the adult. Furthermore, all still show some vestiges of a primitive bilateral symmetry (i.e., paired gills, paired glands, paired kidneys, etc.). Torsion is also reduced, unlike the strong torsion seen in more advanced gastropod orders, where loss of the right gill and right hand portions of other paired organs are common.

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HALIOTIDAE
Haliotis arabiensis	Haliotis virginea stewartae	Haliotis (Haliotis) asinina	Haliotis (Haliotis) clathrata	Haliotis (Haliotis) clathrata tomricei (var.)
Haliotis (Haliotis) coccoradiata	Haliotis (Haliotis) corrugata corrugata	Haliotis (Haliotis) corrugata corrugata diegoensis (var.)	Haliotis (Haliotis) corrugata oweni	Haliotis (Haliotis) cracherodii cracherodii
Haliotis (Haliotis) cracherodii californiensis	Haliotis (Haliotis) crebrisculpta	Haliotis (Haliotis) cyclobates	Haliotis (Haliotis) discus discus	Haliotis (Haliotis) discus hannai
Haliotis (Haliotis) dissona	Haliotis (Haliotis) diversicolor diversicolor	Haliotis (Haliotis) diversicolor diversicolor tayloriana (var.)	Haliotis (Haliotis) diversicolor squamata	Haliotis (Haliotis) dohrniana
Haliotis (Haliotis) elegans	Haliotis (Haliotis) fatui	Haliotis (Haliotis) fulgens fulgens	Haliotis (Haliotis) fulgens guadalupensis	Haliotis (Haliotis) fulgens turveri
Haliotis (Haliotis) geigeri	Haliotis (Haliotis) gigantea	Haliotis (Haliotis) gigantea sieboldii (var.)	Haliotis (Haliotis) glabra	Haliotis (Haliotis) jacnensis jacnensis
Haliotis (Haliotis) jacnensis kershawi	Haliotis (Haliotis) kamtschatkana kamtschatkana	Haliotis (Haliotis) kamtschatkana assimilis	Haliotis (Haliotis) laevigata	Haliotis (Haliotis) madaka
Haliotis (Haliotis) mariae mariae	Haliotis (Haliotis) mariae dentata	Haliotis (Haliotis) marmorata	Haliotis (Haliotis) midae	Haliotis (Haliotis) mykonosensis
Haliotis (Haliotis) ovina ovina	Haliotis (Haliotis) ovina ovina patamakanthini (var.)	Haliotis (Haliotis) ovina volcanius	Haliotis (Haliotis) parva	Haliotis (Haliotis) planata
Haliotis (Haliotis) pourtalesii pourtalesii	Haliotis (Haliotis) pourtalesii aurantium	Haliotis (Haliotis) pulcherrima	Haliotis (Haliotis) pustulata	Haliotis (Haliotis) pustulata cruenta (var.)
Haliotis (Haliotis) queketti	Haliotis (Haliotis) roei	Haliotis (Haliotis) rubiginosa	Haliotis (Haliotis) rubra rubra	Haliotis (Haliotis) rubra conicopora
Haliotis (Haliotis) rufescens	Haliotis (Haliotis) rufescens hattorii (var.)	Haliotis (Haliotis) rugosa	Haliotis (Haliotis) semiplicata	Haliotis (Haliotis) sorenseni
Haliotis (Haliotis) spadicea	Haliotis (Haliotis) speciosa	Haliotis (Haliotis) squamosa	Haliotis (Haliotis) stomatiaeformis	Haliotis (Haliotis) supertexta
Haliotis (Haliotis) thailandis	Haliotis (Haliotis) tuberculata tuberculata	Haliotis (Haliotis) tuberculata tuberculata lamellosa (var.)	Haliotis (Haliotis) tuberculata coccinea	Haliotis (Haliotis) tuberculata fernandesi
Haliotis (Haliotis) rugosa rodriguensis	Haliotis (Haliotis) unilateralis	Haliotis (Haliotis) varia	Haliotis (Haliotis) varia papulata (var.)	Haliotis (Haliotis) walallensis
Haliotis (Marinauris) brazieri	Haliotis (Marinauris) brazieri hargravesi (var.)	Haliotis (Padollus) dalli dalli	Haliotis (Padollus) dalli roberti	Haliotis (Padollus) scalaris scalaris
Haliotis (Padollus) scalaris emmae	Haliotis (Paua) iris	Haliotis (Paua) virginea virginea	Haliotis (Paua) virginea crispata	Haliotis (Paua) virginea huttoni
Haliotis (Paua) virginea morioria	Haliotis (Sulculus) australis

