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Research Article
Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species
expand article infoBeeyoung Gun Lee‡, Jae-Seoun Hur§
‡ Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, Republic of Korea
§ Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Beeyoung Gun Lee ( gitanoblue@koagi.or.kr )

Corresponding author: Jae-Seoun Hur ( jshur1@sunchon.ac.kr )

Academic editor: Xinli Wei
© 2021 Beeyoung Gun Lee, Jae-Seoun Hur.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798
Open Access

Abstract

Lecanora parasymmicta Lee & Hur and Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis Lee & Hur are described as new lichen species to science from the forested wetlands in southern South Korea. Molecular analyses employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences strongly support the two lecanoroid species to be distinct in their genera. Lecanora parasymmicta is included in the Lecanora symmicta group. It is morphologically distinguished from Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach., its most similar species, by areolate-rimose thallus, blackish hypothallus, larger apothecia, absence of thalline excipulum from the beginning, narrower paraphyses, larger ascospores, smaller pycnoconidia, and the presence of placodiolic acid. The second new species Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis is included in a clade with Protoparmeliopsis bipruinosa (Fink) S.Y. Kondr. and P. nashii (B.D. Ryan) S.Y. Kondr., differs from Protoparmeliopsis ertzii Bungartz & Elix, its most morphologically similar species, by whitish thallus, flat to concave and paler disc, longer ascospores, thallus K+ yellow reaction, presence of atranorin and rhizocarpic acid, and the substrate preference to sandstone or basalt. A key is provided to assist in the identification of Protoparmeliopsis species in Korea.

Keywords

Biodiversity, hygrophyte, Lecanoraceae, phylogeny, taxonomy

Introduction

As the genus Lecanora has been considered one of the largest genera in lichens, several infrageneric groups have been specifically or comprehensively studied in diverse aspects in morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny (Eigler 1969; Brodo 1984; Lumbsch 1995; Motyka 1995, 1996; Printzen 2001; Pérez-Ortega and Kantvilas 2010; Zhao et al. 2016; Bungartz et al. 2020). Main groups have been traditionally but informally recognized such as the Lecanora dispersa group, the L. polytropa group, the L. rupicola group, the L. subfusca group, the L. symmicta group, the L. varia group and the subgenus Placodium. The genera Lecanoropsis, Myriolecis and Protoparmeliopsis are originated from the L. saligna-, the L. dispersa-, and the L. muralis- groups, respectively (Śliwa et al. 2012; Zhao et al. 2016). Even a new genus Sedelnikovaea is differentiated from Protoparmeliopsis, one of the recently described genera (Kondratyuk et al. 2014). Other more groups have been defined such as the L. carpinea-, the L. filamentosa-, the L. intumescens-, the L. subcarnea- groups (Pérez-Ortega and Kantvilas 2010; Zhao et al. 2016), and the L. pallida group including the L. subcarnea group, the L. marginata group, and the L. pinguis group including a section in Placodium for the lecanoroid lichens of the Galapagos Islands (Bungartz et al. 2020).

Although there have been many groups classified as above, a few groups are proved more natural and homogenous and other groups are represented heterogenous without clarity in taxonomy (Zhao et al. 2016). The Lecanora varia group s. lat. is one of the unclear groups, and some species in the group are classified into the L. polytropa group and other some species are nested into the L. symmicta group (Printzen and May 2002; Laundon 2003; Pérez-Ortega and Kantvilas 2018; Bungartz et al. 2020). The main difference between the latter two groups is that the L. polytropa group has the corticate apothecia becoming convex when mature and inhabits generally on well-lit acid rocks, but the L. symmicta group represents convex apothecia from the beginning and mainly inhabits barks or worked woods (Laundon 2003). Such an inconclusive group is in need of revision as other infrageneric groups have been revised (Śliwa and Flakus 2011).

Hue (1909) first reported the lecanoroid lichens from Korea by describing four new taxa in the genus Lecanora, L. oreina (Ach.) Ach., L. hueana Harm., L. hueana f. microcarpa Hue, and L. membranifera Hue, although all the taxa are classified in other genera at present. Hur et al. (2005) arranged twelve species of Lecanora with specific references for each species reported from Korea. Moon (2013) listed twenty four species of Lecanora if we discard L. fusanii Hue (syn. Caloplaca fusanii (Hue) Zahlbr.) and L. vulnerata Hue (syn. Caloplaca vulnerata (Hue) Zahlbr.). Overall fifty two taxa had been recorded in Korea toward 2020 (Jeon et al. 2009; Joshi et al. 2009; Kondratyuk et al. 2013, Aptroot and Moon 2014, 2015; Kondratyuk et al. 2015, 2016a, 2016b, 2017; Lee and Hur 2020). Protoparmeliopsis, the lobate lecanoroid genus, was first referenced for Korea in 2007 and represented by Protoparmeliopsis muralis M. Choisy (Wei et al. 2007, sub Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh.). Protoparmeliopsis chejuensis S.Y. Kondr. & Hur, P. kopachevskae S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur, P. pseudogyrophorica S.Y. Kondr., S.O. Oh & Hur, and P. zerovii S.Y. Kondr. were described or referenced from Korea during the 2010s (Kondratyuk et al. 2013, 2016a, 2017), and totally five species were recorded in the genus Protoparmeliopsis for the country, although P. pseudogyrophorica was later reclassified to Sedelnikovaea pseudogyrophorica (S. Y. Kondr., S.O. Oh & Hur) S. Y. Kondr. & Hur (Kondratyuk et al. 2019).

