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The state of the art of Xyalidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) with reference to the Brazilian records

  • Diversity of marine meiofauna on the coast of Brazil
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Abstract

In the current study we provide a reviewed list of valid genera and species of Xyalidae, a widespread family of mostly marine free-living nematodes. Comments are added about the historic background and taxonomic situation of the family, all valid genera and, when necessary, diagnostic characters are given. Additionally, information about distribution and geographical location of species recorded along the Brazilian coast is provided. Our review recognized 46 valid genera, 450 valid species and 73 descriptions without enough morphological information for identification (species inquerendae). Nearly 80 % of the species inquerendae belong to Daptonema and Theristus. To avoid homonymies, two Daptonema species were renamed, Daptonema biwaensis (Tsalolikhin, 2002) new name (former Mongolotheristus timoshkini) and Daptonema vietnamensis (Gagarin and Thu, 2008) new name (former D. curvatum sensu Gagarin and Thu, 2008). Cenolaimus sapeloensis is transferred to Xyala sapeloensis comb. nov. Along the Brazilian coast 28 genera and 41 species have been recorded. The species Elzalia floresi, Metadesmolaimus tersus, Paramonohystera stricta, Pseudosteineria scopae, Rhynchonema cemae, R. veronicae, Steineria ericia, S. marcorum, S. pavo, S. tripartita, Theristus acribus, T. flevensis, T. macroflevensis, T. pertenuis, T. stranus, Trichotheristus heterus, T. setosus and Zygonemella striata have the Brazilian coast as the type locality. Among all species, three occurred across three geographic regions, while the large majority was restricted to one. Xyalidae is typically encountered in oceanic sandy beaches, with only the species belonging to Daptonema, Theristus, Trichotheristus and Zygonemella being recorded in estuarine sediments. This observation suggests that the colonization of inland waters occurred multiple times along the evolutionary history.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge FAPESP-2011/21289-3 (São Paulo Research Foundation) by financially supporting the “Workshop Taxonomy and Diversity of Marine Meiofauna–Brazil”. The authors also thank Prof. Dr. Vladimir Gagarin for providing taxonomical literature and helping with the Russian articles, and Dr. Tania Nara Campinas Bezerra for helping with the genus Rhynchonema. The editor and anonymous referees are acknowledged for their suggestions. Gustavo Fonseca has been supported by FAPESP 2009/14019-0.

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Author notes

  1. Gustavo Fonseca

    Present address: Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Alm. Saldanha da Gama, 89, Ponta da Praia, CEP: 11030-400, Santos, SP, Brasil

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP: 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brasil

    Virág Venekey

  2. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

    Paula F. Gheller

  3. Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, CEP:22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

    Tatiana F. Maria

  4. Centro de Estud os do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Avenida Beira Mar, s/n., Pontal do Sul, CEP 83255-976, PO Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brasil

    Marco C. Brustolin

  5. Laboratorio de Oceanografía y Ecología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Republica, Igua 4225, CP: 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Noelia Kandratavicius

  6. Centro de Biologia Marinha da Universidade de São Paulo (CEBIMAR-USP), Rod. Manuel Hyppólito do Rego. Km 131,5, CEP: 11600-000, São Sebastião, SP, Brasil

    Danilo C. Vieira & Simone Brito

  7. Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670-920, Recife, PE, Brasil

    Guilherme S. Souza

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  1. Virág Venekey
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Correspondence to Virág Venekey.

Appendix

Appendix

Checklist of the valid genera and species belonging to the family Xyalidae.

Family Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951

Genus Ammotheristus Lorenzen, 1977

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Ammotheristus helgolandicus (Riemann, 1967) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  2. 2.

    Ammotheristus subtilis (Lorenzen, 1972) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

Genus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Amphimonhystera anechma (Southern, 1914) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  2. 2.

    Amphimonhystera circula Guo and Warwick, 2001 (Bohai Sea, China)

  3. 3.

    Amphimonhystera galea Fadeeva, 1984 (White Sea, Russia)

  4. 4.

    Amphimonhystera marisalbi Tchesunov and Mokievsky, 2005 (White Sea, Russia)

  5. 5.

    Amphimonhystera molloyensis Tchesunov and Mokievsky, 2005 (Molloy Deep, Arctic Ocean)

  6. 6.

    Amphimonhystera pallida Tchesunov and Mokievsky, 2005 (Molloy Deep, Arctic Ocean)

  7. 7.

    Amphimonhystera bella Bussau, 1993 (Central Pacific Ocean, Peru)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Amphimonhystera paranechma Allgén, 1935 (Öresund)

Genus Amphimonhystrella Timm, 1961

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Amphimonhystrella bullacauda Tchesunov and Miljutina, 2005 (Molloy Deep, Arctic Ocean)

  2. 2.

    Amphimonhystrella megastoma Timm, 1961 (Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean)

  3. 3.

    Amphimonhystrella parva Gagarin and Thanh, 2009 (Mekong River Delta, Vietnam)

  4. 4.

    Amphimonhystrella unita Lorenzen, 1977 (Skagen, Denmark)

Genus Capsula Bussau, 1993

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Capsula galeata Bussau, 1993 (Central Pacific Ocean, Peru)

Genus Cienfuegia Armenteros, Vincx and Decraemer, 2009

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Cienfuegia cachoi Armenteros, Vincx and Decraemer, 2009 (Cuba)

Genus Cobbia de Man, 1907

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Cobbia caledonia Warwick and Platt, 1973 (Scotland)

  2. 2.

    Cobbia dentata Gerlach, 1953 (Italy)

  3. 3.

    Cobbia macrodentata Lo Russo and Pastor de Ward, 2012 (Argentina)

  4. 4.

    Cobbia sinica Huang and Zhang, 2010 (Yellow Sea, China)

  5. 5.

    Cobbia trefusiaeformis (De Man, 1907) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea, Baltic)

  6. 6.

    Cobbia triodonta Filipjev, 1918 (Russia)

  7. 7.

    Cobbia truncata Wieser, 1959 (Washington, USA)

  8. 8.

    Cobbia urinator Wieser, 1959 (Washington, USA)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Cobbia mawsoni Cobb, 1930 (Antarctica)

  2. 2.

    Cobbia scutata Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  3. 3.

    Cobbia simplex (Allgén, 1929) Wieser, 1956 (Skagerrak, Sweden)

NOMEN NUDUM LIST

  1. 1.

    Cobbia crenata Wieser, 1960 (Buzzards Bay, USA)

Genus Corononema Nicholas and Stewart, 1995

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Corononema parvum Nicholas and Stewart, 1995 (Australia)

  2. 2.

    Corononema thai Nicholas and Stewart, 1995 (Thailand)

Genus Dactylaimoides Blome, 2002

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Dactylaimoides coronifer Blome, 2002 (Queensland, Australia)

Genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Daptonema acrilabiatum (De Coninck and Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1933) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea)

  2. 2.

    Daptonema adiecta (Schulz, 1932) Wieser, 1956 (Kiel Bay)

  3. 3.

    Daptonema aegypticum (Gerlach, 1964) Lorenzen, 1977 (Red Sea)

  4. 4.

    Daptonema albigensis (Riemann, 1966) Hopper, 1968 (Prince Edward Island, Canada)

  5. 5.

    Daptonema altaicum Tsalolikhin, 1985 (Mongolia)

  6. 6.

    Daptonema alternum (Wieser, 1956) Lorenzen, 1977 (Chile)

  7. 7.

    Daptonema angulatum (Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1950) Wieser, 1956 (Mediterranean)

  8. 8.