Top Shell – Trochidae

Classification

Class: Gastropoda

Clade: Vetigastropoda

Superfamily: Trochoidea

Family: Trochidae

Major Subfamilies & Genera

Subfamily: Angariinae

Genus: Angaria

Subfamily: Trochinae

Genus: Clanculus

- Genus: Tectus

- Genus: Trochus

Subfamily: Calliostominae

- Genus: Astele

- Genus: Calliostoma

- Genus: Photinula

Subfamily: Monodontinae

- Genus: Bankivia

- Genus: Diloma

- Genus: Monodonta

Genus: Tegula

Subfamily: Margaritinae

Genus: Bathybembix
Genus: Lischkeia

The top shell family is very large, with hundreds of species and many genera. Most show an iridescent interior, numerous whorls, and a horny operculum. Varying shell characteristics have led to specification of several distinctive subfamilies. For example, in the Monodontinae, the base is quite flattened, giving the appearance of an inverted top. In the Calliostominae, a large, rounded aperture opens more to the side and makes the base markedly less flat. In the subfamily, Angarinae, the final whorls become separated rather than remaining sutured, leading to a species rather atypical in appearance (see Angaria delphinus, below). A family of rather similar shells, also found in the Trochacea superfamily, is the Stomatellidae family. The latter shells show several similarities to the Calliostominae subfamily indicated below.

For information on body plan, reproduction and feeding habits, see the Haliotidae family. Like the Haliotidae and other members of the Archaeogastropoda order, the top shell molluscs are primitive grazers that feed by rasping algae and small detritus off rocky surfaces.

