Abstract
In the previous chapter we assumed that particle sizes are much smaller than the radiation wavelength. This gave us the possibilities of considering the field within the limits of the particle as being independent of the coordinates and analyzing the influence of a single electric field on a substance. In this chapter, that assumption about particle smallness remains in force and we examine the impact of a single magnetic field on particles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Wander Johannes de Haas (1878–1960) was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect, and the Einstein–de Haas effect.
- 2.
In the popular literature and in some textbooks, the classical explanation for magnetic phenomena in a substance is given. However, strictly according to classical physics, in the heat equilibrium state after accurate averaging, the total magnetic moment vanishes. The thing is that the magnetic field changes the trajectory of the charge movement but does not change the system energy as occurs in an electric field. Hence, the result of magnetic field action on the substance is impossible to register. All classical explanations in the explicit or implicit form use quantum postulates—for instance, the presence of stationary orbits.
- 3.
Niels Bohr (1885–1962) was a Danish physicist and one of the founders of modern physics. He discovered atom theory and made an essential contribution to the theory of the atom nucleus. In 1922 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. From 1920 until his death, he worked as the director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, which was founded by him and now bears his name. The Bohr Institute has become one of the most significant scientific centers worldwide.
- 4.
Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect.
- 5.
In the literature, according to the existing tradition, the upper level is numbered 1 and the lower level is numbered 2. Here and subsequently, we use the numeration from the previous chapters, in which the lower level is numbered 1 and the upper level is numbered 2. This does not change the final result.
- 6.
Joseph Larmor (1857–1942) was a physicist and mathematician who achieved innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a theoretical physics book published in 1900.
- 7.
Felix Bloch (1905–1983) was an American physicist and a member of the US National Academy of Sciences. He was born in Switzerland, but from 1934 onward he worked in the USA. He laid the foundation for the theory of crystals and low-temperature ferromagnetism. He developed theoretical fundamentals and performed the first experiments on nuclear magnetic resonance. He introduced the concept of spin waves. In 1952 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- 8.
This equation is called the Landau–Lifshitz equation. It was devised in 1935 when Lev Landau was 27 years old and Evgeny Lifshitz was 20 years old. The relativistic Dirac equation, in which the spin is included, was devised in 1927–1928. In this period, Pauli matrices appeared. So, at that time, application of the classical model was fully accepted. Moreover, the final answer was correct!
- 9.
Pierre-Ernest Weiss (1865–1940) was a French physicist. He investigated magnetic phenomena and discovered the magnetocaloric effect and the law of the temperature dependence of ferromagnetic susceptibility. He predicted the existence of magnetons, and he designed powerful electromagnets and a series of devices for magnetic and electric measurements.
- 10.
This number should not be confused with the effective factor of spectroscopic fission. Here, we are talking about a number of magnetic moments that are parallel to each other and fitted for each atom.
- 11.
Phase steps are steps between different macroscopic states of a multiparticle system with variation of external parameters (temperature, pressure, intensity of electric and magnetic fields, feedback coefficient, etc.). Phase steps are cooperative phenomena connected with the appearance or disappearance of mutual correlations in particle behavior. In lecture courses on the electron profiles of the process of oscillation excitation in the oscillator with variation of the feedback coefficient, the soft excitation mode is a step of the second kind but rigid excitation is a step of the first kind.
- 12.
In fact, the Earth’s magnetic field is always present and weak residual magnetization is nevertheless observed. This phenomenon is used for dating of archeology samples. The thing is that the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field changes over time. The regulation of this change is known. At the time of baking of ceramic articles or simply cooling of the furnace in which they were baked, magnetic moments were formed parallel to the Earth’s magnetic field. Comparison of the magnetic moment orientation with the geomagnetic field orientation allows us to determine, with sufficient accuracy, the date of the last cooling of samples under investigation. This is a beautiful solution, isn’t it?
- 13.
Lev Landau (1908–1968) was a Soviet physicist and academician (1946). In 1927 he was sent to Denmark to study with Niels Bohr and introduced the concept of the density matrix. In 1937 he created the general theory of the phase step of the second kind. He made a major contribution to the development of theoretical physics. In 1962 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He was a member of the national academies of sciences in the USA, Denmark, the UK, France, and the Netherlands. The Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences was named in his honor.
- 14.
Eugene Lifshitz (1915–1985) was a Soviet physicist and academician (1979). His areas of scientific research were solid-body physics, cosmology, and the theory of gravity. He was a pupil of Lev Landau.
- 15.
More meticulous readers can try to listen to the wall steps. For this it is necessary to wind a coil of copper wire around a magnetized rod and connect it to the input of a sensitive amplifier. But it is even more interesting to hear the domain steps with the help of a microphone.
- 16.
Pay attention to the fact that here, χM connects the magnetic moment with the magnetic induction. If we understand B as a local field, then B = μ0H (see (3.16)). For weak magnetics we can neglect the difference between the external field and the local field. Ferromagnetic calculation of the local field represents a problem that is not so simple.
- 17.
The term “gyrotropic” comes from the Greek word guros, meaning “circle” or “ring.”
- 18.
Eugene Zavoiskiy (1907–1976) was a Soviet physicist and the founder of the Kazan school of thought. His discovery of the phenomenon of electron paramagnetic resonance established a new section of applied physics. In 1945 he defended his Sr.Sci. thesis, devoted to electron paramagnetic resonance. Under his supervision an investigation cycle was performed on application of electronic–optical transducers for investigation of high-speed (10−9–10−14 s) light and other processes. Together with his colleagues, he created and further developed the method of thermonuclear plasm generation.
- 19.
In German, Farbe means “color” and Farbzentrum means “color center.”
- 20.
The phenomenon of ferromagnetic resonance was observed for the first time in 1946 by James Griffiths. However, the phenomenon of ferromagnetic resonance had been predicted in 1913 by Vladimir Arkadiev (1884–1953), who was a Russian physicist and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
- 21.
Michael Faraday (1791–1867) was a Britain physicist. At the age of 14 years he became an apprentice to the owner of a bookshop and bindery, where he practiced self-education. He was a talented experimenter with good scientific intuition. Faraday’s ideas about electric and magnetic fields were a major influence on the development of all physics. In 1832 Faraday stated the idea that propagation of electromagnetic interactions is a wave process taking place at a finite speed. Laws, phenomena, units of physical quantities, etc. were subsequently named after him.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shtykov, V.V., Smolskiy, S.M. (2020). Magnetic Dipole Interaction. In: Introduction to Quantum Electronics and Nonlinear Optics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37614-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37614-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37613-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37614-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)