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Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard

Accepted
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard
/Manilkara_hexandra/Manilkara-hexandra.jpg
/Manilkara_hexandra/Manilkara-hexandra-2.jpg
/Manilkara_hexandra/Manilkara_hexandra.tif.JPG
🗒 Synonyms
synonymKaukenia hexandra (Roxb.) Kuntze
synonymManilkara emarginata H.J.Lam
synonymMimusops hexandra Roxb.
synonymMimusops indica A.DC.
🗒 Common Names
Bengali
  • Krikhiyur
English
  • Ceylon Ironwood
Gujarati
  • ખિર્ની Khirni
  • રાયન Rayan
Hindi
  • Khirni
  • क्षीरी Kshiri
  • खिरनी Khirni
  • दृढ़ Drirh
  • रायन Rayan
Irula
  • Palai maram
Kannada
  • Bakula
Konkani
  • कर्णी Karni
  • रांजण Ranjana
Malayalam
  • Khirni
  • Mullupala
  • Pazhamunnippala
  • Pazhamunppala
  • കൃണി Krini
  • പഴമുന്പാല Pazhamunpaala
Marathi
  • करणी Karani
  • खिरणी Khirni
  • राजण Rajana
  • रायण Rayan
  • रायणी Rayani
  • रांजण Ranjana
Other
  • Ceylon Iron Wood
  • Kalpalai
  • Kannupalai
  • Milk Tree
  • Paala maram
  • Wedge-leaved Ape Flower
Sanskrit
  • क्षीरिणी Kshirini
  • निम्बबिज Nimbabija
  • राजादन Rajadana
Tamil
  • Kannupala
  • Kanupala
  • Palla
  • Ulakkaipaalai
  • உலக்கைப்பாலை Ulakkai-p-palai
Telugu
  • అంకాలు Ankalu
  • నందివృక్షము Nandivriqshamu
  • పాలచెట్టు Palachettu
📚 Overview
Overview
Summary
Brief
Flowering class: Dicot Habit: Tree
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors 
D. Narasimhan
Status UNDER_CREATION
Licenses CC_BY
References 
    Diagnostic Keys
    Description
    Evergreen trees, to 20 m high, bark blackish-grey, longitudinally fissured and cracked, rough; blaze crimson red; exudation milky; bole straight. Leaves simple, alternate, estipulate; petiole 8-20 mm, slender, slightly grooved above, glabrous; lamina 5-10 x 3-4.5 cm, elliptic, elliptic-obovate, obovate or ovate-oblong; base acute; apex obtuse or emarginate; margin entire, glabrous, coriaceous; lateral nerves 10-20 pairs, closely pinnate, slender, midrib raised below; intercostae reticulate. Flowers bisexual, 7 mm across, white, 1 or 2 axillary; pedicel to 3.5 cm long; calyx lobes 6, in 2 series of 3 each, 2.5 x 2 mm, reflexed, ovate, subacute, rusty-tomentose outside; corolla 3 x 1.5 mm, lobes 18 in 3 series of 6 each, valvate; stamen 6-8, alternating with staminodes, bifid; staminodes shorter than stamen, filaments glabrous, lanceolate; ovary pubescent, 12-celled, superior; style 4-5 mm, subulate; stigma simple. Fruit a berry, ellipsoid, 1.5 x 8 mm, reddish-yellow; seed usually one.
    Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
    Attributions Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
    Contributors 
    Status UNDER_CREATION
    Licenses CC_BY
    References 
      Habit: Tree
      G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
      Attributions G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
      Contributors 
      Status UNDER_CREATION
      Licenses CC_BY
      References 
        Habit: A small tree, upto 8m.
        Keystone Foundation
        Attributions Keystone Foundation
        Contributors 
        Status UNDER_CREATION
        Licenses CC_BY
        References 
          No Data
          📚 Natural History
          Cyclicity
          Flowering and fruiting: September-November
          Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
          Attributions Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
          Contributors 
          Status UNDER_CREATION
          Licenses CC_BY
          References 
            Morphology

            Growth Form

            Tree
            Tree
            Flower

            In axillary fascicles; white when young, brownish-red when dry; fragrant. Flowering from December-February.

            Fruit

            An oblong, ellipsoid berry, slightly curved; seed solitary. Fruiting February onwards.

            Field tips

            Bark grey, smooth, often with conical degenerate branchlets. Sap white.