Related image

TROCHIDAE
Callumbonella suturalis	Enida japonica	Hazuregyra watanabei	Margarita coulsoni	Margarita euspira nitens (var.)
Margarita magellanica	Margarita maxima	Micrelenchus burchorum	Micrelenchus huttonii	Micrelenchus purpureus
Micrelenchus tesselatus	Plumbelenchus capillaceus	Suavotrochus lubricus	Tropidomarga biangulata
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE TROCHINAE
Trochus attritus	Trochus bernardii	Trochus bicrenatus	Trochus cariniferus	Trochus fastigiatus
Trochus ferreirai	Trochus firmus	Trochus flammulatus	Trochus fultoni	Trochus gradatus
Trochus hanleyanus	Trochus histrio	Trochus hombroni	Trochus intextus	Trochus laciniatus
Trochus levis	Trochus maculatus	Trochus maculatus verrucosus (var.)	Trochus nigropunctatus	Trochus ochroleucus
Trochus radiatus	Trochus robertsi	Trochus rotus	Trochus sacellus rotus	Trochus scabrosus
Trochus squarrosus	Trochus stellatus	Trochus submorum	Trochus venetus	Coelotrochus carinatus
Coelotrochus davegibbsi	Coelotrochus oppressus	Coelotrochus polychroma	Coelotrochus rex	Coelotrochus tiaratus
Coelotrochus viridis	Infundibulops erithreus	Infundibulum chloromphalus	Infundibulum concavum	Infundibulum lacertinum
Infundibulum tomlini	Clanculus albanyensis	Clanculus aloysii	Clanculus atricatena	Clanculus atropurpureus
Clanculus bathyraphe	Clanculus berthelotii	Clanculus bicarinatus	Clanculus boyeti	Clanculus brunneus
Clanculus buijsei	Clanculus ceylonicus	Clanculus clanguloides	Clanculus clangulus	Clanculus cognatus
Clanculus comarilis	Clanculus consobrinus	Clanculus denticulatus	Clanculus depictus	Clanculus escondidus
Clanculus floridus	Clanculus flosculus	Clanculus gemmulifer gemmulifer	Clanculus gemmulifer pallidus	Clanculus gennesi
Clanculus granti	Clanculus guineensis	Clanculus jucundus	Clanculus korkosi	Clanculus kraussi
Clanculus laurae	Clanculus limbatus	Clanculus margaritarius margaritarius	Clanculus margaritarius unedo	Clanculus mariaemaris
Clanculus maugeri	Clanculus mauritianus	Clanculus maxillatus	Clanculus microdon microdon	Clanculus microdon ater
Clanculus jussieui	Clanculus jussieui debilis (var.)	Clanculus jussieui glomus (var.)	Clanculus jussieui morio (var.)	Clanculus miniatus
Clanculus minor	Clanculus mixtus	Clanculus multipunctatus	Clanculus natalensis	Clanculus nexus
Clanculus ochroleucus	Clanculus ormophorus	Clanculus persicus	Clanculus personatus	Clanculus pharaonius
Clanculus puniceus	Clanculus rarus	Clanculus richeri	Clanculus ringens	Clanculus scotti
Clanculus simoni	Clanculus spadiceus	Clanculus stigmatarius	Clanculus thomasi	Clanculus undatoides
Clanculus villanus	Clanculus waltonae	Clanculus weedingi	Clanculus (Clanculus) corallinus	Clanculus (Clanculus) corallinus atra (var.)
Clanculus (Clanculus) corallinus brunnea (var.)	Clanculus (Clanculus) corallinus roseus (var.)	Clanculus (Clanculus) largillierti	Clanculus (Clanculus) pseudocorallinus pseudocorallinus	Clanculus (Clanculus) pseudocorallinus thomensis
Clanculus (Clanculopsis) cruciatus	Clanculus (Eucheliclanculus) bronni	Clanculus (Euriclanculus) flagellatus	Clanculus (Isoclanculus) dunkeri	Clanculus (Isoclanculus) philippii
Clanculus (Macroclanculus) undatus	Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) plebejus	Clanculus (Paraclanculus) peccatus	Eurytrochus danieli	Eurytrochus strangei
Notogibbula bicarinata	Notogibbula lehmanni	Notogibbula preissiana	Rubritrochus declivis	Rubritrochus pulcherrimus
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE STOMATELLINAE
Stomatella auricula	Stomatella callosa	Stomatella capieri	Stomatella gattegnoi	Stomatella impertusa
Stomatella laevis	Stomatella lintricula	Stomatella modesta	Stomatella monteiroi	Stomatella orbiculata
Stomatella planulata	Stomatella rosacea	Stomatella stellata	Stomatella terminalis	Stomatella varia
Microtis tuberculata	Pseudostomatella coccinea	Pseudostomatella decolorata	Pseudostomatella erythrocoma erythrocoma	Pseudostomatella maculata
Pseudostomatella martini	Pseudostomatella papyracea	Stomatia duplicata	Stomatia irisata	Stomatia phymotis
Stomatolina angulata	Stomatolina danblumi	Stomatolina mariei	Stomatolina rubra	Stomatolina sanguinea
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE UMBONIINAE
