https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1986-8761
Figures
Abstract
Badis kaladanensis, a new percoid fish is described from the Kaladan basin of Mizoram, northeast India. It belongs to the Badis badis species group but can be easily distinguished from its congeners, except from B. kanabos and B. tuivaiei, in having a dark blotch on the dorsal fin between the base of 3rd to 5th spines. It is further distinguished from B. kanabos in having more scales in lateral row (27–30 vs. 25–26), more circumpeduncular scale rows (18–20 vs. 16–17) and smaller eye (7.5–8.9% SL vs. 9.5–12.7); and from B. tuivaiei in having fewer vertebrae (28–29 vs. 30–31) and more rakers on the first gill arch (9 vs. 6–8). The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (coi and cytb) revealed the distinctness of B. kaladanensis from all other Badis species with the interspecific distance ranges from 5.4–20.4%. (coi) and 5.1–26.3% (cytb).
Citation: Ramliana L, Lalronunga S, Singh M (2021) Badis kaladanensis, a new fish species (Teleostei: Badidae) from Mizoram, northeast India. PLoS ONE 16(7): e0246466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246466
Editor: Feng Zhang, Nanjing Agricultural University, CHINA
Received: October 27, 2020; Accepted: January 19, 2021; Published: July 28, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Ramliana et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All NCBI GenBank files will be available on "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide" database (accession numbers MW000668-MW000671, MT997154-MT997157).
Funding: Lal Ramliana and Mahender Singh received project funding from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (No. BT/388/NE/TBP/2012). http://dbtindia.gov.in/ The DBT did not play any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Authors declare that there is no known conflict of interest associated with present publication. We also declare that this work is our original work and the manuscript has not been submitted elsewhere.
Introduction
Fishes of the genus Badis Bleeker 1854 are small freshwater fish normally inhabiting small streams or hill streams with slow to moderate flow, coastal drainages or ditches with stagnant waters. They are widely distributed over the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Peninsular Thailand, the Mae Khlong drainage, and part of the Mekong basin in South East Asia as well as the Upper Irrawaddy in southern Yunnan, China [1]. They belong to the family Badidae which consist of two genera viz., Badis and Dario. The genus Badis is distinguished from the genus Dario in having tubed lateral-line scales (vs. absent); 2–4 dentary foramina (vs. none); 3-toothed hypobranchial (vs. edentulous); short pelvic fin in males, not reaching the first anal-fin spine (vs. reaching beyond origin of anal fin); short dorsal fin lappets and rounded caudal fin (vs. prolonged and truncated respectively) [2].
Species belonging to the genus Badis, particularly the B. badis species group, exhibit very similar morphological traits including colour pattern [3]. Due to poor morphological diagnostic characters among some Badis species, accurate identification and/or delimitation of species remains a challenge. For instance, among the 25 currently recognized species of the genus Badis [4], based on published morphological data, B. dibruensis and B. pancharatnaensis cannot be distinguished from B. badis, and similarly, B. triocellus cannot be distinguished from B. singenensis [3]. The molecular approach of species delineation has been proved efficient and helpful when integrated with the conventional taxonomic approach [5–7]. It is therefore necessary to integrate morphological and the molecular approach for species delimitation, particularly among the Badis species.
An ichthyological survey conducted along the Palak River and Sala River, tributaries of the Kaladan River, resulted in the collection of a Badis species which differs from the already reported congeners. A comparison of the morphology and mitochondrial DNA (coi and cytb) sequences of the species with congeners revealed it to be an unnamed species, which is described herein as Badis kaladanensis, new species.
Material and methods
The live fishes were collected specifically for this study after permission from Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Pachhunga University College, Aizawl-Mizoram, India (approval no. PUC-IAEC-2011-A02). The study did not involve any endangered species or protected areas or private water bodies. The fishes were handled according to the guidelines laid down by the Committee for the Purpose of Control/ Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), and Animal Dissection Monitoring Committee of Pachhunga University College, Aizawl-Mizoram, India. In brief the live specimens of Badis kaladanensis sp.nov., were anesthetized using buffered solution of MS222 (TMS, Tricaine methanesulfonate) at the concentration of 70 mg/L in water, in a tank well oxygenated with external oxygen supply. The concentration of anesthesia was increased to 280 mg/L for euthanizing the fishes for preservation of voucher specimens. The fishes were kept for additional 20 minutes at this concentration after the opercular movement stopped in all fishes. In India no additional permission is required for collection and use of biodiversity within country.
