Abstract
Adults of some butterfly species have odors, several components of which are known to have pheromonal or defensive functions. Little is known about the odors of hesperiid butterflies, however. Erynnis montanus (Hesperiidae), especially male adults, emit a pungent odor that is detectable by the human nose. Chemical analysis has revealed that crude extracts of wild individuals contained 10 volatile substances, of which docosane and heneicosane were the main components. Because males contain a significantly larger amount of p-cresol than females, this aromatic compound is characterized as a strong male odor. At the end of the adult occurrence period, p-cresol decreased substantially in each male. Benzothiazole, identified for the first time in lepidopteran adults, was present in both sexes in almost equal amounts. Among the 10 volatile substances detected in males, biased distribution in the wings rather than the body was observed for benzothiazole, heptanal, and p-cresol. Male adults have androconial organs in the costal part of the forewing on which benzothiazole and p-cresol tended to concentrate. However, these compounds were detected not only in other parts of the forewing but also in the hindwing and body, suggesting the presence of undiscovered scent-producing organs.
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Acknowledgments
We greatly thank Professor Takao Itoh for initiating this study and Dr Akihiro Yoshida for providing valuable comments about androconia morphology. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to H.O. (No. 22780047).
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Ômura, H., Honda, K. Pungent odor of the adult skipper butterfly Erynnis montanus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Appl Entomol Zool 46, 281–286 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-011-0039-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-011-0039-9