Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Revision of Chilean bathyal chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) associated with cold-seeps, including description of a new species of Leptochiton (Leptochitonidae)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Organisms Diversity & Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The chiton fauna of Chile comprises 41 species, most of which inhabit shallow waters. The present paper gives a summary of all 14 chiton species reported from Chilean deep (bathyal to abyssal) waters, including some records that might be considered as doubtful. Leptochiton laurae n. sp. is formally established; it was formerly misidentified as L. americanus Kaas & Van Belle, 1985, but differs in the shape of the tail valve, less coarse sculpturing, in the girdle elements and radula armature. Two additional new species, Leptochiton sp. and Placiphorella sp., are discussed. For Leptochiton medinae Plate, 1899, a lectotype is designated. Tripoplax balaenophila (Schwabe & Sellanes, 2004) n. comb. is transferred from Lepidozona Pilsbry, 1892, due to coarse sculpturing in the central areas and multi-slit insertion plates. Leptochiton belknapi Dall, 1878 and Tripoplax cowani Clark, 2008 are reported from the study region for the first time. The majority of the Chilean deep-water polyplacophorans are associated with hard substrates (authigenic carbonates) near methane seeps. The present report raises the global number of chiton species inhabiting chemosynthetic environments from 10 to 18, including some overlooked literature records from other regions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CASIZ:

California Academy of Sciences, Invertebrate Zoology, San Francisco, USA.

CIEP:

Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile.

CMSA:

Concepción Methane Seep Area.

FLMNH:

Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, USA.

JS:

second author’s reference collection.

MNHNCL:

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago de Chile, Chile.

NHM:

National History Museum, London, United Kingdom.

spm(s):

specimen(s).

SIO:

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA.

UDEC:

Universidad de Concepción, Chile.

UF:

University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.

USNM:

United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA.

WAM:

Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Australia.

ZISP:

Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.

ZMB:

Natural History Museum of Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.

ZMO:

Zoologisk Museum, Oslo, Norway.

ZSM:

Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany.

References

  • Ashby, E. (1931). Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). Annals of the South African Museum, 30, 1–59. pl. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, K. H. (1963). Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part IV. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa. Tectibranchiata. Polyplacophora. Solenogastres. Scaphopoda. Annals of the South African Museum, 47, 201–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, K. H. (1974). Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part VII. Revised fauna list. Annals of the South African Museum, 47, 663–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boetius, A., Ravenschlag, K., Schubert, C., Rickert, D., Widdel, F., Gieseke, A., et al. (2000). A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature, 407, 623–626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boudet Rommel, I. (1945). Los quitones Chilenos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 48, 122–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. N. (1994). Review of the genus Placiphorella Dall, 1879, ex Carpenter MS (Polyplacophora: Mopaliidae) with descriptions of two new species. Veliger, 37, 290–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. N. (2008). Two new chitons of the genus Tripoplax Berry, 1919 from the Monterey Sea Canyon. American Malacological Bulletin, 25, 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cordes, E. E., Hourdez, S., Predmore, B. L., Redding, M. L., & Fischer, C. R. (2005). Succession of hydrocarbon seep communities associated with the long-lived foundation species Lamellibranchia luymesi. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 305, 17–29. + suppl.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dall, W. H. (1878). Descriptions of new forms of mollusks from Alaska contained in the collection of the National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dall, W. H. (1919). Descriptions of new species of chitons from the Pacific coast of America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 55, 499–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Rochebrune, A. T. (1889). Polyplacophores. In A. T. de Rochebrune & J. Mabille (Eds.), Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn. 1882–1883. Tome VI. Zoologie. Mollusques. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, A. J. (1979). The family Lepidopleuridae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the Eastern Pacific. Veliger, 22, 145–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, A. J. (1981). Observations on the deep-water chiton, Leptochiton rissoi (Nierstrasz 1905) in the Eastern Pacific. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 80, 36–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forcelli, D. O. (1999). Moluscos Magallanicos. Guía de Moluscos de Patagonia y Sur de Chile. Buenos Aires: Vazquez Mazzni Editores.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frembly, J. (1827). A description of several new species of Chitones, found on the coast of Chili, in 1825; with a few remarks on the method of taking and preserving them. Zoological Journal (London), 3, 193–205. Suppl. plates, 4th part, pl. 16–17 issued July 1830–Sept. 1831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gage, J. D., & Tyler, P. A. (1991). Deep-sea biology: A natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, E. K., & Gosliner, T. (1983). Primary type specimens of marine Mollusca (excluding Cephalopoda) in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 92, 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goedert, J. L., & Campbell, K. A. (1995). An early Oligocene chemosynthetic community from the Makah Formation, northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Veliger, 38, 22–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, A. A. (1846). On the shells collected by the United States Exploring Expedition, commanded by Charles Wilkes U.S.N. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 2, 141–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, A. A. (1852). United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., vol. XII. Mollusca & Shells. Philadelphia: C. Sherman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. E. (1828). Family Chitonidae. In Spicilegia zoologica; or original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals, vol. 1 (pp. 5–6, pl. 3, 6). London: Treuttel, Wurtz & Co.