    Daptonema aquaedulcis (Gagarin, 1987) Gagarin, 1993 (Russia)

  9. 9.

    Daptonema articulatum Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  10. 10.

    Daptonema biggi (Gerlach, 1965) Lorenzen, 1977 (Svalbard)

  11. 11.

    Daptonema biwaensis (Tsalolikhin, 2002) (Biwa lake, Japan) New name

  12. 12.

    Daptonema brevisetosum Thanh and Gagarin, 2009 (Me Kong river, Vietnam)

  13. 13.

    Daptonema buetschlii Bresslau and Stekhoven in Stekhoven, 1935 (North Sea)

  14. 14.

    Daptonema buetschlioides (Chitwood, 1951) Lorenzen, 1977 (Texas, USA)

  15. 15.

    Daptonema calcaneum (Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1950) Wieser, 1956 (Mediterranean)

  16. 16.

    Daptonema calceolatum (De Coninck and Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1933) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea)

  17. 17.

    Daptonema circulum (Vitiello, 1971) Lorenzen, 1977 (Mediterranean)

  18. 18.

    Daptonema clavicaudatum (Gerlach, 1953) Lorenzen, 1981 (Chile)

  19. 19.

    Daptonema concordiense Pastor de Ward, 1985 (River Deseado, Argentina)

  20. 20.

    Daptonema conicum (Filipjev, 1922) Lorenzen, 1977 (Azow Sea)

  21. 21.

    Daptonema crassissima Ditlevsen, 1911 (Denmark)

  22. 22.

    Daptonema curticauda (Tchesunov, 1980) Tchesunov, 1990 (Caspian Sea)

  23. 23.

    Daptonema curvatum Gerlach, 1956 (Kiel Bay)

  24. 24.

    Daptonema curvispicula Tchesunov and Miljutin, 2006 (Molloy Deep, Arctic Ocean)

  25. 25.

    Daptonema curvispiculum (Gerlach, 1953) Wieser, 1959 (Italia, Mediterranean)

  26. 26.

    Daptonema dentatum (Wieser, 1956) Lorenzen, 1977 (Chile)

  27. 27.

    Daptonema dihystera Gagarin and Thanh, 2005 (Nhue River and West lake, Vietnam)

  28. 28.

    Daptonema divertens Boucher and Helléouet, 1977 (Pierre Noire, West Channel)

  29. 29.

    Daptonema dolichurus Nguyen, Thanh and Gagarin, 2004 (Can Gio mangrove, Vietnam)

  30. 30.

    Daptonema donsi (Allgén, 1948) Lorenzen, 1977 (Norway)

  31. 31.

    Daptonema dubium (Butschli, 1873) Lorenzen, 1977 (Germany)

  32. 32.

    Daptonema durum Gagarin and Nguyen, 2008 (Red river delta Vietnam)

  33. 33.

    Daptonema ecphygmaticum (Wieser, 1959) Lorenzen, 1977 (Washington, USA)

  34. 34.

    Daptonema elaboratum (Chitwood, 1951) Lorenzen, 1977 (Texas, USA)

  35. 35.

    Daptonema elegans (Kreis, 1929) Lorenzen, 1977 (English Channel)

  36. 36.

    Daptonema elongatum Gagarin and Nguyen, 2008 (Red river delta, Vietnam)

  37. 37.

    Daptonema eximium Gagarin and Lemzina, 1981 (Issik-kull lake, Kyrgyzstan)

  38. 38.

    Daptonema exutum (Wieser, 1956) Lorenzen, 1977 (Chile)

  39. 39.

    Daptonema fallax (Lorenzen, 1972) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  40. 40.

    Daptonema fissidens (Cobb, 1920) Lorenzen, 1977 (India)

  41. 41.

    Daptonema fistulatum (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) Lorenzen, 1977 (Florida, USA)

  42. 42.

    Daptonema flagellicauda (Lorenzen, 1973) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  43. 43.

    Daptonema foetidum Gagarin and Thanh, 2010 (China Sea, South coast Vietnam)

  44. 44.

    Daptonema fortis Gagarin, 1993 (Lake Taimyr, Siberia, Russia)

  45. 45.

    Daptonema furcatum (Juario, 1974) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  46. 46.

    Daptonema gritsenkovi (Gagarin and Lemzina, 1981) (Issik-kul lake, Kyrgyzstan)

  47. 47.

    Daptonema groenlandium (Ditlevsen, 1928) Lorenzen, 1977 (Greenland)

  48. 48.

    Daptonema gyrophurum (Wieser, 1956) Lorenzen, 1977 (Chile)

  49. 49.

    Daptonema hirsutum (Vitiello, 1967) Lorenzen, 1977 (English Channel)

  50. 50.

    Daptonema hirtum Gerlach, 1951 (North Sea)

  51. 51.

    Daptonema hyalocella Aryuthaka and Kito, 2012 (Phuket Province, Thailand)

  52. 52.

    Daptonema iners Nguyen, Thanh and Gagarin, 2004 (Can Gio mangrove, Vietnam)

  53. 53.

    Daptonema intermedium Tchesunov, 1980 (Caspian Sea)

  54. 54.

    Daptonema invagiferoum (Platt, 1973) Lorenzen, 1977 (Strangford lough, North Ireland)

  55. 55.

    Daptonema inversum Alekseev, 1984 (Kamchatka, Russia)

  56. 56.

    Daptonema issykkulensis Gagarin and Lemzina, 1980 (Issyk-kul lake, Kyrgyzstan)

  57. 57.

    Daptonema karabugaensis Tchesunov, 1980 (Caspian Sea)

  58. 58.

    Daptonema kornoeense (Allgén, 1929) Lorezen, 1977 (Skagerrak)

  59. 59.

    Daptonema leptogastrelloides Riemann, 1979 (Weser estuary, Germany)

  60. 60.

    Daptonema limnobia Wu and Liang, 2000 (China)

  61. 61.

    Daptonema longiapophysis Huang and Zhang, 2010 (Yellow Sea, China)

  62. 62.

    Daptonema longissimecaudatum (Kreis, 1935) Lorenzen, 1977 (Mediterranean)

  63. 63.

    Daptonema lopezi Pastor de Ward, 1985 (Deseado River, Argentina)

  64. 64.

    Daptonema macrostoma Huang and Xu, 2013 (Yellow Sea, China)

  65. 65.

    Daptonema maeoticum (Filipjev, 1922) Lorenzen, 1977 (Azow Sea)

  66. 66.

    Daptonema marylandicum (Timm, 1952) Wieser, 1959 (Maryland, USA)

  67. 67.

    Daptonema miamiense (Hopper, 1969) Lorenzen, 1977 (Florida, USA)

  68. 68.

    Daptonema microspiculum (Gerlach, 1953) Lorenzen 1977 (Italia, Mediterranean)

  69. 69.

    Daptonema modestum Tchesunov, 1990 (White Sea)

  70. 70.

    Daptonema nannospiculum Tchesunov, 1980 (Caspian Sea)

  71. 71.

    Daptonema nanum (Lorenzen, 1972) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  72. 72.

    Daptonema normandicum (De Man, 1890) Lorenzen, 1977 (English channel)

  73. 73.

    Daptonema obesum Gagarin, 2001 (Biwa lake, Japan)

  74. 74.

    Daptonema osadchikhae (Tchesunov, 1980) Tchesunov, 1990 (Caspian Sea)

  75. 75.

    Daptonema ostentator Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Florida, USA)

  76. 76.

    Daptonema oxycerca (De Man, 1888) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea)

  77. 77.

    Daptonema oxyuroides (Stekhoven, 1931) Gagarin and Lemzina, 1981 (North Sea)

  78. 78.

    Daptonema papillatus Murphy, 1965 (Chile)

  79. 79.

    Daptonema paracircumscriptum Fadeeva and Belogurov, 1987 (Sea of Japan)

  80. 80.

    Daptonema paradonsi (Allgén, 1949) Wieser, 1956 (Norway)

  81. 81.

    Daptonema paraelaboratum (Timm, 1952) Wieser, 1959 (Maryland, USA)

  82. 82.

    Daptonema paratortum (Vitiello, 1971) Lorenzen, 1977 (Mediterranean)

  83. 83.

    Daptonema planiere (Vitiello, 1971) Lorenzen, 1977 (Mediterranean)

  84. 84.

    Daptonema platonovae (Galtsova, 1976) Tschesunov, 1990 (White Sea)

  85. 85.

    Daptonema procerum (Gerlach, 1951) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea)

  86. 86.

    Daptonema prominens (Vitiello, 1971) Lorenzen, 1977 (Mediterranean)

  87. 87.

    Daptonema proprium (Lorenzen, 1972) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  88. 88.

    Daptonema pseudotortum (Vitiello, 1971) Lorenzen, 1977 (Mediterranean)

  89. 89.

    Daptonema rectangulatum Pastor de Ward, 1985 (Deseado River, Argentina)

  90. 90.

    Daptonema resimum (Wieser, 1959) Lorenzen, 1977 (Washington, USA)

  91. 91.

    Daptonema riemanni Platt, 1973 (Strangford lough, North Ireland)

  92. 92.

    Daptonema rigidum Gagarin, Thanh and Nguyen, 2005 (Chu river, Vietnam)

  93. 93.

    Daptonema robustum Tchesunov, 1980 (Caspian Sea)

  94. 94.

    Daptonema romanelloi Pastor de Ward, 1985 (Deseado river, Argentina)

  95. 95.

    Daptonema rusticum (Kreis, 1929) Lorenzen, 1977 (English Channel)

  96. 96.

    Daptonema salvum Gagarin, Thanh and Nguyen, 2005 (Chu river, Vietnam)

  97. 97.

    Daptonema setihyalocella Aryuthaka and Kito, 2012 (Phuket Province, Thailand)

  98. 98.

    Daptonema sibiricum Gagarin, 2000 (Russian Arctic)

  99. 99.

    Daptonema spirum (Gerlach, 1959) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea)

  100. 100.

    Daptonema stylosum (Lorenzen, 1973) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  101. 101.

    Daptonema svalbardense (Gerlach, 1965) Lorenzen, 1977 (Svalbard)

  102. 102.

    Daptonema tenuispiculum (Ditlevsen, 1918) Lorenzen, 1977 (Danish Belt Sea)

  103. 103.

    Daptonema timmi (Timm, 1961) Gagarin and Nguyen, 2008 (Bay of Bengal)

  104. 104.

    Daptonema timoshkini Gagarin, 2001 (Biwa lake, Japan)

  105. 105.

    Daptonema tortum (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) Lorenzen, 1977 (Florida, USA)

  106. 106.

    Daptonema tortuosum (Timm, 1961) Lorenzen, 1977 (Bay of Bengal)

  107. 107.

    Daptonema trabeculosum (Schneider, 1906) Lorenzen, 1977 (Baltic sea)

  108. 108.

    Daptonema trecuspidatum (Wieser, 1959) Lorenzen, 1977 (Washington, USA)

  109. 109.

    Daptonema trichinum Gerlach, 1956 (Kiel Bay)

  110. 110.

    Daptonema uncinatus Wieser, 1959 (Washington, USA)

  111. 111.

    Daptonema variasetosum Pavljuk, 1984 (West-Pacific)

  112. 112.

    Daptonema vicinum (Riemann, 1966) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea)

  113. 113.

    Daptonema vietnamensis (Gagarin and Thu, 2008) (Red River delta, Vietnam) New name

  114. 114.

    Daptonema voskresenskii Tchesunov, 1990 (White Sea)

  115. 115.

    Daptonema williamsi Vincx and Coomans, 1983 (Solomon Islands)

  116. 116.

    Daptonema xyaliforme (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) Lorenzen, 1977 (Florida, USA)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Daptonema arcospiculum (Allgén, 1947) Wieser, 1956 (Gulf of Panama)

  2. 2.

    Daptonema arcticum (Steiner, 1916) Filipjev, 1922 (Australia)

  3. 3.

    Daptonema australis Allgén, 1951 (Australia)

  4. 4.

    Daptonema bathylaimum Allgén, 1959 (Graham land, Antarctica)

  5. 5.

    Daptonema buelkiensis (Schulz, 1932) Wieser, 1956 (Kiel Bay)

  6. 6.

    Daptonema cuspidospiculum (Allgén, 1932) Wieser, 1956 (Campbell Island)

  7. 7.

    Daptonema filicaudatum Allgén, 1959 (South Georgia)

  8. 8.

    Daptonema filispiculum Allgén, 1932 (Campbell Island)

  9. 9.

    Daptonema fimbriatum (Cobb, 1920) Hopper, 1969 (New Hampshire, USA)

  10. 10.

    Daptonema frigidum (Cobb, 1914) Wieser, 1956 (Antarctica)

  11. 11.

    Daptonema gracillimecaudatum (Allgén, 1946) Wieser, 1956 (Norway)

  12. 12.

    Daptonema grahami (Allgén, 1969) Lorenzen, 1977 (Graham land, Antarctica)

  13. 13.

    Daptonema lata (Cobb, 1894) Lorenzen, 1977 (Australia)

  14. 14.

    Daptonema longicaudatum (Filipjev, 1922) Lorenzen, 1977 (Black Sea)

  15. 15.

    Daptonema macrocirculum Allgén, 1959 (Graham land, Antarctica)

  16. 16.

    Daptonema metasetosum (Allgén, 1929) (Skagerrak)

  17. 17.

    Daptonema naviculivorum (Cobb, 1930) Wieser, 1956 (Antarctica)

  18. 18.

    Daptonema norvegicum (Allgén, 1946) Wieser, 1956 (Norway)

  19. 19.

    Daptonema notoistospiculoides Allgén, 1959 (South Georgia, Antarctica)

  20. 20.

    Daptonema notosetosum Allgén, 1959 (South Georgia, Antarctica)

  21. 21.

    Daptonema paratenuispiculum (Allgén, 1942) Wieser, 1956 (Mediterranean)

  22. 22.

    Daptonema paraistospiculoides Allgén, 1959 (Falkland Islands and South Georgia, Antarctica)

  23. 23.

    Daptonema polaris (Cobb, 1914) Wieser, 1956 (Antarctica)

  24. 24.

    Daptonema septentrionalis Cobb, 1914 (Antarctica)

  25. 25.

    Daptonema simplex Allgén, 1959 (South Georgia, Antarctica)

  26. 26.

    Daptonema sinuosus Wieser, 1959 (Washington, USA)

  27. 27.

    Daptonema sphaerolaimoides (Schulz, 1932) Lorenzen, 1977 (Kiel Bay)

  28. 28.

    Daptonema sphaerolaimus (Allgén, 1935) Wieser, 1956 (Öresund)

  29. 29.

    Daptonema tenuicaudatum (Allgén, 1929) Lorezen, 1977 (Skagerrak)

  30. 30.

    Daptonema trichospiculum (Allgén, 1933) Wieser, 1956 (Norway)

NOMEN NUDUM LIST

  1. 1.

