Legion of Merit
General Colin Powell
https://www.essence.com/celebrity/black-celeb-couples/colin-powell-wife/
23 and Me ( DNA) revealed that I have a lineage with Pharaoh Ramesses 111
I am very excited about the news. This is probably why I was Knighted in December 2020
You share an ancient paternal lineage with Pharaoh Ramesses III.
E-V38
Pharaoh Ramesses III defended Egypt in three consecutive wars during his approximately 30-year reign but provoked dissent within his administration. Catalyzed by mounting internal strife, one of Ramesses’s lesser wives, Tiye, hatched a plot to have her son, Pentawer, usurp the throne by having Ramesses III murdered along with his appointed heir. A papyrus record of the resulting trial explains that the plot failed and that all involved were tried and convicted.
However, a modern CT scan of Ramesses III’s mummy revealed a deep slit in his throat, reopening a closed case. The embalmers went to great lengths to cover up other wounds, including fashioning a fake toe out of resin where Ramesses’s real one had been hacked off, likely during a fatal attack. For thousands of years, Ramesses’s burial adornments concealed the wounds that mark one of the most famous royal dramas in history. Ramesses III’s paternal lineage belongs to haplogroup E-V38, from which your line also stems. You and Ramesses III share an ancient paternal-line ancestor who probably lived in north Africa or western Asia.
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the world as he sees it said…
The Religious and Military Order of the Knights of Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem
The Right Honorable Chevalier Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Historical Figure
Distinguish American
_____________________________________________________________
*Medal of Freedom
*Legion of Merit
*Presidents Patriotic Medal
*Ronald Reagan Eternal Flame of Freedom Medal
*Senatorial Commission
*President’s Club
*Roundtable
*Marquis Who’s Who in the World
*President Ronald Reagan’s Policy Advisor
*Presidents George H. Bush’s Policy Advisor
*Special Thanks to Robert Gates former Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency
*Unites States Supreme Court Historical SocietyJUNE 19, 2022 AT 4:46 PM
the world as he sees it said…
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the world as he sees it said…
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the world as he sees it said…
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ABOUT ME
Retired Major General Charles W. Swan
MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES W. SWAN
MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES W. SWAN
THE
GENERAL OFFICER
OF
THE UNITED STATES
SPECIAL FIELD FORCES
NATIONAL MILITIA
To all who shall see these presents, greeting:
Know ye, that reposing special trust and confidence in the patriotism, valor, fidelity and abilities of
Major GENERAL CHARLES W. Swan , I do appoint him
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR in the
United States Special Forces
National Militia
to date as such from the First day of February Nineteen Hundred and 95 . This officer will therefore carefully and diligently discharge the duties of the office to which appointed by doing and performing all manner of things thereunto belonging.
And I do strictly charge and require those officers and other personnel of lesser rank to render such obedience as is due an officer of this grade and position. And this officer is to observe and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, as maybe given by the General of the United Slates Special Field Forces, or other superior officers acting in accordance with the land of the United States of America.
This commission is to continue in force during the pleasure of the General of the United States Special Field Forces, under the provisions of those privileges relating to Officers of the Armed Forces of the United States of America and the volunteer components thereof; therefore this appointment is made.
Done away from the City of Washington, this 19th day of February in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and 95 and of the Independence of the United States of America, the *218th; By the General of the U.S.S.F. /National Militia
Leon E. Koon,
Commanding General of the USSF Commmanding General, U.S.S.F. INM.
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Major General Charles W. Swan
Major General Charles W. Swan
God Bless America
23 and Me ( DNA) revealed that I have a lineage with Pharaoh Ramesses 111
I am very exited with the news. This is probably why I was Knighted in December 2020
You share an ancient paternal lineage with Pharaoh Ramesses III.
E-V38
Pharaoh Ramesses III defended Egypt in three consecutive wars during his approximately 30-year reign, but provoked dissent within his administration. Catalyzed by mounting internal strife, one of Ramesses’s lesser wives, Tiye, hatched a plot to have her son, Pentawer, usurp the throne by having Ramesses III murdered along with his appointed heir. A papyrus record of the resulting trial explains that the plot failed and that all involved were tried and convicted.
However, a modern CT scan of Ramesses III’s mummy revealed a deep slit in his throat, reopening a case long thought closed. The embalmers went to great lengths to cover up other wounds, including fashioning a fake toe out of resin where Ramesses’s real one had been hacked off, likely during a fatal attack. For thousands of years, Ramesses’s burial adornments concealed the wounds that mark one of the most famous royal dramas in history. Ramesses III’s paternal lineage belongs to haplogroup E-V38, from which your line also stems. You and Ramesses III share an ancient paternal-line ancestor who probably lived in north Africa or western Asia.
