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New Negombata species discovered: latrunculin mystery solved

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Abstract

The Red Sea features a remarkable diversity of marine natural products. Among its coral-reef residents, sponges (phylum Porifera) are recognized as a prolific source of novel secondary metabolites. Taxonomic identification and characterization of sponge phylogeny play a key role in understanding the underlying processes and evolution of such secondary metabolite production in sponges. However, sponge morphological plasticity frequently results in ambiguous taxonomic descriptions, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach in sponge species delimitation. One of the most conspicuous reef sponges in the Red Sea belongs to the genus Negombata, known to produce various bioactive compounds, including the macrolides latrunculin A and B (Lat A and B, respectively). Their alternative presence in N. magnifica was previously suggested to result from different environmental conditions, stress, or seasonality. Here, we hypothesized that this variation found in latrunculin presence derives from the existence of another morph of Negombata. We tested this using an integrative approach comprising morphological and molecular examination, characterization of latrunculin types, and analysis of the microbial community structure. We compared those parameters to other species of Negombata and, in greater depth, to the coexisting species, N. magnifica. Our results indicate that Negombata rotundata sp.nov. produces mainly Lat A, and N. magnifica produces Lat B, regardless of environmental factors. Moreover, the two morphs differ in their morphology, microbiome communities, and 28S rDNA sequence. Our findings emphasize the importance of uncovering sponge identity with respect to their secondary products.

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Acknowledgements

We thank L. Goren for constructive comments and to prof. N. Shenkar lab for the assistance in microscopy. Prof. Shmuel Carmeli and Prof. Yoel Kashman’s help with latrunculins identification and quantification is highly appreciated. We are grateful to the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat (IUI) for ongoing support and use of facilities. We acknowledge N. Paz for scientific editorial assistance and Ilan’s lab members for the support in lab and field work. Funding: This research was supported by the ISF-NSFC joint research program (Grant No. 2577/18 to MI). LR was supported by the Lev Tzion scholarship from the Israeli council for higher education.

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  1. School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

    Lilach Raijman-Nagar, Sigal Shefer, Lion Novak & Micha Ilan

  2. The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Sigal Shefer & Tamar Feldstein-Farkash

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  1. Lilach Raijman-Nagar
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Raijman-Nagar, L., Shefer, S., Feldstein-Farkash, T. et al. New Negombata species discovered: latrunculin mystery solved. Coral Reefs 42, 343–357 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02337-5

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