    Daptonema deconincki Sharma, 1985 (Netherlands)

Genus Echinotheristus Thun and Riemann, 1967

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 3.

    Echinotheristus cimbricus Thun and Riemann, 1967 (North Sea)

  2. 4.

    Echinotheristus teutonicus Thun and Riemann, 1967 (North Sea)

Genus Elzalia Gerlach, 1957

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Elzalia federici Castillo-Fernández and Lambshead, 1990 (Gulf of Mexico)

  2. 2.

    Elzalia floresi Gerlach, 1957 (Ilha Bela, Brazil)

  3. 3.

    Elzalia gerlachi Zhang and Zhang, 2006 (Yellow sea, China)

  4. 4.

    Elzalia kimae Castillo-Fernández and Lambshead, 1990 (Gulf of Mexico)

  5. 5.

    Elzalia mediterranea Vitiello, 1971 (Gulf of Lyon, Mediterranean)

  6. 6.

    Elzalia poli Castillo-Fernández and Lambshead, 1990 (Gulf of Mexico)

  7. 7.

    Elzalia striatitenuis Zhang and Zhang, 2006 (Yellow Sea, China)

  8. 8.

    Elzalia tenuis Allgén, 1959 (Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula)

  9. 9.

    Elzalia bipectinella Hope and Aryuthaka, 2009 (Khung Kraben Bay, East Thailand)

  10. 10.

    Elzalia tuberculata Hope and Aryuthaka, 2009 (Khung Kraben Bay, East Thailand)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Elzalia speculifer Timm, 1961 (Bay of Bengal)

Genus Enchonema Bussau, 1993

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Enchonema umbrosum Bussau, 1993 (Central Pacific Ocean, Peru)

Genus Filipjeva Ditlevsen, 1928

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Filipjeva arctica Ditlevsen, 1928 (South of the Lille Pendulum, East Greenland)

  2. 2.

    Filipjeva crucis Blome and Schräge, 1985 (King George Island, Antarctic)

  3. 3.

    Filipjeva filipjevi Tchesunov, 1988 (Kandalaksh Bay, White Sea, Karelian coast, Russia)

  4. 4.

    Filipjeva meridionalis Kreis, 1932 (Sunda Strasse Island, Indonesia)

  5. 5.

    Filipjeva parameridionalis Vitiello, 1970 (Leon Gulf, Mediterranean)

  6. 6.

    Filipjeva teratospicula Tchesunov, 1988 (Kandalaksh Bay, White Sea, Karelian coast, Russia)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Filipjeva mediterranea Stekhoven, 1950 (Bay of Villefranche, Mediterranean)

Genus Gnomoxyala Lorenzen, 1977

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Gnomoxyala spina Lorenzen, 1977 (Baltic Sea)

Genus Gonionchus Cobb, 1920

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Gonionchus africanus Vincxand Furstenberg, 1988 (Sundays River, South Africa)

  2. 2.

    Gonionchus alastairi Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (New South Wales, Australia)

  3. 3.

    Gonionchus arabica NasiraandTurpeenniemi, 2003 (Arabian Sea, Pakistan)

  4. 4.

    Gonionchus australis Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (New South Wales, Australia)

  5. 5.

    Gonionchus cumbraensis Benwell, 1981 (Firth of Clyde, Scotland)

  6. 6.

    Gonionchus heipi Vincx, 1986 (North Sea, Belgium and Netherlands)

  7. 7.

    Gonionchus inaequalis Warwick and Platt, 1973 (Scotland)

  8. 8.

    Gonionchus intermedius Jensen, 1986 (East Flower Garden, Gulf of Mexico)

  9. 9.

    Gonionchus latentis Fadeeva, 1984 (Melkovodnaya Bay, Sea of Japan)

  10. 10.

    Gonionchus longicaudatus (Ward, 1972) Lorenzen, 1977 (Liverpool Bay, England)

  11. 11.

    Gonionchus paravilosus Blome, 1982 (Sylt Island, North Sea)

  12. 12.

    Gonionchus sensibilis Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, Germany Island)

  13. 13.

    Gonionchus villosus Cobb, 1920 (New Hamsphire, USA)

NOMEN NUDUM LIST

  1. 1.

    Gonionchus ecuadorensis Procel, 2007 (San Pedro Makgarato, Ecuador)

Genus Guitartia Armenteros, Vincx and Decraemer, 2010

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Guitartia tridentata Armenteros, Vincx and Decraemer, 2010 (Caribbean Sea)

Genus Gullanema Nicholas and Stewart, 1995

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Gullanema fragilis Nicholas and Stewart, 1995 (New South Wales, Australia)

Genus Hofmaenneria Gerlach and Meyl, 1957

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Hofmaenneria brachystoma (Hofmanner in Hofmanner and Menzel, 1914) Gerlach and Meyl, 1957 (Yugoslavia)

  2. 2.

    Hofmaenneria elongata Gagarin, 1987 (Parabel River, Russia)

  3. 3.

    Hofmaenneria gratiosa Alekseev, 1983 (Khanka Lake, Russia)

  4. 4.

    Hofmaenneria keoladeoensis Khan, Hussain, Sultana and Tahseen, 2005 (Rajasthan, India)

  5. 5.

    Hofmaenneria longispiculata Gagarin and Naumova, 2010 (Lake Baikal, Russia)

  6. 6.

    Hofmaenneria niddensis (Skwarra, 1921) Schneider, 1940 (Germany)

  7. 7.

    Hofmaenneria obesa Gagarin and Naumova, 2010 (Lake Baikal, Russia)

  8. 8.

    Hofmaenneria optata Alekseev, 1983 (Khanka Lake, Russia)

  9. 9.

    Hofmaenneria sitnikovae Gagarin and Naumova, 2010 (Lake Baikal, Russia)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Hofmaenneria hazanensis Mulvey, 1969 (Canadian Arctic)

  2. 2.

    Hofmaenneria longicaudata Gagarin, 2000 (Borok, Russia)

Genus Linhystera Juario, 1974

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Linhystera longa Pastor de Ward, 1985 (Santa Cruz, Argentina)

  2. 2.

    Linhystera problematica Juario, 1974 (German Bight)

Genus Manganonema Bussau, 1993

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Manganonema antarctica Fonseca, Decraemer and Vanreusel, 2006 (Southern Ocean)

  2. 2.

    Manganonema bussauensis Fonseca, Decraemer and Vanreusel, 2006 (North Atlantic)

  3. 3.

    Manganonema media Fonseca, Decraemer and Vanreusel, 2006 (SW Atlantic Ocean, Brazil; NE Atlantic, Goban Spur)

  4. 4.

    Manganonema microcephalum Bussau, 1993 (Central Pacific Ocean, Peru)

  5. 5.

    Manganonema pitilica Fonseca, Decraemer and Vanreusel, 2006 (SW Atlantic Ocean, Brazil)

  6. 6.

    Manganonema robustus Fonseca, Decraemer and Vanreusel, 2006 (SW Atlantic Ocean, Brazil)

Genus Marisalbinema Tchesunov, 1990

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Marisalbinema galtsovae Tchesunov, 1990 (White Sea)

Genus Metadesmolaimus Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1935

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Metadesmolaimus aduncus Lorenzen, 1972 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  2. 2.

    Metadesmolaimus aversivulva Gerlach, 1953 (Mediterranean Sea)

  3. 3.

    Metadesmolaimus caniculus (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) Lorenzen, 1972 (Florida, USA)

  4. 4.

    Metadesmolaimus coronatus Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1950 (Mediterranean Sea)

  5. 5.

    Metadesmolaimus gaelicus Platt, 1983 (Ireland, UK)

  6. 6.

    Metadesmolaimus gelana (Warwick and Platt, 1973) Lorenzen, 1977 (UK)

  7. 7.

    Metadesmolaimus hamatus (Gerlach, 1956) Lorenzen, 1972 (North Sea)

  8. 8.

    Metadesmolaimus heteroclitus Lorenzen, 1972 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  9. 9.

    Metadesmolaimus pandus Lorenzen, 1972 (North Sea)

  10. 10.

    Metadesmolaimus psammophilus Tchesunov, 1990 (White Sea)

  11. 11.

    Metadesmolaimus similis Tchesunov, 1990 (White Sea)

  12. 12.

    Metadesmolaimus tersus (Gerlach, 1956) Lorenzen, 1972 (São Sebastião, Brazil)

  13. 13.

    Metadesmolaimus varians Lorenzen, 1972 (Helgoland, North Sea)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Metadesmolaimus labiosetosus Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1935 (North Sea)

Genus Omicronema Cobb, 1920

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Omicronema australis Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (Australia)

  2. 2.

    Omicronema clavulatum Gerlach, 1957 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

  3. 3.

    Omicronema coronalata Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (Australia)

  4. 4.

    Omicronema litorium Cobb, 1920 (California, USA)

  5. 5.

    Omicronema nana Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (Australia)

  6. 6.

    Omicronema orientalis Gagarin and Thanh, 2009 (Mekong River Delta, Vietnam)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Omicronema nidrosiens Allgén, 1933 (Norway)

  2. 2.

    Omicronema truncatum Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1950 (Mediterranean Sea)

Genus Paragonionchus Blome, 2002

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Paragonionchus sclerolabiatus Blome, 2002 (New South Wales)

Genus Paramonohystera Steiner, 1916

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Paramonohystera biforma Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  2. 2.

    Paramonohystera concinna Lorenzen, 1977 (North and Baltic Seas)

  3. 3.

    Paramonohystera elliptica Filipjev, 1918 (Black Sea)

  4. 4.

    Paramonohystera eurycephalus Huang and Wu, 2011 (Yellow Sea, China)

  5. 5.

    Paramonohystera geraerti Chen andVincx, 2000 (Strait of Magellan, Chile)

  6. 6.

    Paramonohystera halerba Fadeeva and Belogurov, 1987 (Sea of Japan)

  7. 7.

    Paramonohystera levicula (Lorenzen, 1972) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  8. 8.

    Paramonohystera longicaudata Timm, 1963 (Arabian Sea)

  9. 9.

    Paramonohystera megacephala (Steiner, 1916) Filipjev, 1918 (Barents Sea)

  10. 10.

    Paramonohystera parabutschlii (Timm, 1961) Pastor de Ward, 1985 (Mediterranean)

  11. 11.

    Paramonohystera paranormandica (Micoletzky, 1922) (Mediterranean)

  12. 12.

    Paramonohystera pellucida Cobb, 1920 (Chile)

  13. 13.

    Paramonohystera pilosa Boucher, 1971 (France)

  14. 14.

    Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  15. 15.

    Paramonohystera stricta (Gerlach, 1956) (Santos, Brazil)

  16. 16.

    Paramonohystera tschilenkoi Platonova, 1971 (Sea of Japan)

  17. 17.

    Paramonohystera zizichi Pastor de Ward, 1985 (Argentina)

  18. 18.

    Paramononhystera wieseri Ott, 1977 (Bermuda)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA

  1. 1.

    Paramonohystera micramphis Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1950 (Mediterranean)

NOMEN NUDUM LIST

  1. 1.

    Paramonohystera mystacoderma Wieser, 1960

Genus Paramphimonhystrella Huang and Zhang, 2006

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Paramphimonhystrella elegans Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Yellow Sea)

  2. 2.

    Paramphimonhystrella minor Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Yellow Sea)

  3. 3.

    Paramphimonhystrella sinica Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Yellow Sea)

Genus Parelzalia Tchesunov, 1990

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Parelzalia obscuramphis Tchesunov, 1990 (White Sea)

Genus Promonhystera Wieser, 1956

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Promonhystera faber Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  2. 2.

    Promonhystera tricuspidata Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

Genus Prorhynchonema Gourbault, 1982

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Prorhynchonema gourbaultae Nicholas and Stewart, 1995 (New South Wales, Australia)

  2. 2.

    Prorhynchonema warwicki Gourbault, 1982 (Guadeloupe, France)

Genus Pseudechinotheristus Blome, 2002

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Pseudechinotheristus nudus Blome, 2002 (Queensland)

Genus Pseudosteineria Wieser, 1956

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Pseudosteineria anteferens (Wieser, 1956) De Coninck, 1965 (Chile)

  2. 2.

    Pseudosteineria anticipans (Wieser, 1956) De Coninck, 1965 (Washington, USA)

  3. 3.

    Pseudosteineria coronata (Gerlach, 1955) Wieser, 1959 (San Salvador)

  4. 4.

    Pseudosteineria horrida (Steiner, 1916) Wieser, 1956 (Barents Sea)

  5. 5.

    Pseudosteineria inaequispiculata (Platonova, 1971) Gerlach and Riemann, 1973 (Sea of Japan)

  6. 6.

    Pseudosteineria pavo (Gerlach, 1957) Fadeeva, 1986 (Ilha Bela, Brazil)

  7. 7.

    Pseudosteineria pulchra (Mawson, 1957) Techsunov, 2000 (Encouter Bay, Australia)

  8. 8.

    Pseudosteineria sagittispiculata Fadeeva, 1986 (Sea of Japan)

  9. 9.

    Pseudosteineria scopae (Gerlach, 1956) Wieser, 1959 (Pernambuco, Brazil)

  10. 10.

    Pseudosteineria sinica Huang and Li, 2010 (Yellow Sea, China)

  11. 11.

    Pseudosteineria zhangi Huang and Li, 2010 (Yellow Sea, China)

  12. 12.

    Pseudosteineria ventropapilata Tchesunov, 2010 (White Sea)

Genus Retrotheristus Lorenzen, 1977

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Retrotheristus breviseta (Juario, 1974) Lorenzen, 1977 (German Bight)

Genus Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Rhynchonema amakusanum Aryuthaka, 1989 (Oniike, Japan)

  2. 2.

    Rhynchonema ambianorum Boucher, 1974 (Eastern English Channel)

  3. 3.

    Rhynchonema brevituba Gerlach, 1953 (Mediterranean Sea)

  4. 4.

    Rhynchonema cemae Bezerra and Vincx, 2014 (Olinda, Brazil)

  5. 5.

    Rhynchonema ceramotos Boucher, 1974 (Eastern English Channel)

  6. 6.

    Rhynchonema chiloense Lorenzen, 1975 (South Chile)

  7. 7.

    Rhynchonema cinctum Cobb, 1920 (Salavery, Peru)

  8. 8.

    Rhynchonema collare Nicholas and Stewart, 1995 (New South Wales, Australia)

  9. 9.

    Rhynchonema deconincki Vitiello, 1967 (Roscoff, France)

  10. 10.

    Rhynchonema díspar Gourbault, 1982 (Guadeloupe, France)

  11. 11.

    Rhynchonema falciferum Boucher, 1974 (English Channel)

  12. 12.

    Rhynchonema fossum Lorenzen, 1975 (Santa Marta, Caribbean Columbia)

  13. 13.

    Rhynchonema gerlachi Vitiello, 1967 (Europa Island, IndianOcean)

  14. 14.