A small amount of muscle was collected from the right side of each fish specimen and kept in 95% ethanol for DNA extraction. The fish specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and later transferred to 70% ethanol preservative. Counts and measurements were made on the left side of specimens, whenever possible, following Kullander & Britz [2]. Measurements were made point to point with digital calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. Measurements of body parts are given as proportions of standard length (SL). For vertebral counts, four specimens were cleared and stained in alizarin. Vertebral count includes each of the first four vertebrae of the Weberian apparatus. Fin rays were counted using a stereomicroscope and were confirmed through cleared and stained specimens. The small posterior-most rays of the dorsal and anal fins, articulating with the same pterygiophore were counted together with the preceding ray as 1. Description and numbering of the laterosensory system on the head follows Fig 1 in Kullander & Britz [2]. Numbers in parentheses after a meristic value indicate the frequency of that value. All morphological measurements and meristic counts of Badis kaladanensis sp. nov. are given in Table 1.
Ranges include value of holotype.
Type specimens were deposited at the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata (ZSI) and Pachhunga University College Museum of Fishes, Mizoram (PUCMF). Other collection code used herein is MUMF for Manipur University Museum of Fishes.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing
Genomic DNA was extracted from ~ 40 mg of tissue following Sambrook & Russel [8]. The mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coi) and cytochrome b (cytb) were selected for molecular analysis. Amplification was done using the primers: Fish-F1 (forward) and Fish-R1 (reverse) [9] for coi and L14724 (forward) and H15915 (reverse) [10] for cytb using Veriti 96 fast thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Inc., USA). A total of 25 μl PCR volume containing 1X buffer, 100 μM dNTPs, 2 mM MgCl2, 5 pmol of each primer, 2U Taq DNA polymerase and 100 ng template DNA were prepared. The PCR conditions (for both coi and cytb) are: initial denaturation of 3 min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 50 sec, annealing at 54°C (49°C for cytb) for 30 sec., extension at 72°C for 80 sec. with final extension of 10 min at 72°C. Sequencing was performed in forward and reverse direction using an automated ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Inc, USA).
DNA sequence analysis
The four sequences (2 each for B. kaladanensis and B. ferrarisi) obtained were analysed with the available GenBank sequences of Badis species (27 for coi and 31 for cytb) along with Dario dario as outgroup (KC774648 for coi and AY330958 for cytb) (Table 2).
Sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL_W module integrated in MEGA 7 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) software [11]. The sequences were blasted in NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) for the nearest matches and submitted to NCBI GenBank (Accn. Nos. MT997154-MT997157 for cytb and MW000668-MW000671 for coi). The genetic distance was calculated by averaging pairwise comparisons of sequences across close relatives of Badis in MEGA7. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree was constructed using coi (Fig 1) and cytb dataset (Fig 2). Based on the lowest BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion), the best fit nucleotide substitution model for both the coi and cytb dataset was HKY+G+I given by Hasegawa et al. [12].
Nomenclature acts
The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix "http://zoobank.org/". The LSID for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank.org:pub:9A23E022-F6F5-4226-BCD3-9F9D512AD4A8. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central, LOCKSS.
Results
Molecular analysis
The coi and cytb gene sequences of Badis kaladanensis generated in this study are distinct compared to available GenBank sequences of other Badis species (5.4–20.4% for coi and 5.1 to 26.3 for cyt b), with the exception of one coi sequence of an unconfirmed Badis species, submitted earlier by first author (KF318338), with only 0.3% K2P distance, indicating that they are conspecific. Badis kaladanensis clustered in the same clade with species of the Badis badis species group [2], indicating that B. kaladanensis belongs to the B. badis species group.
Taxonomy
Badis kaladanensis sp. Nov.
