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Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops

Abstract

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a vital source of proteins and nutrient-rich fodder for livestock, is considered globally as a major oilseed crop. Being a segmental allopolyploid with AABB genome conformation, the cultivated peanut is considered to have evolved through single interspecific hybridization amid two diploid species. A number of biotic and abiotic forces restrict the production and productivity of peanut. Intensive attempts to develop superior peanut varieties with inherent tolerance/resistance and enriched nutritional components were executed to combat stress factors in fulfilling the requirements of farmers and consumers. Breeding objectives in the past were achieved mainly through mass and pure-line selections. Subsequently to accomplish breeding objectives, peanut breeders employed backcross and pedigree approaches followed by inter- and intra-specific hybridization in a considerable way. Simultaneously, peanut breeding through the mutagenic approach played a noteworthy part during the development of multiple propitious high-yielding varieties. Traditional breeding approaches helped in identification and advancement of cultivars with inherent resistant traits, but such resistance traits are tightly linked with inferior pod and kernel characteristics that are extremely challenging to break. Under non-conventional approaches, several molecular breeding techniques were successfully attempted to break this barrier. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and transformation of genes coding the traits of interest, overlaying the way of gene insertion, assisted significantly in establishing superior varieties of peanut with inherent resistance and enhanced pod and kernel features. Among all efficient markers, microsatellite markers were extensively employed in constructing linkage maps, genotyping as well as MAS, owing to the distinguishable and co-dominance nature of these markers. A number of reproducible molecular markers were developed that are associated with salinity and drought tolerance, as well as resistance to biotic stresses like rust, and leaf spots, and to a certain extent Sclerotinia blight etc. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformations, via in planta or particle-bombardment approaches, have resulted in development of transgenic peanuts with enhanced yield attributes and inherent resistance against a few biotic and abiotic stresses. Such genetically transformed peanut populations could also be employed as donor parents in traditional breeding system to develop fungal and a few virus disease tolerant varieties. Nevertheless, it could be suggested that a combination of breeding and biotechnological tools and approaches, might deliver an inherent, cost-effective, as well as eco-friendly solutions in developing better peanut varieties globally.

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Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge the e-library assistance from Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India. We further are thankful to the anonymous reviewers and the editor of this article for their critical comments and suggestions on the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

    Saikat Gantait

  2. Crop Research Unit (Genetics and Plant Breeding), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India

    Saikat Gantait

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Shri A.N. Patel Post Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand, Gujarat, India

    Jitendriya Panigrahi

  4. Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India

    Illa C. Patel

  5. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Catherine Labrooy

  6. ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat, India

    Arulthambi Luke Rathnakumar

  7. Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Jeshima Khan Yasin

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  1. Saikat Gantait
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  2. Jitendriya Panigrahi
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  3. Illa C. Patel
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  4. Catherine Labrooy
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  5. Arulthambi Luke Rathnakumar
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  6. Jeshima Khan Yasin
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix I: Specialized Research Institutes on Peanut and Their Online Resources

Institution

Specialization Research Activities

Contact information and website

ICAR - Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR-DGR)

Conduct basic and strategic research to enhance production, productivity and quality of peanut; act as the national repository of working collection of peanut germplasm and information on peanut research; establish relevant institutional linkages; offer consultancy and training; and provide logistic support and coordination mechanism for generation of location-specific technology through the All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut.

www.dgr.org.in

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

Perform fundamental and strategic research for the enhancement of peanut production, productivity and quality; act as an international repository of working collection of peanut germplasms; create pertinent institutional linkages; offer consultancy and trainings

http://www.icrisat.org

The Peanut Institute

It is a non-profit organization that supports nutrition research and develops educational programs to encourage healthful lifestyles that include peanuts and peanut products.

http://www.peanut-institute.org

Peanut Lab, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia

Improvement of peanut production through the development and use of advanced genetic and genomic technologies and better crop protection measures

http://www.caes.uga.edud

Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China

OCRI has peanut as one of its major mandate crop with a mission to conduct basic and applied research that can lead to enhance the productivity and utilization of peanut. The current research fields cover germplasm, genetics, breeding, functional genomic, genetic engineering, safety assessment of genetic modified organisms (GMOS), plant nutrition and physiology, plant pathology, chemical analysis, food safety and product processing.

