The Origin of Large-Bodied Shrimp that Dominate Modern Global Aquaculture
Fig 1
Minimum age phylogenetic tree of Penaeoidea.
Agripenaeina, the clade of farmed shrimp, acquired a large body size despite the physiological constraints of their warm and shallow-water habitats. This clade is at least 145 my old because it includes a Late Jurassic species (†Antrimpos speciosus) that inhabited the warm waters preserved in the Late Jurassic Solnhofen limestone [14,15]. Ecological associations between shallow-water penaeoideans and mangrove forests occurred independently more than once, as clades of mangrove-associated shrimp (e.g., Agripenaeina and Trachypenaeini) predate the proposed Late Cretaceous origin of modern mangroves [16]. Shrimp silhouettes illustrate differences in maximum body size for each clade. Topology shown emerges from parsimony (strict consensus of 24 trees) and Bayesian analyses, with some Bayesian incongruences noted in the Extended Results. Topology mapped to stratigraphic record with range extensions (cones) dictated by fossil placements (black dots indicate first appearance datum in the stratigraphic record) [17]. Bremer Support (blue) and jackknife values over 50% (green) are indicated. Values in parentheses were calculated without fossil taxa (fossil exclusion produces a congruent tree). Bayesian posterior probabilities in black, with values italicized for clades that are congruent except for the placement of †Aeger tipularius, which occupies a different position in the Bayesian tree (see S4 Fig). Tree icon and vertical shading indicate earliest evidence of modern mangroves [16].