Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The phylogeny of Arthoniales (Pezizomycotina) inferred from nucLSU and RPB2 sequences

  • Published:
Fungal Diversity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 10 May 2011

Abstract

A two-locus phylogenetic study of the order Arthoniales is presented here using the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nucLSU) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). This analysis is the first large phylogeny of this fungal group and includes 476 sequences and 240 specimens representing 132 species sampled from 31 genera (in their traditional circumscription). In addition to the previously recognized families (Arthoniaceae, Chrysothricaceae and Roccellaceae), three additional family-level groups are recovered, one being poorly supported. Therefore, the new family Roccellographaceae is described and the family Opegraphaceae is reinstated. Morphological characters such as growth form, fruit body type, exciple, hypothecium and ascospores colour, ascospores septation pattern, and chemistry are found to be of limited use in delimiting families and genera, which indicates an unusual level of plasticity in the Arthoniales. This high level of homoplasy might indicate that the Arthoniales is an old group with taxa having evolved in parallel for very long times. The genera Arthonia, Arthothelium, Chiodecton, Hubbsia, Ingaderia, Lecanactis, Lecanographa, Llimonaea, Opegrapha, Roccellina, Schismatomma and Sclerophyton were found paraphyletic. In order to make these genera monophyletic, the new genera Dimidiographa, Fulvophyton, Paraingaderia, Paralecanographa, Paraschismatomma and Sparria are newly described and the genera Alyxoria, Dictyographa and Zwackhia reinstated. The new species Lecanactis borbonica and Paraingaderia placodioidea are described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akaike H (1973) Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petrov BNFC (ed) Second international symposium on Information Theory. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Aptroot A (2008) Lichens of St Helena and Ascension Island. Bot J Linn Soc 158:147–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aptroot A, Sparrius LB (2008) Crustose Roccellaceae in the Galapagos Islands, with the new species Schismatomma spierii. Bryologist 111(4):659–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aptroot A, Lücking R, Sipman H, Umaña L, Chaves JL (2008a) Pyrenocarpous lichens with bitunicate asci: a first assessment of the lichen biodiversity inventory of Costa Rica. Biblioth Lichenol 97:1–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Aptroot A, Sparrius LB, LaGreca S, Bungartz F (2008b) Angiactis, a new crustose lichen genus in the Roccellaceae, with species from Bermuda, the Galapagos islands and Australia. Bryologist 111(3):510–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aptroot A, Thor G, Lücking R, Elix JA, Chaves JL (2009) The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated. Biblioth Lichenol 99:19–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodo IM, Duran Sharnoff S, Sharnoff S (2001) Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppins BJ, Aptroot A (2009) Arthonia Ach. In: Smith CW, Aptroot A, Coppins BJ et al (eds) The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London, pp 153–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Diederich P, Coppins BJ (2009) Reichlingia Diederich & Scheid. In: Smith CW, Aptroot A, Coppins BJ et al (eds) The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London, pp 790–791