http://en.oilcrops.com.cn

Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India

Development of new varieties of peanut using radiation-induced mutagenesis and hybridization, execution of basic and applied research for the enhancement of peanut production, productivity and quality

http://www.barc.gov.in/randd/hfa.html

Department of Field Crops, Plant Science Institute, ARO, Bet-Dagan, Israel

Introduction and breeding of peanut to expand the variety of products for farmers and consumers with improved yield and quality, development and application of agro-techniques to improve yield and quality traits of peanut, development of agricultural methodologies to accommodate climate change, food security and alternative energy sources, as well as training and education of next generation scientists in the above areas

http://www.agri.gov.il/en/units/institutes/1.aspx

Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)-CNRA, Bambey, Sénégal

Enhancement of peanut yield through the improvement and use of advanced genetic and genomic approaches and superior crop protection measures

http://www.isra.sn

USDA-ARS Wheat, Peanut and Other Field Crops Research Unit, Stillwater OK

Development of improved peanut cultivars and germplasm, evaluation of advanced breeding lines and current peanut varieties, integrated management of peanut diseases, and development of improved high-oleic peanut varieties

https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/stillwater-ok/wheat-peanut-and-other-field-crops-research/

USDA-ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory (NPRL), Dawson, GA

Developing strategies to identify useful genes in peanut and breeding high yielding peanut varieties and germplasm, enhancing the competitiveness of U.S. Peanuts and peanut-based cropping systems, as well as development of postharvest systems to assess and preserve peanut quality and safety

https://www.ars.usda.gov/southeast-area/dawson-ga/national-peanut-research-laboratory/

1.2 Appendix II: Genetic Resources of Peanut During the Last 10 Years

Cultivar

Important traits

Cultivation location

Habit group: Spanish Bunch

GG-5 (Gujarat Groundnut-5)

Drought tolerant; leaflets stay green at maturity

Gujarat, India

Jawahar groundnut-3 (JGN-3)

Tolerant of drought, sucking pests and leaf spots (ELS, LLS)

Madhya Pradesh, India

R-9251

Early maturity; tolerant of PBND

Karnataka, India

Apoorva (R-8808)

Tolerant of LLS and PBND

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, India

Phule Vyas (JL-220)

High oil content; early maturity

Maharashtra, India

ALR-3 (ALG-63)

Suitable for early sowing in south-west monsoon; tolerant of LLS and resistant to rust

Tamil Nadu, India

Co-3 (TNAU-256)

Tolerant of PBND

Tamil Nadu, India

VRI (Gn)-5

Resistant to rust and LLS

Tamil Nadu, India

Co (Gn)-4 (TNAU-269)

Resistant to rust and LLS; possesses high oil content

Tamil Nadu, India

GG-7 (J-38)

Early maturity; tolerant of LLS

Gujarat and southern Rajasthan, India

AK-159

Early maturity; possesses high oil content

Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, India

GG-6

Early maturity; high shelling (73%)

Gujarat, India

TPG-41

Large seeds (>60 g/100 kernels); high O/L ratio (3.27), tolerant of rust; possesses fresh seed dormancy (up to 25 days)

Throughout India

TG-37A

Possesses fresh seed dormancy (up to 15 days); tolerant of collar rot, rust and LLS

Rajsthan, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, Orissa, West Bengal, and NEH states, India

Vikas (GPBD-4)

Resistant to LLS and rust

Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa, and Assam, India

Prutha (Dh-86)

Semi-dwarf; high harvest index (HI); tolerant of LLS and sucking pests

Gujarat, southern Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal, India

Kadiri-5

Tolerant of drought and leaf spots

Aandhra Pradesh, India

Kadiri-6 (K-1240)

Tolerant of leaf spots

Aandhra Pradesh and West Bengal, India

Pratap Mungphali-2 (ICUG-92195)

Tolerant of ELS, LLS and PBND and tolerant of Spodoptera litura, leaf miner and thrips

Rajasthan, India

GG-8 (J-53)

Tolerant of PBND, collar and stem rot diseases

Northern Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, India

TG-38B (TG-38)

Tolerant of stem rot

Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar and North Eastern states, India

Vasundhara (Dh-101)

Tolerant of stem rot, PBND, thrips and Spodoptera litura

West Bengal, Orissa, Jharkhand and Assam, India

Ratneshwar (LGN-1)

Tolerant of LLS, stem rot, rust and PBND

Maharashtra, India

TLG-45

Large seeded

Maharashtra, India

SG-99

Tolerant of PBND

Punjab, India

ICGV-91114

Early maturity; tolerant of rust and LLS and drought

Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, India

Phule Unap (JL-286)

Early maturity; tolerant of LLS, rust and stem rot, thrips, leaf miner and Spodoptera litura

Maharashtra, India

Abhaya (TPT-25)

Tolerant of early and mid-season moisture stress conditions; tolerant of LLS, sucking insects (jassids and thrips) and Spodoptera litura

Andhra Pradesh, India

TMV (Gn-13)

Tolerant of early and mid-season moisture stress conditions, tolerant of LLS, rust and PBND

Tamil Nadu, India

Kalahasti (TCGS-320)

Suitable for rabi situation for kalahasti malady endemic areas and also for kharif in North coastal and north Telengana of Andhra Pradesh; tolerant of PBND; resistant to jassids

Andhra Pradesh, India

Narayani (TCGS-29)

Tolerant of mid-season moisture stress conditions

Andhra Pradesh, India

VL-Moongphali-1

Resistant to LLS and root rot diseases

Uttarakhand, India

TG-51

Tolerant of stem rot and root rot diseases

West Bengal, Orissa, Jharkhand and Assam, India

Ajeya (R-2001-3)

Resistant to PBND; drought tolerant; wider adaptability

Southern Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, India

VRI (Gn)-6

Tolerant of LLS, rust and PBND

Southern Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, India

Jawahar Groundnut-23 (JGN-23)

Tolerant of ELS, LLS and drought

Madhya Pradesh, India

Kadiri-9

Tolerant of early and end-of-season drought

Andhra Pradesh, India

Greeshma

Early maturity; tolerant of drought, high temperature and aflatoxin contamination

Andhra Pradesh, India

Vijetha (R-2001-2)

Resistant to PBND

West Bengal, Orissa, Jharkhand, Assam; southern Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, India

Girnar-3 (PBS-12160)

Tolerant of leaf miner and thrips

West Bengal, Orissa, and Manipur, India

Kadiri Haritandhra (K-1319)

Possesses fresh seed dormancy (up to 20 days); multiple diseases (rust, ELS, LLS, stem rot, PBND) and insect pests (thrips, Spodoptera litura, jassid, Helicoverpa) resistant

Karnataka and Maharashtra, India

GPBD-5

Tolerant of LLS and rust

Jharkhand and Manipur, India

JL-501

Early maturity

Gujarat and southern Rajasthan, India

RARS-T-1 and T-2

Bold seeded pods

Andhra Pradesh, India

Pratap Raj Mungphali

Early maturity; tolerant of ELS, LLS, PBND, jassids, thrips, leaf miner and Spodoptera litura

Andhra Pradesh, India

ICGV-00350

Resistant to LLS and rust; tolerant of stem rot

Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, India

GJG-31 (J 71)

Tolerant of stem rot

Gujarat, India

Habit Group: Virginia Runner

DSG-1

Suitable for transitional zone for rain-fed conditions

Karnataka, India

GG-14 (JSP-28)

High oil content; tolerant of thrips, Spodoptera litura and leaf miner

Northern Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, India

Utkarsh (CSMG-9510)

Possesses fresh seed dormancy (up to 40–45 days)

Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and northern Rajasthan, India

Durga (RG-382)

Suitable for sandy and loamy soils; resistant to jassids, leaf miner and thrips

Rajasthan, India

GG-16 (JSP-39)

Tolerant of PBND, root rot diseases, thrips, Spodoptera litura and leaf miner

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and southern Maharashtra, India

M-548

High protein content; bold kernel; tolerant of leaf spots and collar rot

Punjab, India

GJG-HPS-1 (JSP-HPS-44)

Bold kernels (76 g/100 kernels)

Gujarat, India

Divya (CSMG-2003-19)

Tolerant of PBND

Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, India

Raj Mungfali 1 (RG 510)

Bold kernels (76 g/100 kernels)

Rajasthan and Punjab, India

GJG-17 (JSP-48)

Tolerant of stem rot

Gujarat, India

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Gantait, S., Panigrahi, J., Patel, I.C., Labrooy, C., Rathnakumar, A.L., Yasin, J.K. (2019). Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_8

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