5. 1923 - Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
initiated
It originated in the Society of American
Bacteriologists (SAB)
1936 - Bergey's Manual Trust
1930 - of an International Association of
Microbiological Societies (lAMS)
1984 - first edition of BMSB
1994 - ninth edition of BMDB
2011 second edition of BMSB
2015 - digital edition of BMSAB
5
7. TAXONOMY
Taxonomy is the science of classification of
organisms.
(Greek. ‘Taxis’ – arrangement; ‘nomos’ – law
Bacterial taxonomy consists of three separate,
but interrelated areas:
• Classification,
• Nomenclature and
• Identification.
7
8. • Classification is the arrangement of organisms
into groups (taxa) on the basis of similarities or
relationships.
• Nomenclature is the assignment of names to the
taxonomic groups according to international rules
International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
• The rules are maintained by ICSP
• Identification is the practical use of a
classification scheme to determine the identity of
an isolate as a member of an established taxon or
as a member of a previously unidentified species.
8
9. Etymology
• Etymology means "origin and historical
development of a word,
• "Etymology" is derived from Greek etymon
means "the truth" and thus aims at the true.
• In principle the language of biological
nomenclatural names is Latin.
• In nomenclature, words of Greek origin as well
as those of any other origin are "latinized“
before their use
9
10. latinisation
• Is the proctice of rendering a non latin name (or
word) in a latin style
• Latinisation is common proctice for scientific
names
• The main purpose of latinisation may be to
produce a name which is internationally
consistent
• Ex . Escherichia :
• named after Theodor Escherich, who isolated the
type species of the genus.
10
11. TAXONOMIC RANKS
Formal rank - Example
Domain - Bacteria
Phylum - Proteobacteria
Class - Alphaproteobacteria
Order - Xanthomonadales
Family - Xanthomonadaceae
Genus - Xanthomonas
Species - axanopodis
Pathovar - punicae
Xanthomonas axanopodis sub sp punicae
11
13. Compilation of known bacteria
In lab, you will use the most recent edition
of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology,
published in 1994 and reprinted in 2000, to help you
identify your isolates
13
14. • The volumes are organized according to
molecular classification systems including
16s rRNA sequences rather than by
phenotypic characteristics
• Basis for classification
the 'gold standard' for determining phylogenetic
relationships is DNA:DNA homology by
hybridization or genomic sequencing.
14
15. HOW IT IS ARRANGED
DIVISIONS EXAMPLE
Edition First, second.
Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
First edn have 4 volumes
Sec edn have 5 volumes
Parts A, B, C, etc
Vol. 2 have three parts (2A ,2B and
2C)
Vol. 5 have two parts(5A and 5B)
Vol.1, 3, 4, have no parts
chapters Volume two, part A contain 24
chapters 15
16. EDITION EDITOR-IN-
CHIEF
No. Of
VOLUM
S
YEAR PUBLISH
ER
FIRST John G. Holt et
al.,
4 1984 - 1989 Williams &
wilkins in USA
SECOND George
M.Garrity et al.,
5 2001 - 2012 Springer new
York
16
17. FIRST EDITION
volumes content
Volume 1 (1984) G –ve bacteria of general,
medical or industrial
importance.
Volume 2 (1986) G +ve bacteria other then AM
Volume 3 (1989) Archaeobacteria,cynobacteria
Volume 4 (1989) Actinomycets
17
18. SECOND EDITION
volumes content
Volume 1 (2001) The Archaea and deeply branching and phototrophic bactera
.
Volume 2 (2005) The Protobacteia (gram negative bacteria)
Volume 3 (2009) The Fermicutes (most of the gram positive bacteria).
Volume 4 (2011) The Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Chlamydiae,
spirochaetes, Fiberobacteres, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia,
Dictyoglomi, acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes.
Volume5 (2012) The Actinobacteria(gram positive bacteria with high G+C
content);
18
19. DETERMINATIVE vs SYSTEMATIC
BERGEY’S MANUAL OF
DETERMINATIVE
BACTERIOLOGY
BERGEY’S MANUAL OF
SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY
Provides identification schemes for
identifying bacteria and archaea
Provides phylogenetic information on
bacteria and archaea
Based on Morphology, differential
staining, biochemical tests
Based on rRNA sequencing
Standard reference for
laboratory identification of bacteria.
Standard reference on
bacterial classification
19
20. The organization of Bergey's Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology makes it impractical for helping place
unknown bacteria into major taxa,
BUT it contains far more detail on the families,
genera, and species and is far more up to date than
the Determinative manual.
20
21. DYNAMIC TAXONOMY
Lot of updates and additions
About a hundred new genera and 600+ new species
have been described per year for each of the last 5
years.
To provide up-to-date description
Bergey's Manual Trust (BMT) thought about an
digital edition
21
22. • Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea
and Bacteria
First Edition
• Publishing Online from April 2015
• Editor(s): Prof. William B. Whitman
• Publisher : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
22
27. As of January 2016, there are 30 phyla in the domain
"Bacteria" accepted by LPSN.
