Tree
Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f.
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Garcinia pictorius (Roxb.) D' Arcy |
synonym | Garcinia tinctoria |
synonym | Xanthochymus pictorius Roxb. |
synonym | Xanthochymus tinctorius DC., Prodr. (DC.) 1: 562. 1824, nom. superfl. for Xanthochymus pictorius Roxb., 1805 |
🗒 Common Names
Assamese |
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Beng |
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Eng |
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Garo |
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Gujarati |
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Hin |
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Kannada |
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Karbi |
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Khasi |
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Other |
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Sanskrit |
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Tamil |
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Telugu |
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mal |
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mar |
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📚 Overview
Summary
Garcinia species are evergreen trees or shrubs, wood moderately hard, bark grey, reddish or pale gray, branches often opposite, terete, glabrous, latex usually resinous, thick, yellow in bark, branches and fruits, but sometimes cream white. Leaves simple, opposite or rarely ternate, lanceolate-ovate to oblong-oblong, base acute to obtuse, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, chartaceous, leathery, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, with translucent glands, midrib impressed above and prominent beneath, lateral veins irregular with parallel short veins between, veinlets reticulate, petiole slender with raised margins, exstipulate, rarely stipulate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, in cymes, fascicles, solitary or paired. Flowers 4-5 merous, heterochlamydeous, dioecious, pseudobisexual and female ones, always less, pedicel short or sessile, sepals 4 or 5-6, imbricate, decussate in pairs, or usually persistent in fruit, petals 4, rarely 5, imbricate or contorted, alternating with sepals. Male flowers: Stamens numerous, rarely few, obscurely fascicled with 1-5 bundles, lobed mass often around a rudimentary pistil, free or connate at the base, filaments short or absent, anthers erect or peltate, 2 loculed or rarely 4, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Female flowers: often solitary, bigger than male flowers, with minute free or united staminodes, filaments arranged in ring shape, ovary superior, globose, 2-12 locular, ovules lateral or erect, anatropus, style short or absent, stigma peltate, smooth or papillate. Fruit fleshy berry, sulcate or smooth, encased by persistent sepals. Seeds 1-12, oblong ovoid, covered with juicy cream white pulp.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Fl. Brit. India (J. D. Hooker). 1(2): 269. 1874
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Cyclicity
Flowering season is March-May and fruiting in Octboer-February
Wild edible plants of Assam. by Sri Brahmananda Patiri and Sri Ananta Borah, published by the Director Forest Communication, Forest Department, Assam. Curated for upload by Pranjal Mahananda.
Reproduction
Garcinia species flowers are dioecious with separate male and female plants, pseudobisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), or sometimes monoecious i.e. both male and female plants on the same plant. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: Throughout the year.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Growth Form
Tree
A small middle sized evergreen tree with a dense narrow crown. Generally found near riverbank i.e. favours evergreen forest with clayey soil. Leaves dark green, 20- 40 cm long and 5- 8 cm width, narrowly oblong or oblong lanceolate, shining. Flowers unisexual. The fruit is 4cm-6cm in dia., . crowned by persistent stigmatic lobes, golden yellow when ripe
Wild edible plants of Assam. by Sri Brahmananda Patiri and Sri Ananta Borah, published by the Director Forest Communication, Forest Department, Assam. Curated for upload by Pranjal Mahananda.
Evergreen trees, about 15-20 m tall, with a dense pyramidal crown, wood moderately hard, dark grayish brown to yellowish brown, bark dark brown or blackish brown, exfoliating in small round flakes, branches opposite, drooping, glabrous, 6-8 angular, usually dilated below nodes, latex resinous, thick, white or pale green, becoming yellow when exposed in bark and branches. Leaves simple, opposite, very variable, linear lanceolate-oblong to ovate, about 10-45 x 3-15 cm across, base cuneate to acute, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, subrepand, coriaceous, dark green, shiny, glabrous above and paler beneath, midrib impressed above and prominent beneath, lateral veins 15-20, irregular with oblique parallel short veins between, arched and anastomising near the margins, about 6-12 mm apart, veinlets reticulate, petiole stout, thick and angular, about 1-2.5 cm long, exstipulate. Inflorescence axillary, 4-10 flowered cymes or fascicles. Flowers heterochlamydeous, dioecious, cream or white colored, about 1.5-2 cm across, pedicels slender near the base thicker toward the apex, fleshy, usually longer in female flowers, about 2-2.5 cm long, bracts red, suborbicular, bracteoles 2, about 1 mm long, sepals 5 rarely 4, imbricate, decussate in pairs, 5th sepal if present orbicular, concave, scale like petals 5, imbricate, obovate-orbicular, greenish white, clawed shortly, about 7-9 mm long. Male flowers: axillary, solitary or fascicled, yellow, stamens 15-20 in 5 bundles, alternate to fleshy glands, rudimentary pistil absent, filaments short, anthers peltate, forked near the ends, 2 loculed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Female flowers: axillary, few flowered, bigger than male flowers, globose, with few staminodes, filaments arranged in interrupted ring shape, ovary superior, globose-ovoid, 4 locular, greenish white, ovules erect, style short, stigma rays 5, peltate, spreading. Fruit fleshy berry, subglobose, about 6 x 7 cm across, yellow, smooth, apex pointed, tip about 2-3 mm long, encased by persistent sepals and stigma. Seeds 1-4, oblong ovoid, about 3.5 x 1.7 cm across, brown, covered with juicy pulp.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Garcinia species are susceptible to various insect pests, virus and fungi, affecting leaves, fruits and roots.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Evergreen Forests
In evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, altitude 1400 m.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
India: Eastern Himalayas, Odisha, Maharastra, Peninsular India, Andamans, Assam; Myanmar
Indian Distribution
Bongaigaon, Kamrup
Global Distribution
Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
Local Distribution
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
The ripe fruit which is very acidic can be eaten raw or cooked with other vegetables. The fruit which exudes golden yellow juices can be eaten by roasting or boiling
Wild edible plants of Assam. by Sri Brahmananda Patiri and Sri Ananta Borah, published by the Director Forest Communication, Forest Department, Assam. Curated for upload by Pranjal Mahananda.
Fruits are edible, also used to make juices, jams and medicines. Resin is used for dyeing, cultivated for fruits, used in folk medicine.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/7800023 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=55BF6A2C3C4A67C6F31ED283B4FF3F38?id=428321-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Bjsessionid%3D55BF6A2C3C4A67C6F31ED283B4FF3F38%3Ffind_wholeName%3DGarcinia%2Bxanthochymus%26output_format%3Dnormal #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2817262 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/5dae19da1534c9b5104960f259772955 #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.#Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228.#Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 269. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 129. #ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.#IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 17 August 2016. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
Information Listing > References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/7800023 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=55BF6A2C3C4A67C6F31ED283B4FF3F38?id=428321-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Bjsessionid%3D55BF6A2C3C4A67C6F31ED283B4FF3F38%3Ffind_wholeName%3DGarcinia%2Bxanthochymus%26output_format%3Dnormal #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2817262 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/5dae19da1534c9b5104960f259772955 #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.#Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228.#Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 269. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 129. #ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.#IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 17 August 2016. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
Tree Species Composition, Diversity, and Regeneration Patterns in Undisturbed and Disturbed Forests of Barak Valley, South Assam, India
DN
Dr. Nepolion BorahNo Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl |
Family | Clusiaceae Lindl. |
Genus | Garcinia L. |
Species | Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations