Abstract
Monthly samplings of solitary entoprocts were carried out at Mizugama and Ginowan Fishery Port, Okinawa Island, the central Ryukyus, Japan from November 2000 to November 2001. We examined the entoproct populations on the glass slides that had been placed at the two sites for 2 months, and a total of 18,322 individuals of solitary entoprocts were recorded. They were Loxomitra mizugamaensis, L. ryukyuensis, L. tetraorganon, Loxosomella aloxiata, L. intragemmata, L. lecythifera, L. monocera, L. stomatophora, and Loxocorone allax. Our analyses indicate that (1) the abundance of solitary entoprocts in this region is high in summer and low in winter, (2) most species reproduce by budding all year round, and (3) sexual reproduction is restricted to a short period in summer (July or August).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Busk G (1886) Report on the polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Rep Sci Res Exp HMS Challenger. Zool 17(3):1–47, pls. 9–10
Claparède E (1867) Miscellanées zoologiques, V. Sur le Loxosoma kefersteinii V. sp., Bryozoaire mou du golfe de Naples. Ann Sci Nat Ser 8(5):28–30, pl 6
Emschermann P (1985) Factors inducing sexual maturation and influencing the sex determination of Barentsia discreta Busk (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae). In: Nielsen C, Larwood GP (eds) Bryozoa: ordovician to recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 101–108
Franzén Å (1962) Studies on entoprocta from the west coast of Sweden. Zool Bidrag Ups 33:311–326, pls. 1–3
Hincks T (1880) A history of the British marine polyzoa, vol 2. Van Voorst, London
Iseto T (2001) Three new Loxosomella (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) from coral reef shore in Okinawa, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Zool Sci 18:879–887
Iseto T (2002) Loxocorone, a new genus of the family Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta: Solitaria), with descriptions of two new Loxomitra (sensu stricto) and a new Loxocorone from Okinawa, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Zool Sci 19:359–367
Iseto T (2003) Four new solitary entoprocts (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) from Okinawa Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Proc Biol Soc Wash 116(4):1007–1020
Iseto T (2005) A review of non-commensal loxosomatids: collection, culture, and taxonomy, with new implications to the benefit of commensalism (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae). In: Moyano HI, Cancino JM, Wyse Jackson PN (eds) Bryozoan studies 2004. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 133–140
Iseto T (2006) Two new non-commensal loxosomatids from Okinawa Island and Sesoko Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae). Spec Div 11:33–43
Mariscal RN (1975) Entoprocta. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 2. Academic, New York, pp 1–41
Mortensen T (1911) A new species of Entoprocta, Loxosomella antedonis, from north-east Greenland. Medd Grønland 45:399–406
Mukai H, Makioka T (1980) Some observations on the sex differentiation of an Entoproct, Barentsia discreta (Busk). J Exp Zool 213:45–59
Nielsen C (1964) Studies on Danish Entoprocta. Ophelia 1:1–76
Nielsen C (1989) Entoprocts. Synopses Br Fauna. NS 41:1–131
Nielsen C (1996) Three new species of Loxosoma (Entoprocta) from Phuket, Thailand, with a review of the genus. Zool Scr 25:61–75
Nielsen C (2002) Phylum entoprocta. In: Young CM (ed) Atlas of marine invertebrate larvae. Academic, San Diego, pp 397–409
Nilus G (1909) Notiz über Loxosoma murmanica und Loxosoma brumpti sp. n. Tr Imp S-peterb Obshch Estest 40:157–169
Ryland JS, Austin AP (1960) Three species of kamptozoa new to Britain. Proc Zool Soc Lond 133:423–433
Salensky M (1877) Études sur les Bryozoaires Entoproctes. Ann sci nat Ser 5(6):1–60, pls. 12–15
Schultz E (1895) Loxosoma harmeri n. sp. Tr Imp S-peterb Obshch Estest 25:49–58
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Sys Tech J 27:379–423
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our gratitude to Prof. Terufumi Ohno (Kyoto University Museum) for his encouragement. Thanks are also due to Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus for providing the data of the surface water temperature. This study was supported in part by a subvention made to graduate students by the Research Institute of Marine Invertebrates, a Sasagawa Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Science Society, a Research Fellowship for Young Scientists awarded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the twenty-first Century COE program of University of the Ryukyus. The experiments performed here complied with the current laws of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by S. Nishida.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Iseto, T., Yokuta, Y. & Hirose, E. Seasonal change of species composition, abundance, and reproduction of solitary entoprocts in Okinawa Island, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Mar Biol 151, 2099–2107 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0643-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0643-y