(Fig 3).
a) Badis kaladanensis, holotype, ZSI FF 5404, 48.6 mm SL; b) Paratype, PUCMF 15002, 45.2 mm SL.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4D86FCA2-EEEB-43A1-B20F-A0C2884D96D6
Holotype.
ZSI FF 5404, 48.6 mm SL; India; Mizoram, Palak river in the vicinity of Phurra Village; 22°14’12"N; 92°53’59"E; Lalronunga et al., 15 Nov. 2012.
Paratypes.
ZSI FF 5404 (2), 40.1–49.3 mm SL; data same as holotype. PUCMF 15001 (4), 28.2–44.8 mm SL; same data as holotype. PUCMF 15002 (5), 32.2–46.7 mm SL; India; Mizoram, Palak river in the vicinity of Palak Lake; 22°12’18"N; 92°53’33"E; Vanlalmalsawma & Lalramliana, 7 Dec. 2011. PUCMF 15003 (3), 35.3–47.5 mm SL; India; Mizoram, Sala river in the vicinity of Lungpuk Village 22°04’05"N 92°55’19"E; Lalronunga et al., 14 Nov. 2012. PUCMF 15004 (4), 30.2–42.7 mm SL (cleared and stained); data same as holotype.
Diagnosis.
Badis kaladanensis is distinguished from its congeners in having the following combination of characters: a post nuchal hump, a conspicuous dark blotch covering superficial part of cleithrum above pectoral-fin base, a dark anterior dorsal-fin blotch between 3rd to 5th spines (consistently present in live and preserved specimens), 27–30 scales in lateral row, 18–20 circumpeduncular scale rows, 28–29 vertebrae, 9 rakers on the first gill arch and lacking a dark blotch on the dorsolateral aspect of caudal peduncle.
Description.
See Table 1 for morphometric data and Fig 3 for appearance. Body elongate, compressed laterally. Predorsal profile rising approximately evenly from tip of snout to first dorsal-fin spine (a post-nuchal hump present). Snout triangular or slightly pointed in lateral aspect. Orbit situated in anterior half of head at level of mid-lateral axis of body or slightly below it, diameter smaller than ⅓ of head length. Mouth oblique, protrusible, lower jaw projecting slightly beyond upper jaw, maxilla reaching to ⅓ of orbit, lower jaw articulation below middle of orbit. Opercular spine slender, with a sharp tip. Palatine, vomer and parasphenoid toothed.
Dentary pores 4 (d1–d4), anguloarticular pores 2 (aa1–aa2), preopercular pores 6 (p1–p6), nasal pores 2 (n1–n2), supraorbital pores 4 (f1–f4), extrascapular pores 3 (ex1–ex 3), posttemporal pores 2 (po1–po2), coronalis pore 1 (cor), lachrymal pores 3 (l1–l3), infraorbital pores 4 (io1–io4). A row of free neuromasts extending across gap between posterior most lachrymal and anterior most infraorbital pores.
Scales ctenoid on sides, cycloid on top of head. Predorsal scales anterior to coronalis pore 4 (4) or 5 (15), posteriorly 7 (4), 8 (6) or 9 (9). Cheek and opercular scales ctenoid, cheek scales extending posteriorly from termination of gape or below middle of orbit. Scales on cheek 4 rows (17), rarely 3 (2). Opercle with 3 rows of scales, 1 row each on preopercle, subopercle and interopercle. Scales in lateral row with 27 (4), 28 (4), 29 (9) or 30 (2). Lateral line with tubed scales and divided into two segments. Upper lateral line begins at dorsal origin of operculum. Lower lateral line usually begins at one scale anterior to vertical through posterior end of anal fin. Lateral-line tubed scales (upper/lower) with 21/6 (1), 22/5 (3), 22/6 (4), 23/6 (6), 24/5 (3), 24/6 (2). Circumpeduncular scale rows 18 (5), 19 (2), 20 (12). Dorsal-fin scale cover up to 2–3 scales wide; anal-fin scales cover three scales wide. Scales in vertical row 1½ above, 7 below lateral line. Gill rakers on the first gill arch 9 (4), branchiostegal rays 6 (4). Vertebrae (abdominal + caudal = Total vertebrae) 15+13 = 28 (3) or 15+14 = 29 (1)
Dorsal fin (spines/soft rays) with 16/9 (7) or 17/9 (12), its origin vertically above pectoral-fin origin and ends at two scales beyond vertical through base of last anal-fin ray. Dorsal- and anal-fin lappets with rounded tips reaching to almost ⅓ of caudal fin. Anal fin (spines/soft rays) with 3/7 (5) or 3/8 (14), reaching to about ¼ of caudal fin. Principal caudal rays 14 (19), fin rounded. Pectoral fin rounded with 13 (17) or 14 (2) rays, extending about ½ distance to anal-fin origin. Pelvic fin pointed with 1 (19) spine and 5 (19) branched fin rays, inner branch of second soft ray longest, usually not reaching vent (reaching up to vent in one paratype), slightly shorter in small specimens.