    Rhynchonema hirsutum Hopper, 1961 (Gulf of Mexico)

  15. 15.

    Rhynchonema impar Lorenzen, 1975 (Santa Marta, Caribbean Columbia)

  16. 16.

    Rhynchonema kikuchii Aryuthaka, 1989 (Oniike, Japan)

  17. 17.

    Rhynchonema longituba Gerlach, 1953 (Mediterranean Sea)

  18. 18.

    Rhynchonema lyngei (Allgén, 1940) Gerlach, 1953 (Baltic Sea)

  19. 19.

    Rhynchonema megamphida Boucher, 1974 (Western English Channel)

  20. 20.

    Rhynchonema moorea Boucher, 1974 (Society Islands, Central Pacific)

  21. 21.

    Rhynchonema ornatum Lorenzen, 1975 (Salamanca Island, Caribbean Columbia)

  22. 22.

    Rhynchonema quemer Boucher, 1974 (Eastern English Channel)

  23. 23.

    Rhynchonema scutatum Lorenzen, 1972 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  24. 24.

    Rhynchonema semiserratum Lorenzen, 1975 (South Chile)

  25. 25.

    Rhynchonema separatum Lorenzen, 1975 (South Chile)

  26. 26.

    Rhynchonema sieverti Gourbault, 1982 (Guadeloupe, France)

  27. 27.

    Rhynchonema subsetosum Murphy, 1964 (North Pacific Coast)

  28. 28.

    Rhynchonema tomakinense Nicholas and Stewart, 1995 (New South Wales, Australia)

  29. 29.

    Rhynchonema tremendum Lorenzen, 1975 (South Chile)

  30. 30.

    Rhynchonema veronicae Bezerra and Vincx, 2014 (Olinda, Brazil)

  31. 31.

    Rhynchonema xiamenensis Huang and Liu, 2002 (Xiamen Island, China)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA

  1. 1.

    Rhynchonema wieseri Hopper, 1961 (Peru, Chile)

NOMEN NUDUM LIST

  1. 1.

    Rhynchonema ronaldi Procel, 2007 (Ecuador)

Genus Robustnema Nicholas, 1996

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Robustnema fosteri Nicholas, 1996 (Australia)

Genus Sacrimarinema Shoshin, 2001

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Sacrimarinema allae Shoshin, 2001 (Lake Baikal, Russia)

  2. 2.

    Sacrimarinema ljajiae Shoshin, 2001 (Lake Baikal, Russia)

  3. 3.

    Sacrimarinema tatushae Shoshin, 2001 (Lake Baikal, Russia)

Genus Scaptrella Cobb, 1917

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Scaptrella brevicaudata Gerlach, 1953 (Rimini, Adriatic coast)

  2. 2.

    Scaptrella cincta Cobb, 1917 (San Francisco Bay, California)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Scaptrella tenuicaudata Gerlach, 1956 (Kiel Bay)

Genus Sphaerotheristus Timm, 1968

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Sphaerotheristus bengalensis Timm, 1968 (Sunderbans, East Pakistan)

  2. 2.

    Sphaerotheristus macrostoma (Timm, 1963) Timm, 1968 (Bang Po, Gulf of Thailand)

  3. 3.

    Shaerotheristus nothum Gagarin and Thanh, 2008 (Camestuary, HaiPhong, Vietnam)

  4. 4.

    Sphaerotheristus parvus Gagarin and Thanh, 2006 (llai Phong Prov, Vietnam)

  5. 5.

    Sphaerotheristus pseudodentatus Timm, 1968 (Sunderbans, East Pakistan)

  6. 6.

    Sphaerotheristus sonadiae Timm, 1968 (Bay of Bengal, East Pakistan)

  7. 7.

    Sphaerotheristus supoti Timm, 1968 (Sunderbans, East Pakistan)

  8. 8.

    Sphaerotheristus supplementatus Gagarin and Thanh, 2008 (Mekong River)

  9. 9.

    Sphaerotheristus validum Gagarin and Thanh, 2008 (Camestuary, HaiPhong, Vietnam)

Genus Spiramphinema Wieser, 1956

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Spiramphinema convolutum Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  2. 2.

    Spiramphinema longiseta Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Spiramphinema microcephalon (Stekhoven, 1942) Wieser, 1956 (Mediterranean)

Genus Steineria Micoletzky, 1922

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Steineria aegyptica Andrássy, 1959 (Red Sea)

  2. 2.

    Steineria ampullacea Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Florida, USA)

  3. 3.

    Steineria chiliensis Murphy, 1966 (Chile)

  4. 4.

    Steineria cobbi Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  5. 5.

    Steineria copiosa Faadeva, 1991 (Sea of Japan)

  6. 6.

    Steineria ericia Gerlach, 1956 (Guarujá and São Sebastião, Brazil)

  7. 7.

    Steineria gerlachi Wieser, 1956 (Washington, USA)

  8. 8.

    Steineria longicaudata Vitiello, 1971 (Gulf of Lyon, Mediterranean)

  9. 9.

    Steineria marcorum Gerlach, 1956 (Guarujá, Brazil)

  10. 10.

    Steineria parapolychaeta Gerlach, 1953 (Chile)

  11. 11.

    Steineria pectinata Wieser, 1956 (Washington, USA)

  12. 12.

    Steineria phimifera Wieser, 1959 (Washington, USA)

  13. 13.

    Steineria pilosa (Cobb, 1914) Micoletzky, 1921 (Cape Royds, Antarctica)

  14. 14.

    Steineria polychaeta (Steiner, 1915) Micoletzky, 1922 (Indonesia)

  15. 15.

    Steineria polychaetoides Gerlach, 1951 (North Sea)

  16. 16.

    Steineria pontica Gröza-Rojancovski, 1972 (Black Sea)

  17. 17.

    Steineria punctata Gerlach, 1955 (San Salvador)

  18. 18.

    Steineria setosissima (Cobb, 1894) Stekhoven and De Connick, 1933 (Australia)

  19. 19.

    Steineria simplex Timm, 1963 (Arabian Sea)

  20. 20.

    Steineria sinica Huang and Wu, 2011 (Yellow Sea, China)

  21. 21.

    Steineria sterreri Ott, 1977 (Bermuda)

  22. 22.

    Steineria tripartita Gerlach, 1957 (Ilha Bela, Brazil)

Genus Stylotheristus Lorenzen, 1977

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Stylotheristus mutilus (Lorenzen, 1973) Lorenzen, 1977 (Helgoland, North Sea)

Genus Theristus Bastian, 1865

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Theristus acer (Bastian, 1865) Bussau, 1990 (English Channel)

  2. 2.

    Theristus acribus Gerlach, 1956 (São Paulo littoral, Brazil)

  3. 3.

    Theristus acriformis De Man, 1922 (North Sea)

  4. 4.

    Theristus aculeatus Schulz, 1935 (Kiel Bay)

  5. 5.

    Theristus agilis (De Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1918 (Netherlands)

  6. 6.

    Theristus altenbachi (Jensen, 1991) (Norwegian Sea)

  7. 7.

    Theristus ambronensis Schulz, 1936 (North Sea)

  8. 8.

    Theristus anisocirculus Blome, 1982 (Sylt Island, North Sea)

  9. 9.

    Theristus anisotrichus Lorenzen, 1972 (Helgoland, North Sea)

  10. 10.

    Theristus anoxybioticus Jensen, 1995 (Hirsholm Islands, Denmark)

  11. 11.

    Theristus athesinus Andrássy, 1962 (Italy)

  12. 12.

    Theristus balticus Lorenzen, 1973 (Kiel Bay)

  13. 13.

