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Haplosporidia

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Protists

Abstract

Haplosporidian species (phylum Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil, 1899) are a small group of four genera of sometimes pathogenic protozoan parasites usually with uninucleated spores. They are widely distributed in marine and freshwater invertebrates, although their status in Africa, much of Eurasia and Central and South America, is largely unknown. They infect molluscs including commercially important bivalves and other molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, ascidians, trematodes, turbellarians, and probably many invertebrate groups. The morphology, development, and ultrastructure of the four haplosporidian genera (Haplosporidium, Minchinia, Urosporidium, and Bonamia) are described using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Several new haplosporidian species have recently been described based on their genetic sequences, spore morphology, and ornamentation. Ultrastructural organization of the spores and the origin of the spore wall ornamentation are discussed. This phylum contains 52 described species and several unnamed species reported in the four genera. Life cycle stages involve exosporulation of the endosporoplasm to form multinucleate plasmodia and sporoblasts giving rise to the spores that are described from some species. The phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rRNA strongly supports that the genera Minchinia, Urosporidium, and Bonamia are monophyletic, while the genus Haplosporidium is paraphyletic. The taxonomic positions and affinities between these genera within phylum Haplosporidia are discussed. The negative economic impact on the commercially important infected hosts is reported.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks to the “Engº. António de Almeida” Foundation and the Dean of Scientific Research, King Saud University (Research Project number ISPP#0067), as well as the editors and colleagues who have permitted the use of some photographic images in this document. We also acknowledge Prof. Graça Casal for the technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal

    Carlos Azevedo

  2. Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Carlos Azevedo

  3. Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, Biosecurity New Zealand, 40-742, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

    P. M. Hine

  4. Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Carlos Azevedo

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  1. Carlos Azevedo
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  2. P. M. Hine
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Correspondence to Carlos Azevedo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    John M. Archibald

  2. Department of Biology Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Alastair G.B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Mole, Dalhousie University Department of Biochemistry and Mole, HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Claudio H. Slamovits

  4. Ashland, Oregon, USA

    Lynn Margulis

  5. Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln Biozentrum Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Michael Melkonian

  6. Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, University of California Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    David J. Chapman

  7. Libertyville, Illinois, USA

    John O. Corliss

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Azevedo, C., Hine, P.M. (2016). Haplosporidia. In: Archibald, J., et al. Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_16-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_16-1

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32669-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32669-6

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