Coloration in preservative.
Body pale brownish with brown or black markings. Preorbital stripe dark brown, continued across chin. Postorbital stripe distinct with a black blotch close to orbit, and a faint blotch one scale posterior to that blotch. No supraorbital stripe. Suborbital stripe indistinct below middle of orbit. No dark blotch on opercle. Cleithral blotch present, prominent and black.
Body with five pairs of dark brown vertical bars (usually composed of dark spots at bases of scales). Three pairs between head and anal fin-origin, and two pairs posterior to anal-fin origin. Bar above cleithral blotch absent or indistinct. Dorsal bar terminations form darker blotches, not observed in some specimens.
Dorsal fin dark brown or blackish with contrasting narrow white margin. A dark blotch at base between 3rd to 5th dorsal-fin spines. Caudal-fin base with a dark or brownish blotch covering the last lateral-line scale on body; a vertical black bar across caudal peduncle, absorbing the caudal base blotch. Anal and pelvic fins dark brown with distal margin usually hyaline.
In life (Fig 4).Similar to preserved specimens except that a dark band along middle of dorsal fin immediately distal to scaly basal cover, and sub-marginal part of dorsal fin orange.
PUCMF 15001, 44.8 mm SL.
Distribution and habitat.
Known from the Palak River (Fig 5) and Sala River, a tributary of the Kaladan basin, in the vicinity of Phurra village and Lungpuk village respectively in Siaha District of Mizoram, India (Fig 6). It is found associated with Olyra saginata, Pethia expletiforis, Rasbora rasbora and R. daniconius.
Red color dot represents Palak River in the vicinity of Phurra Village, Blue color dot represents Palak River in the vicinity of Palak Lake and yellow color dot represents Sala River in the vicinity of Lungpuk Village.
Discussion
Badis kaladanensis belongs to the B. badis group (cf. Kullander & Britz [2]), a group comprising B. badis (Hamilton), B. kanabos Kullander & Britz, B. chittagongis Kullander & Britz, B. ferrarisi Kullander & Britz [2] (Kullander & Britz 2002), B. soraya Valdesalici & van der Voort, B. rhabdotus Kullander et al., B. pallidus Kullander et al. [3] and both B. dibruensis and B. tuivaiei as they too possessed a conspicuous cleithral blotch, the synapomorphic character of the B. badis group stated by Kullander & Britz [2]. The previously included member of the group, B. ferrarisi [2], however, based on the genetic analysis, does not belong to this group and forms another group with B. kyar [3].
Badis kaladanensis markedly differs from members of the B. badis species group, apart from B. kanabos and B. tuivaiei, in having a dark blotch at base between 3rd to 5th dorsal fin spines (vs. absent in all other members). It differs from B. kanabos in having more scales in lateral row (27–30 vs. 25–26), more circumpeduncular scale rows (18–20 vs. 16–17), more vertebrae (28–29 vs. 26–28) and smaller eye diameter (7.5–8.9% SL vs. 9.5–12.7); from B. tuivaiei in having fewer vertebrae (28–29 vs. 30–31) and more rakers on the first gill arch (9 vs. 6–8).