    Theristus bastiani Wieser in Gerlach and Riemann, 1973 (Kiel Bay)

  14. 14.

    Theristus biarcospiculoides Blome, 1982 (Sylt Island, North Sea)

  15. 15.

    Theristus biarcospiculus Timm, 1952 (Maryland, USA)

  16. 16.

    Theristus bipunctatus Schneider, 1906 (Baltic Sea)

  17. 17.

    Theristus blandicor Rachor, 1971 (Wesser estuary, Germany)

  18. 18.

    Theristus borosi Andrássy, 1958 (Egypt)

  19. 19.

    Theristus brevisetosus Alekseev in Alekseev, 1992 (Lake Khanka, Russia)

  20. 20.

    Theristus bujumbura Tsalolikhin in Tsalolikhin, 1989 (Lake Taganyika, Tanzania)

  21. 21.

    Theristus calx Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Florida)

  22. 22.

    Theristus caudasaliens Adams and Tyler, 1980 (Cape Elizabeth, USA)

  23. 23.

    Theristus complexus Jayasree and Warwick, 1977 (Firth of Clyde, Scotland)

  24. 24.

    Theristus conicaudatus Allgén, 1959 (South Georgia, Antarctica)

  25. 25.

    Theristus copulatus Jensen, 1986 (Gulf of Mexico)

  26. 26.

    Theristus darkovi Tsalolikhin, 1993 (Langano lake, Ethiopia)

  27. 27.

    Theristus denticulatus Warwick, 1970 (English Channel)

  28. 28.

    Theristus discolensis Bussau, 1993 (Central Pacific Ocean, Peru)

  29. 29.

    Theristus diversispiculus Gerlach, 1953 (Chile)

  30. 30.

    Theristus ensifer Gerlach, 1951 (St. Peter Ording, Germany, North Sea)

  31. 31.

    Theristus fimbriatoides (Chtiwood and Murphy, 1964) Gerlach and Riemann, 1973 (Chile)

  32. 32.

    Theristus flevensis (Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1935) Nasira and Turpeenniemi, 2003 (North Sea)

  33. 33.

    Theristus franzbergeri Schiemer, 1984 (Danube river, Austria)

  34. 34.

    Theristus gracillis (De Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1918 (Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean)

  35. 35.

    Theristus heterospiculoides Gerlach, 1953 (Italia, Mediterranean)

  36. 36.

    Theristus heterospiculus (Allgén, 1932) Gerlach, 1953 (Campbell Island)

  37. 37.

    Theristus inermis Gerlach, 1953 (Italia, Mediterranean)

  38. 38.

    Theristus interstitialis Warwick, 1970 (English Channel)

  39. 39.

    Theristus lineatus Gerlach, 1965 (Svalbard)

  40. 40.

    Theristus littoralis Filipjev, 1922 (Black Sea)

  41. 41.

    Theristus longicollis Blome, 1982 (Sylt Island, North Sea)

  42. 42.

    Theristus longisetifer Kito and Aryuthaka, 1998 (Chanthabury, Gulf of Thailand)

  43. 43.

    Theristus longisetosus (Stekhoven and De Coninck, 1933) Lorenzen, 1977 (North Sea)

  44. 44.

    Theristus longispicula Platonova, 1971 (Sea of Japan)

  45. 45.

    Theristus longus Platt, 1973 (Strangford lough, North Island)

  46. 46.

    Theristus lorenzeni Pastor de Ward, 1985 (Deseado River, Argentina)

  47. 47.

    Theristus macer (Lorenzen, 1973) (North Sea)

  48. 48.

    Theristus macroflevensis Gerlach, 1954 (Rodrigo de Freitas Lake, Brazil)

  49. 49.

    Theristus manicatus Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  50. 50.

    Theristus marinae Tchesunov, 1981 (Caspian Sea)

  51. 51.

    Theristus megalaimoides Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  52. 52.

    Theristus melnikovi Tchesunov, 1986 (Central Arctic Basin)

  53. 53.

    Theristus metaflevensis Gerlach, 1955 (El Salvador)

  54. 54.

    Theristus meyli Riemann, 1966 (Elbe Estuary, North Sea)

  55. 55.

    Theristus minimus Gagarin and Thanh, 2011 (Red River, North Vietnam)

  56. 56.

    Theristus modicus Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

  57. 57.

    Theristus monstrosus Gerlach, 1954 (Mediterranean)

  58. 58.

    Theristus norwedicus (Allgén, 1933) Wieser, 1956 (Norway)

  59. 59.

    Theristus oistospiculum Allgén, 1932 (Campbell Island)

  60. 60.

    Theristus orientalis Gagarin and Thanh, 2005 (Cam Estuary, Hai Phong, Vietnam)

  61. 61.

    Theristus otoplanobius (Gerlach, 1951) Nasira and Turpeenniemi, 2003 (Kiel Bay)

  62. 62.

    Theristus pakistanesis (Turpeenniemi, Nasira and Maqbool, 2001) Fonseca and Bezerra, 2013 (Arabian Sea, Pakistan)

  63. 63.

    Theristus pannonicus (Andrássy, 1985) Gagarin and Holovachov, 2002 (Keszthely, Hungary)

  64. 64.

    Theristus parambronensis Timm, 1952 (Maryland, USA)

  65. 65.

    Theristus paravelox Allgén, 1934 (Tarva, Norway)

  66. 66.

    Theristus pertenuis Bresslau and Stekhoven in Stekhoven, 1935 (North Sea)

  67. 67.

    Theristus pictus Gerlach, 1951 (Sylt Island, North Sea)

  68. 68.

    Theristus polychaetophilus Hopper, 1966 (Florida, USA)

  69. 79.

    Theristus pratti Murphy and Canaris, 1964 (Indian Ocean, Kenya)

  70. 70.

    Theristus problematicus (Allgén, 1928) Wieser, 1956 (Campbell Island)

  71. 71.

    Theristus profundus Blome, 1982 (Sylt Island, North Sea)

  72. 72.

    Theristus psammophilus Gagarin and Naumova, 2012 (Lake Baikal, Russia)

  73. 73.

    Theristus pyronasi Gerlach, 1965 (Svalbard)

  74. 74.

    Theristus rezaki Jensen, 1986 (Gulf of Mexico)

  75. 75.

    Theristus rhynchonemoides Hopper, 1961 (Gulf of Mexico)

  76. 76.

    Theristus roscoffiensis Vitiello, 1967 (English Channel)

  77. 77.

    Theristus ruffoi (Andrássy, 1959) (Italia)

  78. 78.

    Theristus scanicus Allgén, 1949 (Sweden)

  79. 79.

    Theristus sonnae Bussau, 1993 (Central Pacific Ocean, Peru)

  80. 80.

    Theristus stranus (Gerlach, 1957) (São Paulo coast, Brazil)

  81. 81.

    Theristus strelzovi Galtsova, Platonova, Streltsova and Petukhov, 1980 (Barents Sea)

  82. 82.

    Theristus subacer Pavljuk, 1984 (Sea of Japan)

  83. 83.

    Theristus subcurvatus Lorenzen, 1977 (Anholt Island, Denmark)

  84. 84.

    Theristus terricola Andrássy, 1985 (Budapest, Hungary)

  85. 85.

    Theristus tessae Heyns and Coomans, 1989 (Namibia)

  86. 86.

    Theristus tsalolikhini Gagarin and Naumova, 2012 (Baikal lake, Russia)

  87. 87.

    Theristus turbidus Gagarin and Thanh, 2010 (China Sea, South Coast Vietnam)

  88. 88.

