Aquifoliaceae

Ilex Tourn. ex L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 125 (1753)
This genus is accepted
The native range of this genus is Cosmopolitan.

Distribution

Native to:

Alabama, Albania, Algeria, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Arkansas, Assam, Austria, Azores, Bahamas, Baleares, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Bismarck Archipelago, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Bulgaria, Burundi, California, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Caroline Is., Central American Pac, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Connecticut, Corse, Costa Rica, Cuba, Delaware, Denmark, District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, France, Free State, French Guiana, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, Illinois, India, Indiana, Iowa, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Kansas, Kentucky, Kenya, Khabarovsk, Korea, Kuril Is., KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Leeward Is., Lesotho, Liberia, Louisiana, Madagascar, Madeira, Maine, Malawi, Malaya, Maluku, Marquesas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, Netherlands, New Brunswick, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Newfoundland, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Nigeria, North Carolina, North Caucasus, Northern Provinces, Northern Territory, Norway, Nova Scotia, Ogasawara-shoto, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pakistan, Panamá, Paraguay, Pennsylvania, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Queensland, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Rwanda, Sakhalin, Sardegna, Sicilia, Sierra Leone, Society Is., Solomon Is., South Carolina, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tennessee, Texas, Thailand, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Trinidad-Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, West Himalaya, West Virginia, Windward Is., Wisconsin, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

Introduced into:

Bermuda, British Columbia, Lebanon-Syria, New South Wales, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Oregon, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Washington

Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Accepted Species

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Govaerts, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Black, N., Turner, R. & Paton, A. (2021). The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00997-6. Scientific Data 8: 215.

Kew Bulletin

  • Andrews, S. (2002). Aquifoliaceae. In: E. Soepadmo, L. G. Saw & R. C. K. Chung (eds), Tree Flora of Sabah & Sarawak Vol. 4: 1 - 27. Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur.
  • Chen, S. K., Ma, H. Y., Feng, Y. X., Barriera, G. & Loizeau, P. A. (2008). Aquifoliaceae. In: Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds), Flora of China, Vol. 11: 359 - 438. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Craib, W. G. (1931). Florae Siamensis Enumeratio, Vol. 1: 277 - 278. Siam Society, Bangkok.
  • Galle, F. C. (1997). Hollies: the genus Ilex, pp. 79 - 102. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
  • Hu, S. Y. (1949). The genus Ilex in China I - II. J. Arnold Arbor. 30: 233 - 387.
  • Hu, S. Y. (1950). The genus Ilex in China, III. J. Arnold Arbor. 31: 39 - 80.
  • IUCN (2001). IUCN red list categories and criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge.
  • Turrill, W. B. (1914). LXX. — Decades Kewenses. Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 10: 377 - 381.

Flora of West Tropical Africa

  • —F.T.A. 1: 359.

Flora Zambesiaca

  • Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 60 (1754).
  • Sp. Pl. 1: 125 (1753)

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • L., Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 60 (1754)
  • Loes. in Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. Deutsch. Akad. Naturf. 78: 8–500 (1901)
  • Sp. Pl.: 125 (1753)