The so far reported species of Badis from the Kaladan basin is B. badis [13] and the same species was reported form the Barak River drainage [14] inside Mizoram, India. Our previous collections from Tuirial and Tlawng Rivers (a tributaries of Barak River) and Tuichawng River (a tributary of Karnaphuli River) include B. badis and B. rhabdotus, but not a single specimen of B. badis from Kaladan basin. It is likely that the specimens previously reported as Badis badis from the Kaladan basin were in fact B. kaladanensis.
The morphological distinction of Badis kaladanensis from B. badis, B. chittagongis, B. pallidus and B. rhabdotus is less distinctive due to their overlapping characters. Moreover, B. chittagongis was described from the nearby basins, Karnaphuli and Matamohuri River drainage and B. pallidus from Karnaphuli and Sangu River drainage of Bangladesh. Since the mouth of Kaladan basin at Sittwe is very close to the mouth of the Karnaphuli, Matamohuri and Sangu River drainages at Bangladesh, B. chittagongis and B. pallidus are assumed to have wider distribution within Kaladan basin. However, we did not encounter any of those species from the basin during the study. Badis kaladanensis is a large species (attaining approximately 50 mm SL) compared to B. badis, B. chittagongis, B. pallidus and B. rhabdotus and possesses a post nuchal hump not observed in others. Besides, presence of dark blotch at base between 3rd to 5th dorsal-fin spines distinguished B. kaladanensis from B. badis, B. chittagongis, B. pallidus and B. rhabdotus (Table 3).
‘+’ indicates presence and ‘–’ indicates absence.
Moreover, the interspecies distance of the DNA sequence markedly distinguished B. kaladanensis from B. badis, B. chittagongis, B. pallidus and B. rhabdotus (10.3–13.8% for B. badis, 11.7–12.4% for B. chittagongis, 5.9–5.1% for B. rhabdotus and 11.3–13.8% for B. pallidus).
Badis kaladanensis is also compared with members of other species groups. It differs from B. kyar (B. kyar group) in having more scales in lateral row (27–30 vs. 26–27) and the pattern of caudal-fin marking (vertical black bar across caudal peduncle absorbing the caudal base blotch vs. caudal fin marking with an entire curved band in B. kyar). Schindler & Linke [15] described Badis juergenschmidti from a river in south eastern central Myanmar which may be placed in the B. kyar group; however, they refrained from doing so because of remarkable differences between the two species. Badis kaladanensis differs from B. juergenschmidti in having more scales in lateral row (27–30 vs. 25–26) and presence of a dark blotch at cleithrum (vs. absent). Furthermore, Badis kaladanensis is distinguished from B. ferrarisi (B. kyar group) in having complete vertical bars on flank (vs. bars reduced and restricted to center of body), 3 extrascapular (vs. 1), and absence (vs. present) of opercular blotch; from B. corycaeus and B. pyema (B. corycaeus group) in lacking (vs. present) ocellated caudal base marking; from B. assamensis and B. blosyrus (B. assamensis group) in lacking (vs. present) opercular blotch; from B. ruber, B. siamensis and B. khwae (B. ruber group) in absence (vs. presence) of a dark blotch on the dorsolateral aspect of caudal peduncle; from B. autumnum, B. andrewraoi and B. kyanos (B. autumnum group [20]) in having (vs. lacking) a dark blotch at base between 3rd to 5th dorsal-fin spines and a conspicuous blotch covering the superficial part of the cleithrum above the pectoral-fin base; from B. laspiophilus and B. singenensis (B. singenensis group [21]) in lacking (vs. present) black blotch on both the soft anal and dorsal fin; and from B. britzi in having (vs. lacking) dark blotch at cleithrum and caudal-fin base, and a higher number of circumpeduncular scale rows (18–20 vs. 16).
The mitochondrial gene (coi and cytb) analysis of Badis kaladanensis and comparison with other Badis sequences available in GenBank revealed that it is significantly different from all of them, except the coi sequence of Badis sp. Kolodyne (0.3% only, indicating that they are conspecific). Badis sp Kolodyne is a specimen from the Lungbun river of Mizoram which is draining into the lower stretch of Kaladan drainage. This suggested that B. kaladanensis may have a wider distribution along the Kaladan River and its tributaries. Furthermore, the maximum likelihood tree inferred from coi and cytb confirmed that B. kaladanensis belongs to the Badis badis group. Badis kaladanensis is more closely related to B. rhabdotus, which has adjacent geographical distribution (type locality of B. rhabdotus being Karnafuli Drainage), compared to other species of Badis badis group. However as mentioned in the result section B. kaladanensis and B. rhabdotus belong to two distinct species (interspecies distance ranges from 4.9–5.1%). Moreover, the position in the tree (Figs 1 and 2) and the wide genetic distance from the closely related species confirms that B. kaladanensis is distinct from all other Badis species.
Despite the less pronounced morphological diagnostic characters among species of the Badis, many species have been described using morphological analysis leading to confusion. It is suggested to integrate morphological approach with molecular analysis. The integration of morphological and molecular approach of species delimitation will strengthen and speed up the taxonomy of Badis in future.
Comparative material & sources
Badis assamensis: MUMF Per-51–54, 4, 41.6–55.8 mm SL; India: Assam: Dibru River, Dibrugarh.
B. badis: MUMF Per-55–65, 11, 23.5–28.7 mm SL; India: Manipur: Barak River. PUCMF 1065, 2, 30.9–43.8 mm SL; India: Mizoram: Tlawng River (Barak Drainage), Khamrang.
B. blosyrus: MUMF Per-66-68, 3, 36.8–38.9 mm SL; India: Arunachal Pradesh: Teju District: Teju River.
B. dibruensis: MUMF Per-95, holotype, 39.1 mm SL; India: Assam: Dibru River (Brahmaputra drainage), Dibrugarh. MUMF Per-96–97, paratypes, 37.4–39.8 mm SL; India: Assam: Dibru River (Brahmaputra drainage), Dibrugarh. Additional data from Geetakumari & Vishwanath [16].
B. ferrarisi: MUMF Per-69–75, 7, 32.0–44.0 mm SL; India: Manipur: Lokchao River. PUCMF 15055, 3, 25.7–29.8 mm SL; Myanmar: Tahan, Tahan Market (presumably from the nearby Myittha River, a tributary of Chindwin River).
B. kanabos: MUMF Per-76–81, 6, 48.7–54.9 mm SL; India: Manipur: Barak River.
B. tuivaiei: MUMF 5124, holotype, 34.6 mm SL; India: Manipur: Churachandpur District: Tuivai River (Brahmaputra drainage). ZSI FF 4159, 1, 57.0 mm SL: India: Manipur: Tamenglong district: Irang iver, a tributary of Barak River. Additional data from Vishwanath & Shanta [17].
Published information used for comparison: Dahanukar et al. [18] for B. britzi; Geetakumari & Kadu [19] for B. singenensis; Kullander & Britz [2] for B. blosyrus, B. corycaeus, B. ferrarisi, B. kanabos, B. khwae, B. kyar, B. pyema, B. ruber & B. siamensis; Kullander & Britz [2] and Kullander et al. [3] for B. chittagongis; Schindler & Linke [15] for B. juergenschmidti; Valdesalici & van der Voort [20] for B. autumnum, B. andrewraoi, B. kyanos and B. soraya; Valdesalici & van der Voort [21] for B. laspiophilus.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Waikhom Vishwanath (MUMF) and Laishram Kosygin (ZSI, Kolkata) for access to materials; Stefan van der Voort from the Netherlands for providing literature and photograph of (live and preserved) Badis species. Facilities provided by Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow and Tawnenga, Principal, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram are acknowledged here.
References
- 1. Rüber L, Britz R, Kullander SO, Zardoya R. Evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of the Badidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 2004; 32:1010–1022. pmid:15354300
- 2. Kullander SO, Britz R. Revision of the family Badidae (Teleostei: Perciformes), with description of a new genus and ten new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. 2002; 13 (4): 295–372.
- 3. Kullander S, Norén M, Rahman MM, Moolah AR. Chameleon fishes in Bangladesh: hipshot taxonomy, sibling species, elusive species, and limits of species delimitation (Teleostei: Badidae). Zootaxa. 2019; 4586 (2): 301–337.