This study describes two new lichen-forming fungi species to science in the genera Lecanora, i.e., the L. symmicta group, and Protoparmeliopsis. Field surveys for the lichen biodiversity in the forested wetlands of southern South Korea were accomplished during the summer of 2020, and a few dozen specimens were collected in the wetland forests nearby seashore or in islands (Fig. 1). The collected specimens were comprehensively analyzed in ecology, morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny and did not correspond to any previously known species. We describe them as two new species, Lecanora parasymmicta and Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis, and these discoveries contributes to the taxonomy of the lecanoroid lichens of Korea by listing overall fifty three taxa of Lecanora and six taxa of Protoparmeliopsis. The specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the Baekdudaegan National Arboretum (KBA, the herbarium acronym in the Index Herbariorum), South Korea.

Figure 1. 

Specific collection sites for two new species A habitat/landscape of Lecanora parasymmicta B habitat/landscape of Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis C locations of Lecanora parasymmicta (black circle) and Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis (two black stars) on the map.

Materials and methods

Morphological and chemical analyses

Hand sections were prepared manually with a razor blade under a stereomicroscope (Olympus optical SZ51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), scrutinized under a compound microscope (Nikon Eclipse E400; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and pictured using a software program (NIS-Elements D; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and a DS-Fi3 camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) mounted on a Nikon Eclipse Ni-U microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The ascospores were examined at 1000× magnification in water. The length and width of the ascospores were measured and the range of spore sizes was shown with average, standard deviation (SD), length-to-width ratio, and number of measured spores. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using solvent systems A and C according to standard methods (Orange et al. 2001).

Isolation, DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing

Hand-cut sections of ten to twenty ascomata per collected specimen were prepared for DNA isolation and DNA was extracted with a NucleoSpin Plant II Kit in line with the manufacturer’s instructions (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). PCR amplification for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA), the mitochondrial small subunit, and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA genes was achieved using Bioneer’s AccuPower PCR Premix (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea) in 20-μl tubes with 16 μl of distilled water, 2 μl of DNA extracts and 2 μl of primers ITS5 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990), mrSSU1 and mrSSU3R (Zoller et al. 1999) or LR0R and LR5 (Rehner and Samuels 1994). The PCR thermal cycling parameters used were 95 °C (15 sec), followed by 35 cycles of 95 °C (45 sec), 54 °C (45 sec), and 72 °C (1 min), and a final extension at 72 °C (7 min) based on Ekman (2001). The annealing temperature was occasionally altered by ±1 degree in order to get a better result. PCR purification and DNA sequencing were accomplished by the genomic research company Macrogen (Seoul, Korea).

Phylogenetic analyses

All ITS and mtSSU sequences were aligned and edited manually using ClustalW in Bioedit V7.2.6.1 (Hall 1999). All missing and ambiguously aligned data and parsimony-uninformative positions were removed and only parsimony-informative regions were finally analyzed in MEGA X (Stecher et al. 2020). The final alignment comprised 1462 (ITS) and 1058 (mtSSU) columns for Lecanora. In them, variable regions were 171 (ITS) and 117 (mtSSU). The phylogenetically informative regions were 440 (ITS) and 152 (mtSSU). The final alignment for Protoparmeliopsis comprised 945 (ITS) and 985 (mtSSU) columns. In them, variable regions were 214 (ITS) and 53 (mtSSU). Finally, the phylogenetically informative regions were 268 (ITS) and 134 (mtSSU). Phylogenetic trees with bootstrap values were obtained in RAxML GUI 2.0 beta (Edler et al. 2019) using the Maximum Likelihood method with a rapid bootstrap with 1000 bootstrap replications and GTR GAMMA for the substitution matrix. The posterior probabilities were obtained in BEAST 2.6.4 (Bouckaert et al. 2019) using the GTR 123141 (ITS for Lecanora), the GTR 121321 (mtSSU for Lecanora), the HKY (Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano) (ITS for Protoparmeliopsis), and the GTR 123123 (mtSSU for Protoparmeliopsis) models, as the appropriate models of nucleotide substitution produced by the Bayesian model averaging methods with bModelTest (Bouckaert and Drummond 2017), empirical base frequencies, gamma for the site heterogeneity model, four categories for gamma, and a 10,000,000 Markov chain Monte Carlo chain length with a 10,000-echo state screening and 1000 log parameters. Then, a consensus tree was constructed in TreeAnnotator 2.6.4 (Bouckaert et al. 2019) with no discard of burnin, no posterior probability limit, a maximum clade credibility tree for the target tree type, and median node heights. All trees were displayed in FigTree 1.4.2 (Rambaut 2014) and edited in Microsoft Paint. The bootstrapping and Bayesian analyses were repeated three times for the result consistency and no significant differences were shown for the tree shapes and branch values. The phylogenetic trees and DNA sequence alignments are deposited in TreeBASE under the study ID 28189. Overall analyses in the materials and methods were accomplished based on Lee and Hur (2020).