Umbonium elegans	Umbonium eloiseae	Umbonium zelandicum	Umbonium (Umbonium) thomasi	Umbonium (Umbonium) vestiarium
Umbonium (Suchium) costatum	Umbonium (Suchium) giganteum	Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum	Umbonium (Suchium) suturale	Ethminolia akuana
Ethminolia durbanensis	Ethminolia glaphyrella	Ethminolia gravieri	Ethminolia hemprichii	Ethminolia nektonica
Ethminolia probabilis	Ethminolia vitiliginea	Lirularia antoniae	Lirularia canaliculata canaliculata	Lirularia iridescens
Lirularia lirulata	Lirularia minima	Lirularia pygmaea	Lirularia succincta	Antisolarium egenum
Archiminolia diplax	Archiminolia meridiana	Archiminolia oleacea	Archiminolia ostreion	Archiminolia ptykte
Archiminolia strobilos	Archiminolia wanganellica	Archiminolia ziczac	Bankivia fasciata	Camitia rotellina
Conotalopia mustelina	Conotalopia ornata	Conotalopia sematensis	Ethalia bellardii	Ethalia carneolata
Ethalia catharinae	Ethalia guamensis	Ethalia guamensis sanguinea (var.)	Ethalia minolina	Ethaliella floccata
Ethaliella pulchella	Isanda coronata	Leiopyrga cingulata	Leiopyrga lineolaris	Leiopyrga octona octona
Monilea belcheri	Monilea callifera	Monilea gloriola	Monilea lentiginosa	Monilea lifuana
Monilea philippiana	Monilea satorium	Monilea smithi	Monilea variabilis	Parminolia apicina
Pseudominolia articulata	Pseudominolia biangulosa	Pseudominolia gradata	Pseudominolia musiva	Pseudominolia nedyma
Pseudominolia splendens	Pseudominolia tramieri	Rossiteria nucleolus	Rossiteria nucleus	Rossiteria pseudonucleolus
Sericominolia stearnsii	Sericominolia vernicosa	Vanitrochus geertsi	Vanitrochus tragemus
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE CANTHARIDINAE
Cantharidus antipodum antipodum	Cantharidus bisbalteatus	Cantharidus caelatus mortenseni	Cantharidus callichroa	Cantharidus dilatatus
Cantharidus festivus	Cantharidus fournieri	Cantharidus fulminatus	Cantharidus fultoni	Cantharidus japonicus japonicus
Cantharidus japonicus hilaris	Cantharidus jessoensis	Cantharidus marmoreus	Cantharidus nolfi	Cantharidus opalus
Cantharidus opalus cannoni (var.)	Cantharidus parcipictus	Cantharidus polychroma	Cantharidus pulcherrimus	Cantharidus rufozona
Cantharidus sanguineus	Cantharidus sendersi	Cantharidus tenebrosus	Cantharidus tessellatus	Cantharidus turneri
Cantharidus urbanus	Cantharidus vittatus	Calliotrochus marmoreus	Calthalotia arruensis	Calthalotia fragum
Calthalotia mundula	Calthalotia strigata	Cantharidella balteata	Cantharidella picturata	Cantharidella tiberiana
Cantharidoscops frigidus	Clelandella artilesi	Clelandella azorica	Clelandella dautzenbergi	Clelandella madeirensis
Clelandella miliaris	Clelandella myriamae	Clelandella perforata	Oxystele impervia	Oxystele sinensis
Oxystele tabularis	Oxystele tigrina	Oxystele variegata	Pictodiloma suavis	Phorcus articulatus
Phorcus articulatus flammoides (var.)	Phorcus mutabilis	Phorcus punctulatus	Phorcus richardi	Phorcus turbinatus
Gibbula borealis	Gibbula prasina	Gibbula (Gibbula) adansonii	Gibbula (Gibbula) adansonii euxinica (var.)	Gibbula (Gibbula) adansonii sulliottii (var.)
Gibbula (Gibbula) adriatica	Gibbula (Gibbula) albida	Gibbula (Gibbula) ardens	Gibbula (Gibbula) ardens barbara (var.)	Gibbula (Gibbula) ardens subcincta (var.)
Gibbula (Gibbula) aurantia	Gibbula (Gibbula) beckeri	Gibbula (Gibbula) benzi	Gibbula (Gibbula) candei	Gibbula (Gibbula) cicer
Gibbula (Gibbula) cineraria	Gibbula (Gibbula) cineraria strigosa (var.)	Gibbula (Gibbula) concinna	Gibbula (Gibbula) delgadensis	Gibbula (Gibbula) denizi
Gibbula (Gibbula) divaricata	Gibbula (Gibbula) divaricata strangulata (var.)	Gibbula (Gibbula) drepanensis	Gibbula (Gibbula) eikoae	Gibbula (Gibbula) eucosmia
Gibbula (Gibbula) fanulum	Gibbula (Gibbula) guttadauri	Gibbula (Gibbula) houarti	Gibbula (Gibbula) joubini	Gibbula (Gibbula) leucophaea
Gibbula (Gibbula) leucophaea delicata (var.)	Gibbula (Gibbula) loculosa	Gibbula (Gibbula) magus	Gibbula (Gibbula) massieri	Gibbula (Gibbula) multicolor
Gibbula (Gibbula) nivosa	Gibbula (Gibbula) obliquata	Gibbula (Gibbula) pennanti	Gibbula (Gibbula) philberti	Gibbula (Gibbula) racketti
Gibbula (Gibbula) rarilineata rarilineata	Gibbula (Gibbula) canfieldi	Gibbula (Gibbula) derjugini	Gibbula (Gibbula) hera	Gibbula (Gibbula) redimita