    Google Scholar 

  • Egea JM, Torrente P (1994) El género de hongos liquenizados Lecanactis (Ascomycotina). Biblioth Lichenol 54:1–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Egea JM, Torrente P (1995) The lichen genus Sclerophyton in the Sonoran Desert. Bryologist 98(2):207–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egea JM, Torrente P, Manrique E (1993) The Lecanactis grumulosa group (Opegraphaceae) in the Mediterranean region. Plant Syst Evol 187:103–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elix JA, Kantvilas G (2007) The genus Chrysothrix in Australia. Lichenologist 39(4):361–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson O (1981) The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Bot 60:1–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson O, Winka K (1997) Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota. Myconet 1:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertz D, Diederich P (2006) The first lichenicolous species of Schismatomma (Roccellaceae), S. physconiicola sp. nov., from Mexico. Bryologist 109(3):415–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertz D, Diederich P (2007) Revision of the Opegrapha species with muriform ascospores (previously Dictyographa) (lichenized Roccellaceae). Lichenologist 39(2):143–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertz D, Christnach C, Wedin M, Diederich P (2005) A world monograph of the genus Plectocarpon. Biblioth Lichenol 91:1–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertz D, Lawrey JD, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Fischer E, Killmann D, Sérusiaux E (2008) A new lineage of lichenized basidiomycetes inferred from a two-gene phylogeny: the Lepidostromataceae with three species from the tropics. Am J Bot 95(12):1548–1556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ertz D, Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F, Dessein S, Raspe O, Vigneron N, Hofstetter V, Diederich P (2009) Towards a new classification of the Arthoniales (Ascomycota) based on a three-gene phylogeny focussing on the genus Opegrapha. Mycol Res 113(Pt 1):141–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ertz D, Killmann D, Razafindrahaja T, Sérusiaux E, Fischer E (2010) Two new species of Syncesia (Arthoniales, Roccellaceae) from Africa. Lichenologist 42(1):43–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farris JS, Albert VA, Källersjö M, Lipscomb DL, Kluge AG (1996) Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics 12:99–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feige GB, Lumbsch HT (1993) A European species of the lichen genus Ingaderia and comments on the relationship of the genera Darbishirella and Ingaderia (Roccellaceae). Mycotaxon 48:381–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher A, Purvis OW (2009) Chrysothrix Mont. In: Smith CW, Aptroot A, Coppins BJ et al (eds) The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London, pp 307–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Follmann G (2001) An integrated key to, and a critical survey of, the South American representatives of the lichen family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales). J Hattori Bot Lab 90:251–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Follmann G, Werner BC (2003) Lichenicolous fungi occurring on Roccellaceae (Arthoniales). I. New species from South America. J Hattori Bot Lab 94:261–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisch A, Thor G (2010) Crypthonia, a new genus of byssoid Arthoniaceae (lichenized Ascomycota). Mycol Progress 9:281–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gargas A, DePriest PT, Grube M, Tehler A (1995) Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science 268:1492–1495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC (2008) TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24:774–786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groenhart P (1938) Einige Cryptotheciaceae van Java. Natuurk Tijdschr Ned Indie 98:304–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Grube M (1998) Classification and phylogeny in the Arthoniales (lichenized Ascomycetes). Bryologist 101(3):377–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Grube M (2001a) Coniarthonia, a new genus of arthonioid lichens. Lichenologist 33:491–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grube M (2001b) Sporostigma, a new calicioid genus in the Arthoniales. Lichenologist 33:387–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grube M, Giralt M (1996) Studies on some species of Arthothelium occurring in the Western Mediterranean. Lichenologist 28(1):15–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Grube M, Matzer M (1997) Taxonomic concepts of lichenicolous Arthonia species. Biblioth Lichenol 68:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Grube M, Matzer M, Hafellner J (1995) A preliminary account of the lichenicolous Arthonia species with reddish, K+ reactive pigments. Lichenologist 27(1):25–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafellner J (2009) Phacothecium resurrected and the new genus Phacographa (Arthoniales) proposed. Biblioth Lichenol 100:85–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris RC, Ladd D (2007) New taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Ozark ecoregion. Opusc Philolichenum 4:57–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris RC, Ladd D (2008) The lichen genus Chrysothrix in the Ozark ecoregion, including a preliminary treatment for eastern and central North America. Opusc Philolichenum 5:29–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth DL (2006) Misunderstanding the status of Ciferri & Tomaselli’s generic names necessitates Peterjamesia gen. nov. for Sclerophyton circumscriptum and an additional species. Lichenologist 38(2):187–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth D, Kirk P, Sutton BPDN (1995) Ainsworth & Bisby’s the dictionary of the Fungim, 8th edn. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Henssen A, Jahns H (1974) Lichenes. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder M, Lewis PO (2003) Phylogeny estimation: traditional and Bayesian approaches. Nat Genet 4:275–284

