Abstract
Sponges are found in virtually all marine habitats. The Red Sea is no exception, harboring a diverse community of sponge species. However, the state of knowledge of the Red Sea sponge fauna remains in early stages. Various taxonomic efforts have been initiated, starting with early explorers at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Subsequently, published work has focused on modern taxonomic approaches, potential bioactive molecules, microbiological associations of host sponges, and a variety of ecological topics. The majority of studies are restricted to few locations and/or small numbers of species. Overall, this collective knowledge represents a sound foundation but there remains great potential for Red Sea sponges to inform the broader context of sponge work throughout the tropics. This chapter aims to provide an overview of previous work in the region and identify fruitful areas of potential future work.
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Appendix
Appendix
Electronic version of the list of sponges reported from the Red Sea. “Species” indicates the current accepted name for the sponge species. Taxonomic classification (“Class” and “Order”) are provided for each species. “Citation” lists the oldest known record of the species in the Red Sea (to the best of our knowledge). Note that in some cases, the original description of the species was from another geographic location; in these cases, the citation for the original species description is included in parentheses. Because many of the sponges have had taxonomic revisions since the original records shown in the “Citation” column, the “Previous Name(s)” column indicates the name(s) used in the work cited. (For a full taxonomic history of each species / genus, see the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2018)). Finally, notes are included regarding the distribution of each taxa in the “Distribution (WPD)” column. “Present” indicates that the WPD currently reflects that this species’ distribution includes the Red Sea. Species listed as “Endemic” are shown in the WPD to only occur inside the Red Sea. In some cases, the publication listed in the “Citation” column has reported a species in the Red Sea although the species’ distribution in the WPD does not include the Red Sea; these cases are indicated as “Unreported”. This more likely reflects the ongoing work of the WPD editors and not an intentional omission. For some species, the WPD shows a distribution including the Red Sea but explicitly acknowledges that the distribution has not been reviewed by WPD editors (“Not Reviewed”). Finally, one species is indicated to occur in the Red Sea but WPD editors have flagged this as “Doubtful”.
Class | Order | Species | Citation | Previous names | Distribution (WPD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcarea | Clathrinida | ‘Arturia’ adusta | van Soest & de Voogd (2018) (original Wörheide & Hooper 2000) | Clathrina adusta | Present. Genus affiliation to Arturia requires revision (Voigt et al. 2017). |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Arturia darwinii | Vine (1986) (original Haeckel 1870) | Clathrina darwinii | Not reviewed |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Arturia sueziana | Clathrina sueziana Klautau, Clathrina canariensis var. compacta | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Arturia tenuipilosa | Burton (1952) (original Dendy 1905) | Leucosolenia tenuipilosa | Doubtful |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Borojevia aff. aspina | Voigt et al. (2017) | Unreported | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Borojevia voigti | van Soest & de Voogd (2018) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Clathrina ceylonensis | Vine (1986) (original Dendy 1905) | Not reviewed | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Clathrina maremeccae | van Soest & de Voogd (2018) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Clathrina rotundata | Voigt et al. (2017) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Clathrina rowi | Voigt et al. (2017) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Clathrina sinusarabica | Klautau & Valentine (2003) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Ernstia arabica | Voigt et al. (2017) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Leucetta chagosensis | Wörheide et al. (2008) (original Dendy 1913) | Present | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Leucetta microraphis | Leucetta primigenia var. microraphis | Unreported | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Leucetta primigenia | Haeckel (1872) | Unreported | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Leucetta pyriformis | van Soest & de Voogd (2018) (original Dendy 1913) | Present | |