  • Gray, J. E. (1847). A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 129–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, A. C. (1886). Report on the Polyplacophora collected by H.M.S. “Challenger” during the years 1873–76. Challenger Reports Zoology, 15, 1–50. pl. 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICZN = International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1999). International code of zoological nomenclature (4th ed.). London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. I. (1964). The recent Mollusca of Augustus Addison Gould. United States National Museum Bulletin, 239, 1–182. i–v.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P. (1978). Notes on Loricata—10. On the European Callochiton species. Basteria, 42, 73–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P. (1979). On a collection of Polyplacophora (Mollusca, Amphineura) from the Bay of Biscay. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Section A, Zoologie, biologie et écologie animale, 4, 13–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P. (1994). A new species of Leptochiton Gray 1847 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the South Barbados accretionary prism. Zoologische Mededelingen, 68, 45–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P., & Van Belle, R. A. (1985a). Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). 1, Order Neoloricata: Lepidopleurina. Leiden: E. J. Brill / W. Backhuys.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P., & Van Belle, R. A. (1985b). Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). 2, Suborder Ischnochitonina, Ischnochitonidae: Schizoplacinae, Callochitoninae & Lepidochitoninae. Leiden: E. J. Brill / W. Backhuys.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P., & Van Belle, R. A. (1987). Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). 3, Ischnochitonidae: Chaetopleurinae, Ischnochitoninae (pars). Additions to vols 1 & 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill / W. Backhuys.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P., & Van Belle, R. A. (1990). Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). 4, Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). Additions to vols 1, 2 and 3. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P., & Van Belle, R. A. (1994). Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). 5, Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (concluded), Callistoplacinae; Mopaliidae. Additions to Volumes 1–4. Leiden: E. J. Brill / W. Backhuys.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, P., Van Belle, R. A., & Strack, H. L. (2006). Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). 6, Suborder Ischnochitonina (concluded): Schizochitonidae; Chitonidae. Additions to Volumes 1–5. Leiden: Brill NV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiel, S., & Goedert, J. L. (2006). Deep-sea food bonanzas: early Cenozoic whale-fall communities resemble wood-fall rather than seep communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 273, 2625–2631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilias, R. (1995). Polyplacophora-Typen und -Typoide (Mollusca) im Zoologischen Museum in Berlin. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 71, 155–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, P. P., & Broderip, W. J. (1831). Descriptions of the Cirripedia, Conchifera and Mollusca in a collection found by the officers of H.M.S. “Adventure” and “Beagle” employed between the years 1826 and 1830 in surveying the southern coasts of S America, including the Straits of Magellan and the coast of Tierra del Fuego. Zoological Journal (London), 5, 332–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulm, L. D., & Suess, E. (1990). Relationship between carbonate deposits and fluid venting: Oregon accretionary prism. Journal of Geophysical Research, B, Solid earth and planet section, 95(B6), 8899–8915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leloup, E. (1956). Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948–49. 27. Polyplacophora. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, Avdelningen 2, Medicin samt matematiska och naturvetenskapliga ämnen (N. F.), 52, 1–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marincovich, L., Jr. (1973). Intertidal mollusks of Iquique, Chile. Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 16, 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzies, R. J. (1963). General results of biological investigations on the deep-sea fauna made on the U. S. N. S. Elatnin (U. S. A. R. P.) during cruise 3 between Panama and Valparaiso, Chile in 1962. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 48, 185–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montagu, G. (1803). Testacea Britannica or natural history of British shells, marine, land and freshwater, including the most minute, systematically arranged and embellished with figures. London: J. White.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olu, K., Sibuet, M., Hermegnies, F., Foucher, J. P., & Fiala-Medioni, A. (1996). Spatial distribution of diverse cold seep communities living on various diapiric structures of the southern Barbados prism. Progress in Oceanography, 38, 347–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osorio, C., & Reid, D. G. (2004). Moluscos marinos intermareales y submareales entre la Boca del Guafo y el estero Elefantes, sur de Chile. Investigaciones Marinas (Valparaiso), 32, 71–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osorio Ruiz, C. (2002). Moluscos marinos en Chile: especies de importancia económica. Guía para su identificación. Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otaíza, R. D., & Santelices, B. (1985). Vertical distribution of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the rocky intertidal zone of Central Chile. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 86, 229–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilsbry, H. A. (1892–1894). Monograph of the Polyplacophora. In G. W. Tryon (Ed.), Manual of Conchology (14, 1–128, pl. 1–30 (1892); i–xxxiv, 129–350, pl. 31–68, 15, 1–64, pl. 1–10 (1893); 65–133, pl. 11–17 (1894)). Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences.

