Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758)
LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Sistema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata, [iii], 824 p. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae [Stockholm], 1758. [p. 696, sp. 159]
1758 Ostrea pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758
1784 Amusium rumphii Chemnitz, 1784 [invalid publication]
1798 Amusium magneticum Röding, 1798
1840 Pleuronectia laevigata Swainson, 1840
1964 Amusium pleuronectes australiae Habe, 1964
1883 Pecten (Amussium) [sic] milneedwardsi Gregorio, 1883
1991 Amusium pleuronectes nanshaensis Wang & Chen, 1991
1784 Amusium rumphii Chemnitz, 1784 [invalid publication]
1798 Amusium magneticum Röding, 1798
1840 Pleuronectia laevigata Swainson, 1840
1964 Amusium pleuronectes australiae Habe, 1964
1883 Pecten (Amussium) [sic] milneedwardsi Gregorio, 1883
1991 Amusium pleuronectes nanshaensis Wang & Chen, 1991
F. Buonanni, 1681, Recreatio mentis, figure 354.
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CAROLUS LINNAEUS, 1758
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«Gualtieri’s description (pl. 73 fig. B). — “Pecten Tenuis, admodum complanatus, five compressus, fragilis, pellucidus, striatus striis in dorso veluti lineis a cardine ad circumferentiam diffusis, interne vero striis rarioribus aequidistantibus, in plano aequali, aequiliter eminentibus. Pars externa zizyphino colore rubescit; interna vero est candida, aliquando utraque pars lactea.”
Type material. — Paralectotype (MSNP G. 2257), left valve (H 85 mm, L 83.1 mm). The dimensions of the left valve fit the specimen figured by Gualtieri (T. 73 fig. B). Remarks.— Figure B of plate 73 consists of two figures, i.e., exterior and interior of the same left valve. An additional unfigured left valve (H 69.9 mm, L 68.9 mm) was also traced, but does not belong to the type series. For type data, synonyms, additional references, description and distribution of the present species see Dijkstra (1999: 399; 2013: 50). The current combination for the present species is Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758).» DIJKSTRA, H. H. 2016. Annotations to the figured scallops (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Pectinidae) in Gualtieri’s “Index Testarum Conchyliorum”, deposited in the Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio at Calci (Pisa, Italy). Basteria, 80 (1-3): 113-126, figs.1-29. [p. 114, 115]
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Ostrea pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758; H. H. Dijkstra, 2016, Annotations to the figured scallops in Gualtieri’s “Index Testarum Conchyliorum”, deposited in the Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio at Calci, figures 5a, 5b.
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«Description: Size moderate, maximum height 80–100 mm. Shell disc-shaped, thin, rounded, smooth externally. Valves very slightly convex, compressed near umbo, gaping at anterior and posterior sides; suborbicular to orbicular, umbonal angle c. 120°. Auricles small, equal in size, coloration matching valve colour. Left valve variable in colour, from cream to pinkish brown, with variable bluish purple radial lines and intermittent pale dots near umbo; right valve slightly smaller than left, white (Fig. 1A–C). Internal ribbing on both valves; left valve with 19–27 ribs; right valve with 20–30 ribs.
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific Ocean.
Remarks: Based on our data, Amusium s. l., which has previously included three species and several subspecies, is herein redefined to include only its type species, A. pleuronectes (Amusium sensu stricto). A thorough revision of Amusium is necessary to investigate the validity of other potential species or subspecies. Here, we aim only to distinguish Amusium s. s. from the new genus, Ylistrum.»
MYNHARDT, G., A. ALEJANDRINO, L. PUSLEDNIK, J. CORRALES & J. M. SERB. 2014. Shell shape convergence masks biological diversity in gliding scallops: description of Ylistrum n. gen. (Pectinidae) from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 80 (4): 400-411, figs. 1-5. [p. 407]
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Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758); G. Mynhardt, A. Alejandrino, L. Puslednik, J. Corrales & J. M. Serb, 2014, Shell shape convergence masks biological diversity in gliding scallops: description of Ylistrum n. gen. (Pectinidae) from the Indo-Pacific Ocean, figures 1A-1C.