            Leaf Arrangement

            Alternate-spiral

            Leaf Type

            Simple

            Leaf Shape

            Braodly ovate

            Leaf Apex

            Obtuse-emarginate

            Leaf Base

            Cuneate-rounded

            Leaf Margin

            Entire

            Keystone Foundation
            Attributions Keystone Foundation
            Contributors 
            Status UNDER_CREATION
            Licenses CC_BY
            References 
              Miscellaneous Details
              Notes: Dry Evergreen to Dry Deciduous Forests
              G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
              Attributions G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
              Contributors 
              Status UNDER_CREATION
              Licenses CC_BY
              References 
                No Data
                📚 Habitat and Distribution
                General Habitat
                Dry deciduous forests
                Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
                Attributions Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
                Contributors 
                Status UNDER_CREATION
                Licenses CC_BY
                References 
                  Occasional in plains from the coast, in scrub jungles to 900m. Peninsula, NE India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China.
                  Keystone Foundation
                  Attributions Keystone Foundation
                  Contributors 
                  Status UNDER_CREATION
                  Licenses CC_BY
                  References 
                    Description
                    Global Distribution

                    Sri Lanka, India, Siam and Indo-China

                    Indian distribution

                    State - Kerala, District/s: Idukki, Thiruvananthapuram

                    Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
                    Attributions Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
                    Contributors 
                    Status UNDER_CREATION
                    Licenses CC_BY
                    References 
                      Maharashtra: Ahmednagar, Pune, Raigad, Thane Karnataka: N. Kanara Kerala: Idukki, Thiruvananthapuram Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Kancheepuram, Nilgiri, Puddukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, Thiruvallur, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore, Viluppuram
                      G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
                      Attributions G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
                      Contributors 
                      Status UNDER_CREATION
                      Licenses CC_BY
                      References 
                        Found in scrub jungles from plains to 500m. Occasional. India, Sri Lanka and Indo-China.
                        Keystone Foundation
                        Attributions Keystone Foundation
                        Contributors 
                        Status UNDER_CREATION
                        Licenses CC_BY
                        References 
                          No Data
                          📚 Occurrence
                          No Data
                          📚 Uses and Management
                          Uses

                          System of Medicines Used In

                          Ayurveda
                          Ayurveda
                          Folk medicine
                          Folk medicine
                          Medicinal
                          Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
                          Attributions Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
                          Contributors 
                          Status UNDER_CREATION
                          Licenses CC_BY
                          References 
                            System Of Medicines Used In

                            Ayurveda, Folk medicine

                            FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1382
                            Attributions FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1382
                            Contributors 
                            Status UNDER_CREATION
                            Licenses CC_BY
                            References 
                              Apis cerana and Trigona sp. clonies found in the tree cavity. Wood used as fuel wood.

                              Wood very hard and used for agricultural implements. The ripe fruit tastes similar to sapota. It is eaten either fresh or dried.

                              Keystone Foundation
                              Attributions Keystone Foundation
                              Contributors 
                              Status UNDER_CREATION
                              Licenses CC_BY
                              References 
                                Folklore

                                Wood preffered for fuel.

                                Keystone Foundation
                                Attributions Keystone Foundation
                                Contributors 
                                Status UNDER_CREATION
                                Licenses CC_BY
                                References 
                                  No Data
                                  📚 Information Listing
                                  References
                                  1. D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1382
                                  1. Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Fischer 1921, Matthew 1983
                                  1. Mimusops hexandra Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. 15. 1795; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 549. 1882; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 766(538). 1921.
                                  2. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, Ann. Inst. Bot. Geol. Colon. Marseille 23: 9. f.2. 1915; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 277. 1994; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 179. 1999.
                                  3. Mimusops indica A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: 205. 1844.
                                  Information Listing > References
                                  1. D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1382
                                  2. Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Fischer 1921, Matthew 1983
                                  3. Mimusops hexandra Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. 15. 1795; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 549. 1882; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 766(538). 1921.
                                  4. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, Ann. Inst. Bot. Geol. Colon. Marseille 23: 9. f.2. 1915; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 277. 1994; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 179. 1999.
                                  5. Mimusops indica A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: 205. 1844.

                                  The characteristics, representativeness, function and conservation importance of tropical dry evergreen forest on India’s Coromandel Coast

                                  Journal of Threatened Taxa

                                  Wild edible plants of Hassan District, Karnataka: A role in ayurvedic formulation

                                  Dr. G. M. Prashanth Kumar

                                  Tree species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of northern Andhra Pradesh, India

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                                  Journal of Threatened Taxa

                                  Arborescent Angiosperms of Mundanthurai Range in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) of the southern Western Ghats, India

                                  Siddarth Jude Machado

                                  List of species encountered from Sathuragiri Hills, Western Ghats

                                  Muthumperumal,C
                                  No Data
                                  📚 Meta data
                                  No Data
                                  🐾 Taxonomy
                                  RootRoot
                                  KingdomPlantae
                                  PhylumTracheophyta
                                  ClassEquisetopsida C. Agardh
                                  OrderEricales Bercht. & J. Presl
                                  FamilySapotaceae
                                  GenusManilkara
                                  SpeciesManilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard
                                  📊 Temporal Distribution
                                  📷 Related Observations
                                  👥 Groups
                                  India Biodiversity PortalIndia Biodiversity Portal
                                  TreesIndiaTreesIndia
                                  The Western GhatsThe Western Ghats
                                  PlantsIndiaPlantsIndia
                                  Medicinal PlantsMedicinal Plants
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