Results and discussion

Phylogenetic analyses

Four independent phylogenetic trees for the genera Lecanora and Protoparmeliopsis were produced from 117 sequences (71 for ITS, and 30 for mtSSU) from GenBank and, 16 new sequences (11 for ITS and 5 for mtSSU) from the new and compared species (Table 1). Lecanora parasymmicta, one of the new species, is positioned in the L. symmicta group in both ITS and mtSSU trees. The ITS tree illustrates that the new species is located in its own clade without any species close to it. Lecanora symmicta, the most similar species, is positioned in a clade with L. confusa Almb. and L. compallens Herk & Aptroot, situated far from the new species (Fig. 2). The mtSSU tree shows that the new species is located in a clade with L. symmicta and L. strobilina Ach., represented by a bootstrap value of 100 and a posterior probability of 1.0 for the branch (Fig. 3). The second new species, Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis, was positioned in Protoparmeliopsis in both ITS and mtSSU trees. The ITS tree explains that the new species is located in a clade with P. bipruinosa (Fink) S.Y. Kondr. and P. nashii (B.D. Ryan) S.Y. Kondr., represented by a bootstrap value of 92 and a posterior probability of 1.0 for the branch (Fig. 4). The mtSSU tree shows that P. crystalliniformis is located in its own clade (Fig. 5). The phylogenetic analyses, and according to the included taxa, did not indicate any such species to the two new proposed in Lecanora and Protoparmeliopsis.

Table 1.
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Species list and DNA sequence information employed for phylogenetic analysis.

No. Species ID (ITS) ID (mtSSU) Voucher
1 Lecanora aitema GU480092 SPO1
2 Lecanora atrosulphurea KY266931 O-L-195558
3 Lecanora austrocalifornica GU480103 SPO2
4 Lecanora cinereofusca KP224470 KP224465 Lendemer 34944 (NY)
5 Lecanora cinereofusca KP224471 KP224464 Lendemer 35007 (NY)
6 Lecanora compallens KY586043 JM6948
7 Lecanora confusa GU480093 SPO10
8 Lecanora confusa GU480120 SPO9
9 Lecanora conizaeoides AF189717 U229
10 Lecanora conizaeoides KJ766418 AFTOL-ID 1858
11 Lecanora expallens KY586040 UGDA-L17316
12 Lecanora flavoleprosa GU480101 SPO18
13 Lecanora cf. fulvastra GU480119 SPO8
14 Lecanora helmutii MG973240 MA:Lichen:19506
15 Lecanora orosthea AF070035 U244
16 Lecanora parasymmicta MW832793 MW832799 BDNA-L-0001218
17 Lecanora parasymmicta MW832794 MW832800 BDNA-L-0001220
18 Lecanora parasymmicta MW832795 MW832801 BDNA-L-0001235
19 Lecanora perpruinosa AF070025 U176
20 Lecanora perpruinosa DQ787344 U506
21 Lecanora polytropa DQ534470 Hur ANT050752
22 Lecanora polytropa HQ650643 DQ986807 AFTOL-ID 1798
23 Lecanora polytropa JN873881 U.C. Riverside 47815UCR1
24 Lecanora polytropa DQ787348 U520
25 Lecanora saxigena KP224467 KP224460 Lendemer 25832 (NY)
26 Lecanora saxigena KP224468 KP224461 Lendemer 33186 (NY)
27 Lecanora solaris MH512984 LYF14–69
28 Lecanora solaris MH520111 ED (14336) & LY
29 Lecanora stanislai KY586041 UGDA-L17244
30 Lecanora stanislai MK778544 J. Malicek 10367
31 Lecanora strobilina MG973235 MA:Lichen:19510
32 Lecanora strobilina MG973236 MA:Lichen:19511
33 Lecanora strobilina MG973237 MA:Lichen:19509
34 Lecanora strobilina KJ766420 DUKE:M. Kukwa 4761
35 Lecanora strobilinoides MG973238 MA:Lichen:19507
36 Lecanora subintricata GU480112 SPO28
37 Lecanora sulphurea AF070030 U212
38 Lecanora sulphurea DQ787356 U508
39 Lecanora symmicta AF070024 U205
40 Lecanora symmicta GU480113 SPO29
41 Lecanora symmicta MH481912 O-L-209831
42 Lecanora symmicta MW832788 BDNA-L-0000547
43 Lecanora symmicta MW832789 BDNA-L-0000548(br)
44 Lecanora symmicta MW832790 BDNA-L-0000548(yel)
45 Lecanora symmicta MW832791 BDNA-L-0000551
46 Lecanora symmicta MW832792 BDNA-L-0000642
47 Lecanora symmicta KJ766421 EGR:K. Molnar 23-08-2005/B
48 Lecanora symmicta KJ152466 C. Printzen 9999a (FR)
49 Lecanora varia MK672852 MK693694 Kondratyuk S. 21325 (KW-L)
50 Polyozosia contractula AF070032 U236
51 Polyozosia contractula HQ650604 DQ986898 AFTOL-ID 877
52 Polyozosia poliophaea MG925981 MG925879 O:L 200460
53 Polyozosia sp. MW832798 BDNA-L-0001105
54 Protoparmeliopsis achariana AF070019 U155
55 Protoparmeliopsis achariana DQ787342 U525
56 Protoparmeliopsis bipruinosa AF159932 U354
57 Protoparmeliopsis bolcana MK672838 MK693686 Kondratyuk S. 20309 (KW-L)
58 Protoparmeliopsis chejuensis MK672839 MK693687 KoLRI 022622
59 Protoparmeliopsis chejuensis MK672840 MK693688 KoLRI 022618
60 Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis MW832796 MW832802 BDNA-L-0000298
61 Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis MW832797 MW832803 BDNA-L-0000349
62 Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii AF189718 M107
63 Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii KT453728 KT453818 Leavitt 089 (BRY-C)
64 Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii KU934537 Leavitt 199 (BRY-C)
65 Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii MK084624 Szczepanska 1240
66 Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii MK084626 Flakus 21175
67 Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii MK672841 MK693689 M. Haji Moniri (KW-L)
68 Protoparmeliopsis kopachevskae MK672845 KoLRI 040224
69 Protoparmeliopsis kopachevskae MK672846 KoLRI 040267
70 Protoparmeliopsis kopachevskae MK672847 KoLRI 040276
71 Protoparmeliopsis laatokaensis MN912366 20132508
72 Protoparmeliopsis macrocyclos AF159933 U273
73 Protoparmeliopsis muralis KC791770 BGK247
74 Protoparmeliopsis muralis KP059048 KP059054 SK 765
75 Protoparmeliopsis muralis KT818623 DNA 9890 (F)
76 Protoparmeliopsis muralis KU934555 Leavitt 146 (BRY-C)
77 Protoparmeliopsis muralis KU934560 Vondrak 106b (PRA)
78 Protoparmeliopsis muralis KY379232 BGK257
79 Protoparmeliopsis muralis LC547497 CBM:FL-41434
80 Protoparmeliopsis muralis KJ766466 EGR:K. Molnar U0501/AO
81 Protoparmeliopsis nashii AF159931 U253
82 Protoparmeliopsis peltata KT453722 KT453860
83 Protoparmeliopsis peltata KT453723 MS014622
84 Protoparmeliopsis peltata KU934746 Kaz 13085pelt
85 Protoparmeliopsis peltata KU934751 Vondrak V127 (PRA)
86 Protoparmeliopsis pseudogyrophorica MK672851 MK693693 KoLRI 016651
87 Protoparmeliopsis zareii KP059049 KP059055 SK 480
88 Protoparmeliopsis zareii KP059056 SK 481
89 Protoparmeliopsis sp. KU934865 Vondrak 9980 (PRA)
90 Protoparmeliopsis sp. KU934866 Vondrak 10043 (PRA)
91 Protoparmeliopsis sp. KU934867 Vondrak 10044 (PRA)
92 Protoparmeliopsis sp. KU934868 Vondrak 10055 (PRA)
93 Protoparmeliopsis sp. KU934869 Vondrak 9992 (PRA)
94 Tephromela atra HQ650608 DQ986879 AFTOL-ID 1373
Overall 82 35