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«Description. — Shell (sub)circular, up to c. 100 mm high, most specimens smaller; rather thin, weakly inflated, right valve slightly more convex than left, gaping at anterior and posterior margins, somewhat higher (dorso-ventrally) than wide in adult stage, inequivalve, equilateral; auricles small, equal in size, umbonal angle c. 120˚. Left valve variable in colour, cream, pinkish or brownish with variable bluish or reddish radial lines and intermediate minute paler and darker dots; right valve and interior of most specimens white. Outer surface of both valves smooth and glossy, inner surface with 20-34 rib carinae, clearly arranged in pairs. Hinge line straight, byssal notch shallow, ctenolium lacking in adult stage.
Distribution. — Throughout the western and southwestern Pacific, from southern Japan southwards to northern and northeastern Australia (as far south as northern New South Wales), westwards into the Indian Ocean to southern India and eastwards into the Pacific to the Solomon Islands (Raines & Poppe, 2006: 138). Present specimens from the Philippines alive at 26-160 m (minimum depth range). Living free in shallow water on clean sand with silt and shell rubble, partially buried with the lower (right) valve in soft sediment. Remarks. — The present specimens from the Philippines are morphologically similar to the type material from Indonesia. Morton (1980) suggested that “swimming” of A. pleuronectes is not a response to predation, but apparently related to a seasonal migration, possible linked to reproduction, although this was doubted by Brand (2006, pp. 707-711). This phenomenon was also observed by Rumphius (1705). Del Norte (1988) reported that the major spawning season for the Lingayen Gulf (northern Philippine Islands) is in February and another minor one takes place from July to September.» DIJKSTRA, H. H. 2013. Pectinoidea (Bivalvia: Propeamussiidae and Pectinidae) from the Panglao region, Philippine Islands. Vita Malacologica, 10: 1-108, pls. 1-32. [p. 51]
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Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758); H. H. Dijkstra, 2013, Pectinoidea from the Panglao region, Philippine Islands, plate 11, figures 4a, 4b (juvenile); plate 13, figures 1a-1d.
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«Description
Shell up to c. 100 mm in height, rather thin, compressed, right valve slightly more convex than left valve, gaping at anterior and posterior margins, suborbicular to orbicular, somewhat longer than wide, inequivalve, equilateral, auricles small, equal in size, umbonal angle c. 120°. Outer surface of both valves smooth, inner surface with c. 12–17 pairs of ribs. Hinge line straight, byssal notch very weak, no ctenolium. Colour of left valve variable, creamy, pinkish or brownish with radiating bluish bands and intermediate minute white dots, right valve white, interior white. Type locality “Habitat in Indiis” [=Indonesia, det. Dijkstra].
Hanley (1855: 104) isolated one specimen, which is unmarked, according to Dance’s accompanying label. No other specimens are in the LSL collection. This specimen is designated herein as the lectotype (Fig. 1C–F).
In the Gualtieri collection of the MSNP is one specimen (lv), which is similar to Linnaeus’ reference (Gualtieri, 1742: pl. 73, fig. B). Other material UUZM (general collection): A box with two specimens with a handwritten label in ink ‘‘pleuronectes’’ (not by Thunberg) and a handwritten label in ink ‘‘595.’’, referring to Chemnitz’ figure (1784: pl. 61, fig. 595). MSNP (Gualtieri collection): A smaller specimen (lv: H 70 mm, W 69 mm), which was not figured by Gualtieri, was traced in the collection. Remarks The references, used by Linnaeus, all clearly refer to Linnaeus’ diagnosis (1758, 1764, 1767), as Hanley (1855: 104) stated. The specimen isolated by Hanley is designated herein as lectotype. Current taxonomic position Ostrea pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 is the type species of Amusium Röding, 1798 (subsequent designation by Herrmannsen, 1846) (Hertlein, 1969: N349). The current combination for the present species is Amusium (Amusium) pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758).» DIJKSTRA, H. H. 1999. Type specimens of Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) described by Linnaeus (1758-1771). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125: 383-443, figs. 1-10. [p. 399, 400]
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Ostrea pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758; H. H. Dijkstra, 1999, Type specimens of Pectinidae described by Linnaeus, figures 1C-F.