  • Pilsbry, H. A. (1911). Notes. Chiton aureus Spalowsky. Nautilus, 25, 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plate, L. H. (1897). Die Anatomie und Phylogenie der Chitonen. Fauna Chilensis 1 (1). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 1(Suppl. 4), 1–243. pl. 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plate, L. H. (1899). Die Anatomie und Phylogenie der Chitonen. Fauna Chilensis 2 (1). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 2(Suppl. 5), 15–216. pl. 2–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plate, L. H. (1901). Die Anatomie und Phylogenie der Chitonen. Fauna Chilensis 2 (2). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 3(Suppl. 5), 281–600. pl. 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puchalski, S. S., Eernisse, D. J., & Johnson, C. C. (2008). The effect of sampling bias on the fossil record of chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). American Malacological Bulletin, 25, 87–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. G., & Osorio, C. (2000). The shallow-water marine Mollusca of the Estero Elefantes and Laguna San Rafael, southern Chile. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series, 66, 109–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, H., Fujikura, K., & Tsuchida, S. (2008). Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) associated with hydrothermal vents and methane seeps around Japan, with description of three new species. American Malacological Bulletin, 25, 113–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, H., & Okutani, T. (1990). Two new chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from a hydrothermal vent site of the Iheya Small Ridge, Okinawa Trough, East China Sea. Venus, 165–179.

  • Sars, G. O. (1878). Bidrag til kundskaben om norges arktiske fauna. I. Mollusca regionis Arcticae Norvegiae. Brøgger: Christiania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, E. (2008a). A summary of reports of abyssal and hadal Monoplacophora and Polyplacophora (Mollusca). In P. Martínez Arbizu & S. Brix (Eds.), Bringing light into deep-sea biodiversity. Zootaxa, 1866, 205–222.

  • Schwabe, E. (2008b). Discovery of the South African polyplacophoran Stenosemus simplicissimus (Thiele, 1906) (Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Ischnochitonidae) in the Southern Ocean. American Malacological Bulletin, 24, 71–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, E., Försterra, G., Häussermann, V., Melzer, R. R., & Schrödl, M. (2006). Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the southern Chilean Comau Fjord, with reinstatement of Tonicia calbucensis Plate, 1897. Zootaxa, 1341, 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, E., & Ruthensteiner, B. (2001). Callochiton schilfi (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae), a new species from Indonesian waters. Vita Marina, 47, 175–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe, E., & Sellanes, J. (2004). A new species of Lepidozona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae), found on whale bones off the coast of Chile. Iberus, 22, 147–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellanes, J., Quiroga, E., & Gallardo, V. A. (2004). First direct evidence of methane seepage and associated chemosynthetic communities in the bathyal zone off Chile. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84, 1065–1066.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellanes, J., Quiroga, E., & Neira, C. (2008). Megafauna community structure and trophic relationships at the recently discovered Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65, 1102–1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigwart, J. D. (2008). Gross anatomy and positional homology of gills, gonopores, and nephridiopores in “basal” living chitons (Polyplacophora: Lepidopleurina). American Malacological Bulletin, 25, 43–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirenko, B. I. (2004). The ancient origin and persistence of chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) that live and feed on deep submerged land plant matter (xylophages). Bollettino Malacologico, Supplemento, 5, 111–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirenko, B. I. (2006a). New outlook on the system of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Venus, 65, 27–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirenko, B. I. (2006b). Report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) of the Magellan Strait and Falkland Islands. Venus, 65, 81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirenko, B. I. (2007). New Chilean chiton-epizoophagus Gallardoia valdiviensis gen. et sp. nov. (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). Ruthenica, 17, 13–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirenko, B. I., & Gallardo, C. (2005). Chitons (Polyplacophora) of Chile. In Poster Abstracts of the IVth International Congress of the European Malacological Societies, Oct. 10–14 2005 in Naples (Italy). Notizario S.I.M., Supplemento, Bollettino Malacologico, 23(5–8), 89.

