FIGURE 1. 1) Schematic geological map of Campi Flegrei (after Vitale and Isaia, 2014, modified); location of the sections and of the Tunnel Excavation. 2) Chronology of the main volcanic events in the CF.
FIGURE 2. Chronostratigraphic correlation of the La Starza sections (including Tunnel Section) with sampling location and dated levels. Chronostratigraphic data are according Rosi and Sbrana, 1987; Giudicepietro, 1993; Di Vito et al., 1999; de Vita et al., 1999; Isaia et al., 2009; Passariello et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2011.
FIGURE 3. Benthic foraminiferal and ostracod assemblage trends in Section C (samples STCZ 18 - STZC 34). See text and Table 9 for details.
FIGURE 4. Dendrogram based on cluster analyses of benthic foraminifer abundance (I) data.
FIGURE 5. Dendrogram based on cluster analyses of ostracod abundance (I) data (MNI).
FIGURE 6. Dendrogram based on cluster analyses of ostracod abundance (I) data (TNV).
FIGURE 7. Paleoecological events through the La Starza succession and paleobathymetry trends. UC: upper circalittoral; LI: lower infralittoral; UI: upper infralittoral; M: marginal; C: continental.
FIGURE 8. 1 Cornuspira involvens (Reuss, 1850), side view, sample STZC 21, ABMC 2016/005; 2 Adelosina longirostra (d’Orbigny, 1826), four chamber side, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2016/046; 3 Quinqueloculina parvula Schlumberger, 1894, four chamber side, sample STZC 21, ABMC 2016/040; 4 Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linnaeus, 1758), four chamber side, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2016/007; 5 Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck, 1804), peripheral view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2016/079; 6 Sigmoilinita distorta (Phleger and Parker, 1951), side view, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2016/080; 7 Sigmoilinita distorta (Phleger and Parker, 1951), side view, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/004; 8 Grigelis guttiferus (d’Orbigny, 1846), lateral view, sample STZC 13, ABMC 2017/003; 9 Laevidentalina communis (d’Orbigny, 1826), lateral view, sample STZC 34, ABMC 2016/042; 10 Marginulina similis d’Orbigny, 1846, side view, sample STZC 21, ABMC 2016/026; 11 Hyalinonetrion clavatum (d’Orbigny, 1846), lateral view, sample STZC 23, ABMC 2016/084; 12 Reussoolina laevis (Montagu, 1803), lateral view, sample STZC 24, ABMC 2016/087; 13 Lagena semistriata Williamson, 1848, lateral view, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2016/023; 14 Lagena striata (d’Orbigny, 1839), lateral view, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2016/008; 15 Globulina minuta (Roemer, 1838), side view, sample STZC 25, ABMC 2016/073; 16 Favulina hexagona (Williamson, 1848), lateral view, sample STZC 13, ABMC 2016/059; 17 Fissurina nummiformis (Buchner, 1940), lateral view, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2016/039; 18 Robertina translucens Cushman and Parker, 1936, lateral view, sample STZC 20, ABMC 2016/088; 19 Stainforthia complanata (Egger, 1893), lateral view, sample STZC 26, ABMC 2016/003; Scale bar 1, 3, 14, 15, 17 - 50 µm; 2, 4-13, 16, 18, 19 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 9. 1 Bolivina pseudoplicata Heron-Allen and Earland, 1930, lateral view, sample STZC 18, ABMC 2016/047; 2 Bolivina variabilis (Williamson, 1858), lateral view, sample STZC 18, ABMC 2016/049; 3 Brizalina aenariensis Costa, 1856, lateral view, sample STZC 29 ABMC 2016/081; 4 Brizalina aenariensis Costa, 1856, lateral view, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2017/005; 5 Brizalina striatula Cushman, 1922, lateral view, sample STZB 6, ABMC 2017/007; 6 Bolivina catanensis Seguenza, 1862, lateral view, sample STZC 25, ABMC 2016/074; 7 Bolivina lowmani Phleger and Parker, 1951, lateral view, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/033; 8 Brizalina spathulata (Williamson, 1858), lateral view, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2016/063; 9 Cassidulina carinata Silvestri, 1896, side view, sample STZC 21, ABMC 2016/028; 10 Cassidulina carinata Silvestri, 1896, apertural side, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2017/095; 11 Cassidulina obtusa Williamson, 1858, apertural side, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2016/032; 12 Globocassidulina subglobosa (Brady, 1881), apertural side, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/088; 13 Evolvocassidulina bradyi (Norman, 1881), lateral view, sample STZC 24, ABMC 2016/037; 14 Reussella spinulosa (Reuss, 1850), lateral view, sample STZC 23, ABMC 2016/085; 15 Rectuvigerina phlegeri Le Calvez, 1959, lateral view, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/022; 16 Bulimina aculeata d’Orbigny, 1826, lateral view, sample STZC 20, ABMC 2016/041; 17 Bulimina elongata d’Orbigny, 1846, lateral view, sample STZC 18, ABMC 2016/010; 18 Bulimina marginata d’Orbigny, 1826, lateral view, sample STZC 15, ABMC 2016/020; 19 Trifarina angulosa (Williamson, 1858), lateral view, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2016/004; Scale bar 1, 2, 6, 11-13, 16-19 - 50 µm; 3-5, 7-10, 14, 15 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 10. 