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Morphological and molecular study of the genus Nitokra (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) in a small palaeochannel in Western Australia

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Abstract

A combined approach was used to study the diversity, distribution and variability of the ameirid genus Nitokra in the uppermost reaches of the Carey palaeochannel, as very little is known about habitat invasions of stygofauna in general and inland dispersal of this predominantly marine genus in particular. A 70-km-long stretch of several disconnected calcrete subterranean habitats, known as Yeelirrie, has previously shown to harbour up to ten sympatric and parapatric congeners of the miraciid genus Schizopera and six allopatric congeners of the parastenocaridid genus Kinnecaris, in addition to 11 other species of copepods. The diversity of the genus Nitokra is much smaller, with only two allopatric species in the entire area. Nitokra esbe sp. nov. is a short-range endemic, recorded in a single bore in the most downstream part of Yeelirrie. In contrast, both molecular and morphological data indicate that Nitokra yeelirrie sp. nov. is widespread here, showing one of the largest distribution ranges of any subterranean copepod in Yeelirrie. Phylogenetic analysis of Nitokra populations based on the COI gene shows N. esbe as a sister clade to other Nitokra sequences, which does not exclude the possibility of an ‘active upstream’ dispersal model, proposed for other copepods of marine origin here. High levels of COI sequence divergence (∼10 %) among specimens of N. yeelirrie collected 8 km apart suggest the potential for considerable population differentiation or restricted gene flow within an apparently single large calcrete body. A table of the most important morphological characters for all 79 valid world species of Nitokra is presented, and replacement names are provided for four junior homonyms. An overview of the conservation status of the entire Yeelirrie stygofauna was also provided.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Prof. Supawadee Chullasorn, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, for sharing with us her still unpublished paper on a new Nitokra from Thailand. The following staff of Subterranean Ecology are acknowledged for their help in the field, as well as for sorting the samples: Giulia Perina, Natalie Krawczyk, Peter Bell and Shae Callan. We are also very grateful to Kathleen Saint (South Australian Museum) for carrying out the PCR and sequencing analyses and for developing the nested primers that were used in combination with universal primers for COI gene amplification. The species described herein were collected as part of the Yeelirrie Subterranean Fauna Survey 2009–2011 commissioned by BHP Billiton Yeelirrie Development Company Pty Ltd.

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  1. Department of Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea

    Tomislav Karanovic

  2. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia

    Tomislav Karanovic

  3. Subterranean Ecology, Scientific Environmental Services, Suite 8, 37 Cedric Street, Stirling, WA, 6021, Australia

    Stefan Eberhard

  4. Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia

    Steven J. B. Cooper & Michelle T. Guzik

  5. Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia

    Steven J. B. Cooper & Michelle T. Guzik

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  1. Tomislav Karanovic
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Correspondence to Tomislav Karanovic.

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Karanovic, T., Eberhard, S., Cooper, S.J.B. et al. Morphological and molecular study of the genus Nitokra (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) in a small palaeochannel in Western Australia. Org Divers Evol 15, 65–99 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-014-0193-3

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