- 4.
Eschmeyer WN, Fricke R, Van Der Laan R. [Cited 9 March 2020]. Catalog of Fishes–Genera, Species, References. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org).
- 5. DeSalle R, Egan MG, Siddall M. The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 2005; 360: 1905–1916. pmid:16214748
- 6. Rubinoff D, Cameron S, Will K. A genomic perspective on the shortcomings of mitochondrial DNA for ‘barcoding’ identification. J. Hered. 2006; 97: 581–594. pmid:17135463
- 7. Will KW, Mishler BD, Wheeler QD. The perils of DNA barcoding and the need for integrative taxonomy. Syst. Biol. 2005; 54: 844–851. pmid:16243769
- 8.
Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 3rd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York; 2001.
- 9. Ward RD, Zemlak TS, Innes BH, Last, PR, Hebert PDN. DNA Barcoding Australia’s fish species. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 2005; 360: 1847–1857.
- 10. Schmidt TR, Gold JR. Complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in the cherryfin shiner, Lythrurus roseipinnis (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Copeia. 1993; 3: 880–883.
- 11. Kumar S., Stecher G. & Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016; 33: 1870–1874. pmid:27004904
- 12. Hasegawa M., Kishino H. & Yano T. (1985) Dating the human-ape split by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 1985; 22: 160–174. pmid:3934395
- 13.
Karmakar AK, Das A. Fishes. Fauna of Mizoram, State Fauna Series 14, Part 1. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata; 2007. 691 pp.
- 14. Kar D, Sen N. Systematic list and distribution of fishes in Mizoram, Tripura and Barak drainage of northeastern India. Zoos’ Print J. 2007; 22: 2599–2607.
- 15. Schindler I, Linke H. Badis juergenschmidti, a new fish species of the Indo-Burmese fish family Badidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from Myanmar. Vertebr. Zool. 2010; 60 (3): 209–216.
- 16. Geetakumari K, Vishwanath W. Badis dibruensis, a new species (Teleostei: Badidae) from northeastern India. J. Threat. Taxa. 2010; 2: 644–647.
- 17. Vishwanath W, Shanta K. A new fish species of the Indo-Burmese genus Badis Bleeker (Teleostei: Perciformes) from Manipur, India. Zoos’ Print J. 2004; 19 (9): 1619–1621.
- 18. Dahanukar N, Kumkar P, Katwate U, Raghavan R. Badis britzi, a new percomorph fish (Teleostei: Badidae) from the Western Ghats of India. Zootaxa, 2015; 3941 (3): 429–436. pmid:25947522
- 19. Geetakumari K, Kadu K. Badis singenensis, a new fish species (Teleostei: Badidae) from Singen river, Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. J. Threat. Taxa. 2011; 3 (9): 2085–2089.
- 20. Valdesalici S, van der Voort S. Four new species of the Indo-Burmese genus Badis from West Bengal, India (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Badidae). Zootaxa, 2015; 3985 (3): 391–408. pmid:26250041
- 21. Valdesalici S, van der Voort S. Badis laspiophilus, a new miniature addition to the ichthyofauna of West Bengal, north-eastern India, with observations on its ecology and preliminary notes on its ethology (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Badidae). Zootaxa. 2015; 3986 (2): 193–200. pmid:26250180
- 22. Rüber L., Britz R. Kullander S.O. & Zardoya R. (2004) Evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of the Badidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32, 1010–1022. pmid:15354300
- 23. Dahanukar N., Kumkar P., Katwate U. & Raghavan R. (2015) Badis britzi, a new percomorph fish (Teleostei: Badidae) from the Western Ghats of India. Zootaxa, 3941 (3): 429–436. pmid:25947522
- 24. Kullander S. O., Norén M., Rahman Md. M. & Mollah A. R. (2019) Chameleonfishes in Bangladesh: hipshot taxonomy, sibling species, elusive species, and limits of species delimitation (Teleostei: Badidae). Zootaxa, 4586 (2): 301–337.