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, Nielsen R, Bollback JP (2001) Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology. Science 294:2310–2314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, JAe S (2001) Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi, 9th edn. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008) Dictionary of the fungi, 10th edn. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjer K (1995) Use of rRNA secondary structure in phylogenetic studies to identify homologous positions: an example of alignment and data presentation from the frogs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 4:314–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen K (2010) H.E. Hasse, Lichenist. Opuscula Philolichenum 8:59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Laundon JR (1981) The species of Chrysothrix. Lichenologist 13:101–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrey JD, Diederich P (2003) Lichenicolous fungi: interactions, evolution, and biodiversity. Bryologist 106(1):81–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Whelen S, Hall B (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit. Mol Biol Evol 16:1799–1808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lücking R (2008) Foliicolous lichenized fungi. Flora Neotropica Monograph 103:1–866

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumbsch HT, Lücking R, Tibell L (2009) Molecular data place Tylophoron as an additional calicioid genus in the Arthoniales (Ascomycota). Biblioth Lichenol 99:287–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzoni F, Pagel M, Reeb V (2001) Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors. Nature 411:937–940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox C, McLaughlin D, Celio G, Dentinger B, Padamsee M, Hibbett D, James TY, Baloch E, Grube M, Reeb V, Hofstetter V, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Spatafora J, Johnson D, Hambleton S, Crockett M, Shoemaker R, Sung G-H, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, O’Donnell K, Binder M, Diederich P, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Hansen K, Harris RC, Hosaka K, Lim Y-W, Matheny B, Nishida H, Pfister D, Rogers J, Rossman A, Schmitt I, Sipman H, Stone J, Sugiyama J, Yahr R, Vilgalys R (2004) Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. Am J Bot 91(10):1446–1480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maddison D, Maddison W (2002) MacClade Version 4.03PPC: analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. In: Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA

  • Matzer M (1996) Lichenicolous Ascomycetes with Fissitunicate Asci on Foliicolous Lichens. Mycological Papers, 171. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2000) Phylogenetic revision of the genus Peltigera (lichen-forming Ascomycota) based on morphological, chemical and large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA data. Int J Plant Sci 161:925–968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miadlikowska J, McCune B, Lutzoni F (2002) Pseudocyphellaria perpetua, a new lichen from Western North America. Bryologist 105:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller J (1893) Lichenes Arabici a cl. D’Schweinfurth in Arabia Yemensi lecti quos determinavit. Bull Herbier Boissier 1:130–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Myllys L (1999) Phylogenetic studies in Arthoniales (Euascomycetes)—evidence from molecular and morphological data. Dissertation Stockholms universitet ISBN 91-7153-913-1, Stockholm

  • Myllys L, Källersjö M, Tehler A (1998) A comparison of SSU rDNA data and morphological data in Arthoniales (Euascomycetes) phylogeny. Bryologist 101(1):70–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myllys L, Lohtander K, Källersjö M, Tehler A (1999) Applicability of ITS data in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales, Euascomycetes) phylogeny. Lichenologist 31(5):461–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Nannfeldt JA (1932) Studien über die Morphologie und Systematik der nicht-lichenisierten inoperculaten Discomyceten. Nova Acta Reg Soc Sci Upsal ser IV, vol 8, Uppsala

  • Nelsen MP, Lücking R, Grube M, Mbatchou JS, Muggia L, Rivas Plata E, Lumbsch HT (2009) Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of lichenised fungi in Dothideomyceta. Stud Mycol 64:135–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nylander JAA (2005) MrModeltest v.2.2. Computer program distributed by the author, Uppsala

    Google Scholar 

  • Nylander JAACWJ, Warren DJ, Swofford DL (2008) AWTY (Are We There Yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinforma 24:581–583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poelt J (1973) Classification. In: Ahmadjian V, Hale ME (eds) The lichens. Academic, London, pp 599–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeb V, Lutzoni F, Roux C (2004) Contribution of RPB2 to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32:1036–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehner S, Samuels G (1994) Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycol Res 98:625–634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinforma 19:1572–1574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santesson R (1945) Notes on the Cryptotheciaceae, the most primitive lichens. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 39:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Santesson R (1949) Dolichocarpus and Xanthopeltis, two new lichen genera from Chile. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 43:547–567

    Google Scholar 

  • Santesson R (1952) Foliicolous lichens. I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symb Bot Upsal 12:1–590

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoch CL, Sung GH, López-Giráldez F, Townsend JP, Miadlikowska J, Hofstetter V, Robbertse B, Matheny PB, Kauff F, Wang Z, Gueidan C, Andrie RM, Trippe K, Ciufetti LM, Wynns A, Fraker E, Hodkinson BP, Bonito G, Yahr R, Groenewald JZ, Arzanlou M, de Hoog GS, Crous PW, Hewitt D, Pfister DH, Peterson K, Gryzenhout M, Wingfield MJ, Aptroot A, Suh SO, Blackwell M, Hillis DM, Griffith GW, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Lumbsch HT, Lücking R, Büdel B, Rauhut A, Diederich P, Ertz D, Geiser DM, Hosaka K, Inderbitzin P, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Mostert L, O’Donnell K, Sipman H, Rogers JD, Shoemaker RA, Sugiyama J, Summerbell RC, Untereiner W, Johnston P, Stenroos S, Zuccaro A, Dyer P, Crittenden P, Cole MS, Hansen K, Trappe JMFLWSJ (2009) The Ascomycota tree of life: A phylum wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biol 58:224–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sérusiaux E, Fischer E, Killmann D (2006) Nyungwea, a new genus of lichen with goniocyst-producing stipes from Rwanda and Uganda (East Africa). Lichenologist 38:115–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sipman H (2009) The lichen genus Syncesia (Arthoniales) on Saba and St. Eustatius (West Indies). Opusc Philolichenum 7:55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith AL (1926) Cryptotheciaceae, a family of primitive lichens. Transact Brit Myc Soc 11:189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrius LB (2004) A monograph of Enterographa and Sclerophyton. Biblioth Lichenol 89:1–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrius LB (2009) Synarthothelium, a new genus in the Arthoniaceae with a thalline exciple, similar to Synarthonia. Biblioth Lichenol 99:373–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrius LB, James PW, Allen MA (2005) The sorediate variety of Sclerophytonomyces circumscriptus. Lichenologist 37:285–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparrius LB, Elix JA, Archer AW (2010) Austrographa, a new genus in the Roccellaceae with three species from Australia. Australas Lichenol 67:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Spatafora J, Sung G-H, Johnson D, Hesse C, O’Rourke B, Serdani M, Spotts R, Lutzoni F, Hofstetter V, Miadlikowska J, Reeb V, Gueidan C, Fraker E, Lumbsch T, Lücking R, Schmitt I, Hosaka K, Aptroot A, Roux C, Miller AN, Geiser DM, Hafellner J, Hestmark G, Arnold AE, Büdel B, Rauhut A, Hewitt D, Untereiner WA, Cole MS, Scheidegger C, Schultz M, Sipman H, Schoch CL (2006) A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina. Mycologia 98(6):1018–1028

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swofford DL (1998) PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). Version 4. In: Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts

  • Tehler A (1983) The genera Dirina and Roccellina (Roccellaceae). Opera Bot 70:1–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A (1990) A new approach to the phylogeny of Euascomycetes with a cladistic outline of Arthoniales focussing on Roccellaceae. Can J Bot 68:2458–2492