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Major General Charles W. Swan
THE
GENERAL OFFICER
OF
THE UNITED STATES
SPECIAL FIELD FORCES
NATIONAL MILITIA
To all who shall see these presents, greeting:
Know ye, that reposing special trust and confidence in the patriotism, valor, fidelity and abilities of
Major GENERAL CHARLES W. Swan , I do appoint him
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR in the
United States Special Forces
National Militia
to date as such from the First day of February Nineteen Hundred and 95 . This officer will therefore carefully and diligently discharge the duties of the office to which appointed by doing and performing all manner of things thereunto belonging.
And I do strictly charge and require those officers and other personnel of lesser rank to render such obedience as is due an officer of this grade and position. And this officer is to observe and follow such orders and directions, from…
View original post 169 more words
Major General Charles W. Swan
Major General Charles W. Swan
THE
GENERAL OFFICER
OF
THE UNITED STATES
SPECIAL FIELD FORCES
NATIONAL MILITIA
To all who shall see these presents, greeting:
Know ye, that reposing special trust and confidence in the patriotism, valor, fidelity and abilities of
Major GENERAL CHARLES W. Swan , I do appoint him
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR in the
United States Special Forces
National Militia
to date as such from the First day of February Nineteen Hundred and 95 . This officer will therefore carefully and diligently discharge the duties of the office to which appointed by doing and performing all manner of things thereunto belonging.
And I do strictly charge and require those officers and other personnel of lesser rank to render such obedience as is due an officer of this grade and position. And this officer is to observe and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, as maybe given by the General of the United Slates Special Field Forces, or other superior officers acting in accordance with the land of the United States of America.
This commission is to continue in force during the pleasure of the General of the United States Special Field Forces, under the provisions of those privileges relating to Officers of the Armed Forces of the United States of America and the volunteer components thereof; therefore this appointment is made.
Done away from the City of Washington, this 19th day of February in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and 95 and of the Independence of the United States of America, the *218th; By the General of the U.S.S.F. /National Militia
Leon E. Koon,
Commanding General of the USSF Commmanding General, U.S.S.F. INM.
-
Major General Charles W. Swan 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College
United States Army Command and General Staff College
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| The Command and General Staff College | |
|---|---|
Fort Leavenworth, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center, and U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Device
|
|
| Active | 1881–present |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Army |
| Garrison/HQ | Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |
| Motto(s) | Ad Bellum Pace Parati |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander |
John S. Kern[1] |
The United States Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC or, obsolete, USACGSC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is a graduate school for United States Army and sister service officers, interagency representatives, and international military officers. The college was established in 1881 by William Tecumseh Sherman as the School of Application for Infantry and Cavalry (later simply the Infantry and Cavalry School), a training school for infantry and cavalry officers.[2] In 1907 it changed its title to the School of the Line. The curriculum expanded throughout World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War and continues to adapt to include lessons learned from current conflicts.
In addition to the main campus at Fort Leavenworth, the college has satellite campuses at Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Fort Lee, Virginia; Fort Gordon, Georgia; and Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
Mission statement[edit]
The United States Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC) educates and develops leaders for full spectrum joint, interagency and multinational operations; acts as lead agent for the Army’s leader development program; and advances the art and science of the profession of arms in support of Army operational requirements.[3]
Schools[edit]
Fort Leavenworth’s Eisenhower Hall houses the CGSC Library.
The college consists of four schools:[3] the Command and General Staff School, the School of Advanced Military Studies, the School for Command Preparation, and the School of Advanced Leadership and Tactics.
- Command and General Staff School (CGSS) provides Intermediate Level Education (ILE) for United States Army and sister service officers, interagency representatives, and international military officers.[3] ILE is a ten-month graduate-level program; the curriculum includes instruction on leadership philosophy, military history, and the military planning and decision-making processes.[4] There is one ILE class per year; starting in August and ending in June. About 1,200 US military and international officers make up the class. In addition to the ILE curriculum, a graduate masters program exists for students who may qualify to complete a thesis-level research paper and receive a Master of Military Arts and Sciences (M.M.A.S.) degree from the Command and General Staff College. The program is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, the accrediting body for collegiate institutions in the midwestern United States.[5] ILE students are normally mid-career field-grade officers preparing for battalion command or staff positions at the division, brigade, or battalion level. In addition to CGSS at Fort Leavenworth, the school operates satellite campuses at Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Fort Lee, Virginia; Fort Gordon, Georgia; and Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.[6] Students at the satellite campuses complete the ILE Common Core, a condensed ninety-day program without the M.M.A.S. option, in lieu of the traditional ten-month program.[6]
- School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) provides post-ILE instruction on complex military issues at the strategic and operational levels.[7] Students who complete the curriculum receive a Master of Military Arts and Sciences degree and are then assigned as high-level military planners.
- School for Command Preparation (SCP) provides instruction for colonels, lieutenant colonels, and command sergeants major who have been selected for brigade or battalion command.[4][8] Courses are normally three to four weeks and focus on special topics unique to assumption of command at the levels indicated.
- School of Advanced Leadership and Tactics (SALT) provides officer continuing education towards developing the Scholar-Warrior-Leader from first lieutenant to selection for major. The result is mastery of branch-specific technical and tactical skills, staff processes in battalions and brigades, direct leadership and command competencies, and initial broadening opportunities.[9]
During World War I, the CGSC at Ft. Leavenworth was closed, from 1916 until 1920. Most of the school staff was sent to Langres, France, to open and conduct the Army General Staff College, which operated from November 1917 to December 1918. This compressed-curriculum school was needed to provide command and staff officers for the exponentially growing number of Army units; divisions, regiments, brigades, and battalions.[10]
Master of Military Art and Science degree[edit]
The Command and General Staff College confers a Master of Military Art and Science professional degree to graduates of the School of Advanced Military Studies as well as graduates of the Command and General Staff School who complete a thesis-level research paper. The degree is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission for collegiate institutions in the midwestern United States.[5]
Military art and science is an interdisciplinary field of study. It encompasses many academic disciplines insofar as they relate to war, peace, and the employment of milit
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
https://charleswswandotcom.wordpress.com/
Legion Of Merit
The Billionaires
May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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ank You
egion of MeritPosted on
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
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Legion of Merit
Posted on 2
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
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Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidents Reagan and Bush, Senior
God Bless America
The Billionaires in the World
The Billionaires
May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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A Tribute to Dr. Charles W. Swan
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Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit award to Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan, Patriotism, Commitment, Integrity.
Presented 1992 by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush
Executive Order
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
34th President of the United States: 1953 ‐ 1961
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”
March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
Posted in Uncategorized | Leave a replyEdit
Legion of Merit
Posted on 2
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
CIA
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- May 2020
- April 2019
- September 2017
- July 2017
- June 2017
- May 2017
- January 2016
- October 2015
- August 2015
- January 2015
- December 2014
- July 2014
- May 2014
- July 2013
META
The Billionaires
May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit award to Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan, Patriotism, Commitment, Integrity.
Presented 1992 by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush
Executive Order
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
34th President of the United States: 1953 ‐ 1961
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”
March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
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Legion of Merit
Posted on 2
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
CIA
https://www.facebook.com/groups/584208631720831/members/Militarye
US Department of Defense
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NASA
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1242908305809914/members/
World Special Forces Group
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FBI
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World Special Operations Group
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interpol Cooperation Central of Investigation
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Central Intelligence Agency
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Interpol Policing Goals
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Special Military Forces Around the World Group
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https://starsandstripesforeverdotco.wordpPosted ember 2021
The Billionaires
May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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A Tribute to Dr. Charles W. Swan
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Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit award to Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan, Patriotism, Commitment, Integrity.
Presented 1992 by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush
Executive Order
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
34th President of the United States: 1953 ‐ 1961
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”
March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
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Legion of Merit
Posted on 2
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
CIA
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The Billionaires
May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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White House
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A Tribute to Dr. Charles W. Swan
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About
General Colin Powell
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Major General Charles W. Swan
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Major General Charles W. Swan
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Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit award to Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan, Patriotism, Commitment, Integrity.
Presented 1992 by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush
Executive Order
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
34th President of the United States: 1953 ‐ 1961
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”
March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
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Legion of Merit
Posted on 2
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
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May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit award to Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan, Patriotism, Commitment, Integrity.