Gibbula (Gibbula) rosea	Gibbula (Gibbula) sculpturata	Gibbula (Gibbula) senegalensis	Gibbula (Gibbula) spratti	Gibbula (Gibbula) spurca
Gibbula (Gibbula) stoliczkana	Gibbula (Gibbula) tingitana	Gibbula (Gibbula) tumida	Gibbula (Gibbula) turbinoides	Gibbula (Gibbula) umbilicalis
Gibbula (Gibbula) umbilicaris	Gibbula (Gibbula) umbilicaris latior (var.)	Gibbula (Gibbula) umbilicaris nebulosa (var.)	Gibbula (Gibbula) vanwalleghemi	Gibbula (Gibbula) verdensis
Gibbula (Gibbula) vimontiae	Gibbula (Gibbula) zonata	Gibbula (Hisseyagibbula) hisseyiana	Gibbula (Phorcas) varia	Gibbula (Phorcas) varia mocquerisi (var.)
Nanula galbina	Nanula tasmanica	Priotrochus goudoti	Priotrochus kotschyi	Priotrochus obscurus obscurus
Agagus agagus	Jujubinus alboranensis	Jujubinus baudoni	Jujubinus catenatus	Jujubinus curinii
Jujubinus dispar	Jujubinus eleonorae	Jujubinus escondidus	Jujubinus exasperatus exasperatus	Jujubinus exasperatus exasperatus matoni (var.)
Jujubinus exasperatus exasperatus tricolor (var.)	Jujubinus exasperatus corallinus	Jujubinus exasperatus monterosatoi	Jujubinus flammulatus	Jujubinus fulgor
Jujubinus geographicus	Jujubinus gravinae gravinae	Jujubinus guanchus	Jujubinus guphili	Jujubinus hernandezi
Jujubinus hubrechti	Jujubinus karpathoensis	Jujubinus karpathoensis aegeensis (var.)	Jujubinus montagui	Jujubinus poppei
Jujubinus ruscurianus	Jujubinus seguenzae	Jujubinus striatus striatus	Jujubinus striatus striatus elenchoides (var.)	Jujubinus striatus aequistriatus
Jujubinus striatus delpreteanus	Jujubinus striatus depictus	Jujubinus striatus fraterculus	Jujubinus striatus smaragdinus	Jujubinus suarezensis
Jujubinus trilloi	Jujubinus tumidulus	Jujubinus unidentatus	Jujubinus vexationis	Kanekotrochus infuscatus
Kanekotrochus vietnamensis	Komaitrochus pulcher	Odontotrochus chlorostomus	Osilinus atratus atratus	Osilinus atratus selvagensis
Osilinus atratus trappei	Osilinus edulis	Osilinus lineatus lineatus	Osilinus lineatus sagittiferus	Osilinus sauciatus
Pagodatrochus variabilis	Phasianotrochus apicinus	Phasianotrochus bellulus	Phasianotrochus eximius	Phasianotrochus hirasei
Phasianotrochus irisodontes	Phasianotrochus rutilus	Prothalotia baudini	Prothalotia lehmanni	Prothalotia ramburi
Pseudotalopia fernandrikae	Pseudotalopia sakuraii	Scrobiculinus strigosus	Strigosella lepida	Thalotia conica
Thalotia khlimax	Thalotia polysarchosa	Thalotia pulchra	Thalotia rariguttata	Thalotia tiaraeides
Tosatrochus attenuatus
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE MONODONTINAE
Monodonta australis	Monodonta canalifera	Monodonta labio labio	Monodonta labio confusa	Monodonta nebulosa
Monodonta neritoides	Monodonta perplexa perplexa	Monodonta perplexa boninensis	Monodonta parva	Monodonta vermiculata
Austrocochlea brevis	Austrocochlea constricta	Austrocochlea odontis	Austrocochlea porcata	Austrocochlea rudis
Austrocochlea zeus	Diloma concamerata	Diloma crusoeana	Diloma durvillaea	Diloma lineata
Diloma radula	Diloma samoaensis	Diloma (Diloma) arida	Diloma (Diloma) nigerrima nigerrima	Diloma (Diloma) nigerrima digna
Diloma (Cavodiloma) coracina	Diloma (Fractarmilla) bicanaliculata	Diloma (Fractarmilla) subrostrata subrostrata	Diloma (Fractarmilla) subrostrata novaezelandiae	Diloma (Fractarmilla) zelandica
Diloma (Melagraphia) aethiops
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE HALISTYLINAE
Botelloides bassianus bassianus	Charisma arenacea	Charisma compacta	Charisma josephi	Halistylus columna
Halistylus pupoideus
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE CHRYSOSTOMATINAE
Chrysostoma paradoxum	Chlorodiloma adelaidae	Chlorodiloma crinita
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE ALCYNINAE
Alcyna australis	Alcyna kapiolaniae	Alcyna kingensis	Alcyna ocellata	Alcyna subangulata
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE FOSSARININAE
Fossarina mutabilis	Fossarina patula	Fossarina petterdi	Broderipia iridescens	Broderipia rosea
Clydonochilus mariei	Synaptocochlea belmonti	Synaptocochlea concinna concinna	Synaptocochlea concinna inconcinna	Synaptocochlea picta
Synaptocochlea pulchella
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE KAIPARATHININI
Kaiparathina boucheti	Kaiparathina coriolis	Kaiparathina daedala	Kaiparathina fasciata
		Subfamily : TROCHIDAE – NOMINA NON VALIDA