(List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature )
• There are no fixed rules to the nomenclature
of bacterial phyla.
• Generally the name of the phylum is the
plural of the type genus, ( ex. Fusobacteria
from Fusobacterium)
• With the exception of the Firmicutes,
Tenericutes, Crenarchaeota,
and Proteobacteria, whose names do not
stem from a genus name
27
29. Volume 2 of the Manual covers the Proteobacteria (most
gram negative bacteria) in three parts.
This volume is subdivided into three parts.
• Part A - The Introductory Essays,
• Part B - The Gammaproteobacteria and
• Part C - The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and
Epsilonproteobacteria.
The majority of gram negatives will be found in part B.
Look in part C if a description of your species is not in
volume B.
29
30. PROTEOBACTERIA
• In 1988, Stackebrandt et al. named the
Proteobacteria after the Greek god Proteus,
who could assume many different shapes, to
reflect the enormous diversity of
morphologies and physiologies observed
within this bacterial phylum.
30
31. PROTEOBACTERIA
The largest prokaryotic phylum
Phenotypically most diverse phylogenetic lineage.
It encompasses 74 families and includes descriptions of
425 genera and over 1875 named species.
(Out of 425, I am going to mention 47 important genera)
account for more than 40% of all validly published
prokaryotic genera
31
42. • Bdellovibrio
• Parasitize other Gram-negative bacteria,
• forms a structure called a bdelloplast
order Family Genera
Bdellovibrionales (8) Bdellovibrionaceae Bdellovibrio
42
44. List of plant diseases caused by gram
negative bacteria
Sl. No Bacterial pathogen Disease
1 Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae Leaf blight of barley
Holcus spot of maize
2 Pseudomonas syringae pv coronafaciens Haloblight of oat
3 Ralstonia solanacearum Wilt of solanaceous crops
Moko disease of banana
4 Agrobacterium tumefaciens Crown gall of apple
5 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae BLB of rice
6 Xanthomonas campestris pv citrumelo Citrus leaf spot
7 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Aurantifolii
Citrus canker
8 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae Bacteial blight of
pomegranate
9 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis bacterial blight of cassava
44
45. Sl.
No
Bacterial pathogen Disease
10 Dickeya (dadantii and solani) black leg disease of potato
11 Pectobacterium chrysanthemi Soft rot of chrysanthemum
12 Erwinia amylovora Soft rot of potato
13 Xylella fastidiosa Grape (Pierce's disease),
Citrus (citrus variegated chlorosis or
CVC),
Almond (leaf scorch disease) and
Olives (quick decline syndrome)
14 Brenneria goodwinii acute oak decline (AOD)
15 Brenneria nigrifluens, Shallow Bark Canker of Walnut
16 Brenneria salicis watermark disease in willow
17 Serratia marcescens Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease
45
46. Sl. No Bacterial pathogen Disease
18 Acetobacter aceti Pink disease of pineapple
19 Acidovorax konjaci Bacterial Black Spot Disease in
Cucumber
20 Acidovorax avenae Red stripe disease of oat
21 Burkhoderia gladioli rot of gladiolus corms
22 Gluconobacter Discolouration in apple
23 Herbaspirillum
rubrisubalbicans
Mottled Stripe Disease on Sugarcane
24 Tatumella Pink disease of pineapple
25 Xylophillus Bacterial necrosis and canker of grape
26 Rhodococcus fasciens Fasciation in sweet pea
27 Pantoea stewarti Stewart’s wilt of corn
28 Enterobacter cloacae Internal Decay of Onions
47. Bacterial Plant PathogenWebsites of Interest
Bacterial
Nomenclature
Bacterial
Nomenclature Up-to-date
http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bact
name.htm
List of Bacterial Names with Standing
in Nomenclature
http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/
Bergey's Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology 2nd Edition – Taxonomic
Outline of the Procaryotes
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bergeyso
utline200210
Microbiology Cells Alive http://cellsalive.com/
Microbe World http://www.microbeworld.org/
Bacteria Museum http://www.bacteriamuseum.org
The Microbiology Information Portal http://www.microbes.info/
Plant Pathology
Plant Path Internet Guide Book
http://www.pk.uni-
bonn.de/ppibg/ppigb.htm
Plant Disease Control Picture Index
http://plant-
disease.ippc.orst.edu/image_index.c
fm
51. My questions....
1. Trust responsible for publishing bacterial
classification....?, when it is started...?
2. What is the title of digital edition of Begey’s
manual....?
3. How many phyla are there in domain Bacteria...?
4. Prominent phylum of the domain Bacteria...?
5. Classification of bacteria in determinative
bacteriology is based on......?
6. Classification of bacteria in systematic bacteriology
is based on......?
51