DNA sequences which were generated in this study, in bold the new species Lecanora parasymmicta and Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis and newly generated sequences of Lecanora symmicta and Polyozosia sp. specimens. All others were obtained from GenBank. The species names are followed by GenBank accession numbers and voucher information. ITS, internal transcribed spacer; mtSSU, mitochondrial small subunit; Voucher, voucher information.
Figure 2. 

Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the Lecanora symmicta group based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of ITS sequences. The tree was rooted with five sequences of the Lecanora subfusca group and Tephromela. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new sequences of Lecanora parasymmicta and Lecanora symmicta produced from this study are presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Figure 3. 

Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the Lecanora symmicta group based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences. The tree was rooted with four sequences of the Lecanora subfusca group. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new species Lecanora parasymmicta is presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Figure 4. 

Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the genus Protoparmeliopsis based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of ITS sequences. The tree was rooted with five sequences of the genus Polyozosia. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new species Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis is presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Figure 5. 

Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the genus Protoparmeliopsis based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences. The tree was rooted with three sequences of the genus Polyozosia. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new species Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis is presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Taxonomy

Lecanora parasymmicta B.G. Lee & J.-S. Hur, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 839182
Fig. 6

Diagnosis

Lecanora parasymmicta differs from L. symmicta, the most similar species, by its areolate-rimose thallus (vs. areolate to leprose thallus), blackish hypothallus (vs. hypothallus indistinct), larger apothecia (up to 1.7 mm diam. vs. up to 1 mm diam.), absence of thalline excipulum from the beginning (vs. presence of thalline excipulum when young at least), narrower paraphyses (1–1.5 μm vs. 2–2.5 μm), larger ascospores (11–18 × 4–7 μm vs. 9–15.5 × 4–5 μm), smaller pycnoconidia (12–21 × 0.5–0.8 μm vs. 18–25 × 0.5–1.0 μm), chemical reactions (thallus K± slightly yellow, C–, KC– and UV– vs. K–, C± orange, KC± slightly yellow, UV+ dull orange), and the presence of placodiolic acid (vs. presence of arthothelin and ±thiophanic acid).

Type

South Korea, Jeju Island, Aewol-eup, Gwangnyeongri/bongseongri, Mt. Halla, a forested wetland, 33°21.85'N, 126°26.91'E, 980 m alt., on bark of Maackia fauriei (H. Lév.) Takeda, 08 July 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-001020, with Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. (holotype: BDNA-L-0001220; GenBank MW832794 for ITS and MW832800 for mtSSU); same locality, on bark of Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehder, 08 July 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-001018, (paratype: BDNA-L-0001218; GenBank MW832793 for ITS and MW832799 for mtSSU); same locality, on bark of Malus sieboldii, 08 July 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-001019, with Phaeographis aff. inusta (paratype: BDNA-L-0001219); same locality, on bark of Maackia fauriei, 08 July 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-001026, (paratype: BDNA-L-0001226); same locality, on bark of Maackia fauriei, 08 July 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-001035, with Lecanora megalocheila (Hue) H. Miyaw. (paratype: BDNA-L-0001235; GenBank MW832795 for ITS and MW832801 for mtSSU); same locality, on bark of Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., 08 July 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-001036, with Graphis scripta (paratype: BDNA-L-0001236).