  • Sowerby, G. B., III. (1903). Mollusca of South Africa. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 2, 213–232. pls 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalowsky, I. I. N. A. (1795). Prodromus in systema historicum testaceorum. Vorschmack einer vollständigen systematischen Geschichte der Schalthiergehäuse. Wien: Ignaz Alberti’s Wittwe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires, R. L., & Goedert, J. L. (1995). An extant species of Leptochiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in Eocene and Oligocene cold-seep limestones, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Veliger, 38, 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suter, H. (1909). Richtigstellung einiger Namen in Dr. Curt von Wissel’s “Pacifische (sic) Chitonen” 1904. Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 41, 72–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiele, J. (1908). Die antarktischen und subantarktischen Chitonen. Deutsche Südpolar Expedition 1901–1903, 10. Zoologie, 2, 9–23. pl. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Cosel, R. (2006). Polyplacophora. In D. Desbruyères, M. Segonzac & M. Bright (Eds.), Handbook of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna, second completely revised edition. Denisia, 18, 80–81.

  • Vendrasco, M. J., Fernandez, C. Z., Eernisse, D. J., & Runnegar, B. (2008). Aesthete canal morphology in the Mopaliidae (Polyplacophora). American Malacological Bulletin, 25, 51–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verrill, A. E. (1882). Notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of New England, No. 7, and of some additions to the fauna of Vineyard Sound. American Journal of Science, 24, 360–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winckworth, R. (1926). Notes on British Mollusca—1. Journal of Conchology, 18, 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S.-K., & Okutani, T. (1984). The deepsea chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) collected by the R/V Soyo-Maru from Japan—I. Lepidopleuridae. Venus, 43, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarges, C. V. (1994). Clave para la identificación de los poliplacoforos litorales de Chile Central (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Comunicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural de Concepción, 8, 67–69.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are deeply indebted to the captains and crews of R/Vs Kay Kay, Sonne and Vidal Górmaz, as well as to scientific staff participating in these expeditions, for their support at sea. Special thanks go to Dr. Eduardo Quiroga (CIEP) and Dr. Victor A. Gallardo (UdeC). We thank Jerry Harasewych, Yolanda Villacampa (both USNM), Diego Urteaga (Argentina), and Roberto Portela Miguez (NHM) for providing images of type specimens. Amelia MacLellan (NHM) kindly supplied information on some type material. Julia Sigwart (Ireland) kindly provided literature and information on cold-seep communities. The first author thanks Boris Sirenko (ZISP) for fruitful discussions and his hospitality during a visit to St. Petersburg. We also thank Roger Clark (USA) for help with the identification of Tripoplax cowani. Michael Schrödl and Laura Würzberg (ZSM) are thanked for critical comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Douglas J. Eernisse (USA) and another anonymous reviewer kindly provided helpful comments and polished the English. This work was partially funded by FONDECYT project No. 1061217 to JS. Additional support from the Center of Oceanographic Research in the Eastern South Pacific (COPAS) of the University of Concepción is also acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Muenchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Muenchen, Germany

    Enrico Schwabe

  2. Universidad Católica del Norte, Departamento de Biología Marina, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile

    Javier Sellanes

  3. Centre for Oceanographic Research in the Eastern South Pacific (COPAS), Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile

    Javier Sellanes

Authors
  1. Enrico Schwabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Javier Sellanes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Enrico Schwabe.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schwabe, E., Sellanes, J. Revision of Chilean bathyal chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) associated with cold-seeps, including description of a new species of Leptochiton (Leptochitonidae). Org Divers Evol 10, 31–55 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-009-0002-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-009-0002-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation