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Pediatric Ultrasound

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Abstract

Cranial ultrasound is a valuable diagnostic tool with distinct advantages compared to alternative imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, particularly in the young child, including easy accessibility, relatively low cost, no radiation, and a short examination time. In this chapter, up-to-date imaging techniques, development and anatomy, and common disorders encountered in clinical practice are discussed, as well as rare and challenging but important diagnoses in the pediatric population. Inherent limitations of cranial ultrasound as well as common pitfalls are reviewed.

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Abbreviations

3D:

Three-dimensional

AHW:

Anterior horn width

AIS:

Acute ischemic stroke

AVF:

Arteriovenous fistula

AVM:

Arteriovenous malformation

BEH:

Benign external hydrocephalus

CM:

Capillary malformation

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CT:

Computed tomography

DVA:

Developmental venous anomaly

ECMO:

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Hib:

Haemophilus influenza type b

HIE:

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

HII:

Hypoxic ischemic injury

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

IHW:

Interhemispheric width

ISSVA:

International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies

IVH:

Intraventricular hemorrhage

LM:

Lymphatic malformation

MCA:

Middle cerebral artery

MR:

Magnetic resonance

NAIS:

Neonatal arterial ischemic stroke

PIVH:

Periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage

PVHI:

Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction

PVL:

Periventricular leukomalacia

SIDS:

Sudden infant death syndrome

STOP:

Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia

TAMMX:

Time-averaged mean of the maximum velocity

TCD:

Transcranial Doppler

TOD:

Thalamo-occipital distance

VI:

Ventricular index

VM:

Venous malformation

VOGM:

Vein of Galen Malformation

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

    Helen H. R. Kim

  2. Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Wendy G. Kim

  3. Division of Thoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward Y. Lee

  4. Department of Radiology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Grace S. Phillips

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  1. Helen H. R. Kim
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  2. Wendy G. Kim
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  4. Grace S. Phillips
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Correspondence to Grace S. Phillips .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Harriet J. Paltiel

  2. Division of Thoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward Y. Lee

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Kim, H.H.R., Kim, W.G., Lee, E.Y., Phillips, G.S. (2021). Brain. In: Paltiel, H.J., Lee, E.Y. (eds) Pediatric Ultrasound. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56802-3_2

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