Description

Thallus corticolous, crustose, areolate to rimose but not leprose, light olivish gray to light gray, margin determinate, not pruinose, 60–200 μm thick; cortex hyaline, 5–10 μm thick; medulla often intermixed with algae and even with bark layer, small crystals in cortex or between algae, dissolving in K; photobiont coccoid, cells globose to ellipsoid, 5–15 μm. Hypothallus blackish.

Apothecia abundant, rounded, often contiguous or even coalescent, emerging on the surface of thallus and sessile when mature but margin generally attached to thallus surface, constricted at the base, 0.3–1.7 mm diam. Disc flat in the beginning and soon convex, smooth or becoming rugose by apothecia adjoining, not pruinose or slightly pruinose, pale yellow in the beginning and slightly darker when mature, sometimes with dark spots (algae), 180–400 μm thick; biatorine. Thalline excipulum absent from the beginning, proper excipulum present and sometimes slightly paler than disc, more distinctive when young, hyaline but yellowish brown to pale brown at periphery with granules which dissolving in K, periphery color same to epihymenium, ca. 90 μm wide laterally and 70–80 μm wide at periphery, disappearing to the base. Epihymenium yellowish brown to pale brown, granular, dissolving in K, 10–20 μm high. Hymenium hyaline, 70–90μm high. Subhymenium hyaline, 30–50 μm high. Hypothecium hyaline, prosoplectenchymatous (irregular), 50–60 μm high. Crystals and oil droplets absent in apothecial section. Paraphyses septate, anastomosing, 1–1.5 μm wide, simple or branched at tips, tips not swollen or slightly swollen, not pigmented, epihymenium pigmented by granules, not by paraphysial tips, ca. 1.5 μm wide. Asci clavate, 8-spored, 50–60 × 13–21 μm (n = 7). Ascospores constantly simple but rarely 1-septate, coarsely biseriate or irregularly arranged, 11–18 × 4–7 μm (mean = 13.8 × 5.8 μm; SD = 1.62(L), 0.63(W); L/W ratio 1.8–4.0, ratio mean = 2.4, ratio SD = 0.3; n = 105). Pycnidia immersed, ostiolar region slightly projected with a thalline excipulum, round to irregularly asymmetric, brown to black, 220 × 180 μm. Pycnoconidia thread-like, generally curved, 12–21 × 0.5–0.8 μm.

Figure 6. 

Lecanora parasymmicta morphology (BDNA-L-0001235, paratype in A BDNA-L-0001220, holotype in B–M) A–C habitus and apothecia, thalline margin of apothecia consistently absent from the beginning D blackish hypothallus (red arrows) E apothecia in vertical section F biatorine apothecia without thalline margin G–J clavate asci with eight spores K ascospores constantly simple but rarely 1-septate L immersed pycnidia M thread-like, curved pycnoconidia. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–D); 200 μm (E); 50 μm (F); 10 μm (G–K); 100 μm (L); 10 μm (M).

Chemistry

Thallus K– or K+ slightly yellowish, KC–, C–, Pd–. Hymenium, epihymenium and ascus tholus I+ blue. UV–. Usnic acid, zeorin, and placodiolic acid were detected by TLC.

Table 2.
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Comparison of the new species with close species in the Lecanora symmicta group.

Species L. parasymmicta L. aitema L. confusa L. strobilina L. symmicta
Thallus growth form areolate-rimose granular-areolate granular-areolate granular-subareolate areolate-reprose
Thallus color olive-gray to gray cream-white green gray to yellow gray white to pale yellow-green variable (pale yellow-green, white or green-gray)
Prunia absent or slightly pruinose on disc absent absent present absent
Hypothallus blackish indistinct or pale brown absent or indistinct indistinct indistinct
Apothecia (mm diam.) 0.3–1.7 0.2–0.5 0.4–0.7 0.4–1.0 0.3–1.0
Thalline excipulum absent from beginning present when young present when young present when young present when young
Epihymenium yellow-brown yellow-brown brown colorless colorless, yellow-brown to olive
Paraphyses (μm) 1–1.5 2–2.5 1–2 1–1.5 2–2.5
Asci (μm) 50–60 × 13–21 35–45 × 10–15 32–45 × 11–15 35–45 × 10–17 30–47 × 8–12*
Ascospores (μm) 11–18 × 4–7 12–17 × 4.5–5.5 10–14 × 4–5 10–15 × 4–6 9–15.5 × 4–5 8–12 × 4–6*
Pycnoconidia (μm) 12–21 × 0.5–0.8 not observed not observed 25 × 1.0 18–25 × 0.5–1.0
Spot test thallus K± slightly yellow, C–, KC– thallus K–, KC± slightly yellow thallus K–, C+ orange, KC+ orange thallus K+ yellow to brown, KC± yellow thallus K–, C± orange, KC± slightly yellow
UV negative pale orange bright orange pale orange dull orange
Substance usnic acid, zeorin, placodiolic acid ±usnic acid, ±zeorin usnic acid, ±zeorin, thiophanic acid, ±arthothelin usnic acid, zeorin usnic acid, zeorin, arthothelin, ±thiophanic acid
Reference BDNA-L-0001218 (paratype), BDNA-L-0001220 (holotype), and BDNA-L-0001235 (paratype) Smith et al. 2009 Nash III et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2009 Brodo et al. 2001; Smith et al. 2009 Brodo et al. 2001; Nash III et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2009; BDNA-L-0000547, BDNA-L-0000548, and BDNA-L-0000551

The morphological and chemical characteristics for several species close to the new species are referenced mainly from the previous literature. All information on the new species is measured from type specimens (BDNA-L-0001218, BDNA-L-0001220, and BDNA-L-0001235) in this study. Particularly the asci of the closest species, Lecanora symmicta, was not described from the previous literature and the asci and the ascospores for the species are measured from selected specimens (BDNA-L-0000547, BDNA-L-0000548, and BDNA-L-0000551) in this study, represented with asterisk marks(*).

Distribution and ecology

The species occurs on the bark of Ligustrum obtusifolium, Maackia fauriei, and Malus sieboldii. The species is currently known from the type collections.

Etymology

The species epithet indicates the lichen’s morphological similarity to the close species Lecanora symmicta.

Notes

The new species is morphologically similar to Lecanora symmicta in its areolate and gray thallus, yellowish apothecia without developed thalline excipulum, yellowish brown epihymenium filled with pigmented granules which dissolving in K, and the presence of conidia. However, the new species differs from L. symmicta by its areolate-rimose thallus, blackish hypothallus, larger apothecia, absence of thalline excipulum from the beginning, narrower paraphyses, larger asci, larger ascospores, smaller pycnoconidia, chemical reaction, and the presence of placodiolic acid (Brodo et al. 2001; Nash III et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2009).

The new species is comparable to Lecanora aitema (Ach.) Hepp, L. confusa, and L. strobilina in the L. symmicta group as all those are corticolous without soredia or leprose thallus. However, the new species differs from L. aitema by olive-gray to gray thallus, blackish hypothallus, larger and paler apothecia, absence of thalline excipulum from the beginning, larger asci, wider ascospores, chemical reaction, presence of placodiolic acid, and the substrate preference to deciduous trees/shrubs (vs. conifers) (Smith et al. 2009).

The new species is different from Lecanora confusa by the absence of thalline excipulum from the beginning, larger asci, larger ascospores, chemical reaction, and the presence of placodiolic acid (Nash III et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2009).

The new species is distinguished from Lecanora strobilina by olive-gray to gray thallus without pruina, presence of black hypothallus, absence of thalline excipulum from the beginning, yellow-brown epihymenium, absence of crystals in apothecial section, larger asci, larger ascospores, smaller pycnoconidia, chemical reaction, and the presence of placodiolic acid (Brodo et al. 2001; Smith et al. 2009). Molecular phylogeny strongly supports that the new species is distinct in the L. symmicta group without any species close to it, illustrating the compared species above are located in different clades far from the new species (Figs 2 and 3). Reference Table 2 provides the key characteristics distinguishing L. parasymmicta from the closely related species in the L. symmicta group above.

All above compared species do not contain placodiolic acid and Lecanora species with placodiolic acid, such as L. placodiolica Lumbsch & Elix, L. cinereofusca H. Magn., L. sarcopidoides (A. Massal.) Hedl., L. subravida Nyl., L. semitensis (Tuck.) Zahlbr. and L. opiniconensis Brodo, are considered for discriminating the new species. Lecanora placodiolica differs from the new species by yellowish thallus, absence of hypothallus, presence of thalline excipulum, and darker (red-brown) discs (Lumbsch and Elix 1998). Lecanora cinereofusca belongs to the L. subfusca group with large crystals, and L. sarcopidoides and L. subravida are the members of the L. saligna group with presence of thalline excipulum and smaller ascospores (Van den Boom and Brand 2008). They are quite different from the new species in morphology although they produce placodiolic acid. Lecanora semitensis differs from the new species by yellowish thallus, darker (dark grayish brown to yellow) discs, presence of thalline excipulum, smaller ascospores (8–12 × 4–5 μm), and the substrate preference to rock other than bark of trees (Nash III et al. 2004). Lecanora opiniconensis represents yellowish thallus composed of lobate areoles, absence of hypothallus, presence of thalline excipulum, absence of zeorin, and the substrate preference to siliceous rock other than bark of trees (Brodo 1986).

Lecanora symmicta specimens examined

South Korea, Gangwon Province, Gangneung, Seongsan-myeon, Eoheul-ri, a forested wetland, 37°43.61'N, 128°48.13'E, 212 m alt., on bark of Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz., 02 June 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-000347, with Lecanora strobilina, Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Kremp., Traponora varians (Ach.) J. Kalb & Kalb (BDNA-L-0000547; GenBank MW832788 for ITS); same locality, on bark of Alnus sibirica, 02 June 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-000348, two variants (one with pale brown discs and the other with yellow discs) of Lecanora symmicta with Lecidella euphorea, Rinodina sp., Traponora varians (BDNA-L-0000548; GenBank MW832789 for ITS of the former variant and GenBank MW832790 for ITS of the latter); same locality, on bark of Alnus sibirica, 02 June 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-000351, two above variants of Lecanora symmicta with Traponora varians (BDNA-L-0000551; GenBank MW832791 for ITS); Pyeongchang-gun, Daegwallyeong-myeon, Hoenggye-ri, a forested wetland, 37°46.00'N, 128°42.33'E, 1,047 m alt., on bark of Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim., 03 June 2020, B.G.Lee & H.J.Lee 2020-000442, with Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd, Buellia sp., Catillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Lecanora megalocheila, Lecidella euphorea, Rimularia cf. caeca, Rinodina sp. (BDNA-L-0000642; GenBank MW832792for ITS).

Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis B.G. Lee & J-.S. Hur, sp. nov.

MycoBank No: 839183
Fig. 7

Diagnosis

Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis differs from P. ertzii by thallus color (grayish white to white vs. pale beige to ochraceous), flat to concave disc (vs. flat to convex disc), paler disc color (pale brown to dark brown vs. deep reddish brown), longer ascospores (8.5–17 × 4.2–7 μm vs. 9.4–11.3 × 5.3–6.6 μm), chemistry (thallus K+ yellow, and the presence of atranorin and rhizocarpic acid vs. all spot tests negative and no substance), and the substrate preference (sandstone or basalt vs. exposed lava).

Type

South Korea, South Jeolla Province, Sinan, Ja-Eun Island, a wetland just nearby coast, 34°55.96'N, 126°04.30'E, 5 m alt., on rock (sandstone), 16 April 2020, B.G.Lee & D.Y.Kim 2020-000149, with Ramalina yasudae Räsänen, Xanthoparmelia coreana (Gyeln.) Hale (holotype: BDNA-L-0000349; GenBank MW832797 for ITS, MW832803 for mtSSU, and MW832822 for LSU); same locality, on rock (sandstone, not calcareous), 16 April 2020, B.G.Lee & D.Y.Kim 2020-000151, with Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi, Ramalina yasudae, Xanthoparmelia coreana (paratype: BDNA-L-0000351).

Description

Thallus saxicolous, areolate to squamulose, linearly or web-like dispersed following furrows of substrate, not forming a rosette, pale grayish white to white, margin indeterminate, not pruinose, 100–450 μm thick; cortex pale brown, 10–20 μm thick; medulla below algal layer, 30–50 μm (sometimes 150–200 μm) thick; algal layer 50–80 μm thick, small crystals in cortex or between algal cells, dissolving but remaining in K; photobiont coccoid, cells globose to ellipsoid, 5–15 μm. Hypothallus absent.

Apothecia abundant, rounded, often contiguous or even coalescent, emerging on the surface of thallus and sessile when mature, constricted at the base, 0.3–1.7 mm diam. Disc flat or slightly concave, crenulate or entire, smooth or becoming rugose by apothecia adjoining, not pruinose, pale brown to dark brown from the beginning, 250–350 μm thick; lecanorine. Thalline excipulum persistent or rarely excluded, concolorous to thallus, 125–160 μm laterally, 80–150 μm at periphery, cortex inconspicuous, concolorous to epihymenium or slightly paler, up to 5 μm, with small and large crystals, small crystals dissolving but remaining in K, large crystals not dissolving in K. Proper excipulum inconspicuous. Epihymenium brown to pale brown, with tiny granules, granules and pigments dissolving in K, 10–20 μm high. Hymenium hyaline, 80–100μm high. Subhymenium hyaline, 30–50 μm high. Hypothecium hyaline, prosoplectenchymatous (irregular), 100–150 μm high. Oil droplets present in hymenium to upper hypothecium. Paraphyses septate, anastomosing, 1–1.5 μm wide, generally simple or occasionally branched at tips, tips not swollen or slightly swollen, not pigmented, 1.5–2 μm wide. Asci narrowly clavate, 8-spored, 40–65 × 10–12 μm (n = 6). Ascospores simple and often biguttulate in the beginning then having an oval-shaped oil drop by assembly of guttules when mature, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, rarely globose, 8.5–17 × 4.2–7 μm (mean = 11.8 × 5.5 μm; SD = 1.9(L), 0.6(W); L/W ratio 1.4–3.1, ratio mean = 2.2, ratio SD = 0.4; n = 102). Pycnidia not detected.

Figure 7. 

Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis morphology (BDNA-L-0000349, holotype) A–C habitus and apothecia, areolate to squamulose thallus in white to whitish gray color D–E apothecia in vertical section F–G well-developed thalline margin H large crystals present in the thalline margin, not dissolving in KOH I clavate ascus J ascospores constantly simple and ellipsoid, often biguttulate in the beginning. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C); 200 μm (D–E); 100 μm (F–G); 50 μm (H); 10 μm (I–J).

Chemistry

Thallus K+ yellow, KC–, C–, Pd–. Hymenium I+ blue. UV–. Atranorin and rhizocarpic acid were detected by TLC.

Table 3.
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Comparison of the new species with close species in the genus Protoparmeliopsis.

Species P. crystalliniformis P. bipruinosa P. ertzii P. nashii
Thallus color gray-white to white pale yellow-green to gray-green-yellow, finally pale brown pale beige to ochraceous various shades of yellow to orange-brown cast
pruina not present pruina on both thallus and disc not present not on thallus, but present on disc
Disc evenness flat to slightly concave flat to slightly convex flat to convex flat to slightly concave
Disc color pale brown to dark brown yellow-brown to pale orange or green deep reddish brown weakly yellow to strongly yellow
Crystals large crystals, insoluble not observed large crystals, insoluble not observed
Ascospores (μm) 8.5–17 × 4.2–7 10–14 × 4–7.5 8.8–12.7 × 4.9–6.9 8–14 × 4–9
Spot test thallus K+ yellow, KC–, C–, Pd– thallus K–, C–; cortex KC+ yellow, P–; medulla KC–, P+ yellow or P– all negative thallus K– or occasionally K+, C–; cortex KC+ yellow, P–; medulla KC–, P+ yellow or less often P–
Substance atranorin,rhizocarpic acid usnic acid, psoromic acid, or fatty acids no substance usnic acid, psoromic acid, or fatty acids
Substrate sandstone or basalt on seashore volcanic tuff, basalt, rhyolite, or sedimentary rocks from desert scrub to woodlands exposed lava on island siliceous rocks (conglomerate to volcanic rocks), rarely on limestone in woodlands, desert scrub or grassland
Reference BDNA-L-0000298, BDNA-L-0000349 (holotype), and BDNA-L-0000351 (paratype) Nash III et al. 2004 Bungartz et al. 2020 Nash III et al. 2004

The morphological, chemical and ecological characteristics for several species close to the new species are referenced mainly from the previous literature. All information on the new species is measured from selected specimens (BDNA-L-0000298, BDNA-L-0000349, and BDNA-L-0000351) in this study.

Distribution and ecology

The species occurs on the rock (sandstone or basalt) nearby coast. The species is currently known from two localities in the southern coast of South Korea.

Etymology

The species epithet indicates the insoluble large crystals present in the thalline excipulum of the lichen.

Notes

The new species is morphologically similar to Protoparmeliopsis ertzii in having insoluble large crystals in the thalline excipulum and the absence of usnic acid, which are the key characteristics distinguishing them from all other species in the genus Protoparmeliopsis. However, the new species differs from P. ertzii by whitish thallus, flat to concave disc, paler disc color, longer ascospores, chemical reaction, presence of atranorin and rhizocarpic acid, and the substrate preference (Bungartz et al. 2020).

The new species is compared with P. bipruinosa and P. nashii as those are closest to the new species in molecular results (Figs 4 and 5). However, the new species differs from P. bipruinosa by whitish thallus, absence of pruina, presence of large crystals, and the presence of atranorin and rhizocarpic acid (Nash III et al. 2004).

The new species is different from P. nashii by whitish thallus, absence of pruina, presence of large crystals, and the presence of atranorin and rhizocarpic acid (Nash III et al. 2004). Reference Table 3 provides specific characteristics distinguishing P. parasymmicta from closely related species above in Protoparmeliopsis.

Additional specimens examined

South Korea, South Jeolla Province, Goheung, Yeongnam-myeon, Ucheon-ri, a coastal area, 34°37.02'N, 127°29.82'E, 31 m alt., on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000098, with Caloplaca bogilana Y. Joshi & Hur, Circinaria caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, Pertusaria flavicans Lamy (BDNA-L-0000298; GenBank MW832796 for ITS, MW832802 for mtSSU, and MW832821 for LSU); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000099, with Buellia sp., Circinaria caesiocinerea (BDNA-L-0000299); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000100, with Buellia aff. nashii (BDNA-L-0000300); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000102, with Buellia sp., Caloplaca bogilana, Circinaria caesiocinerea, Endocarpon maritimum Y. Joshi & Hur, Parmotrema grayanum (Hue) Hale (BDNA-L-0000302); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000103, with Circinaria caesiocinerea, Endocarpon maritimum, Pertusaria flavicans (BDNA-L-0000303); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000105, with Buellia aff. nashii, Circinaria caesiocinerea, Pertusaria flavicans (BDNA-L-0000305); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000107, with Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale (BDNA-L-0000307); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000108, with Caloplaca bogilana, Endocarpon maritimum, Pertusaria flavicans (BDNA-L-0000308); same locality, on rock (basalt), 14 April 2020, B.G.Lee 2020-000110, with Buellia aff. nashii, Buellia sp., Lecanora oreinoides (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold (BDNA-L-0000310).

Key to Protoparmeliopsis and Sedelnikovaea species in Korea (6 taxa)

1 Thalline margin with large crystals, containing atranorin and rhizocarpic acid P. crystalliniformis
– Thalline margin without large crystals 2
2 Thallus whitish 3
– Thallus yellowish, brownish, or greenish 4
3 Apothecia 0.4–0.7 mm diam., disc with white pruina, epihymenium brownish, hymenium 30–40 μm high, hypothecium 70–100 μm high, ascospores wider 6–7 μm P. chejuensis
– Apothecia 0.5–1.5 mm diam., disc without pruina but thalline margin with pruina, epihymenium dull yellowish, hymenium 45–55 μm high, hypothecium 60–70 μm high, ascospores narrower 4.5–5.5 μm P. kopachevskae
4 Soralia developed on thallus, apothecia absent P. zerovii
– Soralia absent, apothecia present 5
5 Thallus greenish gray, disc light yellow to pale brown, ascospores 8–13 × 4.5–7 μm, medulla KC– (not containing gyrophoric acid) P. muralis
– Thallus yellowish, green to grayish yellow, disc dull brown to dark brown, ascospores 17–21 × 5.5–6.5 μm, medulla KC+ yellow (containing gyrophoric acid) Sedelnikovaea pseudogyrophorica (P. pseudogyrophorica)

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the Korean National Research Resource Center Program (NRF-2017M3A9B8069471) and the Korean Forest Service Program through the Korea National Arboretum (KNA-202003127AF-00) for the forested wetland conservation of Korea.

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