Calcarea | Clathrinida | Soleneiscus hamatus | Voigt et al. (2017) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Grantessa woerheidei | van Soest & de Voogd (2018) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Grantilla quadriradiata | Row (1909) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Kebira uteoides | Row (1909) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Leucandra aspera | Row (1909) | Unreported | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Leucandra bathybia | Lévi (1965) (original Haeckel 1869) | Leuconia bathybia | Present |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Leucandra pulvinar | Mlea dohrnii Maclay | Present | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Leucandrilla intermedia | Row (1909) | Leucilla intermedia | Endemic |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Paraleucilla crosslandi | Row (1909) | Leucilla crosslandi | Endemic |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Sycettusa glabra | Row (1909) | Grantessa glabra | Endemic |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Sycettusa hastifera | Row (1909) | Grantessa hastifera, Grantilla hastifera | Present |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Sycettusa hirsutissima | van Soest & de Voogd (2018) | Endemic | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Sycettusa stauridia | Grantessa stauridia | Present | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Sycon ciliatum | Row (1909) | Sycon coronatum | Unreported |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Sycon proboscideum | Syconella proboscideum | Endemic ‘species inquirenda van Soest & de Voogd 2018’ | |
Calcarea | Leucosolenida | Sycon raphanus | Haeckel (1872) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Agelasida | Agelas marmarica | Lévi (1958) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Agelasida | Agelas mauritiana | Lévi (1965) (original Carter 1883) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Agelasida | Astrosclera willeyana | Karlinska-Batres & Wörheide (2015) (original Lister 1900) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Axinella quercifolia | Keller (1889) | Antherochalina quercifolia, Querciclona quercifolia | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Dragmacidon coccineum | Keller (1891) | Hymeniacidon coccinea, Pseudaxinella coccinea, Reniera coccinea, Stylissa coccinea, | Present |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Dragmacidon durissimum | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1905) | Axinella durissima | Present |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Echinodictyum flabelliforme | Keller (1889) | Acanthella flabelliformis | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Echinodictyum jousseaumi | Present | ||
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Eurypon calypsoi | Lévi (1958) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Eurypon polyplumosum | Lévi (1958) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Higginsia arborea | Keller (1891) | Allantella arborea, Trachytedania arborea | Present |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Higginsia higgini | Lévi (1958) (original Dendy 1922) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Higginsia pumila | Keller (1889) | Axinella pumila | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Lithoplocamia lithistoides | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1922) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Myrmekioderma niveum | Row (1911) | Anacanthaea nivea | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Myrmekioderma tuberculatum | Keller (1891) | Halichondria tuberculatum | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Phakellia palmata | Row (1911) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Phakellia radiata | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1916) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Axinellida | Ptilocaulis spiculifer | Present | ||
Demospongiae | Biemnida | Biemna ehrenbergi | Keller (1889) | Acanthella ehrenbergi | Present |
Demospongiae | Biemnida | Biemna fortis | Fishelson (1971) (original Topsent 1897) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Biemnida | Biemna trirhaphis | Lévi (1961) (Topsent 1879) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Biemnida | Rhabderemia batatas | Ilan, Gugel & van Soest (2004) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Biemnida | Rhabderemia indica | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1905) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Chondrillida | Chondrilla australiensis | Keller (1891) (original Carter 1873) | Chondrilla globulifera | Present |
Demospongiae | Chondrillida | Chondrilla mixta | Lévi (1958) (original Schulze 1877) | Chondrillastra mixta | Present |
Demospongiae | Chondrillida | Chondrilla nucula | El Bossery et al. (2017) (original Schmidt 1862) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Chondrillida | Chondrilla sacciformis | Unreported | ||
Demospongiae | Chondrillida | Halisarca laxus | Bajalus laxus | Present | |
Demospongiae | Chondrosiida | Chondrosia debilis | Lévi (1958) (original Thiele 1900) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Cliona orientalis | Lévi (1958) (original Thiele 1900) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Diplastrella gardineri | Lévi (1958) (original Topsent 1918) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Pione mussae | Keller (1891) | Cliona mussae, Sapline mussae | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Pione vastifica | Ferrario et al. (2010) (original Hancock 1849) | paper says probably conspecific | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Spheciospongia inconstans | Lévi (1965) (original Dendy 1887) | Spirastrella inconstans | Present |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Spheciospongia mastoidea | Keller (1891) | Suberites mastoideus | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Spheciospongia vagabunda var. arabica | Hooper and van Soest (2002) (original Topsent 1893) | Not reviewed | |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Spirastrella decumbens | Lévi (1958) (original Ridley 1884) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Clionaida | Spirastrella pachyspira | Lévi (1958) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dendroceratida | Aplysilla lacunosa | Keller (1889) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Dendroceratida | Chelonaplysilla erecta | Row (1911) | Megalopastas erectus | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Dendroceratida | Darwinella gardineri | Lévi (1958) (original Topsent 1905) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Cacospongia ridleyi | Burton (1952) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Carteriospongia foliascens | Lévi (1958) (original Pallas 1766) | Phyllospongia foliascens | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Dactylospongia elegans | Abdelmohsen et al. (2014a) (original Thiele 1899) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Dysidea aedificanda | Row (1911) | Spongelia aedificanda | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Dysidea cinerea | Keller (1889) | Spongelia cinerea | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Euryspongia lactea | Row (1911) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Fascaplysinopsis reticulata | Helmy et al. (2004) (original Hentschel 1912) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Fasciospongia cavernosa | Kashman et al. (1973) (original Schmidt 1862) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Fasciospongia lordii | Lendenfeld (1889) | Stelospongia lordii | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Hyattella globosa | Lendenfeld (1889) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Hyattella tubaria | Present | ||
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Hyrtios communis | Row (1911) (original Carter 1885) | Psammopemma commune | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Hyrtios erectus | Keller (1889) | Dysidea nigra, Heteronema erecta, Duriella nigra | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Ircinia atrovirens | Keller (1889) | Hircinia atrovirens | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Ircinia echinata | Keller (1889) | Hircinia echinata | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Ircinia ramosa | Keller (1889) | Hircinia ramosa | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Ircinia variabilis | Burton (1926) (original Schmidt 1862) | Hircinia variabilis | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Lamellodysidea herbacea | Keller (1889) | Carteriospongia cordifolia, Spongelia herbacea, Dysidea herbacea, Phyllospongia cordifolia, Spongelia delicatula | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Phyllospongia lamellosa | Hassan et al. (2015) (original Esper 1794) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Phyllospongia papyracea | Lévi (1958) (original Esper 1794) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Scalarispongia aqabaensis | Helmy, El Serehy, Mohamed & van Soest (2004) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Spongia (Spongia) arabica | Keller (1889) | Spongia arabica, Spongia officinalis var. arabica | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Spongia (Spongia) irregularis | Spongia irregularis | Present | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Spongia (Spongia) lesleighae | Helmy, El Serehy, Mohamed & van Soest (2004) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Spongia (Spongia) officinalis var. exigua | Lévi (1965) (original Schulze 1879) | Spongia officinalis f. exigua | Present |
Demospongiae | Dictyoceratida | Spongia lacinulosa | Lamarck (1814) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Amphimedon chloros | Ilan, Gugel & van Soest (2004) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Amphimedon dinae | Helmy & van Soest (2005) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Amphimedon hamadai | Helmy & van Soest (2005) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Amphimedon jalae | Helmy & van Soest (2005) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Amphimedon ochracea | Keller (1889) | Ceraochalina ochracea | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Arenosclera arabica | Keller (1889) | Arenochalina arabica | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia (Callyspongia) siphonella | Lévi (1965) | Siphonochalina siphonella | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia (Callyspongia) tubulosa | Burton (1926) (original Esper 1797) | Siphonochalina tubulosa | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia (Cladochalina) subarmigera | Burton (1959) (original Ridley 1884) | Callyspongia subarmigera | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia (Euplacella) communis | Burton (1926) (original Carter 1881) | Siphonochalina communis | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia (Euplacella) densa | Keller (1889) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia (Euplacella) paralia | Ilan, Gugel & van Soest (2004) | Callyspongia paralia | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia (Toxochalina) dendyi | Vine (1986) (original Burton 1931) | Not reviewed | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia calyx | Keller (1889) | Cacochalina calyx | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia clavata | Keller (1889) | Crella cyathophora, Phylosiphonia clavata | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia conica | Keller (1889) | Phylosiphonia conica | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia crassa | Keller (1889) | Sclerochalina crassa | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia fistularis | Topsent (1892) | Sclerochalina fistularis | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia implexa | Topsent (1892) | Ceraochalina implexa | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia incrustans | Row (1911) | Spinosella incrustans | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia maculata | Keller (1889) | Cacochalina maculata | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia reticulata | Keller (1889) | Siphonochalina reticulata | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia sinuosa | Topsent (1892) | Sclerochalina sinuosa | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia spongionelloides | Fishelson (1971) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Callyspongia vasseli | Keller (1889) | Phylosiphonia vasseli | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Chalinula saudiensis | Vacelet et al. (2001) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Gelliodes incrustans | Lévi (1965) (original Dendy 1905) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona (Gellius) bubastes | Row (1911) | Halichondria bubastes | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona (Gellius) flagellifera | Burton (1959) (original Ridley and Dendy 1886) | Haliclona flagellifera | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona (Gellius) toxia | Lévi (1958) (original Topsent 1897) | Toxiclona toxius, Gellius toxius | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona (Haliclona) violacea | Keller (1883) | Lessepsia violacea | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona (Reniera) tabernacula | Row (1911) | Reniera tabernacula, Haliclona tabernacula | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona decidua | Topsent (1906) | Reniera decidua | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona pigmentifera | Burton (1959) (original Dendy (1905) | Adocia pigmentifera | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona ramusculoides | Row (1911) (original Topsent 1893) | Chalina minor | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Haliclona spinosella | Row (1911) | Reniera spinosella | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Neopetrosia contignata | Burton (1959) (original Thiele 1899) | Haliclona contignata | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Niphates furcata | Keller (1889) | Pachychalina furcata | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Niphates obtusispiculifera | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1905) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Niphates rowi | Ilan, Gugel & van Soest (2004) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Oceanapia elastica | Keller (1891) | Reniera elastica | Present |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Oceanapia incrustata | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1922) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Pachychalina alveopora | Topsent (1906) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Petrosia (Petrosia) elephantotus | Ilan, Gugel & van Soest (2004) | Petrosia elephantotus | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans | Burton (1959) (original Lindgren 1897) | Petrosia nigricans | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Xestospongia ridleyi | Keller (1891) | Reniera ridleyi | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Haplosclerida | Xestospongia testudinaria | Burton (1959) (Lamarck 1815) | Petrosia testudinaria | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Acarnus bergquistae | Yosief et al. (1998a) (original van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra 1991) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Acarnus thielei | Lévi (1958) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Acarnus wolffgangi | Keller (1889) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Antho (Jia) wunschorum | van Soest, Rützler & Sim (2016) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Batzella aurantiaca | Lévi (1958) | Prianos aurantiaca | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Clathria) arbuscula | Row (1911) | Litaspongia arbuscula, Ophlitaspongia arbuscula | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Clathria) horrida | Row (1911) | Clathria horrida, Ophlitaspongia horrida | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Clathria) maeandrina | Burton (1959) (original Ridley 1884) | Clathria maeandrina | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Clathria) spongodes | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1922) | Clathria spongiosa | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Clathria) transiens | Burton (1959) (original Hallmann 1912) | Clathria transiens | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Thalysias) abietina | Clathria aculeata | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Thalysias) cactiformis | Not reviewed | ||
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Thalysias) fusterna | Hooper (1997) | Clathria fusterna | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Thalysias) lambda | Lévi (1958) | Leptoclathria lambda | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Thalysias) lendenfeldi | Hooper, Kelly & Kennedy (2000) (Ridley & Dendy 1886) | Not reviewed | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Thalysias) procera | Burton (1959) (original Ridley 1884) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina | Present | ||
