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Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert

Accepted
Herbarium specimen.
Herbarium specimen.
Herbarium specimen.
Herbarium specimen.
Herbarium specimen.
Herbarium specimen.
🗒 Synonyms
synonymDianthus inclusus Walp.
synonymGypsophila vaccaria (L.) Clarke ex Towns.
synonymLychnis vaccaria (L.) Scop.
synonymSaponaria amplissima Mill.
synonymSaponaria hispanica Miller
synonymSaponaria inclusa C. Koch
synonymSaponaria pentagona Hort. ex Steud.
synonymSaponaria perfoliata Gilib.
synonymSaponaria rubra Lam.
synonymSaponaria segetalis Neck.
synonymSaponaria vaccaria L.
synonymSilene vaccaria (L.) E. H. L. Krause
synonymVaccaria arvensis Link
synonymVaccaria brachycalyx Pau
synonymVaccaria hispanica subsp. pyramidata (Medik.) J. Holub
synonymVaccaria hispanica subsp. vaccaria (L.) P.Eliá
synonymVaccaria inclusa Ledeb.
synonymVaccaria parviflora Moench
synonymVaccaria perfoliata Halácsy
synonymVaccaria pyramidalis Prahl
synonymVaccaria pyramidata Medicus
synonymVaccaria pyramidata Medik.
synonymVaccaria pyramidata subsp. parviflora Hayek
synonymVaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Ascherson
synonymVaccaria sessilifolia Sweet
synonymVaccaria vaccaria Huth
synonymVaccaria vulgaris Host
🗒 Common Names
Eng
  • Cow Herb
Other
  • Cow Cockle
📚 Overview
Overview
Summary
Vaccaria species are annual herbs. Stem erect, simple or branched, glabrous, rootstock slender. Leaves simple, opposite, lanceolate to oblong, base connate, margin entire, apex acute with apiculate tip, 1 veined, lower ones subsessile upper leaves sessile, stipules absent. Inflorescence dichasial cymes or large corymbs, terminal or supra-axillary. Flowers bisexual, red, pedicel slender, long, sometimes reflexed in fruit, epicalyx absent, sepals 5 lobed or calyx ovoid, without commissural veins, margins scarious, apex acute, petals 5, oblanceolate to obovate, red, inserted on anthophore, margins entire, inner claws denticulate. Stamens 10, inserted from petal bases, filaments distinct, filiform, anthers bilocular, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior, bilocular rarely trilocular, ovules many, style 2 or rarely 3. Fruit capsule, ovoid-globose, dehiscing with 4-6 valves or opening by twice the number of styles present. Seeds many, reniform or globose, compressed laterally, tuberculate, brown to black.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Contributors 
Kailash B R
Status UNDER_CREATION
Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
References 
    Diagnostic Keys
    No Data
    📚 Nomenclature and Classification
    References
    Wiss. Z. Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 14: 496. 1965
    Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
    Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
    Contributors 
    Status UNDER_CREATION
    Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
    References 
      No Data
      📚 Natural History
      Reproduction
      Vaccaria species flowers are complete, bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels and ovary. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: May-September.
      Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
      Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
      Contributors 
      Status UNDER_CREATION
      Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
      References 
        Dispersal
        Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
        Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
        Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
        Contributors 
        Status UNDER_CREATION
        Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
        References 
          Morphology
          Annual herbs, about 20-60 cm tall. Stem erect, branched, yellowish green, glabrous, rootstock slender taproot. Leaves simple, opposite, lanceolate-cordate, about 2.5-7.5 x 0.8-1.8 cm across, base connate, margin entire, apex acute with apiculate tip, 1 veined, lower ones subsessile upper leaves sessile, stipules absent. Inflorescence dichasial cymes or large corymbs, terminal or supra-axillary. Flowers bisexual, red, about 1.2 cm across, pedicel slender, about 2-6 cm long, sometimes reflexed in fruit, epicalyx absent, sepals 5 lobed or calyx ovoid, without commissural veins, margins scarious, apex acute, with 5 sharp wings, petals 5, oblanceolate to obovate, red, pink, inserted on anthophore, margins entire, inner claws denticulate. Stamens 10, inserted from petal bases, filaments distinct, filiform, anthers bilocular, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior, bilocular rarely trilocular, ovules many, style 2 or rarely 3. Fruit capsule, ovoid-globose, dehiscing with 4 valves or opening by twice the number of styles present. Seeds many, reniform or globose, about 2 mm across, compressed laterally, tuberculate, black.
          Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
          Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
          Contributors 
          Status UNDER_CREATION
          Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
          References 
            Diseases
            Vaccaria species are susceptible to various insect pests, virus and fungi, affecting leaves, fruits and roots.
            Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
            Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
            Contributors 
            Status UNDER_CREATION
            Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
            References 
              No Data
              📚 Habitat and Distribution
              General Habitat
              Introduced throughout the plains and hilly regions.
              Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
              Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
              Contributors 
              Status UNDER_CREATION
              Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
              References 
                Description
                Global Distribution

                Asia; Africa; Australasia; Europe; North America.

                Local Distribution

                Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal.

                Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
                Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
                Contributors 
                Status UNDER_CREATION
                Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
                References 
                  No Data
                  📚 Occurrence
                  No Data
                  📚 Demography and Conservation
                  Conservation Status
                  Not evaluated (IUCN).
                  Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
                  Attributions Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
                  Contributors 
                  Status UNDER_CREATION
                  Licenses CC_BY_NC_SA
                  References 
                    No Data
                    📚 Uses and Management
                    No Data
                    📚 Information Listing
                    References
                    1. Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/6302964
                    1. The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=+Vaccaria+hispanica&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
                    1. The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2456818
                    1. Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/d8e4e7ccbcd826b61107bffe6db54116/synonym/974ac3f360b1005db5f786416b24032b
                    1. Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=783100&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenus%3dVaccaria%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith
                    1. Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
                    1. Flora of Pakistan, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242000971
                    1. Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
                    1. Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
                    1. Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228.
                    1. Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 217.
                    1. Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 593.
                    1. Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.
                    1. IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 3 April 2016.
                    1. Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
                    Information Listing > References
                    1. Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/6302964
                    2. The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=+Vaccaria+hispanica&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
                    3. The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2456818
                    4. Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/d8e4e7ccbcd826b61107bffe6db54116/synonym/974ac3f360b1005db5f786416b24032b
                    5. Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project. URL: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/linnaean-typification/search/detail.dsml?ID=783100&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenus%3dVaccaria%26CVarqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dGenus%252cSpecies%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Genusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26CSspqtype%3dstarts%2bwith
                    6. Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
                    7. Flora of Pakistan, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242000971
                    8. Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
                    9. Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
                    10. Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228.
                    11. Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 217.
                    12. Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 593.
                    13. Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.
                    14. IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 3 April 2016.
                    15. Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
                    No Data
                    📚 Meta data
                    No Data
                    🐾 Taxonomy
                    RootRoot
                    KingdomPlantae
                    PhylumTracheophyta
                    ClassEquisetopsida C. Agardh
                    OrderCaryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
                    FamilyCaryophyllaceae
                    GenusVaccaria
                    SpeciesVaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert
                    📊 Temporal Distribution
                    📷 Related Observations
                    👥 Groups
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