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A (1993a) Schismatomma and three new or reinstated genera, a reassessment of generic relationships in Arthoniales. Cryptogamic Bot 3:139–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A (1993b) The genus Schismatomma (Arthoniales, Euascomycetidae). Opera Bot 118:1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A (1993c) The genus Sigridea (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Euascomycetidae). Nova Hedwigia 57(3–4):417–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A (1994) Additional notes to the lichen genus Schismatomma (Arthoniales). Mycotaxon 51:31–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A (1997) Syncesia (Arthoniales, Euascomycetidae). Flora Neotropica, 74, New York Botanical Garden (for Organization for Flora Neotropica), New York

  • Tehler A (2002) Schizopelte. In Nash III TH, Ryan BD, Gries C, Bungartz F (eds) Lichen flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. I. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, pp 457–458

  • Tehler A, Irestedt M (2007) Parallel evolution of lichen growth forms in the family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales, Ascomycota). Cladistics 23(5):432–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A, Irestedt M, Bungartz F, Wedin M (2009a) Evolution and reproduction modes in the Roccella galapagoensis aggregate (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales). Taxon 58:438–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A, Irestedt M, Wedin M, Ertz D (2009b) Origin, evolution and taxonomy of American Roccella (Roccellaceae, Ascomycetes). Syst Biodivers 7:307–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tehler A, Irestedt M, Wedin M, Ertz D (2010) The Old World Roccella species outside Europe and Macaronesia: taxonomy, evolution and phylogeny. Syst Biodivers 8:223–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thor G (1990) The lichen genus Chiodecton and five allied genera. Opera Bot 103:1–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrente P, Egea JM (1989) La Familia Opegraphaceae en el Area Mediterranea de la Peninsula Iberica y Norte de Africa. Biblioth Lichenol 32:1–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrente P, Egea JM (1991) Llimonaea, a new genus of lichenized fungi in the order Opegraphales (Ascomycotina). Nova Hedwigia 52(1–2):239–245

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Boom PPG, Brand AM (2007) Llimonaea sorediata, a new lichen (Ascomycota), widely distributed in western Europe. Lichenologist 39(4):309–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172:4238–4246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson W (1929) The classification of lichens. New Phytol 28:85–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura I, Yamamoto Y, Nakano T, Finnie J (2002) Isolation and culture of lichen photobionts and mycobionts. In: Kranner I, Beckett RP, Varma Ae (eds) Protocols in lichenology—Culturing, biochemistry, physiology and use in biomonitoring. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 3–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahlbruckner A (1907) Flechten. Spezieller Teil. In: Engler A, Prantl H (eds) Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil 1(1):49–249

  • Zahlbruckner A (1909) Beiträge zur flechten-flora Süd-Californiens. Bull Torrey Bot Club 27(12):642–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Martin Irestedt is warmly thanked for his important and generous help with the sequencing work and the Bayesian analyses. Fredrik Ronquist is also thanked for help with the Bayes analyses and for kindly letting us execute the data sets on his computers. Frank Bungartz is warmly thanked for support during field work in the Galapagos Islands, and Kerry Knudsen for his contribution related to P. ochroleucum. Harrie Sipman and Matthias Schultz kindly provided specimens used in this study. André Fraiture and Paul Diederich are thanked for their help with nomenclatural problems. Ann Bogaerts, Cyrille Gerstmans, Francine Demuylder, Patrick Vivignis and Wim Baert are thanked for technical assistance. This publication is contribution number 2029 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. The study was financially supported by Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Science Research Council) grant 621-2005-5275 and by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Belgium (FNRS) / FRFC number 2.4567.08.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department Bryophytes-Thallophytes, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, 1860, Meise, Belgium

    Damien Ertz

  2. Enheten för kryptogambotanik, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden

    Anders Tehler

Authors
  1. Damien Ertz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anders Tehler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Damien Ertz.

Additional information

An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0100-6

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

Online Resource 1 (PDF 207 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ertz, D., Tehler, A. The phylogeny of Arthoniales (Pezizomycotina) inferred from nucLSU and RPB2 sequences. Fungal Diversity 49, 47–71 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0080-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0080-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation