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Established and Proposed Roles of Xanthine Oxidoreductase in Oxidative and Reductive Pathways in Plants

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Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Signaling and Communication in Plants

Part of the book series: Signaling and Communication in Plants ((SIGCOMM,volume 23))

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Abstract

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is among the most-intensively studied enzymes known to participate in the consumption of oxygen in eukaryotic cells. However, it attracted the attention of researchers due its participation in free radical production in vivo, mainly through the production of superoxide radicals. In plants, XOR is a key enzyme involved in purine degradation where it catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid. Both reactions are accompanied by electron transfer to either NAD+ with simultaneous formation of NADH or to molecular oxygen, which results in formation of superoxide radicals. Characterization of plant XOR mutants and isolated XOR proteins from various plant species provided evidence that the enzyme plays significant role in plant growth, leaf senescence, fruit size, synthesis of nitrogen storage compounds, and plant–pathogen interactions. Moreover, the ability of XOR to carry out redox reactions as NADH oxidase and to produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, together with a possible complementary role in abscisic acid synthesis have raised further attention on the importance of this enzyme. Based on these established and proposed functions, XOR is discussed as regulator of different processes of interest in plant biology and agriculture.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

AO:

Aldehyde oxidase

GOGAT cycle:

Glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase cycle

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

NO:

Nitric oxide

NR:

Nitrate reductase

O2 •− :

Superoxide radical

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SHAM:

Salicylhydroxamic acid

XDH:

Xanthine dehydrogenase

XO:

Xanthine oxidase

XOR:

Xanthine oxidoreductase

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Acknowledgments and Funding

The authors acknowledge the support of the research grants AGL2010-16167 to J.F.M. from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Bi 1075/5-1 to F.B. by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. R.E. received a JAE-Doctor grant from the Spanish Research Council (CSIC). We are greatly thankful to all the researchers who worked and have been involved in the XOR enzyme study, for advancing knowledge in this field.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Agrobiotechnology, IdAB-CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarre, 31192, Pamplona, Spain

    Estibaliz Urarte, Raquel Esteban & Jose Fernando Moran

  2. Department of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany

    Florian Bittner

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  1. Estibaliz Urarte
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  2. Raquel Esteban
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  3. Jose Fernando Moran
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  4. Florian Bittner
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Correspondence to Florian Bittner .

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  1. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

    Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta

  2. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

    Abir U. Igamberdiev

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Urarte, E., Esteban, R., Moran, J.F., Bittner, F. (2015). Established and Proposed Roles of Xanthine Oxidoreductase in Oxidative and Reductive Pathways in Plants. In: Gupta, K., Igamberdiev, A. (eds) Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Signaling and Communication in Plants. Signaling and Communication in Plants, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10079-1_2

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