Figure 1.
Species accumulation curve of the valid stylasterid species, showing the five pulses of activity.
Figure 2.
Corallum Shape and Soft Part Anatomy.
(A) Stylaster roseus, RSMAS, typical branching colony shape, (B) Distichopora anceps, USNM 56338, lamellar colony shape, (C) Decalcified corallum of Stylaster profundus from Moseley (plate 6 of [13]], showing gastrozooids (gz), dactylozooids (dz), dactylotomes (dt), male gonozooids (gz), and coenosteal canals (cc), (D) Stylaster brunneus, WAM 551-87, unusual brown coloration of corallum, (E) Errinopsis reticulum, ZIZM, sieve-like reticulum corallum.
Table 1.
Valid Recent stylasterid genera, numbers of Recent species in each genus, and bathymetric range.
Figure 3.
Number of stylasterid species that occur in the 19 FAO oceanic regions.
Figure 4.
Aspects of the Gastropore and Gastropore Tube.
(A) Sporadopora dichotoma, USNM 52647, a flush gastropore and several smaller flush dactylopores, (B) Stellapora echinata, USNM 59945, a stellate gastropore, (C) Lepidopora sp., BM 1890.4.11.24, a broad abcauline gastropore lip, (D) Distichopora uniserialis, USNM 15969, horizontal tabulae in axial gastropores, (E) Crypthelia formosa, USNM 60084, double-chambered gastropore tube, female ampullae in ring around cyclosystem with an open efferent pore at base of lid, (F) Crypthelia robusta, NZOI P-919, double-chambered gastropore tube showing ring constriction, (G–I) Adelopora pseudothyron, USNM 60128, gastropore operculum showing the closed type of opercular articulation, in the closed and open position, and underside of one showing an articulating nub, respectively, (J) Same as G–I, an operculum bored by a predator, (K–L) Adelopora fragilis, MNHNP, an example of the open opercular articulation.
Figure 5.
Aspects of the Cyclosystem and Dactylostyles.
(A) Stylaster galapagensis, USNM 72099, a typical cyclosystem, (B) Stylaster roseus, USNM 47807, a cyclosystem with a narrow adcauline diastema, (C) Conopora tetrastichopora, USNM 87566, a cyclosystem with a wide adcauline diastema, (D) Stylaster atlanticus, USNM 71824, a cyclosystem with some obsolete adcauline dactylopores, (E) Distichopora vervoorti, RMNH 23976, distichoporine arrangement of pores, (F) Crypthelia dactylopoma, USNM 72110, a cyclosystem with a narrow fixed lid, (G) Stylaster laevigatus, USNM 71798, gastropore shelf, (H) Errinopora pourtalesii, USNM 52254, a robust dactylostyle, (I) Stylaster miniatus, USNM 72151, a robust dactylostyle in apical view, (J) Distichopora dispar, USNM 85116, dactyloridges, (K) Inferiolabiata labiata, USNM 59951, lateral dactylostyles, (L) Lepidotheca robusta, USNM 85106, pseudotabulae in a dactylopore spine.
Figure 6.
Aspects of Dactylopores, Dactylopore Spines, and Miscellany.
(A) Lepidopora sarmentosa, USNM 60135, a conical dactylopore mound, (B) Stylaster stejnegeri, USNM 43271, a cyclosystem with a supernumerary dactylopore, (C) Errina gracilis, USNM 60242, composite dactylopore spine, (D–E) Lepidotheca altispina, USNM 85103, tall cylindrical abcauline dactylopore spines and reverse polarity platelets, (F) Errinopora pourtalesii, USNM 52254, compound dactylopore spines, (G) Errina dendyi, USNM 76302, adcauline dactylopore spines, (H) Errina cheilopora, USNM 85134, adcauline dactylopore spine, (I) Stenohelia concinna, USNM 84747, polychaete gall, (J) Distichopora robusta, USNM 1020571, double axial tube formed by Polydora polychaete, (K) Calyptopora reticulata, USNM 60010, coenosteal papillae, (L) Stenohelia profunda, USNM 52244, a robust ring palisade.
Figure 7.
(A) Errinopsis fenestrata, USNM 52694, (B) Stylaster corallium, USNM 71829, (C) Systemapora ornata, USNM 85117, (D) Lepidopora dendrostylus, USNM 60251, (E) Stylaster profundus, BM 1880.11.25.174, (F) Stylaster erubescens meteorensis, ZSM, (G) Calyptopora sinuosa, USNM 87536, (H) Cheiloporidion pulvinatum, USNM 52648, (I) Lepidopora sarmentosa, USNM 60135, (J) Distichopora robusta, USNM1020570, needle-shaped gastrostyles stabilized by tabulae, (K) Stylaster eguchii, USNM 85143, stereo view showing a deep gastropore tube, gastrostyle, internal male ampullae, and a dactylostyle (upper right).
Figure 8.
Aspects of Coenosteal Texture, Pseudosepta, and Ampullae.
(A) Stylaster verrillii, USNM 1123299, reticulate granular coenosteal texture, (B) Errina sinuosa, USNM 85131, radial-imbricate coenosteal texture, (C) Crypthelia trophostega, USNM 1122887, nematopores on thin pseudosepta, (D–E) Errina altispina, USNM 71778, linear-imbricate coenosteal texture (normal polarity), (F) Systemapora ornata, USNM 85117, contiguous alternating polarity of imbricating platelets, (G) Adelopora pseudothyron, USNM 60128, superficial female ampulla with a large lateral efferent tube, (H) Distichopora anomala, USNM 71813, stellate-ridged superficial female ampullae, (I) Crypthelia lacunosa, USNM 45684, large female ampulla in cyclosystem lid, itself covered with reticulate ridges and nematopores, (J) Sporadopora dichotoma, USNM 60100, internal female ampulla with a small efferent duct to surface, (K) Stenohelia robusta, USNM 21283, cluster of superficial male ampullae with small apical efferent pores, (L) Conopora pauciseptata, USNM 52619, internal male ampullae flanking a double-chambered gastropore tube.