Fig 1.
Graphic illustration of a male and a female Fortuynia atlantica showing the remarkable sexual dimorphism and highlighting measured continuous dorsal and ventral variables.
Dorsal aspect (left and center): bl–body length, dPtI–distance between pedotecta I, db–distance between bothridia, ll–lenticulus length, nwda−notogastral width on level of seta da, nwlm−notogastral width on level of seta lm, dlp–distance between lateral protuberances (only males), nwdp−notogastral width on level of seta dp (only in females). Ventral aspect: cl–camerostome length, cw–camerostome width, dcg–distance between camerostome and genital orifice, dac3 –distance between acetabula 3, gl–genital orifice length, gw–genital orifice width, al–anal opening length, aw–anal opening width. (Sexually dimorphic variables shown in weaker color).
Table 1.
Mean (x), standard deviation (sd), coefficient of variation (cv), minimum (min) and maximum (max) of three populations of Fortuynia atlantica.
Results of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney-U test are given; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. a Bermuda vs Bahamas, b Bermuda vs Barbados, c Bahamas vs Barbados, d all possible combinations.
Fig 2.
Graph showing results of morphometric analyses of three different populations of Fortuynia atlantica.
Upper row PCA graphs, lower row LDA/CVA graphs with males and females segregated. Colors refer to geographic locations, full circles represent male and empty circles represent female specimens.
Table 2.
Squared Mahalanobis distances (D2) between the populations in raw and size-corrected data of females and males, respectively.
Table 3.
Loadings of variables in CVA on raw and size-corrected data of females and males.
Loadings with the first three highest values are in bold.
Table 4.
Percentage of specimens correctly classified by all samples CVA and LOO-CV CVA on raw and size-corrected data of females and males, respectively.
Fig 3.
Map showing records of Fortuynia populations in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic area.
Different colors refer to different locations whereas records given in grey refer to findings of single specimens (not included in morphometric and molecular genetic analyses). Red arrows indicate ocean currents and their directions. Inserts showing haplotype network based on COI-2 (A), respectively, 18S (B) sequences. Colors of haplotypes refer to geographic location.
Fig 4.
Ultrametric tree based on COI-2 sequence data.
Results of five different SDAs are given on the right side.
Fig 5.
Bayesian inference tree based on 18S gene sequences.
Fortuyniid genera are shown in different colors; *indicates sequences generated in the present study, all other sequences were obtained from GenBank.
Table 5.
Mean uncorrected pairwise distances (a) between and (b) within the Fortuynia (F.) and Alismobates (A.) species investigated in this study.
(a) Values for COI-2 are given in white boxes, respectively, 18S in grey boxes. (b) n/c = not possible to estimate evolutionary distances because of insufficient sample size.
Fig 6.
Fortuynia antillea sp. nov. morphology.
A. Male dorsal view. B. Female dorsal view. C. Female ventral view (as there are no sexually dimorphic characters on the ventral aspect, apart from genital orifice size, this depiction is also valid for male). Scale bars = 100 μm.
Fig 7.
Photographic comparison of Caribbean Fortuynia species/populations from three different locations illustrating the lack of phenotypic differences.
Stacked stereomicroscopic images in dorsal view; upper row female, lower row male specimens. (White spot on the notogaster is a light artifact / reflected light source).