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Clathria granulata | Keller (1889) | Ceraochalina granulata | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Crambe acuata | Lévi (1958) | Folitispa acuata | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Crella (Grayella) cyathophora | Lévi (1958) (original Carter 1869) | Grayella cyathophora | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Crella (Grayella) papillata | Lévi (1958) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Damiria simplex | Keller (1891) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Diacarnus erythraeanus | Kelly-Borges & Vacelet (1995) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Echinoclathria digitiformis | Row (1911) | Ophlitaspongia digitiformis | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Echinoclathria gibbosa | Keller (1889) | Ceraochalina gibbosa, Xestospongia gibbosa | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Echinoclathria robusta | Keller (1889) | Halme robusta | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Guitarra indica | Burton (1959) (original Dendy 1916) | Guitarra fimbriata | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Hemimycale arabica | Ilan, Gugel & van Soest (2004) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) lancifera | Topsent (1906) | Leptosia lancifera, Hymedesmia lancifera | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) rowi | Row (1911) (original van Soest 2017) | Myxilla (Myxilla) tenuissima | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Iotrochota baculifera | Lévi (1965) (original Ridley 1884) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) cratera | Row (1911) | Myxilla cratera | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Lissodendoryx (Waldoschmittia) schmidti | Lévi (1958) (original Ridley 1884) | Damiriana schmidti | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Monanchora quadrangulata | Lévi (1958) | Fasuberea quadrangulata | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea | Burton (1959) (original Sollas 1902) | Mycale sulevoidea | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Arenochalina) anomala | Burton (1952) (original Ridley & Dendy 1886) | Esperiopsis anomala, Parisociella anomala | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides | Row (1911) | Esperella euplectellioides | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Arenochalina) setosa | Keller (1889) | Gelliodes setosa | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Carmia) erythraeana | Row (1911) | Esperella erythraeana | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Carmia) fistulifera | Row (1911) | Esperella fistulifera | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Carmia) suezza | Row (1911) | Esperella suezza | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Mycale) dendyi | Row (1911) | Esperella dendyi | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Mycale (Mycale) grandis | Lévi (1958) (original Grey 1867) | Mycale grandis | Present |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Myxilla (Burtonanchora) gracilis | Lévi (1965) | Burtonanchora gracilis | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Negombata corticata | Carter (1879) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Negombata magnifica | Keller (1889) | Latrunculia magnifica | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Phorbas epizoaria | Lévi (1958) | Pronax epizoaria | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Psammoclema arenaceum | Lévi (1958) | Psammopemma arenaceum | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Psammoclema rubrum | Lévi (1958) | Psammopemma | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Strongylacidon inaequale | Burton (1959) (original Hentschel 1911) | Strongylacidon inaequalis | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Tedania (Tedania) anhelans | Burton (1959) (original Vio in Olivi 1792) | Tedania nigrescens | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Poecilosclerida | Tedania (Tedania) assabensis | Keller (1891) | Tedania assabensis, Tedania anhelans var. assabensis | Present |
Demospongiae | Scopalinida | Stylissa carteri | Keller (1889) (original Dendy 1889) | Acanthella aurantiaca, axinella carteri | Present |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Axinyssa gravieri | Pseudaxinyssa gravieri | Present | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Halichondria (Halichondria) glabrata | Keller (1891) | Halichondria glabrata | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Halichondria (Halichondria) granulata | Keller (1891) | Halichondria granulata | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Halichondria (Halichondria) isthmica | Amorphina isthmica | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Halichondria (Halichondria) minuta | Keller (1891) | Halichondria minuta | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Hymeniacidon calcifera | Row (1911) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Hymeniacidon zosterae | Row (1911) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Pseudosuberites andrewsi | Vine (1986) (original Kirkpatrick 1900) | Not reviewed | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Suberites clavatus | Keller (1891) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Suberites kelleri | Keller (1891) (original Burton 1930) | Suberites incrustans | Present |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Suberites tylobtusus | Lévi (1958) | Suberites tylobtusa | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Terpios lendenfeldi | Keller (1891) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Terpios viridis | Keller (1891) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Topsentia aqabaensis | Ilan, Gugel & van Soest (2004) | Epipolasis aqabaensis | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Suberitida | Topsentia halichondrioides | Burton (1926) (original Dendy 1905) | Trachyopsis halichondrioides | Present |
Demospongiae | Tethyida | Tethya japonica | Topsent (1906) (originial Sollas 1888) | Donatia japonica | Present |
Demospongiae | Tethyida | Tethya robusta | Burton (1926) (original Bowerbank 1873) | Donatia robusta, Donatia arabica | Present |
Demospongiae | Tethyida | Tethya seychellensis | Lévi (1958) (original Wright 1881) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Tethyida | Timea intermedia | Lévi (1958) | Timeopsis intermedia | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Cinachyrella albatridens | Lévi (1965) (original Lendenfeld 1907) | Cinachyra alba tridens | Present |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Cinachyrella alloclada | Barnathan et al. (2003) (original Uliczka 1929) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Cinachyrella eurystoma | Keller (1891) | Cinachyra eurystoma | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Cinachyrella ibis | Row (1911) | Chrotella ibis | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Cinachyrella kuekenthali | Barnathan et al. (2003) (original Uliczka (1929) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Cinachyrella schulzei | Keller (1891) | Cinachyra schulzei | Present |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Cinachyrella trochiformis | Keller (1891) | Cinachyra trochiformis | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Dercitus (Halinastra) exostoticus | Keller (1891) (original Schmidt (1868) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Discodermia stylifera | Keller (1891) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Ecionemia arabica | Lévi (1958) | Hezekia arabica | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Ecionemia spinastra | Lévi (1958) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Erylus lendenfeldi | Carmely et al. (1989) (original Sollas 1888) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Erylus proximus | Lévi (1958) (original Dendy 1916) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Geodia arabica | Topsent (1892) (original Carter 1869) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Geodia jousseaumei | Topsent (1906) | Isops jousseaumei | Present |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Geodia micropunctata | Row (1911) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Jaspis albescens | Row (1911) | Coppatias albescens | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Jaspis reptans | Lévi (1965) (original Dendy 1905) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Jaspis sollasi | Burton & Rao (1932) | Amphius sollasi | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Jaspis virens | Lévi (1958) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Levantiniella levantinensis | Tsurnamal (1969) (Vacelet, Bitar, Carteron, Zibrowius & Pérez 2007) | Chrotella cavernosa | Present |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Paratetilla bacca | Row (1911) (original Selenka 1867) | Paratetilla eccentrica | Present |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Rhabdastrella sterrastraea | Row (1911) | Diastra sterrastraea | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Stelletta parva | Row (1911) | Pilochrota parva | Endemic |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Stelletta purpurea | Lévi (1958) (original Ridley 1884) | Myriastra purpurea | Present |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Stelletta siemensi | Keller (1891) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Stellettinopsis solida | Lévi (1965) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Tetilla diaenophora | Lévi (1958) | Endemic | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Tetilla poculifera | Row (1911) (original Dendy 1905) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Theonella conica | Lévi (1958) (original Kieschnick 1896) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Theonella mirabilis | El Bossery et al. (2017) (original de Laubenfels 1954) | Unreported | |
Demospongiae | Tetractinellida | Theonella swinhoei | Lévi (1958) (original Grey 1868) | Present | |
Demospongiae | Verongiida | Aplysina reticulata | Present | ||
Demospongiae | Verongiida | Pseudoceratina arabica | Keller (1889) | Psammaplysilla arabica | Present |
Demospongiae | Verongiida | Pseudoceratina purpurea | Rotem et al. (1983) (original Carter 1880) | Psammaplysilla purpurea | Unreported |
Demospongiae | Verongiida | Suberea mollis | Row (1911) | Verongia mollis, Aplysina mollis | Present |
Demospongiae | Verongiida | Suberea praetensa | Row (1911) | Aplysina praetensa | Present |
Demospongiae | Verongiida | Suberea purpureaflava | Gugel, Wagler & Brümmer (2011) | Endemic | |
Hexactinellida | Lychniscosida | Neoaulocystis polae | Ijima (1927) | Aulocystis polae | Endemic |
Hexactinellida | Sceptrulophora | Tretocalyx polae | Schulze (1901) | Endemic | |
Homoscleromorpha | Homosclerophorida | Plakortis erythraena | Lévi (1958) | Endemic | |
Homoscleromorpha | Homosclerophorida | Plakortis nigra | Lévi (1958) (original Lévi 1953) | Present |
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Wooster, M.K., Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G., Berumen, M.L. (2019). Sponges of the Red Sea. In: Voolstra, C., Berumen, M. (eds) Coral Reefs of the Red Sea. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05802-9_6
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