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A phenetic analysis of the Bakeridesia integerrima complex (Malvaceae)

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Abstract

The Bakeridesia integerrima complex is a geographically and morphologically variable group consisting of populations that have been variously assigned to B. integerrima, B. molinae, B. bakeriana, and B. subcordata. Phenetic analyses of morphological data were undertaken to clarify species boundaries within this complex. Ninety-five specimens were placed into one of ten Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and measured for 16 morphological characters and 29 ratios of these characters. Univariate analyses were conducted to examine variation within individual variables, and Canonical Variates Analyses (CVA), and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to examine relationships among the variables. The results presented here show that the B. integerrima complex consists of nine morphologically and geographically distinct species, compared to the four previously published species names. One new combination, B. chittendenii, is made, B. subcordata is synonymized with B. bakeriana, and diagnoses are given for five new species: B. huastecana, B. jaliscana, B. zapoteca, B. parvifolia, and B. guerrerensis.

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Acknowledgments

There are many people without whom this research would not have been possible. We thank the manuscript reviewers, and the curators of the following herbaria for their cooperation obtaining loans used in this study: A, BH, F, GH, IBUG, K, LL, MEXU, MICH, MO, NY, TEX, US and XAL. The first author would like to thank my dissertation committee members, Gar Rothwell and Alycia Stigall for their helpful comments on this manuscript; Ricardo Madrigal and Hector Gómez for their incredible assistance with specimen collection in Mexico; Sergio Avendaño and Dr. Gonzalo Castillo of the Instituto de Ecología in Xalapa, Veracruz for hosting me and allowing me to use their supplies for field collection; Dr. Miguel Angel Perez-Ferrara for helping me arrange my collecting time in Chiapas; Rogelio Herrera-Sanchez for assistance with creating figures; Dr. Jennifer Tate and the late Dr. Paul Fryxell for helping me explore options for Malvaceae research. The research was partially funded by an American Society of Plant Taxonomists Graduate Research Grant and an Ohio University Student Enhancement Award.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Reinhardt University, 7300 Reinhardt Circle, Waleska, GA, 30183, U.S.A.

    Aliya A. Donnell

  2. Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Porter Hall 315, Athens, OH, 45701, U.S.A.

    Philip D. Cantino & Harvey E. Ballard Jr.

Authors
  1. Aliya A. Donnell
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  2. Philip D. Cantino
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  3. Harvey E. Ballard Jr.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aliya A. Donnell.

Appendix

Appendix

Characters measured for phenetic analysis of the B. integerrima complex. All floral characters were measured on the largest flower on the specimen. If the character was not easily accessible on the selected flower, the second largest flower was selected.

A. Raw variables and ratios treated as raw variables (i.e., they are subsequently used in other ratios):

PedLn – length of pedicel (cm)

StamCol – length of staminal column, not including stamen cluster (cm)

CalyxLn – length from base of calyx to apex (cm)

CalLobWid – width of calyx lobe at broadest point (cm)

CalLobLn – length of the calyx lobe (cm)

PerCalyxFr – percentage of the calyx that is free from the tube. Calculated by dividing CalLobLn by Calyx Ln and multiplying by 100.

StamenLn – length of longest stamen (mm)

PedWidMax – width of the pedicel at the broadest point (mm)

PedWidMin – width of the pedicel at the narrowest point (mm)

NumCarpels – number of carpels, inferred from style number.

PetalLn – length of the petal from base to apex (cm)

ArticLn – length from base of flower to articulation on pedicel (cm).

LeafLn – leaf length, measured from leaf base to apex. The value is the average from the two largest vegetative leaves if more than one leaf is present (cm).

LeafWid – leaf width, measured at the widest point on the leaf. The value is the average from the two largest vegetative leaves if more than one leaf is present (cm).

LeafSize – a rough measure of relative leaf size, calculated by multiplying LeafLn by LeafWid and dividing the product by 10

LeafBroad – a measure of relative leaf breadth as a component of leaf shape, calculated by dividing LeafLn by LeafWid.

LfLobeLn – length of leaf lobe. Measured from point where the petiole meets the base of the midrib to the base of the leaf lobe at longest point. The value is the average from the two largest vegetative leaves if more than one leaf is present (cm).

LobToBl – length of leaf lobe relative to blade. Calculated by dividing LfLobeLn by LeafLn (cm).

B. Ratios of variables listed in part A, calculated by dividing first variable by the one following the colon:

PedLn:PedWidMax

LeafBroad:PedLn

Pedln:PedWidMin

LeafBroad:CalyxLn

CalyxLn:PedWidMax

LeafBroad:StamCol

CalyxLn:PedWidMin

LeafBroad:StamenLn

StamCol:PedLn

LeafBroad:PedWidMax

StamCol:CalyxLn

LeafBroad:PedWidMin

StamCol:PedWidMax

LeafBroad:PetalLn

StamCol:PedWidMin

LeafBroad:LobToBl

StamCol:StamenLn

LeafSize:PedLn

CalyxLobLn:CalLobWid

LeafSize:StamCol

PetLn:PedLn

LeafSize:CalyxLn

PetalLn:CalyxLn

LeafSize:StamenLn

PetalLn:PedWidMax

LeafSize:PedWidMax

PetalLn:PedWidMin

LeafSize:PedWidMin

ArticLn:PedLn

LeafSize:PetalLn

ArticLn:PedWidMax

LeafSize:LobToBl

ArticLn:PedWidMin

 

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Donnell, A.A., Cantino, P.D. & Ballard, H.E. A phenetic analysis of the Bakeridesia integerrima complex (Malvaceae). Brittonia 67, 250–271 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-015-9362-8

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