    Theristus velox Bastian, 1865 (English Channel)

  89. 89.

    Theristus vesentiniae Andrássy, 1962 (Italy)

  90. 90.

    Theristus wegelinae Andrássy, 1962 (Germany)

  91. 91.

    Theristus wimmeri (Wieser, 1959) (Washington, USA)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Theristus bathylaimoides Allgén, 1959 (Falkland Islands)

  2. 2.

    Theristus bidontolaimus Allgén, 1959 (Graham Land, Antarctica)

  3. 3.

    Theristus brachysetosus Allgén, 1959 (Graham Land, Antarctica)

  4. 4.

    Theristus brevicollis (Cobb, 1894) Filipjev, 1922 (Australia)

  5. 5.

    Theristus chitinolaimus (Allgén, 1932) Wieser, 1956 (Campbell Island)

  6. 6.

    Theristus falklandiae Allgén, 1959 (Falkland Islands)

  7. 7.

    Theristus helveticus (Steiner, 1914) Andrássy, 1981 (Switzerland)

  8. 8.

    Theristus kaszabi Andrássy, 1977 (Mongolia)

  9. 9.

    Theristus latissimus (Filipjev, 1922) Wieser, 1956 (Black Sea)

  10. 10.

    Theristus leptosoma Allgén, 1950 (Skagerrak)

  11. 11.

    Theristus lingi (Hoeppli and Chu, 1932) Andrássy, 1960 (Chile)

  12. 12.

    Theristus macropapillatus Allgén, 1959 (Falkland Islands)

  13. 13.

    Theristus maspapillatus (Cobb, 1891) Filipjev, 1918 (Gulf of Aden)

  14. 14.

    Theristus megalaimus (Stewart, 1914) Wieser, 1956 (Bay of Bengal)

  15. 15.

    Theristus meridianus (Cobb, 1914) Filipjev, 1922 (Antarctica)

  16. 16.

    Theristus neglectus (Cobb, 1930) Wieser, 1956 (Antarctica)

  17. 17.

    Theristus nidrosiensis (Allgén, 1933) Wieser, 1956 (Norway)

  18. 18.

    Theristus obtusicephalus Stekhoven, 1950 (Mediterranean)

  19. 19.

    Theristus pacificus (Johnston, 1938) Filipjev, 1918 (Australia)

  20. 20.

    Theristus parasetosus Allgén, 1928 (Kristineberg Bay, Sweden)

  21. 21.

    Theristus parasiticus (Penso, 1938) Andrássy, 1981 (Libya)

  22. 22.

    Theristus parvulus Timm, 1952 (Maryland, USA)

  23. 23.

    Theristus pellucidus Allgén, 1939 (Bud, Norway)

  24. 24.

    Theristus sabulicola (Filipjev, 1918) Wieser, 1956 (Black Sea)

  25. 25.

    Theristus strichotricha Stekhoven, 1950 (Mediterranean)

  26. 26.

    Theristus tenuicaudatus Allgén, 1951 (Tautra Island, Norway)

  27. 27.

    Theristus strandi Allgén, 1934 (Öresund)

NOMEN NUDUM LIST

  1. 1.

    Theristus frictor Wieser and Kanwisher, 1961

  2. 2.

    Theristus multisetosus Wieser, 1960

  3. 3.

    Theristus camelopardis Wieser, 1959

SPECIES INCERTAE SEDIS LIST

  1. 1.

    Theristus quadripapillatus Decraemer and Coomans, 1978 (Lizard island, Australia)

Genus Trichotheristus Wieser, 1956

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Trichotheristus articulatus Huang and Zhang, 2006 (Hong Kong, China)

  2. 2.

    Trichotheristus circumscriptus Wieser, 1959 (Washington, USA)

  3. 3.

    Trichotheristus erectus (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) Gerlach and Rieman, 1973 (Biscay Bay, Spain)

  4. 4.

    Trichotheristus floridanus (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) Gerlach and Rieman, 1973 (Biscayney Bay, Spain)

  5. 5.

    Trichotheristus galeatus (Wieser and Hopper, 1967) Gerlach and Rieman, 1973 (Virginia, USA)

  6. 6.

    Trichotheristus heterus (Gerlach, 1957) Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Itanhaen, Brazil)

  7. 7.

    Trichotheristus laxus (Wieser, 1956) Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Chile)

  8. 8.

    Trichotheristus longisetosus (Stekhoven and De Coninck, 1933) Wieser and Hopper (North Sea)

  9. 9.

    Trichotheristus mirabilis (Stekhoven and De Coninck, 1933) Wieser, 1956 (North Sea)

  10. 10.

    Trichotheristus paramirabilis (Gerlach, 1955) Wieser, 1959 (San Salvador, Bahamas)

  11. 11.

    Trichotheristus psammoides (Warwick, 1970) Gerlach and Rieman, 1973 (North Atlantic)

  12. 12.

    Trichotheristus sanctimarteni (Timm, 1957) Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (San Martin Island)

  13. 13.

    Trichotheristus setifer (Gerlach, 1952) Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Mediterranean)

  14. 14.

    Trichotheristus setosus (Büstchli, 1874) Wieser and Hopper, 1967 (Kiel Bay)

Genus Valvaelaimus Lorenzen, 1977

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Valvaelaimus euxinus (Filipjev, 1918) Lorenzen, 1977 (Black Sea)

  2. 2.

    Valvaelaimus maior (Gerlach, 1956) Lorenzen, 1977 (Kiel Bay)

Genus Xenolaimus Cobb , 1920

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Xenolaimus pauroamphus Nichols, 1979 (Georgia, USA)

  2. 2.

    Xenolaimus striatus Cobb, 1920 (Florida, USA)

Genus Xyala Cobb , 1920

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Xyala aestuariensis Vincx and Furstenberg, 1988 (Sundays River, South Africa)

  2. 2.

    Xyala barbata Ward, 1972 (Irish Sea)

  3. 3.

    Xyala brevibucca Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (New South Wales, Australia)

  4. 4.

    Xyala finneyae King, Mundo-O campo and De Ley, 2010 (Santa Clara, Gulf of Mexico)

  5. 5.

    Xyala hamleyi Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (Queesland and Nouthern Territory, Australia)

  6. 6.

    Xyala imparis Boucher and Helleouet, 1977 (Pierre Noire, West Channel)

  7. 7.

    Xyala macramphis Stewart and Nicholas, 1994 (New South Wales, Australia)

  8. 8.

    Xyala oxybiotica Jensen, 1986 (East Flower Garden, Gulf of Mexico)

  9. 9.

    Xyala psammonalis Vincx and Furstenberg, 1988 (Sundays River, South Africa)

  10. 10.

    Xyala riemanni Boucher and Helleouet, 1977 (Pierre Noire, West Channel)

  11. 11.

    Xyala sapeloensis (Nichols, 1979) Blome, 2002 (Georgia State, USA) New combination

  12. 12.

    Xyala smo Warwick and Platt, 1973 (Scotland)

  13. 13.

    Xyala striata Cobb, 1920 (Massachussetts, USA)

SPECIES INQUIRENDA LIST

  1. 1.

    Xyala exigua Wieser, 1956 (Chile)

Genus Zygonemella Cobb, 1920

VALID SPECIES LIST

  1. 1.

    Zygonemella striata Cobb, 1920 (Costa Rica, Pacific Coast)

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Venekey, V., Gheller, P.F., Maria, T.F. et al. The state of the art of Xyalidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) with reference to the Brazilian records. Mar Biodiv 44, 367–390 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-014-0226-3

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