N. Gualtieri, 1742, Index Testarum Conchyliorum... plate 73, figure B.
A. J. D. d'Argenville, 1752, L’Histoire naturelle éclaircie..., plate 27, figure G.
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«Distribution and ecology .— Amusium pleuronectes is known from the western and southwestern Pacific, from southern Japan, China, the Philippines and Indonesia, to Australia and the Solomon Islands, as well as from the northeastern Indian Ocean. So far the species has not been recorded from the western Indian Ocean and the central Pacific.
Morton (1980) observed that specimens of A. pleuronectes may move with an average speed of 37 to 45 cm/second. The "swimming" is not a response to predation, but apparently related to a seasonal migration, possibly linked to reproduction. Del Norte (1988) reported that the major spawning season for the Lingayen Gulf (northern Philippines) is in February and the minor one from July to September. Specimens are living on a sandy or muddy sand bottom in shallow water. Remarks. — Klein (1753:134) and Roding (1798:165) followed Rumphius in using the spelling Amusium, although correct Latin spelling should be Amussium, as used by Herrmannsen (1846:19) and E.A. Smith (1884,1885). However, according to the ICZN (1985, art. 33(b)(i)) this orthographic change is incorrect. Amusium pleuronectes is rather variable in colour, from bright reddish-brown, brownish, greyish-brown to dark brown; sometimes the blue radial streaks are dark brown, and prominent (umbonal area) to absent (ventral marginal area) in mature specimens. The internal ribs are also variable in number (20 to 26).» DIJKSTRA, H. H. 1997. Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990), part 6. Mollusca, Bivalvia, Pectinidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 71 (27): 313-343, figs 1-49, tabs 1-3. [p. 319, 320]
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G. E. Rumphius, 1705, D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, plate 45, figures A, B.
J. T. Klein, 1753, Tentamen methodi Ostracologicae..., plate 9, figure 30.
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«1758. Ostrea pleuronectes Linné, Syst. Nat. edit. 10, p. 696.
1912. Amussium pleuronectes Dautzenberg & Bavay, "Lamell. Expéd. Siboga, Pectinidés," p. 34 (with full synonymy). Specific characters:— Shell attaining moderately large dimensions; right valve smooth, unornamented, bearing internally about 28-30 narrow, salient costae grouped in pairs; left valve smooth, with a colour-ornament of about 24 thin lines radiating from the umbo, and possessing internally about 24 narrow, salient costae not grouped in pairs.
Distribution:— A widespread Indo-Pacific species. Pliocene of Java. Zanzibar localities:— 14, 30, 35, 55, 100, 108b. Material:— A large number of specimens.» COX, L. R. 1927. Neogene and Quaternary Mollusca from the Zanzibar Protectorate. In Anonymous (Eds.): Report on the Palaeontology of the Zanzibar Protectorate based mainly on the collection made by G. M. Stockley: 13-102, pls. 3-19. Published by Authority of the Government of Zanzibar. [p. 79]
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«The Pecten pleuronectes (Chemn. Conch. Cab. vol. vii. pl. 61, f. 595), of which a specimen still remains in the Linnean cabinet, and alone of its contents agrees with the definition, has been universally accepted for the species intended by our author, since all the four cited engravings are admitted to be designed for that abundant Chinese shell. " Haec non plicata est" is the manuscript remark in the revised copy of the 'Systema.' The "radiis 12 duplicatis" is important for distinguishing the shell from its closely allied congener Japonicus.»
HANLEY S. C. T. 1855. Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia. The Shells of Linnaeus, Determined from his Manuscripts and Collection. Williams & Norgate. London [p. 104]
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Pecten pleuronectes; J. H. Chemnitz, 1784, Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, plate 61, figure 595.
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