1 Fursenkoina subacuta (d’Orbigny, 1852), lateral view, sample STZB 6, ABMC 2016/025; 2 Fursenkoina tenuis (Seguenza, 1862), lateral view, sample STZC 22, ABMC 2016/057; 3 Valvulineria complanata (d’Orbigny, 1846), spiral side, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2016/009; 4 Gavelinopsis praegeri (Heron-Allen and Earland, 1913), spiral side, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2016/082; 5 Gavelinopsis praegeri (Heron-Allen and Earland, 1913), umbilical side, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2016/083; 6 Rotorbis auberii (d’Orbigny, 1839), spiral side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/069; 7 Rosalina floridana (Cushman, 1922), spiral side, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2016/029; 8 Rosalina macropora (Hofker, 1951), spiral side, sample STZC 26, ABMC 2016/030; 9 Rosalina obtusa d’Orbigny, 1846, spiral side, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2016/090; 10 Rosalina obtusa d’Orbigny, 1846, umbilical side, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2016/089; 11 Tretomphalus concinnus (Brady, 1884), spiral side, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2016/065; 12 Epistominella vitrea Parker, 1953, spiral side, sample STZC 30, ABMC 2016/078; 13 Epistominella vitrea Parker, 1953, umbilical side, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2016/070; 14 Glabratella erecta (Sidebottom, 1908), side view, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2016/071; 15 Glabratella hexacamerata Seiglie and Bermudez, 1965, spiral side, sample STZC 15, ABMC 2016/066; 16 Discorbinella bertheloti (d’Orbigny, 1839), spiral side, sample STZC 33, ABCM 2017/031; 17 Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob, 1798), spiral side, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2016/001; 18 Asterigerinata adriatica Haake, 1977, spiral side, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2016/011; 19 Asterigerinata adriatica Haake, 1977, umbilical side, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2016/012. Scale bar 2, 5, 6, 9-15, 18, 19 - 50 µm; 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 16, 17 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 11. 1 Asterigerinata mamilla (Williamson, 1858), spiral side, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2016/013; 2 Asterigerinata mamilla (Williamson, 1858), umbilical side, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2017/001; 3 Asterigerinata mariae Sgarrella, 1990, spiral side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/091; 4 Asterigerinata mariae Sgarrella, 1990, oblique peripheral view, sample STZC 18, ABMC 2017/013; 5 Haynesina depressula (Walker and Jacob, 1798), side view, sample STZC 18, ABMC 2016/036; 6 Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg, 1840), side view, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2016/064; 7 Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg, 1840), spiral side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/055; 8 Nonion fabum (Fichtel and Moll, 1798), side view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2016/054; 9 Nonionella turgida (Williamson, 1858), side view, sample STZC 18, ABMC 2016/024; 10 Astrononion stelligerum (d’Orbigny, 1839), umbilical side, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2016/043; 11 Melonis affinis (Reuss, 1851), side view, sample STZC15, ABMC 2016/018; 12 Buccella granulata (Di Napoli Alliata, 1952), spiral side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/014; 13 Buccella granulata (Di Napoli Alliata, 1952), umbilical side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/015; 14 Ammonia aberdoveyensis Haynes, 1973 rounded form, spiral side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/002; 15 Ammonia aberdoveyensis Haynes, 1973 rounded form, umbilical side, sample STZC 23, ABMC 2016/068; 16 Ammonia aberdoveyensis Haynes, 1973 lobate form, spiral side, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2016/021; 17 Ammonia aberdoveyensis Haynes, 1973 lobate form, umbilical side, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2016/077; 18 Aubignyna perlucida (Heron-Allen and Earland, 1913), spiral side, sample STZC 23, ABMC 2016/027; 19 Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus, 1758), spiral side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/045; 20 Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus, 1758), umbilical side, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/062; 21 Ammonia falsobeccarii (Rouvillois, 1974), spiral side, sample STZC 13, ABMC 2016/051; Scale bar 2-7, 9 - 50 µm; 1, 8, 10-21 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 12. 1 Elphidium articulatum (d’Orbigny, 1839), side view, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2016/058; 2 Elphidium articulatum (d’Orbigny, 1839), peripheral view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/010; 3 Elphidium complanatum (d’Orbigny) var. tyrrhenianum Accordi, 1951, side view, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2016/061; 4 Elphidium complanatum (d’Orbigny) var. tyrrhenianum Accordi, 1951, side view, sample STZC 17, ABMC 2017/008; 5 Elphidium granosum (d’Orbigny, 1826), side view, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2016/016; 6 Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus, 1758), peripheral view, sample STZC 30, ABMC 2017/002; 7 Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus, 1758), side view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2016/034; 8 Elphidium incertum (Williamson, 1858), side view, STZC 29, ABMC 2016/075; 9 Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll, 1798), side view, sample STZC 21, ABMC 2016/044; 10 Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll, 1798), side view sample STZC 34, ABMC 2016/017; 11 Elphidium maioricense Colom, 1942, side view, sample STZC 34, ABMC 2016/019; 12 Elphidium poeyanum (d’Orbigny, 1839) FS form, side view, sample STZC 20, ABMC 2016/038; 13 Elphidium poeyanum (d’Orbigny, 1839) DS form, side view, sample STZC 20, ABMC 2016/050; 14 Elphidium pulvereum Todd, 1958, side view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2016/052; 15 Elphidium advenum (Cushman, 1922), side view, sample STZC 24, ABMC 2016/072; 16 Elphidium punctatum (Terquem, 1878), side view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/011; 17 Elphidium punctatum (Terquem, 1878), peripheral view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/012; 18 Parrellina verriculata (Brady, 1881), side view, sample STZC 20, ABMC 2016/067; Scale bar 1-5, 8, 15 - 50 µm; 6, 7, 9-14, 16-18 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 13. 1 Propontocypris ? pellucida (Müller, 1894), right valve, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/084; 2 Pseudocandona sarsi (Hartwig, 1899), left valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/068; 3 Cypris pubera O.F. Müller, 1776, juv, right valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/070; 4 Cypridopsis sp., left valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/094; 5 Cytheretta subradiosa (Roemer, 1838), left valve, sample STZC 22, ABMC 2017/072; 6 Cytheretta subradiosa (Roemer, 1838), right valve, sample STZC 22, ABMC 2017/061; 7 Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850), right valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/056; 8 Cytheridea neapolitana Kollmann, 1960, left valve, sample STZC 25, ABMC 2017/036; 9 Cytheridea neapolitana Kollmann, 1960, right valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/062; 10 Pontocythere turbida (Müller, 1894), left valve, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/050; 11 Eucytherura gibbera Müller, 1894, left valve, sample STZC 30, ABMC 2017/020; 12 Eucytherura gibbera Müller, 1894, carapace in dorsal view, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/092; 13 Eucytherura mistrettai Sissingh, 1972, left valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/025; 14 Eucytherura mistrettai Sissingh, 1972, right valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/077; Scale bar 11, 12, 14 - 50 µm; 1-10, 13 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 14. 1 Hemicytherura defiorei Ruggieri, 1953, left valve, sample STZC 34, ABMC 2017/091; 2 Microcytherura fulva (Brady and Robertson, 1874), left valve, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2017/078; 3 Microcytherura fulva (Brady and Robertson, 1874), right valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/076; 4 Semicytherura paradoxa (Müller, 1894), left valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/035; 5 Semicytherura alifera Ruggieri, 1959, left valve, sample STZC 23, ABMC 2017/041; 6 Semicytherura alifera Ruggieri, 1959, left valve in dorsal view, sample STZC 23, ABMC 2017/041; 7 Semicytherura incongruens (Müller, 1894), left valve, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/034; 8 Semicytherura incongruens (Müller, 1894), right valve, sample STZC 21, ABMC 2017/043; 9 Semicytherura incongruens (Müller, 1894), carapace in dorsal view, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/067; 10 Pseudocytherura strangulata Ruggieri, 1991, left valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/053; 11 Pseudocytherura strangulata Ruggieri, 1991, juv, right valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/015; 12 Semicytherura ruggierii (Pucci, 1955), left valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/044; 13 Semicytherura sulcata (Müller, 1894), left valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/024; 14 Semicytherura dispar (Müller, 1894), right valve, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/057; Scale bar 1-3 - 50 µm; 4-14 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 15. 1 Eucythere curta Ruggieri, 1975, left valve, sample STZC 25, ABMC 2017/058; 2 Pseudopsammocythere reniformis (Brady, 1868), left valve, sample STZC 10, ABMC 2017/017; 3 Leptocythere ramosa (Rome, 1942), left valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/033; 4 Callistocythere badia (Norman, 1862), left valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/048; 5 Callistocythere littoralis (Müller, 1894), left valve, sample STZC 34, ABMC 2017/016; 6 Callistocythere flavidofusca (Ruggieri, 1950), carapace in dorsal view, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2017/074; 7 Callistocythere flavidofusca (Ruggieri, 1950), left valve, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/019; 8 Callistocythere flavidofusca (Ruggieri, 1950), right valve, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/059; 9 Loxoconcha ovulata (Costa, 1863), left valve, sample STZC 30, ABMC 2017/038; 10 Loxoconcha ovulata (Costa, 1863), right valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/060; 11 Loxoconcha ovulata (Costa, 1863), juv, right valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/018; 12 Loxoconcha gibberosa Terquem, 1878, right valve, sample STZC 30, ABCM 2017/030; 13 Cytheromorpha nana Bonaduce, Ciampo and Masoli, 1976, left valve, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/069; 14 Cytheromorpha nana Bonaduce, Ciampo and Masoli, 1976, right valve, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2017/031; Scale bar 13, 14 - 50 µm;1-12 - 100 µm.
FIGURE 16. 1 "Elofsonia" minima (Bonaduce, Ciampo and Masoli, 1976), left valve, female, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/075; 2 "Elofsonia" minima (Bonaduce, Ciampo and Masoli, 1976), left valve, male, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/066; 3 Palmoconcha turbida (Müller, 1912), left valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/032; 4 Sagmatocythere versicolor (Müller, 1894), juv, left valve, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/081; 5 Sagmatocythere versicolor (Müller, 1894), left valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/085; 6 Procytherideis retifera Ruggieri, 1978, left valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/063; 7 Procytherideis subspiralis (Brady, Crosskey and Robinson, 1874), left valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/079; 8 Sahnicythere retroflexa (Klie, 1936), right valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/065; 9 Carinocythereis whitei (Baird, 1850), left valve, sample STZC 31, ABMC 2017/046; 10 Paracytheridea paulii Dubowsky, 1939, left valve, sample STZC 32, ABMC 2017/026; 11 Paracytheridea paulii Dubowsky, 1939, left valve, sample STZC 26, ABMC 2017/080; 12 Carinocythereis whitei (Baird, 1850), carapace in dorsal view, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/071; 13 Paracytheridea triquetra (Reuss, 1850), left valve, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/022; 14 Paracytheridea triquetra (Reuss, 1850), left valve in dorsal view, sample STZC 29, ABMC 2017/022; Scale bar 100 µm.
FIGURE 17. 1 Costa edwardsii (Roemer, 1838), left valve, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2017/042; 2 Costa edwardsii (Roemer, 1838), right valve, sample STZC 22, ABMC 2017/052; 3 Costa edwardsii (Roemer, 1838), carapace in dorsal view, sample STZC 19, ABMC 2017/073; 4 Costa edwardsii (Roemer, 1838), right valve, sample STZC 28, ABMC 2017/090; 5 Cistacythereis (Hiltermannicythere) turbida (Müller, 1894), right valve, sample STZC 25, ABMC 2017/021; 6 Cistacythereis (Hiltermannicythere) turbida (Müller, 1894), carapace in dorsal view, sample STZC 26, ABMC 2017/027; 7 Pterygocythereis jonesii (Baird, 1850), right valve, sample STZC 34, ABMC 2017/023; 8 Pterygocythereis jonesii (Baird, 1850), right valve in dorsal view, sample STZC 34, ABMC 2017/028; 9 Rectobuntonia subulata (Ruggieri, 1954), left valve, sample STZC 33, ABMC 2017/029; 10 Xestoleberis communis Müller, 1894, right valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/064; 11 Xestoleberis dispar Müller, 1894, carapace in dorsal view, sample STZC 22, ABMC 2017/040; 12 Xestoleberis ? rara Müller, 1894, right valve, sample STZC 27, ABMC 2017/087; 13 Xestoleberis dispar Müller, 1894, left valve, sample STZC 21, ABMC 2017/037; Scale bar 100 µm.
