Abstract
Meiofauna refers to a discrete, microscopically-sized group of organisms that have evolved to inhabit almost all aquatic environments and thrive in marine soft sediments. They include the most abundant and phyleticaly diverse metazoan on earth, with several phyla existing only in meiofaunal size. In spite of the fact that Mediterranean meiofauna has been investigated since 1845, information from the Aegean Sea appeared more than a century later. Nonetheless, meiofauna research in the Aegean Sea has flourished over the last three decades, establishing the important role of this previously neglected component of benthic research in the Eastern Mediterranean. In this chapter we summarise the most important findings of metazoan meiobenthic research in the Aegean Sea. We review spatial and temporal aspects of meiofaunal communities and discuss their bathymetric trends and the effect major environmental drivers, such as food, may have on meiobenthos.
References
Mare MF (1942) A study of a marine benthic community with special reference to the micro-organisms. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 25:517–554
McIntyre AD (1969) Ecology of marine meiobenthos. Biol Rev 44:245–290
Warwick RM (2014) Meiobenthos and macrobenthos are discrete entities and not artefacts of sampling a size continuum: comment on Bett (2013). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 505:295–298
Warwick RM (2018) The contrasting histories of marine and freshwater meiobenthic research – a result of differing life histories and adaptive strategies? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 502:4–11
Giere O (2009) Meiobenthology: the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments. Springer, Berlin
WoRMS Editorial Board (2020) World register of marine species. http://www.marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 22 Oct 2020. https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Telford MJ, Budd GE, Philippe H (2015) Phylogenomic insights into animal evolution. Curr Biol 25:R876–R887
Giribet G, Edgecombe GD (2019) The phylogeny and evolutionary history of arthropods. Curr Biol 29:R592–R602
Laumer CE et al (2019) Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 286:20190831
Laumer CE et al (2015) Spiralian phylogeny informs the evolution of microscopic lineages. Curr Biol 25:2000–2006
Leasi F et al (2018) Biodiversity estimates and ecological interpretations of meiofaunal communities are biased by the taxonomic approach. Commun Biol 1:1
Lampadariou N, Ingels J, Schratzberger M, Thistle D (2018) “Meiofauna research approaching 2020: knowledge gaps and new avenues”, an introduction to the special meiofauna issue resulting from IςIMCo, the 16th international Meiofauna conference. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 502:1–3
Dujardin F (1845) Histoire naturelle de Helminthes ou vers intestinaux. Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Paris
Claus CFW (1866) Die copepoden-fauna von Nizza: Ein Beitrag zur charakteristik der formen und deren Abänderungen “im sinne Darwin’s”, vol 9. Elwert
Filipjev L (1918) Free-living marine nematodes of the Sevastopol Area. Trans Zool Lab Sevastopol Biol Station Russ Acad Sci Ser II 4(I & II)
Monard A (1928) Les harpacticoides marins de Banyuls. Arch Zool Exp Gen 67:259–443
Delamare-Deboutteville C (1960) Biologie des eaux souterraines littorales et continentales. Hermann, Paris
Remane A (1927) Gastrotricha. In: Grimpe W (ed) Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, pp 1–56
Remane A (1929) Rotadoria. In: Grimpe W (ed) Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, pp 1–156
Remane A (1936) Monobryozoon ambulans, n.g. n.sp. ein eigenartiges Bryozoon des Meeresandes. Zool Anz 113:161–167
Swedmark B (1964) The interstitial fauna of marine sand. Biol Rev 39:1–42
Kowalewsky A (1901) Les Hedylides, études anatomiques, vol 12 Memoires de l’Academie des Science, St. Petersburg, pp 1–32
Kisseleva MI (1961) The qualitative and quantitative distribution of the benthos in the predardanellian region of the Aegean Sea. Proc USSR Acad Sci 14:135–146
Kisseleva MI (1963) The qualitative and quantitative distribution of the benthos in the Aegean Sea. Proc USSR Acad Sci 16:192–200
Kisseleva MI (1968) Le développement du benthos dans les mers du bassin méditerranéen. Rapp Comm int Mer Medit 19(2):103–105
Kisseleva MI, Tchukhtchin VD (1965) Certain data on the quantitative development of the macro and meribenthos in the eastern part of the Mediterranean sea. Proc USSR Acad Sci 192:324–335
Koukouras A (1979) Bionomic study of the macrofauna of the mediolittoral soft substratum in Strymonikos and Thermaikos gulfs. PhD dissertation, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki
Dinet A (1976) Etude quantitative du méiobenthos dans le secteur Nord de la mer Egée. Acta Adriat 18(5):83–88
Eleftheriou A (1979) Meiobenthic studies along the Saronikos coast. Report, EPCPA – W.H.O., Athens
Roidou E, Eleftheriou A (1989) The meiofauna of the north eastern Mediterranean sea. Preliminary observations from the Aegean and Cretan Sea. In: 7th International Meiofauna Conference, pp 1–10
Zachariadi T, Panagiotidis P, Gialamas B (1990) Comparison of meiofauna from natural and disturbed sediments under in situ experimental conditions. Preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the 3rd National Symposium on Oceanography and Fisheries, pp 530–536
Zachariadi T, Panagiotidis P (1993) Meiobenthos from Thermaikos gulf. Preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the 4th National Symposium in Oceanography and Fisheries, pp 242–245
Otegui A, Papadopoulou KN, Karakassis I (1993) Preliminary study of the meiofauna communities of Iraklion harbour and the effects of organic pollution. In: Proceedings of the 4th National Symposium in Oceanography and Fisheries, pp 246–249
Lampadariou N (1993) Meiobenthos of the littoral zone from the Gulf of Heraklion with a special emphasis on nematodes. MSc dissertation, University of Crete, Heraklion
Hummon WD, Roidou E (1994) Marine Gastrotricha of Greece. A preliminary report. Biol Gallo-Helenica 22:279–289
Rieder K (2001) Spatial and temporal variabilities of nematodes in the eulittoral zone of a sandy beach on northern Crete, Greece. Diploma dissertation, University of Rostock, Rostock
Sevastou K, Lampadariou N, Eleftheriou A (2011) Meiobenthic diversity in space and time: the case of harpacticoid copepods in two Mediterranean microtidal sandy beaches. J Sea Res 66:205–214
Yıldız NÖ, Sørensen MV, Karaytuğ S (2016) A new species of Cephalorhyncha Adrianov, 1999 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Aegean coast of Turkey. Helgol Mar Res 70:24
Thiermann F, Windoffer R, Giere O (1994) Selected meiofauna around shallow water hydrothermal vents off Milos (Greece): ecological and ultrastructural aspects. Vie et Milieu 44(3/4):215–226
Thiermann F, Akoumianaki I, Hughes JA, Giere O (1997) Benthic fauna of a shallow-water gaseohydrothermal vent area in the Aegean Sea (Milos, Greece). Mar Biol 128:149–159
Doulgeraki S, Lampadariou N, Sinis A (2006) Meiofaunal community structure in three Mediterranean coastal lagoons (North Aegean Sea). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86:209–220
Karaytuğ S, Sak S (2006) A contribution to the marine harpacticoid (Crustacea, Copepoda) fauna of Turkey. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, vol 23
Sönmez S, Sak S, Karaytuğ S (2014) Marine interstitial and phytal Miraciidae Dana, 1846 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida) inhabiting along the mediolittoral zone of Turkish coasts. J Anatolian Nat Sci 5(1):52–87
Kuru S, Sönmez S, Karaytuğ S (2019) A new species of the genus Echinolaophonte Nicholls, 1941 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae) from the Aegean Sea coast of Turkey. Turk J Zool 43
Keklikoglou K et al (2019) “Simple” can be good, too: testing three hard bottom sampling methods on macrobenthic and meiobenthic assemblages. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 99(4):777–784. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315418000863
Lampadariou N, Austen MC, Robertson N, Vlachonis G (1997) Analysis of meiobenthic community structure in relation to pollution and disturbance in Iraklion harbour, Greece. Vie et Milieu 47(1):9–24
Lampadariou N, Hatziyanni E, Tselepides A (2005) Meiofaunal community structure in Thermaikos gulf: response to intense trawling pressure. Cont Shelf Res 25:2554–2569
Lampadariou N, Karakassis I, Teraschke S, Arlt G (2005) Changes in benthic meiofaunal assemblages in the vicinity of fish farms in the Eastern Mediterranean. Vie et Milieu 55:61–69
Papadopoulou KN, Karakassis I, Otegui A (1998) Harbour meiofaunal communities and organic enrichment effects. Fresenius Environ Bull 7:34–41
Karaytuğ S, Koçak C (2018) Faunistic assessment of the marine Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) fauna of Turkey with remarks on harpacticoid diversity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Mar Biodivers 48:273–280
Triantaphyllou MV, Tsourou T, Koukousioura O, Dermitzakis MD (2005) Foraminiferal and ostracod ecological patterns in coastal environments of SE Andros Island (Middle Aegean Sea, Greece). Rev Micropaleontol 48:279–302