Presented 1992 by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush
Executive Order
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
34th President of the United States: 1953 ‐ 1961
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”
March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
Posted in Uncategorized | Leave a replyEdit
Legion of Merit
Posted on 2
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
CIA
https://www.facebook.com/groups/584208631720831/members/Militarye
US Department of Defense
https://www.facebook.com/groups/226392257906271/members/
NASA
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1242908305809914/members/
World Special Forces Group
https://www.facebook.com/groups/2785967664765183/members/
FBI
https://www.facebook.com/groups/829890000449851/members/
World Special Operations Group
https://www.facebook.com/groups/2785967664765183/members/
interpol Cooperation Central of Investigation
https://www.facebook.com/groups/422382541280749/members/
Central Intelligence Agency
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1535597900013134/members/
Interpol Policing Goals
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Special Military Forces Around the World Group
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The Billionaires
May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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A Tribute to Dr. Charles W. Swan
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Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit award to Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan, Patriotism, Commitment, Integrity.
Presented 1992 by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush
Executive Order
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
34th President of the United States: 1953 ‐ 1961
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”
March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
Posted in Uncategorized | Leave a replyEdit
Legion of Merit
Posted on 2
Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
CIA
https://www.facebook.com/groups/584208631720831/members/Militarye
US Department of Defense
https://www.facebook.com/groups/226392257906271/members/
NASA
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1242908305809914/members/
World Special Forces Group
https://www.facebook.com/groups/2785967664765183/members/
FBI
https://www.facebook.com/groups/829890000449851/members/
World Special Operations Group
https://www.facebook.com/groups/2785967664765183/members/
interpol Cooperation Central of Investigation
https://www.facebook.com/groups/422382541280749/members/
Central Intelligence Agency
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1535597900013134/members/
Interpol Policing Goals
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1535597900013134/members/
Special Military Forces Around the World Group
https://www.facebook.com/groups/204713790065916/members/
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META
The Billionaires
May 2009 – Highly secretive meeting of tiny global elite of billionaires at The President’s House of Rockefeller University on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Attendees included: Bill Gates, George Soros, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, David Rockefeller and Ted Turner. Business giants Eli and Edythe Broad, who are equally wealthy but less well known. All told, its members are worth $125bn.The meeting – called by Gates, Buffett and Rockefeller (all of whom would profit by billions and billions of dollars in 2020) – was held in response to the global economic downturn and the numerous health and environmental crises that are plaguing the globe. It was, supposedly, a summit of philanthropists to ‘save the world’.In 2010 the Rockefeller LOCKSTEP plan was drafted, describing a pandemic scenario, remarkably similar to what we are living through.This scenario was then carefully practiced and rehearsed before being launched upon the world as LIVE EXERCISE COVID-19, the current GLOBAL CRIME SCENE that we are all living in!• Dark Winter a smallpox simulation (2001)• Anthrax letters sent to Congress members, later found to source from the US bio lab at Fort Detrick, USA (2001)• Avian Flu (Bird Flu) – millions of chickens slaughtered, little human illness or death (2002/2003)• Atlantic Storm bioterror simulation (2005)• SARS (2005/2006)• Social Distancing – A 15-year-old high school student wins third place in the Intel science and engineering fair for her project on slowing the spread of an infectious pathogen during a pandemic emergency. Using a computer simulation that she developed with the help of her father who worked at the Department of Homeland Security, she argues that in order to slow the spread of the disease, governments should implement school shutdowns, keep kids at home and enforce social distancing. The Department of Homeland Security is interested in her work. (2006)• United Nations / Rockefeller Strong Cities Tony Blair related Think Tank ISD Global set up to advise UN Resilient Cities how to respond to a pandemic and maintain law and order etc. (2006)• H1N1 Swine Flu plandemic – a fraudulent pandemic that was exposed! Around 800 children in Europe develop narcolepsy, an incurable sleep disorder, after being immunized with the Pandemrix H1N1 swine flu vaccine made by British drug-maker GSK (2009)• Secret meeting at Rockefeller University with some of the wealthiest people in the world including Rockefeller, Gates and Buffet (2009)• Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario scripted about a virus, beginning in China, which results in world-wide lockdowns followed by a masked populace living in a bio-security police state (2010)• Julian Assange, Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks, journalists and whistle-blowers in general smeared, defamed, ridiculed, imprisoned (2010 to the present day)• 33 Rockefeller / UN Resilience Cities, selected from among 100 strategically placed Resilience Cities world-wide, have chief resilience officers appointed to plan for events, such as pandemics (2013)• Toby Kent, the first Rockefeller chief resilience officer in Australia, named a pandemic – assumed to be influenza – as among the “acute shock events” that could threaten the UN Strong City of Melbourne (2014)• Ebola (2014 to 2015)• Bill Gates TED talk says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2015)• Exercise Cygnus “Swan Flu” pandemic simulation / drill / exercise (2016)• Victoria, Australia, and Christchurch, NZ, become poster children for the United Nations Strong Cities / Smart Cities Agenda 2030 project and appoint resilience officers to prepare for pandemics (2016)• World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation global pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2017)• World Bank Global Pandemic Exercise / drill / simulation (2017),• Clade X pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2018)• Bill Gates again says “the world is not ready for a pandemic” (2018)• Crimson Contagion pandemic exercise / drill / simulation (2019)• Urban Outbreak – US Naval War College Pandemic War Game (2019)• Snake fang–inspired stamping patch for transdermal delivery of liquid formulations (2019)• Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination (2019)• ID2020 and partners launch program to provide digital ID with vaccines (2019)• Bilderberg group discuss weaponizing social media (2019)• CENSORSHIP – Prominent voices against the mainstream narrative de-platformed (Alex Jones and so many more, this is an ongoing censorship that is only growing) (2001 to present day)• The WHO Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) says: “United Nations system leadership includes routine simulation exercises, and the United Nations (including WHO) conducts at least two system-wide training and simulation exercises, including one for covering the deliberate release of a lethal respiratory pathogen.” (September 2019)• The Wuhan Military Games (October 2019)• Event 201 – Gates, Rockefeller and Johns Hopkins table top coronavirus pandemic simulation / exercise, discussing the theoretical global spread of a coronavirus and how all governments, media outlets and corporations should best respond (including censoring any alternative voices) (October 2019)• H.R.6666 – COVID-19 Testing, Reaching, And Contacting Everyone (TRACE) Act – 116th Congress (Jan 2020)• Mastercard partners with GAVI to provide vaccines to children world-wide (2020)• Publication of Microsoft Patent WO 2020 060606 – Cryptocurrency system using body activity data (March 2020)• Christian Drosten lodges a fatally flawed RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing regimen for COVID-19 with the WHO that specifies a Ct (Cut-off threshold) cycler of 45x. It is universally recognised that a Ct of anything over 35 is essentially meaningless, as the test magnifies (11 Mar 2020)11 March 2020 – PANDEMIC DECLARED• WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanon Ghebreyesus, a terrorist and accused genocidist, announces “we have made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.” (11 March 2020) (Recall the definition of a pandemic was changed in 2009, just before the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu HOAX!)• Last of 12 makeshift hospitals in Wuhan, China, closes due to lack of patients (17 March 2020)• UK government says: “COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK.” The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) agrees. (19 March 2020)• “We are in a live exercise here.” – Mike Pompeo, ex-director of the CIA. Donald Trump, standing next to him, mumbles “Why didn’t you tell us?” (21 March 2020)• Governments all over the world act in a CRIMINAL MANNER to roll out Contact Tracing software, implement lockdowns, border closures, social distancing, face masks, handwashing and all sorts of illegal, nonsensical rules in a LOCKSTEP fashion, just as predicted in the 2010 Rockefeller LOCKSTEP scenario that was scripted in 2010 that these petty tyrants would all ‘flex their authoritarian muscles’ (all of 2020 and ongoing)• Governments all across the world give Big Pharma billions of dollars and grant them FULL INDEMNITY for any harms they are about to cause (various legislation and contractual agreements)• The LAWSUITS begin world-wide to charge the guilty and prosecute them (2020 and ongoing)• The rushed out ‘VACCINES’ roll-out globally and some recipients begin to get ill and die (late 2020 and ongoing)https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/new-yor..LikeComment
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Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit award to Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan, Patriotism, Commitment, Integrity.
Presented 1992 by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush
Executive Order
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
34th President of the United States: 1953 ‐ 1961
Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit”
March 15, 1955
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 2 of the Act of July 20, 1942, 56 Stat. 662, and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, are hereby amended to read as follows:
“1. The decoration of the Legion of Merit shall be awarded by the President of the United States or at his direction to members of the armed forces of the United States and members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations, who, after the proclamation of an emergency by the President on September 8, 1939, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.
“2. Awards of the decoration of the Legion of Merit may be proposed to the President by the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force, each acting upon the recommendation of an officer of the armed forces of the United States who has personal knowledge of the services of the person recommended.
“3 (a). The decoration of the Legion of Merit, in the degrees of Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire, shall be awarded by the Secretary of Defense or his designee, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations.
“(b). Recommendations for awards of the Legion of Merit, in the degree of Chief Commander, to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations shall be submitted by the Secretary of Defense, after concurrence by the Secretary of State, to the President for his approval.”
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
THE WHITE HOUSE,
March 15, 1955.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Executive Order 10600—Amending Executive Order No. 9260 of October 29, 1942, Entitled “Legion of Merit” Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/306923
FILED UNDER
A HISTORY OF THE LEGION OF MERIT
Fred L. Borch and Charles P. McDowell
Introduction
The Legion of Merit, today often given as a retirement
award to long-serving senior officers, and very senior
warrant officers and noncommissioned officers, has a far
more complex background than most people realize. It is
rooted in the American Revolution; it is the “first cousin”
ofthe Purple Heart, and it was created during World War
II to satisfy two purposes, one of which was so sensitive
atthe time that it was never publicly revealed. The Legion
ofMerit has now been awarded for over sixty-five years
and has become one of the most respected medals in
America’s system ofmilitary decorations.
This article traces the history of the Legion of Merit. It
starts by explaining the lineage of the award, and the
role of Ralph Townsend Heard in its development and
design. The article then discusses the early difficulties
faced by the Army and the Navy in adopting procedures
for the award ofthe then new Legion ofMerit. Next is an
examination ofLegion ofMerit award procedures during
World War II, followed by a discussion of the awards
process during the Korean War up until the present, and
a look at current award criteria for the Legion of Merit
for both foreign and United States personnel.
The article next looks at an examination of the medal
itself, including manufacturing specifications ofthe four
degrees, numbering, award certificates, containers, and
lapel pins. The article concludes with a look at recipients
- both foreign and American – and finishes with a look
at typical engraving styles and some conclusions about
the award.
Lineage of the Legion of Merit
Most collectors know about the “Badge of Military
Merit,” created by General George Washington in his
order ofthe day on August 7, 1782. As he was “… ever
desirous to cherish a virtuous ambition in his soldiers, as
well as to foster and encourage every species of Military
Merit,” Washington directed:
that whenever any singularly meritorious action is
performed, the author ofit shall be permitted to ~vear on
his facings, over his left breast, the figure of a heart in
purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding.
Not only instances of unusual gallantry, but also of
extraordinary fidelity and essential service in any way
shall meet with a due reward.
Only three awards of the Badge of Military Merit are
known to have been made, and it fell into disuse after
the American Revolution.~ Its rebirth was the result of
considerable study and discussion during the period
between World Wars I and II when a number ofproposals
were made for additional military decorations — to
include reviving the Badge ofMilitary Merit as the Purple
Heart Medal.
In 1921, Colonel John W. Wright ofthe Historical Section
ofthe War College felt theArmy needed another decoration
to complement the Medal ofHonor, Distinguished Service
Cross and Distinguished Service Medal. He believed that
a medal for distinguished service below the Distinguished
Service Medal was needed, especially “… where the man
is in a position ofresponsibility; in other words, coveting
younger officers.” In Wright’s words:
As the [proposed] Purple Heart has its own history it
will be a decoration that will have high standing. I would
not call it a second D.S.M. It should stand alone as the
decoration reserved for all officers and men, not being in
positions ofgreatresponsibility, yet who perform services
calling for recognition. It will be the decoration within
the grasp of younger officers; afterwards they may also
receive the D.S.M. but that could come only with high
rank and very responsible duty.
The Arrny General Staffultimately recommended thatthe
Secretary of War revive Washington’s old award as the
“Order of Military Merit” and award it for exceptionally
meritorious service not involving great responsibility.
The staff also recommended that: the new decoration be
available in both peace and war; that it be awarded for
heroic acts not performed in actual conflict; and that it be
limited to members ofthe Army.
Not all ofthese recommendations were adopted but, when
General Douglas MacArthurresurrected the Purple Heart
on February 22, 1932, its lineage to the original Badge of
Military Merit was evident from the raised inscription on
the new decoration’s reverse, FOR MILITARY MERIT,
and in the color ofits ribbon.
The Purple Heart was originally intended to be “awarded
to persons who, while serving in the Army of the
Vol. 59, No.2 5United States, perform any singularly meritorious act of
extraordinary fidelity or essential service.” The words
“essential service” were interpreted to include combat
wounds, provided thatthe wound required “treatment by a
medical officer, and.., is received in action with an enemy
ofthe United States, or as a result ofan act ofsuch enemy,
may, in the judgrnent ofthe commander authorized to make
the award, be construed as resulting from a singularly
meritorious act of essential service.”
The result was that awards ofthe Purple Heart for wounds
quickly outstripped awards for meritorious service. Shortly
afterthe start ofWorld War II, Purple Hearts formeritorious
achievement were prohibited and the decoration was now
exclusively used for combat wounds. This, however,
meant that the original desire for a medal junior to the
Distinguished Service Medal was again unsatisfied.2 As
a result, by 1938 both the Army and Navy agreed on the
need for a medal for meritorious service. It was at this
point that the key personality in the development of the
Legion of Merit entered the picture.
Ralph Townsend Heard (1897-1993)
R. Townsend Heard was a fascinating character. He was
born on August 15, 1897 and left Stanford University in
1916 to enter the Army. He held a commission as a Field
Artillery officer and, on October 5, 1917, Heard fired the
first artillery round by an American during the First World
War. Although he was independently wealthy (he never
accepted his Army pay), he remained on active duty after
World War I and was involved in intelligence matters.
Heard served as military attach6, with postings in such
major European capitals as Berlin, Paris, and Rome.
He had an interest in military decorations because his
father, John W. Heard, received the Medal of Honor
while a cavalry lieutenant during the Spanish-American
War.3 Heard himself later received the Silver Star for his
gallantry in action in the First World War, and in the course
of his service with the French during war and through his
diplomatic postings, he became familiar with the principal
European orders and decorations. This interest was to
provide a subsequent foundation for the development of
the Legion of Merit.
In 1940, now Colonel Heard was assigned to the War
Department’s General Staff Corps, and among his other
duties he began work on a proposed Meritorious Se~wice
Medal. Heard had definite ideas about the shape that any
new decoration should take. He wanted: (1) Congress to
create a decoration that would be linked to Washington’s
Badge of Military Merit; (2) the new award to follow the
same pattern as many ofthe key European decorations by
being awarded in multiple grades; and (3) the decoration to
capitalize on the prestige ofthe French Legion of Honor.
Heard ultimately arrived at the idea of a Legion ofMerit
in four grades.4
After the Second World War broke out the need for a
“junior Distinguished Service Medal” became even more
apparent, but events during the first seven months also
produced another, different kind ofneed. Starting with the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States suffered
a series of stinging losses in the early months ofthe war
in the Pacific. As the consensus was that America must
have better intelligence gathering, the War Department’s
Military Intelligence Division (MID) began operating the
American Intelligence Command (AIC) in LatinAmerica
in June 1942. This was an effort to establish a network of
undercover intelligence-gathering organizations run by
the military attach6s assigned to each diplomatic legation
in Latin America. Heard ran the AIC for MID under
the cover of his position as a General Staff Officer.5 He
was especially interested in securing the cooperation of
friendly foreign officials, particularly military officers
and Heard realized that his proposed Legion of Merit
would be an excellent vehicle for winning the cooperation
of these officials. As a result, Heard proposed that a
Legion of Merit be established with both Military and
Naval divisions, with awards going to both military and
civilians. The new decoration would not only fill the gap
below the Distinguished Service Medal but could also be
used by his intelligence organization to win support for
the American war effort by securing the allegiance ofits
foreign recipients.
Development ofthe Design ofthe
Legion of Merit
Before Congress enacted the legislation creating the
Legion of Merit, much thought had already gone into the
design ofthe new decoration. Heard wanted the medal to
begin with the basic design format ofthe French Legion
of Honor – a cross with five white-enameled arms. But,
as he also wanted the design to be uniquely American, he
borrowed from the Great Seal ofthe United States.
Under Heard’s guidance all previous proposals for a
Meritorious Service Medal were withdrawn and the War
Department instead drafted legislation to create Heard’s
Legion of Merit. The original concept was to create it
in four degrees. It was to be awarded by the President
to personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States,
to military personnel of fi-iendly foreign nations, and to
American civilians who had been directly involved with
JOMSAnational defense since the President’s proclamation of an
emergency on September 8, 1939. The new decoration was
to be awarded to those who distinguished themselves by
exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of
outstanding service, but at a level below that which would
justify the award ofthe Distinguished Service Medal.
Aproblem arose, however, when Heard testified during the
congressional committee hearings considering legislation
to create the Legion of Merit. Committee members,
echoing the Navy’s reservations, were reluctant to create
a single decoration that would recognize both civilians
and military personnel.
To address this concern, Heard now adopted the Navy’s
earlier suggestion that Congress create separate medals for
military personnel and civilians. The committee agreed.
The legislation was reworded and, when Congress passed
it in July 1942, the new statute created a Legion ofMerit
for military, service and the Medalfor Merit for civilian
service.6 President Roosevelt signed an executive order
implementing this legislation a few months later]
Securing a Design
Heard, acting on behalf of the War Department, had
previously prepared and submitted proposed designs for
the various degrees ofthe medal. His design followed the
basic concept ofthe French Legion ofHonor but included
unique American components, and Heard described his
design as a descendant ofWashington’s Badge ofMilitary
Merit. Although the Navy did not agree with Heard’s
design concept, its objections were disregarded.
On May 2, 1942, the Commission ofFine Arts considered
the artistic merits of Heard’s Legion of Merit design.
While the Commission recommended thatthe well-known
artist Paul Manship be retained to sculpt the medal, the
plaster model was done by Katherine W. Lane and sent
for approval to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 20,
1942.
Gilmore D. Clarke, the Chairman ofthe Commission of
Fine Arts, replied on August 3, 1942. In the commission’s
view, “the design is an inferior imitation of the French
Legion of Honor” and, in any event, “medals of the
United States of America should be distinctive in form
and character and not in any way resemble medals ofother
countries.” Given the significance of the star in United
States heraldry, Gilmore thought it would be better to use
a five-pointed star rather than a cross for the Legion of
Merit.
Shortly thereafter Clarke met with Heard and others to
discuss the proposed design. Heard explained that the
project had been in the works for over two years and the
design had been approved by both the War and Navy
Departments and by the State Department. Both Heard
and Gilmore were adamant in their positions, but they
eventually reached a compromise by modifying certain
features of the medal without significantly altering its
overall design.
After the Commission of Fine Arts approved the Legion
of Merit design, now Brigadier General Heard provided
the necessary materials for making some sample medals
to Bailey, Banks and Biddle of Philadelphia. On January
5, 1943, when a BB&B sample was presented to Secretary
of War Stimson, he gave his approval and directed that
a supply of the medals be procured as soon as possible.
Shortly thereafterthe Legion ofMerit wentinto production
but an unexpected problem quickly surfaced: the new
decoration turned out to be “the most difficult medal ever
offered the industry to produce.” This was because
the enameling on both sides ofthe medal and on curved
sections requires a high degree of skill, which has not
been developed in this country to any great extent; and
the skilled workers, of which there were only a limited
quantity, have left the enameling industry … for more
vital war work.
Figure 1: Legion ofMerit with reverse enameling
andpierced arrows.
Vol. 59, No.2
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Legion of Merit
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Sir Dr. Charles W. Swan
Former Presidential Policy Advisor to Presidential to Presidents Reagan and Bush Senior
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Major General Charles W. Swan 
Trapped inside the Beltway Directed by: Charles W. Swan Directed by: Charles W. Swan Submitted by: Charles W. Swan X
Synopses People Qualifiers Formats Screenings Presskit Resumes Downloads Synopses 3-Line Synopsis While our soldiers are fighting abroad, our children are being attacked at home by crime, drugs and are murdered.
3-Line Synopsis (French) Where are the politician on crime and drugs? While our soldiers are fighting abroad, our children are being attacked at home by crime, drugs and are being murdered. Crime and drugs in America seems to be an accepted way of America life.
Programming Descriptors FORMS:Documentary, Multimedia, Feature, Short, Ad Spot, Industrial GENRES:Family, Drama, Educational, Crime, Human Rights, Urban, Action, Art NICHES:African American, Asian, Asian American, Hispanic, Jewish, Native American, Third World, Senior/Aging, Children
Foreign Titles ENGLISH Trapped inside the Beltway Medium Synopsis Where are the politician on crime and drugs? While our soldiers are fighting abroad, our children are being attacked at home by crime, drugs and are being murdered. Crime and drugs in America seems to be an accepted way of America life.
Medium-Word Synopsis (French) Where are the politician on crime and drugs? While our soldiers are fighting abroad, our children are being attacked at home by crime, drugs and are being murdered. Crime and drugs in America seems to be an accepted way of America life. Where do you stand on the crime and drug issue?
Are our children safe? Can we save them? They may be trapped inside the beltway. The children are victimized by drugs, crime, aids and poor public schools. What are we educating them to be? I hope to be safe and to survive!! While we were fighting abroad, our people were being attacked at home.
Long Synopsis Where are the politician on crime and drugs? While our soldiers are fighting abroad, our children are being attacked at home by crime, drugs and are being murdered. Crime and drugs in America seems to be an accepted way of America life. Where do you stand on the crime and drug issue?
Are our children safe? Can we save them? They may be trapped inside the beltway. The children are victimized by drugs, crime, aids and poor public schools. What are we educating them to be? I hope to be safe and to survive!! While we were fighting abroad, our people were being attacked at home.
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