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Oct 23, 2020 Davis [735] Indonesia K000606986 No
Nov 4, 2015 Julaihi et al [S 76822] Malaysia K000618518 No
Jul 5, 2010 Hiep et al. [3355] Vietnam K000605921 No
Jun 7, 2010 Streimann; Kairo [NGF 27625] K000605954 No
Jan 1, 2009 Wood, J.R.I. [8808] Bolivia K000324839 No
Jan 1, 2009 Wood, J.R.I., et al. [23969] Bolivia K000634313 No
Nov 20, 2007 Streimann; Kairo [NGF 35937] Papua New Guinea K000272303 No
Sep 15, 2006 Daly, D., C. et al. [10866] Brazil K000325267 Yes
Sep 15, 2006 Boom, B., M. [9462] Venezuela K000325262 No
Nov 10, 2005 Frodin, D.G.; Morren [3341] Papua New Guinea K000271403 No
Nov 10, 2005 Womersly; Umba [NGF 48734] Papua New Guinea K000271404 No
May 1, 2005 Prior, A. [808] Jamaica K000036586 Isotype Yes
Jan 1, 2004 Clarke, H.D. [11678] Guyana K001033752 Yes
Dec 12, 2003 Sidiyasa; Arifin [2450] Indonesia K000184558 No
Jan 1, 2002 Schomburgk, R. [946 K000588498 Type No
Jan 1, 2002 Schomburgk [607 (a)] Guyana K000588499 Type Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Sellow [2039] Brazil K000588490 Lectotype Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Schomburgk [607 [b]] Guyana K000588500 Type Yes
Jan 1, 2002 Balansa, B. [1793] Paraguay K000588518 Isolectotype Yes
Mar 29, 1984 Wilson, E.H. [10039] Taiwan K000669298 Unknown Type Material Yes
Sep 9, 1983 Riedel, L. [s.n.] Brazil K000588505 Type Yes
Jan 1, 1930 [Damouse] [6416] K000588480 Unknown Type Material Yes
Saint-Hilaire, A. [s.n.] Brazil K001046889 Yes
Ford, A.; Cooper, W. [6746] Australia K001766993 Type No
Hatschbach, G. [70310] Brazil K001047025 Yes
Daly, D.C.; Tan Le Dong; Pell, S.K.; Nguyen The Cuong; Mitchell, J.D. [13866] Vietnam K001639155 Yes
Hatschbach, G.; Kasper, A. [41619] Brazil K001047001 Yes
Acevedo-Rodriguez, P. [8260] Brazil K001046976 Yes
[152] Brazil K:SPC-72091.000 No
Kawasaki, M.L. [280] Brazil K001046979 Yes
Irwin, H.S. [28873] Brazil K001033741 Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 4330] Burma K001038716 Type Yes
Ribas, O.S. [3501] Brazil K001047013 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [18193] Brazil K000588597 Unknown Type Material Yes
Schomburgk [1015] Guyana K000035183 Type No
Mori, S.A. [11278] Brazil K001046995 Yes
Saar, E.; Passos, L.; Santos, T.R.; Guedes, M.L.; Stannard, B.L.; Atkins, S. [5692] Brazil K001046993 Yes
Kuniyoshi, Y.S. [5025] Brazil K001033995 Yes
Yii, P.C.; Pao; Laing [S. 71599] Malaysia K001573881 Yes
Gray, B. [3549] Australia K001767013 No
Romero, R. [3036] Brazil K001046915 Yes
Furlan, A. [2024] Brazil K001046991 Yes
Meguro, M. [9014] Brazil K001047002 Yes
Irwin, H.S. [34114] Brazil K001046402 Yes
Schomburgk [1048] Guyana K000588496 Holotype Yes
Hahn, W.J.; Grifo, F. [5050] Venezuela K001636856 No
Urbano [9354] Brazil K001033747 Yes
Lai, J.; Yahud; Saleh [S. 74761] Malaysia K001636815 Yes
Krieger, L. [16372] Brazil K001033750 Yes
Mori, S.A. [13162] Brazil K001046996 Yes
Mohizah.; Yii, P.C.; et al. [S. 72825] Malaysia K001609529 Yes
Nguyen, T.M.H.; O'Donnell, S.A. [NTMH 0039] Vietnam K001765285 Yes
Hatschbach, G. [71875] Brazil K001047010 Yes
Ribas, O.S. [3370] Brazil K001047015 Yes
Prance, G.T. [21556] Brazil K001033759 Yes
Hatschbach, G. [50756] Brazil K001046884 Yes
Maingay, A.C. [388/2] Malaysia K000669555 Syntype Yes
Maingay, A.C. [388/2] Malaysia K000669557 Type Yes
Saint-Hilaire, A. [s.n.] Brazil K001046888 Yes
Silva, J.M. [689] Brazil K001033999 Yes
Yii, P. C.; Mohizah; et al [S. 71474] Malaysia K001581578 Yes
Barbosa, E. [619] Brazil K001047017 Yes
Lai, S.T.: Rantai; Enjah, A. [S 75912] Malaysia K001769602 No
Schomburgk [s.n.] Guyana K000588568 Unknown Type Material Yes
Monro, A.K.; Santamaría, D. [10080] Costa Rica K001516632 Yes
Cordeiro, J. [1206] Brazil K001046890 Yes
Ferreira, C.A.C. [9166] Brazil K001033758 Yes
Cordeiro, J. [1786] Brazil K001047020 Yes
Hatschbach, G. [71864] Brazil K001047011 Yes
Prance, G.T. [28938] Brazil K001033757 Yes
Tillett, S.S.; Tillett, C.L.; Boyan, R. [44883] Guyana K000588603 Paratype Yes
Ferraz, E.M.N. [582] Brazil K001047023 Yes
Huber, O. [4296] Brazil K001033753 Yes
Williams, L.O. [7507] Brazil K001033855 Yes
Riedel [1226] Brazil K000035198 Type No
Saint-Hilaire, A. [B2/123] Brazil K001046892 Yes
Hatschbach, G. [50758] Brazil K001046883 Yes
Barbosa, E.; Costa, E.F. [616] Brazil K001047018 Yes
Harley, R.M. [7397] Brazil K001046990 Yes
Harley, R.M. [25087] Brazil K001047003 Yes
Hatschbach, G. [41699] Brazil K001047024 Yes
Thomas, W.W. [10038] Brazil K001046983 Yes
Sellow [4633] Brazil K001046886 Yes
Harley, R.M. [22141] Brazil K:SPC-42726.000 No
[Glaziou] [6122] Brazil K000588593 Unknown Type Material Yes
Tillett, S.S.; Tillett, C.L.; Boyan, R. [44913] Guyana K000588604 Paratype Yes
Ribas, O.S. [3502] Brazil K001047012 Yes
Hatschbach, G.; Silva, J.M. [65577] Brazil K001047026 Yes
Cordeiro, I. [7537] Brazil K001033749 Yes
Irwin, H.S. [22670] Brazil K001047028 Yes
Krieger, L. [15303] Brazil K001033744 Yes
Monro, A.K.; Santamaría, D. [8080] Costa Rica K001516627 Yes
Monro, A.K.; Santamaría, D. [10011] Costa Rica K001516633 Yes
Prance, G.T. [24972] Brazil K001046367 Yes
Harley, R.M. [26483] Brazil K001047000 Yes
Schomburgk [1048] Guyana K000588497 Isotype Yes
Amaral, I.L. [1544] Brazil K001033755 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4332] K001038718 Unknown Type Material Yes
Prance, G.T. [P25052] Brazil K001047030 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [15899] Brazil K000588514 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4329] India K001038715 Unknown Type Material Yes
Robinson H. C. [5000] Malaysia K000669568 Type Yes
Matinelli, G. [12346] Brazil K001047029 Yes
Wallich [s.n.] Malaysia K000669559 Holotype Yes
Harley, R.M. [25087] Brazil K001047004 Yes
Ribas, O.S.; Nicolak, V. [226] Brazil K001033994 Yes
Wallich [s.n.] Malaysia K000669560 Type Yes
[Glaziou] [17580] Brazil K000588595 Unknown Type Material Yes
Alvarenga, D. [355] Brazil K001046987 Yes
Thwaites [CP 298] Sri Lanka K000669457 Unknown Type Material Yes
Romero, R. [3055] Brazil K001046916 Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [10481] Brazil K000588594 Unknown Type Material Yes
Giulietti, A.M. [1454] Brazil K001046997 Yes
Cordeiro, I. [4127] Brazil K001047006 Yes
Tavares, A.S. [101] Brazil K001033754 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United States K000669042 Unknown Type Material Yes
Harley, R.M. [25089] Brazil K001047005 Yes
Griffith [2000] Malaysia K000669562 Syntype Yes
Silva, N.T. [60918] Brazil K001046369 Yes
Prance, G.T. [29013] Brazil K001046368 Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 9023] India K001132114 Unknown Type Material Yes
Harley, R.M. [24285] Brazil K001046989 Yes
[Wight] [442] India K000669458 Unknown Type Material Yes
Ule, E. [8642] Brazil K001046371 Yes
Queiroz, L.P. [3818] Brazil K001046992 Yes
Santos, T.S. [2525] Brazil K001046994 Yes
Romero, R. [1389] Brazil K001046919 Yes
Pipoly, J. [6853] Brazil K001033761 Yes
Harley, R.M. [15559] Brazil K001046999 Yes
[Glaziou, M.] [11873] Brazil K000588592 Syntype Yes
[Glaziou] [17578] Brazil K000588596 Unknown Type Material Yes
Schomburgk [604/945] Guyana K000588562 Unknown Type Material Yes
Kuniyoshi, Y.S. [5226] Brazil K001034000 Yes
Romero, R. [2909] Brazil K001046917 Yes
Ziller, S.R. [102] Brazil K001033993 Yes
Noton, E. [Cat. no. 4332] India K001038719 Unknown Type Material Yes
Barbosa, E. [656] Brazil K001047022 Yes
Austin, D.F. [7294] Brazil K001046981 Yes
Kawasaki, M.L. [274] Brazil K001046980 Yes
Meguro, M. [9378] Brazil K001033739 Yes
Brazil K000588588 Unknown Type Material Yes
Harley [CFCR 7397] Brazil K:SPC-49484.000 No
Ribas, O.S. [3162] Brazil K001047016 Yes
Silva, J.M. [1808] Brazil K001046401 Yes
Maingay, A.C. [s.n.] Malaysia K000669556 Unknown Type Material Yes
Did Ferrreira, C.A. [10943] Brazil K001046977 Yes
Dusén, P. [8108] Brazil K001046887 Yes
[Wight] [491] India K000669460 Unknown Type Material Yes
Prance, G.T. [9792] Brazil K001046372 Yes
Cordeiro, J. [1119] Brazil K001033862 Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 4331] Malaysia K001038717 Type Yes
Harley, R.M. [54064] Brazil K001046982 Yes
Prance, G.T. [29102] Brazil K001033760 Yes
Assis, L.C.S. [296] Brazil K001047027 Yes
Romero, R. [1389] Brazil K001046920 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4333] K001038720 Unknown Type Material Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [14599] Brazil K000588533 Unknown Type Material Yes
Ule, E. [8644] Brazil K001046370 Yes
Semir, J. [4715] Brazil K001033740 Yes
Pirani, J. [1322] Brazil K001046978 Yes
Silva, J.M. [1445] Brazil K001046891 Yes
Nascimento, F.H. [32] Brazil K001046918 Yes
Schimelpfeng, I.C. [s.n.] Brazil K001033996 Yes
Farias, G.L. [81] Brazil K001046885 Yes
Sucre, D. [7207] Brazil K001033748 Yes
Griffith [2006] Malaysia K000669561 Syntype Yes
Hatschbach, G. [53596] Brazil K001033998 Yes
Ganev, W. [3096] Brazil K001046988 Yes
Mello-Silva, R. [11156] Brazil K001033746 Yes
Cordeiro, J. [1769] Brazil K001047019 Yes
Ribas, O.S. [3268] Brazil K001047014 Yes
Oldenburger, F.H.F. [1655] Brazil K001046986 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4329] India K001038714 Type Yes
[Wight] [s.n.] India K000669461 Unknown Type Material Yes
Strang, H. [1137] Brazil K001033745 Yes
Schomburgk, R. [945] Guyana K000588563 Unknown Type Material Yes
Mello-Silva, R. [11323] Brazil K001033743 Yes
[Glaziou] [16746] Brazil K000588534 Unknown Type Material Yes
Hatschbach, G. [47505] Brazil K001046998 Yes
Nakajima, J.N. [774] Brazil K001046403 Yes
Rosa, N.A. [2251] Brazil K001033756 Yes
Poliquesi, C.B. [625] Brazil K001033861 Yes
Funch, L.S. [1055] Brazil K001046985 Yes
Thomas, W.W.; Carvalho, A.; Amorim, A.; Jardim, J.; Sant Ana, S. [10085] Brazil K001046984 Yes
Ribas, O.S. [3180] Brazil K001047021 Yes
Arbo, M.M. [4970] Brazil K001033742 Yes
Griffith [1997] Malaysia K000669558 Syntype Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [7575] Brazil K000588513 Type Yes
Andrews, S. [1572] Singapore K:SPC-72084.000 No

Sources

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Trees of New Guinea

    • Trees of New Guinea
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0