Danovaro R et al (1995) Meiofauna of the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea: distribution, and abundance in relation to bacterial biomass, organic matter composition and other environmental factors. Prog Oceanogr 36:329–341
Danovaro R, Fabiano M, Albertelli G, Della Croce N (1995) Vertical distribution of meiobenthos in bathyal sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea: relationship with labile organic matter and bacterial biomasses. P S Z N I Mar Ecol 16:103–116
Lampadariou N, Tselepides A (2006) Spatial variability of meiofaunal communities at areas of contrasting depth and productivity in the Aegean Sea (NE Mediterranean). Prog Oceanogr 69:19–36
Lampadariou N, Sevastou K, Podaras D, Tselepides A (2017) Insights into the benthic communities response to the inflow of Black Sea mesotrophic waters in the North Aegean Sea. Cont Shelf Res 149:162–173
Lampadariou N, Tselepides A, Eleftheriou A (2005) Meiofauna in the Aegean Sea. In: Papathanassiou E, Zenetos A (eds) State of the Hellenic marine environment. HCMR Publications, Athens, pp 220–225
Lampadariou N, Tselepides A, Hatziyanni E (2009) Deep-sea meiofaunal and foraminiferal communities along a gradient of primary productivity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Sci Mar 73:337–345
Sevastou K, Lampadariou N, Polymenakou PN, Tselepides A (2013) Benthic communities in the deep Mediterranean Sea: exploring microbial and meiofaunal patterns in slope and basin ecosystems. Biogeosciences 10(7):4861–4878. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4861-2013
Mirto S, Arigò C, Genovese L, Pusceddu A, Gambi C, Danovaro R (2014) Nematode assemblage response to fish-farm impact in vegetated (Posidonia oceanica) and non-vegetated habitats. Aquac Environ Interact 5(1):17–28
Sevastou K (2005) On the ecology of meiofauna of the sandy shores of Crete. Distribution patterns of meiobenthic copepods over space and time. PhD dissertation, University of Crete, Heraklion
Schratzberger M, Lampadariou N, Somerfield PJ, Vandepitte L, Vanden Berghe E (2009) The impact of seabed disturbance on nematode communities: linking field and laboratory observations. Mar Biol 156:709–724
Soetaert K et al (2009) Factors affecting nematode biomass, length and width from the shelf to the deep sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 392:123–132
Danovaro R et al (2010) Deep-Sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the known, the unknown, and the unknowable. PLoS One 5:e11832. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011832
Vanreusel A et al (2010) The contribution of deep-sea macrohabitat heterogeneity to global nematode diversity. Mar Ecol 31(1):6–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00352.x
Chardy P, Laubier L, Reyss D, Sibuet M (1973) Dragages profonds en mer Égée - données préliminaires. Rapp Comm Int Mer Medit 22(4):107–108
Lampadariou N (2001) Study of the meiobenthic ecosystem of the Aegean Sea with a special emphasis on nematodes. PhD dissertation, University of Crete, Heraklion
Castel J (1992) The meiofauna of coastal lagoon ecosystems and their importance in the food web. Vie et Milieu 42(2):125–135
McArthur VE, Koutsoubas D, Lampadariou N, Dounas C (2000) The meiofaunal community structure of a Mediterranean lagoon (Gialova lagoon, Ionian Sea). Helgol Mar Res 54:7–17
Buchholz TG, Lampadariou N (2002) Changes in composition and diversity of the Malia Bay nematode community (Crete, Greece) in relationship to sediment parameters. In: Bright M, Dworschak PC, Stachowitsch M (eds) The Vienna School of Marine Biology: a tribute to Jorg Ott. Facultas Universitatsverlag, Wien, pp 33–52
Kourelea E, Vafidis D, Chintiroglou CC, Trontsios G, Chicharo L (2004) Temporal variations in fine sand assemblages in the North Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Int Rev Hydrobiol 89(2):175–187
Lampadariou N, Eleftheriou A (2018) Seasonal dynamics of meiofauna from the oligotrophic continental shelf of Crete (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 502:91–104
Rosli N, Leduc D, Rowden AA, Probert PK (2018) Review of recent trends in ecological studies of deep-sea meiofauna, with focus on patterns and processes at small to regional spatial scales. Mar Biodivers 48(1):13–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0801-5
Danovaro R, Tselepides A, Otegui A, Della Croce N (2000) Dynamics of meiofaunal assemblages on the continental shelf and deep-sea sediments of the Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean): relationships with seasonal changes in food supply. Prog Oceanogr 46:367–400
Stobbe K (2001) Temporal and spatial variabilities of harpacticoid copepods in the eulittoral zone of a sandy beach on Crete, Greece. Diploma dissertation, University of Rostock, Rostock
Danovaro R, Gambi C, Lampadariou N, Tselepides A (2008) Deep-sea nematode biodiversity in the Mediterranean basin: testing for longitudinal, bathymetric and energetic gradients. Ecography 31:231–244
Gambi C, Lampadariou N, Danovaro R (2010) Latitudinal, longitudinal and bathymetric patterns of abundance, biomass of metazoan meiofauna: importance of the rare taxa and anomalies in the deep Mediterranean Sea. Adv Oceanogr Limnol 1(1):167–197
Danovaro R, Fabiano M (1995) Meiofaunal abundance and distribution in bathyal sediments of the Mediterranean Sea: an overview. Biol Mar Mediterr 2(2):217–225
Danovaro R, Dinet A, Duineveld G, Tselepides A (1999) Benthic response to particulate fluxes in different trophic environments: a comparison between the Gulf of Lions-Catalan Sea (western-Mediterranean) and the Cretan Sea (eastern Mediterranean). Prog Oceanogr 44:287–312
Tyler PA (1988) Seasonality in the deep-sea. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 26:227–258
Rex MA, Etter RJ (2010) Deep-sea biodiversity: pattern and scale. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Hicks GRF, Coull BC (1983) The ecology of marine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 21:67–175
Heip C, Vincx M, Vranken G (1985) The ecology of marine nematodes. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 23:399–489
Pfannkuche O (1993) Benthic response to the sedimentation of particulate organic matter at the BIOTRANS station, 47°N, 20°W. Deep-Sea Res II 40:135–149
Vincx M et al (1994) Meiobenthos of the deep Northeast Atlantic. Adv Mar Biol 30:1–88
Gooday AJ, Pfannkuche O, Lambshead PJD (1996) An apparent lack of response by metazoan meiofauna to phytodetritus deposition to the bathyal North-Eastern Atlantic. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 76(2):297–310
Soyer J (1971) Bionomie benthique du plateau continental de la côte catalane française. V. Densités et biomasses du meiobenthos. Vie et Milieu 12(ser B):351–424
Hulings NC (1974) A temporal study of Lebanese sand beach meiofauna. Cah Biol Mar 15:319–335
de Bovée F (1981) Ecologie et dynamique des nématodes d’une vase sublittorale (Banyuls-sur-mer). PhD dissertation, University of P. & M. Curie, Paris
Dinet A, Nodot C, Vitiello P, Vivier MH (1982) Impact d’un effluent thermique sur une communauté de Copépodes Harpacticoides benthiques. Tethys 10:355–363
Heip C, Smol N (1976) Influence of temperature on the reproductive potential of two brackish-water Harpacticoids (Crustacea, Copepoda). Mar Biol 35:327–334
Feller RJ (1980) Development of the sand-dwelling meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod Huntemannia jadensis Poppe in the laboratory. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 46:1–15
Palmer MA, Coull BC (1980) The prediction of development rate and the effect of temperature for the meiobenthic copepod, Microarthridion littorale (Poppe). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 48:73–83
Herman PMJ, Heip C (1988) On the use of meiofauna in ecological monitoring: who needs taxonomy? Mar Pollut Bull 19(1):665–668
Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427–431. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934352
Wieser W (1955) Eine Sammlung mariner Nematoden aus Piraeus (Griechenland). Osterreichische Zool Zeitschrift 6(3/5):597–631
Lampadariou N (2002) Species diversity patterns of free-living marine nematodes in the Aegean Sea. Biomare 3:11. http://www.biomareweb.org/3.8.html
Chao A et al (2014) Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecol Monogr 84:45–67
Hsieh TC, Ma KH, Chao A (2016) iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods Ecol Evol 7:1451–1456
Lambshead PJD, Tietjen J, Ferrero T, Jensen P (2000) Latitudinal diversity gradients in the deep sea with special reference to North Atlantic nematodes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 194:159–167
Lambshead PJD et al (2002) Latitudinal diversity patterns of deep-sea marine nematodes and organic fluxes: a test from the central equatorial Pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 236:129–135
Leduc D, Rowden AA, Bowden DA, Probert PK, Pilditch CA, Nodder SD (2012) Unimodal relationship between biomass and species richness of deep-sea nematodes: implications for the link between productivity and diversity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 454:53–64
Alper A, Karaytuğ S, Serdar SAK (2010) Interstitial and phytal Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) inhabiting the mediolittoral zone of the Datça-Bozburun Peninsulas (Muğla, Turkey). SDU J Sci 5:16–28
Alper A, Sönmez S, Sak S, Karaytuğ S (2015) Marine harpacticoid (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) fauna of the Dilek Peninsula (Aydın, Turkey). Turk J Zool 39:580–586
Yildiz NÖ, Karaytuğ S (2018) Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) of the three islands on Aegean Sea (Turkey) with eight new records. Mediterranean Fisher Aquacult Res 1:57–65
Köroğlu NÖ, Kuru S, Karaytuğ S (2015) Marine darcythompsoniids of the Turkish coasts with a description of Leptocaris emekdasi sp. nov. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Darcythompsoniidae) from the Aegean coast of Turkey. Mar Biodivers 45:383–390
Sönmez S, Karaytuğ S, Serdar SAK, Alper A (2018) Variations in Afrolaophonte pori Masry, 1970 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Laophontidae): a contribution towards the revision of the genus. Turk J Zool 42:29–45
Bergin F et al (2006) The response of benthic foraminifera and ostracoda to heavy metal pollution in Gulf of Izmir (Eastern Aegean Sea). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 66(3–4):368–386
Sönmez S, Köroğlu NÖ, Karaytuğ S (2016) First record of the family Echinoderidae Zelinka, 1894 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Turkish marine waters. Biharean Biol 10:5
Danovaro R, Dell’Anno A, Fabiano M, Pusceddu A, Tselepides A (2001) Deep-sea ecosystem response to climate changes: the eastern Mediterranean case study. Trends Ecol Evol 16(9):505–510
Danovaro R, Dell’Anno A, Pusceddu A (2004) Biodiversity response to climate change in a warm deep sea. Ecol Lett 7:821–828
Pusceddu A et al (2010) Ecosystem effects of dense water formation on deep Mediterranean Sea ecosystems: an overview. Adv Oceanogr Limnol 1(1):67–83
Koukousioura O, Dimiza MD, Triantaphyllou MV, Hallock P (2011) Living benthic foraminifera as an environmental proxy in coastal ecosystems: a case study from the Aegean Sea (Greece, NE Mediterranean). J Mar Syst 88:489–501
Dimiza MD et al (2016) The Foram Stress Index: a new tool for environmental assessment of soft-bottom environments using benthic foraminifera. A case study from the Saronikos Gulf, Greece, Eastern Mediterranean. Ecol Indic 60:611–621
Hatziyanni E (2003) Study of the ecology of meiobenthos with a special reference to foraminifera at the bathyal and abyssal zone of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. PhD dissertation, University of Crete, Heraklion
Triantaphyllou MV, Koukousioura O, Dimiza MD (2009) The presence of Indo-Pacific symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lobifera in Greek coastal ecosystems (Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean). Mediterr Mar Sci 10:73–85
Koukousioura O, Dimiza MD, Triantaphyllou MV (2010) Alien foraminifers from Greek coastal areas (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean). Mediterr Mar Sci 11(1):155–172
Schratzberger M, Ingels J (2018) Meiofauna matters: the roles of meiofauna in benthic ecosystems. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 502:12–25
Giere O (2019) Perspectives in meiobenthology: reviews, reflections and conclusions. Springer, Berlin
Coll M et al (2010) The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats. PLoS One 5:e11842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011842
Lee MSY (2000) A worrying systematic decline. Trends Ecol Evol 15(8):346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01907-8
Fonseca G, Fontaneto D, Di Domenico M (2018) Addressing biodiversity shortfalls in meiofauna. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 502:26–38
Zogaris S, Dimitriou E Surrounding the Aegean: terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions, flora and fauna. In: Anagnostou C, Kostianoy A, Marioloakos I, Panayyotidis P, Soilemezidou M, Tsaltas G (eds) The Aegean Sea environment: the natural system. Handbook of environmental chemistry (HEC), vol I. Springer, Berlin
Sevastou K, Lampadariou N (2019) Meiofauna as a tool within the framework of European directives: setting the basis for its use in Greece. In: Adao H et al (eds) Book of Abstracts, Seventeenth International Meiofauna Conference, Evora, Portugal
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Professor A. Eleftheriou and Mrs. M. Eleftheriou for the critical reading of this book chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sevastou, K., Lampadariou, N. (2021). Benthic Meiofauna in the Aegean Sea. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2020_691
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2020_691
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg